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class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guerres_de_Llombardia" title="Guerres de Llombardia – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Guerres de Llombardia" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guerras_de_Lombard%C3%ADa" title="Guerras de Lombardía – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Guerras de Lombardía" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guerres_de_Lombardie" title="Guerres de Lombardie – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Guerres de Lombardie" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EB%A1%AC%EB%B0%94%EB%A5%B4%EB%94%94%EC%95%84_%EC%A0%84%EC%9F%81" title="롬바르디아 전쟁 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="롬바르디아 전쟁" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guerre_di_Lombardia" title="Guerre di Lombardia – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Guerre di Lombardia" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lombardische_Oorlogen" title="Lombardische Oorlogen – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Lombardische Oorlogen" 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href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> </div> </div><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r963460841">@media all and (min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .desktop-float-right{box-sizing:border-box;float:right;clear:right}}.mw-parser-output .infobox.vevent .status>p:first-child{margin:0}</style><table class="infobox vevent" style="width:25.5em;border-spacing:2px;"><tbody><tr><th class="summary" colspan="2" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;font-size:110%;">Wars in Lombardy</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" style="text-align:center;border-bottom:1px solid #aaa;line-height:1.5em;"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Peter_Paul_Ruben%27s_copy_of_the_lost_Battle_of_Anghiari.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c4/Peter_Paul_Ruben%27s_copy_of_the_lost_Battle_of_Anghiari.jpg/260px-Peter_Paul_Ruben%27s_copy_of_the_lost_Battle_of_Anghiari.jpg" decoding="async" width="260" height="189" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c4/Peter_Paul_Ruben%27s_copy_of_the_lost_Battle_of_Anghiari.jpg/390px-Peter_Paul_Ruben%27s_copy_of_the_lost_Battle_of_Anghiari.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c4/Peter_Paul_Ruben%27s_copy_of_the_lost_Battle_of_Anghiari.jpg/520px-Peter_Paul_Ruben%27s_copy_of_the_lost_Battle_of_Anghiari.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1179" data-file-height="857" /></a></span><br /><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Anghiari" title="Battle of Anghiari">Battle of Anghiari</a></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2"><table style="width:100%;margin:0;padding:0;border:0;display:inline-table"><tbody><tr><th style="padding-right:1em">Date</th><td>1423–1454</td></tr><tr><th style="padding-right:1em">Location</th><td><div class="location"><a href="/wiki/Lombardy" title="Lombardy">Lombardy</a></div></td></tr><tr><th style="padding-right:1em">Result</th><td class="status"> <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Lodi" title="Treaty of Lodi">Treaty of Lodi</a>, compromise treaty leading to a <a href="/wiki/Balance_of_power_in_international_relations" class="mw-redirect" title="Balance of power in international relations">balance of power</a> and a <a href="/wiki/Italic_League" title="Italic League">period of stability</a></td></tr></tbody></table></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;font-size:110%;">Belligerents</th></tr><tr><td style="width:50%;border-right:1px dotted #aaa;"> <b><a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Venice" title="Republic of Venice">Venetian Republic</a></b><br /><a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Florence" title="Republic of Florence">Florentine Republic</a> (until 1450)<br /><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Naples" title="Kingdom of Naples">Kingdom of Naples</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Duchy_of_Savoy" title="Duchy of Savoy">Duchy of Savoy</a><br /><a href="/wiki/March_of_Montferrat" title="March of Montferrat">March of Montferrat</a></td><td style="width:50%;padding-left:0.25em"> <b><a href="/wiki/Duchy_of_Milan" title="Duchy of Milan">Duchy of Milan</a></b><br /><a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Genoa" title="Republic of Genoa">Republic of Genoa</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Margraviate_of_Mantua" class="mw-redirect" title="Margraviate of Mantua">Marquisate of Mantua</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Lucca" title="Republic of Lucca">Republic of Lucca</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Siena" title="Republic of Siena">Republic of Siena</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Florence" title="Republic of Florence">Florentine Republic</a> (from 1450) <br /><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_France" title="Kingdom of France">Kingdom of France</a> (from 1452)</td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;font-size:110%;">Commanders and leaders</th></tr><tr><td style="width:50%;border-right:1px dotted #aaa;"> <b><a href="/wiki/Francesco_Foscari" title="Francesco Foscari">Francesco Foscari</a></b><br /><a href="/wiki/Francesco_Bussone_da_Carmagnola" title="Francesco Bussone da Carmagnola">Francesco Bussone</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Carlo_I_Malatesta" title="Carlo I Malatesta">Carlo I Malatesta</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Taddeo_d%27Este" title="Taddeo d'Este">Taddeo d'Este</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Niccol%C3%B2_Fortebraccio" title="Niccolò Fortebraccio">Niccolò Fortebraccio</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Jacopo_Piccinino" title="Jacopo Piccinino">Jacopo Piccinino</a></td><td style="width:50%;padding-left:0.25em"> <b><a 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.navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Campaignbox_Wars_in_Lombardy" title="Template:Campaignbox Wars in Lombardy"><abbr title="View this template" style="color:inherit">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Campaignbox_Wars_in_Lombardy" title="Template talk:Campaignbox Wars in Lombardy"><abbr title="Discuss this template" style="color:inherit">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Campaignbox_Wars_in_Lombardy" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Campaignbox Wars in Lombardy"><abbr title="Edit this template" style="color:inherit">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Wars_in_Lombardy1363" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><span style="line-height:1.6em">Wars in Lombardy</span></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Zagonara" title="Battle of Zagonara">Zagonara 1424</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Maclodio" title="Battle of Maclodio">Maclodio 1427</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Soncino" title="Battle of Soncino">Soncino 1431</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_on_the_Po_(1431)" title="Battle on the Po (1431)">Po River 1431</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_San_Romano" title="Battle of San Romano">San Romano 1432</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Delebio" title="Battle of Delebio">Delebio 1432</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Brescia_(1438%E2%80%931440)" title="Siege of Brescia (1438–1440)">Brescia 1438–1440</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Anghiari" title="Battle of Anghiari">Anghiari 1440</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_siege_of_Pontevico" title="First siege of Pontevico">Pontevico 1452</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_siege_of_Pontevico" title="Second siege of Pontevico">Pontevico 1453/5</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Ghedi" title="Battle of Ghedi">Ghedi 1453</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Third_Siege_of_Pontevico" title="Third Siege of Pontevico">Pontevico 1453/10</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Italian_peninsula_1422.2.png" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/39/Italian_peninsula_1422.2.png/220px-Italian_peninsula_1422.2.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="214" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/39/Italian_peninsula_1422.2.png/330px-Italian_peninsula_1422.2.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/39/Italian_peninsula_1422.2.png/440px-Italian_peninsula_1422.2.png 2x" data-file-width="1580" data-file-height="1538" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Italian_Peninsula" class="mw-redirect" title="Italian Peninsula">Italian peninsula</a> before Wars in Lombardy (1422)</figcaption></figure> <p>The <b>Wars in Lombardy</b> were a series of conflicts between the <a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Venice" title="Republic of Venice">Republic of Venice</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Duchy_of_Milan" title="Duchy of Milan">Duchy of Milan</a> and their respective allies, fought in four campaigns in a struggle for hegemony in <a href="/wiki/Northern_Italy" title="Northern Italy">Northern Italy</a> that ravaged the economy of <a href="/wiki/Lombardy" title="Lombardy">Lombardy</a>. They lasted from 1423 until the signing of the <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Lodi" title="Treaty of Lodi">Treaty of Lodi</a> in 1454. During their course, the political structure of Italy was transformed: out of a competitive congeries of <a href="/wiki/Medieval_commune" title="Medieval commune">communes</a> and <a href="/wiki/Italian_city-states" title="Italian city-states">city-states</a> emerged the five major Italian territorial powers that would make up the map of Italy for the remainder of the 15th century and the beginning of the <a href="/wiki/Italian_Wars" title="Italian Wars">Italian Wars</a> at the turn of the 16th century. They were <a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Venice" title="Republic of Venice">Venice</a>, <a href="/wiki/Duchy_of_Milan" title="Duchy of Milan">Milan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Florence" title="Republic of Florence">Florence</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Papal_States" title="Papal States">Papal States</a> and <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Naples" title="Kingdom of Naples">Naples</a>. Important cultural centers of <a href="/wiki/Tuscany" title="Tuscany">Tuscany</a> and <a href="/wiki/Northern_Italy" title="Northern Italy">Northern Italy</a>—<a href="/wiki/Siena" title="Siena">Siena</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pisa" title="Pisa">Pisa</a>, <a href="/wiki/Urbino" title="Urbino">Urbino</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mantua" title="Mantua">Mantua</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ferrara" title="Ferrara">Ferrara</a>—became politically marginalized. </p><p>The wars, which were both a result and cause of Venetian involvement in the power politics of mainland <a href="/wiki/Italian_Peninsula" class="mw-redirect" title="Italian Peninsula">Italy</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>a<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> found Venetian territory extended to the banks of the <a href="/wiki/Adda_River" class="mw-redirect" title="Adda River">Adda</a> and involved the rest of Italy in shifting alliances but only minor skirmishing. The shifting counterweight in the balance was the allegiance of Florence, at first allied with Venice against encroachments by <a href="/wiki/Visconti_of_Milan" title="Visconti of Milan">Visconti Milan</a>, then switching to ally with <a href="/wiki/Francesco_Sforza" class="mw-redirect" title="Francesco Sforza">Francesco Sforza</a> against the increasing territorial threat of Venice. The Peace of Lodi, concluded in 1454, brought forty years of comparative peace to Northern Italy,<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>b<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> as Venetian conflicts focused elsewhere.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>c<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>After the <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Lodi" title="Treaty of Lodi">Treaty of Lodi</a>, there was a <a href="/wiki/Balance_of_power_in_international_relations" class="mw-redirect" title="Balance of power in international relations">balance of power</a> resulting in a period of stability lasting for 40 years. During this time, there was a mutual pledge of non-aggression between the five Italian powers, sometimes known as the <a href="/wiki/Italic_League" title="Italic League">Italic League</a>. Even though there was frequent tension between Milan and Naples, the peace held remarkably well until the outbreak of the <a href="/wiki/Italian_Wars" title="Italian Wars">Italian Wars</a> in 1494, as Milan called upon the king of France to press its claim on the kingdom of Naples. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="First_campaign">First campaign</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Wars_in_Lombardy&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: First campaign"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The first of four campaigns against the territorial ambitions of <a href="/wiki/Filippo_Maria_Visconti" title="Filippo Maria Visconti">Filippo Maria Visconti</a>, <a href="/wiki/Duke_of_Milan" class="mw-redirect" title="Duke of Milan">duke of Milan</a>, was connected to the death of the lord of <a href="/wiki/Forl%C3%AC" title="Forlì">Forlì</a>, <a href="/wiki/Giorgio_Ordelaffi" title="Giorgio Ordelaffi">Giorgio Ordelaffi</a>. He had named Visconti the trustee of his nine-year-old heir, <a href="/wiki/Teobaldo_II_Ordelaffi" title="Teobaldo II Ordelaffi">Teobaldo II</a>. The latter's mother, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Lucrezia_degli_Alidosi&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Lucrezia degli Alidosi (page does not exist)">Lucrezia degli Alidosi</a>, daughter of the lord of <a href="/wiki/Imola" title="Imola">Imola</a>, did not agree and assumed the regency for herself. The Forlivesi rebelled and called in the city the Milanese Visconti's condottiero, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Agnolo_della_Pergola&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Agnolo della Pergola (page does not exist)">Agnolo della Pergola</a> (14 May 1423). Florence reacted by declaring war on Visconti. Its captain <a href="/wiki/Pandolfo_III_Malatesta" title="Pandolfo III Malatesta">Pandolfo Malatesta</a> therefore entered Romagna to help the Alidosi of Imola, but he was defeated and the city stormed on 14 February 1424. The young <a href="/wiki/Luigi_degli_Alidosi" class="mw-redirect" title="Luigi degli Alidosi">Luigi degli Alidosi</a> was sent captive to Milan and a few days later the lord of <a href="/wiki/Faenza" title="Faenza">Faenza</a>, <a href="/wiki/Guidantonio_Manfredi" title="Guidantonio Manfredi">Guidantonio Manfredi</a>, joined the Visconti party. The Florentine army, this time commanded by <a href="/wiki/Carlo_I_Malatesta" title="Carlo I Malatesta">Carlo Malatesta</a>, was again defeated, at the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Zagonara" title="Battle of Zagonara">Battle of Zagonara</a> in July; Carlo, taken prisoner, was freed by Visconti and joined him too. Florence thus hired <a href="/wiki/Niccol%C3%B2_Piccinino" title="Niccolò Piccinino">Niccolò Piccinino</a> and <a href="/w/index.php?title=Oddo_da_Montone&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Oddo da Montone (page does not exist)">Oddo da Montone</a>, but the two were also beaten in <a href="/wiki/Val_di_Lamone" class="mw-redirect" title="Val di Lamone">Val di Lamone</a>. Oddo was killed but Piccinino was able to convince Manfredi to declare war against Visconti. </p><p>After the failure in Romagna, Florence tried to defy the Visconti from the <a href="/wiki/Liguria" title="Liguria">Ligurian</a> side, by allying with the Aragonese of <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Naples" title="Kingdom of Naples">Naples</a>. However, both a fleet of 24 Aragonese galleys sent to Genoa to move it to fight against the Milanese, and a land army, were unsuccessful. In the meantime, Piccinino and the other condottiero <a href="/wiki/Francesco_I_Sforza" title="Francesco I Sforza">Francesco Sforza</a> had been hired by Visconti, who also sent an army to invade Tuscany under <a href="/w/index.php?title=Guido_Torello&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Guido Torello (page does not exist)">Guido Torello</a>. He subsequently defeated the Florentine army at Anghiari and Faggiuola. </p><p>The Florentine disaster was countered by the pact signed on 4 December 1425 with the <a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Venice" title="Republic of Venice">Republic of Venice</a>. By the agreement the war was to be pursued at the common expense of both: the conquests in Lombardy to be assigned to the Venetians; those in Romagna and Tuscany to the Florentines. The condottiero <a href="/wiki/Francesco_Bussone_da_Carmagnola" title="Francesco Bussone da Carmagnola">Carmagnola</a> was appointed Captain General of the League. In the ensuing fighting seasons (1425–26), Carmagnola, recently in the pay of Visconti, retook <a href="/wiki/Brescia" title="Brescia">Brescia</a>, which he had recently taken on behalf of Visconti, after a long siege which saw massive use of artillery (26 November 1426). Meanwhile, the Venetian fleet on the <a href="/wiki/Po_River" class="mw-redirect" title="Po River">Po River</a>, under <a href="/wiki/Francesco_Bembo" class="mw-redirect" title="Francesco Bembo">Francesco Bembo</a>, advanced as far as <a href="/wiki/Padua" title="Padua">Padua</a>, and the Florentines regained all their lands in Tuscany. Visconti, who had already ceded Forlì and Imola to the <a href="/wiki/Pope_Martin_V" title="Pope Martin V">Pope</a> to gain his favour, called a mediation. Through the intervention of the Papal legate, <a href="/wiki/Niccol%C3%B2_degli_Albergati" class="mw-redirect" title="Niccolò degli Albergati">Niccolò degli Albergati</a>, the peace was signed on 30 December 1426 in Venice. </p><p>Visconti regained the lands occupied by Florence in Liguria, but had to renounce the area of <a href="/wiki/Vercelli" title="Vercelli">Vercelli</a>, conquered by <a href="/wiki/Amadeus_VIII_of_Savoy" class="mw-redirect" title="Amadeus VIII of Savoy">Amadeus VIII of Savoy</a>, and Brescia, which went to Venice, and to promise to stop encroaching himself in Romagna and Tuscany. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Second_campaign">Second campaign</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Wars_in_Lombardy&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Second campaign"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The peace did not last very long. Under advice by the emperor <a href="/wiki/Sigismund,_Holy_Roman_Emperor" title="Sigismund, Holy Roman Emperor">Sigismund</a>, Visconti refused to ratify it and the war broke out in May 1427. The Milanese were initially victorious, taking <a href="/wiki/Casalmaggiore" title="Casalmaggiore">Casalmaggiore</a> and besieging <a href="/wiki/Brescello" title="Brescello">Brescello</a>; the fleet sent there was set on fire by the Venetian fleet of Bembo; however, <a href="/wiki/Niccol%C3%B2_Piccinino" title="Niccolò Piccinino">Niccolò Piccinino</a> was able to defeat Carmagnola at Gottolengo on 29 May. The Venetian commander pushed him back and conquered Casalmaggiore on 12 July, while <a href="/w/index.php?title=Orlando_Pallavicino&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Orlando Pallavicino (page does not exist)">Orlando Pallavicino</a>, lord of several castles near <a href="/wiki/Parma" title="Parma">Parma</a>, rebelled against the Visconti as Amadeus VIII and <a href="/wiki/John_Jacob_of_Montferrat" class="mw-redirect" title="John Jacob of Montferrat">John Jacob of Montferrat</a> invaded Lombardy from East. </p><p>Visconti could count on some of the best condottieri of the time, such as Sforza, della Pergola, Piccinino and <a href="/w/index.php?title=Guido_Torello&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Guido Torello (page does not exist)">Guido Torello</a>. In order to counter their mutual jealousy, he named supreme commander Carlo Malatesta. The latter led the Milanese at <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Maclodio" title="Battle of Maclodio">Maclodio</a> (4 October 1427), being crushed by the Venetians under Carmagnola. The victory was however indecisive, and Visconti managed to be reconciled with Amadeus by ceding him <a href="/wiki/Vercelli" title="Vercelli">Vercelli</a> and marrying his daughter, <a href="/wiki/Marie_of_Savoy_(1411%E2%80%931469)" class="mw-redirect" title="Marie of Savoy (1411–1469)">Marie of Savoy</a>. However, as Sforza was defeated by some Genoese exiled and Sigismund's help was wanting, Visconti sued for a treaty. With the mediation of the Pope, the peace was signed at Ferrara on 18 April 1428. A Venetian governor was established at <a href="/wiki/Bergamo" title="Bergamo">Bergamo</a> and <a href="/wiki/Crema,_Italy" class="mw-redirect" title="Crema, Italy">Crema</a> (1429) in addition to confirming the Venetian possession of Brescia and its <i>contado</i> (neighbourhood). The Florentines recovered the strongholds they had lost, apart from <a href="/wiki/Volterra" title="Volterra">Volterra</a>, which rebelled against the new settlement. The troops sent to reduce that city, under <a href="/wiki/Niccol%C3%B2_Fortebraccio" title="Niccolò Fortebraccio">Niccolò Fortebraccio</a>, were later sent to invade the <a href="/wiki/Lucca" title="Lucca">Lucca</a>, whose lord, <a href="/wiki/Paolo_Guinigi" title="Paolo Guinigi">Paolo Guinigi</a>, had previously sided with the Visconti. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Third_campaign">Third campaign</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Wars_in_Lombardy&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Third campaign"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The third war (1431–1433) started, therefore, when Visconti took up the Lucchese cause, by sending them <a href="/wiki/Francesco_Sforza" class="mw-redirect" title="Francesco Sforza">Francesco Sforza</a>, with 3,000 horse; Sforza, however, was eventually bought off with fifty thousand ducats by the Florentines, who continued the siege of Lucca after the condottiero had left. Called in by the besieged, Visconti managed to have the <a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Genoa" title="Republic of Genoa">Republic of Genoa</a> <sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>d<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> declare war against Florence. The subsequent defeat on the <a href="/wiki/Serchio" title="Serchio">Serchio</a> banks of their commander Guidantonio da Montefeltro (2 December 1430), encouraged the Florentines to engage the aid of Venice once more and re-erect their lapsed League, with the favour of the new Pope, <a href="/wiki/Eugene_IV" class="mw-redirect" title="Eugene IV">Eugene IV</a>, a Venetian. Visconti replied by rehiring Piccinino and Sforza, who were again to face Carmagnola. </p><p>The League's army was first beaten at <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Soncino" title="Battle of Soncino">Soncino</a> (17 May 1431), while <a href="/w/index.php?title=Luigi_Colonna&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Luigi Colonna (page does not exist)">Luigi Colonna</a> defeated the Venetians at <a href="/wiki/Cremona" title="Cremona">Cremona</a>, Cristoforo Lavello pushed back the Montferrat troops, and Piccinino established strong positions in Tuscany. Another source of dismay for the revived League was the <a href="/wiki/Battle_on_the_Po_(1431)" title="Battle on the Po (1431)">destruction of the Po Fleet</a> under <a href="/w/index.php?title=Niccol%C3%B2_Trevisani&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Niccolò Trevisani (page does not exist)">Niccolò Trevisani</a> near Pavia (23 June). In 1431 Visconti also found a precious ally in Amadeus VIII of Savoy in exchange for his help against John Jacob of Montferrat. </p><p>Venice won a naval victory over Genoa at <a href="/w/index.php?title=San_Fruttuoso_(Genoa)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="San Fruttuoso (Genoa) (page does not exist)">San Fruttuoso</a> on 27 August 1431, but on land Carmagnola, the commander of Venetian forces, moved cautiously, avoiding a pitched battle and raising the suspicion he could have been bought by Visconti, while the latter was also joined by Sigismund who had entered Italy to receive the imperial crown. In the end Carmagnola was suspended; recalled by the <a href="/wiki/Council_of_Ten" title="Council of Ten">Council of Ten</a>, he was arrested in March 1432, tried for treason and beheaded outside the <a href="/wiki/Doge%27s_Palace,_Venice" class="mw-redirect" title="Doge's Palace, Venice">Doge's Palace</a>. In November 1432 a Venetian army was crushed by Piccinino at the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Delebio" title="Battle of Delebio">Battle of Delebio</a> by a joint army of Milan and <a href="/wiki/Valtellina" title="Valtellina">Valtellina</a>, which had been invaded by the Serenissima in 1431. </p><p>The peace of Ferrara in May 1433 institutionalized an unsteady status quo. The Florentine war with Lucca and her allies likewise resulted in a return to the previous status quo, but the major League leader's lack of successes had lost much charisma: the Venetian doge <a href="/wiki/Francesco_Foscari" title="Francesco Foscari">Francesco Foscari</a> was on the verge of resigning, while <a href="/wiki/Cosimo_de%27_Medici" title="Cosimo de' Medici">Cosimo de' Medici</a> was imprisoned and confined in Padua. Another result of the peace agreement was the reduction of <a href="/wiki/Montferrat" title="Montferrat">Montferrat</a> to a satellite of <a href="/wiki/Duchy_of_Savoy" title="Duchy of Savoy">Savoy</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Fourth_campaign">Fourth campaign</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Wars_in_Lombardy&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Fourth campaign"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In the so-called "fourth war" broader questions were personalized in the combats among antagonistic <a href="/wiki/Condottiero" title="Condottiero">condottieri</a>: <a href="/wiki/Gattamelata" class="mw-redirect" title="Gattamelata">Gattamelata</a>, and later <a href="/wiki/Francesco_Sforza" class="mw-redirect" title="Francesco Sforza">Francesco Sforza</a> fought nominally for Venice, while the Visconti side was led by <a href="/wiki/Niccol%C3%B2_Piccinino" title="Niccolò Piccinino">Niccolò Piccinino</a>, who had promised to Eugene IV to reconquer the Marche for him. But, in a reversal typical of the time, when he captured <a href="/wiki/Ravenna" title="Ravenna">Ravenna</a> and <a href="/wiki/Bologna" title="Bologna">Bologna</a>, he forced the cities to recognize Milanese suzerainty. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:76._Riacquisto_di_Verona,_20_Novembre_1439.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/40/76._Riacquisto_di_Verona%2C_20_Novembre_1439.jpg/220px-76._Riacquisto_di_Verona%2C_20_Novembre_1439.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="167" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/40/76._Riacquisto_di_Verona%2C_20_Novembre_1439.jpg/330px-76._Riacquisto_di_Verona%2C_20_Novembre_1439.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/40/76._Riacquisto_di_Verona%2C_20_Novembre_1439.jpg/440px-76._Riacquisto_di_Verona%2C_20_Novembre_1439.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1260" data-file-height="958" /></a><figcaption>Venetian reconquest of Verona in 1439</figcaption></figure> <p>Piccinino, backed by <a href="/wiki/Gianfrancesco_I_Gonzaga,_Marquis_of_Mantua" title="Gianfrancesco I Gonzaga, Marquis of Mantua">Gian Francesco Gonzaga</a>, had invaded the Lombard possessions of Venice. In September 1438 he <a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Brescia_(1438%E2%80%931440)" title="Siege of Brescia (1438–1440)">laid siege to Brescia</a> and assaulted <a href="/wiki/Bergamo" title="Bergamo">Bergamo</a> and <a href="/wiki/Verona" title="Verona">Verona</a>. In response to this Venice signed an alliance with Florence and Francesco Sforza, including some notable captains of the time such as <a href="/wiki/Astorre_II_Manfredi" title="Astorre II Manfredi">Astorre II Manfredi</a> and <a href="/wiki/Niccol%C3%B2_III_d%27Este" title="Niccolò III d'Este">Niccolò III of Ferrara</a>, who was also restored the <a href="/wiki/Polesine" title="Polesine">Polesine</a> in exchange for his support. </p><p>The Milanese were repeatedly defeated in Tuscany and at <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Soncino" title="Battle of Soncino">Soncino</a> (14 June 1440). The war seemed won for Venice, and Sforza went to Venice to receive the honour of a triumph. However, Piccinino returned from Romagna in February 1441 and crushed Sforza's garrison at Chiari. Sforza besieged <a href="/wiki/Martinengo_(Italy)" title="Martinengo (Italy)">Martinengo</a>, but when Piccinino cut him off from any possibility of retreat the situation looked again favourable to Milan. Believing that the victory was now in his hands, he asked from Visconti the signiory of <a href="/wiki/Piacenza" title="Piacenza">Piacenza</a> in exchange for it. The lord of Milan preferred instead to appeal to Sforza for an agreement. </p><p>On the field of Cavriana, Sforza acted as mediator between the two sides, accomplishing the act for which Carmagnola had lost his head. No large territorial changes were made in the ensuing <a href="/wiki/Peace_of_Cremona_(1441)" title="Peace of Cremona (1441)">Peace of Cremona</a> of 20 November 1441: Venice kept Ravenna, Florence the <a href="/wiki/Casentino" title="Casentino">Casentino</a>. Piccinino was awarded the lands of Orlando Pallavicino in the Parmense, while Filippo Maria Visconti recognized the independence of Genoa and again promised to stop interfering with the situation in Tuscany and Romagna. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Fifth_campaign">Fifth campaign</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Wars_in_Lombardy&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Fifth campaign"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Milanese_War_of_Succession" title="Milanese War of Succession">Milanese War of Succession</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Italian_peninsula_1455.2.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Italian_peninsula_1455.2.png/220px-Italian_peninsula_1455.2.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="214" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Italian_peninsula_1455.2.png/330px-Italian_peninsula_1455.2.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Italian_peninsula_1455.2.png/440px-Italian_peninsula_1455.2.png 2x" data-file-width="1580" data-file-height="1538" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Italian_Peninsula" class="mw-redirect" title="Italian Peninsula">Italian peninsula</a> after the <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Lodi" title="Treaty of Lodi">peace of Lodi</a> (1455)</figcaption></figure> <p>Off the battlefields, important dynastic and political changes occurred: Francesco Sforza entered the service of Visconti and married his daughter, <a href="/wiki/Bianca_Maria_Visconti" title="Bianca Maria Visconti">Bianca Maria Visconti</a>, while Florence took a new turn under <a href="/wiki/Cosimo_de%27_Medici" title="Cosimo de' Medici">Cosimo de' Medici</a>. After Visconti died in 1447, Francesco Sforza entered Milan in triumph (May 1450).<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>e<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Two coalitions now formed: Sforza's Milan allied with Medici's Florence on the one hand, faced Venice and the Aragonese <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Naples" title="Kingdom of Naples">Kingdom of Naples</a> on the other. The main theater of war remained Lombardy. </p><p>In April 1452, the Republic of Venice declared war on the Duchy of Milan, who responded by crossing the river <a href="/wiki/Adda_(river)" title="Adda (river)">Adda</a> and invading the counties of Bergamo and Brescia. However, following the initial Milanese success, with the conquest of Bergamo and a large part of <i>Bassa Bresciana</i>, <a href="/wiki/Jacopo_Piccinino" title="Jacopo Piccinino">Jacopo Piccinino</a>, commander of the Venetian army, retook the lost Venetian territories during the spring of 1453. His offensive stopped with the <a href="/wiki/Second_siege_of_Pontevico" title="Second siege of Pontevico">siege of Pontevico</a>, between 25 and 29 May, when <i>La Serenissima</i> regained <a href="/wiki/Pontevico" title="Pontevico">Pontevico</a>, an important port and stronghold along the <a href="/wiki/Oglio" title="Oglio">Oglio river</a>. During the summer of 1453, Piccinino tried many times to get an important success over Sforza's army, without ever achieving a decisive victory. Contrariwise, the Milanese army, following the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Ghedi" title="Battle of Ghedi">Battle of Ghedi</a> of 15 August, conquered <a href="/wiki/Ghedi" title="Ghedi">Ghedi</a> and a large part of <i>Bassa Bresciana.</i> </p><p>During the autumn, Francesco Sforza teamed up with his ally, <a href="/wiki/Ren%C3%A9_of_Anjou" title="René of Anjou">René of Anjou</a> (<a href="/wiki/Counts_and_dukes_of_Anjou" title="Counts and dukes of Anjou">Count of Anjou</a> and <a href="/wiki/List_of_monarchs_of_Naples" class="mw-redirect" title="List of monarchs of Naples">King of Naples</a>), who commanded the <a href="/wiki/French_Army" title="French Army">French army</a>. So, the combined Franco-Milanese army could count on about 20,000 infantrymen and 3,500 knights: between 16 and 19 October, it <a href="/wiki/Third_Siege_of_Pontevico" title="Third Siege of Pontevico">successfully besieged</a> the <a href="/wiki/Castle_of_Pontevico" title="Castle of Pontevico">Castle of Pontevico</a> and, on 17 November it successfully besieged <a href="/wiki/Orzinuovi" title="Orzinuovi">Orzinuovi</a>. So the <i>Bassa Bresciana</i> become totally occupied by the Duke of Milan and the Count of Anjou. The only Venetian cities remaining in Lombardy were Brescia, Bergamo and <a href="/wiki/Crema,_Lombardy" title="Crema, Lombardy">Crema</a>. </p><p>In early 1454, the situation changed: the French soldiers, jaded by the war, peeved due to the continuous clashes with the Milanese and aware of the fact that their tactics were inferior to the Italian ones, decided to leave the war, with the accord of René of Anjou. So, the French army left the war and Milan and Venice decided to achieve peace. In April they reached the <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Lodi" title="Treaty of Lodi">Treaty of Lodi</a>, a compromise peace that formed the basis for a general accord among the four contenders, Venice, Milan, Florence and Naples, under the blessings of <a href="/wiki/Pope_Nicholas_V" title="Pope Nicholas V">Pope Nicholas V</a>, representing the fifth power in Italy. The peace of Lodi is often marked as the emergence of a consciously expressed European political principle of <a href="/wiki/Balance_of_power_in_international_relations" class="mw-redirect" title="Balance of power in international relations">balance of power</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Wars_in_Lombardy&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/War_of_Ferrara_(1482%E2%80%931484)" title="War of Ferrara (1482–1484)">War of Ferrara (1482–1484)</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Wars_in_Lombardy&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Notes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-lower-alpha"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Venice subdued <a href="/wiki/Verona" title="Verona">Verona</a> in 1402, <a href="/wiki/Padua" title="Padua">Padua</a> in 1405, and the rest of eastern Lombardy, the Venetian <i>terra ferma</i> ("mainland"), the following year. Previously Venice had been strictly a maritime power: her battles with the <a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Genoa" title="Republic of Genoa">Republic of Genoa</a>, culminating in the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Chioggia" title="Battle of Chioggia">battle of Chioggia</a>, were all fought at sea.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">See however the brief <a href="/wiki/War_of_Ferrara_(1482%E2%80%931484)" title="War of Ferrara (1482–1484)">War of Ferrara</a> (1482–1484) that was settled by the <a href="/wiki/Peace_of_Bagnolo" class="mw-redirect" title="Peace of Bagnolo">Peace of Bagnolo</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">The extension of <a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Empire" title="Ottoman Empire">Ottoman</a> power into the <a href="/wiki/Balkans" title="Balkans">Balkans</a> and in the <a href="/wiki/Aegean_Sea" title="Aegean Sea">Aegean</a> had involved Venice in intermittent warfare since 1415.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Milan controlled Genoa since 1421.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">After the demise of the short-lived <a href="/wiki/Ambrosian_Republic" class="mw-redirect" title="Ambrosian Republic">Ambrosian Republic</a>.</span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Wars_in_Lombardy&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.usderviese.it/varie/storiamilano/dal1451al1475.htm">"Storia di Milano dal 1451 al 1475"</a> (in Italian).</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Storia+di+Milano+dal+1451+al+1475&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.usderviese.it%2Fvarie%2Fstoriamilano%2Fdal1451al1475.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWars+in+Lombardy" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBerenzi" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Berenzi, Angelo. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bdl.servizirl.it/vufind/Record/BDL-OGGETTO-10505"><i>Storia di Pontevico</i></a> (in Italian). pp. <span class="nowrap">256–</span>300.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Storia+di+Pontevico&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E256-%3C%2Fspan%3E300&rft.aulast=Berenzi&rft.aufirst=Angelo&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bdl.servizirl.it%2Fvufind%2FRecord%2FBDL-OGGETTO-10505&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWars+in+Lombardy" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Wars_in_Lombardy&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239549316">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%}}</style><div class="refbegin" style=""> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://etext.library.adelaide.edu.au/m/machiavelli/niccolo/m149h/chapter24.html">Niccolò Machiavelli, <i>History of Florence</i> Books IV.i-VI.vi</a> The wars in Lombardy from the Florentine perspective.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bdl.servizirl.it/vufind/Record/BDL-OGGETTO-10505%7Ctitle=Angelo">Berenzi, "Storia di Pontevico"</a> The wars in Lombardy from the Venetian perspective.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.veneto.org/history/serenissima3.htm">Veneto.org: History of Venice</a></li></ul> </div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?useformat=desktop&type=1x1&usesul3=0" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a 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