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id="toc-Modes_of_shipment-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Grounds" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Grounds"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1</span> <span>Grounds</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Grounds-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Ship" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ship"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2</span> <span>Ship</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ship-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Air" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Air"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.3</span> <span>Air</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Air-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Space" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Space"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.4</span> <span>Space</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Space-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Multimodal" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Multimodal"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.5</span> <span>Multimodal</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Multimodal-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Intermodal" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Intermodal"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.6</span> <span>Intermodal</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Intermodal-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Terms_of_shipment" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Terms_of_shipment"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Terms of shipment</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Terms_of_shipment-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Door-to-door_shipping" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Door-to-door_shipping"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Door-to-door shipping</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Door-to-door_shipping-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Citations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Citations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Citations</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Citations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Freight transport</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 29 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-29" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">29 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B4%D8%AD%D9%86" title="شحن – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="شحن" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%AE%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B2_%E0%A6%AA%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%B9%E0%A6%A8" title="মাল পরিবহন – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="মাল পরিবহন" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D1%80%D1%83%D0%B7%D0%B0%D0%BF%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%B7%D0%BA%D1%96" title="Грузаперавозкі – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Грузаперавозкі" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%BD_%D1%82%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BF%D0%BE%D1%80%D1%82" title="Товарен транспорт – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Товарен транспорт" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/N%C3%A1kladn%C3%AD_doprava" title="Nákladní doprava – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Nákladní doprava" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Godstransport" title="Godstransport – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Godstransport" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/G%C3%BCterverkehr" title="Güterverkehr – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Güterverkehr" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flete" title="Flete – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Flete" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AA%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%A8%D8%B1%D8%AF_%D8%A8%D8%A7%D8%B1%DB%8C" title="ترابرد باری – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="ترابرد باری" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transport_de_marchandises" title="Transport de marchandises – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Transport de marchandises" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%ED%99%94%EB%AC%BC%EC%88%98%EC%86%A1" title="화물수송 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="화물수송" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%97%E0%A5%8B" title="कार्गो – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="कार्गो" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pengapalan" title="Pengapalan – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Pengapalan" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%94%D7%95%D7%91%D7%9C%D7%AA_%D7%9E%D7%98%D7%A2%D7%A0%D7%99%D7%9D" title="הובלת מטענים – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="הובלת מטענים" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kravu_p%C4%81rvad%C4%81jumi" title="Kravu pārvadājumi – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Kravu pārvadājumi" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tehersz%C3%A1ll%C3%ADt%C3%A1s" title="Teherszállítás – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Teherszállítás" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pengangkutan_barangan" title="Pengangkutan barangan – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Pengangkutan barangan" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%B2%A8%E7%89%A9%E8%BC%B8%E9%80%81" title="貨物輸送 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="貨物輸送" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Forsendelse" title="Forsendelse – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Forsendelse" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transport_towarowy" title="Transport towarowy – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Transport towarowy" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transporte_de_mercadorias" title="Transporte de mercadorias – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Transporte de mercadorias" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D1%80%D1%83%D0%B7%D0%BE%D0%BF%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%B7%D0%BA%D0%B8" title="Грузоперевозки – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Грузоперевозки" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-scn mw-list-item"><a href="https://scn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trasportu_di_merci" title="Trasportu di merci – Sicilian" lang="scn" hreflang="scn" data-title="Trasportu di merci" data-language-autonym="Sicilianu" data-language-local-name="Sicilian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sicilianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/N%C3%A1kladn%C3%A1_doprava" title="Nákladná doprava – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Nákladná doprava" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Godstransport" title="Godstransport – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Godstransport" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Y%C3%BCk_ta%C5%9F%C4%B1mac%C4%B1l%C4%B1%C4%9F%C4%B1" title="Yük taşımacılığı – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Yük taşımacılığı" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%B6%D0%BD%D1%96_%D0%BF%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%BA%D0%B8" title="Вантажні потоки – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Вантажні потоки" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%B2%A8%E9%81%8B" title="貨運 – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="貨運" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Cantonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%B2%A8%E7%89%A9%E9%81%8B%E8%BC%B8" title="貨物運輸 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="貨物運輸" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div 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id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"><span class="mw-redirectedfrom">(Redirected from <a href="/w/index.php?title=Shipping&redirect=no" class="mw-redirect" title="Shipping">Shipping</a>)</span></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Physical process of transporting commodities and merchandise goods and cargo</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">"Shipping" redirects here. For the concept of romantic relationships between fictional characters, see <a href="/wiki/Shipping_(fandom)" title="Shipping (fandom)">Shipping (fandom)</a>. For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/Shipping_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Shipping (disambiguation)">Shipping (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="box-More_citations_needed plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Refimprove" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This article <b>needs additional citations for <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">verification</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Freight_transport" title="Special:EditPage/Freight transport">improve this article</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a>. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.<br /><small><span class="plainlinks"><i>Find sources:</i> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?as_eq=wikipedia&q=%22Freight+transport%22">"Freight transport"</a> – <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbm=nws&q=%22Freight+transport%22+-wikipedia&tbs=ar:1">news</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?&q=%22Freight+transport%22&tbs=bkt:s&tbm=bks">newspapers</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbs=bks:1&q=%22Freight+transport%22+-wikipedia">books</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=%22Freight+transport%22">scholar</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/action/doBasicSearch?Query=%22Freight+transport%22&acc=on&wc=on">JSTOR</a></span></small></span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">March 2009</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Shipping_routes_red_black.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/39/Shipping_routes_red_black.png/320px-Shipping_routes_red_black.png" decoding="async" width="320" height="160" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/39/Shipping_routes_red_black.png/480px-Shipping_routes_red_black.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/39/Shipping_routes_red_black.png/640px-Shipping_routes_red_black.png 2x" data-file-width="3600" data-file-height="1800" /></a><figcaption>This map of <a href="/wiki/Ship_transport" class="mw-redirect" title="Ship transport">shipping</a> routes illustrates the relative density of commercial shipping in the world's oceans.</figcaption></figure> <p><b>Freight transport</b>, also referred to as <b>freight forwarding</b>, is the physical process of <a href="/wiki/Transport" title="Transport">transporting</a> <a href="/wiki/Commodity" title="Commodity">commodities</a> and <a href="/wiki/Merchandise" class="mw-redirect" title="Merchandise">merchandise</a> goods and <a href="/wiki/Cargo" title="Cargo">cargo</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The term <b>shipping</b> originally referred to <a href="/wiki/Transport" title="Transport">transport</a> by sea but in <a href="/wiki/American_English" title="American English">American English</a>, it has been extended to refer to transport by land or air (International English: "carriage") as well. "<a href="/wiki/Logistics" title="Logistics">Logistics</a>", a term borrowed from the military environment, is also used in the same sense. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Modes_of_shipment">Modes of shipment</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Freight_transport&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Modes of shipment"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Freight_goods_according_to_mode_of_transportation_2010.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4b/Freight_goods_according_to_mode_of_transportation_2010.png/309px-Freight_goods_according_to_mode_of_transportation_2010.png" decoding="async" width="309" height="155" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4b/Freight_goods_according_to_mode_of_transportation_2010.png/464px-Freight_goods_according_to_mode_of_transportation_2010.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4b/Freight_goods_according_to_mode_of_transportation_2010.png 2x" data-file-width="468" data-file-height="235" /></a><figcaption>Global freight volumes according to mode of transport in trillions of <a href="/wiki/Tonne-kilometre" class="mw-redirect" title="Tonne-kilometre">tonne-kilometres</a> in 2010</figcaption></figure> <p>In 2015, 108 trillion <a href="/wiki/Tonne-kilometer" class="mw-redirect" title="Tonne-kilometer">tonne-kilometers</a> were transported worldwide (anticipated to grow by 3.4% per year until 2050 (128 Trillion in 2020)): 70% by sea, 18% by road, 9% by rail, 2% by <a href="/wiki/Inland_waterway" class="mw-redirect" title="Inland waterway">inland waterways</a> and less than 0.25% by air.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Grounds">Grounds</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Freight_transport&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Grounds"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Road_transport" title="Road transport">Road transport</a>, <a href="/wiki/Rail_transport" title="Rail transport">Rail transport</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Rail_freight_transport" title="Rail freight transport">Rail freight transport</a></div> <p>Land or "ground" shipping can be made by <a href="/wiki/Train" title="Train">train</a> or by <a href="/wiki/Truck" title="Truck">truck</a> (British English: <a href="/wiki/Lorry" class="mw-redirect" title="Lorry">lorry</a>). Ground transport is typically more affordable than air, but more expensive than sea, especially in <a href="/wiki/Developing_countries" class="mw-redirect" title="Developing countries">developing countries</a>, where inland <a href="/wiki/Infrastructure" title="Infrastructure">infrastructure</a> may not be efficient. In air and sea shipments, ground transport is required to take the cargo from its place of origin to the <a href="/wiki/Airport" title="Airport">airport</a> or <a href="/wiki/Seaport" class="mw-redirect" title="Seaport">seaport</a> and then to its destination because it is not always possible to establish a production facility near ports due to the limited coastlines of countries. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Ship">Ship</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Freight_transport&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Ship"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Ship_transport" class="mw-redirect" title="Ship transport">Ship transport</a> and <a href="/wiki/Cargo_ship" title="Cargo ship">Cargo ship</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Jawaharlal_Nehru_Trust_Port.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/28/Jawaharlal_Nehru_Trust_Port.jpg/220px-Jawaharlal_Nehru_Trust_Port.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/28/Jawaharlal_Nehru_Trust_Port.jpg/330px-Jawaharlal_Nehru_Trust_Port.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/28/Jawaharlal_Nehru_Trust_Port.jpg/440px-Jawaharlal_Nehru_Trust_Port.jpg 2x" data-file-width="640" data-file-height="480" /></a><figcaption>Harbour cranes unload cargo from a container ship at the <a href="/wiki/Jawaharlal_Nehru_Port" title="Jawaharlal Nehru Port">Jawaharlal Nehru Port</a>, <a href="/wiki/Navi_Mumbai" title="Navi Mumbai">Navi Mumbai</a>, <a href="/wiki/India" title="India">India</a>.</figcaption></figure> <p>Much freight transport is done by <a href="/wiki/Cargo_ship" title="Cargo ship">cargo ships</a>. An individual nation's fleet and the people that crew it are referred to as its <a href="/wiki/Merchant_navy" title="Merchant navy">merchant navy</a> or merchant marine. According to a 2018 report from the <a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Conference_on_Trade_and_Development" class="mw-redirect" title="United Nations Conference on Trade and Development">United Nations Conference on Trade and Development (UNCTAD)</a>, merchant shipping (or seaborne trade) carries 80-90% of <a href="/wiki/International_trade" title="International trade">international trade</a> and 60-70% by value.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 4">: 4 </span></sup> On rivers and <a href="/wiki/Canal" title="Canal">canals</a>, <a href="/wiki/Barge" title="Barge">barges</a> are often used to carry <a href="/wiki/Bulk_cargo" title="Bulk cargo">bulk cargo</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Air">Air</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Freight_transport&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Air"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Cargo_airlines" class="mw-redirect" title="Cargo airlines">Cargo airlines</a></div> <p>Cargo is transported by <a href="/wiki/Air" class="mw-redirect" title="Air">air</a> in specialized cargo aircraft and in the luggage compartments of passenger aircraft. Air freight is typically the fastest mode for long-distance freight transport, but it is also the most expensive. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Space">Space</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Freight_transport&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Space"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Space_logistics" title="Space logistics">Space logistics</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Multimodal">Multimodal</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Freight_transport&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Multimodal"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Multimodal_transport" title="Multimodal transport">Multimodal transport</a></div> <p>Cargo is exchanged between different modes of transportation via <a href="/wiki/Transport_hub" title="Transport hub">transport hubs</a>, also known as <a href="/wiki/Transport_hub" title="Transport hub">transport interchanges</a> or <a href="/wiki/Outline_of_transport#Nodes" title="Outline of transport">Nodes</a> (e.g. train stations, airports, etc.). Cargo is shipped under a single contract but performed using at least two different modes of transport (e.g. ground and air). Cargo may not be containerized. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Intermodal">Intermodal</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Freight_transport&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Intermodal"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Intermodal_freight_transport" title="Intermodal freight transport">Intermodal freight transport</a></div> <p>Multimodal transport featuring containerized cargo (or <a href="/wiki/Intermodal_container" title="Intermodal container">intermodal container</a>) that is easily transferred between ship, rail, plane and truck. </p><p>For example, a shipper works together with both ground and air transportation to ship an item overseas. Intermodal freight transport is used to plan the route and carry out the shipping service from the manufacturer to the door of the recipient.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Terms_of_shipment">Terms of shipment</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Freight_transport&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Terms of shipment"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist 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a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:none!important}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1202158006">.mw-parser-output .law-sidebar .sidebar-heading{background:#aaddff;color:#000}.mw-parser-output .law-sidebar .sidebar-above{font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .law-sidebar .sidebar-below{padding:0.4em;border-top:1px #aaa solid;font-weight:normal;font-size:smaller}</style><table class="sidebar nomobile nowraplinks hlist law-sidebar"><tbody><tr><th class="sidebar-title"><a href="/wiki/Admiralty_law" title="Admiralty law">Admiralty law</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Nautical_icon.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/76/Nautical_icon.svg/80px-Nautical_icon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="80" height="80" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/76/Nautical_icon.svg/120px-Nautical_icon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/76/Nautical_icon.svg/160px-Nautical_icon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="500" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> History</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Code_of_Hammurabi" title="Code of Hammurabi">Code of Hammurabi</a></li> <li><br /><i><a href="/wiki/Corpus_Juris_Civilis" title="Corpus Juris Civilis">Corpus Juris Civilis</a></i> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Digest_(Roman_law)#Contents" title="Digest (Roman law)">Digesta</a></i></li></ul></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Ordinamenta_et_consuetudo_maris" title="Ordinamenta et consuetudo maris">Ordinamenta et consuetudo maris</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amalfian_Laws" title="Amalfian Laws">Amalfian Laws</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hanseatic_League" title="Hanseatic League">Hanseatic League</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> Features</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fishing_industry" title="Fishing industry">Fishing</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Illegal,_unreported_and_unregulated_fishing" title="Illegal, unreported and unregulated fishing">Illegal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fisheries_law" title="Fisheries law">Fisheries law</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maritime_transport" title="Maritime transport">Maritime transport</a> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Shipping</a>/<a href="/wiki/Ferry" title="Ferry">Ferry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cargo" title="Cargo">Cargo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freight_rate" title="Freight rate">Freight</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shipbuilding" title="Shipbuilding">Shipbuilding</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Merchant_navy" title="Merchant navy">Merchant marine</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cargo_ship" title="Cargo ship">Cargo ship</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Passenger_ship" title="Passenger ship">Passenger ship</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ship_mortgage" title="Ship mortgage">Mortgage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ship_registration" title="Ship registration">Registration</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marine_insurance" title="Marine insurance">Marine insurance</a><br /> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Act_of_God" title="Act of God">Act of God</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shipping_insurance" title="Shipping insurance">Cargo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ship_collision" title="Ship collision">Collision</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/General_average" title="General average">General average</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seaworthiness_(law)" title="Seaworthiness (law)">Seaworthiness</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shipwreck" title="Shipwreck">Total loss</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maritime_security" title="Maritime security">Maritime security</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Letter_of_marque" title="Letter of marque">Letter of marque</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maritime_drug_trafficking_in_Latin_America" title="Maritime drug trafficking in Latin America">Drugs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Piracy" title="Piracy">Piracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marine_pollution" title="Marine pollution">Pollution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Smuggling" title="Smuggling">Smuggling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prize_(law)" title="Prize (law)">Wartime prizes</a></li></ul></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> <a href="/wiki/Contract_of_carriage" title="Contract of carriage">Contract of carriage</a>/<a href="/wiki/Charterparty" title="Charterparty">Charterparty</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Affreightment" title="Affreightment">Affreightment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Law_of_agency" title="Law of agency">Agency</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barratry_(admiralty_law)" title="Barratry (admiralty law)">Barratry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bill_of_lading" title="Bill of lading">Bill of lading</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shipbroking" title="Shipbroking">Brokerage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chartering_(shipping)" title="Chartering (shipping)">Chartering</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Consignment" title="Consignment">Consignment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Demurrage" title="Demurrage">Demurrage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Force_majeure" title="Force majeure">Force majeure</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Invoice" title="Invoice">Invoice</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Commercial_invoice" title="Commercial invoice">Commercial</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Pro_forma" title="Pro forma">Pro forma</a></i></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Laytime" title="Laytime">Laytime</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lien" title="Lien">Lien</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Maritime_lien" title="Maritime lien">Maritime</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manifest_(transportation)" title="Manifest (transportation)">Manifest</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Receipt" title="Receipt">Packing list</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proof_of_delivery" title="Proof of delivery">Proof of delivery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marine_salvage" title="Marine salvage">Salvage</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Law_of_salvage" title="Law of salvage">Law</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Contractual_term" title="Contractual term">Terms</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Incoterms" title="Incoterms">International</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Waybill" title="Waybill">Waybill</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> Parties</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Shipping_agency" title="Shipping agency">Agent</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Factor_(agent)" title="Factor (agent)">Factor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freight_forwarder" title="Freight forwarder">Freight forwarder</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sea_captain" title="Sea captain">Captain (Master)</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/The_captain_goes_down_with_the_ship" title="The captain goes down with the ship">The captain goes down with the ship</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Common_carrier" title="Common carrier">Carrier</a><br /> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chartering_(shipping)" title="Chartering (shipping)">Charterer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freight_company" title="Freight company">Freight company</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ship_management" title="Ship management">Manager</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Consignee" title="Consignee">Consignee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Consignor" title="Consignor">Consignor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Principal_(commercial_law)" title="Principal (commercial law)">Principal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ship-owner" title="Ship-owner">Owner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seaman_status_in_United_States_admiralty_law" title="Seaman status in United States admiralty law">Seaman</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mutiny" title="Mutiny">Mutiny</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stevedore" class="mw-redirect" title="Stevedore">Stevedore</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> Judiciaries</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Admiralty_court" title="Admiralty court">Admiralty court</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vice_admiralty_court" title="Vice admiralty court">Vice admiralty court</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> International conventions</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hague-Visby_Rules" class="mw-redirect" title="Hague-Visby Rules">Hague-Visby Rules</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hamburg_Rules" title="Hamburg Rules">Hamburg Rules</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rotterdam_Rules" title="Rotterdam Rules">Rotterdam Rules</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maritime_Labour_Convention" title="Maritime Labour Convention">Maritime Labour Convention</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Convention_on_Salvage" title="International Convention on Salvage">International Convention on Salvage</a></li> <li><div style="display:inline-block; padding:0.2em 0.4em; line-height:1.2em;"><a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Convention_on_the_Law_of_the_Sea" title="United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea">United Nations Convention on <br /> the Law of the Sea <span style="font-size:85%;">(UNCLOS)</span></a></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/International_piracy_law" title="International piracy law">International piracy law</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SOLAS_Convention" title="SOLAS Convention">SOLAS Convention</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MARPOL_73/78" title="MARPOL 73/78">MARPOL Convention</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ballast_Water_Management_Convention" title="Ballast Water Management Convention">Ballast Water Management Convention</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Convention_on_the_Control_of_Harmful_Anti-fouling_Systems_on_Ships" title="International Convention on the Control of Harmful Anti-fouling Systems on Ships">Anti-fouling Convention</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Convention_on_Load_Lines" title="International Convention on Load Lines">International Convention on Load Lines</a></li> <li><div style="display:inline-block; padding:0.2em 0.4em; line-height:1.2em;"><a href="/wiki/International_Regulations_for_Preventing_Collisions_at_Sea" title="International Regulations for Preventing Collisions at Sea">International Regulations for<br /> Preventing Collisions at Sea</a></div></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Convention_on_Maritime_Search_and_Rescue" title="International Convention on Maritime Search and Rescue">SAR Convention</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Athens_Convention" title="Athens Convention">Athens Convention</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> International organizations</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/International_Maritime_Organization" title="International Maritime Organization">International Maritime Organization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comit%C3%A9_Maritime_International" title="Comité Maritime International">Comité Maritime International</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/London_Maritime_Arbitrators_Association" title="London Maritime Arbitrators Association">London Maritime Arbitrators Association</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Admiralty_law" title="Template:Admiralty law"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Admiralty_law" title="Template talk:Admiralty law"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Admiralty_law" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Admiralty law"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Incoterm" class="mw-redirect" title="Incoterm">Incoterm</a></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Incoterms" title="Incoterms">Incoterms</a> (or International Commercial Terms) published by the <a href="/wiki/International_Chamber_of_Commerce" title="International Chamber of Commerce">International Chamber of Commerce</a> (ICC) are accepted by governments, legal authorities, and practitioners worldwide for the interpretation of the most commonly used terms in international trade. Common terms include: </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Incoterms#FOB_–_Free_on_Board_(named_port_of_shipment)" title="Incoterms">Free on Board</a> (FOB)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Incoterms#Cost_and_Freight" title="Incoterms">Cost and Freight</a> (CFR, C&F, CNF)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Incoterms#CIF_–_Cost,_Insurance_&_Freight_(named_port_of_destination)" title="Incoterms">Cost, Insurance and Freight</a> (CIF)</li></ul> <p><span class="anchor" id="Best_way"></span>The term "best way" generally implies that the shipper will choose the carrier that offers the lowest rate (to the shipper) for the shipment. In some cases, however, other factors, such as better insurance or faster transit time, will cause the shipper to choose an option other than the lowest bidder. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Door-to-door_shipping">Door-to-door shipping</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Freight_transport&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Door-to-door shipping"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><b>Door-to-door</b> (<b>DTD</b> or <b>D2D</b>) <b>shipping</b> refers to the domestic or international shipment of cargo from the point of origin (POI) to the destination while generally remaining on the same piece of equipment and avoiding multiple transactions, trans-loading, and cross-docking without interim storage. </p><p>International DTD is a service provided by many <a href="/wiki/Multinational_corporation" title="Multinational corporation">international</a> shipping companies and may feature <a href="/wiki/Intermodal_freight_transport" title="Intermodal freight transport">intermodal freight transport</a> using <a href="/wiki/Intermodal_container" title="Intermodal container">containerized cargo</a>. The quoted price of this service includes all shipping, handling, import and customs duties, making it a hassle-free option for customers to import goods from one <a href="/wiki/Jurisdiction" title="Jurisdiction">jurisdiction</a> to another. This is compared to standard shipping, the price of which typically includes only the expenses incurred by the shipping company in transferring the object from one place to another. <a href="/wiki/Customs" title="Customs">Customs</a> fees, <a href="/wiki/Import_taxes" class="mw-redirect" title="Import taxes">import taxes</a> and other tariffs may contribute substantially to this base price before the item ever arrives.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Freight_transport&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239009302">.mw-parser-output .portalbox{padding:0;margin:0.5em 0;display:table;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:175px;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portalborder{border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa)}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-entry{display:table-row;font-size:85%;line-height:110%;height:1.9em;font-style:italic;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-image{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-link{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em 0.2em 0.2em 0.3em;vertical-align:middle}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .portalleft{clear:left;float:left;margin:0.5em 1em 0.5em 0}.mw-parser-output .portalright{clear:right;float:right;margin:0.5em 0 0.5em 1em}}</style><ul role="navigation" aria-label="Portals" class="noprint portalbox portalborder portalright"> <li class="portalbox-entry"><span class="portalbox-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Nuvola_apps_ksysv_square.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7d/Nuvola_apps_ksysv_square.svg/28px-Nuvola_apps_ksysv_square.svg.png" decoding="async" width="28" height="28" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7d/Nuvola_apps_ksysv_square.svg/42px-Nuvola_apps_ksysv_square.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7d/Nuvola_apps_ksysv_square.svg/56px-Nuvola_apps_ksysv_square.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="1000" /></a></span></span><span class="portalbox-link"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Transport" title="Portal:Transport">Transport portal</a></span></li></ul> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1184024115">.mw-parser-output .div-col{margin-top:0.3em;column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .div-col-small{font-size:90%}.mw-parser-output .div-col-rules{column-rule:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .div-col dl,.mw-parser-output .div-col ol,.mw-parser-output .div-col ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .div-col li,.mw-parser-output .div-col dd{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}</style><div class="div-col" style="column-width: 23em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Affreightment" title="Affreightment">Affreightment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Automatic_identification_system" title="Automatic identification system">Automatic identification system</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mid-stream_operation" title="Mid-stream operation">Mid-stream operation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_transport" title="Outline of transport">Outline of transport</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ship_transport" class="mw-redirect" title="Ship transport">Ship transport</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rail_transport" title="Rail transport">Rail transport</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transshipment" title="Transshipment">Transshipment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greek_shipping" title="Greek shipping">Greek shipping</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_shipping" class="mw-redirect" title="Chinese shipping">Chinese shipping</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_issues_with_shipping" class="mw-redirect" title="Environmental issues with shipping">Environmental issues with shipping</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_cargo_types" title="List of cargo types">List of cargo types</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Right_of_way_(shipping)" class="mw-redirect" title="Right of way (shipping)">Right of way (shipping)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shipping_markets" title="Shipping markets">Shipping markets</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Full_container_load" class="mw-redirect" title="Full container load">Full container load</a> (FCL)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Less_than_container_load" class="mw-redirect" title="Less than container load">Less than container load</a> (LCL)</li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Freight_transport&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFMcLeodCurtis2020" class="citation journal cs1">McLeod, Sam; Curtis, Carey (2020-03-14). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/02697459.2020.1732660">"Understanding and Planning for Freight Movement in Cities: Practices and Challenges"</a>. <i>Planning Practice & Research</i>. <b>35</b> (2): 201–219. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F02697459.2020.1732660">10.1080/02697459.2020.1732660</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0269-7459">0269-7459</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:214463529">214463529</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Planning+Practice+%26+Research&rft.atitle=Understanding+and+Planning+for+Freight+Movement+in+Cities%3A+Practices+and+Challenges&rft.volume=35&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=201-219&rft.date=2020-03-14&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A214463529%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.issn=0269-7459&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1080%2F02697459.2020.1732660&rft.aulast=McLeod&rft.aufirst=Sam&rft.au=Curtis%2C+Carey&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.tandfonline.com%2Fdoi%2Ffull%2F10.1080%2F02697459.2020.1732660&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFreight+transport" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.maritime-executive.com/article/global-freight-demand-to-triple-by-2050">"Global Freight Demand to Triple by 2050"</a>. <i>The Maritime Executive</i>. May 27, 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Maritime+Executive&rft.atitle=Global+Freight+Demand+to+Triple+by+2050&rft.date=2019-05-27&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.maritime-executive.com%2Farticle%2Fglobal-freight-demand-to-triple-by-2050&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFreight+transport" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="UNCTAD" class="citation web cs1">United Nations Conference on Trade and Development (UNCTAD). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220315095316/https://unctad.org/system/files/official-document/dtl2018d1_en.pdf">"50 Years of Review of Maritime Transport, 1968-2018: Reflecting on the past, exploring the future"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">15 March</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=50+Years+of+Review+of+Maritime+Transport%2C+1968-2018%3A+Reflecting+on+the+past%2C+exploring+the+future&rft.au=United+Nations+Conference+on+Trade+and+Development+%28UNCTAD%29&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Functad.org%2Fsystem%2Ffiles%2Fofficial-document%2Fdtl2018d1_en.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFreight+transport" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLtd." class="citation web cs1">Ltd., Core Management Logistics. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.cmlplc.com/freight-forwarding">"Freight Forwarding - CML"</a>. <i>www.cmlplc.com</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2016-11-21</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.cmlplc.com&rft.atitle=Freight+Forwarding+-+CML&rft.aulast=Ltd.&rft.aufirst=Core+Management+Logistics&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.cmlplc.com%2Ffreight-forwarding&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFreight+transport" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLtd.2018" class="citation web cs1">Ltd., Mach 1 Global Logistics (16 January 2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.mach1global.com/what-are-freight-shipping-services/">"Freight Shipping Services"</a>. <i>mach1global.com/</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. 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United Nations Conference on Trade and Development. 2014. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://shipbrokers.co/pdf/UNMartimeReport2014_en.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 2015-01-15.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Review+of+Maritime+Transport+2014&rft.pub=United+Nations+Conference+on+Trade+and+Development&rft.date=2014&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fshipbrokers.co%2Fpdf%2FUNMartimeReport2014_en.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFreight+transport" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.unctad.org/Templates/webflyer.asp?docid=14218&intItemID=5746&lang=1&mode=downloads">"Special Chapter: Asia"</a>. <i>Review Maritime Transport 2010 Flyer</i>. United Nations Conference on Trade and Development. 2010<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">9 December</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Review+Maritime+Transport+2010+Flyer&rft.atitle=Special+Chapter%3A+Asia&rft.date=2010&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.unctad.org%2FTemplates%2Fwebflyer.asp%3Fdocid%3D14218%26intItemID%3D5746%26lang%3D1%26mode%3Ddownloads&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFreight+transport" class="Z3988"></span><sup class="noprint Inline-Template"><span style="white-space: nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Link_rot" title="Wikipedia:Link rot"><span title=" Dead link tagged December 2019">permanent dead link</span></a></i><span style="visibility:hidden; color:transparent; padding-left:2px">‍</span>]</span></sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Freight_transport&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/45px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/59px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <span style="font-weight: bold; font-style: italic;"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Freight_transport" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Freight transport">Freight transport</a></span>.</div></div> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1235681985"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237033735"><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg/40px-Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg/60px-Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg/80px-Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Look up <i><b><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/freight" class="extiw" title="wiktionary:freight">freight</a></b></i> in Wiktionary, the free dictionary.</div></div> </div> <ul><li>Schreiber, Zvi <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://venturebeat.com/2015/12/26/2016-the-year-the-freight-industry-goes-online/">2016: The Year Freight Goes Online</a>. December 2015</li> <li>Bloomberg.com <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2018-01-23/first-cryptocurrency-freight-deal-takes-russian-wheat-to-turkey">First Cryptocurrency Freight Deal Takes Russian Wheat to Turkey</a>. January 2018</li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-title,.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow{padding:0.25em 1em;line-height:1.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group{white-space:nowrap;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{background-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list{line-height:1.5em;border-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list-with-group{text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid}.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-group,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-image,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-list{border-top:2px solid #fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title{background-color:#ccf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-title{background-color:#ddf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-abovebelow{background-color:#e6e6ff}.mw-parser-output .navbox-even{background-color:#f7f7f7}.mw-parser-output .navbox-odd{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ul,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ul{padding:0.125em 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Major_container_shipping_companies" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Container_shipping_companies" title="Template:Container shipping companies"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Container_shipping_companies" title="Template talk:Container shipping companies"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Container_shipping_companies" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Container shipping companies"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Major_container_shipping_companies" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/List_of_largest_container_shipping_companies" title="List of largest container shipping companies">Major container shipping companies</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Active</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">2M Alliance</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Maersk_Line" title="Maersk Line">Maersk</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/P%26O_Nedlloyd" title="P&O Nedlloyd">P&O Nedlloyd</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hamburg_S%C3%BCd" title="Hamburg Süd">Hamburg Süd</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Safmarine" title="Safmarine">Safmarine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SeaLand" title="SeaLand">SeaLand</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mediterranean_Shipping_Company" title="Mediterranean Shipping Company">MSC</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Ocean Alliance</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/CMA_CGM" title="CMA CGM">CMA CGM</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Australian_National_Line" title="Australian National Line">ANL</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_President_Lines" title="American President Lines">APL</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Compagnie_Marocaine_de_Navigation" title="Compagnie Marocaine de Navigation">Comanav</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Delmas_(shipping_company)" title="Delmas (shipping company)">Delmas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neptune_Orient_Lines" title="Neptune Orient Lines">NOL</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/COSCO_Shipping_Lines" title="COSCO Shipping Lines">COSCO</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/COSCO_Shipping_Development" title="COSCO Shipping Development">CSCL</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/OOCL" title="OOCL">OOCL</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Evergreen_Marine_Corporation" title="Evergreen Marine Corporation">Evergreen</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Italia_Marittima" title="Italia Marittima">Italia Marittima</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">THE Alliance</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hapag-Lloyd" title="Hapag-Lloyd">Hapag-Lloyd</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/CP_Ships" title="CP Ships">CP Ships</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CSAV" title="CSAV">CSAV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hapag-Lloyd#United_Arab_Shipping_Company_(UASC)" title="Hapag-Lloyd">UASC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deutsche_Afrika-Linien/John_T._Essberger_Group_of_Companies" title="Deutsche Afrika-Linien/John T. Essberger Group of Companies">DAL/JTE</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HMM_(company)" title="HMM (company)">HMM</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ocean_Network_Express" title="Ocean Network Express">Ocean Network Express</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nippon_Yusen" title="Nippon Yusen">NYK</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mitsui_O.S.K._Lines" title="Mitsui O.S.K. Lines">MOL</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/K_Line" title="K Line">K Line</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yang_Ming_Marine_Transport_Corporation" title="Yang Ming Marine Transport Corporation">Yang Ming</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Others</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arkas_Container_Transport" title="Arkas Container Transport">Arkas Line</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IRISL_Group" title="IRISL Group">IRISL</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Matson,_Inc." title="Matson, Inc.">Matson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pacific_International_Lines" title="Pacific International Lines">Pacific International Lines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/China_Navigation_Company" title="China Navigation Company">Swire Shipping</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wan_Hai_Lines" title="Wan Hai Lines">Wan Hai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/X-Press_Feeders" title="X-Press Feeders">X-Press Feeders</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ZIM_(shipping_company)" title="ZIM (shipping company)">ZIM</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Defunct</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hanjin_Shipping" title="Hanjin Shipping">Hanjin Shipping</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Lines" title="United States Lines">United States Lines</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Rail_transport_freight_rolling_stock" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Freight_cars" title="Template:Freight cars"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Freight_cars" title="Template talk:Freight cars"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Freight_cars" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Freight cars"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Rail_transport_freight_rolling_stock" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Rail_transport" title="Rail transport">Rail transport</a> freight rolling stock</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Enclosed equipment</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Autorack" title="Autorack">Autorack</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boxcar" title="Boxcar">Boxcar</a> (US)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_railway_milk_tank_wagon" title="British railway milk tank wagon">British railway milk tank wagon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cattle_wagon" title="Cattle wagon">Cattle wagon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coil_car" title="Coil car">Coil car</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intermodal_container#Rail" title="Intermodal container">Intermodal car</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Covered_goods_wagon" title="Covered goods wagon">Covered goods wagon</a> (EU)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Covered_hopper" class="mw-redirect" title="Covered hopper">Covered hopper</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Livestock_wagon" class="mw-redirect" title="Livestock wagon">Livestock wagon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Milk_car" title="Milk car">Milk car</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Refrigerator_car" title="Refrigerator car">Refrigerator car</a> (US)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Refrigerated_van" title="Refrigerated van">Refrigerated van</a> (EU)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/RoadRailer" class="mw-redirect" title="RoadRailer">RoadRailer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stock_car_(rail)" title="Stock car (rail)">Stock car</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tank_car" title="Tank car">Tank car</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wagon_with_opening_roof" title="Wagon with opening roof">Wagon with opening roof</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Open equipment</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bogie_bolster_wagon" title="Bogie bolster wagon">Bogie bolster wagon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chaldron" title="Chaldron">Chauldron wagon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Class_U_special_wagon" title="Class U special wagon">Class U special wagon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conflat" title="Conflat">Conflat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Well_car" title="Well car">Double-stack car</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flatcar" title="Flatcar">Flatcar</a> (US)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flat_wagon" title="Flat wagon">Flat wagon</a> (EU)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gondola_(rail)" title="Gondola (rail)">Gondola</a> (US)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hopper_car" title="Hopper car">Hopper car</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kangourou_wagon" title="Kangourou wagon">Kangourou wagon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lowmac" title="Lowmac">Lowmac</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Minecart" title="Minecart">Minecart</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mineral_wagon" title="Mineral wagon">Mineral wagon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Modalohr" title="Modalohr">Modalohr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Open_wagon" title="Open wagon">Open wagon</a> (EU)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pocket_wagon" title="Pocket wagon">Pocket wagon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quarry_tub" title="Quarry tub">Quarry tub</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rollbock" title="Rollbock">Rollbock</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rotary_car_dumper" title="Rotary car dumper">Rotary car dumper</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Schnabel_car" title="Schnabel car">Schnabel car</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slate_wagon" class="mw-redirect" title="Slate wagon">Slate wagon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flatcar#Specialized_types" title="Flatcar">Specialized flatcars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transporter_wagon" title="Transporter wagon">Transporter wagon</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Non-revenue equipment</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ballast_cleaner" title="Ballast cleaner">Ballast cleaner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ballast_regulator" title="Ballast regulator">Ballast regulator</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brake_van" title="Brake van">Brake van</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caboose" title="Caboose">Caboose</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clearance_car" title="Clearance car">Clearance car</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crane_(rail)" title="Crane (rail)">Crane</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crew_car" title="Crew car">Crew car</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Excavator" title="Excavator">Excavator</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rail_adhesion_car" title="Rail adhesion car">Rail adhesion car</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Money_train" title="Money train">Revenue collection car</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Power_shovel" title="Power shovel">Power shovel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rotary_snowplow" title="Rotary snowplow">Rotary snowplow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scale_test_car" title="Scale test car">Scale test car</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stoneblower" title="Stoneblower">Stoneblower</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tamping_machine" title="Tamping machine">Tamping machine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Track_geometry_car" title="Track geometry car">Track geometry car</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Work_train" title="Work train">Work trains</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Intermodal_containers" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Intermodal_containers" title="Template:Intermodal containers"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Intermodal_containers" title="Template talk:Intermodal containers"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Intermodal_containers" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Intermodal containers"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Intermodal_containers" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Intermodal_container" title="Intermodal container">Intermodal containers</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Overview</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Containerization" title="Containerization">Containerization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intermodal_freight_transport" title="Intermodal freight transport">Intermodal freight transport</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bureau_International_des_Containers" title="Bureau International des Containers">Bureau International des Containers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_6346" title="ISO 6346">ISO 6346 (BIC code)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Twenty-foot_equivalent_unit" title="Twenty-foot equivalent unit">Twenty-foot equivalent unit</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="5" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Container_01_KMJ.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Red 40 ft shipping container"><img alt="Red 40 ft shipping container" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Container_01_KMJ.jpg/80px-Container_01_KMJ.jpg" decoding="async" width="80" height="61" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Container_01_KMJ.jpg/120px-Container_01_KMJ.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Container_01_KMJ.jpg/160px-Container_01_KMJ.jpg 2x" data-file-width="854" data-file-height="654" /></a></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Transport</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Container_chassis" title="Container chassis">Chassis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Container_ship" title="Container ship">Container ship</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Double-stack_rail_transport" title="Double-stack rail transport">Double-stack</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Drayage" title="Drayage">Drayage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flatcar#Intermodal_freight_use" title="Flatcar">Flatcar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Well_car" title="Well car">Well car</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Handling</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Container_port" title="Container port">Container port</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Container_crane" title="Container crane">Container crane</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reach_stacker" title="Reach stacker">Reach stacker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rubber_tyred_gantry_crane" title="Rubber tyred gantry crane">Rubber tyred gantry crane</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sidelifter" title="Sidelifter">Sidelifter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Straddle_carrier" title="Straddle carrier">Straddle carrier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Terminal_tractor" title="Terminal tractor">Terminal tractor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Twistlock" title="Twistlock">Twistlock</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Container_spreader" title="Container spreader">Container spreader</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Types</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Refrigerated_container" title="Refrigerated container">Refrigerated container</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SECU_(container)" title="SECU (container)">SECU</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tank_container" title="Tank container">Tank container</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flat_rack_container" title="Flat rack container">Flat rack container</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Box_(Levinson_book)" title="The Box (Levinson book)">The Box</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/BBC_Box" title="BBC Box">BBC Box</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Container_(board_game)" title="Container (board game)"><i>Container</i> (board game)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_Shipping_Council" title="World Shipping Council">Container Shipping Information Service</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shipping_container_architecture" title="Shipping container architecture">Shipping container architecture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sun_Modular_Datacenter" title="Sun Modular Datacenter">Sun Modular Datacenter</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3"><div><b><span class="nowrap"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Nuvola_apps_ksysv_square.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7d/Nuvola_apps_ksysv_square.svg/16px-Nuvola_apps_ksysv_square.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7d/Nuvola_apps_ksysv_square.svg/24px-Nuvola_apps_ksysv_square.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7d/Nuvola_apps_ksysv_square.svg/32px-Nuvola_apps_ksysv_square.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="1000" /></a></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Transport" title="Portal:Transport">Transport portal</a></b></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Modern_merchant_ships" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Modern_merchant_ships" title="Template:Modern merchant ships"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Modern_merchant_ships" title="Template talk:Modern merchant ships"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Modern_merchant_ships" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Modern merchant ships"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Modern_merchant_ships" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Modern <a href="/wiki/Merchant_ship" title="Merchant ship">merchant ships</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Overviews</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ship" title="Ship">Ship</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cargo_ship" title="Cargo ship">Cargo ship</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cargo" title="Cargo">Cargo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maritime_transport" title="Maritime transport">Maritime transport</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Freight transport</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Merchant_marine" class="mw-redirect" title="Merchant marine">Merchant marine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maritime_history" title="Maritime history">Maritime history</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shipping_line" title="Shipping line">Shipping line</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="7" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:CMM_-_Model_ch%C5%82odniowca_typu_B-360-2.JPG" class="mw-file-description" title="A reefer"><img alt="A reefer" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/CMM_-_Model_ch%C5%82odniowca_typu_B-360-2.JPG/80px-CMM_-_Model_ch%C5%82odniowca_typu_B-360-2.JPG" decoding="async" width="80" height="31" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/CMM_-_Model_ch%C5%82odniowca_typu_B-360-2.JPG/120px-CMM_-_Model_ch%C5%82odniowca_typu_B-360-2.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/CMM_-_Model_ch%C5%82odniowca_typu_B-360-2.JPG/160px-CMM_-_Model_ch%C5%82odniowca_typu_B-360-2.JPG 2x" data-file-width="2394" data-file-height="924" /></a></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Cargo_ship" title="Cargo ship">Dry cargo</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Barge" title="Barge">Barge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bulk_carrier" title="Bulk carrier">Bulk carrier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Car_float" title="Car float">Car float</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chain_boat" title="Chain boat">Chain boat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coastal_trading_vessel" title="Coastal trading vessel">Coastal trading vessel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Collier_(ship)" title="Collier (ship)">Collier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Container_ship" title="Container ship">Container ship</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heavy-lift_ship" title="Heavy-lift ship">Heavy-lift ship</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hopper_barge" title="Hopper barge">Hopper barge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lake_freighter" title="Lake freighter">Lake freighter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lighter_aboard_ship" title="Lighter aboard ship">Lighter aboard ship</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Livestock_carrier" title="Livestock carrier">Livestock carrier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reefer_ship" title="Reefer ship">Reefer ship</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roll-on/roll-off" title="Roll-on/roll-off">Roll-on/roll-off (RORO)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Train_ferry" title="Train ferry">Train ferry</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Tanker_(ship)" title="Tanker (ship)">Tankers</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chemical_tanker" title="Chemical tanker">Chemical tanker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Floating_production_storage_and_offloading" title="Floating production storage and offloading">Floating production storage and offloading (FPSO)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gas_carrier" title="Gas carrier">Gas carrier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hydrogen_tanker" title="Hydrogen tanker">Hydrogen tanker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LNG_carrier" title="LNG carrier">LNG carrier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oil_tanker" title="Oil tanker">Oil tanker</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Passenger_ship" title="Passenger ship">Passenger</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cable_ferry" title="Cable ferry">Cable ferry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cargo_liner" title="Cargo liner">Cargo liner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cruise_ship" title="Cruise ship">Cruise ship</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cruiseferry" title="Cruiseferry">Cruiseferry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ferry" title="Ferry">Ferry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Narrowboat" title="Narrowboat">Narrowboat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ocean_liner" title="Ocean liner">Ocean liner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roll-on/roll-off" title="Roll-on/roll-off">Roll-on/roll-off (RORO)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Train_ferry" title="Train ferry">Train ferry</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Support</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anchor_handling_tug_supply_vessel" title="Anchor handling tug supply vessel">Anchor handling tug supply vessel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diving_support_vessel" title="Diving support vessel">Diving support vessel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emergency_tow_vessel" title="Emergency tow vessel">Emergency tow vessel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fireboat" title="Fireboat">Fireboat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Platform_supply_vessel" title="Platform supply vessel">Platform supply vessel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pusher_(boat)" title="Pusher (boat)">Pusher</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salvage_tug" title="Salvage tug">Salvage tug</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ship%27s_tender" title="Ship's tender">Tender</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tugboat" title="Tugboat">Tugboat</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other types</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cable_layer" title="Cable layer">Cable layer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crane_vessel" title="Crane vessel">Crane vessel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dredging" title="Dredging">Dredger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Drillship" title="Drillship">Drillship</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fishing_vessel" title="Fishing vessel">Fishing vessel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Floating_restaurant" title="Floating restaurant">Floating restaurant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Icebreaker" title="Icebreaker">Icebreaker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Merchant_submarine" title="Merchant submarine">Merchant submarine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Narco-submarine" title="Narco-submarine">Narco-submarine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pipe-laying_ship" title="Pipe-laying ship">Pipe-laying ship</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Research_vessel" title="Research vessel">Research vessel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Riverboat" title="Riverboat">Riverboat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Semi-submersible" title="Semi-submersible">Semi-submersible</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Snagboat" title="Snagboat">Snagboat</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nautical_operations" title="Nautical operations">Nautical operations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Affreightment" title="Affreightment">Affreightment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Admiralty_law" title="Admiralty law">Admiralty law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Chamber_of_Shipping" title="International Chamber of Shipping">International Chamber of Shipping</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_merchant_navy_capacity_by_country" title="List of merchant navy capacity by country">List of merchant navy capacity by country</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" 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colspan="2"><div id="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q651658#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a> <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q651658#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">International</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="Shipment of goods"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://id.worldcat.org/fast/1116313/">FAST</a></span></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="Güterverkehr"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/4022492-2">Germany</a></span></span></li><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="Shipment of goods"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/sh85121576">United States</a></span></span></li><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="Transport de marchandises"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb119344801">France</a></span></span></li><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="Transport de marchandises"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb119344801">BnF data</a></span></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://olduli.nli.org.il/F/?func=find-b&local_base=NLX10&find_code=UID&request=987007538964405171">Israel</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    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