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<span>Transit rights</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Transit_rights-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Transit rights subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Transit_rights-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-First_freedom" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#First_freedom"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>First freedom</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-First_freedom-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Second_freedom" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Second_freedom"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>Second freedom</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Second_freedom-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Traffic_rights" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Traffic_rights"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Traffic rights</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Traffic_rights-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Traffic rights subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Traffic_rights-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Third_and_fourth_freedoms" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Third_and_fourth_freedoms"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>Third and fourth freedoms</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Third_and_fourth_freedoms-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Beyond_rights" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Beyond_rights"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>Beyond rights</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Beyond_rights-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Fifth_freedom" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Fifth_freedom"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2.1</span> <span>Fifth freedom</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Fifth_freedom-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sixth_freedom" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sixth_freedom"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2.2</span> <span>Sixth freedom</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sixth_freedom-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Cabotage" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Cabotage"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3</span> <span>Cabotage</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Cabotage-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Modified_sixth_freedom_(indirect_cabotage)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Modified_sixth_freedom_(indirect_cabotage)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3.1</span> <span>Modified sixth freedom (indirect cabotage)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Modified_sixth_freedom_(indirect_cabotage)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Seventh_and_ninth_freedoms_(standalone_cabotage)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Seventh_and_ninth_freedoms_(standalone_cabotage)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3.2</span> <span>Seventh and ninth freedoms (standalone cabotage)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Seventh_and_ninth_freedoms_(standalone_cabotage)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Eighth_freedom_(consecutive_cabotage)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Eighth_freedom_(consecutive_cabotage)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3.3</span> <span>Eighth freedom (consecutive cabotage)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Eighth_freedom_(consecutive_cabotage)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Notes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div 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class="mw-page-title-main">Freedoms of the air</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 18 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-18" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">18 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Llibertats_de_l%27aire" title="Llibertats de l'aire – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Llibertats de l'aire" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Freiheiten_der_Luft" title="Freiheiten der Luft – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Freiheiten der Luft" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%95huvabadused" title="Õhuvabadused – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Õhuvabadused" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Libertades_del_aire" title="Libertades del aire – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Libertades del aire" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A2%D8%B2%D8%A7%D8%AF%DB%8C%E2%80%8C%D9%87%D8%A7%DB%8C_%D9%87%D9%88%D8%A7%DB%8C%DB%8C" title="آزادی‌های هوایی – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="آزادی‌های هوایی" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Libert%C3%A9s_a%C3%A9riennes" title="Libertés aériennes – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Libertés aériennes" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%ED%95%AD%EA%B3%B5%EC%9E%90%EC%9C%A0%EA%B6%8C" title="항공자유권 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="항공자유권" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kebebasan_udara" title="Kebebasan udara – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Kebebasan udara" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/L%C3%A9gi_szabads%C3%A1gjogok" title="Légi szabadságjogok – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Légi szabadságjogok" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%A9%BA%E3%81%AE%E8%87%AA%E7%94%B1" title="空の自由 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="空の自由" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luftens_friheter" title="Luftens friheter – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Luftens friheter" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liberdades_do_ar" title="Liberdades do ar – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Liberdades do ar" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%B1%D0%BE%D0%B4%D1%8B_%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%B7%D0%B4%D1%83%D1%88%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%BE_%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%82%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B2%D0%B0" title="Свободы воздушного пространства – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Свободы воздушного пространства" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ilmailun_vapaudet" title="Ilmailun vapaudet – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Ilmailun vapaudet" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flygets_friheter" title="Flygets friheter – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Flygets friheter" 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div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">"Open skies" redirects here. For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/Open_skies_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Open skies (disambiguation)">Open skies (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Not to be confused with <a href="/wiki/Six_degrees_of_freedom" title="Six degrees of freedom">Six degrees of freedom</a>.</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p><p>The <b>freedoms of the air</b>, also called <b>five freedoms of air transport</b>, are a set of commercial aviation rights granting a country's <a href="/wiki/Airline" title="Airline">airlines</a> the privilege to enter and land in another country's <a href="/wiki/Airspace" title="Airspace">airspace</a>. They were formulated as a result of disagreements over the extent of aviation liberalisation in the <a href="/wiki/Convention_on_International_Civil_Aviation" title="Convention on International Civil Aviation">Convention on International Civil Aviation</a> of 1944, known as the Chicago Convention.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a> had called for a standardized set of separate air rights to be negotiated between states, but most other countries were concerned that the size of the U.S. airlines would dominate air travel if there were not strict rules. The freedoms of the air are the fundamental building blocks of the international commercial aviation route network. The use of the terms "freedom" and "right" confers entitlement to operate international air services only within the scope of the multilateral and bilateral treaties (<a href="/wiki/Air_services_agreement" class="mw-redirect" title="Air services agreement">air services agreements</a>) that allow them. </p><p>The first two freedoms concern the passage of <a href="/wiki/Commercial_aircraft" class="mw-redirect" title="Commercial aircraft">commercial aircraft</a> through foreign airspace and <a href="/wiki/Airport" title="Airport">airports</a>, while the other freedoms are about carrying people, mail and cargo internationally. The first through fifth freedoms are officially enumerated by international treaties, especially the Chicago Convention. Several other freedoms have been added, and although most are not officially recognised under broadly applicable international treaties, they have been agreed to by a number of countries. The lower-numbered freedoms are relatively universal while the higher-numbered ones are rarer and more controversial. Liberal open skies agreements often represent the least restrictive form of air services agreements and may include many if not all freedoms. They are relatively rare, but examples include the recent single aviation markets established in the <a href="/wiki/European_Union" title="European Union">European Union</a> (<a href="/wiki/European_Common_Aviation_Area" title="European Common Aviation Area">European Common Aviation Area</a>), and between <a href="/wiki/Australia" title="Australia">Australia</a> and <a href="/wiki/New_Zealand" title="New Zealand">New Zealand</a>. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Overview">Overview</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Freedoms_of_the_air&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Overview"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Freedoms of the air apply to <a href="/wiki/Commercial_aviation" title="Commercial aviation">commercial aviation</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Medalla_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Medalla-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 145–146">: 145–146 </span></sup> The terms 'freedom' and 'right' are a shorthand way of referring to the type of international services permitted between two or more countries.<sup id="cite_ref-Medalla_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Medalla-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 145–146">: 145–146 </span></sup> Even when such services are allowed by countries, airlines may still face restrictions to accessing them by the terms of treaties or for other reasons.<sup id="cite_ref-Medalla_3-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Medalla-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 145–146">: 145–146 </span></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Haanappel_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Haanappel-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 19">: 19 </span></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Freedoms_of_the_Air_Diagram.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a5/Freedoms_of_the_Air_Diagram.png/220px-Freedoms_of_the_Air_Diagram.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="421" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a5/Freedoms_of_the_Air_Diagram.png/330px-Freedoms_of_the_Air_Diagram.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a5/Freedoms_of_the_Air_Diagram.png/440px-Freedoms_of_the_Air_Diagram.png 2x" data-file-width="960" data-file-height="1838" /></a><figcaption>a diagram of the nine freedoms, with blue circles indicating the operating airline's domestic market and red or yellow circles indicating foreign markets</figcaption></figure> <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th>Freedom </th> <th>Description </th> <th>Example </th></tr> <tr> <td>1st </td> <td>The right to fly over a foreign country without landing.<sup id="cite_ref-manual_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-manual-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td>A flight from Canada to Mexico, flown by a Mexican airline, flying over the United States. </td></tr> <tr> <td>2nd </td> <td>The right to refuel or carry out maintenance in a foreign country without embarking or disembarking passengers or cargo.<sup id="cite_ref-manual_5-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-manual-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td>A flight from the United Kingdom to the United States, flown by a British airline, refueling at an Irish airport. </td></tr> <tr> <td>3rd </td> <td>The right to fly from one's own country to another country.<sup id="cite_ref-manual_5-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-manual-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td>A flight from New Zealand to Japan, flown by a New Zealand airline. </td></tr> <tr> <td>4th </td> <td>The right to fly from another country to one's own.<sup id="cite_ref-manual_5-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-manual-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td>A flight from Chile to Brazil, flown by a Brazilian airline. </td></tr> <tr> <td>5th </td> <td>The right to fly between two foreign countries on a flight originating or ending in one's own country.<sup id="cite_ref-manual_5-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-manual-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td>A flight from Melbourne, Australia to Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia, with a stop in Denpasar, Indonesia, flown by a Malaysian airline. Passengers and cargo may travel between Melbourne and Denpasar, with no intention to continue on to Kuala Lumpur. </td></tr> <tr> <td>6th </td> <td>The right to fly from a foreign country to another while stopping in one's own country for non-technical reasons.<sup id="cite_ref-manual_5-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-manual-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td>A flight from New Zealand to Colombia, flown by an airline based in Chile, with a stop in Santiago, Chile. This can also be a flight by a Colombian airline flying under the 5th freedom, allowing <a href="/wiki/Codeshare" class="mw-redirect" title="Codeshare">codeshare</a> by the Chilean airline which uses the 6th freedom. </td></tr> <tr> <td>modified 6th </td> <td>The right to fly between two places in a foreign country while stopping in one's own country for non-technical reasons.<sup id="cite_ref-manual_5-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-manual-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td>A flight between two airports in the United States, flown by an airline based in Canada, with a stop in Canada. Such as a flight from Seattle (US) via Toronto (CA) to Boston (US), with a passenger ticketed from Seattle to Boston. </td></tr> <tr> <td>7th </td> <td>The right to fly between two foreign countries, where the flights do not touch one's own country.<sup id="cite_ref-manual_5-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-manual-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td>A flight between Spain and Sweden, flown by an Irish airline. </td></tr> <tr> <td>8th </td> <td>The right to fly inside a foreign country, having started from or continuing to one's own country.<sup id="cite_ref-manual_5-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-manual-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td>A flight operated by a South African airline between San Francisco and Cape Town, with a full stop in New York. Passengers and cargo may board or disembark the flight in New York, with no intention to board the flight to Cape Town. </td></tr> <tr> <td>9th </td> <td>The right to fly within a foreign country without continuing to one's own country.<sup id="cite_ref-manual_5-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-manual-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td>A flight flown between Paris and Lyon by a German airline. </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Transit_rights">Transit rights</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Freedoms_of_the_air&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Transit rights"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The first and second freedoms grant rights to pass through a country without carrying traffic that originates or terminates there and are known as 'transit rights'.<sup id="cite_ref-Medalla_3-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Medalla-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 146">: 146 </span></sup> The Chicago Convention drew up a multilateral agreement in which the first two freedoms, known as the <b>International Air Services Transit Agreement</b> (IASTA) or "Two Freedoms Agreement", were open to all signatories. At the end of 2017, the treaty was accepted by 133 countries.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>A country granting transit rights may impose fees for the privilege. The reasonableness of such fees has caused controversy at times. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="First_freedom">First freedom</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Freedoms_of_the_air&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: First freedom"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:IASTA-2007-map.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/IASTA-2007-map.svg/220px-IASTA-2007-map.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="112" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/IASTA-2007-map.svg/330px-IASTA-2007-map.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/IASTA-2007-map.svg/440px-IASTA-2007-map.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="940" data-file-height="477" /></a><figcaption>IASTA participants (and some of their dependent territories)</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:US_Overflight_Fee_Map.png" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Map of approximately the Northern Hemisphere from Japan and New Guinea (left edge) to middle of North Atlantic Ocean. The map shows yellow over the continental US and Bahamas, Alaska (and much of the Bering Sea) and a yellow circle around Bermuda. Most of the Northern Pacific is colored blue along with a small section in the middle of the Gulf of Mexico and the western half of the North Atlantic from roughly the latitude of Maine to the northern edge of the Leeward Islands (or Puerto Rico)." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d2/US_Overflight_Fee_Map.png/220px-US_Overflight_Fee_Map.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="160" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d2/US_Overflight_Fee_Map.png/330px-US_Overflight_Fee_Map.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d2/US_Overflight_Fee_Map.png 2x" data-file-width="375" data-file-height="272" /></a><figcaption>The United States has authority to charge overflight fees over its territory (<i>en route</i>, yellow) and over ocean regions where it has been delegated air traffic control responsibilities by the <a href="/wiki/International_Civil_Aviation_Organization" title="International Civil Aviation Organization">ICAO</a> (<i>oceanic</i>, blue). The fees are applicable only to overflights; domestic and international flights arriving/departing the US are taxed through landing fees.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>a<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></figcaption></figure> <p>The first freedom is the right to fly over a foreign country without landing.<sup id="cite_ref-FFFF_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FFFF-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 31">: 31 </span></sup> It grants the privilege to fly over the territory of a treaty country without landing. Member states of the International Air Services Transit Agreement grant this freedom (as well as the second freedom) to other member states,<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> subject to the transiting aircraft using designated air routes.<sup id="cite_ref-IASTA1_4_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-IASTA1_4-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As of the summer of 2007, 129 countries were parties to this treaty, including such large ones as the United States, India, and Australia. However, Brazil, Russia, Indonesia, and China never joined, with Canada leaving the treaty in 1988.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> These large and strategically located non-IASTA-member states prefer to maintain tighter control over foreign airlines' overflight of their airspace and negotiate transit agreements with other countries on a case-by-case basis.<sup id="cite_ref-Haanappel_4-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Haanappel-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 23">: 23 </span></sup> During the <a href="/wiki/Cold_War" title="Cold War">Cold War</a>, the Soviet Union and China did not allow airlines to enter their airspace.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (October 2021)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> There were flights from Europe to Japan that refueled in <a href="/wiki/Ted_Stevens_Anchorage_International_Airport" title="Ted Stevens Anchorage International Airport">Alaska</a>. Since the end of the Cold War, first freedom rights are almost completely universal.<sup id="cite_ref-Medalla_3-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Medalla-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 151">: 151 </span></sup> Most countries require prior notification before an overflight and charge fees, which can sometimes be substantial.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>IASTA allows each member country to charge foreign airlines "reasonable" fees for using its airports (which is applicable, presumably, only to the second freedom) and "facilities";<sup id="cite_ref-IASTA1_4_10-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-IASTA1_4-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> according to IATA, such fees should not be higher than those charged to domestic airlines engaged in similar international services.<sup id="cite_ref-IASTA1_4_10-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-IASTA1_4-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Such fees indeed are commonly charged merely for the privilege of the overflight of a country's national territory, when no airport usage is involved.<sup id="cite_ref-vasigh156_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-vasigh156-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> (Overflights might still be using services of a country's <a href="/wiki/Area_control_center" title="Area control center">air traffic control centers</a>). For example, the <a href="/wiki/Federal_Aviation_Administration" title="Federal Aviation Administration">Federal Aviation Administration</a> of the U.S., an IASTA signatory, charges overflight fees based on the <a href="/wiki/Great_circle_distance" class="mw-redirect" title="Great circle distance">great circle distance</a> between an aircraft's points of entry into and exit from U.S.-controlled airspace. This transit is then divided into overland (referred to as <i>en route</i>) and oceanic components; the latter include flights over international waters where air traffic is controlled by the U.S., including sections of Atlantic and Arctic Oceans and much of the northern Pacific Ocean.<sup id="cite_ref-en_route_1_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-en_route_1-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Since 2019 these have been charged at $0.6175/nmi ($0.3334/km; $0.5366/mi) for <i>en route</i> components, and $0.2651/nmi ($0.1431/km; $0.2304/mi) for the oceanic components.<sup id="cite_ref-en_route_2_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-en_route_2-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Countries that are not signatories of the IASTA charge overflight fees as well; among them, Russia is known for charging high fees, especially on the transarctic routes (between North America and Asia) that cross Siberia.<sup id="cite_ref-vasigh156_13-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-vasigh156-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 2008, <a href="/wiki/Russia" title="Russia">Russia</a> temporarily denied <a href="/wiki/Lufthansa_Cargo" title="Lufthansa Cargo">Lufthansa Cargo</a> permission to overfly its airspace with cargo ostensibly due to "delayed payments for its flyover rights".<sup id="cite_ref-spiegel_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-spiegel-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 2008, European airlines were paying Russia €300 million a year for flyover permissions.<sup id="cite_ref-spiegel_16-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-spiegel-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Due to the <a href="/wiki/Russo-Ukrainian_War" title="Russo-Ukrainian War">Russo-Ukrainian War</a>, in 2022 the US, EU and other countries cancelled the third and fourth freedoms for Russian airlines, preventing them flying to these countries. In response Russia blocked all freedoms for western airlines, including the first freedom. Flights from the EU to Japan now fly over central Asia and China instead. Chinese and other airlines continue to fly over Russia.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Second_freedom">Second freedom</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Freedoms_of_the_air&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Second freedom"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The second freedom allows <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/technical_stop" class="extiw" title="wikt:technical stop">technical stops</a> without the embarking or disembarking of passengers or cargo.<sup id="cite_ref-FFFF_8-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FFFF-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 31">: 31 </span></sup> It is the right to stop in one country solely for refueling or other maintenance on the way to another country.<sup id="cite_ref-Medalla_3-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Medalla-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 146">: 146 </span></sup> Because of longer range of modern airliners, second freedom rights are comparatively rarely exercised by passenger carriers today, and then often as fifth freedom, allowing new passengers to embark at the stop. But second freedom rights are widely used by air cargo carriers, and are more or less universal between countries.<sup id="cite_ref-vasigh156_13-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-vasigh156-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The most famous example of the second freedom is <a href="/wiki/Shannon_Airport" title="Shannon Airport">Shannon Airport</a> (<a href="/wiki/Ireland" title="Ireland">Ireland</a>), which was used as a stopping point for most transatlantic flights until the 1960s, since Shannon Airport was the closest European airport to the United States. <a href="/wiki/Ted_Stevens_Anchorage_International_Airport" title="Ted Stevens Anchorage International Airport">Anchorage</a> was similarly used for flights between Western Europe and East Asia, bypassing <a href="/wiki/Soviet_Union" title="Soviet Union">Soviet</a> airspace, prohibited until the end of the <a href="/wiki/Cold_War" title="Cold War">Cold War</a>. Anchorage was still used by some Chinese airlines for flights to the U.S. and <a href="/wiki/Toronto" title="Toronto">Toronto</a> until the 2000s. Flights between Europe and South Africa often stopped at <a href="/wiki/Am%C3%ADlcar_Cabral_International_Airport" title="Amílcar Cabral International Airport">Ilha do Sal</a> (Sal Island) in <a href="/wiki/Cabo_Verde" class="mw-redirect" title="Cabo Verde">Cabo Verde</a>, off the coast of <a href="/wiki/Senegal" title="Senegal">Senegal</a>, due to many African nations refusing to allow South African flights to overfly their territory during the Apartheid regime. <a href="/wiki/Gander_International_Airport" title="Gander International Airport">Gander, Newfoundland</a> was also a frequent stopping point for airlines from the USSR and the <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Bloc" title="Eastern Bloc">Eastern Bloc</a> on the way to the Caribbean, Central America, Mexico, and South America. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Traffic_rights">Traffic rights</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Freedoms_of_the_air&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Traffic rights"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In contrast to transit rights, 'traffic rights' allow commercial international services between, through and in some cases within the countries that are parties to air services agreements or other treaties.<sup id="cite_ref-Medalla_3-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Medalla-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 146">: 146 </span></sup> While it was agreed that the third to fifth freedoms would be negotiated between states, the International Air Transport Agreement (or "Five Freedoms Agreement") was also opened for signatures, encompassing the first five freedoms.<sup id="cite_ref-Yang_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Yang-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 108">: 108 </span></sup> The remaining four freedoms are made possible by some air services agreements but are not 'officially' recognized because they are not mentioned by the Chicago Convention.<sup id="cite_ref-Yang_18-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Yang-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 108">: 108 </span></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Third_and_fourth_freedoms">Third and fourth freedoms</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Freedoms_of_the_air&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Third and fourth freedoms"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The third and fourth freedoms allow basic international service between two countries.<sup id="cite_ref-Medalla_3-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Medalla-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 146">: 146 </span></sup> Even when reciprocal third and fourth freedom rights are granted, air services agreements (e.g. the <a href="/wiki/Bermuda_Agreement" title="Bermuda Agreement">Bermuda Agreements</a>) may still restrict many aspects of the traffic, such as the capacity of aircraft, the frequency of flights, the airlines permitted to fly and the airports permitted to be served.<sup id="cite_ref-Medalla_3-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Medalla-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 146–147">: 146–147 </span></sup> The third freedom is the right to carry passengers or cargo from one's own country to another.<sup id="cite_ref-FFFF_8-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FFFF-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 31">: 31 </span></sup> The right to carry passengers or cargo from another country to one's own is the fourth freedom.<sup id="cite_ref-FFFF_8-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FFFF-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 31">: 31 </span></sup> Third and fourth freedom rights are almost always granted simultaneously in bilateral agreements between countries. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Beyond_rights">Beyond rights</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Freedoms_of_the_air&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Beyond rights"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><b>Beyond rights</b> allow the carriage of traffic between (and sometimes within) countries that are foreign to the airlines that operate them.<sup id="cite_ref-Medalla_3-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Medalla-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 146">: 146 </span></sup> Today, the most controversial of these are fifth freedom rights.<sup id="cite_ref-Medalla_3-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Medalla-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 146">: 146 </span></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Yang_18-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Yang-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 108–109">: 108–109 </span></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Yang_18-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Yang-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 112">: 112 </span></sup> Less controversial but still restricted at times, though relatively more common are sixth freedom rights.<sup id="cite_ref-Medalla_3-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Medalla-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 146">: 146 </span></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Duvall_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Duvall-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 94–95">: 94–95 </span></sup> </p><p>Beyond rights also encompass international flights with a foreign intermediate stop where passengers may only embark and disembark at the intermediate point on the leg of the flight that serves the origin of an airline operating it.<sup id="cite_ref-Medalla_3-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Medalla-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 146">: 146 </span></sup> It also includes 'stopover' traffic where passengers may embark or disembark at an intermediate stop as part of an itinerary between the endpoints of a multi-leg flight or connecting flights.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>b<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Medalla_3-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Medalla-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 146">: 146 </span></sup> Some international flights stop at multiple points in a foreign country and passengers may sometimes make stopovers in a similar manner, but because the traffic being carried does not originate in the country where the flight takes place it is not cabotage but another form of beyond rights.<sup id="cite_ref-Pablo_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Pablo-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 110">: 110 </span></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Fifth_freedom">Fifth freedom</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Freedoms_of_the_air&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Fifth freedom"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The fifth freedom allows an airline to carry revenue traffic between foreign countries as a part of services connecting the airline's own country.<sup id="cite_ref-freedoms_of_the_air_23-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-freedoms_of_the_air-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It is the right to carry passengers from one's own country to a second country, and from that country onward to a third country (and so on). An example of a fifth freedom traffic right is an <a href="/wiki/Emirates_(Airlines)" class="mw-redirect" title="Emirates (Airlines)">Emirates</a> flight in 2004 from Dubai to <a href="/wiki/Brisbane,_Australia" class="mw-redirect" title="Brisbane, Australia">Brisbane, Australia</a> and onward to <a href="/wiki/Auckland" title="Auckland">Auckland</a>, New Zealand, where tickets can be sold on any sector.<sup id="cite_ref-FFFF_8-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FFFF-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 34">: 34 </span></sup> </p><p>Fifth freedom traffic rights are intended to enhance the economic viability of an airline's long haul routes, but tend to be viewed by local airlines and governments as potentially unfair competition.<sup id="cite_ref-Wassenbergh_24-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Wassenbergh-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 33–34">: 33–34 </span></sup> The negotiations for fifth freedom traffic rights can be lengthy, because in practice the approval of at least three different nations is required.<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>c<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Hanlon_20-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hanlon-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 131">: 131 </span></sup> </p><p>Fifth freedom traffic rights were instrumental to the economic viability of <a href="/wiki/Long-haul_flight" class="mw-redirect" title="Long-haul flight">long-haul flight</a> until the early 1980s, when advances in technology and increased passenger volume enabled the operation of more <a href="/wiki/Non-stop_flight" title="Non-stop flight">non-stop flights</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FFFF_8-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FFFF-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 31–32">: 31–32 </span></sup> The excess capacity on multi-sector routes could be filled by picking up and dropping off passengers along the way.<sup id="cite_ref-Wassenbergh_24-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Wassenbergh-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 33">: 33 </span></sup> It was not uncommon for carriers to schedule stops in one or more foreign countries on the way to a flight's final destination. Fifth freedom flights were common between Europe and Africa, South America and the <a href="/wiki/Far_East" title="Far East">Far East</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FFFF_8-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FFFF-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 31–32">: 31–32 </span></sup> An example of a multi-sector flight in the mid-1980s was an <a href="/wiki/Alitalia" title="Alitalia">Alitalia</a> service from Rome to Tokyo via Athens, Delhi, Bangkok and Hong Kong.<sup id="cite_ref-FFFF_8-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FFFF-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 31–32">: 31–32 </span></sup> Fifth freedom flights remained highly common in East Asia during the 2000s, particularly on routes serving <a href="/wiki/Narita_International_Airport" title="Narita International Airport">Tokyo</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hong_Kong_International_Airport" title="Hong Kong International Airport">Hong Kong</a> and <a href="/wiki/Suvarnabhumi_Airport" title="Suvarnabhumi Airport">Bangkok</a>. Between the latter two destinations, in 2004, service was provided by at least four airlines whose home base was not in either Hong Kong or Bangkok.<sup id="cite_ref-FFFF_8-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FFFF-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 32">: 32 </span></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Singapore_Changi_Airport" class="mw-redirect" title="Singapore Changi Airport">Singapore</a>-Bangkok route has also constituted an important fifth freedom market. In the late 1990s, half of the seats available between the two cities were offered by airlines holding fifth freedom traffic rights.<sup id="cite_ref-Yang_18-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Yang-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 112">: 112 </span></sup> Other major markets served by fifth freedom flights can be found in Europe, South America, the Caribbean and the <a href="/wiki/Tasman_Sea" title="Tasman Sea">Tasman Sea</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FFFF_8-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FFFF-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 32–33, 36">: 32–33, 36 </span></sup> </p><p>Fifth freedom traffic rights are sought by airlines wishing to take up unserved or underserved routes, or by airlines whose flights already make technical stops at a location as allowed by the second freedom.<sup id="cite_ref-FFFF_8-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FFFF-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 32">: 32 </span></sup> Governments (e.g. <a href="/wiki/Thailand" title="Thailand">Thailand</a>) may sometimes encourage fifth freedom traffic as a way of promoting <a href="/wiki/Tourism" title="Tourism">tourism</a>, by increasing the number of seats available. In turn, though, there may be reactionary pressure to avoid liberalizing traffic rights too much in order to protect a <a href="/wiki/Flag_carrier" title="Flag carrier">flag carrier</a>'s commercial interests.<sup id="cite_ref-Yang_18-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Yang-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 110">: 110 </span></sup> By the 1990s, fifth freedom traffic rights stirred controversy in Asia because of loss-making services by airlines in the countries hosting them.<sup id="cite_ref-La_Croix_26-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-La_Croix-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 16–19">: 16–19 </span></sup> Particularly in protest over US air carriers' service patterns in Asia, some nations have become less generous in granting fifth freedom traffic rights, while sixth freedom traffic has grown in importance for Asian airlines.<sup id="cite_ref-Yang_18-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Yang-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 112">: 112 </span></sup> </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Japan%E2%80%93United_States_relations" title="Japan–United States relations">Japan-United States</a> bilateral air transport agreement of 1952 has been viewed as being particularly contentious because unlimited fifth freedom traffic rights have been granted to designated US air carriers serving destinations in the Asia Pacific region west of Japan. For example, in the early 1990s, the Japanese government's refusal to permit flights on the New York City—Osaka—Sydney route led to protests by the US government and the airlines that applied to serve that route. The Japanese government countered that only about 10% of the traffic on the Japan—Australia sector was third and fourth freedom traffic to and from the US, while the bilateral agreement specified that primary justification for unlimited fifth freedom traffic was to fill up aircraft carrying a majority of US-originated or US-destined traffic under those rights. Japan had held many unused fifth freedom traffic rights beyond the USA. However, these were seen as being less valuable than the fifth freedom traffic rights enjoyed by US air carriers via Japan, because of the higher operating costs of Japanese airlines and also geographical circumstances. Japan serves as a useful gateway to Asia for North American travelers. The US contended that Japan's favourable geographical location and its flag airlines' carriage of a sizeable volume of sixth freedom traffic via gateway cities in Japan helped to level the playing field. In 1995, the air transport agreement was updated by way of liberalizing Japanese carriers' access to US destinations, while placing selected restrictions on US air carriers.<sup id="cite_ref-La_Croix_26-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-La_Croix-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 19–24">: 19–24 </span></sup> </p><p>Up until the 1980s, Air India's flights to <a href="/wiki/New_York_JFK" class="mw-redirect" title="New York JFK">New York JFK</a> from India were all operated under fifth freedom rights. From its 1962 initiation of Boeing 707 service to Idlewild (renamed JFK in 1964), flights had intermediate stops at one Middle East airport (Kuwait, Cairo, or Beirut), then two or three European airports, the last of which was always London's Heathrow, with trans-Atlantic service operating between Heathrow and JFK. This service continued well into the Boeing 747 era. Currently, Air India's North American flights are nonstop Boeing 777 service to India, with one exception, that being a revival of fifth freedom flights operating Boeing 787 service on the Newark—Heathrow—Ahmedabad route. However, Air India does not currently operate that route. </p><p>The fifth freedom has been discussed in 2017 in connection with the <a href="/wiki/Saint_Helena_Airport" title="Saint Helena Airport">Saint Helena Airport</a>. Flights (by a South African airline) serving it have to refuel at <a href="/wiki/Windhoek_Airport" class="mw-redirect" title="Windhoek Airport">Windhoek Airport</a>; but they are not allowed to board more passengers coming from connecting flights, which means that passengers from Cape Town must do a detour over Johannesburg with fairly little connecting time, with risk of missing the once-weekly flight. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Sixth_freedom">Sixth freedom</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Freedoms_of_the_air&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Sixth freedom"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The unofficial sixth freedom combines the <a href="#Third_freedom">third</a> and <a href="#Fourth_freedom">fourth freedoms</a> and is the right to carry passengers or cargo from a second country to a third country by stopping in one's own country.<sup id="cite_ref-FFFF_8-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FFFF-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 31">: 31 </span></sup> It can also be characterized as a form of the fifth freedom with an intermediate stop in the operating airline's home market. This characterization is often invoked as <a href="/wiki/Protectionist" class="mw-redirect" title="Protectionist">protectionist</a> policy as the traffic, like fifth freedom traffic, is secondary in nature to third and fourth freedom traffic.<sup id="cite_ref-Wassenbergh_24-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Wassenbergh-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 33–34">: 33–34 </span></sup> Consequently, some nations seek to regulate sixth freedom traffic as though it were fifth freedom traffic.<sup id="cite_ref-Hanlon_20-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hanlon-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 130">: 130 </span></sup> </p><p>Sixth-freedom traffic has historically been widespread in Asia, where Southeast Asian carriers such as <a href="/wiki/Thai_Airways" class="mw-redirect" title="Thai Airways">Thai Airways</a> and <a href="/wiki/Singapore_Airlines" title="Singapore Airlines">Singapore Airlines</a> carried traffic on the <a href="/wiki/Kangaroo_Route" title="Kangaroo Route">Kangaroo Route</a> between Europe and Australia, and Japanese carriers carried traffic between Southeast Asia and the Americas. More recently, carriers in the Persian Gulf region have developed intercontinental sixth-freedom hubs, and <a href="/wiki/Copa_Airlines" title="Copa Airlines">Copa Airlines</a> has developed a sixth-freedom hub in Panama to connect many cities in North and South America.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_27-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Another example is <a href="/wiki/Air_Canada" title="Air Canada">Air Canada</a>, which has pursued a strategy of carrying passengers between the US and points in Europe and Asia through its Canadian hubs.<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>While sixth freedom operations are rarely legally-restricted, they may be controversial: for example, <a href="/wiki/Qantas" title="Qantas">Qantas</a> has complained that <a href="/wiki/Emirates_(airline)" title="Emirates (airline)">Emirates</a>, <a href="/wiki/Singapore_Airlines" title="Singapore Airlines">Singapore Airlines</a> and other sixth-freedom carriers have unfair advantages in the market between Europe and Australia.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_27-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Because the nature of air services agreements is essentially a <a href="/wiki/Mercantilist" class="mw-redirect" title="Mercantilist">mercantilist</a> negotiation that strives for an equitable exchange of traffic rights, the outcome of a bilateral agreement may not be fully reciprocal but rather a reflection of the relative size and geographic position of two markets, especially in the case of a large country negotiating with a much smaller one.<sup id="cite_ref-Hanlon_20-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hanlon-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 129">: 129 </span></sup> In exchange for a smaller state granting fifth freedom rights to a larger country, the smaller country may be able to gain sixth freedom traffic to onward destinations from the larger country.<sup id="cite_ref-Hanlon_20-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hanlon-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 129–130">: 129–130 </span></sup> </p><p>On 2 October 2007, the United Kingdom and Singapore signed an agreement that allowed unlimited sixth freedom rights from 30 March 2018, along with a full exchange of other freedoms of the air. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Cabotage">Cabotage</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Freedoms_of_the_air&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Cabotage"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Cabotage" title="Cabotage">Cabotage</a> is the <a href="/wiki/Transport" title="Transport">transport</a> of goods or passengers between two points in the same country by a vessel or an aircraft registered in another country. Originally a <a href="/wiki/Shipping" class="mw-redirect" title="Shipping">shipping</a> term, cabotage now covers <a href="/wiki/Aviation" title="Aviation">aviation</a>, <a href="/wiki/Railways" class="mw-redirect" title="Railways">railways</a> and <a href="/wiki/Road_transport" title="Road transport">road transport</a>. It is "trade or navigation in coastal waters, or, the exclusive right of a country to operate the air traffic within its territory".<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Modified_sixth_freedom_(indirect_cabotage)"><span id="Modified_sixth_freedom_.28indirect_cabotage.29"></span>Modified sixth freedom (indirect cabotage)</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Freedoms_of_the_air&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Modified sixth freedom (indirect cabotage)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The unofficial modified sixth freedom is the right to carry passengers or cargo between two points in one foreign country, while making a stop in the home country. </p><p>For example, (the unofficial modified sixth freedom): a Canadian carrier departs from a US airport, stops in its Canadian hub and departs/continues onward to a different US airport. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Seventh_and_ninth_freedoms_(standalone_cabotage)"><span id="Seventh_and_ninth_freedoms_.28standalone_cabotage.29"></span>Seventh and ninth freedoms (standalone cabotage)</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Freedoms_of_the_air&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Seventh and ninth freedoms (standalone cabotage)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The unofficial seventh and ninth freedoms are variations of the <a href="#Fifth_freedom">fifth freedom</a>. It is the right to carry passengers or cargo in foreign territories without any service to, from or via one's own country.<sup id="cite_ref-FFFF_8-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FFFF-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 31">: 31 </span></sup> The seventh freedom is to provide international services between two foreign countries, and the ninth between points within a single foreign country. </p><p>The right to carry passengers or cargo within a foreign country without continuing service to or from one's own country,<sup id="cite_ref-icao_30-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-icao-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> is sometimes known as "stand-alone <a href="/wiki/Cabotage" title="Cabotage">cabotage</a>". It differs from the aviation definition of "true cabotage", in that it does not directly relate to one's own country. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Eighth_freedom_(consecutive_cabotage)"><span id="Eighth_freedom_.28consecutive_cabotage.29"></span>Eighth freedom (consecutive cabotage)</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Freedoms_of_the_air&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Eighth freedom (consecutive cabotage)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The unofficial eighth freedom is the right to carry passengers or cargo between two or more points in one foreign country and is also known as <i><a href="/wiki/Cabotage" title="Cabotage">cabotage</a></i>.<sup id="cite_ref-FFFF_8-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FFFF-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 31">: 31 </span></sup> It is extremely rare outside Europe. The main example is the <a href="/wiki/European_Union" title="European Union">European Union</a>, where such rights exist between all its member states. Other examples include the Single Aviation Market (SAM) established between <a href="/wiki/Australia" title="Australia">Australia</a> and New Zealand in 1996; the 2001 Protocol to the Multilateral Agreement on the Liberalization of International Air Transportation (MALIAT) between <a href="/wiki/Brunei" title="Brunei">Brunei</a>, <a href="/wiki/Chile" title="Chile">Chile</a>, New Zealand and <a href="/wiki/Singapore" title="Singapore">Singapore</a>; <a href="/wiki/United_Airlines" title="United Airlines">United Airlines</a>' "<a href="/wiki/Island_Hopper" title="Island Hopper">Island Hopper</a>" route, from Guam to Honolulu, able to transport passengers within the <a href="/wiki/Federated_States_of_Micronesia" title="Federated States of Micronesia">Federated States of Micronesia</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Marshall_Islands" title="Marshall Islands">Marshall Islands</a>, although the countries involved are <a href="/wiki/Compact_of_free_association" class="mw-redirect" title="Compact of free association">closely associated</a> with the <a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a>. Such rights have usually been granted only where the domestic air network is very underdeveloped. One instance was <a href="/wiki/Pan_American_World_Airways" class="mw-redirect" title="Pan American World Airways">Pan Am</a>'s authority to fly between Frankfurt and <a href="/wiki/West_Berlin" title="West Berlin">West Berlin</a> from the 1950s to the 1980s, although political circumstances and not the state of the domestic air network dictated this – only airlines of the Allied Powers of France, the United Kingdom and the United States had the right to carry air traffic between <a href="/wiki/West_Germany" title="West Germany">West Germany</a> and the <a href="/wiki/West_Berlin#Legal_status" title="West Berlin">legally separate and distinct territory</a> of <a href="/wiki/West_Berlin" title="West Berlin">West Berlin</a> until 1990.<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 2005, the <a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom" title="United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a> and New Zealand concluded an agreement granting unlimited cabotage rights.<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Given the distance between the two countries, the agreement can be seen as reflecting a political principle rather than an expectation that these rights will be taken up in the near future. Similarly, New Zealand had exchanged eighth-freedom rights with Ireland in 1999.<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Freedoms_of_the_air&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Air_rights" title="Air rights">Air rights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bilateral_agreement" class="mw-redirect" title="Bilateral agreement">Bilateral agreement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Air_transport_agreement" title="Air transport agreement">Air transport agreement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freedom_of_movement" title="Freedom of movement">Freedom of movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flight_permits" class="mw-redirect" title="Flight permits">Flight permits</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_on_Open_Skies" title="Treaty on Open Skies">Treaty on Open Skies</a> for unarmed aerial surveillance flights</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Freedoms_of_the_air&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Notes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-lower-alpha"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Some US island territories lie within the oceanic fee regions, while the en route fee is charged over the Bahamas and Bermuda, where it provides only high-altitude ATC service)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Even when fifth freedom rights are in place further restrictions on capacity and frequency may result in an airline only using the rights for stopover traffic or not being able to carry any traffic at all.<sup id="cite_ref-Hanlon_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hanlon-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 131">: 131 </span></sup> </span> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Because of this three types of fifth freedom traffic can be distinguished: 'intermediate point', where the right is granted from a third country to a second one between the third and the grantee; 'beyond-point', where the country giving the right allows traffic to continue to third countries; and 'behind-point' or 'anterior-point' where the grantor allows service between other destinations outside of the grantee's country of origin.<sup id="cite_ref-Yang_18-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Yang-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 108">: 108 </span></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Hanlon_20-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hanlon-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 131">: 131 </span></sup></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Freedoms_of_the_air&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFWragg1973" class="citation book cs1">Wragg, David W. (1973). <i>A Dictionary of Aviation</i> (first ed.). Osprey. p. 132. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780850451634" title="Special:BookSources/9780850451634"><bdi>9780850451634</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Dictionary+of+Aviation&rft.pages=132&rft.edition=first&rft.pub=Osprey&rft.date=1973&rft.isbn=9780850451634&rft.aulast=Wragg&rft.aufirst=David+W.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFreedoms+of+the+air" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFollesdalWesselWouters2008" class="citation book cs1">Follesdal, Andreas; Wessel, Ramses; Wouters, Jan (2008). <i>Multilevel Regulation and the EU: The Interplay Between Global, European and National Normative Processes</i>. The Netherlands: Brill. p. 187. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-90-04-16438-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-90-04-16438-3"><bdi>978-90-04-16438-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Multilevel+Regulation+and+the+EU%3A+The+Interplay+Between+Global%2C+European+and+National+Normative+Processes&rft.place=The+Netherlands&rft.pages=187&rft.pub=Brill&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-90-04-16438-3&rft.aulast=Follesdal&rft.aufirst=Andreas&rft.au=Wessel%2C+Ramses&rft.au=Wouters%2C+Jan&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFreedoms+of+the+air" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Medalla-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Medalla_3-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Medalla_3-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Medalla_3-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Medalla_3-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Medalla_3-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Medalla_3-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Medalla_3-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Medalla_3-7"><sup><i><b>h</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Medalla_3-8"><sup><i><b>i</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Medalla_3-9"><sup><i><b>j</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Medalla_3-10"><sup><i><b>k</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Medalla_3-11"><sup><i><b>l</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Medalla_3-12"><sup><i><b>m</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Medalla_3-13"><sup><i><b>n</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRalph_HuenemannAnming_Zhang2005" class="citation book cs1">Ralph Huenemann; Anming Zhang (2005). "7: The airline industry". In Erlinda M. Medalla (ed.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=zuul9dNUIfQC"><i>Competition Policy In East Asia</i></a>. New York: Routledge. pp. 145–169. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0415350751" title="Special:BookSources/0415350751"><bdi>0415350751</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">19 February</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=7%3A+The+airline+industry&rft.btitle=Competition+Policy+In+East+Asia&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=145-169&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=0415350751&rft.au=Ralph+Huenemann&rft.au=Anming+Zhang&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dzuul9dNUIfQC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFreedoms+of+the+air" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Haanappel-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Haanappel_4-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Haanappel_4-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHaanappel1998" class="citation book cs1">Haanappel, P. P. C. (1998). "2, The transformation of sovereignty in the air". In Chia-Jui Cheng; Jiarui Cheng (eds.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=vV40VUNWzQAC"><i>The Use of Air & Outer Space Cooperation & Competition</i></a>. London: Martinus Nijhoff Publishers. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/90-411-05972" title="Special:BookSources/90-411-05972"><bdi>90-411-05972</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">20 February</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=2%2C+The+transformation+of+sovereignty+in+the+air&rft.btitle=The+Use+of+Air+%26+Outer+Space+Cooperation+%26+Competition&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Martinus+Nijhoff+Publishers&rft.date=1998&rft.isbn=90-411-05972&rft.aulast=Haanappel&rft.aufirst=P.+P.+C.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DvV40VUNWzQAC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFreedoms+of+the+air" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-manual-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-manual_5-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-manual_5-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-manual_5-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-manual_5-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-manual_5-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-manual_5-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-manual_5-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-manual_5-7"><sup><i><b>h</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-manual_5-8"><sup><i><b>i</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-manual_5-9"><sup><i><b>j</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1">"4.1". <i>Manual on the Regulation of International Air Transport</i> (2nd ed.). <a href="/wiki/International_Civil_Aviation_Organization" title="International Civil Aviation Organization">International Civil Aviation Organization</a>. 2004. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/92-9194-404-1" title="Special:BookSources/92-9194-404-1"><bdi>92-9194-404-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=4.1&rft.btitle=Manual+on+the+Regulation+of+International+Air+Transport&rft.edition=2nd&rft.pub=International+Civil+Aviation+Organization&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=92-9194-404-1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFreedoms+of+the+air" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.icao.int/secretariat/legal/list%20of%20parties/transit_en.pdf">International Air Services Transit Agreement</a> - list of signatory states, which notified the U.S. Secretary of State of its acceptance of the treaty.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FFFF-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FFFF_8-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FFFF_8-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FFFF_8-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FFFF_8-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FFFF_8-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FFFF_8-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FFFF_8-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FFFF_8-7"><sup><i><b>h</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FFFF_8-8"><sup><i><b>i</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FFFF_8-9"><sup><i><b>j</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FFFF_8-10"><sup><i><b>k</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FFFF_8-11"><sup><i><b>l</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FFFF_8-12"><sup><i><b>m</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FFFF_8-13"><sup><i><b>n</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFVallero2004" class="citation journal cs1">Vallero, Luigi (August 2004). "The Freedom of Fifth Freedom Flights". <i>Airways</i>. <b>11</b> (102). Airways International Inc: 31–36. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1074-4320">1074-4320</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Airways&rft.atitle=The+Freedom+of+Fifth+Freedom+Flights&rft.volume=11&rft.issue=102&rft.pages=31-36&rft.date=2004-08&rft.issn=1074-4320&rft.aulast=Vallero&rft.aufirst=Luigi&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFreedoms+of+the+air" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160106173720/http://www.mcgill.ca/files/iasl/chicago1944b.pdf">"International Air Services Transit Agreement (IASTA), Article 1, Section 1"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.mcgill.ca/files/iasl/chicago1944b.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 6 January 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=International+Air+Services+Transit+Agreement+%28IASTA%29%2C+Article+1%2C+Section+1&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.mcgill.ca%2Ffiles%2Fiasl%2Fchicago1944b.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFreedoms+of+the+air" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-IASTA1_4-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-IASTA1_4_10-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-IASTA1_4_10-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-IASTA1_4_10-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">IASTA, Article I, Section 4</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110722013055/https://www.icao.int/icao/en/leb/transit.pdf">"International Air Services Transit Agreement - list of signatory states"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>International Civil Aviation Organization</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.icao.int/icao/en/leb/transit.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 22 July 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=International+Civil+Aviation+Organization&rft.atitle=International+Air+Services+Transit+Agreement+-+list+of+signatory+states&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.icao.int%2Ficao%2Fen%2Fleb%2Ftransit.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFreedoms+of+the+air" class="Z3988"></span> The document is not signed by, but includes Kazakhstan, which notified the US Secretary of States of its acceptance of the treaty in July 2007.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (May 2021)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMulrine2008" class="citation book cs1">Mulrine, Anna (9 June 2008). <i>Targeting the Enemy</i>. U.S. News & World Report.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Targeting+the+Enemy&rft.pub=U.S.+News+%26+World+Report&rft.date=2008-06-09&rft.aulast=Mulrine&rft.aufirst=Anna&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFreedoms+of+the+air" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-vasigh156-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-vasigh156_13-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-vasigh156_13-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-vasigh156_13-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFVasighTackerFleming2008" class="citation book cs1">Vasigh, Bijann; Tacker, Tomn; Fleming, Ken (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=ZzPekWiS9I0C"><i>Introduction to Air Transport Economics: From Theory to Applications</i></a>. Ashgate Publishing. p. 156. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7546-7081-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7546-7081-0"><bdi>978-0-7546-7081-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Introduction+to+Air+Transport+Economics%3A+From+Theory+to+Applications&rft.pages=156&rft.pub=Ashgate+Publishing&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-0-7546-7081-0&rft.aulast=Vasigh&rft.aufirst=Bijann&rft.au=Tacker%2C+Tomn&rft.au=Fleming%2C+Ken&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DZzPekWiS9I0C&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFreedoms+of+the+air" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-en_route_1-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-en_route_1_14-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.faa.gov/about/office_org/headquarters_offices/aba/overflight_fees/">"Overflight Fees"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Overflight+Fees&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.faa.gov%2Fabout%2Foffice_org%2Fheadquarters_offices%2Faba%2Foverflight_fees%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFreedoms+of+the+air" class="Z3988"></span> (FAA)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-en_route_2-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-en_route_2_15-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> Although the FAA fee schedule quotes rates per 100 nautical miles, their "calculation" section makes it clear that the exact distance is used. See <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation cs2 cs1-prop-long-vol">"§ 187.53 Calculation of overflight fees", <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.govinfo.gov/content/pkg/FR-2016-11-29/pdf/2016-28589.pdf"><i>Federal Register</i></a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>, vol. 81 #229, 2016, p. 85854</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=%C2%A7+187.53+Calculation+of+overflight+fees&rft.btitle=Federal+Register&rft.pages=85854&rft.date=2016&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.govinfo.gov%2Fcontent%2Fpkg%2FFR-2016-11-29%2Fpdf%2F2016-28589.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFreedoms+of+the+air" class="Z3988"></span>. Note that all an aircraft's fees for a calendar month are waived when they total less than $400.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-spiegel-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-spiegel_16-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-spiegel_16-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.spiegel.de/international/germany/0,1518,515032,00.html">"Russia 'Blackmails' Lufthansa over Cargo Hubs"</a>. <i>Spiegel International</i>. 2 November 2007<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">5 June</span> 2008</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Spiegel+International&rft.atitle=Russia+%27Blackmails%27+Lufthansa+over+Cargo+Hubs&rft.date=2007-11-02&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.spiegel.de%2Finternational%2Fgermany%2F0%2C1518%2C515032%2C00.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFreedoms+of+the+air" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.alternativeairlines.com/airlines-flying-over-russian-airspace">"Which airlines are still flying over Russia?"</a>. <i>www.alternativeairlines.com</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.alternativeairlines.com&rft.atitle=Which+airlines+are+still+flying+over+Russia%3F&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.alternativeairlines.com%2Fairlines-flying-over-russian-airspace&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFreedoms+of+the+air" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Yang-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Yang_18-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Yang_18-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Yang_18-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Yang_18-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Yang_18-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Yang_18-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Yang_18-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Yang_18-7"><sup><i><b>h</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDavid_J.J_Yang1998" class="citation book cs1">David J.J Yang (1998). "9, The New Dimension of Fifth Freedom: the conflict of interest between Asian and American airlines". In Chia-Jui Cheng, Jiarui Cheng (ed.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=vV40VUNWzQAC"><i>The Use of Air & Outer Space Cooperation & Competition</i></a>. London: Martinus Nijhoff Publishers. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9041105972" title="Special:BookSources/9041105972"><bdi>9041105972</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">20 February</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=9%2C+The+New+Dimension+of+Fifth+Freedom%3A+the+conflict+of+interest+between+Asian+and+American+airlines&rft.btitle=The+Use+of+Air+%26+Outer+Space+Cooperation+%26+Competition&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Martinus+Nijhoff+Publishers&rft.date=1998&rft.isbn=9041105972&rft.au=David+J.J+Yang&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DvV40VUNWzQAC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFreedoms+of+the+air" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Duvall-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Duvall_19-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDavid_Timothy_Duvall2008" class="citation book cs1">David Timothy Duvall (13 February 2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=MUtMtaqUJWIC&q=fifth+freedom+east+asia+controversy&pg=PA91">"5, Aeropolitics, global aviation networks and the regulation of international visitor flows"</a>. In Tim Coles, C. Michael Hall (ed.). <i>International Business and Tourism: Global Issues, Contemporary Interactions</i>. New York: Routledge. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0203931035" title="Special:BookSources/978-0203931035"><bdi>978-0203931035</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">20 February</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=5%2C+Aeropolitics%2C+global+aviation+networks+and+the+regulation+of+international+visitor+flows&rft.btitle=International+Business+and+Tourism%3A+Global+Issues%2C+Contemporary+Interactions&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2008-02-13&rft.isbn=978-0203931035&rft.au=David+Timothy+Duvall&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DMUtMtaqUJWIC%26q%3Dfifth%2Bfreedom%2Beast%2Basia%2Bcontroversy%26pg%3DPA91&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFreedoms+of+the+air" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Hanlon-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Hanlon_20-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Hanlon_20-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Hanlon_20-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Hanlon_20-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Hanlon_20-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Hanlon_20-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHanlon2012" class="citation book cs1">Hanlon, Pat (2012). <i>Global Airlines</i>. Routledge. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1136400735" title="Special:BookSources/978-1136400735"><bdi>978-1136400735</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Global+Airlines&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=978-1136400735&rft.aulast=Hanlon&rft.aufirst=Pat&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFreedoms+of+the+air" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Pablo-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Pablo_22-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMendes_de_León1992" class="citation book cs1">Mendes de León, Pablo (1992). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=yhGFiwvGg5cC&pg=PP7"><i>Cabotage in Air Transport Regulation</i></a>. Martinus Nijhoff Publishers. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0792317955" title="Special:BookSources/0792317955"><bdi>0792317955</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">22 February</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Cabotage+in+Air+Transport+Regulation&rft.pub=Martinus+Nijhoff+Publishers&rft.date=1992&rft.isbn=0792317955&rft.aulast=Mendes+de+Le%C3%B3n&rft.aufirst=Pablo&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DyhGFiwvGg5cC%26pg%3DPP7&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFreedoms+of+the+air" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-freedoms_of_the_air-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-freedoms_of_the_air_23-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRowell2002" class="citation journal cs1">Rowell, David (12 November 2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130105071000/http://www.thetravelinsider.info/info/freedoms.htm">"Freedoms of the Air"</a>. <i>The Travel Insider</i>. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">25 November</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Travel+Insider&rft.atitle=Freedoms+of+the+Air&rft.date=2002-11-12&rft.aulast=Rowell&rft.aufirst=David&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fthetravelinsider.info%2Finfo%2Ffreedoms.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFreedoms+of+the+air" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Wassenbergh-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Wassenbergh_24-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Wassenbergh_24-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Wassenbergh_24-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWassenbergh1970" class="citation book cs1">Wassenbergh, H.A. (1970). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=cRdSc0_F1dkC"><i>Public International Air Transportation Law in a New Era</i></a>. The Hague: Nijhoff. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9024750032" title="Special:BookSources/9024750032"><bdi>9024750032</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">22 February</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Public+International+Air+Transportation+Law+in+a+New+Era&rft.place=The+Hague&rft.pub=Nijhoff&rft.date=1970&rft.isbn=9024750032&rft.aulast=Wassenbergh&rft.aufirst=H.A.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DcRdSc0_F1dkC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFreedoms+of+the+air" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-La_Croix-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-La_Croix_26-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-La_Croix_26-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLa_CroixDavid_Johnathan_Wolff1995" class="citation journal cs1">La Croix, Sumner J.; David Johnathan Wolff (October 1995). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=tU1W9TrG5CoC">"The Asia-Pacific Airline Industry: Economic Boom and Political Conflict"</a>. <i>East-West Center Special Reports</i> (4). <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780788126215" title="Special:BookSources/9780788126215"><bdi>9780788126215</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">20 February</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=East-West+Center+Special+Reports&rft.atitle=The+Asia-Pacific+Airline+Industry%3A+Economic+Boom+and+Political+Conflict&rft.issue=4&rft.date=1995-10&rft.isbn=9780788126215&rft.aulast=La+Croix&rft.aufirst=Sumner+J.&rft.au=David+Johnathan+Wolff&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DtU1W9TrG5CoC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFreedoms+of+the+air" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:0-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:0_27-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_27-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.flightglobal.com/news/articles/taking-the-sixth-204751/">"Taking the sixth"</a>. <i>Flightglobal.com</i>. 20 February 2006<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">10 December</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Flightglobal.com&rft.atitle=Taking+the+sixth&rft.date=2006-02-20&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.flightglobal.com%2Fnews%2Farticles%2Ftaking-the-sixth-204751%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFreedoms+of+the+air" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://centreforaviation.com/analysis/reports/air-canada-bets-big-on-sixth-freedom-traffic-flows-in-2016-with-a-new-transborder-push-255000">"Air Canada bets big on sixth freedom traffic flows in 2016 with a new transborder push"</a>. <i>CAPA - Centre for Aviation</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">10 December</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=CAPA+-+Centre+for+Aviation&rft.atitle=Air+Canada+bets+big+on+sixth+freedom+traffic+flows+in+2016+with+a+new+transborder+push&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fcentreforaviation.com%2Fanalysis%2Freports%2Fair-canada-bets-big-on-sixth-freedom-traffic-flows-in-2016-with-a-new-transborder-push-255000&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFreedoms+of+the+air" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>The American Heritage Dictionary of the English Language</i>, Fourth Edition</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-icao-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-icao_30-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.icao.int/Pages/freedomsAir.aspx">"ICAO FAQ: Freedoms of the Air"</a>. <a href="/wiki/International_Civil_Aviation_Organization" title="International Civil Aviation Organization">International Civil Aviation Organization</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">10 June</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=ICAO+FAQ%3A+Freedoms+of+the+Air&rft.pub=International+Civil+Aviation+Organization&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.icao.int%2FPages%2FfreedomsAir.aspx&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFreedoms+of+the+air" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/West_Berlin#Air_traffic" title="West Berlin">West Berlin#Air traffic</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070929093148/http://www.beehive.govt.nz/ViewDocument.aspx?DocumentID=23786">"New Zealand Government: "Agreement allows unlimited UK flights"<span class="cs1-kern-right"></span>"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.beehive.govt.nz/ViewDocument.aspx?DocumentID=23786">the original</a> on 29 September 2007.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=New+Zealand+Government%3A+%22Agreement+allows+unlimited+UK+flights%22&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.beehive.govt.nz%2FViewDocument.aspx%3FDocumentID%3D23786&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFreedoms+of+the+air" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.beehive.govt.nz/release/minister-signs-air-agreement-dublin">"Minister Signs Air Agreement In Dublin"</a>. beehive.govt.nz. 28 May 1999<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">27 August</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Minister+Signs+Air+Agreement+In+Dublin&rft.pub=beehive.govt.nz&rft.date=1999-05-28&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.beehive.govt.nz%2Frelease%2Fminister-signs-air-agreement-dublin&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFreedoms+of+the+air" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Freedoms_of_the_air&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/45px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/59px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <span style="font-weight: bold; font-style: italic;"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Freedoms_of_the_air" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Freedoms of the air">Freedoms of the air</a></span>.</div></div> </div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.icao.int/Pages/freedomsAir.aspx">ICAO Freedoms of the Air</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.maliat.govt.nz/">Multilateral Agreement on the Liberalization of International Air Transportation (MALIAT)</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130304233224/http://www.mlit.go.jp/english/mot_news/mot_news_960627.html">Basic Position of Japanese Side in Japan-Us Passenger Air Talks (1996)</a></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.boeing.com/resources/boeingdotcom/company/about_bca/pdf/StartupBoeing_Freedoms_of_the_Air.pdf">"International traffic rights"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. Boeing. 2009.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=International+traffic+rights&rft.pub=Boeing&rft.date=2009&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.boeing.com%2Fresources%2Fboeingdotcom%2Fcompany%2Fabout_bca%2Fpdf%2FStartupBoeing_Freedoms_of_the_Air.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFreedoms+of+the+air" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.icao.int/secretariat/legal/List%20of%20Parties/Transit_EN.pdf">List of Parties (pdf)</a> List of signatories to the transit agreement</li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output 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.navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Commercial_aviation" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar 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href="/wiki/Template:Commercial_air_travel" title="Template:Commercial air travel"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Commercial_air_travel" title="Template talk:Commercial air travel"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Commercial_air_travel" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Commercial air travel"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Commercial_aviation" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Commercial_aviation" title="Commercial aviation">Commercial aviation</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Airline" title="Airline">Airlines</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Airline_codes" title="Airline codes">Airline codes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_airline_holding_companies" title="List of airline holding companies">Airline holding companies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cargo_airline" title="Cargo airline">Cargo airline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_charter_airlines" title="List of charter airlines">Charter airlines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flag_carrier" title="Flag carrier">Flag carriers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_low-cost_airlines" title="List of low-cost airlines">Low-cost airlines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Non-scheduled_airline" title="Non-scheduled airline">Non-scheduled airline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_passenger_airlines" title="List of passenger airlines">Passenger airlines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_regional_airlines" title="List of regional airlines">Regional airlines</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Airline_alliance" title="Airline alliance">Alliances</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Oneworld" title="Oneworld">Oneworld</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SkyTeam" title="SkyTeam">SkyTeam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Star_Alliance" title="Star Alliance">Star Alliance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Value_Alliance" title="Value Alliance">Value Alliance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vanilla_Alliance" title="Vanilla Alliance">Vanilla Alliance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/U-FLY_Alliance" title="U-FLY Alliance">U-FLY Alliance</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Trade_association" title="Trade association">Trade groups</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>International <ul><li><a href="/wiki/The_Airline_Cooperative" title="The Airline Cooperative">ACO</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Air_Transport_Action_Group" title="Air Transport Action Group">ATAG</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Air_Transport_Association" title="International Air Transport Association">IATA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Association_of_Travel_Agents_Network" title="International Association of Travel Agents Network">IATAN</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Federation_of_Air_Line_Pilots%27_Associations" title="International Federation of Air Line Pilots' Associations">IFALPA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Society_of_Transport_Aircraft_Trading" title="International Society of Transport Aircraft Trading">ISTAT</a></li></ul></li> <li>United States <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Airlines_for_America" title="Airlines for America">A4A</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Regional_Airline_Association" title="Regional Airline Association">RAA</a></li></ul></li> <li>Europe <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Airlines_for_Europe" title="Airlines for Europe">A4E</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/AeroSpace_and_Defence_Industries_Association_of_Europe" title="AeroSpace and Defence Industries Association of Europe">ASD</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_Cockpit_Association" title="European Cockpit Association">ECA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_Business_Aviation_Association" title="European Business Aviation Association">EBAA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_Regions_Airline_Association" title="European Regions Airline Association">ERA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_Transport_Workers%27_Federation" title="European Transport Workers' Federation">ETWF</a></li></ul></li> <li>Other regions <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arab_Air_Carriers%27_Organization" title="Arab Air Carriers' Organization">AACO</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Association_of_Asia_Pacific_Airlines" title="Association of Asia Pacific Airlines">AAPA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African_Airlines_Association" title="African Airlines Association">AFRAA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Regional_Aviation_Association_of_Australia" title="Regional Aviation Association of Australia">RAAA</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Aircrew" title="Aircrew">Aircrew</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pilot_in_command" title="Pilot in command">Pilot in command (Captain)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_officer_(aviation)" title="First officer (aviation)">First officer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_officer_(aviation)" title="Second officer (aviation)">Second officer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Third_officer_(aviation)" title="Third officer (aviation)">Third officer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/In-flight_crew_relief" title="In-flight crew relief">Relief crew</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flight_attendant" title="Flight attendant">Flight attendant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flight_engineer" title="Flight engineer">Flight engineer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Loadmaster" title="Loadmaster">Loadmaster</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aircraft_pilot" title="Aircraft pilot">Aircraft pilot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Purser#Aircraft" title="Purser">Purser</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dead_mileage" title="Dead mileage">Dead mileage</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Airliner" title="Airliner">Airliner</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Travel_class" title="Travel class">Travel class</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/First_class_(aviation)" title="First class (aviation)">First class</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Business_class" title="Business class">Business class</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Premium_economy_class" title="Premium economy class">Premium economy class</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_class" title="Economy class">Economy class</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Basic_economy_class" title="Basic economy class">Basic economy class</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aircraft_cabin" title="Aircraft cabin">Aircraft cabin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aircraft_lavatory" title="Aircraft lavatory">Aircraft lavatory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aircraft_seat_map" title="Aircraft seat map">Aircraft seat map</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Airline_meal" title="Airline meal">Airline meal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Airline_seat" title="Airline seat">Airline seat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buy_on_board" title="Buy on board">Buy on board</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crew_rest_compartment" title="Crew rest compartment">Crew rest compartment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/In-flight_entertainment" title="In-flight entertainment">In-flight entertainment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inflight_smoking" title="Inflight smoking">Inflight smoking</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Galley_(kitchen)" title="Galley (kitchen)">Galley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sickness_bag" title="Sickness bag">Sickness bag</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Airport" title="Airport">Airport</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aerodrome" title="Aerodrome">Aerodrome</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Airline_hub" title="Airline hub">Airline hub</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Airport_check-in" title="Airport check-in">Airport check-in</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Airport_lounge" title="Airport lounge">Airport lounge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Airport_rail_link" title="Airport rail link">Airport rail link</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Airport_terminal" title="Airport terminal">Airport terminal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Airside_pass" title="Airside pass">Airside pass</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Airstair" title="Airstair">Airstair</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boarding_(transport)" title="Boarding (transport)">Boarding</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Domestic_airport" title="Domestic airport">Domestic airport</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gate_(airport)" title="Gate (airport)">Gate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_airport" title="International airport">International airport</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jet_bridge" title="Jet bridge">Jet bridge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Low-cost_carrier_terminal" title="Low-cost carrier terminal">Low-cost carrier terminal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Runway" title="Runway">Runway</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transit_hotel" title="Transit hotel">Transit hotel</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Customs" title="Customs">Customs</a> / <a href="/wiki/Immigration" title="Immigration">Immigration</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arrival_card" title="Arrival card">Arrival card</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Border_control" title="Border control">Border control</a> (<a href="/wiki/Internal_border_control" title="Internal border control">internal</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Departure_card" title="Departure card">Departure card</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Passport" title="Passport">Passport</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timatic" title="Timatic">Timatic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Travel_document" title="Travel document">Travel document</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Travel_visa" title="Travel visa">Travel visa</a> <a href="/wiki/Electronic_visa" title="Electronic visa">(Electronic)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Environmental_effects_of_aviation" class="mw-redirect" title="Environmental effects of aviation">Environmental effects</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hypermobility_(travel)" title="Hypermobility (travel)">Hypermobility</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_effects_of_aviation" class="mw-redirect" title="Environmental effects of aviation">Environmental effects of aviation</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Aviation_law" title="Aviation law">Law</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Air_transport_agreement" title="Air transport agreement">Air transport agreement</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Air_route_authority_between_the_United_States_and_China" title="Air route authority between the United States and China">Air route authority between the United States and China</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bermuda_Agreement" title="Bermuda Agreement">Bermuda Agreement</a> (UK–US, 1946–1978)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bermuda_II_Agreement" title="Bermuda II Agreement">Bermuda II Agreement</a> (UK–US, 1978–2008)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cross-strait_charter" title="Cross-strait charter">Cross-strait charter</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beijing_Convention" title="Beijing Convention">Beijing Convention</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cape_Town_Treaty" title="Cape Town Treaty">Cape Town Treaty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chicago_Convention_on_International_Civil_Aviation" class="mw-redirect" title="Chicago Convention on International Civil Aviation">Chicago Convention</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Convention_on_the_Marking_of_Plastic_Explosives" title="Convention on the Marking of Plastic Explosives">Convention on the Marking of Plastic Explosives</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_Common_Aviation_Area" title="European Common Aviation Area">European Common Aviation Area</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flight_permit" title="Flight permit">Flight permit</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Freedoms of the air</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/EU%E2%80%93US_Open_Skies_Agreement" title="EU–US Open Skies Agreement">EU–US Open Skies Agreement</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hague_Hijacking_Convention" title="Hague Hijacking Convention">Hague Hijacking Convention</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hague_Protocol" title="Hague Protocol">Hague Protocol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Montreal_Convention" title="Montreal Convention">Montreal Convention</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paris_Convention_of_1919" title="Paris Convention of 1919">Paris Convention of 1919</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rome_Convention_on_Damage_Caused_by_Foreign_Aircraft_to_Third_Parties_on_the_Surface" title="Rome Convention on Damage Caused by Foreign Aircraft to Third Parties on the Surface">Rome Convention</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Convention_for_the_Suppression_of_Unlawful_Acts_against_the_Safety_of_Civil_Aviation" title="Convention for the Suppression of Unlawful Acts against the Safety of Civil Aviation">Sabotage Convention</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tokyo_Convention" title="Tokyo Convention">Tokyo Convention</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Warsaw_Convention" title="Warsaw Convention">Warsaw Convention</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/International_organization" title="International organization">Intergovernmental organizations</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/International_Civil_Aviation_Organization" title="International Civil Aviation Organization">ICAO</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_Civil_Aviation_Conference" title="European Civil Aviation Conference">ECAC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eurocontrol" title="Eurocontrol">Eurocontrol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_Union_Aviation_Safety_Agency" title="European Union Aviation Safety Agency">EASA</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/European_Network_of_Civil_Aviation_Safety_Investigation_Authorities" title="European Network of Civil Aviation Safety Investigation Authorities">ENCASIA</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Baggage" title="Baggage">Baggage</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bag_tag" title="Bag tag">Bag tag</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baggage_allowance" title="Baggage allowance">Baggage allowance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baggage_carousel" title="Baggage carousel">Baggage carousel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baggage_cart" title="Baggage cart">Baggage cart</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baggage_reclaim" title="Baggage reclaim">Baggage reclaim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baggage_handler" title="Baggage handler">Baggage handler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baggage_handling_system" title="Baggage handling system">Baggage handling system</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baggage_sizer" title="Baggage sizer">Baggage sizer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Checked_baggage" title="Checked baggage">Checked baggage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hand_luggage" title="Hand luggage">Hand luggage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lost_luggage" title="Lost luggage">Lost luggage</a> (<a href="/wiki/WorldTracer" title="WorldTracer">WorldTracer</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luggage_lock" title="Luggage lock">Luggage lock</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Aviation_safety" title="Aviation safety">Aviation safety</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Air_rage" title="Air rage">Air rage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Air_traffic_control" title="Air traffic control">Air traffic control</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Air_traffic_service" title="Air traffic service">Air traffic service</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aircraft_safety_card" title="Aircraft safety card">Aircraft safety card</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Airport_authority" title="Airport authority">Airport authority</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Airport_crash_tender" title="Airport crash tender">Airport crash tender</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Airport_police" title="Airport police">Airport police</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Airport_security" title="Airport security">Airport security</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Airspace_class" title="Airspace class">Airspace class</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Area_control_center" title="Area control center">Area control center</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brace_position" title="Brace position">Brace position</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Civil_aviation_authority" title="Civil aviation authority">Civil aviation authority</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Control_area_(aviation)" title="Control area (aviation)">Control area</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Control_zone" title="Control zone">Control zone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Controlled_airspace" title="Controlled airspace">Controlled airspace</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Evacuation_slide" title="Evacuation slide">Evacuation slide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flight_information_region" title="Flight information region">Flight information region</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flight_information_service" title="Flight information service">Flight information service</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flight_recorder" title="Flight recorder">Flight recorder</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Instrument_flight_rules" title="Instrument flight rules">Instrument flight rules</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Overwing_exits" title="Overwing exits">Overwing exits</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pre-flight_safety_demonstration" title="Pre-flight safety demonstration">Pre-flight safety demonstration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sky_marshal" title="Sky marshal">Sky marshal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Special_use_airspace" title="Special use airspace">Special use airspace</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Special_visual_flight_rules" title="Special visual flight rules">Special visual flight rules</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Terminal_control_area" title="Terminal control area">Terminal control area</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Terminal_control_center" class="mw-redirect" title="Terminal control center">Terminal control center</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uncontrolled_airspace" title="Uncontrolled airspace">Uncontrolled airspace</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Upper_information_region" title="Upper information region">Upper information region</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Visual_flight_rules" title="Visual flight rules">Visual flight rules</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Airline_ticket" title="Airline ticket">Airline tickets</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Airline_booking_ploys" title="Airline booking ploys">Airline booking ploys</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Airline_reservations_system" title="Airline reservations system">Airline reservations system</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Airline_ticket" title="Airline ticket">Airline ticket</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Airline_timetable" title="Airline timetable">Airline timetable</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bereavement_flight" title="Bereavement flight">Bereavement flight</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boarding_pass" title="Boarding pass">Boarding pass</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Codeshare_agreement" title="Codeshare agreement">Codeshare agreement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Continent_pass" title="Continent pass">Continent pass</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Electronic_ticket" title="Electronic ticket">Electronic ticket</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fare_basis_code" title="Fare basis code">Fare basis code</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flight_cancellation_and_delay" title="Flight cancellation and delay">Flight cancellation and delay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frequent-flyer_program" title="Frequent-flyer program">Frequent-flyer program</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Government_contract_flight" title="Government contract flight">Government contract flight</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/One-way_travel" title="One-way travel">One-way travel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Open-jaw_ticket" title="Open-jaw ticket">Open-jaw ticket</a></li> <li>Overbooking (<a href="/wiki/Overselling" title="Overselling">Overselling</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Passenger_name_record" title="Passenger name record">Passenger name record</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Red-eye_flight" title="Red-eye flight">Red-eye flight</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Round-the-world_ticket" title="Round-the-world 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