CINXE.COM

<!DOCTYPE html> <html class="client-nojs vector-feature-language-in-header-enabled vector-feature-language-in-main-page-header-disabled vector-feature-page-tools-pinned-disabled vector-feature-toc-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-main-menu-pinned-disabled vector-feature-limited-width-clientpref-1 vector-feature-limited-width-content-enabled vector-feature-custom-font-size-clientpref-1 vector-feature-appearance-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-night-mode-enabled skin-theme-clientpref-day vector-sticky-header-enabled vector-toc-available" lang="en" dir="ltr"> <head> <meta charset="UTF-8"> <title>Kimchi - Wikipedia</title> <script>(function(){var className="client-js vector-feature-language-in-header-enabled vector-feature-language-in-main-page-header-disabled vector-feature-page-tools-pinned-disabled vector-feature-toc-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-main-menu-pinned-disabled vector-feature-limited-width-clientpref-1 vector-feature-limited-width-content-enabled vector-feature-custom-font-size-clientpref-1 vector-feature-appearance-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-night-mode-enabled skin-theme-clientpref-day vector-sticky-header-enabled vector-toc-available";var cookie=document.cookie.match(/(?:^|; )enwikimwclientpreferences=([^;]+)/);if(cookie){cookie[1].split('%2C').forEach(function(pref){className=className.replace(new RegExp('(^| )'+pref.replace(/-clientpref-\w+$|[^\w-]+/g,'')+'-clientpref-\\w+( |$)'),'$1'+pref+'$2');});}document.documentElement.className=className;}());RLCONF={"wgBreakFrames":false,"wgSeparatorTransformTable":["",""],"wgDigitTransformTable":["",""],"wgDefaultDateFormat":"dmy","wgMonthNames":["","January","February","March","April","May","June","July","August","September","October","November","December"],"wgRequestId":"2b905479-496e-4d70-9b14-fded9834812a","wgCanonicalNamespace":"","wgCanonicalSpecialPageName":false,"wgNamespaceNumber":0,"wgPageName":"Kimchi","wgTitle":"Kimchi","wgCurRevisionId":1283591229,"wgRevisionId":1283591229,"wgArticleId":178952,"wgIsArticle":true,"wgIsRedirect":false,"wgAction":"view","wgUserName":null,"wgUserGroups":["*"],"wgCategories":["CS1 Korean-language sources (ko)","CS1 uses Korean-language script (ko)","Articles containing Chinese-language text","CS1 Chinese-language sources (zh)","CS1 foreign language sources (ISO 639-2)","All articles with dead external links","Articles with dead external links from April 2018","Articles with permanently dead external links","CS1 uses Chinese-language script (zh)","CS1 maint: location missing publisher","CS1: unfit URL","CS1 Korean (North Korea)-language sources (ko-kp)","Webarchive template wayback links","Use American English from September 2022","All Wikipedia articles written in American English","Articles with short description","Short description is different from Wikidata","Use dmy dates from June 2024","Articles containing Korean-language text","Pages with Korean IPA","Articles containing Japanese-language text","Wikipedia articles needing factual verification from June 2021","Wikipedia articles needing clarification from November 2020","Pages displaying short descriptions of redirect targets via Module:Annotated link","Commons link from Wikidata","Kimchi","Banchan","Brassica dishes","Cabbage dishes","Korean cuisine","National dishes","Fermented foods"],"wgPageViewLanguage":"en","wgPageContentLanguage":"en","wgPageContentModel":"wikitext","wgRelevantPageName":"Kimchi","wgRelevantArticleId":178952,"wgIsProbablyEditable":true,"wgRelevantPageIsProbablyEditable":true,"wgRestrictionEdit":[],"wgRestrictionMove":[],"wgNoticeProject":"wikipedia","wgCiteReferencePreviewsActive":false,"wgFlaggedRevsParams":{"tags":{"status":{"levels":1}}},"wgMediaViewerOnClick":true,"wgMediaViewerEnabledByDefault":true,"wgPopupsFlags":0,"wgVisualEditor":{"pageLanguageCode":"en","pageLanguageDir":"ltr","pageVariantFallbacks":"en"},"wgMFDisplayWikibaseDescriptions":{"search":true,"watchlist":true,"tagline":false,"nearby":true},"wgWMESchemaEditAttemptStepOversample":false,"wgWMEPageLength":100000,"wgEditSubmitButtonLabelPublish":true,"wgULSPosition":"interlanguage","wgULSisCompactLinksEnabled":false,"wgVector2022LanguageInHeader":true,"wgULSisLanguageSelectorEmpty":false,"wgWikibaseItemId":"Q141898","wgCheckUserClientHintsHeadersJsApi":["brands","architecture","bitness","fullVersionList","mobile","model","platform","platformVersion"],"GEHomepageSuggestedEditsEnableTopics":true,"wgGETopicsMatchModeEnabled":false,"wgGELevelingUpEnabledForUser":false}; RLSTATE={"ext.globalCssJs.user.styles":"ready","site.styles":"ready","user.styles":"ready","ext.globalCssJs.user":"ready","user":"ready","user.options":"loading","ext.cite.styles":"ready","mediawiki.page.gallery.styles":"ready","skins.vector.search.codex.styles":"ready","skins.vector.styles":"ready","skins.vector.icons":"ready","jquery.tablesorter.styles":"ready","jquery.makeCollapsible.styles":"ready","ext.wikimediamessages.styles":"ready","ext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.noscript":"ready","ext.uls.interlanguage":"ready","wikibase.client.init":"ready","ext.wikimediaBadges":"ready"};RLPAGEMODULES=["ext.cite.ux-enhancements","mediawiki.page.gallery","mediawiki.page.media","site","mediawiki.page.ready","jquery.tablesorter","jquery.makeCollapsible","mediawiki.toc","skins.vector.js","ext.centralNotice.geoIP","ext.centralNotice.startUp","ext.gadget.ReferenceTooltips","ext.gadget.switcher","ext.urlShortener.toolbar","ext.centralauth.centralautologin","mmv.bootstrap","ext.popups","ext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.init","ext.visualEditor.targetLoader","ext.echo.centralauth","ext.eventLogging","ext.wikimediaEvents","ext.navigationTiming","ext.uls.interface","ext.cx.eventlogging.campaigns","ext.cx.uls.quick.actions","wikibase.client.vector-2022","ext.checkUser.clientHints","ext.quicksurveys.init","ext.growthExperiments.SuggestedEditSession"];</script> <script>(RLQ=window.RLQ||[]).push(function(){mw.loader.impl(function(){return["user.options@12s5i",function($,jQuery,require,module){mw.user.tokens.set({"patrolToken":"+\\","watchToken":"+\\","csrfToken":"+\\"}); }];});});</script> <link rel="stylesheet" href="/w/load.php?lang=en&modules=ext.cite.styles%7Cext.uls.interlanguage%7Cext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.noscript%7Cext.wikimediaBadges%7Cext.wikimediamessages.styles%7Cjquery.makeCollapsible.styles%7Cjquery.tablesorter.styles%7Cmediawiki.page.gallery.styles%7Cskins.vector.icons%2Cstyles%7Cskins.vector.search.codex.styles%7Cwikibase.client.init&only=styles&skin=vector-2022"> <script async="" src="/w/load.php?lang=en&modules=startup&only=scripts&raw=1&skin=vector-2022"></script> <meta name="ResourceLoaderDynamicStyles" content=""> <link rel="stylesheet" href="/w/load.php?lang=en&modules=site.styles&only=styles&skin=vector-2022"> <meta name="generator" content="MediaWiki 1.44.0-wmf.22"> <meta name="referrer" content="origin"> <meta name="referrer" content="origin-when-cross-origin"> <meta name="robots" content="max-image-preview:standard"> <meta name="format-detection" content="telephone=no"> <meta property="og:image" content="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/f8/Various_kimchi.jpg"> <meta property="og:image:width" content="1200"> <meta property="og:image:height" content="799"> <meta property="og:image" content="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/f8/Various_kimchi.jpg"> <meta property="og:image:width" content="800"> <meta property="og:image:height" content="533"> <meta property="og:image" content="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f8/Various_kimchi.jpg/640px-Various_kimchi.jpg"> <meta property="og:image:width" content="640"> <meta property="og:image:height" content="426"> <meta name="viewport" content="width=1120"> <meta property="og:title" content="Kimchi - Wikipedia"> <meta property="og:type" content="website"> <link rel="preconnect" href="//upload.wikimedia.org"> <link rel="alternate" media="only screen and (max-width: 640px)" href="//en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kimchi"> <link rel="alternate" type="application/x-wiki" title="Edit this page" href="/w/index.php?title=Kimchi&action=edit"> <link rel="apple-touch-icon" href="/static/apple-touch/wikipedia.png"> <link rel="icon" href="/static/favicon/wikipedia.ico"> <link rel="search" type="application/opensearchdescription+xml" href="/w/rest.php/v1/search" title="Wikipedia (en)"> <link rel="EditURI" type="application/rsd+xml" href="//en.wikipedia.org/w/api.php?action=rsd"> <link rel="canonical" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kimchi"> <link rel="license" href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/deed.en"> <link rel="alternate" type="application/atom+xml" title="Wikipedia Atom feed" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:RecentChanges&feed=atom"> <link rel="dns-prefetch" href="//meta.wikimedia.org" /> <link rel="dns-prefetch" href="auth.wikimedia.org"> </head> <body class="skin--responsive skin-vector skin-vector-search-vue mediawiki ltr sitedir-ltr mw-hide-empty-elt ns-0 ns-subject mw-editable page-Kimchi rootpage-Kimchi skin-vector-2022 action-view"><a class="mw-jump-link" href="#bodyContent">Jump to content</a> <div class="vector-header-container"> <header class="vector-header mw-header"> <div class="vector-header-start"> <nav class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="Site"> <div id="vector-main-menu-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-main-menu-dropdown vector-button-flush-left vector-button-flush-right" title="Main menu" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-main-menu-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-main-menu-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Main menu" > <label id="vector-main-menu-dropdown-label" for="vector-main-menu-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" > Main menu </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-main-menu-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> <div id="vector-main-menu" class="vector-main-menu vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-main-menu-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-unpinned" data-feature-name="main-menu-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-main-menu" data-pinned-container-id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-main-menu-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Main menu</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-main-menu.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-main-menu.unpin">hide</button> </div> <div id="p-navigation" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-navigation" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Navigation </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="n-mainpage-description" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Main_Page" title="Visit the main page [z]" accesskey="z">Main page</a></li><li id="n-contents" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Contents" title="Guides to browsing Wikipedia">Contents</a></li><li id="n-currentevents" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Current_events" title="Articles related to current events">Current events</a></li><li id="n-randompage" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:Random" title="Visit a randomly selected article [x]" accesskey="x">Random article</a></li><li id="n-aboutsite" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:About" title="Learn about Wikipedia and how it works">About Wikipedia</a></li><li id="n-contactpage" class="mw-list-item"><a href="//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Contact_us" title="How to contact Wikipedia">Contact us</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-interaction" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-interaction" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Contribute </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="n-help" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Help:Contents" title="Guidance on how to use and edit Wikipedia">Help</a></li><li id="n-introduction" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Help:Introduction" title="Learn how to edit Wikipedia">Learn to edit</a></li><li id="n-portal" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Community_portal" title="The hub for editors">Community portal</a></li><li id="n-recentchanges" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:RecentChanges" title="A list of recent changes to Wikipedia [r]" accesskey="r">Recent changes</a></li><li id="n-upload" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:File_upload_wizard" title="Add images or other media for use on Wikipedia">Upload file</a></li><li id="n-specialpages" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:SpecialPages">Special pages</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <a href="/wiki/Main_Page" class="mw-logo"> <img class="mw-logo-icon" src="/static/images/icons/wikipedia.png" alt="" aria-hidden="true" height="50" width="50"> <img class="mw-logo-wordmark" alt="Wikipedia" src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-wordmark-en.svg" style="width: 7.5em; height: 1.125em;"> <img class="mw-logo-tagline" alt="The Free Encyclopedia" src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-tagline-en.svg" width="117" height="13" style="width: 7.3125em; height: 0.8125em;"> </a> </div> <div class="vector-header-end"> <div id="p-search" role="search" class="vector-search-box-vue vector-search-box-collapses vector-search-box-show-thumbnail vector-search-box-auto-expand-width vector-search-box"> <a href="/wiki/Special:Search" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only search-toggle" title="Search Wikipedia [f]" accesskey="f"> Search </a> <div class="vector-typeahead-search-container"> <div class="cdx-typeahead-search cdx-typeahead-search--show-thumbnail cdx-typeahead-search--auto-expand-width"> <form action="/w/index.php" id="searchform" class="cdx-search-input cdx-search-input--has-end-button"> <div id="simpleSearch" class="cdx-search-input__input-wrapper" data-search-loc="header-moved"> <div class="cdx-text-input cdx-text-input--has-start-icon"> <input class="cdx-text-input__input" type="search" name="search" placeholder="Search Wikipedia" aria-label="Search Wikipedia" autocapitalize="sentences" title="Search Wikipedia [f]" accesskey="f" id="searchInput" > </div> <input type="hidden" name="title" value="Special:Search"> </div> <button class="cdx-button cdx-search-input__end-button">Search</button> </form> </div> </div> </div> <nav class="vector-user-links vector-user-links-wide" aria-label="Personal tools"> <div class="vector-user-links-main"> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-preferences" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-userpage" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Appearance"> <div id="vector-appearance-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown " title="Change the appearance of the page's font size, width, and color" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-appearance-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-appearance-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Appearance" > <label id="vector-appearance-dropdown-label" for="vector-appearance-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" > Appearance </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-notifications" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-overflow" class="vector-menu mw-portlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-sitesupport-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="https://donate.wikimedia.org/?wmf_source=donate&wmf_medium=sidebar&wmf_campaign=en.wikipedia.org&uselang=en" class="">Donate</a> </li> <li id="pt-createaccount-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:CreateAccount&returnto=Kimchi" title="You are encouraged to create an account and log in; however, it is not mandatory" class="">Create account</a> </li> <li id="pt-login-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UserLogin&returnto=Kimchi" title="You're encouraged to log in; however, it's not mandatory. [o]" accesskey="o" class="">Log in</a> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> <div id="vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-user-menu vector-button-flush-right vector-user-menu-logged-out" title="Log in and more options" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Personal tools" > <label id="vector-user-links-dropdown-label" for="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" > Personal tools </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-personal" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-personal user-links-collapsible-item" title="User menu" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-sitesupport" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="https://donate.wikimedia.org/?wmf_source=donate&wmf_medium=sidebar&wmf_campaign=en.wikipedia.org&uselang=en">Donate</a></li><li id="pt-createaccount" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:CreateAccount&returnto=Kimchi" title="You are encouraged to create an account and log in; however, it is not mandatory"> Create account</a></li><li id="pt-login" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UserLogin&returnto=Kimchi" title="You're encouraged to log in; however, it's not mandatory. [o]" accesskey="o"> Log in</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-user-menu-anon-editor" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-user-menu-anon-editor" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Pages for logged out editors <a href="/wiki/Help:Introduction" aria-label="Learn more about editing">learn more</a> </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-anoncontribs" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:MyContributions" title="A list of edits made from this IP address [y]" accesskey="y">Contributions</a></li><li id="pt-anontalk" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:MyTalk" title="Discussion about edits from this IP address [n]" accesskey="n">Talk</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </header> </div> <div class="mw-page-container"> <div class="mw-page-container-inner"> <div class="vector-sitenotice-container"> <div id="siteNotice"></div> </div> <div class="vector-column-start"> <div class="vector-main-menu-container"> <div id="mw-navigation"> <nav id="mw-panel" class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="Site"> <div id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav id="mw-panel-toc" aria-label="Contents" data-event-name="ui.sidebar-toc" class="mw-table-of-contents-container vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-toc-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-toc" class="vector-toc vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-toc-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="toc-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-toc" > <h2 class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Contents</h2> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.unpin">hide</button> </div> <ul class="vector-toc-contents" id="mw-panel-toc-list"> <li id="toc-mw-content-text" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a href="#" class="vector-toc-link"> <div class="vector-toc-text">(Top)</div> </a> </li> <li id="toc-Etymology" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Etymology"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1 Etymology </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Etymology-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Etymology subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Etymology-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Ji" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ji"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.1 Ji </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ji-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Kimchi" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Kimchi"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.2 Kimchi </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Kimchi-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-History" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#History"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2 History </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-History-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle History subsection </button> <ul id="toc-History-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Early_history" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Early_history"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.1 Early history </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Early_history-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Modern_history" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Modern_history"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.2 Modern history </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Modern_history-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-1996_kimchi_standard_dispute_with_Japan" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#1996_kimchi_standard_dispute_with_Japan"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.2.1 1996 kimchi standard dispute with Japan </div> </a> <ul id="toc-1996_kimchi_standard_dispute_with_Japan-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-2010_Kimchi_ingredient_price_crisis" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#2010_Kimchi_ingredient_price_crisis"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.2.2 2010 Kimchi ingredient price crisis </div> </a> <ul id="toc-2010_Kimchi_ingredient_price_crisis-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Intangible_Cultural_Heritage_of_Humanity" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Intangible_Cultural_Heritage_of_Humanity"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.2.3 Intangible Cultural Heritage of Humanity </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Intangible_Cultural_Heritage_of_Humanity-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Submitted_by_South_Korea_(inscribed_2013)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-4"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Submitted_by_South_Korea_(inscribed_2013)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.2.3.1 Submitted by South Korea (inscribed 2013) </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Submitted_by_South_Korea_(inscribed_2013)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Submitted_by_North_Korea_(inscribed_2015)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-4"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Submitted_by_North_Korea_(inscribed_2015)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.2.3.2 Submitted by North Korea (inscribed 2015) </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Submitted_by_North_Korea_(inscribed_2015)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Kimchi_Day" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Kimchi_Day"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.2.4 Kimchi Day </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Kimchi_Day-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-2012_effective_ban_by_China_of_Korean_kimchi_imports" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#2012_effective_ban_by_China_of_Korean_kimchi_imports"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.2.5 2012 effective ban by China of Korean kimchi imports </div> </a> <ul id="toc-2012_effective_ban_by_China_of_Korean_kimchi_imports-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-2017_boycott_in_China" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#2017_boycott_in_China"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.2.6 2017 boycott in China </div> </a> <ul id="toc-2017_boycott_in_China-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-2020_kimchi_ISO_standard_dispute_with_China" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#2020_kimchi_ISO_standard_dispute_with_China"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.2.7 2020 kimchi ISO standard dispute with China </div> </a> <ul id="toc-2020_kimchi_ISO_standard_dispute_with_China-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Ingredients" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ingredients"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3 Ingredients </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Ingredients-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Ingredients subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Ingredients-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Vegetables" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Vegetables"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.1 Vegetables </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Vegetables-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Seasonings" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Seasonings"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.2 Seasonings </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Seasonings-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Production" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Production"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4 Production </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Production-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Production subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Production-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Microorganisms_in_kimchi" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Microorganisms_in_kimchi"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.1 Microorganisms in kimchi </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Microorganisms_in_kimchi-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-By-products_of_microorganisms" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#By-products_of_microorganisms"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.2 By-products of microorganisms </div> </a> <ul id="toc-By-products_of_microorganisms-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Odor" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Odor"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.3 Odor </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Odor-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Varieties" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Varieties"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5 Varieties </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Varieties-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Varieties subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Varieties-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Color" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Color"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.1 Color </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Color-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Age" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Age"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.2 Age </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Age-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Region" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Region"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.3 Region </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Region-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Seasonal_variations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Seasonal_variations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.4 Seasonal variations </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Seasonal_variations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Spring" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Spring"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.4.1 Spring </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Spring-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Summer" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Summer"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.4.2 Summer </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Summer-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Autumn" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Autumn"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.4.3 Autumn </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Autumn-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Winter" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Winter"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.4.4 Winter </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Winter-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Korean_preference" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Korean_preference"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.5 Korean preference </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Korean_preference-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Nutrition" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Nutrition"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6 Nutrition </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Nutrition-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Trade" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Trade"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7 Trade </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Trade-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Consumption" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Consumption"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8 Consumption </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Consumption-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Food_regulations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Food_regulations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9 Food regulations </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Food_regulations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Gallery" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Gallery"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 10 Gallery </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Gallery-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 11 See also </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 12 References </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 13 Further reading </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" title="Table of Contents" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" > Toggle the table of contents </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading">Kimchi</h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 71 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-71" aria-hidden="true" > 71 languages </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kimchi" title="Kimchi – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Kimchi" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target">Afrikaans</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%83%D9%85%D8%AA%D8%B4%D9%8A" title="كمتشي – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="كمتشي" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">العربية</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hyw mw-list-item"><a href="https://hyw.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%94%D5%AB%D5%B4%D5%B9%D5%AB" title="Քիմչի – Western Armenian" lang="hyw" hreflang="hyw" data-title="Քիմչի" data-language-autonym="Արեւմտահայերէն" data-language-local-name="Western Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Արեւմտահայերէն</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-as mw-list-item"><a href="https://as.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%95%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%AE%E0%A6%9A%E0%A6%BF" title="কিমচি – Assamese" lang="as" hreflang="as" data-title="কিমচি" data-language-autonym="অসমীয়া" data-language-local-name="Assamese" class="interlanguage-link-target">অসমীয়া</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kim%C3%A7i" title="Kimçi – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Kimçi" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target">Azərbaycanca</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ban mw-list-item"><a href="https://ban.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kimchi" title="Kimchi – Balinese" lang="ban" hreflang="ban" data-title="Kimchi" data-language-autonym="Basa Bali" data-language-local-name="Balinese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Basa Bali</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%95%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%AE%E0%A6%9A%E0%A6%BF" title="কিমচি – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="কিমচি" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target">বাংলা</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B8%D0%BC%D1%87%D0%B8" title="Кимчи – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Кимчи" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Български</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kimchi" title="Kimchi – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Kimchi" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Català</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kim%C4%8Dchi" title="Kimčchi – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Kimčchi" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target">Čeština</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kimchi" title="Kimchi – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Kimchi" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target">Cymraeg</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kimchi" title="Kimchi – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Kimchi" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Dansk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kimchi" title="Kimchi – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Kimchi" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target">Deutsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kimchi" title="Kimchi – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Kimchi" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Eesti</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%9A%CE%AF%CE%BC%CF%84%CF%83%CE%B9" title="Κίμτσι – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Κίμτσι" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ελληνικά</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kimchi" title="Kimchi – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Kimchi" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Español</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kim%C4%89io" title="Kimĉio – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Kimĉio" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target">Esperanto</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kimchi" title="Kimchi – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Kimchi" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target">Euskara</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%A9%DB%8C%D9%85%DA%86%DB%8C" title="کیمچی – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="کیمچی" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target">فارسی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kimchi" title="Kimchi – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Kimchi" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target">Français</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kimchi" title="Kimchi – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Kimchi" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gaeilge</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EA%B9%80%EC%B9%98" title="김치 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="김치" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target">한국어</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%BF%D5%AB%D5%B4%D5%B9%D5%AB" title="Կիմչի – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Կիմչի" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Հայերեն</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%9A%E0%A5%80" title="किमची – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="किमची" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target">हिन्दी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kimchi" title="Kimchi – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Kimchi" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Hrvatski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kimchi" title="Kimchi – Ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Kimchi" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="Ido" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ido</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kimci" title="Kimci – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Kimci" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Indonesia</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kimchi" title="Kimchi – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Kimchi" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Italiano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A7%D7%99%D7%9E%D7%A6%27%D7%99" title="קימצ'י – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="קימצ'י" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target">עברית</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jv mw-list-item"><a href="https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kimchi" title="Kimchi – Javanese" lang="jv" hreflang="jv" data-title="Kimchi" data-language-autonym="Jawa" data-language-local-name="Javanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Jawa</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%99%E1%83%98%E1%83%9B%E1%83%A9%E1%83%98" title="კიმჩი – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="კიმჩი" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target">ქართული</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ks mw-list-item"><a href="https://ks.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%A9%D9%90%D9%85%DA%86%DB%8C" title="کِمچی – Kashmiri" lang="ks" hreflang="ks" data-title="کِمچی" data-language-autonym="कॉशुर / کٲشُر" data-language-local-name="Kashmiri" class="interlanguage-link-target">कॉशुर / کٲشُر</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-csb mw-list-item"><a href="https://csb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kimchi" title="Kimchi – Kashubian" lang="csb" hreflang="csb" data-title="Kimchi" data-language-autonym="Kaszëbsczi" data-language-local-name="Kashubian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kaszëbsczi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B8%D0%BC%D1%87%D0%B8" title="Кимчи – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Кимчи" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target">Қазақша</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kim%C4%8Di" title="Kimči – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Kimči" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latviešu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kim%C4%8Di" title="Kimči – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Kimči" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lietuvių</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kimcshi" title="Kimcshi – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Kimcshi" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Magyar</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mai mw-list-item"><a href="https://mai.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9A%E0%A5%80" title="किम्ची – Maithili" lang="mai" hreflang="mai" data-title="किम्ची" data-language-autonym="मैथिली" data-language-local-name="Maithili" class="interlanguage-link-target">मैथिली</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B8%D0%BC%D1%87%D0%B8" title="Кимчи – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Кимчи" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Македонски</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%83%D9%8A%D9%85%D8%AA%D8%B4%D9%89" title="الكيمتشى – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="الكيمتشى" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">مصرى</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kimci" title="Kimci – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Kimci" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Melayu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B8%D0%BC%D1%87%D0%B8" title="Кимчи – Mongolian" lang="mn" hreflang="mn" data-title="Кимчи" data-language-autonym="Монгол" data-language-local-name="Mongolian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Монгол</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-my mw-list-item"><a href="https://my.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%80%E1%80%84%E1%80%BA%E1%80%81%E1%80%BB%E1%80%AE" title="ကင်ချီ – Burmese" lang="my" hreflang="my" data-title="ကင်ချီ" data-language-autonym="မြန်မာဘာသာ" data-language-local-name="Burmese" class="interlanguage-link-target">မြန်မာဘာသာ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kimchi" title="Kimchi – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Kimchi" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nederlands</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%AD%E3%83%A0%E3%83%81" title="キムチ – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="キムチ" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">日本語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kimchi" title="Kimchi – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Kimchi" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk bokmål</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kimchi" title="Kimchi – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Kimchi" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk nynorsk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kimchi" title="Kimchi – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Kimchi" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target">Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-km mw-list-item"><a href="https://km.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%9E%82%E1%9E%B8%E1%9E%98%E1%9E%88%E1%9E%B8" title="គីមឈី – Khmer" lang="km" hreflang="km" data-title="គីមឈី" data-language-autonym="ភាសាខ្មែរ" data-language-local-name="Khmer" class="interlanguage-link-target">ភាសាខ្មែរ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kimchi" title="Kimchi – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Kimchi" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Polski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kimchi" title="Kimchi – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Kimchi" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Português</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ksh mw-list-item"><a href="https://ksh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kimchi" title="Kimchi – Colognian" lang="ksh" hreflang="ksh" data-title="Kimchi" data-language-autonym="Ripoarisch" data-language-local-name="Colognian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ripoarisch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B8%D0%BC%D1%87%D1%85%D0%B8" title="Кимчхи – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Кимчхи" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Русский</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sco mw-list-item"><a href="https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kimchi" title="Kimchi – Scots" lang="sco" hreflang="sco" data-title="Kimchi" data-language-autonym="Scots" data-language-local-name="Scots" class="interlanguage-link-target">Scots</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kimchi" title="Kimchi – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Kimchi" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target">Simple English</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ss mw-list-item"><a href="https://ss.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kim_chi" title="Kim chi – Swati" lang="ss" hreflang="ss" data-title="Kim chi" data-language-autonym="SiSwati" data-language-local-name="Swati" class="interlanguage-link-target">SiSwati</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kim%C4%8Dchi" title="Kimčchi – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Kimčchi" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target">Slovenčina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kim%C4%8Di" title="Kimči – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Kimči" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Slovenščina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi badge-Q17559452 badge-recommendedarticle mw-list-item" title="recommended article"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kimchi" title="Kimchi – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Kimchi" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Suomi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kimchi" title="Kimchi – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Kimchi" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Svenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kimtsi" title="Kimtsi – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Kimtsi" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tagalog</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%95%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%AE%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%9A%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%9A%E0%AE%BF" title="கிம்ச்சி – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="கிம்ச்சி" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target">தமிழ்</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%88%E0%B8%B4" title="กิมจิ – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="กิมจิ" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target">ไทย</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kim%C3%A7i" title="Kimçi – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Kimçi" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Türkçe</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D1%96%D0%BC%D1%87%D1%96" title="Кімчі – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Кімчі" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Українська</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ug mw-list-item"><a href="https://ug.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%83%D9%89%D9%85%DA%86%D9%89_(%D8%A6%DB%90%DA%86%D9%89%D8%AA%D9%84%D8%BA%D8%A7%D9%86_%D9%83%DB%86%D9%83%D8%AA%D8%A7%D8%AA)" title="كىمچى (ئېچىتلغان كۆكتات) – Uyghur" lang="ug" hreflang="ug" data-title="كىمچى (ئېچىتلغان كۆكتات)" data-language-autonym="ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche" data-language-local-name="Uyghur" class="interlanguage-link-target">ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kim_chi" title="Kim chi – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Kim chi" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tiếng Việt</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%9F%A9%E5%9B%BD%E6%B3%A1%E8%8F%9C" title="韩国泡菜 – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="韩国泡菜" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu" class="interlanguage-link-target">吴语</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yi mw-list-item"><a href="https://yi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A7%D7%99%D7%9E%D7%98%D7%A9%D7%99" title="קימטשי – Yiddish" lang="yi" hreflang="yi" data-title="קימטשי" data-language-autonym="ייִדיש" data-language-local-name="Yiddish" class="interlanguage-link-target">ייִדיש</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%9F%93%E5%9C%8B%E6%B3%A1%E8%8F%9C" title="韓國泡菜 – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="韓國泡菜" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Cantonese" class="interlanguage-link-target">粵語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%9F%93%E5%BC%8F%E6%B3%A1%E8%8F%9C" title="韓式泡菜 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="韓式泡菜" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target">中文</a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q141898#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Namespaces"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-nstab-main" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Kimchi" title="View the content page [c]" accesskey="c">Article</a></li><li id="ca-talk" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Talk:Kimchi" rel="discussion" title="Discuss improvements to the content page [t]" accesskey="t">Talk</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown emptyPortlet" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Change language variant" > <label id="vector-variants-dropdown-label" for="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" >English </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-variants" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-variants emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> <div id="right-navigation" class="vector-collapsible"> <nav aria-label="Views"> <div id="p-views" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-views" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-view" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Kimchi">Read</a></li><li id="ca-edit" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kimchi&action=edit" title="Edit this page [e]" accesskey="e">Edit</a></li><li id="ca-history" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kimchi&action=history" title="Past revisions of this page [h]" accesskey="h">View history</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Page tools"> <div id="vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-tools-dropdown" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Tools" > <label id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-label" for="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" >Tools </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> <div id="vector-page-tools" class="vector-page-tools vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-page-tools-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-unpinned" data-feature-name="page-tools-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-page-tools" data-pinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Tools</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.unpin">hide</button> </div> <div id="p-cactions" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-cactions emptyPortlet vector-has-collapsible-items" title="More options" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Actions </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-more-view" class="selected vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Kimchi">Read</a></li><li id="ca-more-edit" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kimchi&action=edit" title="Edit this page [e]" accesskey="e">Edit</a></li><li id="ca-more-history" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kimchi&action=history">View history</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-tb" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-tb" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> General </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="t-whatlinkshere" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:WhatLinksHere/Kimchi" title="List of all English Wikipedia pages containing links to this page [j]" accesskey="j">What links here</a></li><li id="t-recentchangeslinked" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:RecentChangesLinked/Kimchi" rel="nofollow" title="Recent changes in pages linked from this page [k]" accesskey="k">Related changes</a></li><li id="t-upload" class="mw-list-item"><a href="//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:File_Upload_Wizard" title="Upload files [u]" accesskey="u">Upload file</a></li><li id="t-permalink" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kimchi&oldid=1283591229" title="Permanent link to this revision of this page">Permanent link</a></li><li id="t-info" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kimchi&action=info" title="More information about this page">Page information</a></li><li id="t-cite" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:CiteThisPage&page=Kimchi&id=1283591229&wpFormIdentifier=titleform" title="Information on how to cite this page">Cite this page</a></li><li id="t-urlshortener" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UrlShortener&url=https%3A%2F%2Fen.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FKimchi">Get shortened URL</a></li><li id="t-urlshortener-qrcode" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:QrCode&url=https%3A%2F%2Fen.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FKimchi">Download QR code</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-coll-print_export" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-coll-print_export" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Print/export </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="coll-download-as-rl" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:DownloadAsPdf&page=Kimchi&action=show-download-screen" title="Download this page as a PDF file">Download as PDF</a></li><li id="t-print" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kimchi&printable=yes" title="Printable version of this page [p]" accesskey="p">Printable version</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-wikibase-otherprojects" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-wikibase-otherprojects" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> In other projects </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-commons mw-list-item"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/%EA%B9%80%EC%B9%98" hreflang="en">Wikimedia Commons</a></li><li class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-wikibooks mw-list-item"><a href="https://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Cookbook:Cabbage_Kimchi" hreflang="en">Wikibooks</a></li><li id="t-wikibase" class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-wikibase-dataitem mw-list-item"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q141898" title="Structured data on this page hosted by Wikidata [g]" accesskey="g">Wikidata item</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-column-end"> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Page tools"> <div id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Appearance"> <div id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-appearance" class="vector-appearance vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-appearance-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="appearance-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-appearance" data-pinned-container-id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Appearance</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.unpin">hide</button> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"> <div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Korean side dish of fermented vegetables</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">This article is about the Korean side dish. For people with this surname, see <a href="/wiki/Kimhi" title="Kimhi">Kimhi</a>. For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/Kimchi_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Kimchi (disambiguation)">Kimchi (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Not to be confused with <a href="/wiki/Kim_Chiu" title="Kim Chiu">Kim Chiu</a>.</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox hrecipe adr"><caption class="infobox-title fn">Kimchi</caption><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><a href="/wiki/File:Various_kimchi.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f8/Various_kimchi.jpg/220px-Various_kimchi.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f8/Various_kimchi.jpg/330px-Various_kimchi.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f8/Various_kimchi.jpg/440px-Various_kimchi.jpg 2x" data-file-width="767" data-file-height="511" /></a><div class="infobox-caption" style="padding-bottom:0.25em;border-bottom:1px solid #aaa;">Clockwise from top-left: <a href="/wiki/Kkakdugi" title="Kkakdugi">kkakdugi</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pa-kimchi" title="Pa-kimchi">pa-kimchi</a>, <a href="/wiki/Yeolmu-kimchi" title="Yeolmu-kimchi">yeolmu-kimchi</a>, <a href="/wiki/Dongchimi" title="Dongchimi">dongchimi</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nabak-kimchi" title="Nabak-kimchi">nabak-kimchi</a>, mul-kimchi</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.15em; padding-right:0.65em;">Course</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Banchan" title="Banchan">Banchan</a></td></tr><tr class="note"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.15em; padding-right:0.65em;">Place of origin</th><td class="infobox-data country-name"><a href="/wiki/Korea" title="Korea">Korea</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.15em; padding-right:0.65em;">Associated <a href="/wiki/List_of_cuisines" title="List of cuisines">cuisine</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Korean_cuisine" title="Korean cuisine">Korean cuisine</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.15em; padding-right:0.65em;">Serving temperature</th><td class="infobox-data">Cold or at room temperature</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.15em; padding-right:0.65em;">Main ingredients</th><td class="infobox-data ingredient">Various vegetables including <a href="/wiki/Napa_cabbage" title="Napa cabbage">napa cabbage</a> and <a href="/wiki/Korean_radish" title="Korean radish">Korean radish</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.15em; padding-right:0.65em;">Ingredients generally used</th><td class="infobox-data ingredient">Chili</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.15em; padding-right:0.65em;">Variations</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Baechu-kimchi" title="Baechu-kimchi">Baechu-kimchi</a>, <a href="/wiki/Baek-kimchi" title="Baek-kimchi">baek-kimchi</a>, <a href="/wiki/Dongchimi" title="Dongchimi">dongchimi</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kkakdugi" title="Kkakdugi">kkakdugi</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nabak-kimchi" title="Nabak-kimchi">nabak-kimchi</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pa-kimchi" title="Pa-kimchi">pa-kimchi</a>, <a href="/wiki/Yeolmu-kimchi" title="Yeolmu-kimchi">yeolmu-kimchi</a>, <a href="/wiki/Morkovcha" title="Morkovcha">morkovcha</a></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-below" style="border-top:1px solid #aaa;padding-top:0.25em;"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/File:Wikibooks-logo-en-noslogan.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Wikibooks-logo-en-noslogan.svg/20px-Wikibooks-logo-en-noslogan.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Wikibooks-logo-en-noslogan.svg/40px-Wikibooks-logo-en-noslogan.svg.png 1.5x" data-file-width="400" data-file-height="400" /></a> <a href="https://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Cookbook:Cabbage_Kimchi" class="extiw" title="b:Cookbook:Cabbage Kimchi">Cookbook: Kimchi</a></li><li> <a href="/wiki/File:Commons-logo.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/20px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/40px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></a> <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/%EA%B9%80%EC%B9%98" class="extiw" title="commons:김치">Media: Kimchi</a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <table class="infobox" style="width: 22em"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546" /><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-subheader" style="font-size: 125%; color: #202122;background-color: #b0c4de;">Korean name</td></tr><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546" /><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight: normal;"><a href="/wiki/Hangul" title="Hangul">Hangul</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><div style="display: inline; font-size: 1rem;">김치</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight: normal;"><a href="/wiki/Revised_Romanization_of_Korean" title="Revised Romanization of Korean">Revised Romanization</a></th><td class="infobox-data">gimchi</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight: normal;"><a href="/wiki/McCune%E2%80%93Reischauer" title="McCune–Reischauer">McCune–Reischauer</a></th><td class="infobox-data">kimch'i</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight: normal;"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Korean" title="Help:IPA/Korean">IPA</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Korean" title="Help:IPA/Korean">[kim.tɕʰi]</a></td></tr><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546" /></tbody></table> Kimchi (<a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/ˈkɪmtʃiː/</a>; <a href="/wiki/Korean_language" title="Korean language">Korean</a>: 김치; <a href="/wiki/Revised_Romanization_of_Korean" title="Revised Romanization of Korean">RR</a>: gimchi, <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1177148991">.mw-parser-output .IPA-label-small{font-size:85%}.mw-parser-output .references .IPA-label-small,.mw-parser-output .infobox .IPA-label-small,.mw-parser-output .navbox .IPA-label-small{font-size:100%}</style>IPA: <a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Korean" title="Help:IPA/Korean">[kim.tɕʰi]</a>) is a traditional Korean side dish (<a href="/wiki/Banchan" title="Banchan">banchan</a>) consisting of salted and <a href="/wiki/Fermentation_in_food_processing" title="Fermentation in food processing">fermented</a> vegetables, most often <a href="/wiki/Napa_cabbage" title="Napa cabbage">napa cabbage</a> or <a href="/wiki/Korean_radish" title="Korean radish">Korean radish</a>. A wide selection of seasonings are used, including <a href="/wiki/Gochugaru" class="mw-redirect" title="Gochugaru">gochugaru</a> (Korean chili powder), <a href="/wiki/Spring_onion" class="mw-redirect" title="Spring onion">spring onions</a>, <a href="/wiki/Garlic" title="Garlic">garlic</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ginger" title="Ginger">ginger</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Jeotgal" title="Jeotgal">jeotgal</a> (salted seafood).<a href="#cite_note-Britannica-1">[1]</a><a href="#cite_note-Chin-2">[2]</a> Kimchi is also used in a variety of soups and stews. Kimchi is a <a href="/wiki/Staple_food" title="Staple food">staple food</a> in <a href="/wiki/Korean_cuisine" title="Korean cuisine">Korean cuisine</a> and is eaten as a side dish with almost every Korean meal.<a href="#cite_note-:5-3">[3]</a> There are hundreds of different types of kimchi made with different vegetables as the main ingredients.<a href="#cite_note-Chin-2">[2]</a> Traditionally, winter kimchi, called <a href="/wiki/Gimjang" title="Gimjang">gimjang</a>, was stored in large earthenware fermentation vessels, called <a href="/wiki/Onggi" title="Onggi">onggi</a>, in the ground to prevent freezing during the winter months and to keep it cool enough to slow down the fermentation process during summer months.<a href="#cite_note-:6-4">[4]</a> The process of making kimchi was called kimjang and was a way for the whole village to participate. The vessels are also kept outdoors in special terraces called <a href="/wiki/Jangdokdae" title="Jangdokdae">jangdokdae</a>. In contemporary times, household <a href="/wiki/Kimchi_refrigerator" title="Kimchi refrigerator">kimchi refrigerators</a> are more commonly used.<a href="#cite_note-Chin-2">[2]</a> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Etymology">Etymology</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Kimchi&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Etymology">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Ji">Ji</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Kimchi&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Ji">edit</a>]</div> The term ji (지), which has its origins in archaic Korean dihi (디히), has been used to refer to kimchi since ancient times.<a href="#cite_note-Lee-5">[5]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Sound_change" title="Sound change">sound change</a> can be roughly described as:<a href="#cite_note-Hong_G-6">[6]</a> <ul><li>dihi (디히) > di (디) > ji (지)</li></ul> The <a href="/wiki/Middle_Korean" title="Middle Korean">Middle Korean</a> form dihi is found in several books from the <a href="/wiki/Joseon" title="Joseon">Joseon</a> period (1392–1897).<a href="#cite_note-Uichim-7">[7]</a><a href="#cite_note-Sin-8">[8]</a> In <a href="/wiki/Korean_language" title="Korean language">Modern Korean</a>, the word remains as the suffix -ji in the <a href="/wiki/South_Korean_standard_language" title="South Korean standard language">standard language</a> (as in <a href="/wiki/Jjanji" class="mw-redirect" title="Jjanji">jjanji</a>, seokbak-ji),<a href="#cite_note-SKLD_jjan-9">[9]</a><a href="#cite_note-SKLD_seokbak-10">[10]</a> and as the suffix -ji as well as the noun ji in <a href="/wiki/Gyeongsang_dialect" title="Gyeongsang dialect">Gyeongsang</a> and <a href="/wiki/Jeolla_dialect" title="Jeolla dialect">Jeolla dialects</a>.<a href="#cite_note-SKLD_ji-11">[11]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Palatalization_(phonetics)" title="Palatalization (phonetics)">unpalatalized</a> form di is preserved in <a href="/wiki/Pyongan_dialect" title="Pyongan dialect">P'yŏngan dialect</a>.<a href="#cite_note-SKLD_di-12">[12]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Kimchi">Kimchi</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Kimchi&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Kimchi">edit</a>]</div> Kimchi (김치) is the accepted word in both <a href="/wiki/North_Korean_standard_language" title="North Korean standard language">North</a> and <a href="/wiki/South_Korean_standard_language" title="South Korean standard language">South Korean</a> standard languages. Earlier forms of the word include thimchoy (<style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r869995390">.mw-parser-output .script-korean{font-family:"함초롬돋움 LVT","HCR Dotum LVT","함초롬바탕 LVT","HCR Batang LVT","본고딕","Source Han Sans K","본고딕 KR","Source Han Sans KR","思源黑體","Source Han Sans TC","思源黑體香港","Source Han Sans HC","思源黑体","Source Han Sans SC","源ノ角ゴシック","Source Han Sans","본명조","Source Han Serif K","본명조 KR","Source Han Serif KR","思源宋體","Source Han Serif TC","思源宋體香港","Source Han Serif HC","思源宋体","Source Han Serif SC","源ノ明朝","Source Han Serif","Noto Sans CJK KR","Noto Sans KR","Noto Sans CJK TC","Noto Sans CJK HC","Noto Sans CJK SC","Noto Sans CJK JP","Noto Serif CJK KR","Noto Serif KR","Noto Serif CJK TC","Noto Serif CJK SC","Noto Serif CJK JP","나눔바른고딕 옛한글","NanumBarunGothic YetHangul","나눔명조 옛한글","NanumMyeongjo YetHangul","은 바탕","Un Batang","돋움 옛한글","Dotum Old Hangul","바탕 옛한글","Batang Old Hangul","굴림 옛한글","NewGulim Old Hangul","궁서 옛한글","Gungsuh Old Hangul","맑은 고딕","Malgun Gothic","함초롬돋움","HCR Dotum","함초롬바탕","HCR Batang"}</style>팀ᄎᆡ), a <a href="/wiki/Middle_Korean" title="Middle Korean">Middle Korean</a> transcription of the <a href="/wiki/Sino-Korean_vocabulary" title="Sino-Korean vocabulary">Sino-Korean</a> word <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E6%B2%88" class="extiw" title="wikt:沈">沈</a><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E8%8F%9C" class="extiw" title="wikt:菜">菜</a> (literally "submerged vegetable"). Thimchoy appears in Sohak Eonhae,<a href="#cite_note-Jeong_G-13">[13]</a> the 16th-century Korean rendition of the Chinese book, Xiaoxue.<a href="#cite_note-Zhu-14">[14]</a> Sound changes from Middle Korean to Modern Korean regarding the word can be described as:<a href="#cite_note-SKLD-15">[15]</a> <ul><li>thimchoy (<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r869995390" />팀ᄎᆡ; 沈菜) > timchoy (<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r869995390" />딤ᄎᆡ) > cimchoy (<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r869995390" />짐ᄎᆡ) > cimchuy (짐츼) > kimchi (김치)</li></ul> The <a href="/wiki/Aspirated_consonant" title="Aspirated consonant">aspirated</a> first consonant of thimchoy became unaspirated in timchoy, then underwent <a href="/wiki/Palatalization_(sound_change)" title="Palatalization (sound change)">palatalization</a> in cimchoy. The word then became cimchuy with the loss of the vowel o (<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r869995390" />ㆍ) in Korean language, then kimchi, with the depalatalized word-initial consonant. In Modern Korean, the <a href="/wiki/Hanja" title="Hanja">hanja</a> characters 沈菜 are pronounced chimchae (침채), and are not used to refer to kimchi, or anything else. The word kimchi is not considered as a <a href="/wiki/Sino-Korean_vocabulary" title="Sino-Korean vocabulary">Sino-Korean word</a>.<a href="#cite_note-SKLD-15">[15]</a> Older forms of the word are retained in many regional dialects: jimchae (Jeolla, <a href="/wiki/Hamgy%C5%8Fng_dialect" title="Hamgyŏng dialect">Hamgyŏng dialects</a>),<a href="#cite_note-SKLD_jimchae-16">[16]</a> jimchi (<a href="/wiki/Chungcheong_dialect" title="Chungcheong dialect">Chungcheong</a>, <a href="/wiki/Gangwon_dialect" title="Gangwon dialect">Gangwon</a>, <a href="/wiki/Gyeonggi_dialect" title="Gyeonggi dialect">Gyeonggi</a>, Gyeongsang, Hamgyŏng, Jeolla dialects),<a href="#cite_note-SKLD_jimchi-17">[17]</a> and dimchi (P'yŏngan dialect).<a href="#cite_note-SKLD_dimchi-18">[18]</a> The English word "kimchi" perhaps originated from kimch'i, the <a href="/wiki/McCune%E2%80%93Reischauer" title="McCune–Reischauer">McCune–Reischauer</a> transcription of the Korean word kimchi (김치). <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Kimchi&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: History">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Early_history">Early history</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Kimchi&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Early history">edit</a>]</div> <a href="/wiki/Samguk_Sagi" class="mw-redirect" title="Samguk Sagi">Samguk Sagi</a>, a historical record of the <a href="/wiki/Three_Kingdoms_of_Korea" title="Three Kingdoms of Korea">Three Kingdoms of Korea</a>, mentions the <a href="/wiki/Onggi" title="Onggi">pickle jar</a> used to ferment vegetables, which indicates that fermented vegetables were commonly eaten during this time.<a href="#cite_note-Hui-19">[19]</a><a href="#cite_note-Gim-20">[20]</a> Attributed to the earliest kimchi, the <a href="/wiki/Goguryeo" title="Goguryeo">Goguryeo</a> people were skilled at fermenting and widely consumed fermented food.<a href="#cite_note-21">[21]</a> During the <a href="/wiki/Silla_dynasty" class="mw-redirect" title="Silla dynasty">Silla dynasty</a> (57 BCE – CE 935), kimchi became prevalent as <a href="/wiki/Buddhism" title="Buddhism">Buddhism</a> caught on throughout the nation and fostered a vegetarian lifestyle.<a href="#cite_note-btpickle-201309-22">[22]</a> The pickling of vegetables was an ideal method, prior to refrigerators, that helped to preserve the lifespan of foods. In Korea, kimchi was made during the winter by fermenting vegetables, and burying them in the ground in traditional brown ceramic pots called <a href="/wiki/Onggi" title="Onggi">onggi</a>. This labor further allowed a bonding among women within the family.<a href="#cite_note-btpickle-201309-22">[22]</a> A poem on <a href="/wiki/Korean_radish" title="Korean radish">Korean radish</a> written by Yi Gyubo, a 13th-century literatus, shows that radish kimchi was common in <a href="/wiki/Goryeo" title="Goryeo">Goryeo</a> (918–1392).<a href="#cite_note-Pettid-23">[23]</a><a href="#cite_note-Yi_G-24">[24]</a><a href="#cite_note-Breidt-25">[25]</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style><blockquote class="templatequote">Pickled radish slices make a good summer side dish, Radish preserved in salt is a winter side dish from start to end. The roots in the earth grow plumper every day, Harvesting after the frost, a slice cut by a knife tastes like a pear.<div class="templatequotecite">— <cite>Yi Gyubo, <a href="/wiki/Donggukisanggukjip" class="mw-redirect" title="Donggukisanggukjip">Donggukisanggukjip</a> (translated by Michael J. Pettid, in Korean cuisine: An Illustrated History)</cite></div></blockquote> Kimchi has been a staple in Korean culture, but historical versions were not a spicy dish.<a href="#cite_note-26">[26]</a> Early records of kimchi do not mention garlic or <a href="/wiki/Chili_pepper" title="Chili pepper">chili pepper</a>.<a href="#cite_note-KCIS-27">[27]</a> Chili peppers, now a standard ingredient in kimchi, had been unknown in Korea until the early seventeenth century due to it being a <a href="/wiki/New_World" title="New World">New World</a> crop.<a href="#cite_note-28">[28]</a> Chili peppers, originally native to the Americas, were introduced to East Asia by Portuguese traders.<a href="#cite_note-KCIS-27">[27]</a><a href="#cite_note-Park-29">[29]</a><a href="#cite_note-Marianski-30">[30]</a> The first mention of chili pepper is found in <a href="/wiki/Jibong_yuseol" class="mw-redirect" title="Jibong yuseol">Jibong yuseol</a>, an encyclopedia published in 1614.<a href="#cite_note-Hui-19">[19]</a><a href="#cite_note-Yi_S-31">[31]</a> <a href="/wiki/Sallim_gyeongje" class="mw-redirect" title="Sallim gyeongje">Sallim gyeongje</a>, a 17‒18th century book on farm management, wrote on kimchi with chili peppers.<a href="#cite_note-Hui-19">[19]</a><a href="#cite_note-Hong_M-32">[32]</a> However, it was not until the 19th century that the use of chili peppers in kimchi became widespread.<a href="#cite_note-Cho-33">[33]</a> Recipes from the early 19th century closely resemble today's kimchi.<a href="#cite_note-Jeong_H-34">[34]</a><a href="#cite_note-Hong_S-35">[35]</a> A 1766 book, <a href="/wiki/Jeungbo_sallim_gyeongje" title="Jeungbo sallim gyeongje">Jeungbo sallim gyeongje</a>, reports kimchi varieties made with myriad ingredients, including chonggak-kimchi (kimchi made with <a href="/wiki/Chonggak_radish" title="Chonggak radish">chonggak radish</a>), oi-sobagi (with cucumber), seokbak-ji (with <a href="/wiki/Jogi-jeot" title="Jogi-jeot">jogi-jeot</a>), and <a href="/wiki/Dongchimi" title="Dongchimi">dongchimi</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Hui-19">[19]</a><a href="#cite_note-Yu-36">[36]</a> However, <a href="/wiki/Napa_cabbage" title="Napa cabbage">napa cabbage</a> was introduced to Korea only at the end of 19th century,<a href="#cite_note-Cho-33">[33]</a> and whole-cabbage kimchi similar to its current form is described in <a href="/wiki/Siuijeonseo" class="mw-redirect" title="Siuijeonseo">Siuijeonseo</a>, a cookbook published around that time.<a href="#cite_note-Sim-37">[37]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Modern_history">Modern history</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Kimchi&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Modern history">edit</a>]</div> During South Korea's involvement in the <a href="/wiki/Vietnam_War" title="Vietnam War">Vietnam War</a>, the industrialization and commercialization of kimchi production became increasingly important because the Korean government wanted to provide <a href="/wiki/Field_ration" title="Field ration">rations</a> for its <a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Korea_Army" title="Republic of Korea Army">troops</a>. The Korean government requested American help to ensure that South Korean troops, reportedly "desperate" for the food, could obtain it in the field.<a href="#cite_note-Choe-38">[38]</a><a href="#cite_note-:8-39">[39]</a> In 2008, South Korean scientists created a special low-calorie, vitamin-rich "space kimchi" for <a href="/wiki/Yi_So-yeon" title="Yi So-yeon">Yi So-yeon</a>, the first Korean astronaut, to take to space. It was bacteria-free, unlike normal kimchi in which bacteria are essential for fermentation. It was feared that cosmic rays might mutate the bacteria.<a href="#cite_note-History_of_Kimchi,_the_Korean_soul_food._Kimchi_fun_facts_we_BAECHU_didn't_know.-40">[40]</a> South Korea developed programs for adult <a href="/wiki/International_adoption_of_South_Korean_children" title="International adoption of South Korean children">Korean adoptees</a> to return to South Korea and learn about what it means to be Korean. One of these programs was learning how to make kimchi.<a href="#cite_note-41">[41]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="1996_kimchi_standard_dispute_with_Japan">1996 kimchi standard dispute with Japan</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Kimchi&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: 1996 kimchi standard dispute with Japan">edit</a>]</div> In 1996, Korea protested against Japanese commercial production of kimchi arguing that the Japanese-produced product (<a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/kimuchi" class="extiw" title="wikt:kimuchi">kimuchi</a>, <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E3%82%AD%E3%83%A0%E3%83%81" class="extiw" title="wikt:キムチ">キムチ</a>) was different from kimchi. In particular, Japanese kimchi was not fermented and was more similar to <a href="/wiki/Asazuke" title="Asazuke">asazuke</a>. Korea lobbied for an international standard from the <a href="/wiki/Codex_Alimentarius" title="Codex Alimentarius">Codex Alimentarius</a>, an organization associated with the World Health Organization that defines voluntary standards for food preparation for international trade purposes.<a href="#cite_note-LAT-42">[42]</a><a href="#cite_note-NYT-43">[43]</a> In 2001, the Codex Alimentarius published a voluntary standard defining kimchi as "a fermented food that uses salted napa cabbages as its main ingredient mixed with seasonings, and goes through a lactic acid production process at a low temperature", but which neither specified a minimum amount of fermentation nor forbade the use of any additives.<a href="#cite_note-44">[44]</a> Following the inclusion of the kimchi standard, kimchi exports in Korea did increase, but so did the production of kimchi in China and the import of Chinese kimchi into Korea.<a href="#cite_note-:8-39">[39]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="2010_Kimchi_ingredient_price_crisis">2010 Kimchi ingredient price crisis</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Kimchi&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: 2010 Kimchi ingredient price crisis">edit</a>]</div> Due to heavy rainfall shortening the harvesting time for cabbage and other main ingredients for kimchi in 2010, the price of kimchi ingredients and kimchi itself rose greatly. Korean and international newspapers described the rise in prices as a national crisis.<a href="#cite_note-EconomistOct72010-45">[45]</a> Some restaurants stopped offering kimchi as a free side dish, which The New York Times compared to an American hamburger restaurant no longer offering free <a href="/wiki/Ketchup" title="Ketchup">ketchup</a>.<a href="#cite_note-nyt2010-46">[46]</a> In response to the kimchi price crisis, the South Korean government announced the temporary reduction of tariffs on imported cabbage to coincide with the <a href="/wiki/Gimjang" title="Gimjang">kimjang</a> season.<a href="#cite_note-EconomistOct72010-45">[45]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Intangible_Cultural_Heritage_of_Humanity">Intangible Cultural Heritage of Humanity</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Kimchi&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Intangible Cultural Heritage of Humanity">edit</a>]</div> Kimchi-related items have been inscribed on <a href="/wiki/UNESCO" title="UNESCO">UNESCO</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Representative_List_of_the_Intangible_Cultural_Heritage_of_Humanity" class="mw-redirect" title="Representative List of the Intangible Cultural Heritage of Humanity">Representative List of the Intangible Cultural Heritage of Humanity</a> by both South and North Korea. This makes kimchi the second intangible heritage that was submitted by two countries, the other one being the folk song "<a href="/wiki/Arirang" title="Arirang">Arirang</a>" which was also submitted by both the Koreas.<a href="#cite_note-worl_UNES-47">[47]</a> "The culture of kimjang" was the subject of the Intangible Cultural Heritage: kimchi is not registered by itself. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading5"><h5 id="Submitted_by_South_Korea_(inscribed_2013)">Submitted by South Korea (inscribed 2013)</h5>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Kimchi&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Submitted by South Korea (inscribed 2013)">edit</a>]</div> <a href="/wiki/Gimjang" title="Gimjang">Kimjang</a>, the tradition of making and sharing kimchi that usually takes place in late autumn, was added to the list as "Gimjang, making and sharing kimchi in the Republic of Korea". The practice of Gimjang reaffirms Korean identity and strengthens family cooperation. Gimjang is also an important reminder for many Koreans that human communities need to live in harmony with nature.<a href="#cite_note-48">[48]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading5"><h5 id="Submitted_by_North_Korea_(inscribed_2015)">Submitted by North Korea (inscribed 2015)</h5>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Kimchi&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Submitted by North Korea (inscribed 2015)">edit</a>]</div> North Korean kimchi-making was inscribed on the list in December 2015<a href="#cite_note-worl_UNES-47">[47]</a> as "Tradition of kimchi-making in the Democratic People's Republic of Korea".<a href="#cite_note-unes_Trad-49">[49]</a> North Korean kimchi tends to be less spicy and less red than South Korean kimchi.<a href="#cite_note-yout_Nort-50">[50]</a> Seafood is used less often and less salt is added. Additional sugar is used to help with fermentation in the cold climate.<a href="#cite_note-51">[51]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Kimchi_Day">Kimchi Day</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Kimchi&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Kimchi Day">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Kimchi_Day_Proclamation_Maryland_(2022-11-21).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/Kimchi_Day_Proclamation_Maryland_%282022-11-21%29.jpg/250px-Kimchi_Day_Proclamation_Maryland_%282022-11-21%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="283" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/Kimchi_Day_Proclamation_Maryland_%282022-11-21%29.jpg/330px-Kimchi_Day_Proclamation_Maryland_%282022-11-21%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/Kimchi_Day_Proclamation_Maryland_%282022-11-21%29.jpg/500px-Kimchi_Day_Proclamation_Maryland_%282022-11-21%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1104" data-file-height="1422" /></a><figcaption>Proclamation signed by <a href="/wiki/Governor_of_Maryland" title="Governor of Maryland">Governor of Maryland</a> <a href="/wiki/Larry_Hogan" title="Larry Hogan">Larry Hogan</a> declaring 22 November as 'Kimchi Day' (2022)</figcaption></figure> In the <a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a>, the states <a href="/wiki/California" title="California">California</a>, <a href="/wiki/Virginia" title="Virginia">Virginia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Maryland" title="Maryland">Maryland</a> and <a href="/wiki/New_York_(state)" title="New York (state)">New York</a>, and the capital city <a href="/wiki/Washington_D.C." class="mw-redirect" title="Washington D.C.">Washington D.C.</a> have issued proclamations declaring 22 November as 'Kimchi Day' to recognize the importance of the dish as part of Korean culture.<a href="#cite_note-52">[52]</a><a href="#cite_note-53">[53]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="2012_effective_ban_by_China_of_Korean_kimchi_imports">2012 effective ban by China of Korean kimchi imports</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Kimchi&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: 2012 effective ban by China of Korean kimchi imports">edit</a>]</div> Since 2012, the Chinese government has effectively banned the import of Korean kimchi through government regulations. Ignoring the standards of kimchi outlined by the Codex Alimentarius, China defined kimchi as a derivative of one of its own cuisines, called <a href="/wiki/Pao_cai" title="Pao cai">pao cai</a>.<a href="#cite_note-seoul.co.kr-54">[54]</a> However, due to significantly different preparation techniques from pao cai, kimchi has significantly more lactic acid bacteria through its fermentation process, which exceeds China's regulations.<a href="#cite_note-55">[55]</a> Since 2012, commercial exports of Korean kimchi to China has reached zero; the only minor amounts of exports accounting for Korean kimchi are exhibition events held in China.<a href="#cite_note-seoul.co.kr-54">[54]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="2017_boycott_in_China">2017 boycott in China</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Kimchi&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: 2017 boycott in China">edit</a>]</div> A 2017 article in <a href="/wiki/The_New_York_Times" title="The New York Times">The New York Times</a> said that <a href="/wiki/Anti-Korean_sentiment_in_China" title="Anti-Korean sentiment in China">anti-Korean sentiment in China</a> had risen after South Korea's acceptance of the deployment of <a href="/wiki/Terminal_High_Altitude_Area_Defense#South_Korea" title="Terminal High Altitude Area Defense">THAAD</a> in South Korea. Government-run Chinese news media encouraged the boycott of South Korean goods, and some Chinese nationalists vowed not to eat kimchi.<a href="#cite_note-56">[56]</a> The move was criticized by other Chinese nationalists, who noted that China officially considered Koreans an integral ethnic group in the multinational state, and that kimchi is also indigenous to the <a href="/wiki/Yanbian_Korean_Autonomous_Prefecture" title="Yanbian Korean Autonomous Prefecture">Yanbian Korean Autonomous Prefecture</a>.<a href="#cite_note-kimchi-yanbian-57">[57]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="2020_kimchi_ISO_standard_dispute_with_China">2020 kimchi ISO standard dispute with China</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Kimchi&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: 2020 kimchi ISO standard dispute with China">edit</a>]</div> In November 2020, the <a href="/wiki/International_Organization_for_Standardization" title="International Organization for Standardization">International Organization for Standardization</a> (ISO) posted ISO 24220:2020, new regulations for the making of <a href="/wiki/Pao_cai" title="Pao cai">pao cai</a>.<a href="#cite_note-58">[58]</a> The same month, <a href="/wiki/BBC_News" title="BBC News">BBC News</a> reported that Chinese news organization <a href="/wiki/Global_Times" title="Global Times">Global Times</a> claimed the new ISO standard was "an international standard for the kimchi industry led by China" despite the standard clearly stating "this document does not apply to kimchi".<a href="#cite_note-BBC2020-11-30-59">[59]</a> This sparked strong anger from South Korean media and people,<a href="#cite_note-60">[60]</a> as well as the responses from some Chinese people who argued China held the right to claim kimchi as their own.<a href="#cite_note-61">[61]</a> However clarifications from both countries, later revealed that the controversy was triggered over a misunderstanding of a translation of the Chinese word pao cai.<a href="#cite_note-62">[62]</a> After the controversy emerged, Global Times explained it was simply a "misunderstanding in translation", where they had meant to refer to Chinese pao cai, and their Chinese language article had used the term pao cai, but their English language version had "erroneously" translated it as "kimchi", and that the dispute arose from being innocently "lost in translation".<a href="#cite_note-:7-63">[63]</a><a href="#cite_note-64">[64]</a> They acknowledged that kimchi and pao cai are two different foods, where "Kimchi refers to a kind of fermented cabbage dish that plays an integral role in Korean cuisine, while pàocài, or Sichuan pàocài, refers to pickled vegetables that are popular originally in Southwest China's Sichuan Province, but now in most parts of northern China."<a href="#cite_note-:7-63">[63]</a> Global Times also reported that <a href="/wiki/Baidu_Baike" title="Baidu Baike">Baidu Baike</a>, a Chinese online encyclopedia, removed the controversial phrase "Korean kimchi originated from China" after the request.<a href="#cite_note-:7-63">[63]</a> According to Sojin Lim, co-director of the Institute of Korean Studies of the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Central_Lancashire" title="University of Central Lancashire">University of Central Lancashire</a>, Korean kimchi is often called pao cai in China, but China has its own <a href="/wiki/Sichuan_cuisine" title="Sichuan cuisine">Sichuanese</a> fermented vegetable dish that it also calls pao cai.<a href="#cite_note-65">[65]</a> In 2021, the South Korean <a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Culture,_Sports_and_Tourism" class="mw-redirect" title="Ministry of Culture, Sports and Tourism">Ministry of Culture, Sports and Tourism</a> subsequently presented the guidelines to set the term xīnqí (辛奇) as the new proper Chinese translation of kimchi, while pàocài was no longer the acceptable translation.<a href="#cite_note-66">[66]</a> However, <a href="/wiki/CNN" title="CNN">CNN</a> reported that the new Chinese translation of kimchi was unpopular with both Chinese and Korean netizens, and that some Chinese people complained that they do recognize the difference between dishes, but don't like to be told how to translate Kimchi in Chinese. There were also complaints among Koreans that Korea is appropriating their own traditional culture for the Chinese, by trying to promote a Chinese term for Kimchi which doesn't have an authentic Korean sound.<a href="#cite_note-67">[67]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Ingredients">Ingredients</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Kimchi&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Ingredients">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Making_kimchi.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/Making_kimchi.jpg/220px-Making_kimchi.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="179" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/Making_kimchi.jpg/330px-Making_kimchi.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/Making_kimchi.jpg/440px-Making_kimchi.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1189" data-file-height="969" /></a><figcaption>Basic ingredients for kimchi: napa cabbage, radish, carrot, salt, garlic, fish sauce, chili powder and scallions. A sticky, glutinous paste of rice flour is also needed to make the seasoning of the kimchi.</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Korean_cuisine-Salted_baechu-01.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Korean_cuisine-Salted_baechu-01.jpg/250px-Korean_cuisine-Salted_baechu-01.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Korean_cuisine-Salted_baechu-01.jpg/330px-Korean_cuisine-Salted_baechu-01.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Korean_cuisine-Salted_baechu-01.jpg/500px-Korean_cuisine-Salted_baechu-01.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1280" data-file-height="960" /></a><figcaption>Salted napa cabbage before making kimchi. Cabbage is usually marinated twice to help maintain the salt in the dish.</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Korean.Folk.Village-Minsokchon-02.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7c/Korean.Folk.Village-Minsokchon-02.jpg/220px-Korean.Folk.Village-Minsokchon-02.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7c/Korean.Folk.Village-Minsokchon-02.jpg/330px-Korean.Folk.Village-Minsokchon-02.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7c/Korean.Folk.Village-Minsokchon-02.jpg/440px-Korean.Folk.Village-Minsokchon-02.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="600" /></a><figcaption>Drying chili peppers for kimchi. These peppers are then made into gochugaru, or chili pepper powder. This powder is added to the rice flour paste to make a seasoning paste for spicy kimchi.</figcaption></figure> Kimchi varieties are determined by the main vegetable ingredients and the mix of seasoning used to flavor the kimchi. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Vegetables">Vegetables</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Kimchi&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Vegetables">edit</a>]</div> Cabbages (<a href="/wiki/Napa_cabbage" title="Napa cabbage">napa cabbages</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bomdong" title="Bomdong">bomdong</a>, <a href="/wiki/Headed_cabbage" class="mw-redirect" title="Headed cabbage">headed cabbages</a>) and radishes (<a href="/wiki/Korean_radish" title="Korean radish">Korean radishes</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ponytail_radish" class="mw-redirect" title="Ponytail radish">ponytail radishes</a>, <a href="/wiki/Gegeol_radish" title="Gegeol radish">gegeol radishes</a>, <a href="/wiki/Yeolmu_radish" class="mw-redirect" title="Yeolmu radish">yeolmu radishes</a>) are the most commonly used kimchi vegetables.<a href="#cite_note-Britannica-1">[1]</a><a href="#cite_note-Chin-2">[2]</a> Other kimchi vegetables include: <a href="/wiki/Chamchwi" class="mw-redirect" title="Chamchwi">aster</a>, <a href="/wiki/Doraji" class="mw-redirect" title="Doraji">balloon flower roots</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ueong" class="mw-redirect" title="Ueong">burdock</a> roots, <a href="/wiki/Celery" title="Celery">celery</a>, <a href="/wiki/Chamnamul" class="mw-redirect" title="Chamnamul">chamnamul</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cilantro" class="mw-redirect" title="Cilantro">cilantro</a>, <a href="/wiki/Garden_cress" title="Garden cress">cress</a>, <a href="/wiki/Crown_daisy_greens" class="mw-redirect" title="Crown daisy greens">crown daisy greens</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cucumber" title="Cucumber">cucumber</a>, <a href="/wiki/Eggplant" title="Eggplant">eggplant</a>, <a href="/wiki/Garlic_chives" class="mw-redirect" title="Garlic chives">garlic chives</a>, <a href="/wiki/Garlic" title="Garlic">garlic</a> scapes, <a href="/wiki/Ginger" title="Ginger">ginger</a>, <a href="/wiki/Korean_angelica-tree" class="mw-redirect" title="Korean angelica-tree">Korean angelica-tree</a> shoots, <a href="/wiki/Korean_parsley" class="mw-redirect" title="Korean parsley">Korean parsley</a>, <a href="/wiki/Korean_wild_chive" class="mw-redirect" title="Korean wild chive">Korean wild chive</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lotus_root" class="mw-redirect" title="Lotus root">lotus roots</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mustard_greens" class="mw-redirect" title="Mustard greens">mustard greens</a>, onions, <a href="/wiki/Kkaennip" class="mw-redirect" title="Kkaennip">perilla leaves</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bamboo_shoot" title="Bamboo shoot">bamboo shoot</a>, <a href="/wiki/Momordica_charantia" title="Momordica charantia">momordica charantia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cucurbita_moschata" title="Cucurbita moschata">pumpkins</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mucheong" class="mw-redirect" title="Mucheong">radish greens</a>, <a href="/wiki/Rapeseed" title="Rapeseed">rapeseed</a> leaves, <a href="/wiki/Allium_%C3%97_proliferum" class="mw-redirect" title="Allium × proliferum">scallions</a>, <a href="/wiki/Edible_seaweed" title="Edible seaweed">seaweed</a>, <a href="/wiki/Soybean_sprout" title="Soybean sprout">soybean sprouts</a>, <a href="/wiki/Spinach" title="Spinach">spinach</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sugar_beet" title="Sugar beet">sugar beets</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sweet_potato" title="Sweet potato">sweet potato</a> vines, and <a href="/wiki/Tomato" title="Tomato">tomatoes</a>.<a href="#cite_note-KAC-68">[68]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Seasonings">Seasonings</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Kimchi&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Seasonings">edit</a>]</div> <a href="/wiki/Brining_salt" class="mw-redirect" title="Brining salt">Brining salt</a> (with a larger grain size compared to <a href="/wiki/Kitchen_salt" class="mw-redirect" title="Kitchen salt">kitchen salt</a>) is used mainly for initial salting of kimchi vegetables. Being minimally processed, it serves to help develop flavors in fermented foods.<a href="#cite_note-69">[69]</a> Cabbage is usually salted twice when making spicy kimchi. Commonly used seasonings include <a href="/wiki/Gochugaru" class="mw-redirect" title="Gochugaru">gochugaru</a> (chili powder), <a href="/wiki/Scallion" title="Scallion">scallions</a>, <a href="/wiki/Garlic" title="Garlic">garlic</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ginger" title="Ginger">ginger</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Jeotgal" title="Jeotgal">jeotgal</a> (salted seafood)<a href="#cite_note-Britannica-1">[1]</a><a href="#cite_note-Chin-2">[2]</a> Jeotgal can be replaced with raw seafood in colder Northern parts of the <a href="/wiki/Korean_peninsula" class="mw-redirect" title="Korean peninsula">Korean peninsula</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Doo-70">[70]</a> If used, milder <a href="/wiki/Saeu-jeot" title="Saeu-jeot">saeu-jeot</a> (salted shrimp) or <a href="/wiki/Jogi-jeot" title="Jogi-jeot">jogi-jeot</a> (salted croaker) is preferred and the amount of jeotgal is also reduced in Northern and Central regions.<a href="#cite_note-Doo-70">[70]</a> In Southern Korea, on the other hand, a generous amount of stronger <a href="/wiki/Myeolchi-jeot" title="Myeolchi-jeot">myeolchi-jeot</a> (salted anchovies) and <a href="/wiki/Galchi-jeot" class="mw-redirect" title="Galchi-jeot">galchi-jeot</a> (salted <a href="/wiki/Trichiurus_lepturus" class="mw-redirect" title="Trichiurus lepturus">hairtail</a>) is commonly used.<a href="#cite_note-Doo-70">[70]</a> Raw seafood or <a href="/wiki/Daegu-agami-jeot" class="mw-redirect" title="Daegu-agami-jeot">daegu-agami-jeot</a> (salted cod gills) are used in the East coast areas.<a href="#cite_note-Doo-70">[70]</a> Salt, scallions, garlic, fish sauce, and sugar are commonly added to flavor the kimchi.<a href="#cite_note-71">[71]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Production">Production</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Kimchi&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Production">edit</a>]</div> To make kimchi, start by slicing cabbage or daikon into small, uniform pieces to increase surface area. The pieces are then coated with salt to draw out water, which helps preserve them by preventing the growth of harmful microorganisms. This salting process can use 5–7% salt for 12 hours or 15% salt for 3–7 hours. After salting, drain the excess water and mix in the seasoning ingredients. Adding sugar can also help by binding any remaining water. Finally, pack the brined vegetables into an airtight jar and let them ferment at room temperature for 24 to 48 hours. The ideal salt concentration during fermentation is about 3%. Since the fermentation process results in the production of carbon dioxide, the jar should be "burped" daily to release the gas.<a href="#cite_note-:3-72">[72]</a> The more fermentation that occurs, the more carbon dioxide will be incorporated, which results in a very carbonated-drink-like effect. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Microorganisms_in_kimchi">Microorganisms in kimchi</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Kimchi&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Microorganisms in kimchi">edit</a>]</div> The <a href="/wiki/Microorganism" title="Microorganism">microorganisms</a> present in kimchi include <a href="/wiki/Bacillus_mycoides" title="Bacillus mycoides">Bacillus mycoides</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bacillus_pseudomycoides" title="Bacillus pseudomycoides">B. pseudomycoides</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bacillus_subtilis" title="Bacillus subtilis">B. subtilis</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lactobacillus_brevis" class="mw-redirect" title="Lactobacillus brevis">Lactobacillus brevis</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Lactobacillus_curvatus&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Lactobacillus curvatus (page does not exist)">Lb. curvatus</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lactobacillus_kimchii" class="mw-redirect" title="Lactobacillus kimchii">Lb. kimchii</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Lactobacillus_parabrevis&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Lactobacillus parabrevis (page does not exist)">Lb. parabrevis</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Lactobacillus_pentosus&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Lactobacillus pentosus (page does not exist)">Lb. pentosus</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lactobacillus_plantarum" class="mw-redirect" title="Lactobacillus plantarum">Lb. plantarum</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lactobacillus_sakei" class="mw-redirect" title="Lactobacillus sakei">Lb. sakei</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Lactobacillus_spicheri&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Lactobacillus spicheri (page does not exist)">Lb. spicheri</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Lactococcus_carnosum&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Lactococcus carnosum (page does not exist)">Lactococcus carnosum</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Lactobacillus_gelidum&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Lactobacillus gelidum (page does not exist)">Lc. gelidum</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lactococcus_lactis" title="Lactococcus lactis">Lc. lactis</a>, <a href="/wiki/Leuconostoc_carnosum" title="Leuconostoc carnosum">Leuconostoc carnosum</a>, <a href="/wiki/Leuconostoc_citreum" title="Leuconostoc citreum">Ln. citreum</a>, <a href="/wiki/Leuconostoc_gasicomitatum" class="mw-redirect" title="Leuconostoc gasicomitatum">Ln. gasicomitatum</a>, <a href="/wiki/Leuconostoc_gelidum" title="Leuconostoc gelidum">Ln. gelidum</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Leuconostoc_holzapfelii&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Leuconostoc holzapfelii (page does not exist)">Ln. holzapfelii</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Leuconostoc_inhae&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Leuconostoc inhae (page does not exist)">Ln. inhae</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Leuconostoc_kimchii&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Leuconostoc kimchii (page does not exist)">Ln. kimchii</a>, <a href="/wiki/Leuconostoc_lactis" title="Leuconostoc lactis">Ln. lactis</a>, <a href="/wiki/Leuconostoc_mesenteroides" title="Leuconostoc mesenteroides">Ln. mesenteroides</a>, <a href="/wiki/Serratia_marcescens" title="Serratia marcescens">Serratia marcescens</a>, <a href="/wiki/Weissella_cibaria" title="Weissella cibaria">Weissella cibaria</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Weissella_confusa&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Weissella confusa (page does not exist)">W. confusa</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Weissella_kandleri&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Weissella kandleri (page does not exist)">W. kandleri</a>, <a href="/wiki/Weissella_kimchii" class="mw-redirect" title="Weissella kimchii">W. kimchii</a>. <a href="/wiki/Weissella_koreensis" title="Weissella koreensis">W. koreensis</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Weissella_soli" title="Weissella soli">W. soli</a>.<a href="#cite_note-73">[73]</a><a href="#cite_note-pmid15992614-74">[74]</a><a href="#cite_note-pmid16553862-75">[75]</a><a href="#cite_note-pmid18562030-76">[76]</a><a href="#cite_note-pmid23558201-77">[77]</a><a href="#cite_note-pmid23550842-78">[78]</a><a href="#cite_note-pmid23587713-79">[79]</a><a href="#cite_note-pmid23314371-80">[80]</a> <a href="/wiki/Archaea" title="Archaea">Archaea</a> and <a href="/wiki/Yeast" title="Yeast">yeasts</a>, such as Saccharomyces, Candida, Pichia, and Kluyveromyces are also present in kimchi,<a href="#cite_note-:9-81">[81]</a><a href="#cite_note-82">[82]</a> with the latter being responsible for undesirable white colonies that sometimes form in the product as well as food spoilages and off-flavors.<a href="#cite_note-:9-81">[81]</a><a href="#cite_note-83">[83]</a> In early fermentation stages, the <a href="/wiki/Leuconostoc" title="Leuconostoc">Leuconostoc</a> variety is found more dominantly in kimchi fermentation because of its lower acid tolerance and microaerophilic properties; the <a href="/wiki/Leuconostoc" title="Leuconostoc">Leuconostoc</a> variety also grows better at low salt concentrations.<a href="#cite_note-:9-81">[81]</a> Throughout the fermentation process, as acidity rises, the <a href="/wiki/Lactobacillus" title="Lactobacillus">Lactobacillus</a> and <a href="/wiki/Weissella" title="Weissella">Weissella</a> variety become dominant because of their higher acid tolerance. Lactobacillus also grows better in conditions with a higher salt concentration.<a href="#cite_note-:9-81">[81]</a> These microorganisms are present due to the natural microflora provided by utilizing unsterilized food materials in the production of kimchi.<a href="#cite_note-:0-84">[84]</a><a href="#cite_note-:1-85">[85]</a> The step of salting the raw materials as well as the addition of red pepper powder inhibits the pathogenic and putrefactive bacteria present in the microflora, allowing the <a href="/wiki/Lactic_acid_bacteria" title="Lactic acid bacteria">lactic acid bacteria</a> (LAB) to flourish and become the dominant microorganism.<a href="#cite_note-:0-84">[84]</a><a href="#cite_note-86">[86]</a> These anaerobic microorganisms steadily increase in number during the middle stages of fermentation, and prefer to be kept at low temperatures of about 10°C, pH of 4.2-4, and remain in the presence of 1.5% – 4% NaCl.<a href="#cite_note-:9-81">[81]</a><a href="#cite_note-:0-84">[84]</a> A faster fermentation at a higher temperature may be chosen as well to accelerate the growth of bacterial cultures for a faster decrease in pH level.<a href="#cite_note-:9-81">[81]</a> Since the raw cruciferous vegetables themselves are the source of LAB required for fermentation, no starter culture is required for the production of kimchi; rather, spontaneous fermentation occurs.<a href="#cite_note-:2-87">[87]</a> The total population of microorganisms present at the beginning of processing determines the outcome of fermentation, causing the final product to be highly variable in terms of quality and flavor.<a href="#cite_note-:0-84">[84]</a> Currently, there are no recommended approaches to control the microbial community during fermentation to predict the outcome.<a href="#cite_note-:2-87">[87]</a> In the industrial production of kimchi, starter cultures made up of <a href="/wiki/Leuconostoc_mesenteroides" title="Leuconostoc mesenteroides">Leu. mesenteroides</a>, <a href="/wiki/Leuconostoc_citreum" title="Leuconostoc citreum">Leu. citreum</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Lactiplantibacillus_plantarum" title="Lactiplantibacillus plantarum">Lb. plantarum</a> are used, which are often unsuccessful because they fail to outcompete the naturally occurring cultures on the raw materials.<a href="#cite_note-:9-81">[81]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="By-products_of_microorganisms">By-products of microorganisms</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Kimchi&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: By-products of microorganisms">edit</a>]</div> The <a href="/wiki/Lactic_acid_bacteria" title="Lactic acid bacteria">lactic acid bacteria</a> (LAB) produce <a href="/wiki/Lactic_acid" title="Lactic acid">lactic acid</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hydrogen_peroxide" title="Hydrogen peroxide">hydrogen peroxide</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Carbon_dioxide" title="Carbon dioxide">carbon dioxide</a> as by-products during metabolism. Lactic acid quickly lowers the pH, creating an acidic environment that is uninhabitable for most other microorganisms that survived salting.<a href="#cite_note-:1-85">[85]</a> This also modifies the flavor of sub-ingredients and can increase the nutritive value of the raw materials, as the microbial community in the fermentation process can synthesize B vitamins and hydrolyze cellulose in plant tissues to free nutrients that are normally indigestible by the human gastrointestinal tract.<a href="#cite_note-:1-85">[85]</a> Hydrogen peroxide is formed by the oxidation of reduced <a href="/wiki/Nicotinamide_adenine_dinucleotide" title="Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide">nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide</a> (NADH) and provides an antibiotic to inhibit some undesirable microorganisms.<a href="#cite_note-:1-85">[85]</a> Carbon dioxide functions as a preservative, flushing out oxygen to create an anaerobic environment, as well as creating the desired carbonation in the final product.<a href="#cite_note-:1-85">[85]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Odor">Odor</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Kimchi&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Odor">edit</a>]</div> Kimchi is known for its strong, spicy, flavors and odors, although milder varieties exist. Variations in the fermentation process cause the final product to be highly variable in terms of quality and flavor.<a href="#cite_note-:0-84">[84]</a> The strong odor is especially tied to the sulfur compounds from garlic and ginger of kimchi, which can be less appealing to non-Koreans. Thus, scientists are experimenting with the types of bacteria used in its production to minimize the odor to increase the appeal to international markets.<a href="#cite_note-Fifield_6/22/2017-88">[88]</a> These efforts are not universally appreciated by lovers of kimchi, as the flavor is affected in the process, and some see that "South Korea's narrative about its own culinary staple" is being manipulated to suit the foreigners' tastes.<a href="#cite_note-Herreria_Russo_6/29/2017-89">[89]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Varieties">Varieties</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Kimchi&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: Varieties">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Korean.cuisine-Banchan-02.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/Korean.cuisine-Banchan-02.jpg/250px-Korean.cuisine-Banchan-02.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/Korean.cuisine-Banchan-02.jpg/330px-Korean.cuisine-Banchan-02.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/Korean.cuisine-Banchan-02.jpg/500px-Korean.cuisine-Banchan-02.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3264" data-file-height="2448" /></a><figcaption><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tongkimchi&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Tongkimchi (page does not exist)">Tongkimchi</a>, gulgimchi (kimchi with additional oyster) and other <a href="/wiki/Banchan" title="Banchan">banchan</a></figcaption></figure> Kimchi is one of the most important staples of <a href="/wiki/Korean_cuisine" title="Korean cuisine">Korean cuisine</a>. The Korean term "Kimchi" refers to fermented vegetables, and encompasses salt and seasoned vegetables.<a href="#cite_note-Jang_et_al_2016-90">[90]</a> It is mainly served as a side dish with every meal, but also can be served as a main dish.<a href="#cite_note-91">[91]</a> Kimchi is mainly recognized as a spicy fermented cabbage dish globally.<a href="#cite_note-btpickle-201309-22">[22]</a> New variations of kimchi continue to be created,<a href="#cite_note-kimchi-types-92">[92]</a> and the taste can vary depending on the region and season.<a href="#cite_note-93">[93]</a> Conventionally, the secret of kimchi preparation was passed down by mothers to their daughters in a bid to make them suitable wives to their husbands.<a href="#cite_note-Chung_et_al_2017-94">[94]</a> However, with the current technological advancement and increase in social media use, many individuals worldwide can now access recipes for kimchi preparation.<a href="#cite_note-Chung_et_al_2017-94">[94]</a> Kimchi can be categorized by main ingredients, regions or seasons. Korea's northern and southern sections have a considerable temperature difference.<a href="#cite_note-yahookorea-95">[95]</a> There are over 180 recognized varieties of kimchi.<a href="#cite_note-Korea_Tourism_Organization-96">[96]</a> The most common kimchi variations are: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Baechu-kimchi" title="Baechu-kimchi">Baechu-kimchi</a> (배추김치) spicy napa cabbage kimchi, made from whole cabbage leaves</li> <li>Baechu-geotjeori (배추겉절이) unfermented napa cabbage kimchi</li> <li>Bossam-kimchi (보쌈김치) wrapped kimchi</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baek-kimchi" title="Baek-kimchi">Baek-kimchi</a> (백김치) white kimchi, made without chili pepper</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dongchimi" title="Dongchimi">Dongchimi</a> (동치미) a non-spicy watery kimchi</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nabak-kimchi" title="Nabak-kimchi">Nabak-kimchi</a> (나박김치) a mildly spicy watery kimchi</li> <li>Chonggak-kimchi (총각김치) cubed <a href="/wiki/Chonggak_radish" title="Chonggak radish">chonggak "ponytail" radish</a>, a popular spicy kimchi</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kkakdugi" title="Kkakdugi">Kkakdugi</a> (깍두기) spicy cubed <a href="/wiki/Korean_radish" title="Korean radish">Korean radish</a> strongly-scented kimchi containing fermented shrimp</li> <li>Oi-sobagi (오이소박이) cucumber kimchi that can be stuffed with seafood and chili paste, and is a popular choice during the spring and summer seasons</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pa-kimchi" title="Pa-kimchi">Pa-kimchi</a> (파김치) spicy green onion kimchi</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yeolmu-kimchi" title="Yeolmu-kimchi">Yeolmu-kimchi</a> (열무김치) is also a popular choice during the spring and summer, and is made with <a href="/wiki/Yeolmu_radish" class="mw-redirect" title="Yeolmu radish">yeolmu radishes</a>, and does not necessarily have to be fermented.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gat-kimchi" title="Gat-kimchi">Gat-kimchi</a> (갓김치), made with <a href="/wiki/Indian_mustard" class="mw-redirect" title="Indian mustard">Indian mustard</a></li> <li>Yangbaechu-kimchi (양배추 김치) spicy cabbage kimchi, made from "headed" <a href="/wiki/Cabbage" title="Cabbage">cabbage</a> leaves (as opposed to napa cabbage)</li></ul> Kimchi from the northern parts of Korea tend to have less salt and red chili and usually do not include brined seafood for seasoning. Northern kimchi often has a watery consistency. Kimchi made in the southern parts of Korea, such as <a href="/wiki/Jeolla_Province" title="Jeolla Province">Jeolla Province</a> and <a href="/wiki/Gyeongsang_Province" title="Gyeongsang Province">Gyeongsang Province</a>, uses salt, chili peppers and <a href="/wiki/Myeolchijeot" class="mw-redirect" title="Myeolchijeot">myeolchijeot</a> (멸치젓, brined <a href="/wiki/Anchovies_as_food" title="Anchovies as food">anchovy</a> allowed to ferment) or <a href="/wiki/Saeujeot" class="mw-redirect" title="Saeujeot">saeujeot</a> (새우젓, brined shrimp allowed to ferment), myeolchiaekjeot (멸치액젓), anchovy fish sauce, kkanariaekjeot (까나리액젓), liquid anchovy <a href="/wiki/Jeotgal" title="Jeotgal">jeot</a>, similar to <a href="/wiki/Fish_sauce" title="Fish sauce">fish sauce</a> used in Southeast Asia, but thicker. <a href="/wiki/Saeujeot" class="mw-redirect" title="Saeujeot">Saeujeot</a> (새우젓) or myeolchijeot is not added to the kimchi spice-seasoning mixture, but is simmered first to reduce odors, eliminate tannic flavor and fats, and then is mixed with a thickener made of rice or wheat starch (풀). This technique has been falling into disuse in the past 40 years. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Color">Color</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Kimchi&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: Color">edit</a>]</div> <a href="/wiki/White_kimchi" class="mw-redirect" title="White kimchi">White kimchi</a> is neither red nor spicy. It includes white <a href="/wiki/Baechu-kimchi" title="Baechu-kimchi">napa cabbage kimchi</a> and other varieties such as white <a href="/wiki/Korean_radish" title="Korean radish">radish</a> kimchi (<a href="/wiki/Dongchimi" title="Dongchimi">dongchimi</a>). Watery white kimchi varieties are sometimes used as an ingredient in a number of dishes such as cold noodles in dongchimi <a href="/wiki/Brine" title="Brine">brine</a> (dongchimi-guksu). <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Age">Age</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Kimchi&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: Age">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Geotjeori" class="mw-redirect" title="Geotjeori">Geotjeori</a> (겉절이): fresh, unfermented kimchi.</li> <li>Mugeun-ji (묵은지), also known as mugeun-kimchi (묵은김치): aged kimchi</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Region">Region</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Kimchi&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: Region">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Kimchi_jar.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e5/Kimchi_jar.JPG/250px-Kimchi_jar.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e5/Kimchi_jar.JPG/330px-Kimchi_jar.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e5/Kimchi_jar.JPG/500px-Kimchi_jar.JPG 2x" data-file-width="1600" data-file-height="1200" /></a><figcaption>Empty traditional <a href="/wiki/Onggi" title="Onggi">jars</a> (onggi, 옹기), used for storing kimchi, gochujang, <a href="/wiki/Doenjang" title="Doenjang">doenjang</a>, soy sauce and other pickled banchan (side dishes)</figcaption></figure> The following regional classification dates to the 1960s. Since then, kimchi-making practices and trends in Korea have diverged from it.<a href="#cite_note-yahookorea-95">[95]</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pyongan_Province" title="Pyongan Province">Pyongan Province</a> Non-traditional ingredients have been adopted in rural areas due to severe food shortages.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hamgyong_Province" title="Hamgyong Province">Hamgyong Province</a>: Due to its proximity to the ocean, people in this particular region use fresh fish and oysters to season their kimchi.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hwanghae_Province" title="Hwanghae Province">Hwanghae Province</a>: The taste of kimchi in Hwanghae Province is not bland but not extremely spicy. Most kimchi from this region have less color since red chili flakes are not used. The typical kimchi in Hwanghae Province is called hobakji (호박지). It is made with pumpkin (bundi).<figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Korean.food-kimchi-02.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/Korean.food-kimchi-02.jpg/250px-Korean.food-kimchi-02.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/Korean.food-kimchi-02.jpg/330px-Korean.food-kimchi-02.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/Korean.food-kimchi-02.jpg/500px-Korean.food-kimchi-02.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2496" data-file-height="1664" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Kimchi-buchimgae" title="Kimchi-buchimgae">Kimchi-buchimgae</a>, a savory Korean pancake with kimchi</figcaption></figure></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gyeonggi_Province" title="Gyeonggi Province">Gyeonggi Province</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chungcheong_Province" title="Chungcheong Province">Chungcheong Province</a>: Instead of using fermented fish, people in the region rely on salt and fermentation to make savory kimchi. Chungcheong Province has the most varieties of kimchi.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gangwon_Province,_South_Korea" title="Gangwon Province, South Korea">Gangwon Province, South Korea</a>/<a href="/wiki/Kangwon_Province,_North_Korea" title="Kangwon Province, North Korea">Kangwon Province, North Korea</a>: In Gangwon Province, kimchi is stored for longer periods. Unlike other coastal regions in Korea, kimchi in this area does not contain much salted fish.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jeolla_Province" title="Jeolla Province">Jeolla Province</a>: Salted <a href="/wiki/Yellow_corvina" class="mw-redirect" title="Yellow corvina">yellow corvina</a> and salted <a href="/wiki/Pacific_rudderfish" title="Pacific rudderfish">butterfish</a> are used in this region to create different seasonings for kimchi.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gyeongsang_Province" title="Gyeongsang Province">Gyeongsang Province</a>: This region's cuisine is saltier and spicier. The most common seasoning components include <a href="/wiki/Myeolchijeot" class="mw-redirect" title="Myeolchijeot">myeolchijeot</a> (멸치젓) which produces a briny and savory flavor. They also use oysters in their kimchi.</li> <li>Foreign countries: In some places of the world people sometimes make kimchi with western <a href="/wiki/Cabbage" title="Cabbage">cabbage</a> and many other alternative ingredients such as <a href="/wiki/Broccoli" title="Broccoli">broccoli</a>.<a href="#cite_note-97">[97]</a><a href="#cite_note-98">[98]</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Seasonal_variations">Seasonal variations</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Kimchi&action=edit&section=27" title="Edit section: Seasonal variations">edit</a>]</div> Different types of kimchi were traditionally made at different times of the year, based on when various vegetables were in season and also to take advantage of hot and cold seasons before the era of refrigeration. Although the advent of modern refrigeration – including <a href="/wiki/Kimchi_refrigerator" title="Kimchi refrigerator">kimchi refrigerators</a> specifically designed with precise controls to keep different varieties of kimchi at optimal temperatures at various stages of fermentation – has made this seasonality unnecessary, Koreans continue to consume kimchi according to traditional seasonal preferences.<a href="#cite_note-99">[99]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Korean-Dongchimi-01.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/Korean-Dongchimi-01.jpg/220px-Korean-Dongchimi-01.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/Korean-Dongchimi-01.jpg/330px-Korean-Dongchimi-01.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/Korean-Dongchimi-01.jpg/440px-Korean-Dongchimi-01.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1314" data-file-height="986" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Dongchimi" title="Dongchimi">Dongchimi</a> (동치미) is largely served during winter. Dongchimi is also used to make buckwheat <a href="/wiki/Naengmyeon" title="Naengmyeon">naengmyeon</a>, a popular dish during hot months.</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Spring">Spring</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Kimchi&action=edit&section=28" title="Edit section: Spring">edit</a>]</div> After a long period of consuming <a href="/wiki/Gimjang" title="Gimjang">gimjang</a> kimchi (김장김치) during the winter, fresh <a href="/wiki/Potherb" class="mw-redirect" title="Potherb">potherbs</a> and vegetables were used to make kimchi. These kinds of kimchi were not fermented or even stored for long periods of time but were consumed fresh. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Summer">Summer</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Kimchi&action=edit&section=29" title="Edit section: Summer">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Yeolmukimchi_3.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/74/Yeolmukimchi_3.jpg/250px-Yeolmukimchi_3.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="146" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/74/Yeolmukimchi_3.jpg/330px-Yeolmukimchi_3.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/74/Yeolmukimchi_3.jpg/500px-Yeolmukimchi_3.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4672" data-file-height="3104" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Yeolmu-kimchi" title="Yeolmu-kimchi">Yeolmu-kimchi</a>, cold, watery kimchi that is usually eaten with oily foods, is consumed mostly in the summer.</figcaption></figure> <a href="/wiki/Yeolmu_radish" class="mw-redirect" title="Yeolmu radish">Yeolmu radishes</a> and cucumbers are summer vegetables made into kimchi, <a href="/wiki/Yeolmu-kimchi" title="Yeolmu-kimchi">yeolmu-kimchi</a> (열무김치) which is eaten in several bites. Brined fish or shellfish can be added, and freshly ground dried chili peppers are often used. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Autumn">Autumn</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Kimchi&action=edit&section=30" title="Edit section: Autumn">edit</a>]</div> <a href="/wiki/Baechu" class="mw-redirect" title="Baechu">Baechu</a> kimchi is prepared by inserting blended stuffing materials, called sok (literally inside), between layers of salted leaves of uncut, whole <a href="/wiki/Napa_cabbage" title="Napa cabbage">Napa cabbage</a>. The ingredients of sok (속) can vary, depending on the regions and weather conditions. Generally, baechu kimchi used to have a strong salty flavor until the late 1960s, before which a large amount of <a href="/wiki/Myeolchijeot" class="mw-redirect" title="Myeolchijeot">myeolchijeot</a> or <a href="/wiki/Saeujeot" class="mw-redirect" title="Saeujeot">saeujeot</a> had been used. Gogumasoon Kimchi is made from sweet potato stems. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Winter">Winter</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Kimchi&action=edit&section=31" title="Edit section: Winter">edit</a>]</div> Traditionally, the greatest varieties of kimchi were available during the winter. In preparation for the long winter months, many types of <a href="/wiki/Gimjang" title="Gimjang">kimjang</a> kimchi (김장 김치) were prepared in early winter and stored in the ground in large kimchi pots. Today, many city residents use modern <a href="/wiki/Kimchi_refrigerator" title="Kimchi refrigerator">kimchi refrigerators</a> offering precise temperature controls to store kimjang kimchi. November and December are traditionally when people begin to make kimchi; women often gather together in each other's homes to help with winter kimchi preparations.<a href="#cite_note-nyt2010-46">[46]</a> "Baechu kimchi" is made with salted <a href="/wiki/Baechu" class="mw-redirect" title="Baechu">baechu</a> filled with thin strips of <a href="/wiki/Korean_radish" title="Korean radish">radish</a>, parsley, pine nuts, pears, chestnuts, shredded red pepper, <a href="/wiki/Umbilicaria_esculenta" title="Umbilicaria esculenta">manna lichen</a> (<a href="/wiki/Korean_language" title="Korean language">Korean</a>: 석이 버섯; <a href="/wiki/Revised_Romanization_of_Korean" title="Revised Romanization of Korean">RR</a>: seogi beoseot), garlic, and ginger. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Korean_preference">Korean preference</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Kimchi&action=edit&section=32" title="Edit section: Korean preference">edit</a>]</div> As of 2004, the preference of kimchi preparation in Korean households from the most prepared type of kimchi to less prepared types of kimchi was: baechu kimchi, being the most prepared type of kimchi, then <a href="/wiki/Kkakdugi" title="Kkakdugi">kkakdugi</a>, then <a href="/wiki/Dongchimi" title="Dongchimi">dongchimi</a> and then chonggak kimchi. Baechu kimchi comprised more than seventy percent of marketed kimchi and radish kimchi comprised about twenty percent of marketed kimchi.<a href="#cite_note-Hui2004-100">[100]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Nutrition">Nutrition</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Kimchi&action=edit&section=33" title="Edit section: Nutrition">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Korean_stew-Kimchi_jjigae-05.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/Korean_stew-Kimchi_jjigae-05.jpg/250px-Korean_stew-Kimchi_jjigae-05.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/Korean_stew-Kimchi_jjigae-05.jpg/330px-Korean_stew-Kimchi_jjigae-05.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/Korean_stew-Kimchi_jjigae-05.jpg/500px-Korean_stew-Kimchi_jjigae-05.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2848" data-file-height="2136" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Kimchi_jjigae" class="mw-redirect" title="Kimchi jjigae">Kimchi jjigae</a> (김치찌개), a stew made of kimchi, vegetables, broth, and other ingredients, is a popular dish during the cold months.</figcaption></figure> Kimchi is made of various vegetables and contains a high concentration of <a href="/wiki/Dietary_fiber" title="Dietary fiber">dietary fiber</a>,<a href="#cite_note-101">[101]</a> while being low in <a href="/wiki/Food_energy" title="Food energy">food energy</a>. The vegetables used in kimchi also contribute to intake of vitamin A, thiamine (B1), riboflavin (B2), calcium, and iron.<a href="#cite_note-Asianinfo-102">[102]</a><a href="#cite_note-tour2korea-103">[103]</a> <table class="wikitable"> <caption>Nutritional composition of typical kimchi<a href="#cite_note-104">[104]</a>[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">not specific enough to verify</a>] </caption> <tbody><tr> <th>Nutrients </th> <th>per 100 g </th> <th>Nutrients </th> <th>per 100 g </th></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Food_energy" title="Food energy">Food energy</a> </td> <td>32 </td> <td>Moisture </td> <td>88.4 g </td></tr> <tr> <td>Crude protein </td> <td>2.0 g </td> <td>Crude lipid </td> <td>0.6 g </td></tr> <tr> <td>Total sugar </td> <td>1.3 g </td> <td>Crude fiber </td> <td>1.2 g </td></tr> <tr> <td>Crude ash </td> <td>0.5 g </td> <td>Calcium </td> <td>45 mg </td></tr> <tr> <td>Phosphorus </td> <td>28 mg </td> <td>Vitamin A </td> <td>492 IU </td></tr> <tr> <td>Vitamin B1 </td> <td>0.03 mg </td> <td>Vitamin B2 </td> <td>0.06 mg </td></tr> <tr> <td>Niacin </td> <td>2.1 mg </td> <td>Vitamin C </td> <td>21 mg </td></tr></tbody></table> <table class="wikitable"> <caption>Vitamin contents of common kimchi and average vitamin contents of 4 kimchi during fermentation at 3–7°C </caption> <tbody><tr> <th>Fermentation time (week)</th> <th><a href="/wiki/Carotene" title="Carotene">Carotene</a> (μg%[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Please_clarify" title="Wikipedia:Please clarify">clarification needed</a>])</th> <th><a href="/wiki/Thiamine" title="Thiamine">Vitamin B1</a> (μg%)</th> <th><a href="/wiki/Riboflavin" title="Riboflavin">Vitamin B2</a> (μg%)</th> <th><a href="/wiki/Vitamin_B12" title="Vitamin B12">Vitamin B12</a> (μg%)</th> <th><a href="/wiki/Niacin_(substance)" class="mw-redirect" title="Niacin (substance)">Niacin</a> (μg%)</th> <th><a href="/wiki/Vitamin_C" title="Vitamin C">Vitamin C</a> (mg%) </th></tr> <tr> <th>0 </th> <td>49.5a</td> <td>41.7</td> <td>66</td> <td>0.17</td> <td>740</td> <td>28.9 </td></tr> <tr> <th>1 </th> <td>44.0 (35.4)b</td> <td>41.6 (40.1)</td> <td>47 (54)</td> <td>0.09 (0.09)</td> <td>781 (747)</td> <td>25.0 (25.3) </td></tr> <tr> <th>2 </th> <td>32.0 (30.4)</td> <td>70.9 (61.9)</td> <td>110 (99)</td> <td>0.19 (0.20)</td> <td>928 (861)</td> <td>27.8 (28.5) </td></tr> <tr> <th>3 </th> <td>26.6 (26.9)</td> <td>79.1 (87.5)</td> <td>230 (157)</td> <td>0.25 (0.33)</td> <td>901 (792)</td> <td>23.6 (22.3) </td></tr> <tr> <th>4 </th> <td>21.0 (25.3)</td> <td>62.7 (70.8)</td> <td>35 (95)</td> <td>0.20 (0.26)</td> <td>591 (525)</td> <td>16.7 (16.0) </td></tr> <tr> <th>5 </th> <td>24.2 (20.1)</td> <td>53.3 (49.1)</td> <td>40 (37)</td> <td>0.10 (0.16)</td> <td style="background-color: #f0f2f4;"></td> <td>11.16 (11.0) </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="8">aNaturally fermented baechu kimchi bAverage levels of four kimchis; common kimchi +3 different starter inoculated kimchis </td></tr> <tr class="sortbottom"> <td style="background-color: lightgray;" colspan="8"> </td></tr> <tr class="sortbottom"> <td colspan="8" style="text-align: center">Source: Hui et al. (2005)<a href="#cite_note-105">[105]</a>: 740–741, 751  who cited Lee et al. (1960) </td></tr></tbody></table> <table class="wikitable"> <caption>General components of kimchi (per 100g of edible portion) </caption> <tbody><tr> <th>Components</th> <th><a href="/wiki/Baechu-kimchi" title="Baechu-kimchi">Baechu-kimchi</a></th> <th><a href="/wiki/Kkakdugi" title="Kkakdugi">Kaktugi</a></th> <th><a href="/wiki/Gat-kimchi" title="Gat-kimchi">Gat-kimchi</a></th> <th><a href="/wiki/Pa-kimchi" title="Pa-kimchi">Pa-kimchi</a></th> <th><a href="/wiki/Baek-kimchi" title="Baek-kimchi">Baek-kimchi</a></th> <th><a href="/wiki/Yeolmu-kimchi" title="Yeolmu-kimchi">Yeolmu-kimchi</a></th> <th><a href="/wiki/Dongchimi" title="Dongchimi">Dongchimi</a></th> <th><a href="/wiki/Nabak-kimchi" title="Nabak-kimchi">Nabak-kimchi</a> </th></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Calorie" title="Calorie">Calorie</a> (kcal) </th> <td>18</td> <td>33</td> <td>41</td> <td>52</td> <td>8</td> <td>38</td> <td>11</td> <td>9 </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Moisture" title="Moisture">Moisture</a> (%) </th> <td>90.8</td> <td>88.4</td> <td>83.2</td> <td>80.7</td> <td>95.7</td> <td>84.5</td> <td>94.2</td> <td>95.1 </td></tr> <tr> <th>Crude <a href="/wiki/Protein_(nutrient)" title="Protein (nutrient)">protein</a> (g) </th> <td>2</td> <td>1.6</td> <td>3.9</td> <td>3.4</td> <td>0.7</td> <td>3.1</td> <td>0.7</td> <td>0.8 </td></tr> <tr> <th>Crude <a href="/wiki/Lipid" title="Lipid">lipid</a> (g) </th> <td>0.5</td> <td>0.3</td> <td>0.9</td> <td>0.8</td> <td>0.1</td> <td>0.6</td> <td>0.1</td> <td>0.1 </td></tr> <tr> <th>Crude <a href="/wiki/Ash_(analytical_chemistry)" class="mw-redirect" title="Ash (analytical chemistry)">ash</a> (g) </th> <td>2.8</td> <td>2.3</td> <td>3.5</td> <td>3.3</td> <td>1.5</td> <td>3.2</td> <td>2</td> <td>1.5 </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Carbohydrate" title="Carbohydrate">Carbohydrate</a> (g) </th> <td>3.9</td> <td>7.4</td> <td>8.5</td> <td>11.8</td> <td>2</td> <td>8.6</td> <td>3</td> <td>2.5 </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Dietary_fiber" title="Dietary fiber">Dietary fiber</a> (g) </th> <td>3</td> <td>2.8</td> <td>4</td> <td>5.1</td> <td>1.4</td> <td>3.3</td> <td>0.8</td> <td>1.5 </td></tr> <tr class="sortbottom"> <td style="background-color: lightgray;" colspan="10"> </td></tr> <tr class="sortbottom"> <td colspan="10" style="text-align: center">Source: Tamang (2015)<a href="#cite_note-Tamang-106">[106]</a> who cited Lee (2006) </td></tr></tbody></table> <table class="wikitable"> <caption>Vitamin content of kimchi (per 100g of edible portion) </caption> <tbody><tr> <th>Vitamins</th> <th><a href="/wiki/Baechu-kimchi" title="Baechu-kimchi">Baechu-kimchi</a></th> <th><a href="/wiki/Kkakdugi" title="Kkakdugi">Kaktugi</a></th> <th><a href="/wiki/Gat-kimchi" title="Gat-kimchi">Gat-kimchi</a></th> <th><a href="/wiki/Pa-kimchi" title="Pa-kimchi">Pa-kimchi</a></th> <th><a href="/wiki/Baek-kimchi" title="Baek-kimchi">Baek-kimchi</a></th> <th><a href="/wiki/Yeolmu-kimchi" title="Yeolmu-kimchi">Yeolmu-kimchi</a></th> <th><a href="/wiki/Dongchimi" title="Dongchimi">Dongchimi</a></th> <th><a href="/wiki/Nabak-kimchi" title="Nabak-kimchi">Nabak-kimchi</a> </th></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Vitamin_A" title="Vitamin A">Vitamin A</a> (RE) </th> <td>48</td> <td>38</td> <td>390</td> <td>352</td> <td>9</td> <td>595</td> <td>15</td> <td>77 </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Vitamin_A" title="Vitamin A">Vitamin A</a> (<a href="/wiki/Beta-Carotene" class="mw-redirect" title="Beta-Carotene">β-carotene</a>) (μg) </th> <td>290</td> <td>226</td> <td>2342</td> <td>2109</td> <td>53</td> <td>3573</td> <td>88</td> <td>460 </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Thiamine" title="Thiamine">Vitamin B1</a> (mg) </th> <td>0.06</td> <td>0.14</td> <td>0.15</td> <td>0.14</td> <td>0.03</td> <td>0.15</td> <td>0.02</td> <td>0.03 </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Riboflavin" title="Riboflavin">Vitamin B2</a> (mg) </th> <td>0.06</td> <td>0.05</td> <td>0.14</td> <td>0.14</td> <td>0.02</td> <td>0.29</td> <td>0.02</td> <td>0.06 </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Niacin_(substance)" class="mw-redirect" title="Niacin (substance)">Niacin</a> (mg) </th> <td>0.8</td> <td>0.5</td> <td>1.3</td> <td>0.9</td> <td>0.3</td> <td>0.6</td> <td>0.2</td> <td>0.5 </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Vitamin_C" title="Vitamin C">Vitamin C</a> (mg) </th> <td>14</td> <td>19</td> <td>48</td> <td>19</td> <td>10</td> <td>28</td> <td>9</td> <td>10 </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Vitamin_B6" title="Vitamin B6">Vitamin B6</a> (mg) </th> <td>0.19</td> <td>0.13</td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Folic_acid" class="mw-redirect" title="Folic acid">Folic acid</a> (μg) </th> <td>43.3</td> <td>58.9</td> <td>74.8</td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Vitamin_E" title="Vitamin E">Vitamin E</a> (mg) </th> <td>0.7</td> <td>0.2</td> <td>1.3</td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td> </td></tr> <tr class="sortbottom"> <td colspan="10">Not detected: <a href="/wiki/Vitamin_A" title="Vitamin A">vitamin A</a> (<a href="/wiki/Retinol" title="Retinol">retinol</a>), <a href="/wiki/Pantothenic_acid" title="Pantothenic acid">pantothenic acid</a>, <a href="/wiki/Vitamin_B12" title="Vitamin B12">vitamin B12</a>, <a href="/wiki/Vitamin_K" title="Vitamin K">vitamin K</a> </td></tr> <tr class="sortbottom"> <td style="background-color: lightgray;" colspan="10"> </td></tr> <tr class="sortbottom"> <td colspan="10" style="text-align: center">Source: Tamang (2015)<a href="#cite_note-Tamang-106">[106]</a> who cited Lee (2006) </td></tr></tbody></table> A 2003 article said that South Koreans consume 18kg (40lbs) of kimchi per person annually.<a href="#cite_note-LAT-42">[42]</a> Many credit the <a href="/wiki/Korean_Miracle" class="mw-redirect" title="Korean Miracle">Korean Miracle</a> in part to eating the dish.<a href="#cite_note-Choe-38">[38]</a> Adult Koreans eat from 50 grams (0.11 lb) to 200 grams (0.44 lb) of kimchi a day.<a href="#cite_note-Tamang-106">[106]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Trade">Trade</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Kimchi&action=edit&section=34" title="Edit section: Trade">edit</a>]</div> South Korea spent around $129 million in 2017 to purchase 275,000 metric tons of foreign kimchi, more than 11 times the amount it exported, according to data released by the Korea Customs Service in 2017.<a href="#cite_note-auto-107">[107]</a> South Korea consumes 1.85 million metric tons of kimchi annually, or 36.1 kg per person.<a href="#cite_note-108">[108]</a> It imports a significant fraction of that, mostly from China, and runs a $47.3 million kimchi trade deficit.<a href="#cite_note-auto-107">[107]</a> <table class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align:right;"> <caption>Import and export of kimchi<a href="#cite_note-109">[109]</a> </caption> <tbody><tr> <th rowspan="2">Year</th> <th colspan="2">Volume (tons)</th> <th colspan="3">Value (thousand USD) </th></tr> <tr> <th>Export</th> <th>Import</th> <th>Export</th> <th>Import</th> <th>Surplus </th></tr> <tr> <td>2022</td> <td>41,121</td> <td>263,435</td> <td>140,823</td> <td>169,400</td> <td style="color:red;">-28,577 </td></tr> <tr> <td>2021</td> <td>42,540</td> <td>240,606</td> <td>159,915</td> <td>140,742</td> <td>19,173 </td></tr> <tr> <td>2020</td> <td>39,748</td> <td>281,187</td> <td>144,511</td> <td>152,426</td> <td style="color:red;">−7,915 </td></tr> <tr> <td>2019</td> <td>29,628</td> <td>306,050</td> <td>104,992</td> <td>130,911</td> <td style="color:red;">−25,919 </td></tr> <tr> <td>2018</td> <td>28,197</td> <td>290,742</td> <td>97,456</td> <td>138,215</td> <td style="color:red;">−40,759 </td></tr> <tr> <td>2017</td> <td>24,311</td> <td>275,631</td> <td>81,393</td> <td>128,679</td> <td style="color:red;">−47,286 </td></tr> <tr> <td>2016</td> <td>23,490</td> <td>253,432</td> <td>78,900</td> <td>121,485</td> <td style="color:red;">−42,585 </td></tr> <tr> <td>2015</td> <td>23,111</td> <td>224,124</td> <td>73,543</td> <td>113,237</td> <td style="color:red;">−39,694 </td></tr> <tr> <td>2014</td> <td>24,742</td> <td>212,938</td> <td>84,033</td> <td>104,396</td> <td style="color:red;">−20,363 </td></tr> <tr> <td>2013</td> <td>25,631</td> <td>220,218</td> <td>89277</td> <td>117,431</td> <td style="color:red;">−28,154 </td></tr> <tr> <td>2012</td> <td>27,664</td> <td>218,845</td> <td>106,608</td> <td>110,842</td> <td style="color:red;">−4,234 </td></tr> <tr> <td>2011</td> <td>27,429</td> <td>230,078</td> <td>104,577</td> <td>120,874</td> <td style="color:red;">−16,297 </td></tr> <tr> <td>2010</td> <td>29,672</td> <td>192,936</td> <td>98,360</td> <td>102,019</td> <td style="color:red;">−3,659 </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Consumption">Consumption</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Kimchi&action=edit&section=35" title="Edit section: Consumption">edit</a>]</div> In 2021, Koreans collectively consumed 1,965,000 tons of Kimchi, with average Korean consuming 88.3 grams of Kimchi daily. This average has been steadily declining from 109.9 grams per day in 2010, marking a 19.6% decrease. Males tend to consume more Kimchi than females, with an average of 106.6 grams compared to 70.0 grams.<a href="#cite_note-110">[110]</a> <table class="wikitable"> <caption>Annual Kimchi Consumption </caption> <tbody><tr> <th>Year </th> <th>Total </th> <th>Male </th> <th>Female </th></tr> <tr> <td>2010 </td> <td>109.9 </td> <td>129.0 </td> <td>90.8 </td></tr> <tr> <td>2015 </td> <td>96.3 </td> <td>115.1 </td> <td>77.6 </td></tr> <tr> <td>2020 </td> <td>88.3 </td> <td>106.6 </td> <td>70.0 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Compound_annual_growth_rate" title="Compound annual growth rate">CAGR</a> </td> <td>−2.16% </td> <td>−1.89% </td> <td>−2.57% </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Food_regulations">Food regulations</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Kimchi&action=edit&section=36" title="Edit section: Food regulations">edit</a>]</div> The <a href="/wiki/Canadian_Food_Inspection_Agency" title="Canadian Food Inspection Agency">Canadian Food Inspection Agency</a> has regulations for the commercial production of kimchi. The final product should have a pH ranging from 4.2 to 4.5.<a href="#cite_note-:4-111">[111]</a> Any low-acidity ingredients with a pH above 4.6, including white daikon and napa cabbage, should not be left under conditions that enable the growth of undesirable microorganisms and require a written illustration of the procedure designed to ensure this is available if requested.<a href="#cite_note-:4-111">[111]</a> This procedural design should include steps that maintain sterility of the equipment and products used, and the details of all sterilization processes.<a href="#cite_note-:4-111">[111]</a> The cutoff pH of 4.6 is a value common to many food safety regulations, initially defined because <a href="/wiki/Botulism_toxin" class="mw-redirect" title="Botulism toxin">botulism toxin</a> is not produced below this level.<a href="#cite_note-112">[112]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Gallery">Gallery</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Kimchi&action=edit&section=37" title="Edit section: Gallery">edit</a>]</div> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-packed"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 162px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 160px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Korean_cuisine-Gimjang-Preparation_for_making_kimchi-01.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Preparation for making kimchi"><img alt="Preparation for making kimchi" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f8/Korean_cuisine-Gimjang-Preparation_for_making_kimchi-01.jpg/250px-Korean_cuisine-Gimjang-Preparation_for_making_kimchi-01.jpg" decoding="async" width="160" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f8/Korean_cuisine-Gimjang-Preparation_for_making_kimchi-01.jpg/500px-Korean_cuisine-Gimjang-Preparation_for_making_kimchi-01.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="768" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext">Preparation for making kimchi</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 234.66666666667px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 232.66666666667px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Korean_cuisine-Seongnyu_kimchi-Pomegranate_kimchi-01.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Seokryu kimchi named after its pomegranate-like shape"><img alt="Seokryu kimchi named after its pomegranate-like shape" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/50/Korean_cuisine-Seongnyu_kimchi-Pomegranate_kimchi-01.jpg/349px-Korean_cuisine-Seongnyu_kimchi-Pomegranate_kimchi-01.jpg" decoding="async" width="233" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/50/Korean_cuisine-Seongnyu_kimchi-Pomegranate_kimchi-01.jpg/523px-Korean_cuisine-Seongnyu_kimchi-Pomegranate_kimchi-01.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/5/50/Korean_cuisine-Seongnyu_kimchi-Pomegranate_kimchi-01.jpg 2x" data-file-width="640" data-file-height="331" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext">Seokryu kimchi named after its pomegranate-like shape</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 136px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 134px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Koren_cuisine-Jang_kimchi-Pickled_with_soy_sauce-01.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Jang kimchi, pickled with soy sauce"><img alt="Jang kimchi, pickled with soy sauce" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/07/Koren_cuisine-Jang_kimchi-Pickled_with_soy_sauce-01.jpg/250px-Koren_cuisine-Jang_kimchi-Pickled_with_soy_sauce-01.jpg" decoding="async" width="134" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/07/Koren_cuisine-Jang_kimchi-Pickled_with_soy_sauce-01.jpg/330px-Koren_cuisine-Jang_kimchi-Pickled_with_soy_sauce-01.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/07/Koren_cuisine-Jang_kimchi-Pickled_with_soy_sauce-01.jpg/500px-Koren_cuisine-Jang_kimchi-Pickled_with_soy_sauce-01.jpg 2x" data-file-width="640" data-file-height="573" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext">Jang kimchi, pickled with soy sauce</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 162px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 160px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Korean_food-Packed_kimchi-01.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Displayed manufactured kimchi"><img alt="Displayed manufactured kimchi" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a5/Korean_food-Packed_kimchi-01.jpg/250px-Korean_food-Packed_kimchi-01.jpg" decoding="async" width="160" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a5/Korean_food-Packed_kimchi-01.jpg/500px-Korean_food-Packed_kimchi-01.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="1600" data-file-height="1200" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext">Displayed manufactured kimchi</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 182px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 180px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Oi-sobagi.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Oi-sobagi (cucumber kimchi)"><img alt="Oi-sobagi (cucumber kimchi)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/Oi-sobagi.jpg/270px-Oi-sobagi.jpg" decoding="async" width="180" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/Oi-sobagi.jpg/405px-Oi-sobagi.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/Oi-sobagi.jpg/540px-Oi-sobagi.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5184" data-file-height="3456" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext">Oi-sobagi (cucumber kimchi)</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 92px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 90px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Bok_choy_green_kimchi.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Homemade green kimchi, made with bok choy with a green onion and garlic scape-based chili paste"><img alt="Homemade green kimchi, made with bok choy with a green onion and garlic scape-based chili paste" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c6/Bok_choy_green_kimchi.jpg/250px-Bok_choy_green_kimchi.jpg" decoding="async" width="90" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c6/Bok_choy_green_kimchi.jpg/330px-Bok_choy_green_kimchi.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3000" data-file-height="4000" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext">Homemade green kimchi, made with <a href="/wiki/Bok_choy" title="Bok choy">bok choy</a> with a green onion and garlic scape-based chili paste</div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Kimchi&action=edit&section=38" title="Edit section: See also">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/World_Institute_of_Kimchi" title="World Institute of Kimchi">World Institute of Kimchi</a> – South Korean food R&D organization</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foods_containing_tyramine" class="mw-redirect" title="Foods containing tyramine">Foods containing tyramine</a> – Chemical compoundPages displaying short descriptions of redirect targets</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jangajji" title="Jangajji">Jangajji</a> – Korean pickled vegetable dish</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jeotgal" title="Jeotgal">Jeotgal</a> – Korean salted seafood category</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kimchi_burger" class="mw-redirect" title="Kimchi burger">Kimchi burger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Korean_radish" title="Korean radish">Korean radish</a> – Variety of edible white radish</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Korean_brining_salt" title="Korean brining salt">Korean brining salt</a> – Coarse salt</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Morkovcha" title="Morkovcha">Morkovcha</a> – Koryo-saram spicy marinated carrot dish – a variety of kimchi made of carrots by <a href="/wiki/Koryo-saram" title="Koryo-saram">Koryo-saram</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_cabbage_dishes" title="List of cabbage dishes">List of cabbage dishes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_English_words_of_Korean_origin" title="List of English words of Korean origin">List of English words of Korean origin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_pickled_foods" title="List of pickled foods">List of pickled foods</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pao_cai" title="Pao cai">Pao cai</a> – Pickle in Chinese, and particularly Sichuan cuisine.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sauerkraut" title="Sauerkraut">Sauerkraut</a> – Finely sliced and fermented cabbage</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Torshi" title="Torshi">Torshi</a>, also known as Tursu – Middle Eastern and Balkan pickled vegetables</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Kimchi&action=edit&section=39" title="Edit section: References">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-Britannica-1">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Britannica_1-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Britannica_1-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Britannica_1-2">c</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.britannica.com/topic/kimchi">"Kimchi"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica" title="Encyclopædia Britannica">Encyclopædia Britannica</a>. 1 October 2008. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220713010105/https://www.britannica.com/topic/kimchi">Archived</a> from the original on 13 July 2022. Retrieved 23 March 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Britannica&rft.atitle=Kimchi&rft.date=2008-10-01&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.britannica.com%2Ftopic%2Fkimchi&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKimchi" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Chin-2">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Chin_2-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Chin_2-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Chin_2-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Chin_2-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Chin_2-4">e</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFChin2009" class="citation news cs1"><a href="/wiki/Mei_Chin" title="Mei Chin">Chin, Mei</a> (14 October 2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.saveur.com/article/Kitchen/The-Art-of-Kimchi">"The Art of Kimchi"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Saveur" title="Saveur">Saveur</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220325171112/https://www.saveur.com/article/Kitchen/The-Art-of-Kimchi/">Archived</a> from the original on 25 March 2022. Retrieved 9 August 2010.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Saveur&rft.atitle=The+Art+of+Kimchi&rft.date=2009-10-14&rft.aulast=Chin&rft.aufirst=Mei&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.saveur.com%2Farticle%2FKitchen%2FThe-Art-of-Kimchi&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKimchi" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-:5-3"><a href="#cite_ref-:5_3-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFHonguKimSuzukiWilson2017" class="citation journal cs1">Hongu, Nobuko; Kim, Angela S.; Suzuki, Asuka; Wilson, Hope; Tsui, Karen C.; Park, Sunmin (September 2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.jef.2017.08.005">"Korean kimchi : promoting healthy meals through cultural tradition"</a>. Journal of Ethnic Foods. 4 (3): 172–180. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.jef.2017.08.005">10.1016/j.jef.2017.08.005</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/2352-6181">2352-6181</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Ethnic+Foods&rft.atitle=Korean+kimchi+%3A+promoting+healthy+meals+through+cultural+tradition&rft.volume=4&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E172-%3C%2Fspan%3E180&rft.date=2017-09&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fj.jef.2017.08.005&rft.issn=2352-6181&rft.aulast=Hongu&rft.aufirst=Nobuko&rft.au=Kim%2C+Angela+S.&rft.au=Suzuki%2C+Asuka&rft.au=Wilson%2C+Hope&rft.au=Tsui%2C+Karen+C.&rft.au=Park%2C+Sunmin&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1016%252Fj.jef.2017.08.005&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKimchi" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-:6-4"><a href="#cite_ref-:6_4-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFJangChungYangKim2015" class="citation journal cs1">Jang, Dai-Ja; Chung, Kyung Rhan; Yang, Hye Jeong; Kim, Kang-sung; Kwon, Dae Young (September 2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.jef.2015.08.005">"Discussion on the origin of kimchi, representative of Korean unique fermented vegetables"</a>. Journal of Ethnic Foods. 2 (3): 126–136. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.jef.2015.08.005">10.1016/j.jef.2015.08.005</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/2352-6181">2352-6181</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Ethnic+Foods&rft.atitle=Discussion+on+the+origin+of+kimchi%2C+representative+of+Korean+unique+fermented+vegetables&rft.volume=2&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E126-%3C%2Fspan%3E136&rft.date=2015-09&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fj.jef.2015.08.005&rft.issn=2352-6181&rft.aulast=Jang&rft.aufirst=Dai-Ja&rft.au=Chung%2C+Kyung+Rhan&rft.au=Yang%2C+Hye+Jeong&rft.au=Kim%2C+Kang-sung&rft.au=Kwon%2C+Dae+Young&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1016%252Fj.jef.2015.08.005&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKimchi" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Lee-5"><a href="#cite_ref-Lee_5-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREF이2006" class="citation news cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">이, 태영 (23 May 2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.hani.co.kr/arti/opinion/column/125949.html">"[고장말탐험] '김치'와 '지'"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_Hankyoreh" title="The Hankyoreh">The Hankyoreh</a> (in Korean). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170327172447/http://www.hani.co.kr/arti/opinion/column/125949.html">Archived</a> from the original on 27 March 2017. Retrieved 27 March 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Hankyoreh&rft.atitle=%5B%EA%B3%A0%EC%9E%A5%EB%A7%90%ED%83%90%ED%97%98%5D+%27%EA%B9%80%EC%B9%98%27%EC%99%80+%27%EC%A7%80%27&rft.date=2006-05-23&rft.aulast=%EC%9D%B4&rft.aufirst=%ED%83%9C%EC%98%81&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.hani.co.kr%2Farti%2Fopinion%2Fcolumn%2F125949.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKimchi" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Hong_G-6"><a href="#cite_ref-Hong_G_6-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFHong2016" class="citation journal cs1">Hong, Giok (2016). "Study on the Lexicon Related to Gimchi -Based on Survey of Ethnic Living Words in 2008-". The Journal of Korean Dialectology (24): 61–99. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.19069%2Fkordialect.2016.24.061">10.19069/kordialect.2016.24.061</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Journal+of+Korean+Dialectology&rft.atitle=Study+on+the+Lexicon+Related+to+Gimchi+-Based+on+Survey+of+Ethnic+Living+Words+in+2008-&rft.issue=24&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E61-%3C%2Fspan%3E99&rft.date=2016&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.19069%2Fkordialect.2016.24.061&rft.aulast=Hong&rft.aufirst=Giok&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKimchi" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Uichim-7"><a href="#cite_ref-Uichim_7-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFUichimJoYuYu1632" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-script">Uichim; Jo, Wi; Yu, Yungyeom; Yu, Hyubok; et al., eds. (1632) [1481]. Bullyu Du Gongbu si Eonhae <bdi lang="ko">분류두공부시언해(分類杜工部詩諺解)</bdi> [Poems by <a href="/wiki/Du_Fu" title="Du Fu">Du Fu</a>, Korean Translation]. Vol. 3 (reprint ed.). Joseon Korea. <q><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r869995390" />長安앳 겨 디히 싀오  고</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Bullyu+Du+Gongbu+si+Eonhae+%EB%B6%84%EB%A5%98%EB%91%90%EA%B3%B5%EB%B6%80%EC%8B%9C%EC%96%B8%ED%95%B4%28%E5%88%86%E9%A1%9E%E6%9D%9C%E5%B7%A5%E9%83%A8%E8%A9%A9%E8%AB%BA%E8%A7%A3%29&rft.place=Joseon+Korea&rft.edition=reprint&rft.date=1632&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKimchi" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Sin-8"><a href="#cite_ref-Sin_8-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-script">Garye Eonhae <bdi lang="ko">가례언해(家禮諺解)</bdi> [Vernacular Edition of the Chia-li]. Vol. 10. Translated by Sin, Sik. Joseon Korea. 1632. <q><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r869995390" />豆 디히 젓 담 목긔라</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Garye+Eonhae+%EA%B0%80%EB%A1%80%EC%96%B8%ED%95%B4%28%E5%AE%B6%E7%A6%AE%E8%AB%BA%E8%A7%A3%29&rft.place=Joseon+Korea&rft.date=1632&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKimchi" class="Z3988"> (from the original Jiālǐ 家禮 by <a href="/wiki/Zhu_Xi" title="Zhu Xi">Zhu Xi</a>) </li> <li id="cite_note-SKLD_jjan-9"><a href="#cite_ref-SKLD_jjan_9-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-script cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170327172047/http://stdweb2.korean.go.kr/search/View.jsp?idx=486741">"jjanji" <bdi lang="ko">짠지</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/Standard_Korean_Language_Dictionary" title="Standard Korean Language Dictionary">Standard Korean Language Dictionary</a> (in Korean). <a href="/wiki/National_Institute_of_Korean_Language" title="National Institute of Korean Language">National Institute of Korean Language</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://stdweb2.korean.go.kr/search/View.jsp?idx=486741">the original</a> on 27 March 2017. Retrieved 27 March 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Standard+Korean+Language+Dictionary&rft.atitle=jjanji+%EC%A7%A0%EC%A7%80&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fstdweb2.korean.go.kr%2Fsearch%2FView.jsp%3Fidx%3D486741&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKimchi" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-SKLD_seokbak-10"><a href="#cite_ref-SKLD_seokbak_10-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-script cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170327172241/http://stdweb2.korean.go.kr/search/View.jsp?idx=184895">"seokbak-ji" <bdi lang="ko">섞박지</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/Standard_Korean_Language_Dictionary" title="Standard Korean Language Dictionary">Standard Korean Language Dictionary</a> (in Korean). <a href="/wiki/National_Institute_of_Korean_Language" title="National Institute of Korean Language">National Institute of Korean Language</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://stdweb2.korean.go.kr/search/View.jsp?idx=184895">the original</a> on 27 March 2017. Retrieved 27 March 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Standard+Korean+Language+Dictionary&rft.atitle=seokbak-ji+%EC%84%9E%EB%B0%95%EC%A7%80&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fstdweb2.korean.go.kr%2Fsearch%2FView.jsp%3Fidx%3D184895&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKimchi" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-SKLD_ji-11"><a href="#cite_ref-SKLD_ji_11-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-script cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180929075140/http://stdweb2.korean.go.kr/search/View.jsp?idx=314429">"ji" <bdi lang="ko">지</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/Standard_Korean_Language_Dictionary" title="Standard Korean Language Dictionary">Standard Korean Language Dictionary</a> (in Korean). <a href="/wiki/National_Institute_of_Korean_Language" title="National Institute of Korean Language">National Institute of Korean Language</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://stdweb2.korean.go.kr/search/View.jsp?idx=314429">the original</a> on 29 September 2018. Retrieved 27 March 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Standard+Korean+Language+Dictionary&rft.atitle=ji+%EC%A7%80&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fstdweb2.korean.go.kr%2Fsearch%2FView.jsp%3Fidx%3D314429&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKimchi" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-SKLD_di-12"><a href="#cite_ref-SKLD_di_12-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-script cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180505070707/http://stdweb2.korean.go.kr/search/View.jsp?idx=180741">"seobeok-di" <bdi lang="ko">서벅디</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/Standard_Korean_Language_Dictionary" title="Standard Korean Language Dictionary">Standard Korean Language Dictionary</a> (in Korean). <a href="/wiki/National_Institute_of_Korean_Language" title="National Institute of Korean Language">National Institute of Korean Language</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://stdweb2.korean.go.kr/search/View.jsp?idx=180741">the original</a> on 5 May 2018. Retrieved 27 March 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Standard+Korean+Language+Dictionary&rft.atitle=seobeok-di+%EC%84%9C%EB%B2%85%EB%94%94&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fstdweb2.korean.go.kr%2Fsearch%2FView.jsp%3Fidx%3D180741&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKimchi" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Jeong_G-13"><a href="#cite_ref-Jeong_G_13-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFJeongunknown1586" class="citation cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Jeong, Gu; et al. (1586). Sohak Eonhae <a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/ko:%EC%86%8C%ED%95%99%EC%96%B8%ED%95%B4" class="extiw" title="s:ko:소학언해">소학언해(小學諺解)</a> [Vernacular Rendition of the Elementary Learning] (in Korean). Joseon Korea – via <a href="/wiki/Wikisource" title="Wikisource">Wikisource</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Sohak+Eonhae+%EC%86%8C%ED%95%99%EC%96%B8%ED%95%B4%28%E5%B0%8F%E5%AD%B8%E8%AB%BA%E8%A7%A3%29&rft.place=Joseon+Korea&rft.date=1586&rft.aulast=Jeong&rft.aufirst=Gu&rft.au=unknown&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKimchi" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Zhu-14"><a href="#cite_ref-Zhu_14-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFZhūLiú" class="citation cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a href="/wiki/Zhu_Xi" title="Zhu Xi">Zhū, Xǐ</a>; Liú, Qīngzhī. Xiǎoxué <a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/zh:%E5%B0%8F%E5%AD%B8" class="extiw" title="s:zh:小學">小學</a> [Elementary Learning] (in Chinese). Song China – via <a href="/wiki/Wikisource" title="Wikisource">Wikisource</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Xi%C7%8Eoxu%C3%A9+%E5%B0%8F%E5%AD%B8&rft.place=Song+China&rft.aulast=Zh%C5%AB&rft.aufirst=X%C7%90&rft.au=Li%C3%BA%2C+Q%C4%ABngzh%C4%AB&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKimchi" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-SKLD-15">^ <a href="#cite_ref-SKLD_15-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-SKLD_15-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-script cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180929073148/http://stdweb2.korean.go.kr/search/View.jsp?idx=52827">"Kimchi" <bdi lang="ko">김치</bdi></a> [kimchi]. <a href="/wiki/Standard_Korean_Language_Dictionary" title="Standard Korean Language Dictionary">Standard Korean Language Dictionary</a> (in Korean). <a href="/wiki/National_Institute_of_Korean_Language" title="National Institute of Korean Language">National Institute of Korean Language</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://stdweb2.korean.go.kr/search/View.jsp?idx=52827">the original</a> on 29 September 2018. Retrieved 24 March 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Standard+Korean+Language+Dictionary&rft.atitle=Kimchi+%EA%B9%80%EC%B9%98&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fstdweb2.korean.go.kr%2Fsearch%2FView.jsp%3Fidx%3D52827&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKimchi" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-SKLD_jimchae-16"><a href="#cite_ref-SKLD_jimchae_16-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-script cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170327171443/http://stdweb2.korean.go.kr/search/View.jsp?idx=317715">"jimchae" <bdi lang="ko">짐채</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/Standard_Korean_Language_Dictionary" title="Standard Korean Language Dictionary">Standard Korean Language Dictionary</a> (in Korean). <a href="/wiki/National_Institute_of_Korean_Language" title="National Institute of Korean Language">National Institute of Korean Language</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://stdweb2.korean.go.kr/search/View.jsp?idx=317715">the original</a> on 27 March 2017. Retrieved 27 March 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Standard+Korean+Language+Dictionary&rft.atitle=jimchae+%EC%A7%90%EC%B1%84&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fstdweb2.korean.go.kr%2Fsearch%2FView.jsp%3Fidx%3D317715&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKimchi" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-SKLD_jimchi-17"><a href="#cite_ref-SKLD_jimchi_17-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-script cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170327171812/http://stdweb2.korean.go.kr/search/View.jsp?idx=317716">"jimchi" <bdi lang="ko">짐치</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/Standard_Korean_Language_Dictionary" title="Standard Korean Language Dictionary">Standard Korean Language Dictionary</a> (in Korean). <a href="/wiki/National_Institute_of_Korean_Language" title="National Institute of Korean Language">National Institute of Korean Language</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://stdweb2.korean.go.kr/search/View.jsp?idx=317716">the original</a> on 27 March 2017. Retrieved 27 March 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Standard+Korean+Language+Dictionary&rft.atitle=jimchi+%EC%A7%90%EC%B9%98&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fstdweb2.korean.go.kr%2Fsearch%2FView.jsp%3Fidx%3D317716&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKimchi" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-SKLD_dimchi-18"><a href="#cite_ref-SKLD_dimchi_18-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-script cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170328015621/http://stdweb2.korean.go.kr/search/View.jsp?idx=96720">"dimchi" <bdi lang="ko">딤치</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/Standard_Korean_Language_Dictionary" title="Standard Korean Language Dictionary">Standard Korean Language Dictionary</a> (in Korean). <a href="/wiki/National_Institute_of_Korean_Language" title="National Institute of Korean Language">National Institute of Korean Language</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://stdweb2.korean.go.kr/search/View.jsp?idx=96720">the original</a> on 28 March 2017. Retrieved 27 March 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Standard+Korean+Language+Dictionary&rft.atitle=dimchi+%EB%94%A4%EC%B9%98&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fstdweb2.korean.go.kr%2Fsearch%2FView.jsp%3Fidx%3D96720&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKimchi" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Hui-19">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Hui_19-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Hui_19-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Hui_19-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Hui_19-3">d</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFHuiGhazalaGrahamMurrell2004" class="citation book cs1">Hui, Y. H.; Ghazala, Sue; Graham, Dee M.; Murrell, K. D.; Nip, Wai-Kit, eds. (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=dVpQVJ46C5gC&pg=PA190">Handbook of Vegetable Preservation and Processing</a>. New York: <a href="/wiki/Marcel_Dekker" title="Marcel Dekker">Marcel Dekker</a>. pp. 190–191. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0824743017" title="Special:BookSources/978-0824743017"><bdi>978-0824743017</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240317211835/https://books.google.com/books?id=dVpQVJ46C5gC&pg=PA190#v=onepage&q&f=false">Archived</a> from the original on 17 March 2024. Retrieved 2 September 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Handbook+of+Vegetable+Preservation+and+Processing&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E190-%3C%2Fspan%3E191&rft.pub=Marcel+Dekker&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=978-0824743017&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DdVpQVJ46C5gC%26pg%3DPA190&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKimchi" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Gim-20"><a href="#cite_ref-Gim_20-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFBu-sik1145" class="citation cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a href="/wiki/Kim_Bu-sik" class="mw-redirect" title="Kim Bu-sik">Bu-sik, Kim</a> (1145). Samguk Sagi <a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/ko:%EC%82%BC%EA%B5%AD%EC%82%AC%EA%B8%B0" class="extiw" title="s:ko:삼국사기">삼국사기(三國史記)</a> [History of the Three Kingdoms] (in Korean). Goryeo Korea – via <a href="/wiki/Wikisource" title="Wikisource">Wikisource</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Samguk+Sagi+%EC%82%BC%EA%B5%AD%EC%82%AC%EA%B8%B0%28%E4%B8%89%E5%9C%8B%E5%8F%B2%E8%A8%98%29&rft.place=Goryeo+Korea&rft.date=1145&rft.aulast=Bu-sik&rft.aufirst=Kim&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKimchi" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFParkCheigh2003" class="citation book cs1">Park, Kun-Young; Cheigh, Hong-Sik (2003). "Kimchi". Handbook of Vegetable Preservation and Processing. CRC Press. p. 190.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Kimchi&rft.btitle=Handbook+of+Vegetable+Preservation+and+Processing&rft.pages=190&rft.pub=CRC+Press&rft.date=2003&rft.aulast=Park&rft.aufirst=Kun-Young&rft.au=Cheigh%2C+Hong-Sik&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKimchi" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-btpickle-201309-22">^ <a href="#cite_ref-btpickle-201309_22-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-btpickle-201309_22-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-btpickle-201309_22-2">c</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFLogarta2013" class="citation journal cs1">Logarta, Margie T. (September 2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.pressreader.com/australia/business-traveller-asia-pacific/20130901/281505043889849">"In A Pickle"</a>. Business Traveller (Asia-Pacific Edition): 70–73. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180907144526/http://www.pressreader.com/australia/business-traveller-asia-pacific/20130901/281505043889849">Archived</a> from the original on 7 September 2018. Retrieved 7 September 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Business+Traveller+%28Asia-Pacific+Edition%29&rft.atitle=In+A+Pickle&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E70-%3C%2Fspan%3E73&rft.date=2013-09&rft.aulast=Logarta&rft.aufirst=Margie+T.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.pressreader.com%2Faustralia%2Fbusiness-traveller-asia-pacific%2F20130901%2F281505043889849&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKimchi" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Pettid-23"><a href="#cite_ref-Pettid_23-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFPettid2008" class="citation book cs1">Pettid, Michael J. (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=wzJ7_WcLJSwC&pg=PA47">Korean Cuisine: An Illustrated History</a>. London: <a href="/wiki/Reaktion_Books" title="Reaktion Books">Reaktion Books</a>. pp. 47–51. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-86189-348-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-86189-348-2"><bdi>978-1-86189-348-2</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230724212030/https://books.google.com/books?id=wzJ7_WcLJSwC&pg=PA47">Archived</a> from the original on 24 July 2023. Retrieved 2 September 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Korean+Cuisine%3A+An+Illustrated+History&rft.place=London&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E47-%3C%2Fspan%3E51&rft.pub=Reaktion+Books&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-1-86189-348-2&rft.aulast=Pettid&rft.aufirst=Michael+J.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DwzJ7_WcLJSwC%26pg%3DPA47&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKimchi" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Yi_G-24"><a href="#cite_ref-Yi_G_24-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFYi1241" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-script cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source-2">Yi, Gyubo (1241). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://db.itkc.or.kr/itkcdb/text/nodeViewIframe.jsp?bizName=MM&seojiId=kc_mm_a004&gunchaId=bv004&muncheId=01&finId=036">"Gapoyugyeong" <bdi lang="ko">가포육영(家圃六詠)</bdi></a>. <a href="/w/index.php?title=DonggukIsanggukjip&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="DonggukIsanggukjip (page does not exist)">DonggukIsanggukjip</a> <bdi lang="ko">동국이상국집(東國李相國集)</bdi> [Collected works of Minister Yi of the Eastern Country] (in Literary Chinese). Goryeo Korea – via <a href="/w/index.php?title=DB_of_Korean_classics&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="DB of Korean classics (page does not exist)">DB of Korean classics</a> by <a href="/w/index.php?title=Institute_for_the_Translation_of_Korean_Classics&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Institute for the Translation of Korean Classics (page does not exist)">ITKC</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Gapoyugyeong+%EA%B0%80%ED%8F%AC%EC%9C%A1%EC%98%81%28%E5%AE%B6%E5%9C%83%E5%85%AD%E8%A9%A0%29&rft.btitle=DonggukIsanggukjip+%EB%8F%99%EA%B5%AD%EC%9D%B4%EC%83%81%EA%B5%AD%EC%A7%91%28%E6%9D%B1%E5%9C%8B%E6%9D%8E%E7%9B%B8%E5%9C%8B%E9%9B%86%29&rft.place=Goryeo+Korea&rft.date=1241&rft.aulast=Yi&rft.aufirst=Gyubo&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fdb.itkc.or.kr%2Fitkcdb%2Ftext%2FnodeViewIframe.jsp%3FbizName%3DMM%26seojiId%3Dkc_mm_a004%26gunchaId%3Dbv004%26muncheId%3D01%26finId%3D036&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKimchi" class="Z3988">[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Link_rot" title="Wikipedia:Link rot">permanent dead link</a>‍] </li> <li id="cite_note-Breidt-25"><a href="#cite_ref-Breidt_25-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFBreidtMcFeetersPérez-DíazLee2013" class="citation book cs1">Breidt, Fred; McFeeters, Roger F.; Pérez-Díaz, Ilenys; Lee, Cherl-Ho (2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://fbns.ncsu.edu/USDAARS/Acrobatpubs/P376-400/p380.pdf">"Fermented Vegetables"</a> (PDF). In Doyle, Michael P.; Buchanan, Robert L. (eds.). Food Microbiology: Fundamentals and Frontiers (4th ed.). Washington, D.C.: <a href="/wiki/American_Society_for_Microbiology" title="American Society for Microbiology">American Society for Microbiology</a>. p. 841. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1128%2F9781555818463.ch33">10.1128/9781555818463.ch33</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781555816261" title="Special:BookSources/9781555816261"><bdi>9781555816261</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150528190455/http://fbns.ncsu.edu/USDAARS/Acrobatpubs/P376-400/p380.pdf">Archived</a> (PDF) from the original on 28 May 2015. Retrieved 26 March 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Fermented+Vegetables&rft.btitle=Food+Microbiology%3A+Fundamentals+and+Frontiers&rft.place=Washington%2C+D.C.&rft.pages=841&rft.edition=4th&rft.pub=American+Society+for+Microbiology&rft.date=2013&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1128%2F9781555818463.ch33&rft.isbn=9781555816261&rft.aulast=Breidt&rft.aufirst=Fred&rft.au=McFeeters%2C+Roger+F.&rft.au=P%C3%A9rez-D%C3%ADaz%2C+Ilenys&rft.au=Lee%2C+Cherl-Ho&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ffbns.ncsu.edu%2FUSDAARS%2FAcrobatpubs%2FP376-400%2Fp380.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKimchi" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a> Kimchi. (2016). Funk & Wagnalls New World Encyclopedia, 1p. 1. </li> <li id="cite_note-KCIS-27">^ <a href="#cite_ref-KCIS_27-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-KCIS_27-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=NoxoBgAAQBAJ&pg=PA133">Guide to Korean Culture: Korea's cultural heritage</a> (2015 ed.). Seoul: <a href="/wiki/Korean_Culture_and_Information_Service" title="Korean Culture and Information Service">Korean Culture and Information Service</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Culture,_Sports_and_Tourism" class="mw-redirect" title="Ministry of Culture, Sports and Tourism">Ministry of Culture, Sports and Tourism</a>. 2015 [1995]. pp. 131–133. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9788973755714" title="Special:BookSources/9788973755714"><bdi>9788973755714</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Guide+to+Korean+Culture%3A+Korea%27s+cultural+heritage&rft.place=Seoul&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E131-%3C%2Fspan%3E133&rft.edition=2015&rft.pub=Korean+Culture+and+Information+Service%2C+Ministry+of+Culture%2C+Sports+and+Tourism&rft.date=2015&rft.isbn=9788973755714&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DNoxoBgAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA133&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKimchi" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFLee2008" class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-script cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Lee, Dahyeon (8 January 2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://shindonga.donga.com/3/all/13/107000/1">"고추, 마라, 핫소스…'매운맛 문화권'의 확장과 타락 (Red pepper, mara, hot sauce... Expansion and deterioration of the "spicy taste culture")"</a>. shindonga.donga.com <bdi lang="ko">신동아</bdi> (in Korean). <a href="/wiki/The_Dong-a_Ilbo" class="mw-redirect" title="The Dong-a Ilbo">The Dong-a Ilbo</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210418153732/https://shindonga.donga.com/3/all/13/107000/1">Archived</a> from the original on 18 April 2021. Retrieved 18 April 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=shindonga.donga.com&rft.atitle=%EA%B3%A0%EC%B6%94%2C+%EB%A7%88%EB%9D%BC%2C+%ED%95%AB%EC%86%8C%EC%8A%A4%E2%80%A6%27%EB%A7%A4%EC%9A%B4%EB%A7%9B+%EB%AC%B8%ED%99%94%EA%B6%8C%27%EC%9D%98+%ED%99%95%EC%9E%A5%EA%B3%BC+%ED%83%80%EB%9D%BD+%28Red+pepper%2C+mara%2C+hot+sauce...+Expansion+and+deterioration+of+the+%22spicy+taste+culture%22%29&rft.date=2008-01-08&rft.aulast=Lee&rft.aufirst=Dahyeon&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fshindonga.donga.com%2F3%2Fall%2F13%2F107000%2F1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKimchi" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Park-29"><a href="#cite_ref-Park_29-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFPark1999" class="citation news cs1">Park, Jae Bok (Spring 1999). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20181007210343/https://cpi.nmsu.edu/wp-content/uploads/sites/60/2016/06/99-spring.pdf">"Red Pepper and Kichi in Korea"</a> (PDF). <a href="/wiki/Chile_Pepper_Institute" title="Chile Pepper Institute">Chile Pepper Institute</a> Newsletter. Vol. 8, no. 1. p. 3. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://cpi.nmsu.edu/wp-content/uploads/sites/60/2016/06/99-spring.pdf">the original</a> (PDF) on 7 October 2018. Retrieved 20 March 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Chile+Pepper+Institute+Newsletter&rft.atitle=Red+Pepper+and+Kichi+in+Korea&rft.ssn=spring&rft.volume=8&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=3&rft.date=1999&rft.aulast=Park&rft.aufirst=Jae+Bok&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fcpi.nmsu.edu%2Fwp-content%2Fuploads%2Fsites%2F60%2F2016%2F06%2F99-spring.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKimchi" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Marianski-30"><a href="#cite_ref-Marianski_30-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFMarianskiMarianski2012" class="citation book cs1">Marianski, Stanley; Marianski, Adam (2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=anbDBazwLmsC&pg=PA45">Sauerkraut, Kimchi, Pickles & Relishes</a>. Seminole, FL: Bookmagic. p. 45. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780983697329" title="Special:BookSources/9780983697329"><bdi>9780983697329</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Sauerkraut%2C+Kimchi%2C+Pickles+%26+Relishes&rft.place=Seminole%2C+FL&rft.pages=45&rft.pub=Bookmagic&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=9780983697329&rft.aulast=Marianski&rft.aufirst=Stanley&rft.au=Marianski%2C+Adam&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DanbDBazwLmsC%26pg%3DPA45&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKimchi" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Yi_S-31"><a href="#cite_ref-Yi_S_31-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFYi" class="citation cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Yi, Sugwang. Jibong yuseol <a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/ko:%EC%A7%80%EB%B4%89%EC%9C%A0%EC%84%A4" class="extiw" title="s:ko:지봉유설">지봉유설(芝峯類說)</a> [Topical Discourses of Jibong] (in Korean). Joseon Korea – via <a href="/wiki/Wikisource" title="Wikisource">Wikisource</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Jibong+yuseol+%EC%A7%80%EB%B4%89%EC%9C%A0%EC%84%A4%28%E8%8A%9D%E5%B3%AF%E9%A1%9E%E8%AA%AA%29&rft.place=Joseon+Korea&rft.aulast=Yi&rft.aufirst=Sugwang&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKimchi" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Hong_M-32"><a href="#cite_ref-Hong_M_32-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFHong" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-script cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source-2">Hong, Manseon. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170328021323/http://db.itkc.or.kr/index.jsp?bizName=KO&url=%2Fitkcdb%2Ftext%2FbookListIframe.jsp%3FbizName%3DKO&seojiId=kc_ko_g003&gunchaId=&NodeId=&setid=389232">Sallim gyeongje <bdi lang="zh">산림경제(山林經濟)</bdi></a> [Farm Management] (in Literary Chinese). Joseon Korea. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://db.itkc.or.kr/index.jsp?bizName=KO&url=/itkcdb/text/bookListIframe.jsp?bizName=KO&seojiId=kc_ko_g003&gunchaId=&NodeId=&setid=389232">the original</a> on 28 March 2017. Retrieved 17 February 2020 – via <a href="/w/index.php?title=DB_of_Korean_classics&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="DB of Korean classics (page does not exist)">DB of Korean classics</a> by <a href="/w/index.php?title=Institute_for_the_Translation_of_Korean_Classics&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Institute for the Translation of Korean Classics (page does not exist)">ITKC</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Sallim+gyeongje+%EC%82%B0%EB%A6%BC%EA%B2%BD%EC%A0%9C%28%E5%B1%B1%E6%9E%97%E7%B6%93%E6%BF%9F%29&rft.place=Joseon+Korea&rft.aulast=Hong&rft.aufirst=Manseon&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fdb.itkc.or.kr%2Findex.jsp%3FbizName%3DKO%26url%3D%2Fitkcdb%2Ftext%2FbookListIframe.jsp%3FbizName%3DKO%26seojiId%3Dkc_ko_g003%26gunchaId%3D%26NodeId%3D%26setid%3D389232&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKimchi" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Cho-33">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Cho_33-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Cho_33-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFCho2006" class="citation journal cs1">Cho, Hong Sik (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.14731%2Fkjis.2006.12.46.5.207">"Food and Nationalism: Kimchi and Korean National Identity"</a>. The Korean Journal of International Studies. 4 (1): 207–229. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.14731%2Fkjis.2006.12.46.5.207">10.14731/kjis.2006.12.46.5.207</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Korean+Journal+of+International+Studies&rft.atitle=Food+and+Nationalism%3A+Kimchi+and+Korean+National+Identity&rft.volume=4&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E207-%3C%2Fspan%3E229&rft.date=2006&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.14731%2Fkjis.2006.12.46.5.207&rft.aulast=Cho&rft.aufirst=Hong+Sik&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.14731%252Fkjis.2006.12.46.5.207&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKimchi" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Jeong_H-34"><a href="#cite_ref-Jeong_H_34-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFJeong" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-script">Jeong, Hakyu. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.culturecontent.com/content/contentView.do?search_div_id=CP_THE011&cp_code=cp0612&index_id=cp06120139&content_id=cp061201390001">"Siwol" <bdi lang="ko">시월(十月)</bdi></a> [Tenth month]. Nongga wollyeongga <bdi lang="ko">농가월령가(農家月令歌)</bdi> [The Songs of Monthly Events of Farm Families]. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170328195208/http://www.culturecontent.com/content/contentView.do?search_div_id=CP_THE011&cp_code=cp0612&index_id=cp06120139&content_id=cp061201390001">Archived</a> from the original on 28 March 2017. Retrieved 27 March 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Siwol+%EC%8B%9C%EC%9B%94%28%E5%8D%81%E6%9C%88%29&rft.btitle=Nongga+wollyeongga+%EB%86%8D%EA%B0%80%EC%9B%94%EB%A0%B9%EA%B0%80%28%E8%BE%B2%E5%AE%B6%E6%9C%88%E4%BB%A4%E6%AD%8C%29&rft.aulast=Jeong&rft.aufirst=Hakyu&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.culturecontent.com%2Fcontent%2FcontentView.do%3Fsearch_div_id%3DCP_THE011%26cp_code%3Dcp0612%26index_id%3Dcp06120139%26content_id%3Dcp061201390001&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKimchi" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Hong_S-35"><a href="#cite_ref-Hong_S_35-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFHong" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-script">Hong, Seokmo. <a href="/wiki/Dongguksesigi" title="Dongguksesigi">Dongguksesigi</a> <bdi lang="ko">동국세시기(東國歲時記)</bdi> [A Record of the Seasonal Customs of the Eastern Kingdom]. Joseon Korea.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Dongguksesigi+%EB%8F%99%EA%B5%AD%EC%84%B8%EC%8B%9C%EA%B8%B0%28%E6%9D%B1%E5%9C%8B%E6%AD%B2%E6%99%82%E8%A8%98%29&rft.place=Joseon+Korea&rft.aulast=Hong&rft.aufirst=Seokmo&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKimchi" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Yu-36"><a href="#cite_ref-Yu_36-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFYuHong1766" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-script">Yu, Jungrim; Hong, Manseon (1766). Jeungbo sallim gyeongje <bdi lang="ko">증보산림경제(增補山林經濟)</bdi> [Revised and Augmented Farm Management]. Joseon Korea.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Jeungbo+sallim+gyeongje+%EC%A6%9D%EB%B3%B4%EC%82%B0%EB%A6%BC%EA%B2%BD%EC%A0%9C%28%E5%A2%9E%E8%A3%9C%E5%B1%B1%E6%9E%97%E7%B6%93%E6%BF%9F%29&rft.place=Joseon+Korea&rft.date=1766&rft.aulast=Yu&rft.aufirst=Jungrim&rft.au=Hong%2C+Manseon&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKimchi" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Sim-37"><a href="#cite_ref-Sim_37-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFUnknown1919" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Unknown (1919) [late 19th century]. <a href="/wiki/Siuijeonseo" class="mw-redirect" title="Siuijeonseo">Siuijeonseo</a> (in Korean). Manuscript by Sim Hwanjin. Sangju, Korea.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Siuijeonseo&rft.place=Sangju%2C+Korea&rft.date=1919&rft.au=Unknown&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKimchi" class="Z3988"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_book" title="Template:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_location_missing_publisher" title="Category:CS1 maint: location missing publisher">link</a>) <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-script cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170312200136/http://archive.hansik.org/contents_list/oldbook/item/contents_oldbook/42/23206/"><bdi lang="ko">시의전서 是議全書</bdi></a>. Hansik Archive (in Korean). Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://archive.hansik.org/contents_list/oldbook/item/contents_oldbook/42/23206">the original</a> on 12 March 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Hansik+Archive&rft.atitle=%EC%8B%9C%EC%9D%98%EC%A0%84%EC%84%9C+%E6%98%AF%E8%AD%B0%E5%85%A8%E6%9B%B8&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Farchive.hansik.org%2Fcontents_list%2Foldbook%2Fitem%2Fcontents_oldbook%2F42%2F23206&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKimchi" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Choe-38">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Choe_38-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Choe_38-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFChoe2008" class="citation news cs1">Choe, Sang-hun (24 February 2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/2008/02/24/world/asia/24kimchi.html">"Starship Kimchi: A Bold Taste Goes Where It Has Never Gone Before"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_New_York_Times" title="The New York Times">The New York Times</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120317130351/http://www.nytimes.com/2008/02/24/world/asia/24kimchi.html">Archived</a> from the original on 17 March 2012. Retrieved 27 August 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=Starship+Kimchi%3A+A+Bold+Taste+Goes+Where+It+Has+Never+Gone+Before&rft.date=2008-02-24&rft.aulast=Choe&rft.aufirst=Sang-hun&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F2008%2F02%2F24%2Fworld%2Fasia%2F24kimchi.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKimchi" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-:8-39">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:8_39-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:8_39-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFKing2019" class="citation cs2">King, Michelle (2019), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.5040/9781350078703.0008">"Introduction: Culinary Nationalism in Asia"</a>, Culinary Nationalism in Asia, Bloomsbury Publishing Plc, pp. 1–20, <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.5040%2F9781350078703.0008">10.5040/9781350078703.0008</a>, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-350-07870-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-350-07870-3"><bdi>978-1-350-07870-3</bdi></a>, <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:201328713">201328713</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240317211839/https://chooser.crossref.org/?doi=10.5040%2F9781350078703.0008">archived</a> from the original on 17 March 2024, retrieved 4 August 2021</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Culinary+Nationalism+in+Asia&rft.atitle=Introduction%3A+Culinary+Nationalism+in+Asia&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E1-%3C%2Fspan%3E20&rft.date=2019&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A201328713%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.5040%2F9781350078703.0008&rft.isbn=978-1-350-07870-3&rft.aulast=King&rft.aufirst=Michelle&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fdx.doi.org%2F10.5040%2F9781350078703.0008&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKimchi" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-History_of_Kimchi,_the_Korean_soul_food._Kimchi_fun_facts_we_BAECHU_didn't_know.-40"><a href="#cite_ref-History_of_Kimchi,_the_Korean_soul_food._Kimchi_fun_facts_we_BAECHU_didn't_know._40-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-unfit"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210909034338/https://hyphe-nated.com/history-of-kimchi-the-korean-soul-food-kimchi-and-koreans-go-waaaaaay-back-kimchi-fun-facts-we-baechu-didnt-know/">"History of Kimchi, the Korean soul food. Kimchi fun facts we BAECHU didn't know"</a>. Hyphe-Nated. Archived from the original on 9 September 2021. Retrieved 9 September 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=History+of+Kimchi%2C+the+Korean+soul+food.+Kimchi+fun+facts+we+BAECHU+didn%27t+know&rft.pub=Hyphe-Nated&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fhyphe-nated.com%2Fhistory-of-kimchi-the-korean-soul-food-kimchi-and-koreans-go-waaaaaay-back-kimchi-fun-facts-we-baechu-didnt-know%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKimchi" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-41"><a href="#cite_ref-41">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFKim2013" class="citation audio-visual cs1">Kim, Eleana J. (2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Irn1yXF_1H4">Adoptees and the Politics of Belonging</a>. The Korea Society. Event occurs at 26:56–28:09. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170406224903/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Irn1yXF_1H4&t=26m56s">Archived</a> from the original on 6 April 2017. Retrieved 2 January 2023 – via YouTube. <q>Another aspect of the Korean adoptee experience that I explore in my book is their relationship to South Korea, and the South Korean state and one of the things that the South Korean government was, in a way, compelled, to do, in the late 1990s was to recognize adoptees, overseas adoptees, as Koreans, in some way. So by 1998, adult Korean adoptees who were living in Korea petitioned the South Korean state to recognize them as overseas Koreans, <a href="/wiki/Korean_diaspora" title="Korean diaspora">Hanguggye dongpo</a>, so that meant that they would be eligible for a special visa status that would allow them to return to South Korea for extended periods of time, and, in line with this, this is an image from the Overseas Korean Foundation summer cultural program for overseas adoptees, and so, they developed these programs to help adult adoptees return to Korea and learn something about what it means to be Korean. So these programs are typically focused on traditional Korean culture adoptees dressing up in <a href="/wiki/Hanbok" title="Hanbok">hanbok</a> and learning how to make kimchi, such as these images here.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Adoptees+and+the+Politics+of+Belonging&rft.pub=The+Korea+Society&rft.date=2013&rft.aulast=Kim&rft.aufirst=Eleana+J.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.youtube.com%2Fwatch%3Fv%3DIrn1yXF_1H4&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKimchi" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-LAT-42">^ <a href="#cite_ref-LAT_42-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-LAT_42-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFMagnier,_Mark2003" class="citation news cs1">Magnier, Mark (17 June 2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-2003-jun-17-et-magnier17-story.html">"In an Age of SARS, Koreans Tout Kimchi Cure"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Los_Angeles_Times" title="Los Angeles Times">Los Angeles Times</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100227102302/http://articles.latimes.com/2003/jun/17/entertainment/et-magnier17">Archived</a> from the original on 27 February 2010. Retrieved 7 May 2010.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Los+Angeles+Times&rft.atitle=In+an+Age+of+SARS%2C+Koreans+Tout+Kimchi+Cure&rft.date=2003-06-17&rft.au=Magnier%2C+Mark&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.latimes.com%2Farchives%2Fla-xpm-2003-jun-17-et-magnier17-story.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKimchi" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-NYT-43"><a href="#cite_ref-NYT_43-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFSims2000" class="citation news cs1">Sims, Calvin (5 February 2000). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/2000/02/05/business/cabbage-cabbage-not-kimchi-lovers-koreans-take-issue-with-rendition-their.html">"Cabbage Is Cabbage? Not to Kimchi Lovers; Koreans Take Issue With a Rendition Of Their National Dish Made in Japan"</a>. The New York Times. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210114051915/https://www.nytimes.com/2000/02/05/business/cabbage-cabbage-not-kimchi-lovers-koreans-take-issue-with-rendition-their.html">Archived</a> from the original on 14 January 2021. Retrieved 2 January 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=Cabbage+Is+Cabbage%3F+Not+to+Kimchi+Lovers%3B+Koreans+Take+Issue+With+a+Rendition+Of+Their+National+Dish+Made+in+Japan&rft.date=2000-02-05&rft.aulast=Sims&rft.aufirst=Calvin&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F2000%2F02%2F05%2Fbusiness%2Fcabbage-cabbage-not-kimchi-lovers-koreans-take-issue-with-rendition-their.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKimchi" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-44"><a href="#cite_ref-44">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20051212095607/http://www.codexalimentarius.net/download/standards/365/CXS_223e.pdf">"Codex standard for kimchi"</a> (PDF). The Codex Alimentarius Commission. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.codexalimentarius.net/download/standards/365/CXS_223e.pdf">the original</a> (PDF) on 12 December 2005.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Codex+standard+for+kimchi&rft.pub=The+Codex+Alimentarius+Commission&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.codexalimentarius.net%2Fdownload%2Fstandards%2F365%2FCXS_223e.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKimchi" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-EconomistOct72010-45">^ <a href="#cite_ref-EconomistOct72010_45-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-EconomistOct72010_45-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.economist.com/node/17204655">"Of cabbages and Kims"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_Economist" title="The Economist">The Economist</a>. 7 October 2010. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240317211737/https://www.economist.com/asia/2013/09/09/of-cabbages-and-kims">Archived</a> from the original on 17 March 2024. Retrieved 28 June 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Economist&rft.atitle=Of+cabbages+and+Kims&rft.date=2010-10-07&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.economist.com%2Fnode%2F17204655&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKimchi" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-nyt2010-46">^ <a href="#cite_ref-nyt2010_46-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-nyt2010_46-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFMcDonald,_Mark2010" class="citation news cs1">McDonald, Mark (14 October 2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/2010/10/15/world/asia/15kimchi.html">"Rising Cost of Kimchi Alarms Koreans"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_New_York_Times" title="The New York Times">The New York Times</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20101026083805/http://www.nytimes.com/2010/10/15/world/asia/15kimchi.html">Archived</a> from the original on 26 October 2010. Retrieved 16 October 2010.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=Rising+Cost+of+Kimchi+Alarms+Koreans&rft.date=2010-10-14&rft.au=McDonald%2C+Mark&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F2010%2F10%2F15%2Fworld%2Fasia%2F15kimchi.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKimchi" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-worl_UNES-47">^ <a href="#cite_ref-worl_UNES_47-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-worl_UNES_47-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210414141221/http://world.kbs.co.kr/english/news/news_In_detail.htm?No=115259">"UNESCO Adds N. Korea's Kimchi-Making to Cultural Heritage List"</a>. KBS. 3 December 2015. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://world.kbs.co.kr/english/news/news_In_detail.htm?No=115259">the original</a> on 14 April 2021. Retrieved 3 December 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=UNESCO+Adds+N.+Korea%27s+Kimchi-Making+to+Cultural+Heritage+List&rft.pub=KBS&rft.date=2015-12-03&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fworld.kbs.co.kr%2Fenglish%2Fnews%2Fnews_In_detail.htm%3FNo%3D115259&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKimchi" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-48"><a href="#cite_ref-48">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ich.unesco.org/en/RL/kimjang-making-and-sharing-kimchi-in-the-republic-of-korea-00881">"Kimjang, making and sharing kimchi in the Republic of Korea"</a>. UNESCO Intangible Heritage. 2013. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210205025303/https://ich.unesco.org/en/RL/kimjang-making-and-sharing-kimchi-in-the-republic-of-korea-00881">Archived</a> from the original on 5 February 2021. Retrieved 20 November 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=UNESCO+Intangible+Heritage&rft.atitle=Kimjang%2C+making+and+sharing+kimchi+in+the+Republic+of+Korea&rft.date=2013&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fich.unesco.org%2Fen%2FRL%2Fkimjang-making-and-sharing-kimchi-in-the-republic-of-korea-00881&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKimchi" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-unes_Trad-49"><a href="#cite_ref-unes_Trad_49-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.unesco.org/culture/ich/en/RL/tradition-of-kimchi-making-in-the-democratic-people-s-republic-of-korea-01063">"Tradition of kimchi-making in the Democratic People's Republic of Korea"</a>. Culture Sector – UNESCO. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170223224515/http://www.unesco.org/culture/ich/en/RL/tradition-of-kimchi-making-in-the-democratic-people-s-republic-of-korea-01063/">Archived</a> from the original on 23 February 2017. Retrieved 3 December 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Tradition+of+kimchi-making+in+the+Democratic+People%27s+Republic+of+Korea&rft.pub=Culture+Sector+%E2%80%93+UNESCO&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.unesco.org%2Fculture%2Fich%2Fen%2FRL%2Ftradition-of-kimchi-making-in-the-democratic-people-s-republic-of-korea-01063&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKimchi" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-yout_Nort-50"><a href="#cite_ref-yout_Nort_50-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation audio-visual cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=7uPJB__JuF0">North Koreans Want UNESCO Recognition for Their Kimchi Variation</a>. YouTube. <a href="/wiki/Voice_of_America" title="Voice of America">Voice of America</a>. 2 December 2015. Event occurs at 1:10. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160322020421/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=7uPJB__JuF0">Archived</a> from the original on 22 March 2016. Retrieved 3 December 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=North+Koreans+Want+UNESCO+Recognition+for+Their+Kimchi+Variation&rft.pub=Voice+of+America&rft.date=2015-12-02&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.youtube.com%2Fwatch%3Fv%3D7uPJB__JuF0&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKimchi" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-51"><a href="#cite_ref-51">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFJeong2018" class="citation web cs1">Jeong, Sophie (2 November 2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://edition.cnn.com/travel/article/north-korea-kimchi-festival/index.html">"North Korea's latest peace offering: Kimchi"</a>. CNN. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20181102184848/https://edition.cnn.com/travel/article/north-korea-kimchi-festival/index.html">Archived</a> from the original on 2 November 2018. Retrieved 26 April 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=CNN&rft.atitle=North+Korea%27s+latest+peace+offering%3A+Kimchi&rft.date=2018-11-02&rft.aulast=Jeong&rft.aufirst=Sophie&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fedition.cnn.com%2Ftravel%2Farticle%2Fnorth-korea-kimchi-festival%2Findex.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKimchi" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-52"><a href="#cite_ref-52">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cbsnews.com/baltimore/news/nov-22-marks-kimchi-day-maryland/">"Spicy celebration: Nov. 22 marks Kimchi Day in Maryland"</a>. CBS News. 22 November 2022. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20221122131404/https://www.cbsnews.com/baltimore/news/nov-22-marks-kimchi-day-maryland/">Archived</a> from the original on 22 November 2022. Retrieved 23 November 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=CBS+News&rft.atitle=Spicy+celebration%3A+Nov.+22+marks+Kimchi+Day+in+Maryland&rft.date=2022-11-22&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cbsnews.com%2Fbaltimore%2Fnews%2Fnov-22-marks-kimchi-day-maryland%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKimchi" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-53"><a href="#cite_ref-53">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://world.kbs.co.kr/service/news_view.htm?lang=e&Seq_Code=173962">"Maryland Governor Designates Nov. 22 as 'Kimchi Day'"</a>. KBS World. 22 November 2022. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20221122131404/http://world.kbs.co.kr/service/news_view.htm?lang=e&Seq_Code=173962">Archived</a> from the original on 22 November 2022. Retrieved 23 November 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=KBS+World&rft.atitle=Maryland+Governor+Designates+Nov.+22+as+%27Kimchi+Day%27&rft.date=2022-11-22&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fworld.kbs.co.kr%2Fservice%2Fnews_view.htm%3Flang%3De%26Seq_Code%3D173962&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKimchi" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-seoul.co.kr-54">^ <a href="#cite_ref-seoul.co.kr_54-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-seoul.co.kr_54-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFLee_Gyeongju_(이경주)Kim_Yangjin_(김양진)2013" class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-script cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Lee Gyeongju (이경주); Kim Yangjin (김양진) (20 July 2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.seoul.co.kr/news/newsView.php?id=20130720011020"><bdi lang="ko">對중국 수출 '0'... 한국 김치가 운다</bdi></a>. seoul.co.kr (in Korean). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150924130616/http://www.seoul.co.kr/news/newsView.php?id=20130720011020">Archived</a> from the original on 24 September 2015. Retrieved 27 December 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=seoul.co.kr&rft.atitle=%E5%B0%8D%EC%A4%91%EA%B5%AD+%EC%88%98%EC%B6%9C+%270%27...+%ED%95%9C%EA%B5%AD+%EA%B9%80%EC%B9%98%EA%B0%80+%EC%9A%B4%EB%8B%A4&rft.date=2013-07-20&rft.au=Lee+Gyeongju+%28%EC%9D%B4%EA%B2%BD%EC%A3%BC%29&rft.au=Kim+Yangjin+%28%EA%B9%80%EC%96%91%EC%A7%84%29&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.seoul.co.kr%2Fnews%2FnewsView.php%3Fid%3D20130720011020&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKimchi" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-55"><a href="#cite_ref-55">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFChoe2014" class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-script cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Choe Mansu (최만수) (15 January 2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150924115104/http://www.hankyung.com/news/app/newsview.php?aid=2014011481381"><bdi lang="ko">수입만 하고 수출 못하는 韓·中 '김치무역' 바꿀 것</bdi></a>. hankyung.com (in Korean). Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.hankyung.com/news/app/newsview.php?aid=2014011481381">the original</a> on 24 September 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=hankyung.com&rft.atitle=%EC%88%98%EC%9E%85%EB%A7%8C+%ED%95%98%EA%B3%A0+%EC%88%98%EC%B6%9C+%EB%AA%BB%ED%95%98%EB%8A%94+%E9%9F%93%C2%B7%E4%B8%AD+%27%EA%B9%80%EC%B9%98%EB%AC%B4%EC%97%AD%27+%EB%B0%94%EA%BF%80+%EA%B2%83&rft.date=2014-01-15&rft.aulast=Choe&rft.aufirst=Mansu&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.hankyung.com%2Fnews%2Fapp%2Fnewsview.php%3Faid%3D2014011481381&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKimchi" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-56"><a href="#cite_ref-56">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFHernándezGuoMcmorrow2017" class="citation news cs1">Hernández, Javier C.; Guo, Owen; Mcmorrow, Ryan (9 March 2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/2017/03/09/world/asia/china-lotte-thaad-south-korea.html">"South Korean Stores Feel China's Wrath as U.S. Missile System Is Deployed"</a>. The New York Times. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0362-4331">0362-4331</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220527032634/https://www.nytimes.com/2017/03/09/world/asia/china-lotte-thaad-south-korea.html">Archived</a> from the original on 27 May 2022. Retrieved 2 January 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=South+Korean+Stores+Feel+China%27s+Wrath+as+U.S.+Missile+System+Is+Deployed&rft.date=2017-03-09&rft.issn=0362-4331&rft.aulast=Hern%C3%A1ndez&rft.aufirst=Javier+C.&rft.au=Guo%2C+Owen&rft.au=Mcmorrow%2C+Ryan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F2017%2F03%2F09%2Fworld%2Fasia%2Fchina-lotte-thaad-south-korea.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKimchi" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-kimchi-yanbian-57"><a href="#cite_ref-kimchi-yanbian_57-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFLankov2013" class="citation web cs1">Lankov, Andrei Nikolaevich (3 June 2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.theasian.asia/archives/75217">"The 'third Korea' Yanbian in decline"</a>. The Asian. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210201205920/http://www.theasian.asia/archives/75217">Archived</a> from the original on 1 February 2021. Retrieved 3 October 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Asian&rft.atitle=The+%27third+Korea%27+Yanbian+in+decline&rft.date=2013-06-03&rft.aulast=Lankov&rft.aufirst=Andrei+Nikolaevich&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.theasian.asia%2Farchives%2F75217&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKimchi" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-58"><a href="#cite_ref-58">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.iso.org/standard/78112.html">"ISO 24220:2020"</a>. International Organization for Standardization. 2020. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210125105721/https://www.iso.org/standard/78112.html">Archived</a> from the original on 25 January 2021. Retrieved 21 January 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=International+Organization+for+Standardization&rft.atitle=ISO+24220%3A2020&rft.date=2020&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.iso.org%2Fstandard%2F78112.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKimchi" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-BBC2020-11-30-59"><a href="#cite_ref-BBC2020-11-30_59-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-asia-55129805">"Kimchi ferments cultural feud between South Korea and China"</a>. <a href="/wiki/BBC_News" title="BBC News">BBC News</a>. 30 November 2020. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210118171120/https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-asia-55129805">Archived</a> from the original on 18 January 2021. Retrieved 20 January 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Kimchi+ferments+cultural+feud+between+South+Korea+and+China&rft.date=2020-11-30&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.co.uk%2Fnews%2Fworld-asia-55129805&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKimchi" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-60"><a href="#cite_ref-60">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409" /><div class="plainlist" style="display:inline;"><ul style="display:inline;"><li style="margin-bottom:.5em; display:block;;display:inline; margin:0;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.koreatimes.co.kr/www/culture/2020/11/135_300132.html">"South Korea refutes China's claim on industrial standard for kimchi"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_Korea_Times" title="The Korea Times">The Korea Times</a>. Yonhap. 30 November 2020. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210129103559/http://www.koreatimes.co.kr/www/culture/2020/11/135_300132.html">Archived</a> from the original on 29 January 2021. Retrieved 23 January 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Korea+Times&rft.atitle=South+Korea+refutes+China%27s+claim+on+industrial+standard+for+kimchi&rft.date=2020-11-30&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.koreatimes.co.kr%2Fwww%2Fculture%2F2020%2F11%2F135_300132.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKimchi" class="Z3988"></li><li style="margin-bottom:.5em; display:block;;margin-top:.5em;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFPark_Ji-won2020" class="citation news cs1">Park Ji-won (2 December 2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.koreatimes.co.kr/www/culture/2020/12/135_300227.html">"Kimchi controversy: China's cultural provocation"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_Korea_Times" title="The Korea Times">The Korea Times</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210130003941/http://www.koreatimes.co.kr/www/culture/2020/12/135_300227.html">Archived</a> from the original on 30 January 2021. Retrieved 23 January 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Korea+Times&rft.atitle=Kimchi+controversy%3A+China%27s+cultural+provocation&rft.date=2020-12-02&rft.au=Park+Ji-won&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.koreatimes.co.kr%2Fwww%2Fculture%2F2020%2F12%2F135_300227.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKimchi" class="Z3988"></li><li style="margin-bottom:.5em; display:block;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFPark_Chan-kyong2021" class="citation news cs1">Park Chan-kyong (20 January 2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.scmp.com/week-asia/lifestyle-culture/article/3118544/kimchi-wars-south-korean-academic-takes-spat-china-new">"Kimchi wars: South Korean academic takes spat with China to new level with tart ad in New York Times"</a>. <a href="/wiki/South_China_Morning_Post" title="South China Morning Post">South China Morning Post</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210215070113/https://www.scmp.com/week-asia/lifestyle-culture/article/3118544/kimchi-wars-south-korean-academic-takes-spat-china-new">Archived</a> from the original on 15 February 2021. Retrieved 20 January 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=South+China+Morning+Post&rft.atitle=Kimchi+wars%3A+South+Korean+academic+takes+spat+with+China+to+new+level+with+tart+ad+in+New+York+Times&rft.date=2021-01-20&rft.au=Park+Chan-kyong&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.scmp.com%2Fweek-asia%2Flifestyle-culture%2Farticle%2F3118544%2Fkimchi-wars-south-korean-academic-takes-spat-china-new&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKimchi" class="Z3988"></li><li style="margin-bottom:.5em; display:block;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFPark_Han-sol2021" class="citation news cs1">Park Han-sol (20 January 2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.koreatimes.co.kr/www/culture/2021/01/141_302729.html">"Academic activist puts kimchi ad in NYT"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_Korea_Times" title="The Korea Times">The Korea Times</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210120030429/http://www.koreatimes.co.kr/www/culture/2021/01/141_302729.html">Archived</a> from the original on 20 January 2021. Retrieved 21 January 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Korea+Times&rft.atitle=Academic+activist+puts+kimchi+ad+in+NYT&rft.date=2021-01-20&rft.au=Park+Han-sol&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.koreatimes.co.kr%2Fwww%2Fculture%2F2021%2F01%2F141_302729.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKimchi" class="Z3988"></li><li style="margin-bottom:.5em; display:block;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://technology.inquirer.net/107347/koreans-defend-kimchi-ssam-against-china">"Koreans defend kimchi, ssam against China"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_Korea_Herald" title="The Korea Herald">The Korea Herald</a>. 20 January 2021. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210202031901/https://technology.inquirer.net/107347/koreans-defend-kimchi-ssam-against-china">Archived</a> from the original on 2 February 2021. Retrieved 21 January 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Korea+Herald&rft.atitle=Koreans+defend+kimchi%2C+ssam+against+China&rft.date=2021-01-20&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ftechnology.inquirer.net%2F107347%2Fkoreans-defend-kimchi-ssam-against-china&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKimchi" class="Z3988"></li><li style="margin-bottom:.5em; display:block;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFYoumi_KimMike_Ives2020" class="citation news cs1">Youmi Kim; Mike Ives (1 December 2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/2020/12/01/world/asia/south-korea-china-kimchi-paocai.html">"Is China Laying Claim to Kimchi, Too? Some South Koreans Think So"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_New_York_Times" title="The New York Times">The New York Times</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210217124848/https://www.nytimes.com/2020/12/01/world/asia/south-korea-china-kimchi-paocai.html">Archived</a> from the original on 17 February 2021. Retrieved 21 January 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=Is+China+Laying+Claim+to+Kimchi%2C+Too%3F+Some+South+Koreans+Think+So&rft.date=2020-12-01&rft.au=Youmi+Kim&rft.au=Mike+Ives&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F2020%2F12%2F01%2Fworld%2Fasia%2Fsouth-korea-china-kimchi-paocai.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKimchi" class="Z3988"></li><li style="margin-bottom:.5em; display:block;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFJulian_Ryall2020" class="citation news cs1">Julian Ryall (3 December 2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201203114505/https://www.dw.com/en/south-korea-china-row-over-kimchi/a-55808530">"Kimchi: Koreans angry over attempted Chinese takeover"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Deutsche_Welle" title="Deutsche Welle">Deutsche Welle</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.dw.com/en/south-korea-china-row-over-kimchi/a-55808530">the original</a> on 3 December 2020. Retrieved 21 January 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Deutsche+Welle&rft.atitle=Kimchi%3A+Koreans+angry+over+attempted+Chinese+takeover&rft.date=2020-12-03&rft.au=Julian+Ryall&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.dw.com%2Fen%2Fsouth-korea-china-row-over-kimchi%2Fa-55808530&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKimchi" class="Z3988"></li></ul></div> </li> <li id="cite_note-61"><a href="#cite_ref-61">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFJustin_McCurry2020" class="citation news cs1">Justin McCurry (1 December 2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/world/2020/dec/01/stealing-our-culture-south-koreans-upset-after-china-claims-kimchi-as-its-own">"'Stealing our culture': South Koreans upset after China claims kimchi as its own"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_Guardian" title="The Guardian">The Guardian</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210117090425/https://www.theguardian.com/world/2020/dec/01/stealing-our-culture-south-koreans-upset-after-china-claims-kimchi-as-its-own">Archived</a> from the original on 17 January 2021. Retrieved 20 January 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Guardian&rft.atitle=%27Stealing+our+culture%27%3A+South+Koreans+upset+after+China+claims+kimchi+as+its+own&rft.date=2020-12-01&rft.au=Justin+McCurry&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theguardian.com%2Fworld%2F2020%2Fdec%2F01%2Fstealing-our-culture-south-koreans-upset-after-china-claims-kimchi-as-its-own&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKimchi" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-62"><a href="#cite_ref-62">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.latestly.com/lifestyle/food/translation-matters-cultural-war-between-china-and-south-korea-over-kimichi-and-pao-cai-turns-out-to-be-misunderstanding-2188096.html">"Translation Matters! Cultural War Between China and South Korea Over 'Kimichi' and 'Pao Cai' Turns Out to Be Misunderstanding"</a>. LatestLY. 8 December 2020. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230708070325/https://www.latestly.com/lifestyle/food/translation-matters-cultural-war-between-china-and-south-korea-over-kimichi-and-pao-cai-turns-out-to-be-misunderstanding-2188096.html">Archived</a> from the original on 8 July 2023. Retrieved 8 July 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=LatestLY&rft.atitle=Translation+Matters%21+Cultural+War+Between+China+and+South+Korea+Over+%27Kimichi%27+and+%27Pao+Cai%27+Turns+Out+to+Be+Misunderstanding&rft.date=2020-12-08&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.latestly.com%2Flifestyle%2Ffood%2Ftranslation-matters-cultural-war-between-china-and-south-korea-over-kimichi-and-pao-cai-turns-out-to-be-misunderstanding-2188096.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKimchi" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-:7-63">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:7_63-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:7_63-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:7_63-2">c</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFSeol_Lee2020" class="citation news cs1">Seol Lee (10 December 2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.donga.com/en/article/all/20201210/2269204/1/Kimchi-and-paocai-are-two-different-foods-Chinese-state-media-says">"Kimchi and paocai are two different foods,' Chinese state media says"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_Dong-a_Ilbo" class="mw-redirect" title="The Dong-a Ilbo">The Dong-a Ilbo</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20211008210030/https://www.donga.com/en/article/all/20201210/2269204/1/Kimchi-and-paocai-are-two-different-foods-Chinese-state-media-says">Archived</a> from the original on 8 October 2021. Retrieved 8 October 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Dong-a+Ilbo&rft.atitle=Kimchi+and+paocai+are+two+different+foods%2C%27+Chinese+state+media+says&rft.date=2020-12-10&rft.au=Seol+Lee&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.donga.com%2Fen%2Farticle%2Fall%2F20201210%2F2269204%2F1%2FKimchi-and-paocai-are-two-different-foods-Chinese-state-media-says&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKimchi" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-64"><a href="#cite_ref-64">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFWee_Kei_Koon2022" class="citation web cs1">Wee Kei Koon (30 May 2022). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.scmp.com/magazines/post-magazine/short-reads/article/3179460/how-kimchi-war-between-china-and-south-korea">"How China could have avoided the 'kimchi war' with South Korea"</a>. South China Morning Post. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230708102304/https://www.scmp.com/magazines/post-magazine/short-reads/article/3179460/how-kimchi-war-between-china-and-south-korea">Archived</a> from the original on 8 July 2023. Retrieved 8 July 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=South+China+Morning+Post&rft.atitle=How+China+could+have+avoided+the+%27kimchi+war%27+with+South+Korea&rft.date=2022-05-30&rft.au=Wee+Kei+Koon&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.scmp.com%2Fmagazines%2Fpost-magazine%2Fshort-reads%2Farticle%2F3179460%2Fhow-kimchi-war-between-china-and-south-korea&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKimchi" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-65"><a href="#cite_ref-65">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.com/travel/article/20201217-how-kimchi-rekindled-a-decades-long-feud">"How kimchi rekindled a decades-long feud"</a>. BBC Travel. 17 December 2020. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230708133403/https://www.bbc.com/travel/article/20201217-how-kimchi-rekindled-a-decades-long-feud">Archived</a> from the original on 8 July 2023. Retrieved 8 July 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=BBC+Travel&rft.atitle=How+kimchi+rekindled+a+decades-long+feud&rft.date=2020-12-17&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.com%2Ftravel%2Farticle%2F20201217-how-kimchi-rekindled-a-decades-long-feud&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKimchi" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-66"><a href="#cite_ref-66">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.koreaherald.com/view.php?ud=20210723000677">"Culture Ministry amends translation guidelines for kimchi"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_Korea_Herald" title="The Korea Herald">The Korea Herald</a>. 23 July 2021. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20211007184222/http://www.koreaherald.com/view.php?ud=20210723000677">Archived</a> from the original on 7 October 2021. Retrieved 8 October 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Korea+Herald&rft.atitle=Culture+Ministry+amends+translation+guidelines+for+kimchi&rft.date=2021-07-23&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.koreaherald.com%2Fview.php%3Fud%3D20210723000677&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKimchi" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-67"><a href="#cite_ref-67">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFWong2021" class="citation web cs1">Wong, Maggie Hiufu (20 August 2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cnn.com/travel/article/xinqi-kimchi-new-chinese-name-cmd/index.html">"Kimchi's new Chinese name has become the epicenter of a cultural war ... again"</a>. CNN. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230708085623/https://www.cnn.com/travel/article/xinqi-kimchi-new-chinese-name-cmd/index.html">Archived</a> from the original on 8 July 2023. Retrieved 8 July 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=CNN&rft.atitle=Kimchi%27s+new+Chinese+name+has+become+the+epicenter+of+a+cultural+war+...+again&rft.date=2021-08-20&rft.aulast=Wong&rft.aufirst=Maggie+Hiufu&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cnn.com%2Ftravel%2Farticle%2Fxinqi-kimchi-new-chinese-name-cmd%2Findex.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKimchi" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-KAC-68"><a href="#cite_ref-KAC_68-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-script cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200615092530/http://cooks.org.kp/cooking_house.php?tID=9&cID=1">"Kimchi, sikhae" <bdi lang="ko">김치, 식해</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/Korean_Dishes" title="Korean Dishes">Ch'osŏn Ryori</a> (in Korean (North Korea)). <a href="/w/index.php?title=Korean_Association_of_Cooks&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Korean Association of Cooks (page does not exist)">Korean Association of Cooks</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://cooks.org.kp/cooking_house.php?tID=9&cID=1">the original</a> on 15 June 2020. Retrieved 10 April 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Ch%27os%C5%8Fn+Ryori&rft.atitle=Kimchi%2C+sikhae+%EA%B9%80%EC%B9%98%2C+%EC%8B%9D%ED%95%B4&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fcooks.org.kp%2Fcooking_house.php%3FtID%3D9%26cID%3D1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKimchi" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-69"><a href="#cite_ref-69">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFLeeChoiKimChon2022" class="citation journal cs1">Lee, Mi-Ai; et al. (November 2022). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC9663873">"Effects of salt type on the metabolites and microbial community in kimchi fermentation"</a>. Heliyon. 8 (11): e11360. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2022Heliy...811360L">2022Heliy...811360L</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.heliyon.2022.e11360">10.1016/j.heliyon.2022.e11360</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC9663873">9663873</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/36387467">36387467</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Heliyon&rft.atitle=Effects+of+salt+type+on+the+metabolites+and+microbial+community+in+kimchi+fermentation&rft.volume=8&rft.issue=11&rft.pages=e11360&rft.date=2022-11&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC9663873%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F36387467&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fj.heliyon.2022.e11360&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2022Heliy...811360L&rft.aulast=Lee&rft.aufirst=Mi-Ai&rft.au=Choi%2C+Yun-Jeong&rft.au=Kim%2C+Ye-Sol&rft.au=Chon%2C+Seo-Yeong&rft.au=Chung%2C+Young+Bae&rft.au=Park%2C+Sung-Hee&rft.au=Yun%2C+Ye-Rang&rft.au=Min%2C+Sung+Gi&rft.au=Yang%2C+Ho-Chul&rft.au=Seo%2C+Hye-Young&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC9663873&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKimchi" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Doo-70">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Doo_70-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Doo_70-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Doo_70-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Doo_70-3">d</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-script"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.doopedia.co.kr/doopedia/master/master.do?_method=view&MAS_IDX=101013000729133">"kimchi" <bdi lang="ko">김치</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/Doopedia" class="mw-redirect" title="Doopedia">Doopedia</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doosan_Corporation" title="Doosan Corporation">Doosan Corporation</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20181007202117/http://www.doopedia.co.kr/doopedia/master/master.do?_method=view&MAS_IDX=101013000729133">Archived</a> from the original on 7 October 2018. Retrieved 10 April 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Doopedia&rft.atitle=kimchi+%EA%B9%80%EC%B9%98&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.doopedia.co.kr%2Fdoopedia%2Fmaster%2Fmaster.do%3F_method%3Dview%26MAS_IDX%3D101013000729133&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKimchi" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-71"><a href="#cite_ref-71">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://foodsmartcolorado.colostate.edu/recipes/preservation/understanding-and-making-kimchi/">"Understanding and Making Kimchi"</a>. Farm to Table. Colorado State University. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210225084048/https://foodsmartcolorado.colostate.edu/recipes/preservation/understanding-and-making-kimchi/">Archived</a> from the original on 25 February 2021. Retrieved 22 February 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Farm+to+Table&rft.atitle=Understanding+and+Making+Kimchi&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ffoodsmartcolorado.colostate.edu%2Frecipes%2Fpreservation%2Funderstanding-and-making-kimchi%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKimchi" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-:3-72"><a href="#cite_ref-:3_72-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://foodsmartcolorado.colostate.edu/recipes/preservation/understanding-and-making-kimchi/">"Understanding and Making Kimchi"</a>. Colorado Farm to Table Food Safety. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210225084048/https://foodsmartcolorado.colostate.edu/recipes/preservation/understanding-and-making-kimchi/">Archived</a> from the original on 25 February 2021. Retrieved 22 February 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Colorado+Farm+to+Table+Food+Safety&rft.atitle=Understanding+and+Making+Kimchi&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ffoodsmartcolorado.colostate.edu%2Frecipes%2Fpreservation%2Funderstanding-and-making-kimchi%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKimchi" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-73"><a href="#cite_ref-73">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFParamithiotisPapoutsisDrosinos2017" class="citation book cs1">Paramithiotis, Spiros; Papoutsis, George; Drosinos, Eleftherios H. (2017). Paramithiotis, Spiros (ed.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=ZtoNDgAAQBAJ&pg=PT17">Lactic Acid Fermentation of Fruits and Vegetables</a>. Boca Raton, FL: <a href="/wiki/CRC_Press" title="CRC Press">CRC Press</a>. p. 5. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4987-2690-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4987-2690-0"><bdi>978-1-4987-2690-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Lactic+Acid+Fermentation+of+Fruits+and+Vegetables&rft.place=Boca+Raton%2C+FL&rft.pages=5&rft.pub=CRC+Press&rft.date=2017&rft.isbn=978-1-4987-2690-0&rft.aulast=Paramithiotis&rft.aufirst=Spiros&rft.au=Papoutsis%2C+George&rft.au=Drosinos%2C+Eleftherios+H.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DZtoNDgAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPT17&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKimchi" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-pmid15992614-74"><a href="#cite_ref-pmid15992614_74-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFLeeHeoLeeOh2005" class="citation journal cs1">Lee, Jung-Sook; Heo, Gun-Young; Lee, Jun Won; Oh, Yun-Jung; Park, Jeong A.; Park, Yong-Ha; Pyun, Yu-Ryang; Ahn, Jong Seog (2005). "Analysis of kimchi microflora using denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis". International Journal of Food Microbiology. 102 (2): 143–150. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.ijfoodmicro.2004.12.010">10.1016/j.ijfoodmicro.2004.12.010</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/15992614">15992614</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=International+Journal+of+Food+Microbiology&rft.atitle=Analysis+of+kimchi+microflora+using+denaturing+gradient+gel+electrophoresis&rft.volume=102&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E143-%3C%2Fspan%3E150&rft.date=2005&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fj.ijfoodmicro.2004.12.010&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F15992614&rft.aulast=Lee&rft.aufirst=Jung-Sook&rft.au=Heo%2C+Gun-Young&rft.au=Lee%2C+Jun+Won&rft.au=Oh%2C+Yun-Jung&rft.au=Park%2C+Jeong+A.&rft.au=Park%2C+Yong-Ha&rft.au=Pyun%2C+Yu-Ryang&rft.au=Ahn%2C+Jong+Seog&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKimchi" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-pmid16553862-75"><a href="#cite_ref-pmid16553862_75-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFChoLeeYangJeon2006" class="citation journal cs1">Cho, Jinhee; Lee, Dongyun; Yang, Changnam; Jeon, Jongin; Kim, Jeongho; Han, Hongui (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1111%2Fj.1574-6968.2006.00186.x">"Microbial population dynamics of kimchi, a fermented cabbage product"</a>. FEMS Microbiology Letters. 257 (2): 262–267. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1111%2Fj.1574-6968.2006.00186.x">10.1111/j.1574-6968.2006.00186.x</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/16553862">16553862</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=FEMS+Microbiology+Letters&rft.atitle=Microbial+population+dynamics+of+kimchi%2C+a+fermented+cabbage+product&rft.volume=257&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E262-%3C%2Fspan%3E267&rft.date=2006&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1111%2Fj.1574-6968.2006.00186.x&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F16553862&rft.aulast=Cho&rft.aufirst=Jinhee&rft.au=Lee%2C+Dongyun&rft.au=Yang%2C+Changnam&rft.au=Jeon%2C+Jongin&rft.au=Kim%2C+Jeongho&rft.au=Han%2C+Hongui&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1111%252Fj.1574-6968.2006.00186.x&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKimchi" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-pmid18562030-76"><a href="#cite_ref-pmid18562030_76-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFChangKimNamRoh2008" class="citation journal cs1">Chang, H.; Kim, K.; Nam, Y.; Roh, S.; Kim, M.; Jeon, C.; Oh, H.; Bae, J. (2008). "Analysis of yeast and archaeal population dynamics in kimchi using denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis". International Journal of Food Microbiology. 126 (1–2): 159–166. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.ijfoodmicro.2008.05.013">10.1016/j.ijfoodmicro.2008.05.013</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/18562030">18562030</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=International+Journal+of+Food+Microbiology&rft.atitle=Analysis+of+yeast+and+archaeal+population+dynamics+in+kimchi+using+denaturing+gradient+gel+electrophoresis&rft.volume=126&rft.issue=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E1%E2%80%93%3C%2Fspan%3E2&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E159-%3C%2Fspan%3E166&rft.date=2008&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fj.ijfoodmicro.2008.05.013&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F18562030&rft.aulast=Chang&rft.aufirst=H.&rft.au=Kim%2C+K.&rft.au=Nam%2C+Y.&rft.au=Roh%2C+S.&rft.au=Kim%2C+M.&rft.au=Jeon%2C+C.&rft.au=Oh%2C+H.&rft.au=Bae%2C+J.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKimchi" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-pmid23558201-77"><a href="#cite_ref-pmid23558201_77-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFJungLeeJinHahn2013" class="citation journal cs1">Jung, Ji Young; Lee, Se Hee; Jin, Hyun Mi; Hahn, Yoonsoo; Madsen, Eugene L.; Jeon, Che Ok (2013). "Metatranscriptomic analysis of lactic acid bacterial gene expression during kimchi fermentation". International Journal of Food Microbiology. 163 (2–3): 171–179. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.ijfoodmicro.2013.02.022">10.1016/j.ijfoodmicro.2013.02.022</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/23558201">23558201</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=International+Journal+of+Food+Microbiology&rft.atitle=Metatranscriptomic+analysis+of+lactic+acid+bacterial+gene+expression+during+kimchi+fermentation&rft.volume=163&rft.issue=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E2%E2%80%93%3C%2Fspan%3E3&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E171-%3C%2Fspan%3E179&rft.date=2013&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fj.ijfoodmicro.2013.02.022&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F23558201&rft.aulast=Jung&rft.aufirst=Ji+Young&rft.au=Lee%2C+Se+Hee&rft.au=Jin%2C+Hyun+Mi&rft.au=Hahn%2C+Yoonsoo&rft.au=Madsen%2C+Eugene+L.&rft.au=Jeon%2C+Che+Ok&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKimchi" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-pmid23550842-78"><a href="#cite_ref-pmid23550842_78-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFJeongLeeJungChoi2013" class="citation journal cs1">Jeong, Sang Hyeon; Lee, Se Hee; Jung, Ji Young; Choi, Eun Jin; Jeon, Che Ok (2013). "Microbial Succession and Metabolite Changes during Long-Term Storage of Kimchi". Journal of Food Science. 78 (5): M763 – M769. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1111%2F1750-3841.12095">10.1111/1750-3841.12095</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/23550842">23550842</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Food+Science&rft.atitle=Microbial+Succession+and+Metabolite+Changes+during+Long-Term+Storage+of+Kimchi&rft.volume=78&rft.issue=5&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3EM763+-%3C%2Fspan%3E+%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3EM769%3C%2Fspan%3E&rft.date=2013&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1111%2F1750-3841.12095&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F23550842&rft.aulast=Jeong&rft.aufirst=Sang+Hyeon&rft.au=Lee%2C+Se+Hee&rft.au=Jung%2C+Ji+Young&rft.au=Choi%2C+Eun+Jin&rft.au=Jeon%2C+Che+Ok&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKimchi" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-pmid23587713-79"><a href="#cite_ref-pmid23587713_79-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFJeongJungLeeJin2013" class="citation journal cs1">Jeong, Sang Hyeon; Jung, Ji Young; Lee, Se Hee; Jin, Hyun Mi; Jeon, Che Ok (2013). "Microbial succession and metabolite changes during fermentation of dongchimi, traditional Korean watery kimchi". International Journal of Food Microbiology. 164 (1): 46–53. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.ijfoodmicro.2013.03.016">10.1016/j.ijfoodmicro.2013.03.016</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/23587713">23587713</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=International+Journal+of+Food+Microbiology&rft.atitle=Microbial+succession+and+metabolite+changes+during+fermentation+of+dongchimi%2C+traditional+Korean+watery+kimchi&rft.volume=164&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E46-%3C%2Fspan%3E53&rft.date=2013&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fj.ijfoodmicro.2013.03.016&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F23587713&rft.aulast=Jeong&rft.aufirst=Sang+Hyeon&rft.au=Jung%2C+Ji+Young&rft.au=Lee%2C+Se+Hee&rft.au=Jin%2C+Hyun+Mi&rft.au=Jeon%2C+Che+Ok&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKimchi" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-pmid23314371-80"><a href="#cite_ref-pmid23314371_80-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFHongYangChangKim2013" class="citation journal cs1">Hong, Yeun; Yang, H. S.; Chang, H. C.; Kim, H. Y. (2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190220083800/http://pdfs.semanticscholar.org/2146/19a579c602ceeb7d56975ae35e9fca36f23a.pdf">"Comparison of Bacterial Community Changes in Fermenting Kimchi at Two Different Temperatures Using a Denaturing Gradient Gel Electrophoresis Analysis"</a> (PDF). Journal of Microbiology and Biotechnology. 23 (1): 76–84. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.4014%2Fjmb.1210.10002">10.4014/jmb.1210.10002</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/23314371">23314371</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:13462137">13462137</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://pdfs.semanticscholar.org/2146/19a579c602ceeb7d56975ae35e9fca36f23a.pdf">the original</a> (PDF) on 20 February 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Microbiology+and+Biotechnology&rft.atitle=Comparison+of+Bacterial+Community+Changes+in+Fermenting+Kimchi+at+Two+Different+Temperatures+Using+a+Denaturing+Gradient+Gel+Electrophoresis+Analysis&rft.volume=23&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E76-%3C%2Fspan%3E84&rft.date=2013&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A13462137%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F23314371&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.4014%2Fjmb.1210.10002&rft.aulast=Hong&rft.aufirst=Yeun&rft.au=Yang%2C+H.+S.&rft.au=Chang%2C+H.+C.&rft.au=Kim%2C+H.+Y.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fpdfs.semanticscholar.org%2F2146%2F19a579c602ceeb7d56975ae35e9fca36f23a.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKimchi" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-:9-81">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:9_81-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:9_81-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:9_81-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:9_81-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:9_81-4">e</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:9_81-5">f</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:9_81-6">g</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFJungLeeJeon2014" class="citation journal cs1">Jung, Ji Young; Lee, Se Hee; Jeon, Che Ok (14 January 2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00253-014-5513-1">"Kimchi microflora: history, current status, and perspectives for industrial kimchi production"</a>. Applied Microbiology and Biotechnology. 98 (6): 2385–2393. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1007%2Fs00253-014-5513-1">10.1007/s00253-014-5513-1</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0175-7598">0175-7598</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/24419800">24419800</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:13085302">13085302</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240317211858/https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s00253-014-5513-1">Archived</a> from the original on 17 March 2024. Retrieved 4 August 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Applied+Microbiology+and+Biotechnology&rft.atitle=Kimchi+microflora%3A+history%2C+current+status%2C+and+perspectives+for+industrial+kimchi+production&rft.volume=98&rft.issue=6&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E2385-%3C%2Fspan%3E2393&rft.date=2014-01-14&rft.issn=0175-7598&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A13085302%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F24419800&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1007%2Fs00253-014-5513-1&rft.aulast=Jung&rft.aufirst=Ji+Young&rft.au=Lee%2C+Se+Hee&rft.au=Jeon%2C+Che+Ok&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fdx.doi.org%2F10.1007%2Fs00253-014-5513-1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKimchi" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-82"><a href="#cite_ref-82">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFChangKimNamRoh2008" class="citation journal cs1">Chang, HW; Kim, KH; Nam, YD; Roh, SW; Kim, MS; Jeon, CO; Oh, HM; Bae, JW (15 August 2008). "Analysis of yeast and archaeal population dynamics in kimchi using denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis". International Journal of Food Microbiology. 126 (1–2): 159–66. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.ijfoodmicro.2008.05.013">10.1016/j.ijfoodmicro.2008.05.013</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/18562030">18562030</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=International+Journal+of+Food+Microbiology&rft.atitle=Analysis+of+yeast+and+archaeal+population+dynamics+in+kimchi+using+denaturing+gradient+gel+electrophoresis.&rft.volume=126&rft.issue=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E1%E2%80%93%3C%2Fspan%3E2&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E159-%3C%2Fspan%3E66&rft.date=2008-08-15&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fj.ijfoodmicro.2008.05.013&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F18562030&rft.aulast=Chang&rft.aufirst=HW&rft.au=Kim%2C+KH&rft.au=Nam%2C+YD&rft.au=Roh%2C+SW&rft.au=Kim%2C+MS&rft.au=Jeon%2C+CO&rft.au=Oh%2C+HM&rft.au=Bae%2C+JW&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKimchi" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-83"><a href="#cite_ref-83">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFKimKimChaJung2019" class="citation journal cs1">Kim, JY; Kim, J; Cha, IT; Jung, MY; Song, HS; Kim, YB; Lee, C; Kang, SY; Bae, JW; Choi, YE; Kim, TW; Roh, SW (January 2019). "Community structures and genomic features of undesirable white colony-forming yeasts on fermented vegetables". Journal of Microbiology (Seoul, Korea). 57 (1): 30–37. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1007%2Fs12275-019-8487-y">10.1007/s12275-019-8487-y</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/30392155">30392155</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:53219410">53219410</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Microbiology+%28Seoul%2C+Korea%29&rft.atitle=Community+structures+and+genomic+features+of+undesirable+white+colony-forming+yeasts+on+fermented+vegetables.&rft.volume=57&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E30-%3C%2Fspan%3E37&rft.date=2019-01&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A53219410%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F30392155&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1007%2Fs12275-019-8487-y&rft.aulast=Kim&rft.aufirst=JY&rft.au=Kim%2C+J&rft.au=Cha%2C+IT&rft.au=Jung%2C+MY&rft.au=Song%2C+HS&rft.au=Kim%2C+YB&rft.au=Lee%2C+C&rft.au=Kang%2C+SY&rft.au=Bae%2C+JW&rft.au=Choi%2C+YE&rft.au=Kim%2C+TW&rft.au=Roh%2C+SW&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKimchi" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-:0-84">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:0_84-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_84-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_84-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_84-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_84-4">e</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFLeeJangLeePark2015" class="citation journal cs1">Lee, Mo-Eun; Jang, Ja-Young; Lee, Jong-Hee; Park, Hae-Woong; Choi, Hak-Jong; Kim, Tae-Woon (28 May 2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.4014%2Fjmb.1501.01019">"Starter Cultures for Kimchi Fermentation"</a>. Journal of Microbiology and Biotechnology. 25 (5): 559–568. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.4014%2Fjmb.1501.01019">10.4014/jmb.1501.01019</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1017-7825">1017-7825</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/25674806">25674806</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Microbiology+and+Biotechnology&rft.atitle=Starter+Cultures+for+Kimchi+Fermentation&rft.volume=25&rft.issue=5&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E559-%3C%2Fspan%3E568&rft.date=2015-05-28&rft.issn=1017-7825&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F25674806&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.4014%2Fjmb.1501.01019&rft.aulast=Lee&rft.aufirst=Mo-Eun&rft.au=Jang%2C+Ja-Young&rft.au=Lee%2C+Jong-Hee&rft.au=Park%2C+Hae-Woong&rft.au=Choi%2C+Hak-Jong&rft.au=Kim%2C+Tae-Woon&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.4014%252Fjmb.1501.01019&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKimchi" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-:1-85">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:1_85-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:1_85-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:1_85-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:1_85-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:1_85-4">e</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFFoods1992" class="citation book cs1">Foods, National Research Council (US) Panel on the Applications of Biotechnology to Traditional Fermented (1992). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK234703/">Lactic Acid Fermentations</a>. National Academies Press (US). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150401052540/https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK234703/">Archived</a> from the original on 1 April 2015. Retrieved 8 August 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Lactic+Acid+Fermentations&rft.pub=National+Academies+Press+%28US%29&rft.date=1992&rft.aulast=Foods&rft.aufirst=National+Research+Council+%28US%29+Panel+on+the+Applications+of+Biotechnology+to+Traditional+Fermented&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fbooks%2FNBK234703%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKimchi" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-86"><a href="#cite_ref-86">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFParkJeongLeeDaily2014" class="citation journal cs1">Park, Kun-Young; Jeong, Ji-Kang; Lee, Young-Eun; Daily, James W. (January 2014). "Health Benefits of Kimchi (Korean Fermented Vegetables) as a Probiotic Food". Journal of Medicinal Food. 17 (1): 6–20. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1089%2Fjmf.2013.3083">10.1089/jmf.2013.3083</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1096-620X">1096-620X</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/24456350">24456350</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Medicinal+Food&rft.atitle=Health+Benefits+of+Kimchi+%28Korean+Fermented+Vegetables%29+as+a+Probiotic+Food&rft.volume=17&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E6-%3C%2Fspan%3E20&rft.date=2014-01&rft.issn=1096-620X&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F24456350&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1089%2Fjmf.2013.3083&rft.aulast=Park&rft.aufirst=Kun-Young&rft.au=Jeong%2C+Ji-Kang&rft.au=Lee%2C+Young-Eun&rft.au=Daily%2C+James+W.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKimchi" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-:2-87">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:2_87-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:2_87-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFJungLeeKimPark2011" class="citation journal cs1">Jung, Ji Young; Lee, Se Hee; Kim, Jeong Myeong; Park, Moon Su; Bae, Jin-Woo; Hahn, Yoonsoo; Madsen, Eugene L.; Jeon, Che Ok (1 April 2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3067442">"Metagenomic Analysis of Kimchi, a Traditional Korean Fermented Food"</a>. Applied and Environmental Microbiology. 77 (7): 2264–2274. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2011ApEnM..77.2264J">2011ApEnM..77.2264J</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1128%2FAEM.02157-10">10.1128/AEM.02157-10</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0099-2240">0099-2240</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3067442">3067442</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/21317261">21317261</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Applied+and+Environmental+Microbiology&rft.atitle=Metagenomic+Analysis+of+Kimchi%2C+a+Traditional+Korean+Fermented+Food&rft.volume=77&rft.issue=7&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E2264-%3C%2Fspan%3E2274&rft.date=2011-04-01&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC3067442%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2011ApEnM..77.2264J&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F21317261&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1128%2FAEM.02157-10&rft.issn=0099-2240&rft.aulast=Jung&rft.aufirst=Ji+Young&rft.au=Lee%2C+Se+Hee&rft.au=Kim%2C+Jeong+Myeong&rft.au=Park%2C+Moon+Su&rft.au=Bae%2C+Jin-Woo&rft.au=Hahn%2C+Yoonsoo&rft.au=Madsen%2C+Eugene+L.&rft.au=Jeon%2C+Che+Ok&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC3067442&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKimchi" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Fifield_6/22/2017-88"><a href="#cite_ref-Fifield_6/22/2017_88-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFFifield2017" class="citation news cs1">Fifield, Anna (22 June 2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/asia_pacific/to-promote-kimchi-abroad-korean-scientists-are-trying-to-get-rid-of-the-smell/2017/06/21/a1cc7de2-4ab7-11e7-b69d-c158df3149e9_story.html">"To promote kimchi abroad, Korean scientists are trying to get rid of the smell"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_Washington_Post" title="The Washington Post">The Washington Post</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210329095725/https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/asia_pacific/to-promote-kimchi-abroad-korean-scientists-are-trying-to-get-rid-of-the-smell/2017/06/21/a1cc7de2-4ab7-11e7-b69d-c158df3149e9_story.html">Archived</a> from the original on 29 March 2021. Retrieved 16 November 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Washington+Post&rft.atitle=To+promote+kimchi+abroad%2C+Korean+scientists+are+trying+to+get+rid+of+the+smell&rft.date=2017-06-22&rft.aulast=Fifield&rft.aufirst=Anna&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.washingtonpost.com%2Fworld%2Fasia_pacific%2Fto-promote-kimchi-abroad-korean-scientists-are-trying-to-get-rid-of-the-smell%2F2017%2F06%2F21%2Fa1cc7de2-4ab7-11e7-b69d-c158df3149e9_story.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKimchi" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Herreria_Russo_6/29/2017-89"><a href="#cite_ref-Herreria_Russo_6/29/2017_89-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFHerreria_Russo2017" class="citation web cs1">Herreria Russo, Carla (29 June 2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.huffpost.com/entry/south-korea-kimchi-less-smelly_n_5954422ae4b05c37bb7bdc02">"Korean Scientists Are Making Kimchi Less Smelly For Westerners, And People Are Pissed"</a>. <a href="/wiki/HuffPost" title="HuffPost">HuffPost</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20211116164657/https://www.huffpost.com/entry/south-korea-kimchi-less-smelly_n_5954422ae4b05c37bb7bdc02">Archived</a> from the original on 16 November 2021. Retrieved 16 November 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=HuffPost&rft.atitle=Korean+Scientists+Are+Making+Kimchi+Less+Smelly+For+Westerners%2C+And+People+Are+Pissed&rft.date=2017-06-29&rft.aulast=Herreria+Russo&rft.aufirst=Carla&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.huffpost.com%2Fentry%2Fsouth-korea-kimchi-less-smelly_n_5954422ae4b05c37bb7bdc02&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKimchi" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Jang_et_al_2016-90"><a href="#cite_ref-Jang_et_al_2016_90-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFJangLeeKangLee2016" class="citation journal cs1">Jang, Dai Ja; Lee, Ae Ja; Kang, Soon-A; Lee, Seung Min; Kwon, Dae Young (2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.jef.2016.06.002">"Does siwonhan-mat represent delicious in Korean foods?"</a>. Journal of Ethnic Foods. 3 (2): 159–162. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.jef.2016.06.002">10.1016/j.jef.2016.06.002</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Ethnic+Foods&rft.atitle=Does+siwonhan-mat+represent+delicious+in+Korean+foods%3F&rft.volume=3&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E159-%3C%2Fspan%3E162&rft.date=2016&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fj.jef.2016.06.002&rft.aulast=Jang&rft.aufirst=Dai+Ja&rft.au=Lee%2C+Ae+Ja&rft.au=Kang%2C+Soon-A&rft.au=Lee%2C+Seung+Min&rft.au=Kwon%2C+Dae+Young&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1016%252Fj.jef.2016.06.002&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKimchi" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-91"><a href="#cite_ref-91">^</a> Korean Tourism Organization. (2015). Kimchi. </li> <li id="cite_note-kimchi-types-92"><a href="#cite_ref-kimchi-types_92-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFdi_Schino2011" class="citation book cs1">di Schino, June (2011). "Kimchi: Ferment at the Heart of Korean Cuisine, from Local Identity to Global Consumption". In Saberi, Helen (ed.). Cured, Smoked, and Fermented: Proceedings of the Oxford Symposium on Food and Cookery 2010. Devon, UK: Prospect Books. p. 82. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-903018-85-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-903018-85-9"><bdi>978-1-903018-85-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Kimchi%3A+Ferment+at+the+Heart+of+Korean+Cuisine%2C+from+Local+Identity+to+Global+Consumption&rft.btitle=Cured%2C+Smoked%2C+and+Fermented%3A+Proceedings+of+the+Oxford+Symposium+on+Food+and+Cookery+2010&rft.place=Devon%2C+UK&rft.pages=82&rft.pub=Prospect+Books&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=978-1-903018-85-9&rft.aulast=di+Schino&rft.aufirst=June&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKimchi" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-93"><a href="#cite_ref-93">^</a> Kimchi. (2016). Funk & Wagnall's New World Encyclopedia, 1p. 1. </li> <li id="cite_note-Chung_et_al_2017-94">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Chung_et_al_2017_94-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Chung_et_al_2017_94-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFChungShinChungChoi2017" class="citation journal cs1">Chung, Hae-Kyung; Shin, Dayeon; Chung, Kyung Rhan; Choi, Soe Yeon; Woo, Nariyah (2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.jef.2017.12.001">"Recovering the royal cuisine in Chosun Dynasty and its esthetics"</a>. Journal of Ethnic Foods. 4 (4): 242–253. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.jef.2017.12.001">10.1016/j.jef.2017.12.001</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Ethnic+Foods&rft.atitle=Recovering+the+royal+cuisine+in+Chosun+Dynasty+and+its+esthetics&rft.volume=4&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E242-%3C%2Fspan%3E253&rft.date=2017&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fj.jef.2017.12.001&rft.aulast=Chung&rft.aufirst=Hae-Kyung&rft.au=Shin%2C+Dayeon&rft.au=Chung%2C+Kyung+Rhan&rft.au=Choi%2C+Soe+Yeon&rft.au=Woo%2C+Nariyah&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1016%252Fj.jef.2017.12.001&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKimchi" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-yahookorea-95">^ <a href="#cite_ref-yahookorea_95-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-yahookorea_95-1">b</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://kr.dictionary.search.yahoo.com/search/dictionaryp?&p=%EA%B9%80%EC%B9%98&subtype=enc&pk=11788300&field=id">"Kimchi." Yahoo Korean Encyclopedia</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090124003032/http://kr.dictionary.search.yahoo.com/search/dictionaryp">Archived</a> 24 January 2009 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-Korea_Tourism_Organization-96"><a href="#cite_ref-Korea_Tourism_Organization_96-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200118050048/http://english.visitkorea.or.kr/enu/SH/whatToBuy/whatToBuy.jsp?action=item&cid=995700">"Kimchi"</a>. english.visitkorea.or.kr. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://english.visitkorea.or.kr/enu/SH/whatToBuy/whatToBuy.jsp?action=item&cid=995700">the original</a> on 18 January 2020. Retrieved 1 April 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=english.visitkorea.or.kr&rft.atitle=Kimchi&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fenglish.visitkorea.or.kr%2Fenu%2FSH%2FwhatToBuy%2FwhatToBuy.jsp%3Faction%3Ditem%26cid%3D995700&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKimchi" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-97"><a href="#cite_ref-97">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.traditionaltx.us/Heidi%27s%20kimchi%20recipe.pdf">"North Texas Traditional Living"</a> (PDF). Making Kimchi. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120324081954/http://www.traditionaltx.us/Heidi%27s%20kimchi%20recipe.pdf">Archived</a> (PDF) from the original on 24 March 2012. Retrieved 14 February 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Making+Kimchi&rft.atitle=North+Texas+Traditional+Living&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.traditionaltx.us%2FHeidi%2527s%2520kimchi%2520recipe.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKimchi" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-98"><a href="#cite_ref-98">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20101224125302/http://treelight.com/health/nutrition/UltimateKimchi.html">"TreeLight"</a>. Ultimate Kimchi. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.treelight.com/health/nutrition/UltimateKimchi.html">the original</a> on 24 December 2010. Retrieved 14 February 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Ultimate+Kimchi&rft.atitle=TreeLight&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.treelight.com%2Fhealth%2Fnutrition%2FUltimateKimchi.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKimchi" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-99"><a href="#cite_ref-99">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080129195513/http://www.tdctrade.com/imn/02031402/food19.htm">"High-tech kimchi refrigerators keep Korea's favorite food crisp"</a>. Hong Kong Trade Development Council. 14 March 2002. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.tdctrade.com/imn/02031402/food19.htm">the original</a> on 29 January 2008. Retrieved 14 February 2008.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=High-tech+kimchi+refrigerators+keep+Korea%27s+favorite+food+crisp&rft.date=2002-03-14&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.tdctrade.com%2Fimn%2F02031402%2Ffood19.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKimchi" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Hui2004-100"><a href="#cite_ref-Hui2004_100-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFHuiGhazalaGrahamMurrell2003" class="citation book cs1">Hui, Y. H.; Ghazala, Sue; Graham, Dee M.; Murrell, K. D.; Nip, Wai-Kit, eds. (12 September 2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=dVpQVJ46C5gC&q=Samguozhi">Handbook of Vegetable Preservation and Processing</a>. CRC Press. pp. 190–191. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-203-91291-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-203-91291-1"><bdi>978-0-203-91291-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Handbook+of+Vegetable+Preservation+and+Processing&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E190-%3C%2Fspan%3E191&rft.pub=CRC+Press&rft.date=2003-09-12&rft.isbn=978-0-203-91291-1&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DdVpQVJ46C5gC%26q%3DSamguozhi&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKimchi" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-101"><a href="#cite_ref-101">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20141019083945/http://www.vrg.org/journal/vj2004issue2/vj2004issue2kimchi.htm">"Kimchi by Nancy Berkoff, RD, EdD, CCE"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.vrg.org/journal/vj2004issue2/vj2004issue2kimchi.htm">the original</a> on 19 October 2014. Retrieved 13 September 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Kimchi+by+Nancy+Berkoff%2C+RD%2C+EdD%2C+CCE&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.vrg.org%2Fjournal%2Fvj2004issue2%2Fvj2004issue2kimchi.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKimchi" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Asianinfo-102"><a href="#cite_ref-Asianinfo_102-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.asianinfo.org/asianinfo/korea/food.htm#KIM%20CHI">"Food in Korea"</a>. Asianinfo.com. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120219003615/http://www.asianinfo.org/asianinfo/korea/food.htm#KIM%20CHI">Archived</a> from the original on 19 February 2012. Retrieved 30 January 2007.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Asianinfo.com&rft.atitle=Food+in+Korea&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.asianinfo.org%2Fasianinfo%2Fkorea%2Ffood.htm%23KIM%2520CHI&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKimchi" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-tour2korea-103"><a href="#cite_ref-tour2korea_103-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120930041245/http://english.visitkorea.or.kr/enu/OO/OO_EN_13_1_2.jsp?cid=347478">"Kimchi"</a>. Tour2korea.com. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://english.visitkorea.or.kr/enu/OO/OO_EN_13_1_2.jsp?cid=347478">the original</a> on 30 September 2012. Retrieved 30 January 2007.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Tour2korea.com&rft.atitle=Kimchi&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fenglish.visitkorea.or.kr%2Fenu%2FOO%2FOO_EN_13_1_2.jsp%3Fcid%3D347478&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKimchi" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-104"><a href="#cite_ref-104">^</a> Korea Food Research Institute </li> <li id="cite_note-105"><a href="#cite_ref-105">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFParkCheigh2004" class="citation book cs1">Park, Kim-Young; Cheigh, Hong-Sik (2004). "35. Kimchi". In Hui, Y. H.; Meunier-Goddik, Lisbeth; Josephsen, Jytte; Nip, Wai-Kit; Stanfield, Peggy S. (eds.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=PC_O7u1NPZEC&q=rebounded%2520to%2520optimally">Handbook of Food and Beverage Fermentation Technology</a>. Food Science and Technology. Vol. 134. CRC Press. pp. 714–754. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8247-5122-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8247-5122-7"><bdi>978-0-8247-5122-7</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230102035819/https://books.google.com/books?id=PC_O7u1NPZEC&q=rebounded%2520to%2520optimally">Archived</a> from the original on 2 January 2023. Retrieved 2 January 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=35.+Kimchi&rft.btitle=Handbook+of+Food+and+Beverage+Fermentation+Technology&rft.series=Food+Science+and+Technology&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E714-%3C%2Fspan%3E754&rft.pub=CRC+Press&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=978-0-8247-5122-7&rft.aulast=Park&rft.aufirst=Kim-Young&rft.au=Cheigh%2C+Hong-Sik&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DPC_O7u1NPZEC%26q%3Drebounded%252520to%252520optimally&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKimchi" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Tamang-106">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Tamang_106-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Tamang_106-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Tamang_106-2">c</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFTamang2015" class="citation book cs1">Tamang, Jyoti Prakash (2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=RJC9BwAAQBAJ&q=typical%2520adult%2520Korean">Health Benefits of Fermented Foods and Beverages</a>. CRC Press. pp. 344, 350–351. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4665-8810-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4665-8810-3"><bdi>978-1-4665-8810-3</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230102035820/https://books.google.com/books?id=RJC9BwAAQBAJ&q=typical%2520adult%2520Korean">Archived</a> from the original on 2 January 2023. Retrieved 2 January 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Health+Benefits+of+Fermented+Foods+and+Beverages&rft.pages=344%2C+%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E350-%3C%2Fspan%3E351&rft.pub=CRC+Press&rft.date=2015&rft.isbn=978-1-4665-8810-3&rft.aulast=Tamang&rft.aufirst=Jyoti+Prakash&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DRJC9BwAAQBAJ%26q%3Dtypical%252520adult%252520Korean&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKimchi" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-auto-107">^ <a href="#cite_ref-auto_107-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-auto_107-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFHuang2018" class="citation news cs1">Huang, Echo (19 January 2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://qz.com/1183632/the-kimchi-you-eat-outside-of-korea-is-probably-made-in-china/">"The kimchi you eat outside of Korea is probably made in China"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Quartz_(publication)" title="Quartz (publication)">Quartz</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180119125620/https://qz.com/1183632/the-kimchi-you-eat-outside-of-korea-is-probably-made-in-china/">Archived</a> from the original on 19 January 2018. Retrieved 19 January 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Quartz&rft.atitle=The+kimchi+you+eat+outside+of+Korea+is+probably+made+in+China&rft.date=2018-01-19&rft.aulast=Huang&rft.aufirst=Echo&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fqz.com%2F1183632%2Fthe-kimchi-you-eat-outside-of-korea-is-probably-made-in-china%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKimchi" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-108"><a href="#cite_ref-108">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.thejakartapost.com/life/2017/10/06/half-of-kimchi-served-at-south-korean-restaurants-from-china-institute.html">"Half of kimchi served at South Korean restaurants from China: Institute"</a>. The Jakarta Post. 6 October 2017. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200617165923/https://www.thejakartapost.com/life/2017/10/06/half-of-kimchi-served-at-south-korean-restaurants-from-china-institute.html">Archived</a> from the original on 17 June 2020. Retrieved 10 May 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Half+of+kimchi+served+at+South+Korean+restaurants+from+China%3A+Institute&rft.date=2017-10-06&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.thejakartapost.com%2Flife%2F2017%2F10%2F06%2Fhalf-of-kimchi-served-at-south-korean-restaurants-from-china-institute.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKimchi" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-109"><a href="#cite_ref-109">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://unipass.customs.go.kr/ets/index.do">"수출입통계 – 품목별 수출입실적"</a> [Import and export statistics – 품목별 수출입실적 (Import and export performance by item): Item code=20 05 99 1000]. Korea Customs Service. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210122161150/https://unipass.customs.go.kr/ets/index.do">Archived</a> from the original on 22 January 2021. Retrieved 15 February 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=%EC%88%98%EC%B6%9C%EC%9E%85%ED%86%B5%EA%B3%84+%E2%80%93+%ED%92%88%EB%AA%A9%EB%B3%84+%EC%88%98%EC%B6%9C%EC%9E%85%EC%8B%A4%EC%A0%81&rft.pub=Korea+Customs+Service&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Funipass.customs.go.kr%2Fets%2Findex.do&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKimchi" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-110"><a href="#cite_ref-110">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.wikim.re.kr/viewer/doc.html?fn=202302281031502431.pdf&rs=/upload/synap_convert/202310/">"Document Viewer"</a>. www.wikim.re.kr. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20231004050402/https://www.wikim.re.kr/viewer/doc.html?fn=202302281031502431.pdf&rs=/upload/synap_convert/202310/">Archived</a> from the original on 4 October 2023. Retrieved 2 October 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.wikim.re.kr&rft.atitle=Document+Viewer&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.wikim.re.kr%2Fviewer%2Fdoc.html%3Ffn%3D202302281031502431.pdf%26rs%3D%2Fupload%2Fsynap_convert%2F202310%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKimchi" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-:4-111">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:4_111-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:4_111-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:4_111-2">c</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190130210521/http://www.inspection.gc.ca/food/archived-food-guidance/processed-products/manuals/establishment-inspection-manual/eng/1346352547319/1346424966018?chap=9#task5504">"Chapter 5 - Process Products"</a>. Processed Products Establishment Inspection Manual. Canadian Food Inspection Agency. 30 August 2012. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.inspection.gc.ca/food/archived-food-guidance/processed-products/manuals/establishment-inspection-manual/eng/1346352547319/1346424966018?chap=9#task5504">the original</a> on 30 January 2019. Retrieved 8 August 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Chapter+5+-+Process+Products&rft.btitle=Processed+Products+Establishment+Inspection+Manual&rft.pub=Canadian+Food+Inspection+Agency&rft.date=2012-08-30&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.inspection.gc.ca%2Ffood%2Farchived-food-guidance%2Fprocessed-products%2Fmanuals%2Festablishment-inspection-manual%2Feng%2F1346352547319%2F1346424966018%3Fchap%3D9%23task5504&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKimchi" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-112"><a href="#cite_ref-112">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFClark2014" class="citation web cs1">Clark, J. Peter (2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ift.org/news-and-publications/food-technology-magazine/issues/2014/july/columns/processing">"The Basics About Acid Levels in Food"</a>. Food Technology Magazine. Institute of Food Technology. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20221122171337/https://www.ift.org/news-and-publications/food-technology-magazine/issues/2014/july/columns/processing">Archived</a> from the original on 22 November 2022. Retrieved 22 November 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Food+Technology+Magazine&rft.atitle=The+Basics+About+Acid+Levels+in+Food&rft.date=2014&rft.aulast=Clark&rft.aufirst=J.+Peter&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ift.org%2Fnews-and-publications%2Ffood-technology-magazine%2Fissues%2F2014%2Fjuly%2Fcolumns%2Fprocessing&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKimchi" class="Z3988"> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Kimchi&action=edit&section=40" title="Edit section: Further reading">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFPark,_Kun-YoungCheigh,_Hong-Sik2003" class="citation book cs1">Park, Kun-Young; Cheigh, Hong-Sik (2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=dVpQVJ46C5gC&q=kimchi&pg=PA192">Handbook of Vegetable Preservation and Processing</a>. <a href="/wiki/CRC_Press" title="CRC Press">CRC Press</a>. pp. 189–222. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8247-4301-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8247-4301-7"><bdi>978-0-8247-4301-7</bdi></a>. Retrieved 18 May 2008.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Handbook+of+Vegetable+Preservation+and+Processing&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E189-%3C%2Fspan%3E222&rft.pub=CRC+Press&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=978-0-8247-4301-7&rft.au=Park%2C+Kun-Young&rft.au=Cheigh%2C+Hong-Sik&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DdVpQVJ46C5gC%26q%3Dkimchi%26pg%3DPA192&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKimchi" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFGannon,_Martin_J.2004" class="citation book cs1">Gannon, Martin J. (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/understandingglo0003gann">Understanding Global Cultures</a>. <a href="/wiki/SAGE_Publications" class="mw-redirect" title="SAGE Publications">SAGE Publications</a>. pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/understandingglo0003gann/page/123">123</a>–130. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7619-2980-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7619-2980-2"><bdi>978-0-7619-2980-2</bdi></a>. Retrieved 18 May 2008. <q>kimchi.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Understanding+Global+Cultures&rft.pages=123-130&rft.pub=SAGE+Publications&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=978-0-7619-2980-2&rft.au=Gannon%2C+Martin+J.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Funderstandingglo0003gann&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKimchi" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFParkLee2023" class="citation journal cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Park, Sung Hoon; Lee, Chang Hyeon (2023). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://koreascience.or.kr/article/JAKO202328943242969.page">"Evaluation of Accuracy and Adequacy of Kimchi Information in Major Foreign Online Encyclopedias"</a>. Journal of the Korean Society of Food Culture (in Korean). 38 (4): 203–216. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.7318%2FKJFC%2F2023.38.4.203">10.7318/KJFC/2023.38.4.203</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1225-7060">1225-7060</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+the+Korean+Society+of+Food+Culture&rft.atitle=Evaluation+of+Accuracy+and+Adequacy+of+Kimchi+Information+in+Major+Foreign+Online+Encyclopedias&rft.volume=38&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E203-%3C%2Fspan%3E216&rft.date=2023&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.7318%2FKJFC%2F2023.38.4.203&rft.issn=1225-7060&rft.aulast=Park&rft.aufirst=Sung+Hoon&rft.au=Lee%2C+Chang+Hyeon&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fkoreascience.or.kr%2Farticle%2FJAKO202328943242969.page&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKimchi" class="Z3988"></li></ul> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409" /> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><a href="/wiki/File:Wikibooks-logo-en-noslogan.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Wikibooks-logo-en-noslogan.svg/40px-Wikibooks-logo-en-noslogan.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Wikibooks-logo-en-noslogan.svg/60px-Wikibooks-logo-en-noslogan.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Wikibooks-logo-en-noslogan.svg/120px-Wikibooks-logo-en-noslogan.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="400" data-file-height="400" /></a></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikibooks <a href="https://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Cookbook" class="extiw" title="wikibooks:Cookbook">Cookbook</a> has a recipe/module on <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409" /><div class="plainlist" style="margin-left: 1.6em;"> <ul><li><a href="https://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Cookbook:Kimchi" class="extiw" title="wikibooks:Cookbook:Kimchi"> Kimchi</a></li></ul> </div></div></div> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1235681985" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237033735" /><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409" /> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><a href="/wiki/File:Commons-logo.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/40px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/60px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></a></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/%EA%B9%80%EC%B9%98" class="extiw" title="commons:김치">김치</a>.</div></div> </div> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li::after{content:" · ";font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li:last-child::after{content:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:first-child::before{content:" (";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:last-child::after{content:")";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol{counter-reset:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li{counter-increment:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li::before{content:" "counter(listitem)"\a0 "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li ol>li:first-child::before{content:" ("counter(listitem)"\a0 "}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-title,.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow{padding:0.25em 1em;line-height:1.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group{white-space:nowrap;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{background-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list{line-height:1.5em;border-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list-with-group{text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid}.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-group,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-image,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-list{border-top:2px solid #fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title{background-color:#ccf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-title{background-color:#ddf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-abovebelow{background-color:#e6e6ff}.mw-parser-output .navbox-even{background-color:#f7f7f7}.mw-parser-output .navbox-odd{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ul,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ul{padding:0.125em 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Kimchi26" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Kimchi" title="Template:Kimchi"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Kimchi" title="Template talk:Kimchi"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Kimchi" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Kimchi"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Kimchi26" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Kimchi</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Varieties</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Baechu-kimchi" title="Baechu-kimchi">Baechu-kimchi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baek-kimchi" title="Baek-kimchi">Baek-kimchi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dongchimi" title="Dongchimi">Dongchimi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dubu-kimchi" title="Dubu-kimchi">Dubu-kimchi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gat-kimchi" title="Gat-kimchi">Gat-kimchi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kkakdugi" title="Kkakdugi">Kkakdugi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Morkovcha" title="Morkovcha">Morkovcha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nabak-kimchi" title="Nabak-kimchi">Nabak-kimchi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pa-kimchi" title="Pa-kimchi">Pa-kimchi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yeolmu-kimchi" title="Yeolmu-kimchi">Yeolmu-kimchi</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gimjang" title="Gimjang">Gimjang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kimchi-buchimgae" title="Kimchi-buchimgae">Kimchi-buchimgae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kimchi_Field_Museum" class="mw-redirect" title="Kimchi Field Museum">Kimchi Field Museum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kimchi_fried_rice" title="Kimchi fried rice">Kimchi fried rice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kimchi_refrigerator" title="Kimchi refrigerator">Kimchi refrigerator</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Companilactobacillus_kimchii" title="Companilactobacillus kimchii">Companilactobacillus kimchii</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235" /></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="National_symbols_of_North_Korea86" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231" /><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:National_symbols_of_North_Korea" title="Template:National symbols of North Korea"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:National_symbols_of_North_Korea" title="Template talk:National symbols of North Korea"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:National_symbols_of_North_Korea" title="Special:EditPage/Template:National symbols of North Korea"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="National_symbols_of_North_Korea86" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/National_symbols_of_North_Korea" title="National symbols of North Korea">National symbols of North Korea</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_North_Korea" title="Constitution of North Korea">Constitutional</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Flag_of_North_Korea" title="Flag of North Korea">Flag</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emblem_of_North_Korea" title="Emblem of North Korea">Emblem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aegukka" title="Aegukka">Anthem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pyongyang" title="Pyongyang">Pyongyang</a> (capital)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Magnolia_sieboldii" title="Magnolia sieboldii">Magnolia sieboldii</a> (flower)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northern_goshawk" title="Northern goshawk">Northern goshawk</a> (bird)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pine" title="Pine">Pine</a> (tree)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pungsan_dog" title="Pungsan dog">Pungsan</a> (dog)</li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Kimchi</a> (dish)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hanbok" title="Hanbok">Choson-ot</a> (dress)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ssireum" title="Ssireum">Ssirum</a> (sport)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Juche_Tower" title="Juche Tower">Juche Tower</a> and <a href="/wiki/Mangyongdae" title="Mangyongdae">Mangyongdae</a> (monuments)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Juche_calendar" title="Juche calendar">Juche calendar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Day_of_the_Foundation_of_the_Republic_(North_Korea)" class="mw-redirect" title="Day of the Foundation of the Republic (North Korea)">Foundation Day</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cho_Ki-chon" title="Cho Ki-chon">Cho Ki-chon</a> (poet)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chollima" class="mw-redirect" title="Chollima">Chollima</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Korean_language" title="Korean language">Korean language</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/North_Korean_standard_language" title="North Korean standard language">Munhwaŏ</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_Korean_won" title="North Korean won">North Korean won</a> (currency)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235" /><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1038841319">.mw-parser-output .tooltip-dotted{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-labelledby="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q141898#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata1042" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q141898#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata1042" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a> <a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q141898#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">International</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://id.worldcat.org/fast/987531/">FAST</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/4335088-4">Germany</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/sh85072354">United States</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.ndl.go.jp/auth/ndlna/01033445">Japan</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=ph987353&CON_LNG=ENG">Czech Republic</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nli.org.il/en/authorities/987007543570405171">Israel</a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1130092004">.mw-parser-output .portal-bar{font-size:88%;font-weight:bold;display:flex;justify-content:center;align-items:baseline}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-bordered{padding:0 2em;background-color:#fdfdfd;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;clear:both;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-related{font-size:100%;justify-content:flex-start}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-unbordered{padding:0 1.7em;margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-header{margin:0 1em 0 0.5em;flex:0 0 auto;min-height:24px}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-content{display:flex;flex-flow:row wrap;flex:0 1 auto;padding:0.15em 0;column-gap:1em;align-items:baseline;margin:0;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-content-related{margin:0;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-item{display:inline-block;margin:0.15em 0.2em;min-height:24px;line-height:24px}@media screen and (max-width:768px){.mw-parser-output .portal-bar{font-size:88%;font-weight:bold;display:flex;flex-flow:column wrap;align-items:baseline}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-header{text-align:center;flex:0;padding-left:0.5em;margin:0 auto}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-related{font-size:100%;align-items:flex-start}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-content{display:flex;flex-flow:row wrap;align-items:center;flex:0;column-gap:1em;border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1;margin:0 auto;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-content-related{border-top:none;margin:0;list-style:none}}.mw-parser-output .navbox+link+.portal-bar,.mw-parser-output .navbox+style+.portal-bar,.mw-parser-output .navbox+link+.portal-bar-bordered,.mw-parser-output .navbox+style+.portal-bar-bordered,.mw-parser-output .sister-bar+link+.portal-bar,.mw-parser-output .sister-bar+style+.portal-bar,.mw-parser-output .portal-bar+.navbox-styles+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .portal-bar+.navbox-styles+.sister-bar{margin-top:-1px}</style><div class="portal-bar noprint metadata noviewer portal-bar-bordered" role="navigation" aria-label="Portals"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Contents/Portals" title="Wikipedia:Contents/Portals">Portals</a>:<ul class="portal-bar-content"><li class="portal-bar-item"><a href="/wiki/File:Korea_Map.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="map" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/Korea_Map.svg/19px-Korea_Map.svg.png" decoding="async" width="19" height="19" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/Korea_Map.svg/29px-Korea_Map.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/Korea_Map.svg/38px-Korea_Map.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="64" data-file-height="64" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Portal:Korea" class="mw-disambig" title="Portal:Korea">Korea</a></li><li class="portal-bar-item"><a href="/wiki/File:Foodlogo2.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/Foodlogo2.svg/40px-Foodlogo2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="21" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/Foodlogo2.svg/60px-Foodlogo2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="146" data-file-height="106" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Portal:Food" title="Portal:Food">Food</a></li></ul></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://auth.wikimedia.org/loginwiki/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?useformat=desktop&type=1x1&usesul3=1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Kimchi&oldid=1283591229">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Kimchi&oldid=1283591229</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Help:Category" title="Help:Category">Categories</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Kimchi" title="Category:Kimchi">Kimchi</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Banchan" title="Category:Banchan">Banchan</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Brassica_dishes" title="Category:Brassica dishes">Brassica dishes</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Cabbage_dishes" title="Category:Cabbage dishes">Cabbage dishes</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Korean_cuisine" title="Category:Korean cuisine">Korean cuisine</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:National_dishes" title="Category:National dishes">National dishes</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Fermented_foods" title="Category:Fermented foods">Fermented foods</a></li></ul></div><div id="mw-hidden-catlinks" class="mw-hidden-catlinks mw-hidden-cats-hidden">Hidden categories: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_Korean-language_sources_(ko)" title="Category:CS1 Korean-language sources (ko)">CS1 Korean-language sources (ko)</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_uses_Korean-language_script_(ko)" title="Category:CS1 uses Korean-language script (ko)">CS1 uses Korean-language script (ko)</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_containing_Chinese-language_text" title="Category:Articles containing Chinese-language text">Articles containing Chinese-language text</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_Chinese-language_sources_(zh)" title="Category:CS1 Chinese-language sources (zh)">CS1 Chinese-language sources (zh)</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_foreign_language_sources_(ISO_639-2)" title="Category:CS1 foreign language sources (ISO 639-2)">CS1 foreign language sources (ISO 639-2)</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:All_articles_with_dead_external_links" title="Category:All articles with dead external links">All articles with dead external links</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_dead_external_links_from_April_2018" title="Category:Articles with dead external links from April 2018">Articles with dead external links from April 2018</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_permanently_dead_external_links" title="Category:Articles with permanently dead external links">Articles with permanently dead external links</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_uses_Chinese-language_script_(zh)" title="Category:CS1 uses Chinese-language script (zh)">CS1 uses Chinese-language script (zh)</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_location_missing_publisher" title="Category:CS1 maint: location missing publisher">CS1 maint: location missing publisher</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:CS1:_unfit_URL" title="Category:CS1: unfit URL">CS1: unfit URL</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_Korean_(North_Korea)-language_sources_(ko-kp)" title="Category:CS1 Korean (North Korea)-language sources (ko-kp)">CS1 Korean (North Korea)-language sources (ko-kp)</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Webarchive_template_wayback_links" title="Category:Webarchive template wayback links">Webarchive template wayback links</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Use_American_English_from_September_2022" title="Category:Use American English from September 2022">Use American English from September 2022</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:All_Wikipedia_articles_written_in_American_English" title="Category:All Wikipedia articles written in American English">All Wikipedia articles written in American English</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_short_description" title="Category:Articles with short description">Articles with short description</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Short_description_is_different_from_Wikidata" title="Category:Short description is different from Wikidata">Short description is different from Wikidata</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Use_dmy_dates_from_June_2024" title="Category:Use dmy dates from June 2024">Use dmy dates from June 2024</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_containing_Korean-language_text" title="Category:Articles containing Korean-language text">Articles containing Korean-language text</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Pages_with_Korean_IPA" title="Category:Pages with Korean IPA">Pages with Korean IPA</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_containing_Japanese-language_text" title="Category:Articles containing Japanese-language text">Articles containing Japanese-language text</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Wikipedia_articles_needing_factual_verification_from_June_2021" title="Category:Wikipedia articles needing factual verification from June 2021">Wikipedia articles needing factual verification from June 2021</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Wikipedia_articles_needing_clarification_from_November_2020" title="Category:Wikipedia articles needing clarification from November 2020">Wikipedia articles needing clarification from November 2020</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Pages_displaying_short_descriptions_of_redirect_targets_via_Module:Annotated_link" title="Category:Pages displaying short descriptions of redirect targets via Module:Annotated link">Pages displaying short descriptions of redirect targets via Module:Annotated link</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Commons_link_from_Wikidata" title="Category:Commons link from Wikidata">Commons link from Wikidata</a></li></ul></div></div> </div> </main> </div> <div class="mw-footer-container"> <footer id="footer" class="mw-footer" > <ul id="footer-info"> <li id="footer-info-lastmod"> This page was last edited on 2 April 2025, at 13:03 (UTC).</li> <li id="footer-info-copyright">Text is available under the <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Text_of_the_Creative_Commons_Attribution-ShareAlike_4.0_International_License" title="Wikipedia:Text of the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License">Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 License</a>; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the <a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Terms_of_Use" class="extiw" title="foundation:Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Terms of Use">Terms of Use</a> and <a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy_policy" class="extiw" title="foundation:Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy policy">Privacy Policy</a>. Wikipedia® is a registered trademark of the <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://wikimediafoundation.org/">Wikimedia Foundation, Inc.</a>, a non-profit organization.</li> </ul> <ul id="footer-places"> <li id="footer-places-privacy"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy_policy">Privacy policy</a></li> <li id="footer-places-about"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:About">About Wikipedia</a></li> <li id="footer-places-disclaimers"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:General_disclaimer">Disclaimers</a></li> <li id="footer-places-contact"><a href="//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Contact_us">Contact Wikipedia</a></li> <li id="footer-places-wm-codeofconduct"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Universal_Code_of_Conduct">Code of Conduct</a></li> <li id="footer-places-developers"><a href="https://developer.wikimedia.org">Developers</a></li> <li id="footer-places-statslink"><a href="https://stats.wikimedia.org/#/en.wikipedia.org">Statistics</a></li> <li id="footer-places-cookiestatement"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Cookie_statement">Cookie statement</a></li> <li id="footer-places-mobileview"><a href="//en.m.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Kimchi&mobileaction=toggle_view_mobile" class="noprint stopMobileRedirectToggle">Mobile view</a></li> </ul> <ul id="footer-icons" class="noprint"> <li id="footer-copyrightico"><a href="https://www.wikimedia.org/" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button--enabled"><picture><source media="(min-width: 500px)" srcset="/static/images/footer/wikimedia-button.svg" width="84" height="29"><img src="/static/images/footer/wikimedia.svg" width="25" height="25" alt="Wikimedia Foundation" lang="en" loading="lazy"></picture></a></li> <li id="footer-poweredbyico"><a href="https://www.mediawiki.org/" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button--enabled"><picture><source media="(min-width: 500px)" srcset="/w/resources/assets/poweredby_mediawiki.svg" width="88" height="31"><img src="/w/resources/assets/mediawiki_compact.svg" alt="Powered by MediaWiki" lang="en" width="25" height="25" loading="lazy"></picture></a></li> </ul> </footer> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-header-container vector-sticky-header-container"> <div id="vector-sticky-header" class="vector-sticky-header"> <div class="vector-sticky-header-start"> <div class="vector-sticky-header-icon-start vector-button-flush-left vector-button-flush-right" aria-hidden="true"> <button class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-sticky-header-search-toggle" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="ui.vector-sticky-search-form.icon"> Search </button> </div> <div role="search" class="vector-search-box-vue vector-search-box-show-thumbnail vector-search-box"> <div class="vector-typeahead-search-container"> <div class="cdx-typeahead-search cdx-typeahead-search--show-thumbnail"> <form action="/w/index.php" id="vector-sticky-search-form" class="cdx-search-input cdx-search-input--has-end-button"> <div class="cdx-search-input__input-wrapper" data-search-loc="header-moved"> <div class="cdx-text-input cdx-text-input--has-start-icon"> <input class="cdx-text-input__input" type="search" name="search" placeholder="Search Wikipedia"> </div> <input type="hidden" name="title" value="Special:Search"> </div> <button class="cdx-button cdx-search-input__end-button">Search</button> </form> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-header-context-bar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-sticky-header-toc" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-sticky-header-toc vector-sticky-header-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-sticky-header-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-sticky-header-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-sticky-header-toc-label" for="vector-sticky-header-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" > Toggle the table of contents </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-sticky-header-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <div class="vector-sticky-header-context-bar-primary" aria-hidden="true" >Kimchi</div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-header-end" aria-hidden="true"> <div class="vector-sticky-header-icons"> <a href="#" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only" id="ca-talk-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="talk-sticky-header"> </a> <a href="#" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only" id="ca-subject-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="subject-sticky-header"> </a> <a href="#" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only" id="ca-history-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="history-sticky-header"> </a> <a href="#" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only mw-watchlink" id="ca-watchstar-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="watch-sticky-header"> </a> <a href="#" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only" id="ca-edit-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="wikitext-edit-sticky-header"> </a> <a href="#" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only" id="ca-ve-edit-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="ve-edit-sticky-header"> </a> <a href="#" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only" id="ca-viewsource-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="ve-edit-protected-sticky-header"> </a> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-header-buttons"> <button class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet mw-interlanguage-selector" id="p-lang-btn-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn-sticky-header"> 71 languages </button> <a href="#" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive" id="ca-addsection-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="addsection-sticky-header"> Add topic </a> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-header-icon-end"> <div class="vector-user-links"> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="mw-portlet mw-portlet-dock-bottom emptyPortlet" id="p-dock-bottom"> <ul> </ul> </div> <script>(RLQ=window.RLQ||[]).push(function(){mw.config.set({"wgHostname":"mw-web.codfw.main-77d76c48d9-2lp64","wgBackendResponseTime":220,"wgPageParseReport":{"limitreport":{"cputime":"1.725","walltime":"2.141","ppvisitednodes":{"value":13589,"limit":1000000},"postexpandincludesize":{"value":356418,"limit":2097152},"templateargumentsize":{"value":7545,"limit":2097152},"expansiondepth":{"value":17,"limit":100},"expensivefunctioncount":{"value":11,"limit":500},"unstrip-depth":{"value":1,"limit":20},"unstrip-size":{"value":491641,"limit":5000000},"entityaccesscount":{"value":1,"limit":400},"timingprofile":["100.00% 1885.260 1 -total"," 42.03% 792.314 1 Template:Reflist"," 14.55% 274.224 4 Template:Infobox"," 12.51% 235.847 41 Template:Cite_web"," 9.26% 174.603 51 Template:Lang"," 8.88% 167.350 1 Template:Infobox_Korean_name"," 8.84% 166.607 14 Template:Annotated_link"," 8.09% 152.520 22 Template:Cite_journal"," 7.86% 148.115 1 Template:Infobox_Chinese/Korean"," 6.99% 131.698 24 Template:Cite_news"]},"scribunto":{"limitreport-timeusage":{"value":"1.097","limit":"10.000"},"limitreport-memusage":{"value":20417599,"limit":52428800},"limitreport-profile":[["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::callParserFunction","180","15.3"],["?","160","13.6"],["type","80","6.8"],["recursiveClone \u003CmwInit.lua:45\u003E","80","6.8"],["\u003Cmw.lua:694\u003E","80","6.8"],["dataWrapper \u003Cmw.lua:672\u003E","80","6.8"],["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::getExpandedArgument","60","5.1"],["(for generator)","60","5.1"],["chunk \u003CModule:Citation/CS1\u003E","40","3.4"],["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::lc","40","3.4"],["[others]","320","27.1"]]},"cachereport":{"origin":"mw-web.codfw.main-559fdfb99c-hbc6x","timestamp":"20250402215604","ttl":2592000,"transientcontent":false}}});});</script> <script type="application/ld+json">{"@context":"https:\/\/schema.org","@type":"Article","name":"Kimchi","url":"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Kimchi","sameAs":"http:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/entity\/Q141898","mainEntity":"http:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/entity\/Q141898","author":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Contributors to Wikimedia projects"},"publisher":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Wikimedia Foundation, Inc.","logo":{"@type":"ImageObject","url":"https:\/\/www.wikimedia.org\/static\/images\/wmf-hor-googpub.png"}},"datePublished":"2003-02-04T14:13:22Z","dateModified":"2025-04-02T13:03:47Z","image":"https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/f\/f8\/Various_kimchi.jpg","headline":"fermented vegetable dish of Korea"}</script> </body> </html>