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<span>The War</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-The_War-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sources" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sources"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Sources</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sources-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" 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588–589</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. 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data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Birinci_G%C3%B6yt%C3%BCrk-Sasani_m%C3%BCharib%C9%99si" title="Birinci Göytürk-Sasani müharibəsi – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Birinci Göytürk-Sasani müharibəsi" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%DB%8C%D8%B1%DB%8C%D9%86%D8%AC%DB%8C_%DA%AF%D8%A4%DB%8C%E2%80%8C%D8%AA%D9%88%D8%B1%DA%A9-%D8%B3%D8%A7%D8%B3%D8%A7%D9%86%DB%8C_%D8%B3%D8%A7%D9%88%D8%A7%D8%B4%DB%8C" title="بیرینجی گؤی‌تورک-ساسانی ساواشی – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="بیرینجی گؤی‌تورک-ساسانی ساواشی" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>تۆرکجه</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%86%D8%AE%D8%B3%D8%AA%DB%8C%D9%86_%D8%AC%D9%86%DA%AF_%D8%B3%D8%A7%D8%B3%D8%A7%D9%86%DB%8C%D8%A7%D9%86_%D9%88_%D8%AA%D8%B1%DA%A9%D8%A7%D9%86" title="نخستین جنگ ساسانیان و ترکان – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="نخستین جنگ ساسانیان و ترکان" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prima_guerra_persiano-turca" title="Prima guerra persiano-turca – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Prima guerra persiano-turca" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Birinchi_turk-fors_urushi" title="Birinchi turk-fors urushi – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Birinchi turk-fors urushi" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%B5%D1%80%D1%81%D0%BE-%D1%82%D1%8E%D1%80%D0%BA%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%B9%D0%BD%D0%B0_(588%E2%80%94589)" title="Персо-тюркская война (588—589) – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Персо-тюркская война (588—589)" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prvi_perzijsko-turkijski_rat" title="Prvi perzijsko-turkijski rat – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Prvi perzijsko-turkijski rat" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Birinci_G%C3%B6kt%C3%BCrk-Sasani_Sava%C5%9F%C4%B1" title="Birinci Göktürk-Sasani Savaşı – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Birinci Göktürk-Sasani Savaşı" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%AC%AC%E4%B8%80%E6%AC%A1%E6%B3%A2%E6%96%AF-%E7%AA%81%E5%8E%A5%E6%88%B0%E7%88%AD" title="第一次波斯-突厥戰爭 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="第一次波斯-突厥戰爭" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> 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class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/1b/Semi-protection-shackle.svg/30px-Semi-protection-shackle.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/1b/Semi-protection-shackle.svg/40px-Semi-protection-shackle.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /></a></span></div></div> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"><span class="mw-redirectedfrom">(Redirected from <a href="/w/index.php?title=First_Perso-Turkic_War&redirect=no" class="mw-redirect" title="First Perso-Turkic War">First Perso-Turkic War</a>)</span></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Central Asian war</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r963460841">@media all and (min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .desktop-float-right{box-sizing:border-box;float:right;clear:right}}.mw-parser-output .infobox.vevent .status>p:first-child{margin:0}</style><table class="infobox vevent" style="width:25.5em;border-spacing:2px;"><tbody><tr><th class="summary" colspan="2" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;font-size:110%;">First Perso-Turkic War</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" style="background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;">Part of <a href="/wiki/G%C3%B6kt%C3%BCrk%E2%80%93Persian_wars" class="mw-redirect" title="Göktürk–Persian wars">Göktürk–Persian wars</a></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" style="text-align:center;border-bottom:1px solid #aaa;line-height:1.5em;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:The_Battle_between_Bahram_Chubina_and_Sava_Shah_LACMA_M.2009.44.1_(3_of_9).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/82/The_Battle_between_Bahram_Chubina_and_Sava_Shah_LACMA_M.2009.44.1_%283_of_9%29.jpg/300px-The_Battle_between_Bahram_Chubina_and_Sava_Shah_LACMA_M.2009.44.1_%283_of_9%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="300" height="198" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/82/The_Battle_between_Bahram_Chubina_and_Sava_Shah_LACMA_M.2009.44.1_%283_of_9%29.jpg/450px-The_Battle_between_Bahram_Chubina_and_Sava_Shah_LACMA_M.2009.44.1_%283_of_9%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/82/The_Battle_between_Bahram_Chubina_and_Sava_Shah_LACMA_M.2009.44.1_%283_of_9%29.jpg/600px-The_Battle_between_Bahram_Chubina_and_Sava_Shah_LACMA_M.2009.44.1_%283_of_9%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2100" data-file-height="1385" /></a></span><br /><a href="/wiki/Shahnameh" title="Shahnameh">Shahnameh</a> illustration of <a href="/wiki/Bahram_Chobin" title="Bahram Chobin">Bahram Chobin</a> fighting King Sawa</td></tr><tr><td colspan="2"><table style="width:100%;margin:0;padding:0;border:0;display:inline-table"><tbody><tr><th style="padding-right:1em">Date</th><td>588–589</td></tr><tr><th style="padding-right:1em">Location</th><td><div class="location"><a href="/wiki/Greater_Khorasan" title="Greater Khorasan">Greater Khorasan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Transoxiana" title="Transoxiana">Transoxiana</a></div></td></tr><tr><th style="padding-right:1em">Result</th><td class="status"> <a href="/wiki/Sasanian_Empire" title="Sasanian Empire">Sasanian</a> victory</td></tr><tr><th style="padding-right:1em">Territorial<br />changes</th><td> The Sasanians reconquer the lands south of the <a href="/wiki/Amu_Darya" title="Amu Darya">Oxus</a> and also capture <a href="/wiki/Tashkent" title="Tashkent">Chach</a> and <a href="/wiki/Samarkand" title="Samarkand">Samarkand</a></td></tr></tbody></table></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;font-size:110%;">Belligerents</th></tr><tr><td style="width:50%;border-right:1px dotted #aaa;"> <a href="/wiki/Sasanian_Empire" title="Sasanian Empire">Sasanian Empire</a></td><td style="width:50%;padding-left:0.25em"> <a href="/wiki/Western_Turkic_Khaganate" title="Western Turkic Khaganate">Western Turkic Khaganate</a> <br /> <a href="/wiki/Hephthalite_Empire" class="mw-redirect" title="Hephthalite Empire">Hephthalite principalities</a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;font-size:110%;">Commanders and leaders</th></tr><tr><td style="width:50%;border-right:1px dotted #aaa;"> <a href="/wiki/Bahram_Chobin" title="Bahram Chobin">Bahram Chobin</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Bahram_Siyavashan" title="Bahram Siyavashan">Bahram Siyavashan</a><br />Nadre Gushnasp<br /><a href="/wiki/Izad_Gushnasp" title="Izad Gushnasp">Izad Gushnasp</a></td><td style="width:50%;padding-left:0.25em"> <a href="/wiki/Bagha_Khagan" class="mw-redirect" title="Bagha Khagan">Bagha Khagan</a>  <a href="/wiki/Killed_in_action" title="Killed in action"><span style="font-family:'Times New Roman','Old English Text MT',serif"><b>†</b></span></a><br />Yil-Tegin (<a href="/wiki/Prisoner_of_war" title="Prisoner of war"><abbr title="Prisoner of war">POW</abbr></a>)<br />Birmudha-tigin (<a href="/wiki/Prisoner_of_war" title="Prisoner of war"><abbr title="Prisoner of war">POW</abbr></a>)</td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;font-size:110%;">Strength</th></tr><tr><td style="width:50%;border-right:1px dotted #aaa;"> 12,000<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td><td style="width:50%;padding-left:0.25em"> unknown</td></tr></tbody></table> <div 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4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Campaignbox_Turco-Persian_Wars" title="Template:Campaignbox Turco-Persian Wars"><abbr title="View this template" style="color:inherit">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Campaignbox_Turco-Persian_Wars" title="Template talk:Campaignbox Turco-Persian Wars"><abbr title="Discuss this template" style="color:inherit">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Campaignbox_Turco-Persian_Wars" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Campaignbox Turco-Persian Wars"><abbr title="Edit this template" style="color:inherit">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Göktürk–Persian_wars" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><span style="line-height:1.6em"><a href="/wiki/G%C3%B6kt%C3%BCrk%E2%80%93Persian_wars" class="mw-redirect" title="Göktürk–Persian wars"><span class="wrap">Göktürk–Persian wars</span></a></span></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Perso-Turkic war of 588–589</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Perso-Turkic_war_of_627%E2%80%93629" title="Perso-Turkic war of 627–629">Perso-Turkic war of 627–629</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <p>The <b>First Perso-Turkic War</b> was fought during 588–589<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> between the <a href="/wiki/Sasanian_Empire" title="Sasanian Empire">Sasanian Empire</a> and <a href="/wiki/Hephthalite" class="mw-redirect" title="Hephthalite">Hephthalite principalities</a> and its lord the <a href="/wiki/G%C3%B6kt%C3%BCrks" title="Göktürks">Göktürks</a>. The conflict started with the invasion of the Sasanian Empire by the Turks and ended with a decisive Sasanian victory and the reconquest of lost lands. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Background">Background</h2></div> <p>In 557, <a href="/wiki/Khosrow_I" title="Khosrow I">Khosrow I</a> (<span style="white-space:nowrap;"><abbr title="reigned">r.</abbr> 531–579</span>), the king (<i><a href="/wiki/Shah" title="Shah">shah</a></i>) of the <a href="/wiki/Sasanian_Empire" title="Sasanian Empire">Sasanian Empire</a>, who had greatly increased the authority of his empire, decided to put an end to the <a href="/wiki/Hephthalite_Empire" class="mw-redirect" title="Hephthalite Empire">Hephthalite Empire</a> domination over <a href="/wiki/Central_Asia" title="Central Asia">Central Asia</a>. He thus allied with the <a href="/wiki/G%C3%B6kt%C3%BCrks" title="Göktürks">Göktürks</a> in order to defeat the Hephthalites. The campaign was successful and the region north of the <a href="/wiki/Amu_Darya" title="Amu Darya">Oxus</a> went to the Turks whilst the south came under Sasanian rule. An agreement was established between Khosrow I and the Turkic Khagan <a href="/wiki/Ist%C3%A4mi" title="Istämi">Istämi</a> which set the Oxus as the frontier between the two empires. However, in 588, the <a href="/wiki/Western_Turkic_Khaganate" title="Western Turkic Khaganate">Turkic</a> <a href="/wiki/Khagan" title="Khagan">Khagan</a> (known as Sabeh/Saba in <a href="/wiki/Persian_language" title="Persian language">Persian</a> sources), together with his <a href="/wiki/Hephthalite_Empire" class="mw-redirect" title="Hephthalite Empire">Hephthalite</a> subjects, invaded the Sasanian territories south of the Oxus, where they attacked and routed the Sasanian soldiers stationed in <a href="/wiki/Balkh" title="Balkh">Balkh</a>, and then proceeded to conquer the city along with <a href="/wiki/Taloqan" title="Taloqan">Talaqan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Badghis" class="mw-redirect" title="Badghis">Badghis</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Herat" title="Herat">Herat</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERezakhani2017177_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERezakhani2017177-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="The_War">The War</h2></div> <p>An emergency council of war was held in <a href="/wiki/Ctesiphon" title="Ctesiphon">Ctesiphon</a> in which <a href="/wiki/Bahram_Chobin" title="Bahram Chobin">Bahram Chobin</a>, a cavalry commander from the Parthian noble family of <a href="/wiki/House_of_Mihran" title="House of Mihran">Mihran</a>, was chosen to lead an army against the Turks and was given the governorship of <a href="/wiki/Greater_Khorasan" title="Greater Khorasan">Khorasan</a>. Bahram's army gathered at <a href="/wiki/Nishapur" title="Nishapur">Nishapur</a> and consisted of 12,000 hand-picked soldiers, which included cavalry, <a href="/wiki/Dailamite" class="mw-redirect" title="Dailamite">Dailamite</a> infantry, and war elephants.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEShahbazi1988514–522_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEShahbazi1988514–522-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 588 CE, the Sasanians set out from Nishapur to confront the Turks in eastern Khorasan, where they met to battle. Bahram organized his forces by placing his infantry in the center with the cavalry directly behind them and war elephants on the right and left. Bahram selected 100 Pahlavan soldiers to accompany him on an ambush at the position of the Khagan, where he was seated on a golden throne observing the battle. The battle began with the Sasanian war elephants on the right and left attacking the Turkic flanks on both sides, followed by the Sasanian infantry splitting to allow the cavalry behind them to smash into the Turkic center. Meanwhile, Bahram and the 100 Pahlavans assaulted the Khagans position. The Khagans bodyguards were slaughtered, and the Khagan was killed. The Khagans son, Yil-Tegin, managed to escape along with some others to a castle named Avaze. Bahram Chobin's army pursued Yil-Tegin and besieged the castle, eventually forcing the Turks to surrender.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJaques2007463_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJaques2007463-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 589, the Sasanians re-conquered <a href="/wiki/Herat" title="Herat">Herat</a> and <a href="/wiki/Balkh" title="Balkh">Balkh</a>, where Bahram captured the Turkic treasury and the golden throne of the Khagan.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERezakhani2017178_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERezakhani2017178-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He then proceeded to cross the Oxus river and won a decisive victory over the Eastern Turks, personally killing the Khagan, <a href="/wiki/Bagha_Qaghan" title="Bagha Qaghan">Bagha Qaghan</a> (Sawa), with an arrowshot.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He managed to reach as far as Baykand, near <a href="/wiki/Bukhara" title="Bukhara">Bukhara</a>, and also contain an attack by the son of the deceased Khagan, Birmudha, whom Bahram had captured and sent to the Sasanian capital of <a href="/wiki/Ctesiphon" title="Ctesiphon">Ctesiphon</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERezakhani2017178_8-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERezakhani2017178-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Birmudha was well received there, and was forty days later sent back to Bahram with the order that the Turkic prince should get sent back to Transoxiana.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERezakhani2017178_8-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERezakhani2017178-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Sasanians now held suzerainty over the <a href="/wiki/Sogdia" title="Sogdia">Sogdian</a> cities of <a href="/wiki/Tashkent" title="Tashkent">Chach</a> and <a href="/wiki/Samarkand" title="Samarkand">Samarkand</a>, where the Sasanian shah, <a href="/wiki/Hormizd_IV" title="Hormizd IV">Hormizd IV</a>, minted coins.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERezakhani2017178According_to_Rezakhani,_coins_of_the_years_3-5_(582-584)_of_the_reign_of_[[Hormizd_IV]]_(579–590)_were_minted_in_[[Khulm]]_and_[[Samarkand]],_and_coins_of_year_6_(585)_were_minted_in_[[Tashkent|Chach]],_and_should_"probably"_be_assigned_to_this_period,_attesting_to_the_"northernmost_extent_of_Sasanian_power,_extending_beyond_the_Syr_Darya/Jaxartes"_p.176_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERezakhani2017178According_to_Rezakhani,_coins_of_the_years_3-5_(582-584)_of_the_reign_of_[[Hormizd_IV]]_(579–590)_were_minted_in_[[Khulm]]_and_[[Samarkand]],_and_coins_of_year_6_(585)_were_minted_in_[[Tashkent|Chach]],_and_should_"probably"_be_assigned_to_this_period,_attesting_to_the_"northernmost_extent_of_Sasanian_power,_extending_beyond_the_Syr_Darya/Jaxartes"_p.176-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Ferdowsi's <i><a href="/wiki/Shahnameh" title="Shahnameh">Shahnameh</a></i> (C.E. 1010) describes in legendary detail the dealings of Bahram Chobin and the <a href="/wiki/Turkic_peoples" title="Turkic peoples">Turkic</a> "King Sawa" before and during the battle in which Bahram with his 12,000 men kills Sawa.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://i.4pcdn.org/tg/1421080734674.pdf">https://i.4pcdn.org/tg/1421080734674.pdf</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Buddha Prakash, <i>Studies in Indian History and Civilization</i>, Shiva Lal Agarwala, 1962, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=BqI5AQAAIAAJ&q=%22In+588-589,+for+instance,+they+occupied+Badghis+and+Herat+at+the+instigation+of+the+Turks+but+were+repelled+by+the%22">p. 318.</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERezakhani2017177-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERezakhani2017177_3-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFRezakhani2017">Rezakhani 2017</a>, p. 177.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFFarrokh" class="citation book cs1">Farrokh, Kaveh. <i>Shadows in the Desert</i>. pp. 245–246.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Shadows+in+the+Desert&rft.pages=245-246&rft.aulast=Farrokh&rft.aufirst=Kaveh&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APerso-Turkic+war+of+588%E2%80%93589" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEShahbazi1988514–522-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEShahbazi1988514–522_5-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFShahbazi1988">Shahbazi 1988</a>, pp. 514–522.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEJaques2007463-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJaques2007463_6-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFJaques2007">Jaques 2007</a>, p. 463.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPourshariati" class="citation book cs1">Pourshariati, Parvaneh. <i>Decline and Fall of the Sasanian Empire</i>. p. 126.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Decline+and+Fall+of+the+Sasanian+Empire&rft.pages=126&rft.aulast=Pourshariati&rft.aufirst=Parvaneh&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APerso-Turkic+war+of+588%E2%80%93589" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERezakhani2017178-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERezakhani2017178_8-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERezakhani2017178_8-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERezakhani2017178_8-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFRezakhani2017">Rezakhani 2017</a>, p. 178.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFarrokh" class="citation book cs1">Farrokh, Kaveh. <i>Sasanian Elite Cavalry</i>. p. 53.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Sasanian+Elite+Cavalry&rft.pages=53&rft.aulast=Farrokh&rft.aufirst=Kaveh&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APerso-Turkic+war+of+588%E2%80%93589" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERezakhani2017178According_to_Rezakhani,_coins_of_the_years_3-5_(582-584)_of_the_reign_of_[[Hormizd_IV]]_(579–590)_were_minted_in_[[Khulm]]_and_[[Samarkand]],_and_coins_of_year_6_(585)_were_minted_in_[[Tashkent|Chach]],_and_should_"probably"_be_assigned_to_this_period,_attesting_to_the_"northernmost_extent_of_Sasanian_power,_extending_beyond_the_Syr_Darya/Jaxartes"_p.176-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERezakhani2017178According_to_Rezakhani,_coins_of_the_years_3-5_(582-584)_of_the_reign_of_[[Hormizd_IV]]_(579–590)_were_minted_in_[[Khulm]]_and_[[Samarkand]],_and_coins_of_year_6_(585)_were_minted_in_[[Tashkent|Chach]],_and_should_"probably"_be_assigned_to_this_period,_attesting_to_the_"northernmost_extent_of_Sasanian_power,_extending_beyond_the_Syr_Darya/Jaxartes"_p.176_10-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFRezakhani2017">Rezakhani 2017</a>, p. 178, According to Rezakhani, coins of the years 3-5 (582-584) of the reign of <a href="/wiki/Hormizd_IV" title="Hormizd IV">Hormizd IV</a> (579–590) were minted in <a href="/wiki/Khulm" class="mw-redirect" title="Khulm">Khulm</a> and <a href="/wiki/Samarkand" title="Samarkand">Samarkand</a>, and coins of year 6 (585) were minted in <a href="/wiki/Tashkent" title="Tashkent">Chach</a>, and should "probably" be assigned to this period, attesting to the "northernmost extent of Sasanian power, extending beyond the Syr Darya/Jaxartes" p.176.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Volume VIII of the online Shah Nama at <a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="http://persian.packhum.org/persian/">[1]</a>, under "The Reign of Hurmuzd, Son of Nushirwan."</span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Sources">Sources</h2></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSims-Williams2009" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Sims-Williams, Nicholas (2009). "Kadagistān". <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.iranicaonline.org/articles/kadagistan-an-eastern-province-of-the-sasanian-empire"><i>Encyclopaedia Iranica, Vol. XV, Fasc. 3</i></a>. London et al. pp. 324–325.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Kadagist%C4%81n&rft.btitle=Encyclopaedia+Iranica%2C+Vol.+XV%2C+Fasc.+3&rft.place=London+et+al.&rft.pages=324-325&rft.date=2009&rft.aulast=Sims-Williams&rft.aufirst=Nicholas&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.iranicaonline.org%2Farticles%2Fkadagistan-an-eastern-province-of-the-sasanian-empire&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APerso-Turkic+war+of+588%E2%80%93589" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_encyclopedia" title="Template:Cite encyclopedia">cite encyclopedia</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_location_missing_publisher" title="Category:CS1 maint: location missing publisher">link</a>)</span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRezakhani2017" class="citation book cs1">Rezakhani, Khodadad (2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=bjRWDwAAQBAJ&q=false"><i>ReOrienting the Sasanians: East Iran in Late Antiquity</i></a>. Edinburgh University Press. pp. 1–256. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781474400305" title="Special:BookSources/9781474400305"><bdi>9781474400305</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=ReOrienting+the+Sasanians%3A+East+Iran+in+Late+Antiquity&rft.pages=1-256&rft.pub=Edinburgh+University+Press&rft.date=2017&rft.isbn=9781474400305&rft.aulast=Rezakhani&rft.aufirst=Khodadad&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DbjRWDwAAQBAJ%26q%3Dfalse&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APerso-Turkic+war+of+588%E2%80%93589" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFrye1984" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Richard_Nelson_Frye" class="mw-redirect" title="Richard Nelson Frye">Frye, Richard Nelson</a> (1984). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/historyofancient0000frye"><i>The History of Ancient Iran</i></a></span>. C.H.Beck. pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/historyofancient0000frye/page/n20">1</a>–411. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9783406093975" title="Special:BookSources/9783406093975"><bdi>9783406093975</bdi></a>. <q>The history of ancient iran.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+History+of+Ancient+Iran&rft.pages=1-411&rft.pub=C.H.Beck&rft.date=1984&rft.isbn=9783406093975&rft.aulast=Frye&rft.aufirst=Richard+Nelson&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fhistoryofancient0000frye&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APerso-Turkic+war+of+588%E2%80%93589" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFShahbazi1988" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Shahbazi, A. Sh. (1988). "Bahrām VI Čōbīn". <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.iranicaonline.org/articles/bahram-06"><i>Encyclopaedia Iranica, Vol. III, Fasc. 5</i></a>. London et al. pp. 514–522.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Bahr%C4%81m+VI+%C4%8C%C5%8Db%C4%ABn&rft.btitle=Encyclopaedia+Iranica%2C+Vol.+III%2C+Fasc.+5&rft.place=London+et+al.&rft.pages=514-522&rft.date=1988&rft.aulast=Shahbazi&rft.aufirst=A.+Sh.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.iranicaonline.org%2Farticles%2Fbahram-06&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APerso-Turkic+war+of+588%E2%80%93589" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_encyclopedia" title="Template:Cite encyclopedia">cite encyclopedia</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_location_missing_publisher" title="Category:CS1 maint: location missing publisher">link</a>)</span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLitvinskyDani1996" class="citation book cs1">Litvinsky, B. A.; Dani, Ahmad Hasan (1996). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=883OZBe2sMYC&q=Divashtich"><i>History of Civilizations of Central Asia: The crossroads of civilizations, A.D. 250 to 750</i></a>. UNESCO. pp. 1–569. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9789231032110" title="Special:BookSources/9789231032110"><bdi>9789231032110</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=History+of+Civilizations+of+Central+Asia%3A+The+crossroads+of+civilizations%2C+A.D.+250+to+750&rft.pages=1-569&rft.pub=UNESCO&rft.date=1996&rft.isbn=9789231032110&rft.aulast=Litvinsky&rft.aufirst=B.+A.&rft.au=Dani%2C+Ahmad+Hasan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D883OZBe2sMYC%26q%3DDivashtich&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APerso-Turkic+war+of+588%E2%80%93589" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBivar2003" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Bivar, A. D. H. (2003). "Hephthalites". <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.iranicaonline.org/articles/hephthalites"><i>Encyclopaedia Iranica, Vol. XII, Fasc. 2</i></a>. London et al. pp. 198–201.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Hephthalites&rft.btitle=Encyclopaedia+Iranica%2C+Vol.+XII%2C+Fasc.+2&rft.place=London+et+al.&rft.pages=198-201&rft.date=2003&rft.aulast=Bivar&rft.aufirst=A.+D.+H.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.iranicaonline.org%2Farticles%2Fhephthalites&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APerso-Turkic+war+of+588%E2%80%93589" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_encyclopedia" title="Template:Cite encyclopedia">cite encyclopedia</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_location_missing_publisher" title="Category:CS1 maint: location missing publisher">link</a>)</span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHoward-Johnston" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Howard-Johnston, James. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.iranicaonline.org/articles/khosrow-ii">"Ḵosrow II"</a>. <i>Encyclopaedia Iranica, Online Edition</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=%E1%B8%B4osrow+II&rft.btitle=Encyclopaedia+Iranica%2C+Online+Edition&rft.aulast=Howard-Johnston&rft.aufirst=James&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.iranicaonline.org%2Farticles%2Fkhosrow-ii&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APerso-Turkic+war+of+588%E2%80%93589" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJaques2007" class="citation book cs1">Jaques, Tony (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Dh6jydKXikoC&q=false"><i>Dictionary of Battles and Sieges: F-O</i></a>. Greenwood Publishing Group. pp. 1–1354. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780313335389" title="Special:BookSources/9780313335389"><bdi>9780313335389</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Dictionary+of+Battles+and+Sieges%3A+F-O&rft.pages=1-1354&rft.pub=Greenwood+Publishing+Group&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=9780313335389&rft.aulast=Jaques&rft.aufirst=Tony&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DDh6jydKXikoC%26q%3Dfalse&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APerso-Turkic+war+of+588%E2%80%93589" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Göktürks" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:G%C3%B6kt%C3%BCrks" title="Template:Göktürks"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:G%C3%B6kt%C3%BCrks" title="Template talk:Göktürks"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:G%C3%B6kt%C3%BCrks" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Göktürks"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Göktürks" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/G%C3%B6kt%C3%BCrks" title="Göktürks">Göktürks</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/First_Turkic_Khaganate" title="First Turkic Khaganate">First Turkic Khaganate</a> <br /> (552–581)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>(<a href="/wiki/Ashina_Tuwu" title="Ashina Tuwu">Ashina Tuwu</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bumin_Qaghan" title="Bumin Qaghan">Bumin Qaghan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Issik_Qaghan" title="Issik Qaghan">Issik Qaghan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muqan_Qaghan" title="Muqan Qaghan">Muqan Qaghan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taspar_Qaghan" title="Taspar Qaghan">Taspar Qaghan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amrak" class="mw-redirect" title="Amrak">Ashina Anluo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ishbara_Qaghan" title="Ishbara Qaghan">Ishbara Qaghan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bagha_Qaghan" title="Bagha Qaghan">Bagha Qaghan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tulan_Qaghan" title="Tulan Qaghan">Tulan Qaghan</a></li> <li>(<a href="/wiki/Ist%C3%A4mi" title="Istämi">Istämi</a>)</li> <li>(<a href="/wiki/Empress_Ashina" title="Empress Ashina">Empress Ashina</a>)</li> <li>(<a href="/wiki/Apa_Qaghan" title="Apa Qaghan">Apa Qaghan</a>)</li></ul> <ul><li>(<a href="/wiki/Yangsu_Tegin" title="Yangsu Tegin">Yangsu Tegin</a>)</li> <li>(<a href="/wiki/Tamgan" title="Tamgan">Tamgan</a>)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Turkic_Khaganate" title="Eastern Turkic Khaganate">Eastern Turkic Khaganate</a> <br /> (581–630)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Yami_Qaghan" title="Yami Qaghan">Yami Qaghan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shibi_Khan" title="Shibi Khan">Shibi Qaghan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ashina_Xichun" title="Ashina Xichun">Chulo Qaghan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Illig_Qaghan" title="Illig Qaghan">Illig Qaghan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qilibi_Khan" title="Qilibi Khan">Qilibi Qaghan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chebi_Khan" title="Chebi Khan">Chebi Qaghan</a></li></ul> <ul><li>(<a href="/wiki/Ashina_Jiesheshuai" title="Ashina Jiesheshuai">Ashina Jiesheshuai</a>)</li> <li>(<a href="/wiki/Ashina_Funian" title="Ashina Funian">Ashina Funian</a>)</li> <li>(<a href="/wiki/Ashina_She%27er" title="Ashina She'er">Ashina She'er</a>)</li> <li>(<a href="/wiki/Ashina_Nishufu" title="Ashina Nishufu">Ashina Nishufu</a>)</li> <li>(<a href="/w/index.php?title=Ashide_Wenfu&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ashide Wenfu (page does not exist)">Ashide Wenfu</a>)</li> <li>(<a href="/w/index.php?title=Ashide_Fengji&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ashide Fengji (page does not exist)">Ashide Fengji</a>)</li> <li>(<a href="/wiki/Ashina_Shibobi" title="Ashina Shibobi">Ashina Shibobi</a>)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Western_Turkic_Khaganate" title="Western Turkic Khaganate">Western Turkic Khaganate</a> <br /> (581–657)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tardu" title="Tardu">Tardu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Niri_Qaghan" title="Niri Qaghan">Niri Qaghan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heshana_Qaghan" title="Heshana Qaghan">Heshana Qaghan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sheguy" title="Sheguy">Sheguy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tong_Yabghu_Qaghan" title="Tong Yabghu Qaghan">Tong Yabghu Qaghan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/K%C3%BCl%C3%BCg_Sibir" title="Külüg Sibir">Külüg Sibir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sy_Yabghu_Khagan" title="Sy Yabghu Khagan">Sy Yabghu Khagan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Duolu_Qaghan" title="Duolu Qaghan">Duolu Qaghan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ishbara_Tolis" title="Ishbara Tolis">Ishbara Tolis</a></li></ul> <ul><li>(<a href="/wiki/El_Kulug_Shad" title="El Kulug Shad">El Kulug Shad</a>)</li> <li>(<a href="/wiki/Irbis_Ishbara_Yabgu_Qaghan" title="Irbis Ishbara Yabgu Qaghan">Irbis Ishbara Yabgu Qaghan</a>)</li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Yukuk_Shad" title="Yukuk Shad">Yukuk Shad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irbis_Seguy" title="Irbis Seguy">Irbis Seguy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ashina_Helu" title="Ashina Helu">Hallig</a></li> <li>(<a href="/wiki/Bagha_Shad" title="Bagha Shad">Bagha Shad</a>)</li> <li>(<a href="/wiki/B%C3%B6ri_Shad" title="Böri Shad">Böri Shad</a>)</li> <li>(<a href="/wiki/Ashina_Duzhi" title="Ashina Duzhi">Ashina Duzhi</a>)</li> <li>(<a href="/wiki/Tardush_Shad" title="Tardush Shad">Tardush Shad</a>)</li> <li>(<a href="/wiki/Ashina_Tuizi" title="Ashina Tuizi">Ashina Tuizi</a>)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Second_Turkic_Khaganate" title="Second Turkic Khaganate">Second Turkic Khaganate</a> <br /> (682–744)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ilterish_Qaghan" title="Ilterish Qaghan">Ilterish Qaghan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qapaghan_Qaghan" title="Qapaghan Qaghan">Qapaghan Qaghan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inel_Qaghan" title="Inel Qaghan">Inel Qaghan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bilg%C3%A4_Qa%C7%A7an" class="mw-redirect" title="Bilgä Qaǧan">Bilgä Qaǧan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yoll%C4%B1g_Khagan" title="Yollıg Khagan">Yollıg Khagan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tengri_Qaghan" title="Tengri Qaghan">Tengri Qaghan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kutluk_Yabgu_Khagan" title="Kutluk Yabgu Khagan">Kutluk Yabgu Khagan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%96zmi%C5%9F_Khagan" title="Özmiş Khagan">Özmiş Khagan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ashina_Shi" title="Ashina Shi">Ashina Shi</a></li></ul> <ul><li>(<a href="/wiki/Ashina_Duoxifu" title="Ashina Duoxifu">Ashina Duoxifu</a>)</li> <li>(<a href="/wiki/Kulun_Beg" title="Kulun Beg">Kulun Beg</a>)</li> <li>(<a href="/wiki/Kul_Tigin" title="Kul Tigin">Kul Tigin</a>)</li> <li>(<a href="/wiki/Tonyukuk" title="Tonyukuk">Tonyukuk</a>)</li> <li>(<a href="/wiki/Qutlu%C4%9F_S%C3%A4b%C3%A4g_Qatun" title="Qutluğ Säbäg Qatun">Qutluğ Säbäg Qatun</a>)</li> <li>(<a href="/wiki/El_Bilga_Khatun" title="El Bilga Khatun">El Bilga Khatun</a>)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Western_Turks" class="mw-redirect" title="Western Turks">Western Turks</a><br />under <a href="/wiki/Jimi_system" title="Jimi system">Jimi system</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <dl><dt>Kunling Protectorate</dt> <dd></dd></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ashina_Mishe" title="Ashina Mishe">Ashina Mishe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ashina_Yuanqing" title="Ashina Yuanqing">Ashina Yuanqing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ashina_Xian" title="Ashina Xian">Ashina Xian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ashina_Zhen" title="Ashina Zhen">Ashina Zhen</a></li></ul> <dl><dt>Mengchi Protectorate</dt> <dd></dd></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ashina_Buzhen" title="Ashina Buzhen">Ashina Buzhen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ashina_Huseluo" title="Ashina Huseluo">Ashina Huseluo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ashina_Huaidao" title="Ashina Huaidao">Ashina Huaidao</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ashina_Xin&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ashina Xin (page does not exist)">Ashina Xin</a></li></ul> <dl><dt><a href="/wiki/Anxi_Protectorate" class="mw-redirect" title="Anxi Protectorate">Anxi Protectorate</a></dt> <dd></dd></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tokhara_Yabghus" title="Tokhara Yabghus">Tokhara Yabghus</a> (625-758)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turk_Shahis" title="Turk Shahis">Turk Shahis</a> (665–870)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Göktürk culture</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tengrism" title="Tengrism">Tengrism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Asena" title="Asena">Asena</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Otuken" class="mw-redirect" title="Otuken">Otuken</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suyab" title="Suyab">Suyab</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kurultai" title="Kurultai">Kurultai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Old_Turkic_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Old Turkic language">Old Turkic language</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Old_Turkic_script" title="Old Turkic script">Old Turkic script</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orkhon_inscriptions" title="Orkhon inscriptions">Orkhon inscriptions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orkhon_Valley" title="Orkhon Valley">Orkhon Valley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shoroon_Bumbagar_tomb" title="Shoroon Bumbagar tomb">Shoroon Bumbagar tomb</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turks_in_the_Tang_military" title="Turks in the Tang military">Turks in the Tang military</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%9Cl%C3%BC%C5%9F_system" title="Ülüş system">Ülüş system</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tonyukuk_inscriptions" title="Tonyukuk inscriptions">Tonyukuk inscriptions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ongin_inscription" title="Ongin inscription">Ongin inscription</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Altyn_Tamgan_Tarhan_inscription" title="Altyn Tamgan Tarhan inscription">Altyn Tamgan Tarhan inscription</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qara_bodun" title="Qara bodun">Qara bodun</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Göktürk wars<br /> and battles</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Gol-Zarriun" title="Battle of Gol-Zarriun">Battle of Gol-Zarriun/Bukhara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/G%C3%B6kt%C3%BCrk%E2%80%93Persian_wars" class="mw-redirect" title="Göktürk–Persian wars">Göktürk–Persian wars</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/First_Perso-Turkic_War" class="mw-redirect" title="First Perso-Turkic War">First</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Perso-Turkic_War" class="mw-redirect" title="Second Perso-Turkic War">Second</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Third_Perso-Turkic_War" class="mw-redirect" title="Third Perso-Turkic War">Third</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Goguryeo%E2%80%93Tang_War" title="Goguryeo–Tang War">Goguryeo–Tang War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/G%C3%B6kt%C3%BCrk_civil_war" title="Göktürk civil war">Göktürk civil war</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tang_campaign_against_the_Eastern_Turks" title="Tang campaign against the Eastern Turks">Tang Eastern Turk campaign</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emperor_Taizong%27s_campaign_against_Xueyantuo" title="Emperor Taizong's campaign against Xueyantuo">Xueyantuo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tang_campaigns_against_the_Western_Turks" title="Tang campaigns against the Western Turks">Tang Western Turk campaigns</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Conquest_of_the_Western_Turks" title="Conquest of the Western Turks">Conquest</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Khitans#The_Li-Sun_rebellion_and_the_Turks" title="History of the Khitans">Li-Sun rebellion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Bolchu" title="Battle of Bolchu">Battle of Bolchu</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Titles</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Khagan" title="Khagan">Khagan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shad_(prince)" title="Shad (prince)">Shad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tegin" title="Tegin">Tegin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yabghu" title="Yabghu">Yabghu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baghatur" title="Baghatur">Bagha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boila" title="Boila">Boyla</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tudun" title="Tudun">Tudun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bey" title="Bey">Beg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khatun" title="Khatun">Khatun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tarkhan" title="Tarkhan">Tarkhan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ishad" title="Ishad">Ishad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elteber" title="Elteber">Elteber</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Family</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/G%C3%B6kt%C3%BCrk_family_tree" title="Göktürk family tree">Göktürk family tree</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ashina_tribe" title="Ashina tribe">Ashina tribe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ashide" title="Ashide">Ashide</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved 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