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Stephen Hawking – Wikipédia, a enciclopédia livre
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id="toc-mw-content-text" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a href="#" class="vector-toc-link"> <div class="vector-toc-text">Início</div> </a> </li> <li id="toc-Biografia" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Biografia"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1</span> <span>Biografia</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Biografia-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Alternar a subsecção Biografia</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Biografia-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Aparições_na_Cultura_Popular" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Aparições_na_Cultura_Popular"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1</span> <span>Aparições na Cultura Popular</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Aparições_na_Cultura_Popular-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Participações_em_filmes,_séries_e_programas_de_TV" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Participações_em_filmes,_séries_e_programas_de_TV"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1.1</span> <span>Participações em filmes, séries e programas de TV</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Participações_em_filmes,_séries_e_programas_de_TV-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Músicas" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Músicas"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1.2</span> <span>Músicas</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Músicas-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Críticas" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Críticas"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2</span> <span>Críticas</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Críticas-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Morte" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Morte"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.3</span> <span>Morte</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Morte-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Cinebiografias" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Cinebiografias"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Cinebiografias</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Cinebiografias-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Ateísmo" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ateísmo"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Ateísmo</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ateísmo-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Obra" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Obra"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Obra</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Obra-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Livros" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Livros"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Livros</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Livros-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Prêmios,_títulos,_medalhas_e_homenagens" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Prêmios,_títulos,_medalhas_e_homenagens"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Prêmios, títulos, medalhas e homenagens</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Prêmios,_títulos,_medalhas_e_homenagens-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Ver_também" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ver_também"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Ver também</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ver_também-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Referências" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Referências"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Referências</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Referências-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Ligações_externas" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ligações_externas"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>Ligações externas</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ligações_externas-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Conteúdo" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Alternar o índice" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Alternar o índice</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Stephen Hawking</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Ir para um artigo noutra língua. Disponível em 150 línguas" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-150" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">150 línguas</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stephen_Hawking" title="Stephen Hawking — africanês" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Stephen Hawking" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="africanês" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-als mw-list-item"><a href="https://als.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stephen_Hawking" title="Stephen Hawking — alemão suíço" lang="gsw" hreflang="gsw" data-title="Stephen Hawking" data-language-autonym="Alemannisch" data-language-local-name="alemão suíço" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Alemannisch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-am mw-list-item"><a href="https://am.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%88%B5%E1%89%B2%E1%89%A8%E1%8A%95_%E1%88%83%E1%8B%8D%E1%8A%AA%E1%8A%95%E1%8C%8D" title="ስቲቨን ሃውኪንግ — amárico" lang="am" hreflang="am" data-title="ስቲቨን ሃውኪንግ" data-language-autonym="አማርኛ" data-language-local-name="amárico" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>አማርኛ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-an mw-list-item"><a href="https://an.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stephen_Hawking" title="Stephen Hawking — aragonês" lang="an" hreflang="an" data-title="Stephen Hawking" data-language-autonym="Aragonés" data-language-local-name="aragonês" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Aragonés</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-anp mw-list-item"><a href="https://anp.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9F%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%AB%E0%A4%A8_%E0%A4%B9%E0%A5%89%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%97" title="स्टीफन हॉकिंग — angika" lang="anp" hreflang="anp" data-title="स्टीफन हॉकिंग" data-language-autonym="अंगिका" data-language-local-name="angika" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>अंगिका</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B3%D8%AA%D9%8A%D9%81%D9%86_%D9%87%D9%88%D9%83%D9%8A%D9%86%D8%AC" title="ستيفن هوكينج — árabe" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="ستيفن هوكينج" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="árabe" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B3%D8%AA%D9%8A%D9%81%D9%86_%D9%87%D9%88%D9%83%D9%8A%D9%86%D8%AC" title="ستيفن هوكينج — Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="ستيفن هوكينج" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-as mw-list-item"><a href="https://as.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%B7%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%9F%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%AB%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%A8_%E0%A6%B9%E0%A6%95%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%82" title="ষ্টিফেন হকিং — assamês" lang="as" hreflang="as" data-title="ষ্টিফেন হকিং" data-language-autonym="অসমীয়া" data-language-local-name="assamês" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>অসমীয়া</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stephen_Hawking" title="Stephen Hawking — asturiano" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Stephen Hawking" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="asturiano" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-av mw-list-item"><a href="https://av.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%B2%D0%B5%D0%BD_%D0%93%D1%8C%D0%BE%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B3" title="Стивен Гьокинг — avar" lang="av" hreflang="av" data-title="Стивен Гьокинг" data-language-autonym="Авар" data-language-local-name="avar" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Авар</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stiven_Hokinq" title="Stiven Hokinq — azerbaijano" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Stiven Hokinq" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="azerbaijano" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%DB%8C%D8%B3%D8%AA%DB%8C%D9%88%D9%86_%D9%87%D8%A7%D9%88%DA%A9%DB%8C%D9%86%D9%82" title="ایستیون هاوکینق — South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="ایستیون هاوکینق" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>تۆرکجه</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ba mw-list-item"><a href="https://ba.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A5%D0%BE%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B3_%D0%A1%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%B2%D0%B5%D0%BD" title="Хокинг Стивен — bashkir" lang="ba" hreflang="ba" data-title="Хокинг Стивен" data-language-autonym="Башҡортса" data-language-local-name="bashkir" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Башҡортса</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ban mw-list-item"><a href="https://ban.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stephen_Hawking" title="Stephen Hawking — balinês" lang="ban" hreflang="ban" data-title="Stephen Hawking" data-language-autonym="Basa Bali" data-language-local-name="balinês" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Basa Bali</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bat-smg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bat-smg.wikipedia.org/wiki/St%C4%ABvens_Hokings" title="Stīvens Hokings — Samogitian" lang="sgs" hreflang="sgs" data-title="Stīvens Hokings" data-language-autonym="Žemaitėška" data-language-local-name="Samogitian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Žemaitėška</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bcl mw-list-item"><a href="https://bcl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stephen_Hawking" title="Stephen Hawking — Central Bikol" lang="bcl" hreflang="bcl" data-title="Stephen Hawking" data-language-autonym="Bikol Central" data-language-local-name="Central Bikol" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bikol Central</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D1%82%D1%8B%D0%B2%D0%B5%D0%BD_%D0%A5%D0%BE%D0%BA%D1%96%D0%BD%D0%B3" title="Стывен Хокінг — bielorrusso" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Стывен Хокінг" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="bielorrusso" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%B2%D1%8A%D0%BD_%D0%A5%D0%BE%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B3" title="Стивън Хокинг — búlgaro" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Стивън Хокинг" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="búlgaro" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bh mw-list-item"><a href="https://bh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9F%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%AB%E0%A4%A8_%E0%A4%B9%E0%A5%89%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%97" title="स्टीफन हॉकिंग — Bhojpuri" lang="bh" hreflang="bh" data-title="स्टीफन हॉकिंग" data-language-autonym="भोजपुरी" data-language-local-name="Bhojpuri" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>भोजपुरी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%B8%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%9F%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%AD%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%A8_%E0%A6%B9%E0%A6%95%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%82" title="স্টিভেন হকিং — bengalês" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="স্টিভেন হকিং" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="bengalês" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bo mw-list-item"><a href="https://bo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%BD%A7%E0%BD%BC%E0%BC%8B%E0%BD%85%E0%BD%B2%E0%BD%93%E0%BC%8D" title="ཧོ་ཅིན། — tibetano" lang="bo" hreflang="bo" data-title="ཧོ་ཅིན།" data-language-autonym="བོད་ཡིག" data-language-local-name="tibetano" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>བོད་ཡིག</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stephen_Hawking" title="Stephen Hawking — bretão" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Stephen Hawking" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="bretão" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Brezhoneg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stephen_Hawking" title="Stephen Hawking — bósnio" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Stephen Hawking" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="bósnio" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stephen_Hawking" title="Stephen Hawking — catalão" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Stephen Hawking" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="catalão" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cdo mw-list-item"><a href="https://cdo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stephen_Hawking" title="Stephen Hawking — Mindong" lang="cdo" hreflang="cdo" data-title="Stephen Hawking" data-language-autonym="閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄" data-language-local-name="Mindong" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ceb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ceb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stephen_Hawking" title="Stephen Hawking — cebuano" lang="ceb" hreflang="ceb" data-title="Stephen Hawking" data-language-autonym="Cebuano" data-language-local-name="cebuano" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cebuano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B3%D8%AA%DB%8C%DA%A4%D9%86_%DA%BE%DB%86%DA%A9%DB%8C%D9%86%DA%AF" title="ستیڤن ھۆکینگ — curdo central" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="ستیڤن ھۆکینگ" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="curdo central" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>کوردی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stephen_Hawking" title="Stephen Hawking — checo" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Stephen Hawking" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="checo" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cv mw-list-item"><a href="https://cv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%B2%D0%B5%D0%BD_%D0%A5%D0%BE%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B3" title="Стивен Хокинг — chuvash" lang="cv" hreflang="cv" data-title="Стивен Хокинг" data-language-autonym="Чӑвашла" data-language-local-name="chuvash" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Чӑвашла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stephen_Hawking" title="Stephen Hawking — galês" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Stephen Hawking" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="galês" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stephen_Hawking" title="Stephen Hawking — dinamarquês" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Stephen Hawking" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="dinamarquês" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stephen_Hawking" title="Stephen Hawking — alemão" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Stephen Hawking" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="alemão" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-din mw-list-item"><a href="https://din.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stephen_Hawki%C5%8B" title="Stephen Hawkiŋ — dinka" lang="din" hreflang="din" data-title="Stephen Hawkiŋ" data-language-autonym="Thuɔŋjäŋ" data-language-local-name="dinka" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Thuɔŋjäŋ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-diq mw-list-item"><a href="https://diq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stephen_Hawking" title="Stephen Hawking — Zazaki" lang="diq" hreflang="diq" data-title="Stephen Hawking" data-language-autonym="Zazaki" data-language-local-name="Zazaki" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Zazaki</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-dty mw-list-item"><a href="https://dty.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9F%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AB%E0%A4%A8_%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%99" title="स्टिफन हकिङ — Doteli" lang="dty" hreflang="dty" data-title="स्टिफन हकिङ" data-language-autonym="डोटेली" data-language-local-name="Doteli" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>डोटेली</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%A3%CF%84%CE%AE%CE%B2%CE%B5%CE%BD_%CE%A7%CF%8C%CE%BA%CE%B9%CE%BD%CE%B3%CE%BA" title="Στήβεν Χόκινγκ — grego" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Στήβεν Χόκινγκ" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="grego" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-en mw-list-item"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stephen_Hawking" title="Stephen Hawking — inglês" lang="en" hreflang="en" data-title="Stephen Hawking" data-language-autonym="English" data-language-local-name="inglês" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stephen_Hawking" title="Stephen Hawking — esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Stephen Hawking" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stephen_Hawking" title="Stephen Hawking — espanhol" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Stephen Hawking" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="espanhol" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stephen_Hawking" title="Stephen Hawking — estónio" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Stephen Hawking" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="estónio" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stephen_Hawking" title="Stephen Hawking — basco" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Stephen Hawking" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="basco" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ext mw-list-item"><a href="https://ext.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stephen_Hawking" title="Stephen Hawking — Extremaduran" lang="ext" hreflang="ext" data-title="Stephen Hawking" data-language-autonym="Estremeñu" data-language-local-name="Extremaduran" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Estremeñu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D8%B3%D8%AA%DB%8C%D9%88%D9%86_%D9%87%D8%A7%D9%88%DA%A9%DB%8C%D9%86%DA%AF" title="استیون هاوکینگ — persa" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="استیون هاوکینگ" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="persa" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stephen_Hawking" title="Stephen Hawking — finlandês" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Stephen Hawking" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="finlandês" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fo mw-list-item"><a href="https://fo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stephen_Hawking" title="Stephen Hawking — feroês" lang="fo" hreflang="fo" data-title="Stephen Hawking" data-language-autonym="Føroyskt" data-language-local-name="feroês" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Føroyskt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stephen_Hawking" title="Stephen Hawking — francês" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Stephen Hawking" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="francês" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy mw-list-item"><a href="https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stephen_Hawking" title="Stephen Hawking — frísico ocidental" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" data-title="Stephen Hawking" data-language-autonym="Frysk" data-language-local-name="frísico ocidental" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Frysk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stephen_Hawking" title="Stephen Hawking — irlandês" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Stephen Hawking" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="irlandês" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gd mw-list-item"><a href="https://gd.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stephen_Hawking" title="Stephen Hawking — gaélico escocês" lang="gd" hreflang="gd" data-title="Stephen Hawking" data-language-autonym="Gàidhlig" data-language-local-name="gaélico escocês" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gàidhlig</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stephen_Hawking" title="Stephen Hawking — galego" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Stephen Hawking" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="galego" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gn mw-list-item"><a href="https://gn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stephen_Hawking" title="Stephen Hawking — guarani" lang="gn" hreflang="gn" data-title="Stephen Hawking" data-language-autonym="Avañe'ẽ" data-language-local-name="guarani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Avañe'ẽ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gu mw-list-item"><a href="https://gu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AA%B8%E0%AB%8D%E0%AA%9F%E0%AB%80%E0%AA%AB%E0%AA%A8_%E0%AA%B9%E0%AB%8B%E0%AA%95%E0%AA%BF%E0%AA%82%E0%AA%97" title="સ્ટીફન હોકિંગ — guzerate" lang="gu" hreflang="gu" data-title="સ્ટીફન હોકિંગ" data-language-autonym="ગુજરાતી" data-language-local-name="guzerate" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ગુજરાતી</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gv mw-list-item"><a href="https://gv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stephen_Hawking" title="Stephen Hawking — manx" lang="gv" hreflang="gv" data-title="Stephen Hawking" data-language-autonym="Gaelg" data-language-local-name="manx" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaelg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ha mw-list-item"><a href="https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stephen_Hawking" title="Stephen Hawking — haúça" lang="ha" hreflang="ha" data-title="Stephen Hawking" data-language-autonym="Hausa" data-language-local-name="haúça" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hausa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A1%D7%98%D7%99%D7%91%D7%9F_%D7%94%D7%95%D7%A7%D7%99%D7%A0%D7%92" title="סטיבן הוקינג — hebraico" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="סטיבן הוקינג" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="hebraico" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9F%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%AB%E0%A4%A8_%E0%A4%B9%E0%A5%89%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%97" title="स्टीफन हॉकिंग — hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="स्टीफन हॉकिंग" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stephen_Hawking" title="Stephen Hawking — croata" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Stephen Hawking" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="croata" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ht mw-list-item"><a href="https://ht.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stephen_Hawking" title="Stephen Hawking — haitiano" lang="ht" hreflang="ht" data-title="Stephen Hawking" data-language-autonym="Kreyòl ayisyen" data-language-local-name="haitiano" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kreyòl ayisyen</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stephen_Hawking" title="Stephen Hawking — húngaro" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Stephen Hawking" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="húngaro" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%8D%D5%A9%D5%AB%D5%BE%D5%A5%D5%B6_%D5%80%D5%B8%D6%84%D5%AB%D5%B6%D5%A3" title="Սթիվեն Հոքինգ — arménio" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Սթիվեն Հոքինգ" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="arménio" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hyw mw-list-item"><a href="https://hyw.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%8D%D5%A9%D5%AB%D5%BE%D5%A8%D5%B6_%D5%80%D5%B8%D6%84%D5%AB%D5%B6%D5%AF" title="Սթիվըն Հոքինկ — Western Armenian" lang="hyw" hreflang="hyw" data-title="Սթիվըն Հոքինկ" data-language-autonym="Արեւմտահայերէն" data-language-local-name="Western Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Արեւմտահայերէն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ia mw-list-item"><a href="https://ia.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stephen_Hawking" title="Stephen Hawking — interlíngua" lang="ia" hreflang="ia" data-title="Stephen Hawking" data-language-autonym="Interlingua" data-language-local-name="interlíngua" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Interlingua</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-iba mw-list-item"><a href="https://iba.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stephen_Hawking" title="Stephen Hawking — iban" lang="iba" hreflang="iba" data-title="Stephen Hawking" data-language-autonym="Jaku Iban" data-language-local-name="iban" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Jaku Iban</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stephen_Hawking" title="Stephen Hawking — indonésio" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Stephen Hawking" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="indonésio" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stephen_Hawking" title="Stephen Hawking — ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Stephen Hawking" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="ido" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ido</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stephen_Hawking" title="Stephen Hawking — islandês" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Stephen Hawking" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="islandês" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stephen_Hawking" title="Stephen Hawking — italiano" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Stephen Hawking" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="italiano" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%B9%E3%83%86%E3%82%A3%E3%83%BC%E3%83%B4%E3%83%B3%E3%83%BB%E3%83%9B%E3%83%BC%E3%82%AD%E3%83%B3%E3%82%B0" title="スティーヴン・ホーキング — japonês" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="スティーヴン・ホーキング" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="japonês" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jv mw-list-item"><a href="https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stephen_Hawking" title="Stephen Hawking — javanês" lang="jv" hreflang="jv" data-title="Stephen Hawking" data-language-autonym="Jawa" data-language-local-name="javanês" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Jawa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%A1%E1%83%A2%E1%83%98%E1%83%95%E1%83%94%E1%83%9C_%E1%83%B0%E1%83%9D%E1%83%99%E1%83%98%E1%83%9C%E1%83%92%E1%83%98" title="სტივენ ჰოკინგი — georgiano" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="სტივენ ჰოკინგი" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="georgiano" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kab mw-list-item"><a href="https://kab.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stiven_Huking" title="Stiven Huking — kabyle" lang="kab" hreflang="kab" data-title="Stiven Huking" data-language-autonym="Taqbaylit" data-language-local-name="kabyle" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Taqbaylit</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kbp mw-list-item"><a href="https://kbp.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stephen_Hawking" title="Stephen Hawking — Kabiye" lang="kbp" hreflang="kbp" data-title="Stephen Hawking" data-language-autonym="Kabɩyɛ" data-language-local-name="Kabiye" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kabɩyɛ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%B2%D0%B5%D0%BD_%D0%A5%D0%BE%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B3" title="Стивен Хокинг — cazaque" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Стивен Хокинг" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="cazaque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kn mw-list-item"><a href="https://kn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%B8%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%9F%E0%B3%80%E0%B2%AB%E0%B2%A8%E0%B3%8D%E2%80%8C_%E0%B2%B9%E0%B2%BE%E0%B2%95%E0%B2%BF%E0%B2%82%E0%B2%97%E0%B3%8D" title="ಸ್ಟೀಫನ್ ಹಾಕಿಂಗ್ — canarim" lang="kn" hreflang="kn" data-title="ಸ್ಟೀಫನ್ ಹಾಕಿಂಗ್" data-language-autonym="ಕನ್ನಡ" data-language-local-name="canarim" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ಕನ್ನಡ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%8A%A4%ED%8B%B0%EB%B8%90_%ED%98%B8%ED%82%B9" title="스티븐 호킹 — coreano" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="스티븐 호킹" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="coreano" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ks mw-list-item"><a href="https://ks.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B3%D9%90%D9%B9%DB%8C%D9%81%D9%86_%DB%81%D8%A7%DA%A9%D9%86%D9%9B%DA%AF" title="سِٹیفن ہاکنٛگ — caxemira" lang="ks" hreflang="ks" data-title="سِٹیفن ہاکنٛگ" data-language-autonym="कॉशुर / کٲشُر" data-language-local-name="caxemira" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>कॉशुर / کٲشُر</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ku mw-list-item"><a href="https://ku.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stephen_Hawking" title="Stephen Hawking — curdo" lang="ku" hreflang="ku" data-title="Stephen Hawking" data-language-autonym="Kurdî" data-language-local-name="curdo" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kurdî</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kw mw-list-item"><a href="https://kw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stephen_Hawking" title="Stephen Hawking — córnico" lang="kw" hreflang="kw" data-title="Stephen Hawking" data-language-autonym="Kernowek" data-language-local-name="córnico" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kernowek</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%B2%D0%B5%D0%BD_%D0%A5%D0%BE%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B3" title="Стивен Хокинг — quirguiz" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Стивен Хокинг" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="quirguiz" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Кыргызча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stephanus_Hawking" title="Stephanus Hawking — latim" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Stephanus Hawking" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="latim" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lb mw-list-item"><a href="https://lb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stephen_Hawking" title="Stephen Hawking — luxemburguês" lang="lb" hreflang="lb" data-title="Stephen Hawking" data-language-autonym="Lëtzebuergesch" data-language-local-name="luxemburguês" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lëtzebuergesch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lmo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lmo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stephen_Hawking" title="Stephen Hawking — lombardo" lang="lmo" hreflang="lmo" data-title="Stephen Hawking" data-language-autonym="Lombard" data-language-local-name="lombardo" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lombard</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stephen_Hawking" title="Stephen Hawking — lituano" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Stephen Hawking" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="lituano" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/St%C4%ABvens_Hokings" title="Stīvens Hokings — letão" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Stīvens Hokings" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="letão" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mai mw-list-item"><a href="https://mai.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9F%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AB%E0%A4%A8_%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%99" title="स्टिफन हकिङ — maithili" lang="mai" hreflang="mai" data-title="स्टिफन हकिङ" data-language-autonym="मैथिली" data-language-local-name="maithili" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>मैथिली</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mg mw-list-item"><a href="https://mg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stephen_Hawking" title="Stephen Hawking — malgaxe" lang="mg" hreflang="mg" data-title="Stephen Hawking" data-language-autonym="Malagasy" data-language-local-name="malgaxe" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Malagasy</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="artigo destacado"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%B2%D0%B5%D0%BD_%D0%A5%D0%BE%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B3" title="Стивен Хокинг — macedónio" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Стивен Хокинг" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="macedónio" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%B8%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B1%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B1%E0%B5%80%E0%B4%AB%E0%B5%BB_%E0%B4%B9%E0%B5%8B%E0%B4%95%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%95%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%99%E0%B5%8D" title="സ്റ്റീഫൻ ഹോക്കിങ് — malaiala" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="സ്റ്റീഫൻ ഹോക്കിങ്" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="malaiala" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%B2%D0%B5%D0%BD_%D0%A5%D0%BE%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B3" title="Стивен Хокинг — mongol" lang="mn" hreflang="mn" data-title="Стивен Хокинг" data-language-autonym="Монгол" data-language-local-name="mongol" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Монгол</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9F%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%AB%E0%A4%A8_%E0%A4%B9%E0%A5%89%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%97" title="स्टीफन हॉकिंग — marata" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="स्टीफन हॉकिंग" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="marata" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>मराठी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stephen_Hawking" title="Stephen Hawking — malaio" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Stephen Hawking" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="malaio" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mt mw-list-item"><a href="https://mt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stephen_Hawking" title="Stephen Hawking — maltês" lang="mt" hreflang="mt" data-title="Stephen Hawking" data-language-autonym="Malti" data-language-local-name="maltês" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Malti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-my mw-list-item"><a href="https://my.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%85%E1%80%90%E1%80%AE%E1%80%96%E1%80%84%E1%80%BA%E1%80%9F%E1%80%B1%E1%80%AC%E1%80%B7%E1%80%80%E1%80%84%E1%80%BA%E1%80%B8" title="စတီဖင်ဟော့ကင်း — birmanês" lang="my" hreflang="my" data-title="စတီဖင်ဟော့ကင်း" data-language-autonym="မြန်မာဘာသာ" data-language-local-name="birmanês" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>မြန်မာဘာသာ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mzn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mzn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D8%B3%D8%AA%DB%8C%D9%88%D9%86_%D9%87%D8%A7%D9%88%DA%A9%DB%8C%D9%86%DA%AF" title="استیون هاوکینگ — mazandarani" lang="mzn" hreflang="mzn" data-title="استیون هاوکینگ" data-language-autonym="مازِرونی" data-language-local-name="mazandarani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مازِرونی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nah mw-list-item"><a href="https://nah.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stephen_Hawking" title="Stephen Hawking — Nahuatl" lang="nah" hreflang="nah" data-title="Stephen Hawking" data-language-autonym="Nāhuatl" data-language-local-name="Nahuatl" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nāhuatl</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ne mw-list-item"><a href="https://ne.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9F%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AB%E0%A4%A8_%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%99" title="स्टिफन हकिङ — nepalês" lang="ne" hreflang="ne" data-title="स्टिफन हकिङ" data-language-autonym="नेपाली" data-language-local-name="nepalês" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>नेपाली</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stephen_Hawking" title="Stephen Hawking — neerlandês" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Stephen Hawking" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="neerlandês" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stephen_Hawking" title="Stephen Hawking — norueguês nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Stephen Hawking" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="norueguês nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stephen_Hawking" title="Stephen Hawking — norueguês bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Stephen Hawking" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="norueguês bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stephen_Hawking" title="Stephen Hawking — occitano" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Stephen Hawking" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="occitano" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Occitan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-or mw-list-item"><a href="https://or.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AC%B7%E0%AD%8D%E0%AC%9F%E0%AC%BF%E0%AC%AB%E0%AD%87%E0%AC%A8_%E0%AC%B9%E0%AC%95%E0%AC%BF%E0%AC%99%E0%AD%8D%E0%AC%97" title="ଷ୍ଟିଫେନ ହକିଙ୍ଗ — oriá" lang="or" hreflang="or" data-title="ଷ୍ଟିଫେନ ହକିଙ୍ଗ" data-language-autonym="ଓଡ଼ିଆ" data-language-local-name="oriá" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ଓଡ଼ିଆ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%B8%E0%A8%9F%E0%A9%80%E0%A8%AB%E0%A8%A8_%E0%A8%B9%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%95%E0%A8%BF%E0%A9%B0%E0%A8%97" title="ਸਟੀਫਨ ਹਾਕਿੰਗ — panjabi" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਸਟੀਫਨ ਹਾਕਿੰਗ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="panjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stephen_Hawking" title="Stephen Hawking — polaco" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Stephen Hawking" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="polaco" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pms mw-list-item"><a href="https://pms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stephen_Hawking" title="Stephen Hawking — Piedmontese" lang="pms" hreflang="pms" data-title="Stephen Hawking" data-language-autonym="Piemontèis" data-language-local-name="Piedmontese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Piemontèis</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B3%D9%B9%DB%8C%D9%81%D9%86_%DB%81%D8%A7%DA%A9%D9%86%DA%AF" title="سٹیفن ہاکنگ — Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="سٹیفن ہاکنگ" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پنجابی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ps mw-list-item"><a href="https://ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B3%D9%BC%D9%8A%D9%81%D9%86_%D9%87%D8%A7%D9%88%DA%A9%D9%8A%D9%86%DA%AB" title="سټيفن هاوکينګ — pastó" lang="ps" hreflang="ps" data-title="سټيفن هاوکينګ" data-language-autonym="پښتو" data-language-local-name="pastó" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پښتو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-qu mw-list-item"><a href="https://qu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stephen_Hawking" title="Stephen Hawking — quíchua" lang="qu" hreflang="qu" data-title="Stephen Hawking" data-language-autonym="Runa Simi" data-language-local-name="quíchua" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Runa Simi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stephen_Hawking" title="Stephen Hawking — romeno" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Stephen Hawking" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="romeno" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-roa-rup mw-list-item"><a href="https://roa-rup.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stephen_Hawking" title="Stephen Hawking — aromeno" lang="rup" hreflang="rup" data-title="Stephen Hawking" data-language-autonym="Armãneashti" data-language-local-name="aromeno" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Armãneashti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A5%D0%BE%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B3,_%D0%A1%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%B2%D0%B5%D0%BD" title="Хокинг, Стивен — russo" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Хокинг, Стивен" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="russo" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sa mw-list-item"><a href="https://sa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9F%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%AB%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8D_%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%99%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%97%E0%A5%8D" title="स्टीफन् हाकिङ्ग् — sânscrito" lang="sa" hreflang="sa" data-title="स्टीफन् हाकिङ्ग्" data-language-autonym="संस्कृतम्" data-language-local-name="sânscrito" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>संस्कृतम्</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sah mw-list-item"><a href="https://sah.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%B2%D0%B5%D0%BD_%D0%A5%D0%BE%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B3" title="Стивен Хокинг — sakha" lang="sah" hreflang="sah" data-title="Стивен Хокинг" data-language-autonym="Саха тыла" data-language-local-name="sakha" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Саха тыла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-scn mw-list-item"><a href="https://scn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steven_hawkings" title="Steven hawkings — siciliano" lang="scn" hreflang="scn" data-title="Steven hawkings" data-language-autonym="Sicilianu" data-language-local-name="siciliano" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sicilianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sco mw-list-item"><a href="https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stephen_Hawking" title="Stephen Hawking — scots" lang="sco" hreflang="sco" data-title="Stephen Hawking" data-language-autonym="Scots" data-language-local-name="scots" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Scots</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stephen_Hawking" title="Stephen Hawking — servo-croata" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Stephen Hawking" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="servo-croata" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-shn mw-list-item"><a href="https://shn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%81%B8%E1%80%90%E1%80%AE%E1%82%87%E1%81%BD%E1%82%85%E1%81%BC%E1%80%BA%E1%82%87_%E1%82%81%E1%80%BD%E1%81%B5%E1%80%BA%E1%82%89%E1%81%B6%E1%80%AD%E1%80%84%E1%80%BA%E1%80%B8" title="ၸတီႇၽႅၼ်ႇ ႁွၵ်ႉၶိင်း — shan" lang="shn" hreflang="shn" data-title="ၸတီႇၽႅၼ်ႇ ႁွၵ်ႉၶိင်း" data-language-autonym="ၽႃႇသႃႇတႆး " data-language-local-name="shan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ၽႃႇသႃႇတႆး </span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-si mw-list-item"><a href="https://si.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B7%83%E0%B7%8A%E0%B6%A7%E0%B7%93%E0%B7%80%E0%B6%B1%E0%B7%8A_%E0%B7%84%E0%B7%9D%E0%B6%9A%E0%B7%92%E0%B6%82" title="ස්ටීවන් හෝකිං — cingalês" lang="si" hreflang="si" data-title="ස්ටීවන් හෝකිං" data-language-autonym="සිංහල" data-language-local-name="cingalês" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>සිංහල</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stephen_Hawking" title="Stephen Hawking — Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Stephen Hawking" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stephen_Hawking" title="Stephen Hawking — eslovaco" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Stephen Hawking" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="eslovaco" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stephen_Hawking" title="Stephen Hawking — esloveno" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Stephen Hawking" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="esloveno" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stephen_Hawking" title="Stephen Hawking — albanês" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Stephen Hawking" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="albanês" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%B2%D0%B5%D0%BD_%D0%A5%D0%BE%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B3" title="Стивен Хокинг — sérvio" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Стивен Хокинг" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="sérvio" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stephen_Hawking" title="Stephen Hawking — sueco" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Stephen Hawking" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="sueco" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stephen_Hawking" title="Stephen Hawking — suaíli" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Stephen Hawking" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="suaíli" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kiswahili</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-szl mw-list-item"><a href="https://szl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stephen_Hawking" title="Stephen Hawking — Silesian" lang="szl" hreflang="szl" data-title="Stephen Hawking" data-language-autonym="Ślůnski" data-language-local-name="Silesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ślůnski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%B8%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%9F%E0%AF%80%E0%AE%B5%E0%AE%A9%E0%AF%8D_%E0%AE%B9%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%95%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%95%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%99%E0%AF%8D" title="ஸ்டீவன் ஹாக்கிங் — tâmil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="ஸ்டீவன் ஹாக்கிங்" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="tâmil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-te mw-list-item"><a href="https://te.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B0%B8%E0%B1%8D%E0%B0%9F%E0%B1%80%E0%B0%AB%E0%B1%86%E0%B0%A8%E0%B1%8D_%E0%B0%B9%E0%B0%BE%E0%B0%95%E0%B0%BF%E0%B0%82%E0%B0%97%E0%B1%8D" title="స్టీఫెన్ హాకింగ్ — telugu" lang="te" hreflang="te" data-title="స్టీఫెన్ హాకింగ్" data-language-autonym="తెలుగు" data-language-local-name="telugu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>తెలుగు</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tg mw-list-item"><a href="https://tg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%B2%D0%B5%D0%BD_%D2%B2%D0%BE%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B3" title="Стивен Ҳокинг — tajique" lang="tg" hreflang="tg" data-title="Стивен Ҳокинг" data-language-autonym="Тоҷикӣ" data-language-local-name="tajique" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Тоҷикӣ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%B5%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%9F%E0%B8%99_%E0%B8%AE%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%A7%E0%B9%8C%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%87" title="สตีเฟน ฮอว์กิง — tailandês" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="สตีเฟน ฮอว์กิง" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="tailandês" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stephen_Hawking" title="Stephen Hawking — tagalo" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Stephen Hawking" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="tagalo" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tagalog</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stephen_Hawking" title="Stephen Hawking — turco" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Stephen Hawking" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="turco" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tt mw-list-item"><a href="https://tt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%B2%D0%B5%D0%BD_%D2%BA%D0%BE%D0%BA%D0%B8%D2%A3" title="Стивен Һокиң — tatar" lang="tt" hreflang="tt" data-title="Стивен Һокиң" data-language-autonym="Татарча / tatarça" data-language-local-name="tatar" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Татарча / tatarça</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-udm mw-list-item"><a href="https://udm.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A5%D0%BE%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B3,_%D0%A1%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%B2%D0%B5%D0%BD" title="Хокинг, Стивен — udmurte" lang="udm" hreflang="udm" data-title="Хокинг, Стивен" data-language-autonym="Удмурт" data-language-local-name="udmurte" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Удмурт</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ug mw-list-item"><a href="https://ug.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B3%D8%AA%D9%89%D9%81%DB%90%D9%86_%DB%8B%D9%89%D9%84%D9%8A%D8%A7%D9%85_%D8%AE%D8%A7%DB%8B%D9%83%D9%89%DA%AD" title="ستىفېن ۋىليام خاۋكىڭ — uigur" lang="ug" hreflang="ug" data-title="ستىفېن ۋىليام خاۋكىڭ" data-language-autonym="ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche" data-language-local-name="uigur" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D1%82%D1%96%D0%B2%D0%B5%D0%BD_%D0%93%D0%BE%D0%BA%D1%96%D0%BD%D0%B3" title="Стівен Гокінг — ucraniano" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Стівен Гокінг" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="ucraniano" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D8%B3%D9%B9%DB%8C%D9%81%D9%86_%DB%81%D8%A7%DA%A9%D9%86%DA%AF" title="اسٹیفن ہاکنگ — urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="اسٹیفن ہاکنگ" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stephen_Hawking" title="Stephen Hawking — usbeque" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Stephen Hawking" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="usbeque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vec mw-list-item"><a href="https://vec.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stephen_Hawking" title="Stephen Hawking — Venetian" lang="vec" hreflang="vec" data-title="Stephen Hawking" data-language-autonym="Vèneto" data-language-local-name="Venetian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Vèneto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vep mw-list-item"><a href="https://vep.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hoking_Stiven" title="Hoking Stiven — Veps" lang="vep" hreflang="vep" data-title="Hoking Stiven" data-language-autonym="Vepsän kel’" data-language-local-name="Veps" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Vepsän kel’</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="artigo destacado"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stephen_Hawking" title="Stephen Hawking — vietnamita" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Stephen Hawking" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="vietnamita" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vo mw-list-item"><a href="https://vo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stephen_Hawking" title="Stephen Hawking — volapuque" lang="vo" hreflang="vo" data-title="Stephen Hawking" data-language-autonym="Volapük" data-language-local-name="volapuque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Volapük</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stephen_Hawking" title="Stephen Hawking — waray" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="Stephen Hawking" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="waray" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Winaray</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%8F%B2%E8%92%82%E8%8A%AC%C2%B7%E9%9C%8D%E9%87%91" title="史蒂芬·霍金 — wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="史蒂芬·霍金" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="wu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xmf mw-list-item"><a href="https://xmf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%A1%E1%83%A2%E1%83%98%E1%83%95%E1%83%94%E1%83%9C_%E1%83%B0%E1%83%9D%E1%83%99%E1%83%98%E1%83%9C%E1%83%92%E1%83%98" title="სტივენ ჰოკინგი — Mingrelian" lang="xmf" hreflang="xmf" data-title="სტივენ ჰოკინგი" data-language-autonym="მარგალური" data-language-local-name="Mingrelian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>მარგალური</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yi mw-list-item"><a href="https://yi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A1%D7%98%D7%99%D7%95%D7%95%D7%A2%D7%9F_%D7%94%D7%90%D7%A7%D7%99%D7%A0%D7%92" title="סטיווען האקינג — iídiche" lang="yi" hreflang="yi" data-title="סטיווען האקינג" data-language-autonym="ייִדיש" data-language-local-name="iídiche" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ייִדיש</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zgh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zgh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E2%B5%99%E2%B5%9C%E2%B5%89%E2%B4%BC%E2%B5%8F_%E2%B5%80%E2%B5%93%E2%B4%BD%E2%B5%89%E2%B5%8F%E2%B4%B3" title="ⵙⵜⵉⴼⵏ ⵀⵓⴽⵉⵏⴳ — tamazight marroquino padrão" lang="zgh" hreflang="zgh" data-title="ⵙⵜⵉⴼⵏ ⵀⵓⴽⵉⵏⴳ" data-language-autonym="ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵜ ⵜⴰⵏⴰⵡⴰⵢⵜ" data-language-local-name="tamazight marroquino padrão" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵜ ⵜⴰⵏⴰⵡⴰⵢⵜ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="artigo bom"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%8F%B2%E8%92%82%E8%8A%AC%C2%B7%E9%9C%8D%E9%87%91" title="史蒂芬·霍金 — chinês" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="史蒂芬·霍金" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="chinês" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-classical mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-classical.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%9C%8D%E9%87%91" title="霍金 — Literary Chinese" lang="lzh" hreflang="lzh" data-title="霍金" data-language-autonym="文言" data-language-local-name="Literary Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>文言</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stephen_Hawking" title="Stephen Hawking — min nan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Stephen Hawking" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="min nan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%8F%B2%E6%8F%90%E8%8A%AC%C2%B7%E9%9C%8D%E9%87%91" title="史提芬·霍金 — cantonês" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="史提芬·霍金" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="cantonês" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q17714#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Editar hiperligações interlínguas" class="wbc-editpage">Editar 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href="/wiki/Ordem_dos_Companheiros_de_Honra" title="Ordem dos Companheiros de Honra">CH</a> <a href="/wiki/Ordem_do_Imp%C3%A9rio_Brit%C3%A2nico" title="Ordem do Império Britânico">CBE</a> <a href="/wiki/Membro_da_Royal_Society" title="Membro da Royal Society">FRS</a> <a href="/wiki/Royal_Society_of_Arts" title="Royal Society of Arts">FRSA</a></span></small> </th></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="text-align:center;"><div style="padding-bottom: 5px;"><figure class="mw-halign-center" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Ficheiro:Stephen_Hawking.StarChild.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Stephen Hawking"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/eb/Stephen_Hawking.StarChild.jpg/200px-Stephen_Hawking.StarChild.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="287" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/e/eb/Stephen_Hawking.StarChild.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="250" data-file-height="359" /></a><figcaption>Stephen Hawking</figcaption></figure></div>Hawking na década de 1980 </td></tr> <tr> <td scope="row" style="vertical-align: top; text-align: left; font-weight:bold;">Nascimento </td> <td style="vertical-align: top; text-align: left;"><a href="/wiki/8_de_janeiro#Nascimentos" title="8 de janeiro">8 de janeiro</a> de <a href="/wiki/1942" title="1942">1942</a><sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span>[</span>1<span>]</span></a></sup><br /><a href="/wiki/Oxford" title="Oxford">Oxford</a>, <a href="/wiki/Oxfordshire" title="Oxfordshire">Oxfordshire</a>, <a href="/wiki/Inglaterra" title="Inglaterra">Inglaterra</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td scope="row" style="vertical-align: top; text-align: left; font-weight:bold;">Morte </td> <td style="vertical-align: top; text-align: left;"><a href="/wiki/14_de_mar%C3%A7o" title="14 de março">14 de março</a> de <a href="/wiki/2018" title="2018">2018</a> (76 anos)<br /><a href="/wiki/Cambridge" title="Cambridge">Cambridge</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cambridgeshire" title="Cambridgeshire">Cambridgeshire</a>, Inglaterra </td></tr> <tr> <td scope="row" style="vertical-align: top; text-align: left; font-weight:bold;">Nacionalidade </td> <td style="vertical-align: top; text-align: left;"><a href="/wiki/Ingleses" title="Ingleses">inglês</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Brit%C3%A2nicos" title="Britânicos">britânico</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td scope="row" style="vertical-align: top; text-align: left; font-weight:bold;">Cônjuge </td> <td style="vertical-align: top; text-align: left;"><a href="/wiki/Jane_Hawking" title="Jane Hawking">Jane Hawking</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1965–1991)</span><br />Elaine Mason <span style="font-size:85%;">(1995–2006)</span> </td></tr> <tr> <td scope="row" style="vertical-align: top; text-align: left; font-weight:bold;"><i><a href="/wiki/Alma_mater" title="Alma mater">Alma mater</a></i> </td> <td style="vertical-align: top; text-align: left;"><a href="/wiki/Universidade_de_Oxford" title="Universidade de Oxford">Universidade de Oxford</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Universidade_de_Cambridge" title="Universidade de Cambridge">Universidade de Cambridge</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td scope="row" style="vertical-align: top; text-align: left; font-weight:bold;">Ocupação </td> <td style="vertical-align: top; text-align: left;"><a href="/wiki/F%C3%ADsica_te%C3%B3rica" title="Física teórica">físico teórico</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td scope="row" style="vertical-align: top; text-align: left; font-weight:bold;">Principais trabalhos </td> <td style="vertical-align: top; text-align: left;"><a href="/wiki/Radia%C3%A7%C3%A3o_Hawking" title="Radiação Hawking">Radiação Hawking</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Teoremas_de_singularidade_Penrose-Hawking" title="Teoremas de singularidade Penrose-Hawking">Teoremas de singularidade</a><br /><i><a href="/wiki/Uma_Breve_Hist%C3%B3ria_do_Tempo" title="Uma Breve História do Tempo">Uma Breve História do Tempo</a></i> </td></tr> <tr> <td scope="row" style="vertical-align: top; text-align: left; font-weight:bold;">Prêmios </td> <td style="vertical-align: top; text-align: left;"><i>Ver <a href="#Prêmios,_títulos_e_medalhas">Prêmios, títulos e medalhas</a></i> </td></tr> <tr> <td scope="row" style="vertical-align: top; text-align: left; font-weight:bold;">Religião </td> <td style="vertical-align: top; text-align: left;">nenhuma (<a href="/wiki/Ateu" class="mw-redirect" title="Ateu">ateu</a>)<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span>[</span>2<span>]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="2" style="text-align:center;">Assinatura </th></tr> <tr> <td style="vertical-align: top; text-align: center;" colspan="2"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Ficheiro:Hawkingsig.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/Hawkingsig.svg/140px-Hawkingsig.svg.png" decoding="async" width="140" height="89" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/Hawkingsig.svg/210px-Hawkingsig.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/Hawkingsig.svg/280px-Hawkingsig.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="384" data-file-height="243" /></a></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td scope="row" style="vertical-align: top; text-align: left; font-weight:bold;">Orientador(es)(as) </td> <td style="vertical-align: top; text-align: left;"><a href="/wiki/Dennis_William_Sciama" title="Dennis William Sciama">Dennis William Sciama</a><sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span>[</span>3<span>]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td scope="row" style="vertical-align: top; text-align: left; font-weight:bold;">Orientado(a)(s) </td> <td style="vertical-align: top; text-align: left;"><div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bruce_Allen" title="Bruce Allen">Bruce Allen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raphael_Bousso" title="Raphael Bousso">Raphael Bousso</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bernard_Carr" title="Bernard Carr">Bernard Carr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fay_Dowker" title="Fay Dowker">Fay Dowker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christophe_Galfard" title="Christophe Galfard">Christophe Galfard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gary_Gibbons" title="Gary Gibbons">Gary Gibbons</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Hertog" title="Thomas Hertog">Thomas Hertog</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raymond_Laflamme" title="Raymond Laflamme">Raymond Laflamme</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Don_Page" title="Don Page">Don Page</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malcolm_Perry" title="Malcolm Perry">Malcolm Perry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christopher_Pope" title="Christopher Pope">Christopher Pope</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marika_Taylor" title="Marika Taylor">Marika Taylor</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Alan_Yuille&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Alan Yuille (página não existe)">Alan Yuille</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zhong_Chao_Wu" title="Zhong Chao Wu">Zhong Chao Wu</a></li></ul> </div> </td></tr> </tbody></table> <p><b>Stephen William Hawking</b> <span class="noexcerpt" style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Ordem_dos_Companheiros_de_Honra" title="Ordem dos Companheiros de Honra">CH</a> <a href="/wiki/Ordem_do_Imp%C3%A9rio_Brit%C3%A2nico" title="Ordem do Império Britânico">CBE</a> <a href="/wiki/Membro_da_Royal_Society" title="Membro da Royal Society">FRS</a> <a href="/wiki/Royal_Society_of_Arts" title="Royal Society of Arts">FRSA</a></span> (<small><a href="/wiki/Alfabeto_fon%C3%A9tico_internacional" title="Alfabeto fonético internacional">AFI</a></small>: <a href="/wiki/Wikip%C3%A9dia:Alfabeto_fon%C3%A9tico_internacional" title="Wikipédia:Alfabeto fonético internacional"><span title="Pronúncia no alfabeto fonético internacional (IPA)" class="AFI">['stivən 'hɔkɪŋ]</span></a>; <a href="/wiki/Oxford" title="Oxford">Oxford</a>, <a href="/wiki/8_de_janeiro" title="8 de janeiro">8 de janeiro</a> de <a href="/wiki/1942" title="1942">1942</a> – <a href="/wiki/Cambridge" title="Cambridge">Cambridge</a>, <a href="/wiki/14_de_mar%C3%A7o" title="14 de março">14 de março</a> de <a href="/wiki/2018" title="2018">2018</a>)<sup id="cite_ref-:0_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-4"><span>[</span>4<span>]</span></a></sup> foi um <a href="/wiki/F%C3%ADsica_te%C3%B3rica" title="Física teórica">físico teórico</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cosmologia" title="Cosmologia">cosmólogo</a> e <a href="/wiki/Autor" title="Autor">autor</a> <a href="/wiki/Reino_Unido" title="Reino Unido">britânico</a>, reconhecido internacionalmente por sua contribuição à ciência, sendo um dos mais renomados cientistas do século.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span>[</span>5<span>]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span>[</span>6<span>]</span></a></sup> Doutor em cosmologia, foi <a href="/wiki/Professor_lucasiano" title="Professor lucasiano">professor lucasiano</a> <a href="/wiki/Professor_em%C3%A9rito" title="Professor emérito">emérito</a> na <a href="/wiki/Universidade_de_Cambridge" title="Universidade de Cambridge">Universidade de Cambridge</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span>[</span>7<span>]</span></a></sup> um posto que foi ocupado por <a href="/wiki/Isaac_Newton" title="Isaac Newton">Isaac Newton</a>, <a href="/wiki/Paul_Dirac" title="Paul Dirac">Paul Dirac</a> e <a href="/wiki/Charles_Babbage" title="Charles Babbage">Charles Babbage</a>. Foi, pouco antes de falecer, diretor de pesquisa do Departamento de Matemática Aplicada e Física Teórica (DAMTP) e fundador do Centro de Cosmologia Teórica (CTC) da Universidade de Cambridge.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span>[</span>8<span>]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Seus trabalhos científicos incluem um <a href="/wiki/Teoremas_de_singularidade_Penrose-Hawking" title="Teoremas de singularidade Penrose-Hawking">teorema sobre a singularidade gravitacional no âmbito da relatividade geral</a> (em colaboração com <a href="/wiki/Roger_Penrose" title="Roger Penrose">Roger Penrose</a>) e a previsão teórica de que os buracos negros emitem radiação, frequentemente chamada de <a href="/wiki/Radia%C3%A7%C3%A3o_Hawking" title="Radiação Hawking">Radiação Hawking</a>. Hawking foi o primeiro cientista a estabelecer uma teoria da cosmologia explicada pela união da teoria geral da relatividade e da mecânica quântica. Ele foi um defensor fervoroso da <a href="/wiki/Interpreta%C3%A7%C3%A3o_de_muitos_mundos" title="Interpretação de muitos mundos">interpretação de muitos mundos</a> na mecânica quântica.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span>[</span>9<span>]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span>[</span>10<span>]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Hawking alcançou sucesso comercial com vários trabalhos nos quais ele discute suas próprias teorias e cosmologia em geral. Seu livro <i><a href="/wiki/Uma_Breve_Hist%C3%B3ria_do_Tempo" title="Uma Breve História do Tempo">Uma Breve História do Tempo</a></i> permaneceu na lista de mais vendidos do <a href="/wiki/The_Sunday_Times" title="The Sunday Times">The Sunday Times</a> durante 237 semanas. Em 2002, Hawking ficou em 25º lugar na pesquisa da BBC sobre os <a href="/wiki/100_Greatest_Britons" title="100 Greatest Britons">100 Maiores Britânicos</a> de todos os tempos. Em 1963, Hawking foi diagnosticado com uma forma de início precoce da doença neuronal motora (MND; também conhecida como <a href="/wiki/Esclerose_lateral_amiotr%C3%B3fica" title="Esclerose lateral amiotrófica">esclerose lateral amiotrófica</a> (ELA) "ALS" ou doença de Lou Gehrig) que o paralisou gradualmente ao longo das décadas.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span>[</span>11<span>]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span>[</span>12<span>]</span></a></sup> Mesmo após a perda de sua capacidade de falar, ele ainda era capaz de se comunicar por meio de um dispositivo gerador de fala, inicialmente através do uso de um interruptor de mão e, mais tarde, usando um único músculo da bochecha. Ele morreu no dia 14 de março de 2018, aos 76 anos de idade, depois de lutar contra essa doença durante mais de 50 anos.<sup id="cite_ref-NYT=20180314_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NYT=20180314-13"><span>[</span>13<span>]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-IT-20180314_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-IT-20180314-14"><span>[</span>14<span>]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Biografia">Biografia</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Stephen_Hawking&veaction=edit&section=1" title="Editar secção: Biografia" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>editar</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Stephen_Hawking&action=edit&section=1" title="Editar código-fonte da secção: Biografia"><span>editar código-fonte</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Stephen Hawking nasceu exatamente no aniversário de 300 anos da morte de <a href="/wiki/Galileu" class="mw-redirect" title="Galileu">Galileu</a>. Seus pais eram Frank Hawking, um biólogo pesquisador que trabalhava como parasitólogo no Instituto Nacional de Pesquisa Médica de <a href="/wiki/Londres" title="Londres">Londres</a>, e Isabel Hawking. Teve duas irmãs mais novas, Philippa e Mary, e um irmão adotivo, Edward. Hawking sempre foi interessado por ciência. Em sua infância, quando ainda morava em <a href="/wiki/St_Albans" title="St Albans">St Albans</a>, estudou na St Albans High School for Girls (garotos de até 10 anos eram educados em escolas para garotas) entre 1950 e 1953. </p><p>Entrou, em 1959, na <a href="/wiki/University_College_(Oxford)" title="University College (Oxford)">University College</a>, <a href="/wiki/Oxford" title="Oxford">Oxford</a>, onde pretendia estudar matemática, conflitando com seu pai, que gostaria que Stephen estudasse medicina. Como não pôde, por não estar disponível em tal universidade, optou então por física, formando-se três anos depois (1962). Seus principais interesses eram <a href="/wiki/Termodin%C3%A2mica" title="Termodinâmica">termodinâmica</a>, <a href="/wiki/Relatividade" class="mw-redirect" title="Relatividade">relatividade</a> e <a href="/wiki/Mec%C3%A2nica_qu%C3%A2ntica" title="Mecânica quântica">mecânica quântica</a>. Obteve o <a href="/wiki/Doutoramento" title="Doutoramento">doutorado</a> na <a href="/wiki/Trinity_Hall" class="mw-redirect" title="Trinity Hall">Trinity Hall</a> em <a href="/wiki/Cambridge" title="Cambridge">Cambridge</a> em 1966, de onde era um membro honorário. Depois de obter doutorado, passou a ser pesquisador e, mais tarde, professor no <a href="/wiki/Gonville_and_Caius_College" class="mw-redirect" title="Gonville and Caius College">Gonville and Caius College</a>. Depois de abandonar o Instituto de Astronomia em 1973, Stephen entrou para o Departamento de Matemática Aplicada e Física Teórica tendo, entre 1979 e 2009, ano em que atingiu a idade limite para o cargo, ocupado o posto de professor lucasiano de Matemática, cátedra que fora de <a href="/wiki/Newton" class="mw-redirect" title="Newton">Newton</a>, tendo sido professor lucasiano emérito da <a href="/wiki/Universidade_de_Cambridge" title="Universidade de Cambridge">Universidade de Cambridge</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span>[</span>15<span>]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Ficheiro:Stephen_Hawking_050506.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/31/Stephen_Hawking_050506.jpg/220px-Stephen_Hawking_050506.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="342" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/31/Stephen_Hawking_050506.jpg/330px-Stephen_Hawking_050506.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/31/Stephen_Hawking_050506.jpg/440px-Stephen_Hawking_050506.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1606" data-file-height="2495" /></a><figcaption>Hawking em 5 de maio de 2006, durante a conferência de imprensa na <i><a href="/wiki/Biblioteca_Nacional_da_Fran%C3%A7a" title="Biblioteca Nacional da França">Bibliothèque Nationale de France</a></i> para inaugurar o Laboratório de Astronomia e Partículas em Paris e para lançar a versão em <a href="/wiki/L%C3%ADngua_francesa" title="Língua francesa">francês</a> do seu trabalho <i>"<a href="/wiki/God_Created_the_Integers" title="God Created the Integers">God Created the Integers</a>"</i>.</figcaption></figure> <p>Casou pela primeira vez em julho de 1965 com <a href="/wiki/Jane_Hawking" title="Jane Hawking">Jane Hawking</a> de quem teve 3 filhos. No Natal de 1989, anunciou à família que iria viver com uma das suas enfermeiras, separando-se em 1991. Casou depois com sua enfermeira Elaine Mason em 16 de setembro de 1995, da qual se divorciou em 2006. </p><p>Hawking era portador de <a href="/wiki/Esclerose_lateral_amiotr%C3%B3fica" title="Esclerose lateral amiotrófica">esclerose lateral amiotrófica</a> (ELA),<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span>[</span>16<span>]</span></a></sup> uma doença neurodegenerativa que paralisa progressivamente os músculos do corpo, mas que mais frequentemente não afeta as funções cognitivas. A ELA ainda não possui cura. A doença foi detectada quando tinha 21 anos. Em 1985 Hawking teve que submeter-se a uma <a href="/wiki/Traqueostomia" title="Traqueostomia">traqueostomia</a> após ter contraído pneumonia visitando o <a href="/wiki/CERN" class="mw-redirect" title="CERN">CERN</a> na Suíça e, desde então, utilizava um sintetizador de voz para se comunicar. Gradualmente, foi perdendo o movimento dos braços e pernas, assim como do resto da musculatura voluntária, incluindo a força para manter a cabeça erguida, de modo que sua mobilidade era praticamente nula. Em 2005 Hawking usava os músculos da bochecha para controlar o sintetizador, e em 2009 já não podia mais controlar a cadeira de rodas elétrica. Desde então outros grupos de cientistas estudaram formas de evitar que Hawking sofresse de <a href="/wiki/S%C3%ADndrome_do_encarceramento" title="Síndrome do encarceramento">síndrome do encarceramento</a>, cogitando traduzir os pensamentos ou expressões de Hawking em fala.<sup id="cite_ref-tech_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-tech-17"><span>[</span>17<span>]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-hacked_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-hacked-18"><span>[</span>18<span>]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-start_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-start-19"><span>[</span>19<span>]</span></a></sup> A versão mais recente, desenvolvida pela <a href="/wiki/Intel" title="Intel">Intel</a> e cedida a Hawking em 2013, rastreava o movimento dos olhos do cientista para gerar palavras, embora o cientista tenha afirmado em seu site oficial que preferia usar o "cheek tracking" (rastreamento da bochecha) para utilizar a interface ACAT (Sistema desenvolvido pela Intel). "No entanto, embora eles funcionem bem para outras pessoas, eu ainda acho que o interruptor na minha bochecha é mais fácil e menos cansativo de usar".<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span>[</span>20<span>]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Em 9 de janeiro de 1986, foi nomeado pelo papa <a href="/wiki/Jo%C3%A3o_Paulo_II" class="mw-redirect" title="João Paulo II">João Paulo II</a> membro da <a href="/wiki/Pontif%C3%ADcia_Academia_das_Ci%C3%AAncias" title="Pontifícia Academia das Ciências">Pontifícia Academia das Ciências</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span>[</span>21<span>]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Em 2015, em <a href="/wiki/Londres" title="Londres">Londres</a>, <a href="/wiki/Frank_Drake" title="Frank Drake">Drake</a>, <a href="/wiki/Martin_Rees" title="Martin Rees">Martin Rees</a> e o empresário russo <a href="/wiki/Yuri_Milner" title="Yuri Milner">Yuri Milner</a>, juntamente com Stephen Hawking, anunciaram<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span>[</span>22<span>]</span></a></sup> suas intenções de fornecer US$ 100 milhões em financiamento ao longo da próxima década para os melhores pesquisadores do <a href="/wiki/SETI" title="SETI">SETI</a>, através do projeto <i>Breakthrough Listen</i>, que permitiria que novos levantamentos de dados rádio-ópticos pudessem ocorrer usando os mais avançados <a href="/wiki/Telesc%C3%B3pio" title="Telescópio">telescópios</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span>[</span>23<span>]</span></a></sup> Em dezembro de 2017, Hawking processou o governo britânico por querer privatizar o <a href="/wiki/NHS" class="mw-redirect" title="NHS">Serviço Nacional de Saúde</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span>[</span>24<span>]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span>[</span>25<span>]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Stephen Hawking morreu na sua casa em <a href="/wiki/Cambridge" title="Cambridge">Cambridge</a> em 14 de março de 2018, aos 76 anos, devido a complicações da sua doença degenerativa.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_4-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-4"><span>[</span>4<span>]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span>[</span>26<span>]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span>[</span>27<span>]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span>[</span>28<span>]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Aparições_na_Cultura_Popular"><span id="Apari.C3.A7.C3.B5es_na_Cultura_Popular"></span>Aparições na Cultura Popular</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Stephen_Hawking&veaction=edit&section=2" title="Editar secção: Aparições na Cultura Popular" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>editar</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Stephen_Hawking&action=edit&section=2" title="Editar código-fonte da secção: Aparições na Cultura Popular"><span>editar código-fonte</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Participações_em_filmes,_séries_e_programas_de_TV"><span id="Participa.C3.A7.C3.B5es_em_filmes.2C_s.C3.A9ries_e_programas_de_TV"></span>Participações em filmes, séries e programas de TV</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Stephen_Hawking&veaction=edit&section=3" title="Editar secção: Participações em filmes, séries e programas de TV" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>editar</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Stephen_Hawking&action=edit&section=3" title="Editar código-fonte da secção: Participações em filmes, séries e programas de TV"><span>editar código-fonte</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Em 1993 participou em um episódio da série <i><a href="/wiki/Star_Trek:_The_Next_Generation" title="Star Trek: The Next Generation">Star Trek: The Next Generation</a></i> em uma cena em que é um <a href="/wiki/Holograma" class="mw-redirect" title="Holograma">holograma</a>, conjuntamente com <a href="/wiki/Newton" class="mw-redirect" title="Newton">Newton</a> e <a href="/wiki/Einstein" class="mw-redirect" title="Einstein">Einstein</a>, jogando cartas com o personagem Data.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFerguson2011177–78_29-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFerguson2011177–78-29"><span>[</span>29<span>]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELarsen200593–94_30-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELarsen200593–94-30"><span>[</span>30<span>]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEOkudaOkuda1999380_31-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEOkudaOkuda1999380-31"><span>[</span>31<span>]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Fez algumas participações em <i><a href="/wiki/The_Simpsons" class="mw-redirect" title="The Simpsons">The Simpsons</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Futurama" title="Futurama">Futurama</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Dexter%27s_Laboratory" title="Dexter's Laboratory">Dexter's Laboratory</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/The_Fairly_OddParents" title="The Fairly OddParents">The Fairly OddParents</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Family_Guy" title="Family Guy">Family Guy</a></i> e na tira de jornal <a href="/wiki/Dilbert" title="Dilbert">Dilbert</a>. Recentemente fez uma participação em uma propaganda do <a href="/wiki/Discovery_Channel" title="Discovery Channel">Discovery Channel</a> chamada Eu amo o Mundo, onde ele disse "Boom De Ya Da".<span style="color:gray"><sup>[</sup></span><sup><a href="/wiki/Wikip%C3%A9dia:Livro_de_estilo/Cite_as_fontes" title="Wikipédia:Livro de estilo/Cite as fontes"><span title="Esta afirmação precisa de uma referência para confirmá-la desde fevereiro de 2017." style="color:gray"><i>carece de fontes</i></span></a><span class="printfooter">?</span><span style="color:gray">]</span></sup> </p><p>Em 2012, participou de um episódio da série <i><a href="/wiki/The_Big_Bang_Theory" title="The Big Bang Theory">The Big Bang Theory</a></i>, onde conversava com <a href="/wiki/Sheldon_Cooper" title="Sheldon Cooper">Sheldon Cooper</a>. Neste episódio, Sheldon Cooper cometeu um erro básico de aritmética e desmaiou na frente de Stephen. No mesmo ano, Hawking leu um discurso durante a cerimônia de abertura dos <a href="/wiki/Jogos_Paral%C3%ADmpicos_de_Ver%C3%A3o_de_2012" title="Jogos Paralímpicos de Verão de 2012">Jogos Paralímpicos de Verão de 2012</a> em Londres.<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span>[</span>32<span>]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Músicas"><span id="M.C3.BAsicas"></span>Músicas</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Stephen_Hawking&veaction=edit&section=4" title="Editar secção: Músicas" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>editar</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Stephen_Hawking&action=edit&section=4" title="Editar código-fonte da secção: Músicas"><span>editar código-fonte</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Em 1994, Hawking apareceu na propaganda de uma empresa de seguros. Uma frase citada por ele no anúncio ("<i>As maiores realizações da humanidade surgiram de conversas, e os maiores fracassos de não se conversar. Isso não precisa ser assim.</i>") inspirou <a href="/wiki/David_Gilmour" title="David Gilmour">David Gilmour</a>, da banda britânica <a href="/wiki/Pink_Floyd" title="Pink Floyd">Pink Floyd</a>, que sampleou a voz sintetizada do físico na canção "Keep Talking" do álbum <i><a href="/wiki/The_Division_Bell" title="The Division Bell">The Division Bell</a></i>.<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span>[</span>33<span>]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Vinte anos depois, o álbum feito a partir das sobras de estúdio de <i><a href="/wiki/The_Division_Bell" title="The Division Bell">The Division Bell</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/The_Endless_River" title="The Endless River">The Endless River</a></i>, usa um <a href="/wiki/Sample" class="mw-redirect" title="Sample">sample</a> de Hawking gravado para um comercial na faixa "Talkin' Hawkin'".<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span>[</span>34<span>]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Em 2012, Hawkings teve uma de suas falas sampleadas na canção "Entry of the Flame", presente no álbum <a href="/wiki/Enlightenment:_Music_for_the_opening_ceremony" title="Enlightenment: Music for the opening ceremony">Enlightenment: Music for the opening ceremony</a>, que é o álbum oficial dos <a href="/wiki/Jogos_Paral%C3%ADmpicos_de_Ver%C3%A3o_de_2012" title="Jogos Paralímpicos de Verão de 2012">Jogos Paralímpicos de Verão de 2012</a>, que foram realizados em <a href="/wiki/Londres" title="Londres">Londres</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span>[</span>35<span>]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Em 2015, mais uma vez sua voz sintetizada foi sampleada na canção "Galaxy Song", presente no álbum "Stephen Hawking Sings <a href="/wiki/Monty_Python" title="Monty Python">Monty Python</a>".<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span>[</span>36<span>]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Em 2019, em uma homenagem póstuma, o guitarrista <a href="/wiki/Brian_May" title="Brian May">Brian May</a> usou a voz sintetizada do Hawking na canção "New Horizons".<sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span>[</span>37<span>]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Críticas"><span id="Cr.C3.ADticas"></span>Críticas</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Stephen_Hawking&veaction=edit&section=5" title="Editar secção: Críticas" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>editar</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Stephen_Hawking&action=edit&section=5" title="Editar código-fonte da secção: Críticas"><span>editar código-fonte</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Apesar de ter sido um físico conhecido e renomado, muitos físicos criticaram Hawking, argumentando que ele agia mais como um astro pop do que como um físico. </p><p>Em 2004, ao ter anunciado que havia solucionado o <a href="/wiki/Paradoxo_da_informa%C3%A7%C3%A3o_em_buracos_negros" title="Paradoxo da informação em buracos negros">paradoxo da informação</a>, Hawking chamou a atenção de físicos do mundo inteiro, porém não apresentou os cálculos, à época, o que fez apenas em 2005.<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span>[</span>38<span>]</span></a></sup> Dez anos depois, chegou a dizer que os <a href="/wiki/Buraco_negro" title="Buraco negro">buracos negros</a> não existem, apesar de ser consenso entre os físicos que eles existem, porém novamente ele não apresentou nenhuma comprovação matemática. Novamente em 2014, Hawking alertou a humanidade que a manipulação de <a href="/wiki/B%C3%B3son_de_Higgs" title="Bóson de Higgs">Bóson de Higgs</a> poderia levar à destruição do universo, mas a comunidade científica não deu apoio a essa tese. Ele chegou, inclusive, a apostar com um físico da <a href="/wiki/Universidade_de_Michigan" title="Universidade de Michigan">Universidade de Michigan</a> que o Bóson de Higgs não existia. <a href="/wiki/Peter_Higgs" title="Peter Higgs">Peter Higgs</a>, que fez a descoberta do Bóson de Higgs, disse que era difícil discutir com Hawking por causa de seu <i>status</i> de celebridade. O <a href="/wiki/Cosmologia" title="Cosmologia">cosmólogo</a> brasileiro <a href="/wiki/Mario_Novello" title="Mario Novello">Mario Novello</a> afirmou em fevereiro de 2015 que a ciência havia se tornado midiática e Hawking atuava como uma celebridade.<sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span>[</span>39<span>]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Morte">Morte</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Stephen_Hawking&veaction=edit&section=6" title="Editar secção: Morte" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>editar</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Stephen_Hawking&action=edit&section=6" title="Editar código-fonte da secção: Morte"><span>editar código-fonte</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Hawking morreu em sua casa em <a href="/wiki/Cambridge" title="Cambridge">Cambridge</a>, Inglaterra, no começo da manhã de 14 de março de 2018, com a idade de 76 anos.<sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span>[</span>40<span>]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-NYT=20180314_13-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NYT=20180314-13"><span>[</span>13<span>]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Guardian.Death_41-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Guardian.Death-41"><span>[</span>41<span>]</span></a></sup> Sua família anunciou que ele morreu em paz.<sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span>[</span>42<span>]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span>[</span>43<span>]</span></a></sup> Ele foi elogiado por figurar na ciência, entretenimento, política e outras áreas.<sup id="cite_ref-NYT-20180314do_44-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NYT-20180314do-44"><span>[</span>44<span>]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-NYT-20180314lm_45-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NYT-20180314lm-45"><span>[</span>45<span>]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span>[</span>46<span>]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-BBC-Memorials_47-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-BBC-Memorials-47"><span>[</span>47<span>]</span></a></sup> A bandeira do <a href="/wiki/Gonville_and_Caius_College_(Cambridge)" title="Gonville and Caius College (Cambridge)">Gonville and Caius College</a> de Cambridge ficou hasteada em meio mastro e um livro de condolências foi assinado por estudantes e visitantes.<sup id="cite_ref-48" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-48"><span>[</span>48<span>]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-49" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-49"><span>[</span>49<span>]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-NYT-20180314db2_50-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NYT-20180314db2-50"><span>[</span>50<span>]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Hawking nasceu no ano do aniversário de 300 anos da morte de <a href="/wiki/Galileo_Galilei" class="mw-redirect" title="Galileo Galilei">Galileo Galilei</a> e morreu no dia do 139º aniversário do nascimento de <a href="/wiki/Albert_Einstein" title="Albert Einstein">Albert Einstein</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELarsen200551_51-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELarsen200551-51"><span>[</span>51<span>]</span></a></sup> Seu funeral privado ocorreu as 14 horas da tarde de 31 de março de 2018,<sup id="cite_ref-52" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-52"><span>[</span>52<span>]</span></a></sup> na Great St Mary's Church, Cambridge.<sup id="cite_ref-CNWS-20180331_53-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CNWS-20180331-53"><span>[</span>53<span>]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-NYT-20180331_54-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NYT-20180331-54"><span>[</span>54<span>]</span></a></sup> Dentre os convidados para o funeral estavam <a href="/wiki/Eddie_Redmayne" title="Eddie Redmayne">Eddie Redmayne</a>, <a href="/wiki/Felicity_Jones" title="Felicity Jones">Felicity Jones</a> e o guitarrista do <a href="/wiki/Queen" title="Queen">Queen</a> e astrofísico <a href="/wiki/Brian_May" title="Brian May">Brian May</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-BBC-20180331_55-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-BBC-20180331-55"><span>[</span>55<span>]</span></a></sup> Seguindo sua cremação, suas cinzas foram depositadas na <a href="/wiki/Abadia_de_Westminster" title="Abadia de Westminster">Abadia de Westminster</a> em 15 de junho de 2018, durante uma cerimônia de ação de graças. Suas cinzas foram colocadas na <a href="/wiki/Nave_(arquitetura)" title="Nave (arquitetura)">nave</a> da abadia, ao lado da sepultura de <a href="/wiki/Isaac_Newton" title="Isaac Newton">Isaac Newton</a> e próximo da sepultura de <a href="/wiki/Charles_Darwin" title="Charles Darwin">Charles Darwin</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-BBC-20180331_55-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-BBC-20180331-55"><span>[</span>55<span>]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-HawkingWestminster_56-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-HawkingWestminster-56"><span>[</span>56<span>]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-57" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-57"><span>[</span>57<span>]</span></a></sup> Hawking pediu, pelo menos quinze anos antes de sua morte, que a <a href="/wiki/Termodin%C3%A2mica_do_buraco_negro#Entropia_de_buraco_negro" title="Termodinâmica do buraco negro">equação da entropia de Bekenstein–Hawking</a> fosse seu <a href="/wiki/Epit%C3%A1fio" title="Epitáfio">epitáfio</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Highfield2002_58-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Highfield2002-58"><span>[</span>58<span>]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-59" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-59"><span>[</span>59<span>]</span></a></sup> Os últimos cientistas naturais sepultados na Abadia de Westminster antes de Hawking foram em 1937 <a href="/wiki/Ernest_Rutherford" title="Ernest Rutherford">Ernest Rutherford</a> e 1940 <a href="/wiki/Joseph_John_Thomson" title="Joseph John Thomson">Joseph John Thomson</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-SPON_60-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-SPON-60"><span>[</span>60<span>]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Cinebiografias">Cinebiografias</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Stephen_Hawking&veaction=edit&section=7" title="Editar secção: Cinebiografias" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>editar</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Stephen_Hawking&action=edit&section=7" title="Editar código-fonte da secção: Cinebiografias"><span>editar código-fonte</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>A vida de Stephen Hawking já foi contada em dois documentários e dois filmes.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_61-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-61"><span>[</span>61<span>]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:2_62-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-62"><span>[</span>62<span>]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Os documentários foram <i><a href="/wiki/A_Brief_History_of_Time" title="A Brief History of Time">A Brief History of Time</a></i><sup id="cite_ref-:1_61-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-61"><span>[</span>61<span>]</span></a></sup>(1991), em que <a href="/wiki/Errol_Morris" title="Errol Morris">Errol Morris</a> usou o livro homônimo como base para relatar a vida do cientista, e <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Stephen_Hawking:_Minha_Breve_Hist%C3%B3ria_(film)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Stephen Hawking: Minha Breve História (film) (página não existe)">Hawking</a></i> (2013), narrado pelo próprio Hawking.<sup id="cite_ref-63" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-63"><span>[</span>63<span>]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Em 2004, o <a href="/wiki/Filme_televisivo" class="mw-redirect" title="Filme televisivo">filme televisivo</a> <i><a href="/wiki/Hawking_(telefilme)" title="Hawking (telefilme)">Hawking</a></i> foi lançado pela <a href="/wiki/BBC_Two" title="BBC Two">BBC Two</a>. Dirigido por Philip Martin, o filme estrela <a href="/wiki/Benedict_Cumberbatch" title="Benedict Cumberbatch">Benedict Cumberbatch</a> como Hawking, focando em seu período na Universidade de Cambridge.<sup id="cite_ref-:2_62-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-62"><span>[</span>62<span>]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Outra biografia mais abrangente foi lançada nos cinemas em 2014, <i><a href="/wiki/The_Theory_of_Everything_(filme)" class="mw-redirect" title="The Theory of Everything (filme)">The Theory of Everything</a></i> (No Brasil e em Portugal <i>A Teoria de Tudo</i>), baseado no livro de memórias de <a href="/wiki/Jane_Hawking" title="Jane Hawking">Jane Hawking</a>, <i>Travelling to Infinity: My Life with Stephen</i>. Dirigido por <a href="/wiki/James_Marsh" title="James Marsh">James Marsh</a> e estrelando <a href="/wiki/Eddie_Redmayne" title="Eddie Redmayne">Eddie Redmayne</a> como Hawking e <a href="/wiki/Felicity_Jones" title="Felicity Jones">Felicity Jones</a> como Wilde, o filme começa com Hawking conhecendo a futura esposa em Cambridge e vai mostrando as dificuldades da vida do casal enquanto Hawking alcançava a fama com suas teorias e tinha seu corpo definhado por uma doença motora degenerativa.<sup id="cite_ref-64" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-64"><span>[</span>64<span>]</span></a></sup> Após assistir uma versão finalizada do filme, Hawking aprovou a biografia e permitiu aos cineastas usarem sua voz sintetizada e protegida por direitos autorais na versão final.<sup id="cite_ref-65" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-65"><span>[</span>65<span>]</span></a></sup> A interpretação de Hawking por Redmayne garantiu-lhe o <a href="/wiki/Oscar_de_melhor_ator" title="Oscar de melhor ator">Oscar de melhor ator</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-66" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-66"><span>[</span>66<span>]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Ateísmo"><span id="Ate.C3.ADsmo"></span>Ateísmo</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Stephen_Hawking&veaction=edit&section=8" title="Editar secção: Ateísmo" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>editar</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Stephen_Hawking&action=edit&section=8" title="Editar código-fonte da secção: Ateísmo"><span>editar código-fonte</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Hawking se descrevia como <a href="/wiki/Ateu" class="mw-redirect" title="Ateu">ateu</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-67" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-67"><span>[</span>67<span>]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-68" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-68"><span>[</span>68<span>]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-69" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-69"><span>[</span>69<span>]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-70" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-70"><span>[</span>70<span>]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-71" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-71"><span>[</span>71<span>]</span></a></sup> Em algumas ocasiões, usou a palavra "Deus" em seus livros e discursos, mas, segundo ele próprio, no sentido metafórico e relativo. Sua ex-esposa Jane afirmou que, durante o processo de divórcio, ele se descreveu como ateu. Hawking declarou que não era religioso no sentido comum, e que acreditava que "o universo é governado pelas leis da ciência".<sup id="cite_ref-72" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-72"><span>[</span>72<span>]</span></a></sup> Hawking comparou a ciência e a religião durante uma entrevista, dizendo "há uma diferença fundamental entre a religião, que se baseia na autoridade, e a ciência, que se baseia na observação e na razão. A ciência vai ganhar porque ela funciona". </p><p>Em alguns trechos de seus livros, Hawking também parece seguir uma linha de pensamento similar à de <a href="/wiki/Einstein" class="mw-redirect" title="Einstein">Einstein</a> e <a href="/wiki/Espinoza" class="mw-redirect" title="Espinoza">Espinoza</a>, no que tange à admiração e o deslumbre pela ordem e complexidade presentes no universo, ainda que nunca tenha referido a si próprio como <a href="/wiki/Pante%C3%ADsmo" title="Panteísmo">panteísta</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-73" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-73"><span>[</span>73<span>]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-74" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-74"><span>[</span>74<span>]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-75" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-75"><span>[</span>75<span>]</span></a></sup> No livro <i>Uma Breve História do Tempo</i> ele cita que "tanto quanto o Universo teve um princípio, nós poderíamos supor que tenha um Criador". Ainda nesse livro, ele diz que "no entanto, se nós descobrirmos uma teoria completa, então nós conheceríamos a mente de <a href="/wiki/Deus" title="Deus">Deus</a>".<sup id="cite_ref-76" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-76"><span>[</span>76<span>]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Porém, em seu mais recente e polêmico livro "The Grand Design", Stephen Hawking mudou suas antigas declarações sobre a ideia de um criador<sup id="cite_ref-77" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-77"><span>[</span>77<span>]</span></a></sup> e afirma que "Deus não tem mais lugar nas teorias sobre criação do universo, devido a uma série de avanços no campo da física". No livro, afirma que "Por haver uma lei como a gravidade, o universo pode e irá criar a ele mesmo do nada. A criação espontânea é a razão pela qual algo existe ao invés de não existir nada, é a razão pela qual o universo existe, pela qual nós existimos", dizendo que o <a href="/wiki/Big_Bang" title="Big Bang">Big Bang</a> foi simplesmente uma consequência da lei da gravidade. Hawking também cita a descoberta, feita em 1992, de um planeta que orbita uma estrela fora do Sistema Solar, como um marco contra a crença de <a href="/wiki/Isaac_Newton" title="Isaac Newton">Isaac Newton</a> de que o universo não poderia ter surgido do caos.<span style="color:gray"><sup>[</sup></span><sup><a href="/wiki/Wikip%C3%A9dia:Livro_de_estilo/Cite_as_fontes" title="Wikipédia:Livro de estilo/Cite as fontes"><span title="Esta afirmação precisa de uma referência para confirmá-la desde março de 2018." style="color:gray"><i>carece de fontes</i></span></a><span class="printfooter">?</span><span style="color:gray">]</span></sup> </p><p>Em sua última obra <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Brief_Answers_to_the_Big_Questions&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Brief Answers to the Big Questions (página não existe)">Brief Answers to the Big Questions</a></i>, publicada em 2018, Hawking escreve "Não há Deus. Ninguém dirige o universo. Durante séculos, acreditava-se que pessoas com deficiência como eu estavam vivendo sob uma maldição que foi infligida por Deus. Eu prefiro pensar que tudo pode ser explicado de outra maneira, pelas leis da natureza".<sup id="cite_ref-78" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-78"><span>[</span>78<span>]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Obra">Obra</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Stephen_Hawking&veaction=edit&section=9" title="Editar secção: Obra" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>editar</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Stephen_Hawking&action=edit&section=9" title="Editar código-fonte da secção: Obra"><span>editar código-fonte</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Ficheiro:Barack_Obama_speaks_to_Stephen_Hawking.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/50/Barack_Obama_speaks_to_Stephen_Hawking.jpg/260px-Barack_Obama_speaks_to_Stephen_Hawking.jpg" decoding="async" width="260" height="173" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/50/Barack_Obama_speaks_to_Stephen_Hawking.jpg/390px-Barack_Obama_speaks_to_Stephen_Hawking.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/50/Barack_Obama_speaks_to_Stephen_Hawking.jpg/520px-Barack_Obama_speaks_to_Stephen_Hawking.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3500" data-file-height="2333" /></a><figcaption>O <a href="/wiki/Presidente_dos_Estados_Unidos" title="Presidente dos Estados Unidos">Presidente dos Estados Unidos</a>, <a href="/wiki/Barack_Obama" title="Barack Obama">Barack Obama</a>, fala com Stephen Hawking na <a href="/wiki/Sala_Azul" title="Sala Azul">Sala Azul</a> da <a href="/wiki/Casa_Branca" title="Casa Branca">Casa Branca</a> antes de uma cerimônia de apresentação em 12 de agosto de 2009.</figcaption></figure> <p>Os principais campos de pesquisa de Hawking foram <a href="/wiki/Cosmologia" title="Cosmologia">cosmologia teórica</a> e <a href="/wiki/Gravidade_qu%C3%A2ntica" class="mw-redirect" title="Gravidade quântica">gravidade quântica</a>. Em 1971, em colaboração com <a href="/wiki/Roger_Penrose" title="Roger Penrose">Roger Penrose</a>, provou o primeiro de muitos <a href="/wiki/Teoremas_de_singularidade_Penrose-Hawking" title="Teoremas de singularidade Penrose-Hawking">teoremas de singularidade</a>; tais teoremas fornecem um conjunto de condições suficientes para a existência de uma <a href="/wiki/Singularidade_gravitacional" title="Singularidade gravitacional">singularidade</a> no <a href="/wiki/Espa%C3%A7o-tempo" title="Espaço-tempo">espaço-tempo</a>. Este trabalho demonstra que, longe de serem curiosidades matemáticas que aparecem apenas em casos especiais, singularidades são uma característica genérica da <a href="/wiki/Relatividade_geral" title="Relatividade geral">relatividade geral</a>.<span style="color:gray"><sup>[</sup></span><sup><a href="/wiki/Wikip%C3%A9dia:Livro_de_estilo/Cite_as_fontes" title="Wikipédia:Livro de estilo/Cite as fontes"><span title="Esta afirmação precisa de uma referência para confirmá-la desde fevereiro de 2017." style="color:gray"><i>carece de fontes</i></span></a><span class="printfooter">?</span><span style="color:gray">]</span></sup> </p><p>Hawking também sugeriu que, após o <a href="/wiki/Big_Bang" title="Big Bang">Big Bang</a>, <a href="/wiki/Buraco_negro_primordial" title="Buraco negro primordial">primordiais</a> ou <a href="/wiki/Miniburaco_negro" title="Miniburaco negro">miniburacos negros</a> foram formados. Com Bardeen e Carter, ele propôs as quatro <a href="/wiki/Termodin%C3%A2mica_do_buraco_negro" title="Termodinâmica do buraco negro">leis da mecânica de buraco negro</a>, fazendo uma analogia com <a href="/wiki/Termodin%C3%A2mica" title="Termodinâmica">termodinâmica</a>. Em 1974 calculou que <a href="/wiki/Buraco_negro" title="Buraco negro">buracos negros</a> deveriam, termicamente, criar ou emitir <a href="/wiki/Part%C3%ADculas_subat%C3%B4micas" class="mw-redirect" title="Partículas subatômicas">partículas subatômicas</a>, conhecidas como <a href="/wiki/Radia%C3%A7%C3%A3o_Hawking" title="Radiação Hawking">radiação Hawking</a>, além disso, também demonstrou a possível existência de miniburacos negros. Hawking também participou dos primeiros desenvolvimentos da teoria da <a href="/wiki/Infla%C3%A7%C3%A3o_c%C3%B3smica" title="Inflação cósmica">inflação cósmica</a> no início da década de 1980 com outros físicos como <a href="/wiki/Alan_Guth" title="Alan Guth">Alan Guth</a>, <a href="/wiki/Andrei_Linde" title="Andrei Linde">Andrei Linde</a> e <a href="/wiki/Paul_Steinhardt" title="Paul Steinhardt">Paul Steinhardt</a>, teoria que tinha como proposta a solução dos principais problemas do modelo padrão do <i>Big Bang</i>.<span style="color:gray"><sup>[</sup></span><sup><a href="/wiki/Wikip%C3%A9dia:Livro_de_estilo/Cite_as_fontes" title="Wikipédia:Livro de estilo/Cite as fontes"><span title="Esta afirmação precisa de uma referência para confirmá-la desde fevereiro de 2017." style="color:gray"><i>carece de fontes</i></span></a><span class="printfooter">?</span><span style="color:gray">]</span></sup> </p><p>Hawking escreveu diversos livros que ajudaram a divulgar complexas teorias cosmológicas em linguagem fácil para leigos. O primeiro foi <i>Uma Breve História do Tempo</i>, escrito entre 1982 e 1984 e vendendo mais de 10 milhões de cópias. Obras seguintes incluem <i><a href="/wiki/O_Universo_numa_Casca_de_Noz" title="O Universo numa Casca de Noz">O Universo numa Casca de Noz</a></i> (2001), <i><a href="/wiki/Uma_Nova_Hist%C3%B3ria_do_Tempo" class="mw-redirect" title="Uma Nova História do Tempo">Uma Nova História do Tempo</a></i> (2005, versão atualizada de sua estreia co-escrita com <a href="/wiki/Leonard_Mlodinow" title="Leonard Mlodinow">Leonard Mlodinow</a>) e <i>God Created the Integers</i> (2006). Em parceria com sua filha Lucy, Hawking também escreveu livros infantis sobre o universo com <i><a href="/wiki/George_e_o_Segredo_do_Universo" title="George e o Segredo do Universo">George e o Segredo do Universo</a></i> (2007) e suas duas continuações.<sup id="cite_ref-79" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-79"><span>[</span>79<span>]</span></a></sup> </p><p>O <a href="/wiki/Aster%C3%B3ide" class="mw-redirect" title="Asteróide">asteróide</a> <a href="/wiki/7672_Hawking" class="mw-redirect" title="7672 Hawking">7672 Hawking</a> foi nomeado em sua homenagem.<sup id="cite_ref-80" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-80"><span>[</span>80<span>]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Livros">Livros</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Stephen_Hawking&veaction=edit&section=10" title="Editar secção: Livros" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>editar</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Stephen_Hawking&action=edit&section=10" title="Editar código-fonte da secção: Livros"><span>editar código-fonte</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Uma_Breve_Hist%C3%B3ria_do_Tempo" title="Uma Breve História do Tempo">Breve História do Tempo: do Big Bang aos Buracos Negros</a></i> (edição portuguesa de <i>A brief history of time</i>). Lisboa: Gradiva, 1988. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Especial:Fontes_de_livros/972-662-010-4" title="Especial:Fontes de livros/972-662-010-4">972-662-010-4</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Uma_Breve_Hist%C3%B3ria_do_Tempo" title="Uma Breve História do Tempo">Uma Breve História do Tempo: do Big Bang aos Buracos Negros</a></i> (edição brasileira de <i>A brief history of time</i>). Rio de Janeiro: Rocco, 1988. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Especial:Fontes_de_livros/85-325-0252-0" title="Especial:Fontes de livros/85-325-0252-0">85-325-0252-0</a></li> <li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Buracos_Negros,_Universos-Beb%C3%AAs_e_outros_Ensaios&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Buracos Negros, Universos-Bebês e outros Ensaios (página não existe)">Buracos Negros, Universos-Bebês e outros Ensaios</a></i>. Porto: ASA, 1994. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Especial:Fontes_de_livros/972-41-1508-9" title="Especial:Fontes de livros/972-41-1508-9">972-41-1508-9</a></li> <li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=O_Fim_da_F%C3%ADsica&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="O Fim da Física (página não existe)">O Fim da Física</a></i>. Lisboa: Gradiva, 1994. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Especial:Fontes_de_livros/972-662-345-8" title="Especial:Fontes de livros/972-662-345-8">972-662-345-8</a><span class="error" style="font-size:100%"> Erro de parâmetro em {{<a href="/wiki/Predefini%C3%A7%C3%A3o:ISBN" title="Predefinição:ISBN">ISBN</a>}}: soma de verificação</span></li> <li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=A_Natureza_do_Espa%C3%A7o_e_do_Tempo&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="A Natureza do Espaço e do Tempo (página não existe)">A Natureza do Espaço e do Tempo</a></i> (em co-autoria com <a href="/wiki/Roger_Penrose" title="Roger Penrose">Roger Penrose</a>). Lisboa: Gradiva, 1996. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Especial:Fontes_de_livros/972-662-466-0" title="Especial:Fontes de livros/972-662-466-0">972-662-466-0</a><span class="error" style="font-size:100%"> Erro de parâmetro em {{<a href="/wiki/Predefini%C3%A7%C3%A3o:ISBN" title="Predefinição:ISBN">ISBN</a>}}: soma de verificação</span></li> <li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Breve_Hist%C3%B3ria_do_Tempo_Ilustrada&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Breve História do Tempo Ilustrada (página não existe)">Breve História do Tempo Ilustrada</a></i>. Curitiba: Editora Albert Einstein, 1997. Lisboa: Gradiva, 1998. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Especial:Fontes_de_livros/972-662-511-4" title="Especial:Fontes de livros/972-662-511-4">972-662-511-4</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/O_Universo_numa_Casca_de_Noz" title="O Universo numa Casca de Noz">O Universo numa Casca de Noz</a></i>. São Paulo: Mandarim, 2001. Lisboa: Gradiva, 2002. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Especial:Fontes_de_livros/972-662-826-1" title="Especial:Fontes de livros/972-662-826-1">972-662-826-1</a></li> <li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=O_Futuro_do_Espa%C3%A7o-Tempo&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="O Futuro do Espaço-Tempo (página não existe)">O Futuro do Espaço-Tempo</a></i> (em co-autoria com <a href="/wiki/Alan_Lightman" title="Alan Lightman">Alan Lightman</a>, Kip Thorne, Igor Novikov e Timothy Ferris). São Paulo: Companhia das Letras, 2005. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Especial:Fontes_de_livros/9788535906080" title="Especial:Fontes de livros/9788535906080">9788535906080</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Os_G%C3%AAnios_da_Ci%C3%AAncia:_Sobre_os_Ombros_de_Gigantes" class="mw-redirect" title="Os Gênios da Ciência: Sobre os Ombros de Gigantes">Os Gênios da Ciência: Sobre os Ombros de Gigantes</a></i>. Rio de Janeiro: Elsevier, 2005. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Especial:Fontes_de_livros/85-352-1525-5" title="Especial:Fontes de livros/85-352-1525-5">85-352-1525-5</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Uma_Nova_Hist%C3%B3ria_do_Tempo" class="mw-redirect" title="Uma Nova História do Tempo">Uma Nova História do Tempo</a></i> (em co-autoria com <a href="/wiki/Leonard_Mlodinow" title="Leonard Mlodinow">Leonard Mlodinow</a>: edição brasileira de <i>A briefer history of time</i>). Rio de Janeiro: Ediouro, 2005. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Especial:Fontes_de_livros/85-00-01857-7" title="Especial:Fontes de livros/85-00-01857-7">85-00-01857-7</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Brev%C3%ADssima_Hist%C3%B3ria_do_Tempo" title="Brevíssima História do Tempo">Brevíssima História do Tempo</a></i> (em co-autoria com <a href="/wiki/Leonard_Mlodinow" title="Leonard Mlodinow">Leonard Mlodinow</a>: edição portuguesa de <i>A briefer history of time</i>). Lisboa: Gradiva, 2007. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Especial:Fontes_de_livros/978-989-616-164-4" title="Especial:Fontes de livros/978-989-616-164-4">978-989-616-164-4</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/George_e_o_Segredo_do_Universo" title="George e o Segredo do Universo">George e o Segredo do Universo</a></i> (em co-autoria com Lucy Hawking). Rio de Janeiro: Ediouro, 2007 (As ideias e conceitos de Física e Astrofísica de Hawking sobre o Universo, contadas em um enredo de aventura voltado para as crianças). <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Especial:Fontes_de_livros/978-85-00-02222-7" title="Especial:Fontes de livros/978-85-00-02222-7">978-85-00-02222-7</a></li> <li><i>O Grande Projeto</i> (em co-autoria com <a href="/wiki/Leonard_Mlodinow" title="Leonard Mlodinow">Leonard Mlodinow</a>). Rio de Janeiro: Nova Fronteira, 2011. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Especial:Fontes_de_livros/978-85-20-92657-4" title="Especial:Fontes de livros/978-85-20-92657-4">978-85-20-92657-4</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Minha_Breve_Hist%C3%B3ria" title="Minha Breve História">Minha Breve História</a></i>. Rio de Janeiro: Intrínseca, 2013. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Especial:Fontes_de_livros/978-85-8057-425-8" title="Especial:Fontes de livros/978-85-8057-425-8">978-85-8057-425-8</a></li> <li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Brief_Answers_to_the_Big_Questions&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Brief Answers to the Big Questions (página não existe)">Brief Answers to the Big Questions</a></i>, 2018. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Especial:Fontes_de_livros/978-14-7369-598-6" title="Especial:Fontes de livros/978-14-7369-598-6">978-14-7369-598-6</a> <sup id="cite_ref-81" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-81"><span>[</span>81<span>]</span></a></sup></li> <li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Unlocking_the_Universe&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Unlocking the Universe (página não existe)">Unlocking the Universe</a></i>, 2020 <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Especial:Fontes_de_livros/9780241418864" title="Especial:Fontes de livros/9780241418864">9780241418864</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Prêmios,_títulos,_medalhas_e_homenagens"><span id="Pr.C3.AAmios.2C_t.C3.ADtulos.2C_medalhas_e_homenagens"></span>Prêmios, títulos, medalhas e homenagens</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Stephen_Hawking&veaction=edit&section=11" title="Editar secção: Prêmios, títulos, medalhas e homenagens" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>editar</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Stephen_Hawking&action=edit&section=11" title="Editar código-fonte da secção: Prêmios, títulos, medalhas e homenagens"><span>editar código-fonte</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Ficheiro:Physicist_Stephen_Hawking_in_Zero_Gravity_NASA.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/08/Physicist_Stephen_Hawking_in_Zero_Gravity_NASA.jpg/250px-Physicist_Stephen_Hawking_in_Zero_Gravity_NASA.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="167" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/08/Physicist_Stephen_Hawking_in_Zero_Gravity_NASA.jpg/375px-Physicist_Stephen_Hawking_in_Zero_Gravity_NASA.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/08/Physicist_Stephen_Hawking_in_Zero_Gravity_NASA.jpg/500px-Physicist_Stephen_Hawking_in_Zero_Gravity_NASA.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3990" data-file-height="2660" /></a><figcaption>Em 2006, Hawking revelou seu desejo de viajar para o espaço.<sup id="cite_ref-82" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-82"><span>[</span>82<span>]</span></a></sup> Aqui (centro) ele é visto, em Abril de 2007, experimentando a <a href="/wiki/Gravidade_zero" class="mw-redirect" title="Gravidade zero">gravidade zero</a> durante voo numa <a href="/w/index.php?title=Aeronave_de_gravidade_reduzida&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Aeronave de gravidade reduzida (página não existe)">aeronave de gravidade reduzida</a>.</figcaption></figure> <ul><li>1975 — <a href="/wiki/Medalha_Eddington" title="Medalha Eddington">Medalha Eddington</a></li> <li>1976 — <a href="/wiki/Medalha_Hughes" title="Medalha Hughes">Medalha Hughes</a></li> <li>1979 — <a href="/wiki/Medalha_Albert_Einstein" title="Medalha Albert Einstein">Medalha Albert Einstein</a></li> <li>1982 — Ordem do <a href="/wiki/Imp%C3%A9rio_Brit%C3%A2nico" title="Império Britânico">Império Britânico</a> (Comandante)</li> <li>1985 — <a href="/wiki/Medalha_de_Ouro_da_Royal_Astronomical_Society" title="Medalha de Ouro da Royal Astronomical Society">Medalha de Ouro da Royal Astronomical Society</a></li> <li>1986 — Membro da <a href="/wiki/Pontif%C3%ADcia_Academia_das_Ci%C3%AAncias" title="Pontifícia Academia das Ciências">Pontifícia Academia das Ciências</a></li> <li>1988 — Prêmio em Física da <a href="/wiki/Funda%C3%A7%C3%A3o_Wolf" title="Fundação Wolf">Fundação Wolf</a></li> <li>1989 — Prêmio "<a href="/wiki/Pr%C3%ADncipe_das_Ast%C3%BArias" title="Príncipe das Astúrias">Príncipe das Astúrias</a>" da <a href="/wiki/Conc%C3%B3rdia" title="Concórdia">Concórdia</a> (contribuição à paz, entendimento, etc.)</li> <li>1989 — Título de "Companheiro de Honra", da <a href="/wiki/Rainha_Elizabeth_II" class="mw-redirect" title="Rainha Elizabeth II">Rainha Elizabeth II</a></li> <li>1999 — Prêmio "<a href="/wiki/Julius_Edgar_Lilienfeld" title="Julius Edgar Lilienfeld">Julius Edgar Lilienfeld</a>" da Sociedade Americana de Física<sup id="cite_ref-83" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-83"><span>[</span>83<span>]</span></a></sup></li> <li>2003 — Prêmio "<a href="/w/index.php?title=Michelson_Morley&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Michelson Morley (página não existe)">Michelson Morley</a>" da <a href="/wiki/Case_Western_Reserve_University" title="Case Western Reserve University">Case Western Reserve University</a></li> <li>2006 — <a href="/wiki/Medalha_Copley" title="Medalha Copley">Medalha Copley</a> da <a href="/wiki/Royal_Society" title="Royal Society">Royal Society</a><sup id="cite_ref-84" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-84"><span>[</span>84<span>]</span></a></sup></li> <li>2009 — <a href="/wiki/Medalha_Presidencial_da_Liberdade" title="Medalha Presidencial da Liberdade">Medalha Presidencial da Liberdade</a><sup id="cite_ref-85" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-85"><span>[</span>85<span>]</span></a></sup></li> <li>2013 — <a href="/wiki/Fundamental_Physics_Prize" title="Fundamental Physics Prize">Fundamental Physics Prize</a><sup id="cite_ref-86" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-86"><span>[</span>86<span>]</span></a></sup></li> <li>2016 — Professor Honorário do <a href="/wiki/Instituto_de_Astrof%C3%ADsica_das_Can%C3%A1rias" title="Instituto de Astrofísica das Canárias">Instituto de Astrofísica das Canárias</a><sup id="cite_ref-87" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-87"><span>[</span>87<span>]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-88" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-88"><span>[</span>88<span>]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <p>Em 15 de janeiro de 2020, foi publicado um artigo científico<sup id="cite_ref-89" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-89"><span>[</span>89<span>]</span></a></sup> descrevendo uma nova espécie da planta carnívora chamada <i>Genlisea hawkingii</i> S.R.Silva, B.J.Płachno & V.Miranda em sua homenagem. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Ver_também"><span id="Ver_tamb.C3.A9m"></span>Ver também</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Stephen_Hawking&veaction=edit&section=12" title="Editar secção: Ver também" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>editar</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Stephen_Hawking&action=edit&section=12" title="Editar código-fonte da secção: Ver também"><span>editar código-fonte</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/7672_Hawking" class="mw-redirect" title="7672 Hawking">7672 Hawking</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buraco_de_minhoca" title="Buraco de minhoca">Buraco de minhoca</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buraco_negro" title="Buraco negro">Buraco negro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Esclerose_lateral_amiotr%C3%B3fica" title="Esclerose lateral amiotrófica">Esclerose lateral amiotrófica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Famosos_acometidos_por_ELA" class="mw-redirect" title="Famosos acometidos por ELA">Famosos acometidos por ELA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radia%C3%A7%C3%A3o_Hawking" title="Radiação Hawking">Radiação Hawking</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/A_Teoria_de_Tudo" title="A Teoria de Tudo">A Teoria de Tudo</a></li></ul> <h2 id="Referências" style="cursor: help;" title="Esta seção foi configurada para não ser editável diretamente. Edite a página toda ou a seção anterior em vez disso."><span id="Refer.C3.AAncias"></span>Referências</h2> <div class="reflist" style="list-style-type: decimal;"><div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-1">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.timesonline.co.uk/tol/life_and_style/court_and_social/article5484753.ece">«Birthdays: Jan 10»</a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fpt.wikipedia.org%3AStephen+Hawking&rft.btitle=Birthdays%3A+Jan+10&rft.genre=unknown&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.timesonline.co.uk%2Ftol%2Flife_and_style%2Fcourt_and_social%2Farticle5484753.ece&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span> <i><a href="/wiki/The_Times" title="The Times">The Times</a></i>, 8 de janeiro de 2010. Visitado em 9-1-2010</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-2">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.elmundo.es/opinion/2014/09/21/541df1fd268e3e021a8b457c.html">«El ateísmo de Hawking, nuevo motivo de debate entre ciencia y religión»</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/El_Mundo_(Espanha)" title="El Mundo (Espanha)">El Mundo (Espanha)</a></i>. 21 de setembro de 2014<span class="reference-accessdate">. Consultado em 22 de Setembro de 2014</span>. <q>Não há nenhum deus. Sou ateu. A religião crê nos milagres, mas estes não são compatíveis com a Ciência.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fpt.wikipedia.org%3AStephen+Hawking&rft.atitle=El+ate%C3smo+de+Hawking%2C+nuevo+motivo+de+debate+entre+ciencia+y+religi%C3%B3n&rft.date=2014-09-21&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=El+Mundo+%28Espanha%29&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.elmundo.es%2Fopinion%2F2014%2F09%2F21%2F541df1fd268e3e021a8b457c.html&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-3">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://mathgenealogy.org/id.php?id=78459">Stephen Hawking</a> (em inglês) no <a href="/wiki/Mathematics_Genealogy_Project" title="Mathematics Genealogy Project">Mathematics Genealogy Project</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:0-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">↑ <sup><i><b><a href="#cite_ref-:0_4-0">a</a></b></i></sup> <sup><i><b><a href="#cite_ref-:0_4-1">b</a></b></i></sup></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation journal"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://g1.globo.com/ciencia-e-saude/noticia/morre-o-fisico-stephen-hanking.ghtml">«Morre aos 76 anos o físico inglês Stephen Hawking»</a>. <i>G1</i>. 14 de março de 2018</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fpt.wikipedia.org%3AStephen+Hawking&rft.atitle=Morre+aos+76+anos+o+f%C3sico+ingl%C3%AAs+Stephen+Hawking&rft.date=2018-03-14&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=G1&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fg1.globo.com%2Fciencia-e-saude%2Fnoticia%2Fmorre-o-fisico-stephen-hanking.ghtml&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-5">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://royalsociety.org/people/stephen-hawking-11594/">«Stephen Hawking»</a>. <i>royalsociety.org</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Consultado em 8 de janeiro de 2016</span></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fpt.wikipedia.org%3AStephen+Hawking&rft.atitle=Stephen+Hawking&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=royalsociety.org&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Froyalsociety.org%2Fpeople%2Fstephen-hawking-11594%2F&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-6">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.pbs.org/genius-by-stephen-hawking/home/">«Stephen Hawking»</a>. <i>pbs.org</i></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fpt.wikipedia.org%3AStephen+Hawking&rft.atitle=Stephen+Hawking&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=pbs.org&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.pbs.org%2Fgenius-by-stephen-hawking%2Fhome%2F&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-7">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">De acordo com <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.pbs.org/wnet/hawking/cosmostar/html/hawking.html"><i>Stephen Hawking's Universe</i></a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160420080238/http://www.pbs.org/wnet/hawking/cosmostar/html/hawking.html">Arquivado em</a> 20 de abril de 2016, no <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>., <a href="/wiki/Public_Broadcasting_Service" class="mw-redirect" title="Public Broadcasting Service">PBS</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-8">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.hawking.org.uk/stephen-at-cambridge.html">«Stephen at Cambridge - Stephen Hawking»</a>. <i>www.hawking.org.uk</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Consultado em 8 de janeiro de 2016</span></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fpt.wikipedia.org%3AStephen+Hawking&rft.atitle=Stephen+at+Cambridge+-+Stephen+Hawking&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.hawking.org.uk&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.hawking.org.uk%2Fstephen-at-cambridge.html&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-9">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gardner,_Martin&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Gardner, Martin (página não existe)">Gardner, Martin</a> (September/October 2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.csicop.org/si/show/multiverses_and_blackberries">"Multiverses and Blackberries"</a>. "Notes of a Fringe-Watcher". <i><a href="/wiki/Skeptical_Inquirer" title="Skeptical Inquirer">Skeptical Inquirer</a></i>. Volume 25, No. 5.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-10">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web">Price, Michael Clive (fevereiro de 1995). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://webarchiveproject.org/32699/">«<i>The Everett FAQ</i>»</a>. Department of Physics, Washington University in St. Louis<span class="reference-accessdate">. Consultado em 20 de abril de 2016</span>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160420235958/http://webarchiveproject.org/32699/">Cópia arquivada em 20 de abril de 2016</a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fpt.wikipedia.org%3AStephen+Hawking&rft.au=Price%2C+Michael+Clive&rft.btitle=The+Everett+FAQ&rft.date=1995-02&rft.genre=unknown&rft.pub=Department+of+Physics%2C+Washington+University+in+St.+Louis&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwebarchiveproject.org%2F32699%2F&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-11">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation news"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.independent.co.uk/news/science/mind-over-matter-how-stephen-hawking-defied-motor-neurone-disease-for-50-years-6286313.html">«Mind over matter: How Stephen Hawking defied Motor Neurone Disease for 50 years»</a>. <i>The Independent</i>. 26 de novembro de 2015</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fpt.wikipedia.org%3AStephen+Hawking&rft.atitle=Mind+over+matter%3A+How+Stephen+Hawking+defied+Motor+Neurone+Disease+for+50+years&rft.date=2015-11-26&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Independent&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.independent.co.uk%2Fnews%2Fscience%2Fmind-over-matter-how-stephen-hawking-defied-motor-neurone-disease-for-50-years-6286313.html&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-12">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation news"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.scientificamerican.com/article/stephen-hawking-als/">«How Has Stephen Hawking Lived to 70 with ALS?»</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Scientific_American" title="Scientific American">Scientific American</a></i>. 7 de janeiro de 2012<span class="reference-accessdate">. Consultado em 23 de dezembro de 2014</span>. <q>Q: How frequent are these cases of very slow-progressing forms of ALS? A: I would say probably less than a few percent.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fpt.wikipedia.org%3AStephen+Hawking&rft.atitle=How+Has+Stephen+Hawking+Lived+to+70+with+ALS%3F&rft.date=2012-01-07&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Scientific+American&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.scientificamerican.com%2Farticle%2Fstephen-hawking-als%2F&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-NYT=20180314-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">↑ <sup><i><b><a href="#cite_ref-NYT=20180314_13-0">a</a></b></i></sup> <sup><i><b><a href="#cite_ref-NYT=20180314_13-1">b</a></b></i></sup></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation news"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Dennis_Overbye&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Dennis Overbye (página não existe)">Overbye, Dennis</a> (14 de março de 2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/2018/03/14/obituaries/stephen-hawking-dead.html">«Stephen Hawking Dies at 76; His Mind Roamed the Cosmos»</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_New_York_Times" title="The New York Times">The New York Times</a></i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Consultado em 14 de março de 2018</span></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fpt.wikipedia.org%3AStephen+Hawking&rft.atitle=Stephen+Hawking+Dies+at+76%3B+His+Mind+Roamed+the+Cosmos&rft.aufirst=Dennis&rft.aulast=Overbye&rft.date=2018-03-14&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F2018%2F03%2F14%2Fobituaries%2Fstephen-hawking-dead.html&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-IT-20180314-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-IT-20180314_14-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation news">Henry, David (14 de março de 2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/magazines/panache/physicist-stephen-hawking-passes-away/articleshow/63294700.cms">«Stephen Hawking, physicist who reshaped cosmology, passes away at 76»</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_Economic_Times" title="The Economic Times">The Economic Times</a></i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Consultado em 15 de março de 2018</span></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fpt.wikipedia.org%3AStephen+Hawking&rft.atitle=Stephen+Hawking%2C+physicist+who+reshaped+cosmology%2C+passes+away+at+76&rft.aufirst=David&rft.aulast=Henry&rft.date=2018-03-14&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Economic+Times&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Feconomictimes.indiatimes.com%2Fmagazines%2Fpanache%2Fphysicist-stephen-hawking-passes-away%2Farticleshow%2F63294700.cms&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-15">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/uknews/3248858/Stephen-Hawking-to-retire-as-Cambridges-Professor-of-Mathematics.html">«Stephen Hawking to retire as Cambridge's Professor of Mathematics»</a> (em inglês). The Telegraph - UK News. 23 de outubro de 2008<span class="reference-accessdate">. Consultado em 7 de janeiro de 2019</span></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fpt.wikipedia.org%3AStephen+Hawking&rft.btitle=Stephen+Hawking+to+retire+as+Cambridge%27s+Professor+of+Mathematics&rft.date=2008-10-23&rft.genre=unknown&rft.pub=The+Telegraph+-+UK+News&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.telegraph.co.uk%2Fnews%2Fuknews%2F3248858%2FStephen-Hawking-to-retire-as-Cambridges-Professor-of-Mathematics.html&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-16">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20081205031207/http://www.revistavigor.com.br/2007/06/15/esclerose-lateral-amiotrofica/">«Revista Vigor»</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Consultado em 27 de fevereiro de 2008</span>. Arquivado do <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.revistavigor.com.br/2007/06/15/esclerose-lateral-amiotrofica/">original</a> em 5 de dezembro de 2008</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fpt.wikipedia.org%3AStephen+Hawking&rft.btitle=Revista+Vigor&rft.genre=unknown&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.revistavigor.com.br%2F2007%2F06%2F15%2Fesclerose-lateral-amiotrofica%2F&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://esclerosemultipla.wordpress.com/2006/07/31/stephen-hawking-ataca-george-w-bush-e-defende-pesquisas-com-embrioes/">Stephen Hawking ataca George W. Bush e defende pesquisas com embriões</a> e <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ipg.org.br/noticia.php?id=42&lang=0">Notícias do Instituto Paulo Gontijo</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20071128121110/http://www.ipg.org.br/noticia.php?id=42&lang=0">Arquivado em</a> 28 de novembro de 2007, no <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-tech-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-tech_17-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation news">de Lange, Catherine (30 de dezembro de 2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.newscientist.com/article/dn21323-the-man-who-saves-stephen-hawkings-voice.html">«The man who saves Stephen Hawking's voice»</a>. <i>New Scientist</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Consultado em 18 de junho de 2012</span></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fpt.wikipedia.org%3AStephen+Hawking&rft.atitle=The+man+who+saves+Stephen+Hawking%27s+voice&rft.aufirst=Catherine&rft.aulast=de+Lange&rft.date=2011-12-30&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=New+Scientist&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.newscientist.com%2Farticle%2Fdn21323-the-man-who-saves-stephen-hawkings-voice.html&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-hacked-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-hacked_18-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web">Boyle, Alan (25 de junho de 2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://cosmiclog.nbcnews.com/_news/2012/06/25/12401493-how-researchers-hacked-into-stephen-hawkings-brain?lite">«How researchers hacked into Stephen Hawking's brain»</a>. NBC News<span class="reference-accessdate">. Consultado em 29 de setembro de 2012</span></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fpt.wikipedia.org%3AStephen+Hawking&rft.aufirst=Alan&rft.aulast=Boyle&rft.btitle=How+researchers+hacked+into+Stephen+Hawking%27s+brain&rft.date=2012-06-25&rft.genre=unknown&rft.pub=NBC+News&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fcosmiclog.nbcnews.com%2F_news%2F2012%2F06%2F25%2F12401493-how-researchers-hacked-into-stephen-hawkings-brain%3Flite&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-start-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-start_19-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation news"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/technology-18749963">«Start-up attempts to convert Prof Hawking's brainwaves into speech»</a>. BBC. 7 de julho de 2012<span class="reference-accessdate">. Consultado em 29 de setembro de 2012</span></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fpt.wikipedia.org%3AStephen+Hawking&rft.atitle=Start-up+attempts+to+convert+Prof+Hawking%27s+brainwaves+into+speech&rft.date=2012-07-07&rft.genre=article&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.co.uk%2Fnews%2Ftechnology-18749963&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-20">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.wired.co.uk/news/archive/2014-12/02/stephen-hawking-intel-communication-system">«Stephen Hawking's new speech system is free and open-source (Wired UK)»</a>. <i>Wired UK</i>. plus.google.com/109241291965523079329<span class="reference-accessdate">. Consultado em 8 de janeiro de 2016</span></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fpt.wikipedia.org%3AStephen+Hawking&rft.atitle=Stephen+Hawking%27s+new+speech+system+is+free+and+open-source+%28Wired+UK%29&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Wired+UK&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.wired.co.uk%2Fnews%2Farchive%2F2014-12%2F02%2Fstephen-hawking-intel-communication-system&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-21">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book">Ferguson, Kitty (8 de março de 2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=UlxyAgAAQBAJ&newbks=0&printsec=frontcover&dq=stephen+hawking+biografia&hl=pt-BR"><i>Stephen Hawking: Su vida y obra</i></a> (em espanhol). [S.l.]: Grupo Planeta (GBS)</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fpt.wikipedia.org%3AStephen+Hawking&rft.aufirst=Kitty&rft.aulast=Ferguson&rft.btitle=Stephen+Hawking%3A+Su+vida+y+obra&rft.date=2012-03-08&rft.genre=book&rft.pub=Grupo+Planeta+%28GBS%29&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DUlxyAgAAQBAJ%26newbks%3D0%26printsec%3Dfrontcover%26dq%3Dstephen%2Bhawking%2Bbiografia%26hl%3Dpt-BR&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-22">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150722085713/http://livestream.com/accounts/6714632/MilnerHawkingGlobalScienceInitiative/videos/93607230">«Milner Hawkings on Livestream»</a>. <i>livestream.com</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Consultado em 8 de janeiro de 2016</span>. Arquivado do <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://livestream.com/accounts/6714632/MilnerHawkingGlobalScienceInitiative/videos/93607230">original</a> em 22 de julho de 2015</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fpt.wikipedia.org%3AStephen+Hawking&rft.atitle=Milner+Hawkings+on+Livestream&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=livestream.com&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Flivestream.com%2Faccounts%2F6714632%2FMilnerHawkingGlobalScienceInitiative%2Fvideos%2F93607230&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-23">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.scientificamerican.com/article/stephen-hawking-and-yuri-milner-announce-100m-initiative-to-seek-extraterrestrial-intelligence/">«Stephen Hawking and Yuri Milner Announce $100M Initiative to Seek ET»</a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fpt.wikipedia.org%3AStephen+Hawking&rft.btitle=Stephen+Hawking+and+Yuri+Milner+Announce+%24100M+Initiative+to+Seek+ET&rft.genre=unknown&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.scientificamerican.com%2Farticle%2Fstephen-hawking-and-yuri-milner-announce-100m-initiative-to-seek-extraterrestrial-intelligence%2F&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span> por Lee Billings em 20 de julho de 2015</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-24">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.crowdjustice.com/case/jr4nhs-round2/">Urgent Legal Action for Our NHS - Round 2</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-25">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://videos.rsm.ac.uk/video/professor-stephen-hawking---talk-nhs-keynote-lecture">«Professor Stephen Hawking - Talk NHS Keynote Lecture - RSM Videos»</a>. <i>videos.rsm.ac.uk</i></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fpt.wikipedia.org%3AStephen+Hawking&rft.atitle=Professor+Stephen+Hawking+-+Talk+NHS+Keynote+Lecture+-+RSM+Videos&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=videos.rsm.ac.uk&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fvideos.rsm.ac.uk%2Fvideo%2Fprofessor-stephen-hawking---talk-nhs-keynote-lecture&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-26">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web">Fernando Cymbaluk (14 de março de 2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://noticias.uol.com.br/internacional/ultimas-noticias/2018/03/14/morre-stephen-hawking-aos-76-anos.htm#fotoNav=3">«Morre Stephen Hawking, o gênio do universo "em uma casca de noz", aos 76 anos»</a>. UOL Notícias Internacional<span class="reference-accessdate">. Consultado em 14 de março de 2018</span>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://web.archive.org/web/20180314084540/https://noticias.uol.com.br/internacional/ultimas-noticias/2018/03/14/morre-stephen-hawking-aos-76-anos.htm#fotoNav=3">Cópia arquivada em 14 de março de 2018</a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fpt.wikipedia.org%3AStephen+Hawking&rft.au=Fernando+Cymbaluk&rft.btitle=Morre+Stephen+Hawking%2C+o+g%C3%AAnio+do+universo+%22em+uma+casca+de+noz%22%2C+aos+76+anos&rft.date=2018-03-14&rft.genre=unknown&rft.pub=UOL+Not%C3cias+Internacional&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fnoticias.uol.com.br%2Finternacional%2Fultimas-noticias%2F2018%2F03%2F14%2Fmorre-stephen-hawking-aos-76-anos.htm%23fotoNav%3D3&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-27">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation journal"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www1.folha.uol.com.br/ciencia/2018/03/morre-o-fisico-stephen-hawking-aos-76-anos.shtml">«Morre o físico Stephen Hawking aos 76 anos no Reino Unido»</a>. <i>Folha de S.Paulo</i>. 14 de março de 2018</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fpt.wikipedia.org%3AStephen+Hawking&rft.atitle=Morre+o+f%C3sico+Stephen+Hawking+aos+76+anos+no+Reino+Unido&rft.date=2018-03-14&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Folha+de+S.Paulo&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww1.folha.uol.com.br%2Fciencia%2F2018%2F03%2Fmorre-o-fisico-stephen-hawking-aos-76-anos.shtml&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-28">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web">Sample, Ian (14 de março de 2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/science/2018/mar/14/stephen-hawking-professor-dies-aged-76">«Stephen Hawking, modern cosmology's brightest star, dies at age 76»</a>. <i>the Guardian</i> (em inglês)<span class="reference-accessdate">. Consultado em 14 de março de 2018</span></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fpt.wikipedia.org%3AStephen+Hawking&rft.atitle=Stephen+Hawking%2C+modern+cosmology%27s+brightest+star%2C+dies+at+age+76&rft.aufirst=Ian&rft.aulast=Sample&rft.date=2018-03-14&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=the+Guardian&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.theguardian.com%2Fscience%2F2018%2Fmar%2F14%2Fstephen-hawking-professor-dies-aged-76&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFerguson2011177–78-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFerguson2011177–78_29-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFFerguson2011">Ferguson 2011</a>, pp. 177–78.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELarsen200593–94-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELarsen200593–94_30-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFLarsen2005">Larsen 2005</a>, pp. 93–94.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEOkudaOkuda1999380-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEOkudaOkuda1999380_31-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFOkudaOkuda1999">Okuda & Okuda 1999</a>, p. 380.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-32">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://news.nationalpost.com/2012/08/29/look-to-the-stars-stephen-hawking-helps-open-london-2012-paralympics-games-with-a-big-bang/">«<span style="padding-left:0.2em;">'</span>Look to the stars': Stephen Hawking helps open London 2012 Paralympics Games with a (big) bang»</a> (em inglês). National Post<span class="reference-accessdate">. Consultado em 1 de setembro de 2012</span></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fpt.wikipedia.org%3AStephen+Hawking&rft.btitle=%98Look+to+the+stars%99%3A+Stephen+Hawking+helps+open+London+2012+Paralympics+Games+with+a+%28big%29+bang&rft.genre=unknown&rft.pub=National+Post&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnews.nationalpost.com%2F2012%2F08%2F29%2Flook-to-the-stars-stephen-hawking-helps-open-london-2012-paralympics-games-with-a-big-bang%2F&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-33">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://oglobo.globo.com/sociedade/no-cinema-na-musica-na-tv-veja-stephen-hawking-na-cultura-popular-22487642">oglobo.globo.com/</a> <i>No cinema, na música e na TV, veja Stephen Hawking na cultura popular</i></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-34">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web">Michaels, Sean. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/music/2014/oct/08/stephen-hawking-sampled-pink-floyd-the-endless-river">«Stephen Hawking sampled on Pink Floyd's The Endless River»</a>. <i>the Guardian</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Consultado em 8 de janeiro de 2016</span></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fpt.wikipedia.org%3AStephen+Hawking&rft.atitle=Stephen+Hawking+sampled+on+Pink+Floyd%99s+The+Endless+River&rft.aufirst=Sean&rft.aulast=Michaels&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=the+Guardian&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.theguardian.com%2Fmusic%2F2014%2Foct%2F08%2Fstephen-hawking-sampled-pink-floyd-the-endless-river&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-35">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.classicfm.com/artists/london-symphony-orchestra/pictures/paralympic-opening-ceremony-soundtrack-track-track/">classicfm.com/</a> <i>Paralympic Opening Ceremony Soundtrack: Track-By-Track</i></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-36">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://edition.cnn.com/2015/04/14/entertainment/feat-stephen-hawking-sings-galaxy-song/index.html">edition.cnn.com/</a> <i>Stephen Hawking sings Monty Python's "Galaxy Song"</i></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-37">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://g1.globo.com/pop-arte/musica/noticia/2019/01/07/brian-may-do-queen-lanca-1a-musica-solo-em-20-anos-com-tributo-a-sonda-espacial-ouca-e-veja-analise-do-g1.ghtml">g1.globo.com/</a> <i>Brian May, do Queen, lança 1ª música solo em 20 anos com tributo a sonda espacial; ouça e veja análise do G1</i></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-38">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation journal">Hawking, S. W. (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://link.aps.org/doi/10.1103/PhysRevD.72.084013">«Information loss in black holes»</a>. <i>Physical Review D</i>. <b>72</b> (8). <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Serial_Number" title="International Standard Serial Number">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.worldcat.org/issn/1550-2368">1550-2368</a>. <a href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.1103%2Fphysrevd.72.084013">10.1103/physrevd.72.084013</a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fpt.wikipedia.org%3AStephen+Hawking&rft.atitle=Information+loss+in+black+holes&rft.aufirst=S.+W.&rft.aulast=Hawking&rft.date=2005&rft.genre=article&rft.issn=1550-2368&rft.issue=8&rft.jtitle=Physical+Review+D&rft.volume=72&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Flink.aps.org%2Fdoi%2F10.1103%2FPhysRevD.72.084013&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1103%2Fphysrevd.72.084013&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-39">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www1.folha.uol.com.br/ciencia/2015/02/1587163-para-fisicos-hawking-tem-agido-mais-como-astro-pop-do-que-como-cientista.shtml">«Para físicos, Hawking tem agido mais como astro pop do que como cientista»</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Folha_de_S.Paulo" title="Folha de S.Paulo">Folha de S.Paulo</a></i>. 9 de fevereiro de 2015<span class="reference-accessdate">. Consultado em 25 de junho de 2016</span></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fpt.wikipedia.org%3AStephen+Hawking&rft.atitle=Para+f%C3sicos%2C+Hawking+tem+agido+mais+como+astro+pop+do+que+como+cientista&rft.date=2015-02-09&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Folha+de+S.Paulo&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww1.folha.uol.com.br%2Fciencia%2F2015%2F02%2F1587163-para-fisicos-hawking-tem-agido-mais-como-astro-pop-do-que-como-cientista.shtml&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-40">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation news">Rees, Martin (14 de março de 2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nature.com/articles/d41586-018-02839-9">«Stephen Hawking (1942–2018)»</a> (em inglês). <a href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.1038%2Fd41586-018-02839-9">10.1038/d41586-018-02839-9</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Consultado em 15 de março de 2018</span></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fpt.wikipedia.org%3AStephen+Hawking&rft.atitle=Stephen+Hawking+%281942%932018%29&rft.aufirst=Martin&rft.aulast=Rees&rft.date=2018-03-14&rft.genre=article&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nature.com%2Farticles%2Fd41586-018-02839-9&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1038%2Fd41586-018-02839-9&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Guardian.Death-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-Guardian.Death_41-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation news">Penrose, Roger (14 de março de 2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/science/2018/mar/14/stephen-hawking-obituary">«<span style="padding-left:0.2em;">'</span>Mind over matter': Stephen Hawking»</a>. <i>The Guardian</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Consultado em 14 de março de 2018</span></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fpt.wikipedia.org%3AStephen+Hawking&rft.atitle=%27Mind+over+matter%27%3A+Stephen+Hawking&rft.aufirst=Roger&rft.aulast=Penrose&rft.date=2018-03-14&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Guardian&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theguardian.com%2Fscience%2F2018%2Fmar%2F14%2Fstephen-hawking-obituary&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-42">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web">Allen, Karma (14 de março de 2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://abcnews.go.com/International/award-winning-scientist-stephen-hawking-dies-76/story?id=53729818">«Stephen Hawking, author of 'A Brief History of Time,' dies at 76»</a>. <i>ABC News</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Consultado em 14 de março de 2018</span></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fpt.wikipedia.org%3AStephen+Hawking&rft.atitle=Stephen+Hawking%2C+author+of+%27A+Brief+History+of+Time%2C%27+dies+at+76&rft.aufirst=Karma&rft.aulast=Allen&rft.date=2018-03-14&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=ABC+News&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fabcnews.go.com%2FInternational%2Faward-winning-scientist-stephen-hawking-dies-76%2Fstory%3Fid%3D53729818&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-43">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation news">Barr, Robert. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.sfgate.com/world/article/Physicist-Stephen-Hawking-dies-after-living-with-12751523.php">«Physicist Stephen Hawking dies after living with ALS for 50-plus years»</a>. <i>SFGate</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Consultado em 14 de março de 2018</span></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fpt.wikipedia.org%3AStephen+Hawking&rft.atitle=Physicist+Stephen+Hawking+dies+after+living+with+ALS+for+50-plus+years&rft.aufirst=Robert&rft.aulast=Barr&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=SFGate&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.sfgate.com%2Fworld%2Farticle%2FPhysicist-Stephen-Hawking-dies-after-living-with-12751523.php&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-NYT-20180314do-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-NYT-20180314do_44-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation news"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Dennis_Overbye&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Dennis Overbye (página não existe)">Overbye, Dennis</a> (14 de março de 2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/2018/03/14/science/stephen-hawking-timeline.html">«Stephen Hawking's Beautiful Mind»</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_New_York_Times" title="The New York Times">The New York Times</a></i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Consultado em 15 de março de 2018</span></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fpt.wikipedia.org%3AStephen+Hawking&rft.atitle=Stephen+Hawking%99s+Beautiful+Mind&rft.aufirst=Dennis&rft.aulast=Overbye&rft.date=2018-03-14&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F2018%2F03%2F14%2Fscience%2Fstephen-hawking-timeline.html&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-NYT-20180314lm-45"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-NYT-20180314lm_45-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation news"><a href="/wiki/Leonard_Mlodinow" title="Leonard Mlodinow">Mlodinow, Leonard</a> (14 de março de 2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/2018/03/14/opinion/stephen-hawking-death-.html">«Stephen Hawking, Force of Nature»</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_New_York_Times" title="The New York Times">The New York Times</a></i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Consultado em 14 de março de 2018</span></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fpt.wikipedia.org%3AStephen+Hawking&rft.atitle=Stephen+Hawking%2C+Force+of+Nature&rft.aufirst=Leonard&rft.aulast=Mlodinow&rft.date=2018-03-14&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F2018%2F03%2F14%2Fopinion%2Fstephen-hawking-death-.html&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-46"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-46">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation news">Brown, Benjamin. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.foxnews.com/science/2018/03/14/world-reacts-to-stephen-hawkings-death-on-social-media.html">«<span style="padding-left:0.2em;">'</span>We lost a great one today': World reacts to Stephen Hawking's death on social media»</a>. <i>Fox News</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Consultado em 14 de março de 2018</span></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fpt.wikipedia.org%3AStephen+Hawking&rft.atitle=%27We+lost+a+great+one+today%27%3A+World+reacts+to+Stephen+Hawking%27s+death+on+social+media&rft.aufirst=Benjamin&rft.aulast=Brown&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Fox+News&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.foxnews.com%2Fscience%2F2018%2F03%2F14%2Fworld-reacts-to-stephen-hawkings-death-on-social-media.html&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-BBC-Memorials-47"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-BBC-Memorials_47-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation news"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.com/news/science-environment-43398187">«Stephen Hawking: Tributes pour in for 'inspirational' physicist»</a>. BBC News. 14 de março de 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. Consultado em 14 de março de 2018</span></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fpt.wikipedia.org%3AStephen+Hawking&rft.atitle=Stephen+Hawking%3A+Tributes+pour+in+for+%27inspirational%27+physicist&rft.date=2018-03-14&rft.genre=article&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.com%2Fnews%2Fscience-environment-43398187&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-48"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-48">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation news">Marsh, Sarah (14 de março de 2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/science/2018/mar/14/cambridge-students-pay-tribute-to-inspirational-hawking">«Cambridge colleagues pay tribute to 'inspirational' Hawking»</a>. <i>The Guardian</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Consultado em 14 de março de 2018</span></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fpt.wikipedia.org%3AStephen+Hawking&rft.atitle=Cambridge+colleagues+pay+tribute+to+%27inspirational%27+Hawking&rft.aufirst=Sarah&rft.aulast=Marsh&rft.date=2018-03-14&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Guardian&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theguardian.com%2Fscience%2F2018%2Fmar%2F14%2Fcambridge-students-pay-tribute-to-inspirational-hawking&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-49"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-49">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation news"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://home.bt.com/news/uk-news/queue-of-people-sign-book-of-condolence-at-stephen-hawkings-former-college-11364258015099">«Queue of people sign book of condolence at Stephen Hawking's former college»</a>. BT News. Press Association. 14 de março de 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. Consultado em 14 de março de 2018</span></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fpt.wikipedia.org%3AStephen+Hawking&rft.atitle=Queue+of+people+sign+book+of+condolence+at+Stephen+Hawking%99s+former+college&rft.date=2018-03-14&rft.genre=article&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fhome.bt.com%2Fnews%2Fuk-news%2Fqueue-of-people-sign-book-of-condolence-at-stephen-hawkings-former-college-11364258015099&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-NYT-20180314db2-50"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-NYT-20180314db2_50-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation news"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Dennis_Overbye&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Dennis Overbye (página não existe)">Overbye, Dennis</a> (15 de março de 2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/2018/03/14/science/stephen-hawking-life.html">«Stephen Hawking Taught Us a Lot About How to Live»</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_New_York_Times" title="The New York Times">The New York Times</a></i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Consultado em 15 de março de 2018</span></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fpt.wikipedia.org%3AStephen+Hawking&rft.atitle=Stephen+Hawking+Taught+Us+a+Lot+About+How+to+Live&rft.aufirst=Dennis&rft.aulast=Overbye&rft.date=2018-03-15&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F2018%2F03%2F14%2Fscience%2Fstephen-hawking-life.html&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELarsen200551-51"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELarsen200551_51-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFLarsen2005">Larsen 2005</a>, p. 51.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-52"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-52">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFLarsen2005" class="citation book">Larsen, Kristine (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=yL3RBMEI5OgC"><i>Stephen Hawking: a biography</i></a>. [S.l.: s.n.] <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Especial:Fontes_de_livros/978-0-313-32392-8" title="Especial:Fontes de livros/978-0-313-32392-8">978-0-313-32392-8</a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fpt.wikipedia.org%3AStephen+Hawking&rft.aufirst=Kristine&rft.aulast=Larsen&rft.btitle=Stephen+Hawking%3A+a+biography&rft.date=2005&rft.genre=book&rft.isbn=978-0-313-32392-8&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DyL3RBMEI5OgC&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-CNWS-20180331-53"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-CNWS-20180331_53-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation news">Elliott, Chris (31 de março de 2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cambridge-news.co.uk/news/cambridge-news/stephen-hawking-funeral-14479609">«The day Cambridge said goodbye to Stephen Hawking - one of our city's greatest ever academics»</a>. <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cambridge_News&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Cambridge News (página não existe)">Cambridge News</a></i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Consultado em 8 de abril de 2018</span></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fpt.wikipedia.org%3AStephen+Hawking&rft.atitle=The+day+Cambridge+said+goodbye+to+Stephen+Hawking+-+one+of+our+city%27s+greatest+ever+academics&rft.aufirst=Chris&rft.aulast=Elliott&rft.date=2018-03-31&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Cambridge+News&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cambridge-news.co.uk%2Fnews%2Fcambridge-news%2Fstephen-hawking-funeral-14479609&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-NYT-20180331-54"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-NYT-20180331_54-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation news"><a href="/wiki/The_Associated_Press" class="mw-redirect" title="The Associated Press">The Associated Press</a> (31 de março de 2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/2018/03/31/world/europe/stephen-hawking-funeral-eddie-redmayne.html">«At Stephen Hawking Funeral, Eddie Redmayne and Astronomer Royal Give Readings»</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_New_York_Times" title="The New York Times">The New York Times</a></i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Consultado em 8 de abril de 2018</span></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fpt.wikipedia.org%3AStephen+Hawking&rft.atitle=At+Stephen+Hawking+Funeral%2C+Eddie+Redmayne+and+Astronomer+Royal+Give+Readings&rft.au=The+Associated+Press&rft.date=2018-03-31&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F2018%2F03%2F31%2Fworld%2Feurope%2Fstephen-hawking-funeral-eddie-redmayne.html&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-BBC-20180331-55"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">↑ <sup><i><b><a href="#cite_ref-BBC-20180331_55-0">a</a></b></i></sup> <sup><i><b><a href="#cite_ref-BBC-20180331_55-1">b</a></b></i></sup></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-england-cambridgeshire-43582950">Prof Stephen Hawking funeral: Legacy 'will live forever'</a>. <a href="/wiki/BBC_News" title="BBC News">BBC News</a>. Publicado em 31 de março de 2018. Acessado em 8 de abril de 2018.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-HawkingWestminster-56"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-HawkingWestminster_56-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation news">Shirbon, Estelle (20 de março de 2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.reuters.com/article/us-britain-hawking-ashes/stephen-hawking-to-join-newton-darwin-in-final-resting-place-idUSKBN1GW2GV">«Stephen Hawking to Join Newton, Darwin in Final Resting Place»</a>. Londres: Reuters<span class="reference-accessdate">. Consultado em 8 de abril de 2018</span></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fpt.wikipedia.org%3AStephen+Hawking&rft.atitle=Stephen+Hawking+to+Join+Newton%2C+Darwin+in+Final+Resting+Place&rft.aufirst=Estelle&rft.aulast=Shirbon&rft.date=2018-03-20&rft.genre=article&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.reuters.com%2Farticle%2Fus-britain-hawking-ashes%2Fstephen-hawking-to-join-newton-darwin-in-final-resting-place-idUSKBN1GW2GV&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-57"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-57">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.westminster-abbey.org/press/news/2018/march/professor-stephen-hawking-to-be-honoured-at-the-abbey">Westminster Abbey » Professor Stephen Hawking to be honoured at the Abbey</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Highfield2002-58"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-Highfield2002_58-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFRoger_Highfield2002" class="citation"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Roger_Highfield&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Roger Highfield (página não existe)">Roger Highfield</a> (20 de fevereiro de 2002), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/science/science-news/4768008/A-simple-formula-that-will-make-a-fitting-epitaph.html">«A simple formula that will make a fitting epitaph»</a>, <i>Telegraph Media Group</i></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fpt.wikipedia.org%3AStephen+Hawking&rft.atitle=A+simple+formula+that+will+make+a+fitting+epitaph&rft.au=Roger+Highfield&rft.date=2002-02-20&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Telegraph+Media+Group&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.telegraph.co.uk%2Fnews%2Fscience%2Fscience-news%2F4768008%2FA-simple-formula-that-will-make-a-fitting-epitaph.html&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-59"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-59">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFClark2016" class="citation"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Stuart_Clark_(author)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Stuart Clark (author) (página não existe)">Clark, Stuart</a> (2016), <i>The Unknown Universe</i>, <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Especial:Fontes_de_livros/978-1-68177-153-3" title="Especial:Fontes de livros/978-1-68177-153-3">978-1-68177-153-3</a>, Pegasus, p. 281</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fpt.wikipedia.org%3AStephen+Hawking&rft.aufirst=Stuart&rft.aulast=Clark&rft.btitle=The+Unknown+Universe&rft.date=2016&rft.genre=book&rft.isbn=978-1-68177-153-3&rft.pages=281&rft.pub=Pegasus&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-SPON-60"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-SPON_60-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.spiegel.de/wissenschaft/mensch/stephen-hawking-in-westminster-abbey-in-london-beigesetzt-a-1213257.html">«Westminster Abbey. Stephen Hawking beigesetzt»</a>. <i>Spiegel.de</i>. 15 de junho de 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. Consultado em 8 de janeiro de 2021</span></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fpt.wikipedia.org%3AStephen+Hawking&rft.atitle=Westminster+Abbey.+Stephen+Hawking+beigesetzt&rft.date=2018-06-15&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Spiegel.de&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.spiegel.de%2Fwissenschaft%2Fmensch%2Fstephen-hawking-in-westminster-abbey-in-london-beigesetzt-a-1213257.html&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:1-61"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">↑ <sup><i><b><a href="#cite_ref-:1_61-0">a</a></b></i></sup> <sup><i><b><a href="#cite_ref-:1_61-1">b</a></b></i></sup></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web">Morris, Errol. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.errolmorris.com/film/bhot.html">«A Brief History of Time: Synopsis»</a> (em inglês). Errol Morris<span class="reference-accessdate">. Consultado em 7 de janeiro de 2019</span></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fpt.wikipedia.org%3AStephen+Hawking&rft.aufirst=Errol&rft.aulast=Morris&rft.btitle=A+Brief+History+of+Time%3A+Synopsis&rft.genre=unknown&rft.pub=Errol+Morris&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.errolmorris.com%2Ffilm%2Fbhot.html&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:2-62"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">↑ <sup><i><b><a href="#cite_ref-:2_62-0">a</a></b></i></sup> <sup><i><b><a href="#cite_ref-:2_62-1">b</a></b></i></sup></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.adorocinema.com/filmes/filme-215653/">«A História de Stephen Hawking»</a>. AdoroCinema<span class="reference-accessdate">. Consultado em 8 de janeiro de 2023</span></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fpt.wikipedia.org%3AStephen+Hawking&rft.btitle=A+Hist%C3%B3ria+de+Stephen+Hawking&rft.genre=unknown&rft.pub=AdoroCinema&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.adorocinema.com%2Ffilmes%2Ffilme-215653%2F&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-63"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-63">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web">Wollaston, Sam (9 de dezembro de 2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/tv-and-radio/2013/dec/09/stephen-hawking-brief-history-mine-tv-review">«Stephen Hawking: A Brief History of Mine – TV review»</a> (em inglês). The Guardian<span class="reference-accessdate">. Consultado em 7 de janeiro de 2019</span></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fpt.wikipedia.org%3AStephen+Hawking&rft.aufirst=Sam&rft.aulast=Wollaston&rft.btitle=Stephen+Hawking%3A+A+Brief+History+of+Mine+%93+TV+review&rft.date=2013-12-09&rft.genre=unknown&rft.pub=The+Guardian&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theguardian.com%2Ftv-and-radio%2F2013%2Fdec%2F09%2Fstephen-hawking-brief-history-mine-tv-review&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-64"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-64">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.adorocinema.com/filmes/filme-222221/">«A Teoria de Tudo»</a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fpt.wikipedia.org%3AStephen+Hawking&rft.btitle=A+Teoria+de+Tudo&rft.genre=unknown&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.adorocinema.com%2Ffilmes%2Ffilme-222221%2F&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-65"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-65">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.businessinsider.com/the-theory-of-everything-stephen-hawking-voice-2014-12">«Stephen Hawking Gave Filmmakers A Priceless Gift After Watching The New Movie About His Life»</a>. <i>Business Insider</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Consultado em 8 de janeiro de 2016</span></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fpt.wikipedia.org%3AStephen+Hawking&rft.atitle=Stephen+Hawking+Gave+Filmmakers+A+Priceless+Gift+After+Watching+The+New+Movie+About+His+Life&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Business+Insider&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.businessinsider.com%2Fthe-theory-of-everything-stephen-hawking-voice-2014-12&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-66"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-66">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.oscars.org/oscars/ceremonies/2015">«The 87th Academy Awards (2015)»</a>. <i>Academia de Artes e Ciências Cinematográficas</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Consultado em 28 de fevereiro de 2015</span></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fpt.wikipedia.org%3AStephen+Hawking&rft.atitle=The+87th+Academy+Awards+%282015%29&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Academia+de+Artes+e+Ci%C3%AAncias+Cinematogr%C3%A1ficas&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.oscars.org%2Foscars%2Fceremonies%2F2015&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-67"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-67">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nbcnews.com/science/space/im-atheist-stephen-hawking-god-space-travel-n210076">«<span style="padding-left:0.2em;">'</span>I'm an Atheist': Stephen Hawking on God and Space Travel»</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Consultado em 17 de julho de 2015</span></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fpt.wikipedia.org%3AStephen+Hawking&rft.btitle=%27I%27m+an+Atheist%27%3A+Stephen+Hawking+on+God+and+Space+Travel&rft.genre=unknown&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.nbcnews.com%2Fscience%2Fspace%2Fim-atheist-stephen-hawking-god-space-travel-n210076&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-68"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-68">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cnet.com/news/stephen-hawking-makes-it-clear-there-is-no-god/">«Stephen Hawking makes it clear: There is no God»</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Consultado em 17 de julho de 2015</span></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fpt.wikipedia.org%3AStephen+Hawking&rft.btitle=Stephen+Hawking+makes+it+clear%3A+There+is+no+God&rft.genre=unknown&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.cnet.com%2Fnews%2Fstephen-hawking-makes-it-clear-there-is-no-god%2F&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-69"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-69">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.celebatheists.com/wiki/Stephen_Hawking">«Celeb Atheist: Stephen Hawking»</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Consultado em 17 de julho de 2015</span></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fpt.wikipedia.org%3AStephen+Hawking&rft.btitle=Celeb+Atheist%3A+Stephen+Hawking&rft.genre=unknown&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.celebatheists.com%2Fwiki%2FStephen_Hawking&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-70"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-70">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Boyett, Jason. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://newsweek.washingtonpost.com/onfaith/guestvoices/2010/09/stephen_hawking_says_theres_no_creator_god_the_twitterverse_reacts.html">"Stephen Hawking says there's no creator God; the twitterverse reacts"</a>, <i><a href="/wiki/The_Washington_Post" title="The Washington Post">The Washington Post</a></i>, September 3, 2010, Retrieved April 25, 2011.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-71"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-71">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book">Giberson, Karl; Artigas, Mariano (2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=G6tCXfCWXj8C"><i>Oráculos de la ciencia: Científicos famosos contra Dios y la religión</i></a> (em espanhol). Madri: Encuentro. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Especial:Fontes_de_livros/9788499209920" title="Especial:Fontes de livros/9788499209920">9788499209920</a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fpt.wikipedia.org%3AStephen+Hawking&rft.au=Artigas%2C+Mariano&rft.aufirst=Karl&rft.aulast=Giberson&rft.btitle=Or%C3%A1culos+de+la+ciencia%3A+Cient%C3ficos+famosos+contra+Dios+y+la+religi%C3%B3n&rft.date=2012&rft.genre=book&rft.isbn=9788499209920&rft.place=Madri&rft.pub=Encuentro&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DG6tCXfCWXj8C&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-72"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-72">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/morning-mix/wp/2018/10/15/stephen-hawking-feared-race-of-superhumans-able-to-manipulate-their-own-dna/?noredirect=on&utm_term=.941b40992e15">«Stephen Hawking feared race of 'superhumans' able to manipulate their own DNA»</a>. Citação: "Se você quiser, pode chamar as leis de 'ciência de Deus', mas não seria um Deus pessoal que você encontraria e pudesse lhe colocar as questões". <i>Washington Post</i></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fpt.wikipedia.org%3AStephen+Hawking&rft.btitle=Stephen+Hawking+feared+race+of+%98superhumans%99+able+to+manipulate+their+own+DNA&rft.genre=unknown&rft.pub=%27%27Washington+Post%27%27&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.washingtonpost.com%2Fnews%2Fmorning-mix%2Fwp%2F2018%2F10%2F15%2Fstephen-hawking-feared-race-of-superhumans-able-to-manipulate-their-own-dna%2F%3Fnoredirect%3Don%26utm_term%3D.941b40992e15&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-73"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-73">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Embora tenha, por vezes, citado "Deus" em sentido metafórico e relativo como o faz Hawking — a exemplo na famosa frase "Deus não joga dados com o universo", oriunda dos acirrados debates que travou acerca dos fundamentos da mecânica quântica —, Einstein era agnóstico panteísta. Em uma carta recentemente leiloada pela <a href="/w/index.php?title=Casa_de_leil%C3%B5es_Bloomsbury_Auctions&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Casa de leilões Bloomsbury Auctions (página não existe)">casa de leilões Bloomsbury Auctions</a>, apresentou contundentes críticas aos sistemas religiosos historicamente estruturados. A conexão de sua admiração de Einstein com a crença em "Deus" foi sempre feita — em casos onde Einstein é apresentado como teísta — pelos próprios teístas, visando estes a embasar seus propósitos, nunca pelo próprio Einstein em si. Mais informações sobre a irreligiosidade e o agnosticismo de Einstein em <a href="https://pt.wikiquote.org/wiki/pt:Albert_Einstein#Deus_e_religi.C3.A3o" class="extiw" title="q:pt:Albert Einstein">Albert Einstein: Deus e religião</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-74"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-74">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.co.uk/portuguese/reporterbbc/story/2008/05/080513_einsteinreligiao_ba.shtml">«BBCBrasil.com | Reporter BBC | Carta que revela desdém de Einstein por religião vai a leilão»</a>. <i>www.bbc.co.uk</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Consultado em 8 de janeiro de 2016</span></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fpt.wikipedia.org%3AStephen+Hawking&rft.atitle=BBCBrasil.com+%26%23124%3B+Reporter+BBC+%26%23124%3B+Carta+que+revela+desd%C3%A9m+de+Einstein+por+religi%C3%A3o+vai+a+leil%C3%A3o&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.bbc.co.uk&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.co.uk%2Fportuguese%2Freporterbbc%2Fstory%2F2008%2F05%2F080513_einsteinreligiao_ba.shtml&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-75"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-75">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www1.folha.uol.com.br/folha/ciencia/ult306u402056.shtml">«www1.folha.uol.com.br/folha/ciencia/ult306u402056.shtml»</a>. <i>www1.folha.uol.com.br</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Consultado em 8 de janeiro de 2016</span></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fpt.wikipedia.org%3AStephen+Hawking&rft.atitle=www1.folha.uol.com.br%2Ffolha%2Fciencia%2Fult306u402056.shtml&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www1.folha.uol.com.br&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww1.folha.uol.com.br%2Ffolha%2Fciencia%2Fult306u402056.shtml&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-76"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-76">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web">Sample, Ian (15 de maio de 2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/science/2011/may/15/stephen-hawking-interview-there-is-no-heaven">«Stephen Hawking: 'There is no heaven; it's a fairy story<span style="padding-right:0.2em;">'</span>»</a> (em inglês). The Guardian<span class="reference-accessdate">. Consultado em 7 de janeiro de 2019</span></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fpt.wikipedia.org%3AStephen+Hawking&rft.aufirst=Ian&rft.aulast=Sample&rft.btitle=Stephen+Hawking%3A+%27There+is+no+heaven%3B+it%27s+a+fairy+story%27&rft.date=2011-05-15&rft.genre=unknown&rft.pub=The+Guardian&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theguardian.com%2Fscience%2F2011%2Fmay%2F15%2Fstephen-hawking-interview-there-is-no-heaven&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-77"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-77">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://noticias.terra.com.br/ciencia/noticias/0,,OI4656234-EI301,00-Stephen+Hawking+Deus+nao+tem+mais+lugar+na+criacao+do+universo.html">«Terra notícias»</a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fpt.wikipedia.org%3AStephen+Hawking&rft.btitle=Terra+not%C3cias&rft.genre=unknown&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnoticias.terra.com.br%2Fciencia%2Fnoticias%2F0%2C%2COI4656234-EI301%2C00-Stephen%2BHawking%2BDeus%2Bnao%2Btem%2Bmais%2Blugar%2Bna%2Bcriacao%2Bdo%2Buniverso.html&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span> <i>(página da notícia visitada em 02/09/2010)</i></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-78"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-78">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://edition.cnn.com/2018/10/16/health/stephen-hawking-final-book-intl/index.html">«There is no GOD»</a>. CNN</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fpt.wikipedia.org%3AStephen+Hawking&rft.btitle=There+is+no+GOD&rft.genre=unknown&rft.pub=CNN&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fedition.cnn.com%2F2018%2F10%2F16%2Fhealth%2Fstephen-hawking-final-book-intl%2Findex.html&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-79"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-79">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.hawking.org.uk/books.html">«Books»</a> (em inglês). Stephen Hawking Official Website<span class="reference-accessdate">. Consultado em 7 de janeiro de 2019</span></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fpt.wikipedia.org%3AStephen+Hawking&rft.btitle=Books&rft.genre=unknown&rft.pub=Stephen+Hawking+Official+Website&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.hawking.org.uk%2Fbooks.html&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-80"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-80">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web">Chamberlin, Alan. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ssd.jpl.nasa.gov/sbdb.cgi?sstr=7672">«JPL Small-Body Database Browser»</a>. <i>ssd.jpl.nasa.gov</i></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fpt.wikipedia.org%3AStephen+Hawking&rft.atitle=JPL+Small-Body+Database+Browser&rft.aufirst=Alan&rft.aulast=Chamberlin&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=ssd.jpl.nasa.gov&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fssd.jpl.nasa.gov%2Fsbdb.cgi%3Fsstr%3D7672&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-81"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-81">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://www.hodder.co.uk/books/detail.page?isbn=9781473695986">https://www.hodder.co.uk/books/detail.page?isbn=9781473695986</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-82"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-82">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/science/nature/6594821.stm">«Hawking takes zero-gravity flight»</a>. BBC News (em inglês). 27 de abril de 2007<span class="reference-accessdate">. Consultado em 21 de janeiro de 2020</span></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fpt.wikipedia.org%3AStephen+Hawking&rft.btitle=Hawking+takes+zero-gravity+flight&rft.date=2007-04-27&rft.genre=unknown&rft.pub=BBC+News+%28em+ingl%C3%AAs%29&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnews.bbc.co.uk%2F2%2Fhi%2Fscience%2Fnature%2F6594821.stm&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-83"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-83">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.aps.org/programs/honors/prizes/lilienfeld.cfm">«Julius Edgar Lilienfeld Prize»</a>. American Physical Society<span class="reference-accessdate">. Consultado em 7 de janeiro de 2019</span></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fpt.wikipedia.org%3AStephen+Hawking&rft.btitle=Julius+Edgar+Lilienfeld+Prize&rft.genre=unknown&rft.pub=American+Physical+Society&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.aps.org%2Fprograms%2Fhonors%2Fprizes%2Flilienfeld.cfm&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-84"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-84">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cam.ac.uk/news/oldest-space-travelled-science-prize-awarded-to-hawking">«Oldest, space-travelled, science prize awarded to Hawking»</a> (em inglês). University of Cambridge. 24 de agosto de 2006<span class="reference-accessdate">. Consultado em 7 de janeiro de 2019</span></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fpt.wikipedia.org%3AStephen+Hawking&rft.btitle=Oldest%2C+space-travelled%2C+science+prize+awarded+to+Hawking&rft.date=2006-08-24&rft.genre=unknown&rft.pub=University+of+Cambridge&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cam.ac.uk%2Fnews%2Foldest-space-travelled-science-prize-awarded-to-hawking&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-85"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-85">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web">MacAskill, Ewen (13 de agosto de 2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/world/2009/aug/13/obama-hawking-medal-freedom">«Obama presents presidential medal of freedom to 16 recipients»</a> (em inglês). The Guardian<span class="reference-accessdate">. Consultado em 7 de janeiro de 2019</span></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fpt.wikipedia.org%3AStephen+Hawking&rft.aufirst=Ewen&rft.aulast=MacAskill&rft.btitle=Obama+presents+presidential+medal+of+freedom+to+16+recipients&rft.date=2009-08-13&rft.genre=unknown&rft.pub=The+Guardian&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theguardian.com%2Fworld%2F2009%2Faug%2F13%2Fobama-hawking-medal-freedom&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-86"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-86">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://breakthroughprize.org/News/11">«2013 Fundamental Physics Prize Awarded To Alexander Polyakov»</a> (em inglês). Breakthrough Prize. 21 de março de 2013<span class="reference-accessdate">. Consultado em 7 de janeiro de 2019</span></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fpt.wikipedia.org%3AStephen+Hawking&rft.btitle=2013+Fundamental+Physics+Prize+Awarded+To+Alexander+Polyakov&rft.date=2013-03-21&rft.genre=unknown&rft.pub=Breakthrough+Prize&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbreakthroughprize.org%2FNews%2F11&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-87"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-87">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.elmundo.es/ciencia/2016/06/21/57690607e5fdea9b5a8b456c.html">Stephen Hawking, Profesor Honorario en Canarias</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-88"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-88">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.lavanguardia.com/local/canarias/20180314/441516556241/director-del-iac-recuerda-a-brillante-cientifico-y-a-un-luchador-por-la-vida.html">Director del IAC recuerda a brillante científico y a un luchador por la vida</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-89"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-89">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation journal">Silva, Saura Rodrigues; Płachno, Bartosz Jan; Carvalho, Samanta Gabriela Medeiros; Miranda, Vitor Fernandes Oliveira (15 de janeiro de 2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://journals.plos.org/plosone/article?id=10.1371/journal.pone.0226337">«Genlisea hawkingii (Lentibulariaceae), a new species from Serra da Canastra, Minas Gerais, Brazil»</a>. <i>PLOS ONE</i> (em inglês). <b>15</b> (1): e0226337. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Serial_Number" title="International Standard Serial Number">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.worldcat.org/issn/1932-6203">1932-6203</a>. <a href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.1371%2Fjournal.pone.0226337">10.1371/journal.pone.0226337</a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fpt.wikipedia.org%3AStephen+Hawking&rft.atitle=Genlisea+hawkingii+%28Lentibulariaceae%29%2C+a+new+species+from+Serra+da+Canastra%2C+Minas+Gerais%2C+Brazil&rft.au=Carvalho%2C+Samanta+Gabriela+Medeiros&rft.au=Miranda%2C+Vitor+Fernandes+Oliveira&rft.au=P%C5%82achno%2C+Bartosz+Jan&rft.aufirst=Saura+Rodrigues&rft.aulast=Silva&rft.date=2020-01-15&rft.genre=article&rft.issn=1932-6203&rft.issue=1&rft.jtitle=PLOS+ONE&rft.pages=e0226337&rft.volume=15&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fjournals.plos.org%2Fplosone%2Farticle%3Fid%3D10.1371%2Fjournal.pone.0226337&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1371%2Fjournal.pone.0226337&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Ligações_externas"><span id="Liga.C3.A7.C3.B5es_externas"></span>Ligações externas</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Stephen_Hawking&veaction=edit&section=13" title="Editar secção: Ligações externas" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>editar</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Stephen_Hawking&action=edit&section=13" title="Editar código-fonte da secção: Ligações externas"><span>editar código-fonte</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <table class="infobox noprint" style="width:250px; line-height:2.2em; font-size:90%"> <tbody><tr style="line-height:1.3em"> <td colspan="2" style="text-align: center;">Outros projetos <a href="/wiki/Wikimedia" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikimedia">Wikimedia</a> também contêm material sobre <b>Stephen Hawking</b>: </td></tr> <tr> <th><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="https://pt.wikiquote.org/wiki/Special:Search/Stephen_Hawking" title="Wikiquote"><img alt="Wikiquote" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/21px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="21" height="25" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/32px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/42px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="355" /></a></span> </th> <td><a href="https://pt.wikiquote.org/wiki/Special:Search/Stephen_Hawking" class="extiw" title="q:Special:Search/Stephen Hawking"><span title="Procurar por citações no Wikiquote"><b>Citações</b></span></a> no <a href="https://pt.wikiquote.org/wiki/P%C3%A1gina_principal" class="extiw" title="q:Página principal"><span title="Wikiquote">Wikiquote</span></a> </td></tr> <tr> <th><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:Search/Category:Stephen_Hawking" title="Commons"><img alt="Commons" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/21px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="21" height="28" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/32px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/42px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></a></span> </th> <td><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:Search/Category:Stephen_Hawking" class="extiw" title="commons:Special:Search/Category:Stephen Hawking"><span title="Procurar pelas categorias no Commons"><b>Categoria</b></span></a> no <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/P%C3%A1gina_principal" class="extiw" title="commons:Página principal"><span title="Commons">Commons</span></a> </td></tr> <tr> <th><span class="mw-valign-middle" typeof="mw:File"><a href="https://pt.wikinews.org/wiki/Special:Search/Categoria:Stephen_Hawking" title="Wikinotícias"><img alt="Wikinotícias" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Wikinews-logo.svg/21px-Wikinews-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="21" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Wikinews-logo.svg/32px-Wikinews-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Wikinews-logo.svg/42px-Wikinews-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="759" data-file-height="415" /></a></span> </th> <td><a href="https://pt.wikinews.org/wiki/Special:Search/Categoria:Stephen_Hawking" class="extiw" title="n:Special:Search/Categoria:Stephen Hawking"><span title="Procurar pela categoria no Wikinotícias"><b>Categoria</b></span></a> no <a href="https://pt.wikinews.org/wiki/P%C3%A1gina_principal" class="extiw" title="n:Página principal"><span title="Wikinotícias">Wikinotícias</span></a> </td></tr> <tr> <th><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:Search/Q17714" title="Wikidata"><img alt="Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Wikidata-logo.svg/21px-Wikidata-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="21" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Wikidata-logo.svg/32px-Wikidata-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Wikidata-logo.svg/42px-Wikidata-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1050" data-file-height="590" /></a></span> </th> <td><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:Search/Q17714" class="extiw" title="d:Special:Search/Q17714"><span title="Base de dados no Wikidata"><b>Base de dados</b></span></a> no <a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/P%C3%A1gina_principal" class="extiw" title="d:Página principal"><span title="Wikidata">Wikidata</span></a> </td></tr> </tbody></table><div id="interProject" style="display:none;"> <ul><li><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:Search/Category:Stephen_Hawking" class="extiw" title="commons:Special:Search/Category:Stephen Hawking"><span title="Commons (categoria)">Commons</span></a></li> <li><a href="https://pt.wikiquote.org/wiki/Special:Search/Stephen_Hawking" class="extiw" title="q:Special:Search/Stephen Hawking"><span title="Wikiquote">Wikiquote</span></a></li> <li><a href="https://pt.wikinews.org/wiki/Special:Search/Categoria:Stephen_Hawking" class="extiw" title="n:Special:Search/Categoria:Stephen Hawking"><span title="Wikinotícias (categoria)">Wikinotícias</span></a></li></ul> </div> <ul><li><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.hawking.org.uk/">«Página oficial»</a> (em inglês)</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fpt.wikipedia.org%3AStephen+Hawking&rft.btitle=P%C3%A1gina+oficial&rft.genre=unknown&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.hawking.org.uk%2F&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></li> <li><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.vatican.va/roman_curia/pontifical_academies/acdscien/own/documents/hawking.html">«Hawking no sítio da Pontifícia Academia das Ciências»</a> (em inglês)</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fpt.wikipedia.org%3AStephen+Hawking&rft.btitle=Hawking+no+s%C3tio+da+Pontif%C3cia+Academia+das+Ci%C3%AAncias&rft.genre=unknown&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.vatican.va%2Froman_curia%2Fpontifical_academies%2Facdscien%2Fown%2Fdocuments%2Fhawking.html&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070124114215/http://www.duplipensar.net/artigos/2007s1/turista-espacial-stephen-hawking-em-2009.html">Artigo "O turista espacial"</a></li> <li><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.imdb.com/name/nm0370071/">«Participações de Stephen Hawking em Filmes e Séries, pelo IMDB»</a> (em inglês)</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fpt.wikipedia.org%3AStephen+Hawking&rft.btitle=Participa%C3%A7%C3%B5es+de+Stephen+Hawking+em+Filmes+e+S%C3%A9ries%2C+pelo+IMDB&rft.genre=unknown&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.imdb.com%2Fname%2Fnm0370071%2F&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></li></ul> <div style="clear:both;"></div> <p>  </p><table class="toccolours" style="border-collapse: collapse; margin:0 auto; font-size: 90%;"> <tbody><tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="padding: 4px; border:1px solid gray; width: 30%;"> Precedido por<br /><b><a href="/wiki/Richard_Dalitz" title="Richard Dalitz">Richard Dalitz</a></b></td> <td style="padding: 4px; border:1px solid gray; width: 30%;"> <b><a href="/wiki/Medalha_Hughes" title="Medalha Hughes">Medalha Hughes</a></b><br />1976</td> <td style="padding: 4px; border:1px solid gray; width: 30%;"> Sucedido por<br /><b><a href="/wiki/Antony_Hewish" title="Antony Hewish">Antony Hewish</a></b></td></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="padding: 4px; border:1px solid gray; width: 30%;"> Precedido por<br /><b><a href="/wiki/Ludvig_Faddeev" title="Ludvig Faddeev">Ludvig Faddeev</a></b></td> <td style="padding: 4px; border:1px solid gray; width: 30%;"> <b><a href="/wiki/Pr%C3%AAmio_Dannie_Heineman_de_F%C3%ADsica_Matem%C3%A1tica" title="Prêmio Dannie Heineman de Física Matemática">Prêmio Dannie Heineman de<br />Física Matemática</a></b><br />1976</td> <td style="padding: 4px; border:1px solid gray; width: 30%;"> Sucedido por<br /><b><a href="/wiki/Steven_Weinberg" title="Steven Weinberg">Steven Weinberg</a></b></td></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="padding: 4px; border:1px solid gray; width: 30%;"> Precedido por<br /><b>—</b></td> <td style="padding: 4px; border:1px solid gray; width: 30%;"> <b><a href="/wiki/Medalha_Albert_Einstein" title="Medalha Albert Einstein">Medalha Albert Einstein</a></b><br />1979</td> <td style="padding: 4px; border:1px solid gray; width: 30%;"> Sucedido por<br /><b><a href="/wiki/Friedrich_Traugott_Wahlen" title="Friedrich Traugott Wahlen">Friedrich Traugott Wahlen</a></b></td></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="padding: 4px; border:1px solid gray; width: 30%;"> Precedido por<br /><b><a href="/wiki/Michael_James_Lighthill" title="Michael James Lighthill">Michael James Lighthill</a></b></td> <td style="padding: 4px; border:1px solid gray; width: 30%;"> <b><a href="/wiki/Professor_lucasiano" title="Professor lucasiano">Professor lucasiano</a></b><br />1980 – 2009</td> <td style="padding: 4px; border:1px solid gray; width: 30%;"> Sucedido por<br /><b><a href="/wiki/Michael_Green" title="Michael Green">Michael Green</a></b></td></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="padding: 4px; border:1px solid gray; width: 30%;"> Precedido por<br /><b><a href="/wiki/Avram_Goldstein" title="Avram Goldstein">Avram Goldstein</a> e <a href="/wiki/Lyman_Spitzer" title="Lyman Spitzer">Lyman Spitzer</a></b></td> <td style="padding: 4px; border:1px solid gray; width: 30%;"> <b><a href="/wiki/Medalha_Franklin" title="Medalha Franklin">Medalha Franklin</a></b><br />1981</td> <td style="padding: 4px; border:1px solid gray; width: 30%;"> Sucedido por<br /><b><a href="/wiki/C%C3%A9sar_Milstein" title="César Milstein">César Milstein</a> e <a href="/wiki/Kenneth_Wilson" title="Kenneth Wilson">Kenneth Wilson</a></b></td></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="padding: 4px; border:1px solid gray; width: 30%;"> Precedido por<br /><b><a href="/wiki/Keith_Runcorn" title="Keith Runcorn">Keith Runcorn</a> e <a href="/wiki/Jakov_Seldovich" title="Jakov Seldovich">Jakov Seldovich</a></b></td> <td style="padding: 4px; border:1px solid gray; width: 30%;"> <b><a href="/wiki/Medalha_de_Ouro_da_Royal_Astronomical_Society" title="Medalha de Ouro da Royal Astronomical Society">Medalha de Ouro da Royal<br />Astronomical Society</a></b><br />1985<br />com <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Gold" title="Thomas Gold">Thomas Gold</a></td> <td style="padding: 4px; border:1px solid gray; width: 30%;"> Sucedido por<br /><b><a href="/wiki/George_Edward_Backus" title="George Edward Backus">George Edward Backus</a> e <a href="/wiki/Alexander_Dalgarno" title="Alexander Dalgarno">Alexander Dalgarno</a></b></td></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="padding: 4px; border:1px solid gray; width: 30%;"> Precedido por<br /><b><a href="/wiki/Herbert_Friedman" title="Herbert Friedman">Herbert Friedman</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bruno_Rossi" title="Bruno Rossi">Bruno Rossi</a><br />e <a href="/wiki/Riccardo_Giacconi" title="Riccardo Giacconi">Riccardo Giacconi</a></b></td> <td style="padding: 4px; border:1px solid gray; width: 30%;"> <b><a href="/wiki/Pr%C3%AAmio_Wolf_de_F%C3%ADsica" title="Prêmio Wolf de Física">Prêmio Wolf de Física</a></b><br />1988<br />com <a href="/wiki/Roger_Penrose" title="Roger Penrose">Roger Penrose</a></td> <td style="padding: 4px; border:1px solid gray; width: 30%;"> Sucedido por<br /><b><a href="/wiki/Pierre-Gilles_de_Gennes" title="Pierre-Gilles de Gennes">Pierre-Gilles de Gennes</a> e <a href="/wiki/David_Thouless" title="David Thouless">David Thouless</a></b></td></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="padding: 4px; border:1px solid gray; width: 30%;"> Precedido por<br /><b><a href="/wiki/Paul_Nurse" title="Paul Nurse">Paul Nurse</a></b></td> <td style="padding: 4px; border:1px solid gray; width: 30%;"> <b><a href="/wiki/Medalha_Copley" title="Medalha Copley">Medalha Copley</a></b><br />2006</td> <td style="padding: 4px; border:1px solid gray; width: 30%;"> Sucedido por<br /><b><a href="/wiki/Robert_May" title="Robert May">Robert May</a></b></td></tr> </tbody></table> <div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Stephen_Hawking" style="background:transparent;;padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background:#ccccff"><div id="Stephen_Hawking" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Stephen Hawking</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0px;padding:0px; font-size:114%;"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Stephen_Hawking" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><div class="plainlinks hlist navbar mini"><ul><li class="nv-ver"><a href="/wiki/Predefini%C3%A7%C3%A3o:Stephen_Hawking" title="Predefinição:Stephen Hawking"><abbr title="Ver esta predefinição" style=";;background:none transparent;border:none;-moz-box-shadow:none;-webkit-box-shadow:none;box-shadow:none; padding:0;">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-discutir"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Predefini%C3%A7%C3%A3o_Discuss%C3%A3o:Stephen_Hawking&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Predefinição Discussão:Stephen Hawking (página não existe)"><abbr title="Discutir esta predefinição" style=";;background:none transparent;border:none;-moz-box-shadow:none;-webkit-box-shadow:none;box-shadow:none; padding:0;">d</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-editar"><a class="external text" href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Predefini%C3%A7%C3%A3o:Stephen_Hawking&action=edit"><abbr title="Editar esta predefinição" style=";;background:none transparent;border:none;-moz-box-shadow:none;-webkit-box-shadow:none;box-shadow:none; padding:0;">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Stephen_Hawking" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Stephen Hawking</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Física</th><td class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Radia%C3%A7%C3%A3o_Hawking" title="Radiação Hawking">Radiação Hawking</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Termodin%C3%A2mica_do_buraco_negro" title="Termodinâmica do buraco negro">Termodinâmica do buraco negro</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gibbons%E2%80%93Hawking_ansatz&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Gibbons–Hawking ansatz (página não existe)">Gibbons–Hawking ansatz</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Efeito_Gibbons%E2%80%93Hawking&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Efeito Gibbons–Hawking (página não existe)">Efeito Gibbons–Hawking</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Espa%C3%A7o_de_Gibbons%E2%80%93Hawking&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Espaço de Gibbons–Hawking (página não existe)">Espaço de Gibbons–Hawking</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Termo_de_Fronteira_de_Gibbons%E2%80%93Hawking%E2%80%93York&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Termo de Fronteira de Gibbons–Hawking–York (página não existe)">Termo de Fronteira de Gibbons–Hawking–York</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Estado_de_Hartle%E2%80%93Hawking&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Estado de Hartle–Hawking (página não existe)">Estado de Hartle–Hawking</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="navbox-image" rowspan="5" style="width:1px;padding:0px 0px 0px 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Ficheiro:Stephen_Hawking.StarChild.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/eb/Stephen_Hawking.StarChild.jpg/120px-Stephen_Hawking.StarChild.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="172" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/eb/Stephen_Hawking.StarChild.jpg/180px-Stephen_Hawking.StarChild.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/eb/Stephen_Hawking.StarChild.jpg/240px-Stephen_Hawking.StarChild.jpg 2x" data-file-width="250" data-file-height="359" /></a></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Livros</th><td class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Ciência</th><td class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=The_Large_Scale_Structure_of_Space-Time&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="The Large Scale Structure of Space-Time (página não existe)">The Large Scale Structure of Space-Time</a></i> (1973)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Uma_Breve_Hist%C3%B3ria_do_Tempo" title="Uma Breve História do Tempo">Uma Breve História do Tempo</a></i> (1988)</li> <li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Black_Holes_and_Baby_Universes_and_Other_Essays&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Black Holes and Baby Universes and Other Essays (página não existe)">Black Holes and Baby Universes and Other Essays</a></i> (1993)</li> <li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=The_Nature_of_Space_and_Time&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="The Nature of Space and Time (página não existe)">The Nature of Space and Time</a></i> (1996)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/O_Universo_numa_Casca_de_Noz" title="O Universo numa Casca de Noz">O Universo numa Casca de Noz</a></i> (2001)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/On_the_Shoulders_of_Giants:_The_Great_Works_of_Physics_and_Astronomy" title="On the Shoulders of Giants: The Great Works of Physics and Astronomy">On the Shoulders of Giants: The Great Works of Physics and Astronomy</a></i> (2002)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Brev%C3%ADssima_Hist%C3%B3ria_do_Tempo" title="Brevíssima História do Tempo">Brevíssima História do Tempo</a></i> (2005)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/God_Created_the_Integers" title="God Created the Integers">God Created the Integers</a></i> (2005)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/O_Grande_Projeto" class="mw-redirect" title="O Grande Projeto">O Grande Projeto</a></i> (2010)</li> <li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=The_Dreams_That_Stuff_Is_Made_of:_The_Most_Astounding_Papers_of_Quantum_Physics_and_How_They_Shook_the_Scientific_World&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="The Dreams That Stuff Is Made of: The Most Astounding Papers of Quantum Physics and How They Shook the Scientific World (página não existe)">The Dreams That Stuff Is Made of</a></i> (2011)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Ficção</th><td class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/George_e_o_Segredo_do_Universo" title="George e o Segredo do Universo">George e o Segredo do Universo</a></i> (2007)</li> <li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=George%27s_Cosmic_Treasure_Hunt&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="George's Cosmic Treasure Hunt (página não existe)">George's Cosmic Treasure Hunt</a></i> (2009)</li> <li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=George_and_the_Big_Bang&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="George and the Big Bang (página não existe)">George and the Big Bang</a></i> (2011)</li> <li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=George_and_the_Unbreakable_Code&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="George and the Unbreakable Code (página não existe)">George and the Unbreakable Code</a></i> (2014)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Filmes</th><td class="navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/A_Brief_History_of_Time" title="A Brief History of Time">A Brief History of Time</a></i> (1991)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Hawking_(telefilme)" title="Hawking (telefilme)">Hawking</a></i> (2004)</li> <li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hawking_(filme_de_2013)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Hawking (filme de 2013) (página não existe)">Hawking</a></i> (2013)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/A_Teoria_de_Tudo" title="A Teoria de Tudo">A Teoria de Tudo</a></i> (2014)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Família</th><td class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jane_Hawking" title="Jane Hawking">Jane Wilde Hawking</a> <small>(primeira mulher)</small></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lucy_Hawking" title="Lucy Hawking">Lucy Hawking</a> <small>(filha)</small></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Outros</th><td class="navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Paradoxo_da_informa%C3%A7%C3%A3o_em_buracos_negros" title="Paradoxo da informação em buracos negros">Paradoxo da informação em buracos negros</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Medalha_Eddington" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks collapsible collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div class="plainlinks hlist navbar mini"><ul><li class="nv-ver"><a href="/wiki/Predefini%C3%A7%C3%A3o:Medalha_Eddington" title="Predefinição:Medalha Eddington"><abbr title="Ver esta predefinição" style=";;background:none transparent;border:none;-moz-box-shadow:none;-webkit-box-shadow:none;box-shadow:none; padding:0;">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-discutir"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Predefini%C3%A7%C3%A3o_Discuss%C3%A3o:Medalha_Eddington&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Predefinição Discussão:Medalha Eddington (página não existe)"><abbr title="Discutir esta predefinição" style=";;background:none transparent;border:none;-moz-box-shadow:none;-webkit-box-shadow:none;box-shadow:none; padding:0;">d</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-editar"><a class="external text" href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Predefini%C3%A7%C3%A3o:Medalha_Eddington&action=edit"><abbr title="Editar esta predefinição" style=";;background:none transparent;border:none;-moz-box-shadow:none;-webkit-box-shadow:none;box-shadow:none; padding:0;">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Medalha_Eddington" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Medalha_Eddington" title="Medalha Eddington">Medalha Eddington</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <span style="white-space:nowrap">1953: <a href="/wiki/Georges_Lema%C3%AEtre" title="Georges Lemaître">Georges Lemaître</a> <b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space:nowrap">1955: <a href="/wiki/Hendrik_Christoffel_van_de_Hulst" title="Hendrik Christoffel van de Hulst">Hendrik Christoffel van de Hulst</a> <b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space:nowrap">1958: <a href="/wiki/Horace_Welcome_Babcock" title="Horace Welcome Babcock">Horace Welcome Babcock</a> <b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space:nowrap">1959: <a href="/wiki/James_Stanley_Hey" title="James Stanley Hey">James Stanley Hey</a> <b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space:nowrap">1960: <a href="/wiki/Robert_d%27Escourt_Atkinson" title="Robert d'Escourt Atkinson">Robert d'Escourt Atkinson</a> <b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space:nowrap">1961: <a href="/wiki/Hans_Bethe" title="Hans Bethe">Hans Bethe</a> <b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space:nowrap">1962: <a href="/wiki/Andr%C3%A9_Lallemand" title="André Lallemand">André Lallemand</a> <b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space:nowrap">1963: <a href="/wiki/Allan_Rex_Sandage" title="Allan Rex Sandage">Allan Rex Sandage</a>, <a href="/wiki/Martin_Schwarzschild" title="Martin Schwarzschild">Martin Schwarzschild</a> <b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space:nowrap">1964: <a href="/wiki/Herbert_Friedman" title="Herbert Friedman">Herbert Friedman</a>, <a href="/wiki/Richard_Tousey" title="Richard Tousey">Richard Tousey</a> <b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space:nowrap">1965: <a href="/wiki/Robert_Pound" title="Robert Pound">Robert Pound</a>, <a href="/wiki/Glen_Rebka" title="Glen Rebka">Glen Rebka</a> <b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space:nowrap">1966: <a href="/wiki/Rupert_Wildt" title="Rupert Wildt">Rupert Wildt</a> <b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space:nowrap">1967: <a href="/wiki/Robert_Frederick_Christy" title="Robert Frederick Christy">Robert Frederick Christy</a> <b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space:nowrap">1968: <a href="/wiki/Robert_Hanbury_Brown" title="Robert Hanbury Brown">Robert Hanbury Brown</a>, <a href="/wiki/Richard_Twiss" title="Richard Twiss">Richard Twiss</a> <b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space:nowrap">1969: <a href="/wiki/Antony_Hewish" title="Antony Hewish">Antony Hewish</a> <b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space:nowrap">1970: <a href="/wiki/Chushiro_Hayashi" title="Chushiro Hayashi">Chushiro Hayashi</a> <b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space:nowrap">1971: <a href="/wiki/Desmond_King-Hele" title="Desmond King-Hele">Desmond King-Hele</a> <b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space:nowrap">1972: <a href="/wiki/Paul_Ledoux" title="Paul Ledoux">Paul Ledoux</a> <b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space:nowrap">1975: <a class="mw-selflink selflink">Stephen Hawking</a>, <a href="/wiki/Roger_Penrose" title="Roger Penrose">Roger Penrose</a> <b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space:nowrap">1978: <a href="/wiki/William_Alfred_Fowler" title="William Alfred Fowler">William Alfred Fowler</a> <b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space:nowrap">1981: <a href="/wiki/James_Peebles" title="James Peebles">James Peebles</a> <b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space:nowrap">1984: <a href="/wiki/Donald_Lynden-Bell" title="Donald Lynden-Bell">Donald Lynden-Bell</a> <b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space:nowrap">1987: <a href="/wiki/Bohdan_Paczy%C5%84ski" title="Bohdan Paczyński">Bohdan Paczyński</a> <b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space:nowrap">1990: <a href="/wiki/Icko_Iben" title="Icko Iben">Icko Iben</a> <b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space:nowrap">1993: <a href="/wiki/Leon_Mestel" title="Leon Mestel">Leon Mestel</a> <b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space:nowrap">1996: <a href="/wiki/Alan_Guth" title="Alan Guth">Alan Guth</a> <b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space:nowrap">1999: <a href="/wiki/Roger_Blandford" title="Roger Blandford">Roger Blandford</a> <b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space:nowrap">2002: <a href="/wiki/Douglas_Gough" title="Douglas Gough">Douglas Gough</a> <b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space:nowrap">2005: <a href="/wiki/Rudolf_Kippenhahn" title="Rudolf Kippenhahn">Rudolf Kippenhahn</a> <b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space:nowrap">2007: <a href="/wiki/Igor_Novikov" title="Igor Novikov">Igor Novikov</a> <b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space:nowrap">2009: <a href="/wiki/James_Pringle" title="James Pringle">James Pringle</a> <b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space:nowrap">2011: <a href="/wiki/Gilles_Chabrier" title="Gilles Chabrier">Gilles Chabrier</a> <b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space:nowrap">2013: <a href="/wiki/James_Binney" title="James Binney">James Binney</a> <b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space:nowrap">2014: <a href="/w/index.php?title=Andrew_Robert_King&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Andrew Robert King (página não existe)">Andrew Robert King</a> <b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space:nowrap">2015: <a href="/wiki/Rashid_Sunyaev" title="Rashid Sunyaev">Rashid Sunyaev</a> <b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space:nowrap">2016: <a href="/wiki/Tony_Bell" title="Tony Bell">Tony Bell</a> <b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space:nowrap">2017: <a href="/w/index.php?title=Cathie_Clarke&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Cathie Clarke (página não existe)">Cathie Clarke</a> <b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space:nowrap">2018: <a href="/w/index.php?title=Claudia_Maraston&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Claudia Maraston (página não existe)">Claudia Maraston</a> <b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space:nowrap">2019: <a href="/wiki/Bernard_Schutz" title="Bernard Schutz">Bernard Schutz</a> <b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space:nowrap">2020: <a href="/wiki/Steven_Balbus" title="Steven Balbus">Steven Balbus</a> <b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space:nowrap">2021: <a href="/wiki/Hiranya_Peiris" title="Hiranya Peiris">Hiranya Peiris</a></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Medalha_Hughes_(1902_—_2020)" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks collapsible collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div class="plainlinks hlist navbar mini"><ul><li class="nv-ver"><a href="/wiki/Predefini%C3%A7%C3%A3o:Medalha_Hughes" title="Predefinição:Medalha Hughes"><abbr title="Ver esta predefinição" style=";;background:none transparent;border:none;-moz-box-shadow:none;-webkit-box-shadow:none;box-shadow:none; padding:0;">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-discutir"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Predefini%C3%A7%C3%A3o_Discuss%C3%A3o:Medalha_Hughes&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Predefinição Discussão:Medalha Hughes (página não existe)"><abbr title="Discutir esta predefinição" style=";;background:none transparent;border:none;-moz-box-shadow:none;-webkit-box-shadow:none;box-shadow:none; padding:0;">d</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-editar"><a class="external text" href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Predefini%C3%A7%C3%A3o:Medalha_Hughes&action=edit"><abbr title="Editar esta predefinição" style=";;background:none transparent;border:none;-moz-box-shadow:none;-webkit-box-shadow:none;box-shadow:none; padding:0;">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Medalha_Hughes_(1902_—_2020)" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Medalha_Hughes" title="Medalha Hughes">Medalha Hughes (1902 — 2020)</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"><span style="font-size:100%;line-height:120%;"> <p><span style="white-space:nowrap;">1902: <a href="/wiki/Joseph_John_Thomson" title="Joseph John Thomson">Joseph John Thomson</a> </span> <span style="white-space:nowrap;">1903: <a href="/wiki/Johann_Wilhelm_Hittorf" title="Johann Wilhelm Hittorf">Johann Wilhelm Hittorf</a> </span> <span style="white-space:nowrap;">1904: <a href="/wiki/Joseph_Wilson_Swan" title="Joseph Wilson Swan">Joseph Wilson Swan</a> </span> <span style="white-space:nowrap;">1905: <a href="/wiki/Augusto_Righi" title="Augusto Righi">Augusto Righi</a> </span> <span style="white-space:nowrap;">1906: <a href="/wiki/Hertha_Marks_Ayrton" title="Hertha Marks Ayrton">Hertha Marks Ayrton</a> </span> <span style="white-space:nowrap;">1907: <a href="/wiki/Ernest_Howard_Griffiths" title="Ernest Howard Griffiths">Ernest Howard Griffiths</a> </span> <span style="white-space:nowrap;">1908: <a href="/wiki/Eugen_Goldstein" title="Eugen Goldstein">Eugen Goldstein</a> </span> <span style="white-space:nowrap;">1909: <a href="/wiki/Richard_Glazebrook" title="Richard Glazebrook">Richard Glazebrook</a> </span> <span style="white-space:nowrap;">1910: <a href="/wiki/John_Ambrose_Fleming" title="John Ambrose Fleming">John Ambrose Fleming</a> </span> <span style="white-space:nowrap;">1911: <a href="/wiki/Charles_Thomson_Rees_Wilson" title="Charles Thomson Rees Wilson">Charles Thomson Rees Wilson</a> </span> <span style="white-space:nowrap;">1912: <a href="/wiki/William_Duddell" title="William Duddell">William Duddell</a> </span> <span style="white-space:nowrap;">1913: <a href="/wiki/Alexander_Graham_Bell" title="Alexander Graham Bell">Alexander Graham Bell</a> </span> <span style="white-space:nowrap;">1914: <a href="/wiki/John_Sealy_Townsend" title="John Sealy Townsend">John Sealy Townsend</a> </span> <span style="white-space:nowrap;">1915: <a href="/wiki/Paul_Langevin" title="Paul Langevin">Paul Langevin</a> </span> <span style="white-space:nowrap;">1916: <a href="/wiki/Elihu_Thomson" title="Elihu Thomson">Elihu Thomson</a> </span> <span style="white-space:nowrap;">1917: <a href="/wiki/Charles_Glover_Barkla" title="Charles Glover Barkla">Charles Glover Barkla</a> </span> <span style="white-space:nowrap;">1918: <a href="/wiki/Irving_Langmuir" title="Irving Langmuir">Irving Langmuir</a> </span> <span style="white-space:nowrap;">1919: <a href="/wiki/Charles_Chree" title="Charles Chree">Charles Chree</a> </span> <span style="white-space:nowrap;">1920: <a href="/wiki/Owen_Willans_Richardson" title="Owen Willans Richardson">Owen Willans Richardson</a> </span> <span style="white-space:nowrap;">1921: <a href="/wiki/Niels_Bohr" title="Niels Bohr">Niels Bohr</a> </span> <span style="white-space:nowrap;">1922: <a href="/wiki/Francis_William_Aston" title="Francis William Aston">Francis William Aston</a> </span> <span style="white-space:nowrap;">1923: <a href="/wiki/Robert_Andrews_Millikan" title="Robert Andrews Millikan">Robert Andrews Millikan</a> </span> <span style="white-space:nowrap;">1924: — </span> <span style="white-space:nowrap;">1925: <a href="/wiki/Frank_Edward_Smith" title="Frank Edward Smith">Frank Edward Smith</a> </span> <span style="white-space:nowrap;">1926: <a href="/wiki/Henry_Bradwardine_Jackson" title="Henry Bradwardine Jackson">Henry Bradwardine Jackson</a> </span> <span style="white-space:nowrap;">1927: <a href="/wiki/William_David_Coolidge" class="mw-redirect" title="William David Coolidge">William David Coolidge</a> </span> <span style="white-space:nowrap;">1928: <a href="/wiki/Maurice_de_Broglie" title="Maurice de Broglie">Maurice de Broglie</a> </span> <span style="white-space:nowrap;">1929: <a href="/wiki/Hans_Geiger" title="Hans Geiger">Hans Geiger</a> </span> <span style="white-space:nowrap;">1930: <a href="/wiki/Chandrasekhara_Venkata_Raman" title="Chandrasekhara Venkata Raman">Chandrasekhara Venkata Raman</a> </span> <span style="white-space:nowrap;">1931: <a href="/wiki/William_Lawrence_Bragg" title="William Lawrence Bragg">William Lawrence Bragg</a> </span> <span style="white-space:nowrap;">1932: <a href="/wiki/James_Chadwick" title="James Chadwick">James Chadwick</a> </span> <span style="white-space:nowrap;">1933: <a href="/wiki/Edward_Appleton" title="Edward Appleton">Edward Appleton</a> </span> <span style="white-space:nowrap;">1934: <a href="/wiki/Karl_Siegbahn" title="Karl Siegbahn">Karl Siegbahn</a> </span> <span style="white-space:nowrap;">1935: <a href="/wiki/Clinton_Davisson" title="Clinton Davisson">Clinton Davisson</a> </span> <span style="white-space:nowrap;">1936: <a href="/wiki/Walter_Hermann_Schottky" class="mw-redirect" title="Walter Hermann Schottky">Walter Hermann Schottky</a> </span> <span style="white-space:nowrap;">1937: <a href="/wiki/Ernest_Lawrence" title="Ernest Lawrence">Ernest Lawrence</a> </span> <span style="white-space:nowrap;">1938: <a href="/wiki/John_Cockcroft" title="John Cockcroft">John Cockcroft</a> e <a href="/wiki/Ernest_Walton" title="Ernest Walton">Ernest Walton</a> </span> <span style="white-space:nowrap;">1939: <a href="/wiki/George_Paget_Thomson" title="George Paget Thomson">George Paget Thomson</a> </span> <span style="white-space:nowrap;">1940: <a href="/wiki/Arthur_Holly_Compton" title="Arthur Holly Compton">Arthur Holly Compton</a> </span> <span style="white-space:nowrap;">1941: <a href="/wiki/Nevill_Francis_Mott" title="Nevill Francis Mott">Nevill Francis Mott</a> </span> <span style="white-space:nowrap;">1942: <a href="/wiki/Enrico_Fermi" title="Enrico Fermi">Enrico Fermi</a> </span> <span style="white-space:nowrap;">1943: <a href="/wiki/Marcus_Oliphant" title="Marcus Oliphant">Marcus Oliphant</a> </span> <span style="white-space:nowrap;">1944: <a href="/wiki/George_Finch" title="George Finch">George Finch</a> </span> <span style="white-space:nowrap;">1945: <a href="/wiki/Basil_Schonland" title="Basil Schonland">Basil Schonland</a> </span> <span style="white-space:nowrap;">1946: <a href="/wiki/John_Randall" title="John Randall">John Randall</a> </span> <span style="white-space:nowrap;">1947: <a href="/wiki/Fr%C3%A9d%C3%A9ric_Joliot-Curie" title="Frédéric Joliot-Curie">Frédéric Joliot-Curie</a> </span> <span style="white-space:nowrap;">1948: <a href="/wiki/Robert_Watson-Watt" title="Robert Watson-Watt">Robert Watson-Watt</a> </span> <span style="white-space:nowrap;">1949: <a href="/wiki/Cecil_Powell" class="mw-redirect" title="Cecil Powell">Cecil Powell</a> </span> <span style="white-space:nowrap;">1950: <a href="/wiki/Max_Born" title="Max Born">Max Born</a> </span> <span style="white-space:nowrap;">1951: <a href="/wiki/Hendrik_Anthony_Kramers" title="Hendrik Anthony Kramers">Hendrik Anthony Kramers</a> </span> <span style="white-space:nowrap;">1952: <a href="/wiki/Philip_Dee" title="Philip Dee">Philip Dee</a> </span> <span style="white-space:nowrap;">1953: <a href="/wiki/Edward_Bullard" title="Edward Bullard">Edward Bullard</a> </span> <span style="white-space:nowrap;">1954: <a href="/wiki/Martin_Ryle" title="Martin Ryle">Martin Ryle</a> </span> <span style="white-space:nowrap;">1955: <a href="/wiki/Harrie_Massey" title="Harrie Massey">Harrie Massey</a> </span> <span style="white-space:nowrap;">1956: <a href="/wiki/Frederick_Lindemann" title="Frederick Lindemann">Frederick Lindemann</a> </span> <span style="white-space:nowrap;">1957: <a href="/wiki/Joseph_Proudman" title="Joseph Proudman">Joseph Proudman</a> </span> <span style="white-space:nowrap;">1958: <a href="/wiki/Edward_Andrade" title="Edward Andrade">Edward Andrade</a> </span> <span style="white-space:nowrap;">1959: <a href="/wiki/Brian_Pippard" title="Brian Pippard">Brian Pippard</a> </span> <span style="white-space:nowrap;">1960: <a href="/wiki/Joseph_Pawsey" class="mw-redirect" title="Joseph Pawsey">Joseph Pawsey</a> </span> <span style="white-space:nowrap;">1961: <a href="/wiki/Alan_Cottrell" title="Alan Cottrell">Alan Cottrell</a> </span> <span style="white-space:nowrap;">1962: <a href="/wiki/Brebis_Bleaney" title="Brebis Bleaney">Brebis Bleaney</a> </span> <span style="white-space:nowrap;">1963: <a href="/wiki/Frederic_Calland_Williams" title="Frederic Calland Williams">Frederic Calland Williams</a> </span> <span style="white-space:nowrap;">1964: <a href="/wiki/Abdus_Salam" title="Abdus Salam">Abdus Salam</a> </span> <span style="white-space:nowrap;">1965: <a href="/wiki/Denys_Wilkinson" title="Denys Wilkinson">Denys Wilkinson</a> </span> <span style="white-space:nowrap;">1966: <a href="/wiki/Nicholas_Kemmer" title="Nicholas Kemmer">Nicholas Kemmer</a> </span> <span style="white-space:nowrap;">1967: <a href="/wiki/Kurt_Mendelssohn" title="Kurt Mendelssohn">Kurt Mendelssohn</a> </span> <span style="white-space:nowrap;">1968: <a href="/wiki/Freeman_Dyson" title="Freeman Dyson">Freeman Dyson</a> </span> <span style="white-space:nowrap;">1969: <a href="/wiki/Nicholas_Kurti" title="Nicholas Kurti">Nicholas Kurti</a> </span> <span style="white-space:nowrap;">1970: <a href="/wiki/David_Bates" title="David Bates">David Bates</a> </span> <span style="white-space:nowrap;">1971: <a href="/wiki/Robert_Hanbury_Brown" title="Robert Hanbury Brown">Robert Hanbury Brown</a> </span> <span style="white-space:nowrap;">1972: <a href="/wiki/Brian_David_Josephson" class="mw-redirect" title="Brian David Josephson">Brian David Josephson</a> </span> <span style="white-space:nowrap;">1973: <a href="/wiki/Peter_Hirsch" title="Peter Hirsch">Peter Hirsch</a> </span> <span style="white-space:nowrap;">1974: <a href="/wiki/Peter_Fowler" title="Peter Fowler">Peter Fowler</a> </span> <span style="white-space:nowrap;">1975: <a href="/wiki/Richard_Dalitz" title="Richard Dalitz">Richard Dalitz</a> </span> <span style="white-space:nowrap;">1976: <a class="mw-selflink selflink">Stephen Hawking</a> </span> <span style="white-space:nowrap;">1977: <a href="/wiki/Antony_Hewish" title="Antony Hewish">Antony Hewish</a> </span> <span style="white-space:nowrap;">1978: <a href="/wiki/William_Cochran_(f%C3%ADsico)" title="William Cochran (físico)">William Cochran</a> </span> <span style="white-space:nowrap;">1979: <a href="/wiki/Robert_Williams_(qu%C3%ADmico)" class="mw-redirect" title="Robert Williams (químico)">Robert Williams</a> </span> <span style="white-space:nowrap;">1980: <a href="/wiki/Francis_Farley" title="Francis Farley">Francis Farley</a> </span> <span style="white-space:nowrap;">1981: <a href="/wiki/Peter_Higgs" title="Peter Higgs">Peter Higgs</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tom_Kibble" title="Tom Kibble">Tom Kibble</a> </span> <span style="white-space:nowrap;">1982: <a href="/wiki/Drummond_Hoyle_Matthews" title="Drummond Hoyle Matthews">Drummond Hoyle Matthews</a> e <a href="/wiki/Frederick_Vine" title="Frederick Vine">Frederick Vine</a> </span> <span style="white-space:nowrap;">1983: <a href="/wiki/John_Clive_Ward" title="John Clive Ward">John Clive Ward</a> </span> <span style="white-space:nowrap;">1984: <a href="/wiki/Roy_Kerr" title="Roy Kerr">Roy Kerr</a> </span> <span style="white-space:nowrap;">1985: <a href="/wiki/Tony_Skyrme" title="Tony Skyrme">Tony Skyrme</a> </span> <span style="white-space:nowrap;">1986: <a href="/wiki/Michael_Woolfson" title="Michael Woolfson">Michael Woolfson</a> </span> <span style="white-space:nowrap;">1987: <a href="/wiki/Michael_Pepper" title="Michael Pepper">Michael Pepper</a> </span> <span style="white-space:nowrap;">1988: <a href="/wiki/Archibald_Howie" title="Archibald Howie">Archibald Howie</a> e <a href="/wiki/Michael_John_Whelan" title="Michael John Whelan">Michael John Whelan</a> </span> <span style="white-space:nowrap;">1989: <a href="/wiki/John_Stewart_Bell" title="John Stewart Bell">John Stewart Bell</a> </span> <span style="white-space:nowrap;">1990: <a href="/wiki/Thomas_George_Cowling" title="Thomas George Cowling">Thomas George Cowling</a> </span> <span style="white-space:nowrap;">1991: <a href="/wiki/Philip_Burton_Moon" title="Philip Burton Moon">Philip Burton Moon</a> </span> <span style="white-space:nowrap;">1992: <a href="/wiki/Michael_Seaton" title="Michael Seaton">Michael Seaton</a> </span> <span style="white-space:nowrap;">1993: <a href="/wiki/George_Isaak" title="George Isaak">George Isaak</a> </span> <span style="white-space:nowrap;">1994: <a href="/wiki/Robert_G._Chambers" title="Robert G. Chambers">Robert G. Chambers</a> </span> <span style="white-space:nowrap;">1995: <a href="/wiki/David_Shoenberg" title="David Shoenberg">David Shoenberg</a> </span> <span style="white-space:nowrap;">1996: <a href="/wiki/Amyand_Buckingham" title="Amyand Buckingham">Amyand Buckingham</a> </span> <span style="white-space:nowrap;">1997: <a href="/wiki/Andrew_Lang_(f%C3%ADsico)" title="Andrew Lang (físico)">Andrew Lang</a> </span> <span style="white-space:nowrap;">1998: <a href="/wiki/Raymond_Hide" title="Raymond Hide">Raymond Hide</a> </span> <span style="white-space:nowrap;">1999: <a href="/wiki/Alexander_Boksenberg" title="Alexander Boksenberg">Alexander Boksenberg</a> </span> <span style="white-space:nowrap;">2000: <a href="/wiki/Chintamani_Rao" title="Chintamani Rao">Chintamani Rao</a> </span> <span style="white-space:nowrap;">2001: <a href="/wiki/John_Pethica" title="John Pethica">John Pethica</a> </span> <span style="white-space:nowrap;">2002: <a href="/wiki/Alexander_Dalgarno" title="Alexander Dalgarno">Alexander Dalgarno</a> </span> <span style="white-space:nowrap;">2003: <a href="/wiki/Peter_Edwards" title="Peter Edwards">Peter Edwards</a> </span> <span style="white-space:nowrap;">2004: <a href="/wiki/John_Clarke" title="John Clarke">John Clarke</a> </span> <span style="white-space:nowrap;">2005: <a href="/wiki/Keith_Moffatt" title="Keith Moffatt">Keith Moffatt</a> </span> <span style="white-space:nowrap;">2006: <a href="/wiki/Michael_Kelly_(f%C3%ADsico)" title="Michael Kelly (físico)">Michael Kelly</a> </span> <span style="white-space:nowrap;">2007: <a href="/wiki/Artur_Ekert" title="Artur Ekert">Artur Ekert</a> </span> <span style="white-space:nowrap;">2008: <a href="/wiki/Michele_Dougherty" title="Michele Dougherty">Michele Dougherty</a> </span> <span style="white-space:nowrap;">2010: <a href="/wiki/Andre_Geim" title="Andre Geim">Andre Geim</a> </span> <span style="white-space:nowrap;">2011: <a href="/wiki/Matthew_Rosseinsky" title="Matthew Rosseinsky">Matthew Rosseinsky</a> </span> <span style="white-space:nowrap;">2013: <a href="/wiki/Henning_Sirringhaus" title="Henning Sirringhaus">Henning Sirringhaus</a> </span> <span style="white-space:nowrap;">2015: <a href="/wiki/George_Efstathiou" title="George Efstathiou">George Efstathiou</a> </span> <span style="white-space:nowrap;">2017: <a href="/wiki/Peter_Bruce" title="Peter Bruce">Peter Bruce</a> </span> <span style="white-space:nowrap;">2018: <a href="/wiki/James_Robert_Durrant" title="James Robert Durrant">James Durrant</a> </span> <span style="white-space:nowrap;">2019: <a href="/wiki/Andrew_Ian_Cooper" title="Andrew Ian Cooper">Andrew Cooper</a> </span> <span style="white-space:nowrap;">2020: <a href="/wiki/Clare_Grey" title="Clare Grey">Clare Grey</a> </span> </p> </span></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Prêmio_Dannie_Heineman_de_Física_Matemática_(1959_—_2021)" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist collapsible collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div class="plainlinks hlist navbar mini"><ul><li class="nv-ver"><a href="/wiki/Predefini%C3%A7%C3%A3o:Pr%C3%AAmio_Dannie_Heineman_de_F%C3%ADsica_Matem%C3%A1tica" title="Predefinição:Prêmio Dannie Heineman de Física Matemática"><abbr title="Ver esta predefinição" style=";;background:none transparent;border:none;-moz-box-shadow:none;-webkit-box-shadow:none;box-shadow:none; padding:0;">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-discutir"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Predefini%C3%A7%C3%A3o_Discuss%C3%A3o:Pr%C3%AAmio_Dannie_Heineman_de_F%C3%ADsica_Matem%C3%A1tica&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Predefinição Discussão:Prêmio Dannie Heineman de Física Matemática (página não existe)"><abbr title="Discutir esta predefinição" style=";;background:none transparent;border:none;-moz-box-shadow:none;-webkit-box-shadow:none;box-shadow:none; padding:0;">d</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-editar"><a class="external text" href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Predefini%C3%A7%C3%A3o:Pr%C3%AAmio_Dannie_Heineman_de_F%C3%ADsica_Matem%C3%A1tica&action=edit"><abbr title="Editar esta predefinição" style=";;background:none transparent;border:none;-moz-box-shadow:none;-webkit-box-shadow:none;box-shadow:none; padding:0;">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Prêmio_Dannie_Heineman_de_Física_Matemática_(1959_—_2021)" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Pr%C3%AAmio_Dannie_Heineman_de_F%C3%ADsica_Matem%C3%A1tica" title="Prêmio Dannie Heineman de Física Matemática">Prêmio Dannie Heineman de Física Matemática (1959 — 2021)</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li>1959: <a href="/wiki/Murray_Gell-Mann" title="Murray Gell-Mann">Murray Gell-Mann</a></li> <li>1960: <a href="/wiki/Aage_Niels_Bohr" title="Aage Niels Bohr">Aage Niels Bohr</a></li> <li>1961: <a href="/wiki/Marvin_Leonard_Goldberger" title="Marvin Leonard Goldberger">Marvin Leonard Goldberger</a></li> <li>1962: <a href="/wiki/L%C3%A9on_Van_Hove" title="Léon Van Hove">Léon Van Hove</a></li> <li>1963: <a href="/wiki/Keith_Brueckner" title="Keith Brueckner">Keith Brueckner</a></li> <li>1964: <a href="/wiki/Tullio_Regge" title="Tullio Regge">Tullio Regge</a></li> <li>1965: <a href="/wiki/Freeman_Dyson" title="Freeman Dyson">Freeman Dyson</a></li> <li>1966: <a href="/wiki/Nikolai_Bogoliubov" title="Nikolai Bogoliubov">Nikolai Bogoliubov</a></li> <li>1967: <a href="/wiki/Gian_Carlo_Wick" title="Gian Carlo Wick">Gian Carlo Wick</a></li> <li>1968: <a href="/wiki/Sergio_Fubini" title="Sergio Fubini">Sergio Fubini</a></li> <li>1969: <a href="/wiki/Arthur_Wightman" title="Arthur Wightman">Arthur Wightman</a></li> <li>1970: <a href="/wiki/Yoichiro_Nambu" title="Yoichiro Nambu">Yoichiro Nambu</a></li> <li>1971: <a href="/wiki/Roger_Penrose" title="Roger Penrose">Roger Penrose</a></li> <li>1972: <a href="/wiki/James_Bjorken" title="James Bjorken">James Bjorken</a></li> <li>1973: <a href="/wiki/Kenneth_Wilson" title="Kenneth Wilson">Kenneth Wilson</a></li> <li>1974: <a href="/wiki/Subrahmanyan_Chandrasekhar" title="Subrahmanyan Chandrasekhar">Subrahmanyan Chandrasekhar</a></li> <li>1975: <a href="/wiki/Ludvig_Faddeev" title="Ludvig Faddeev">Ludvig Faddeev</a></li> <li>1976: <a class="mw-selflink selflink">Stephen Hawking</a></li> <li>1977: <a href="/wiki/Steven_Weinberg" title="Steven Weinberg">Steven Weinberg</a></li> <li>1978: <a href="/wiki/Elliott_Lieb" title="Elliott Lieb">Elliott Lieb</a></li> <li>1979: <a href="/wiki/Gerardus_%27t_Hooft" title="Gerardus 't Hooft">Gerardus 't Hooft</a></li> <li>1980: <a href="/wiki/James_Glimm" title="James Glimm">James Glimm</a> e <a href="/wiki/Arthur_Jaffe" title="Arthur Jaffe">Arthur Jaffe</a></li> <li>1981: <a href="/wiki/Jeffrey_Goldstone" title="Jeffrey Goldstone">Jeffrey Goldstone</a></li> <li>1982: <a href="/wiki/John_Clive_Ward" title="John Clive Ward">John Clive Ward</a></li> <li>1983: <a href="/wiki/Martin_Kruskal" title="Martin Kruskal">Martin Kruskal</a></li> <li>1984: <a href="/wiki/Robert_Griffiths" title="Robert Griffiths">Robert Griffiths</a></li> <li>1985: <a href="/wiki/David_Ruelle" title="David Ruelle">David Ruelle</a></li> <li>1986: <a href="/wiki/Alexander_Polyakov" title="Alexander Polyakov">Alexander Polyakov</a></li> <li>1987: <a href="/wiki/Rodney_Baxter" title="Rodney Baxter">Rodney Baxter</a></li> <li>1988: <a href="/wiki/Julius_Wess" title="Julius Wess">Julius Wess</a> e <a href="/wiki/Bruno_Zumino" title="Bruno Zumino">Bruno Zumino</a></li> <li>1989: <a href="/wiki/John_Stewart_Bell" title="John Stewart Bell">John Stewart Bell</a></li> <li>1990: <a href="/wiki/Yakov_Sinai" class="mw-redirect" title="Yakov Sinai">Yakov Sinai</a></li> <li>1991: <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Spencer" title="Thomas Spencer">Thomas Spencer</a> e <a href="/wiki/J%C3%BCrg_Fr%C3%B6hlich" title="Jürg Fröhlich">Jürg Fröhlich</a></li> <li>1992: <a href="/wiki/Stanley_Mandelstam" title="Stanley Mandelstam">Stanley Mandelstam</a></li> <li>1993: <a href="/wiki/Martin_Gutzwiller" title="Martin Gutzwiller">Martin Gutzwiller</a></li> <li>1994: <a href="/wiki/Richard_Arnowitt" title="Richard Arnowitt">Richard Arnowitt</a>, <a href="/wiki/Stanley_Deser" title="Stanley Deser">Stanley Deser</a> e <a href="/wiki/Charles_Misner" title="Charles Misner">Charles Misner</a></li> <li>1995: <a href="/wiki/Roman_Jackiw" title="Roman Jackiw">Roman Jackiw</a></li> <li>1996: <a href="/wiki/Roy_Glauber" title="Roy Glauber">Roy Glauber</a></li> <li>1997: <a href="/wiki/Harry_Lehmann" title="Harry Lehmann">Harry Lehmann</a></li> <li>1998: <a href="/wiki/Nathan_Seiberg" title="Nathan Seiberg">Nathan Seiberg</a> e <a href="/wiki/Edward_Witten" title="Edward Witten">Edward Witten</a></li> <li>1999: <a href="/wiki/Barry_McCoy" title="Barry McCoy">Barry McCoy</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tai_Tsun_Wu" title="Tai Tsun Wu">Tai Tsun Wu</a> e <a href="/wiki/Alexander_Zamolodchikov" title="Alexander Zamolodchikov">Alexander Zamolodchikov</a></li> <li>2000: <a href="/wiki/Sidney_Coleman" title="Sidney Coleman">Sidney Coleman</a></li> <li>2001: <a href="/wiki/Vladimir_Arnold" title="Vladimir Arnold">Vladimir Arnold</a></li> <li>2002: <a href="/wiki/Michael_Green" title="Michael Green">Michael Green</a> e <a href="/wiki/John_Henry_Schwarz" title="John Henry Schwarz">John Henry Schwarz</a></li> <li>2003: <a href="/wiki/Yvonne_Choquet-Bruhat" title="Yvonne Choquet-Bruhat">Yvonne Choquet-Bruhat</a> e <a href="/wiki/James_York" title="James York">James York</a></li> <li>2004: <a href="/wiki/Gabriele_Veneziano" title="Gabriele Veneziano">Gabriele Veneziano</a></li> <li>2005: <a href="/wiki/Giorgio_Parisi" title="Giorgio Parisi">Giorgio Parisi</a></li> <li>2006: <a href="/wiki/Sergio_Ferrara" title="Sergio Ferrara">Sergio Ferrara</a>, <a href="/wiki/Daniel_Z._Freedman" class="mw-redirect" title="Daniel Z. Freedman">Daniel Z. Freedman</a> e <a href="/wiki/Peter_van_Nieuwenhuizen" title="Peter van Nieuwenhuizen">Peter van Nieuwenhuizen</a></li> <li>2007: <a href="/wiki/Juan_Maldacena" title="Juan Maldacena">Juan Maldacena</a> e <a href="/wiki/Joseph_Polchinski" title="Joseph Polchinski">Joseph Polchinski</a></li> <li>2008: <a href="/wiki/Mitchell_Feigenbaum" title="Mitchell Feigenbaum">Mitchell Feigenbaum</a></li> <li>2009: <a href="/wiki/Carlo_Becchi" title="Carlo Becchi">Carlo Becchi</a>, <a href="/wiki/Alain_Rouet" title="Alain Rouet">Alain Rouet</a>, <a href="/wiki/Raymond_Stora" title="Raymond Stora">Raymond Stora</a> e <a href="/wiki/Igor_Tyutin" title="Igor Tyutin">Igor Tyutin</a></li> <li>2010: <a href="/wiki/Michael_Aizenman" title="Michael Aizenman">Michael Aizenman</a></li> <li>2011: <a href="/wiki/Herbert_Spohn" title="Herbert Spohn">Herbert Spohn</a></li> <li>2012: <a href="/wiki/Giovanni_Jona-Lasinio" title="Giovanni Jona-Lasinio">Giovanni Jona-Lasinio</a></li> <li>2013: <a href="/wiki/Michio_Jimbo" title="Michio Jimbo">Michio Jimbo</a> e <a href="/wiki/Tetsuji_Miwa" title="Tetsuji Miwa">Tetsuji Miwa</a></li> <li>2014: <a href="/wiki/Gregory_Winthrop_Moore" title="Gregory Winthrop Moore">Gregory Winthrop Moore</a></li> <li>2015: <a href="/wiki/Pierre_Ramond" title="Pierre Ramond">Pierre Ramond</a></li> <li>2016: <a href="/wiki/Andrew_Strominger" title="Andrew Strominger">Andrew Strominger</a> e <a href="/wiki/Cumrun_Vafa" title="Cumrun Vafa">Cumrun Vafa</a></li> <li>2017: <a href="/wiki/Carl_M._Bender" title="Carl M. Bender">Carl M. Bender</a></li> <li>2018: <a href="/wiki/Barry_Simon" title="Barry Simon">Barry Simon</a></li> <li>2019: <a href="/wiki/Bill_Sutherland" title="Bill Sutherland">Bill Sutherland</a>, <a href="/wiki/Francesco_Calogero_(f%C3%ADsico)" title="Francesco Calogero (físico)">Francesco Calogero</a> e <a href="/wiki/Michel_Gaudin" title="Michel Gaudin">Michel Gaudin</a></li> <li>2020: <a href="/wiki/Svetlana_Jitomirskaya" title="Svetlana Jitomirskaya">Svetlana Jitomirskaya</a></li> <li>2021: <a href="/wiki/Joel_Lebowitz" title="Joel Lebowitz">Joel Lebowitz</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Medalha_Albert_Einstein" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks collapsible collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div class="plainlinks hlist navbar mini"><ul><li class="nv-ver"><a href="/wiki/Predefini%C3%A7%C3%A3o:Medalha_Albert_Einstein" title="Predefinição:Medalha Albert Einstein"><abbr title="Ver esta predefinição" style=";;background:none transparent;border:none;-moz-box-shadow:none;-webkit-box-shadow:none;box-shadow:none; padding:0;">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-discutir"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Predefini%C3%A7%C3%A3o_Discuss%C3%A3o:Medalha_Albert_Einstein&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Predefinição Discussão:Medalha Albert Einstein (página não existe)"><abbr title="Discutir esta predefinição" style=";;background:none transparent;border:none;-moz-box-shadow:none;-webkit-box-shadow:none;box-shadow:none; padding:0;">d</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-editar"><a class="external text" href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Predefini%C3%A7%C3%A3o:Medalha_Albert_Einstein&action=edit"><abbr title="Editar esta predefinição" style=";;background:none transparent;border:none;-moz-box-shadow:none;-webkit-box-shadow:none;box-shadow:none; padding:0;">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Medalha_Albert_Einstein" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Medalha_Albert_Einstein" title="Medalha Albert Einstein">Medalha Albert Einstein</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r57040861">.mw-parser-output .sep-list{font-weight:bold}</style><span class="nowrap">1979: <a class="mw-selflink selflink">Stephen Hawking</a></span> <span class="sep-list">·</span> <span class="nowrap">1982: <a href="/wiki/Friedrich_Traugott_Wahlen" title="Friedrich Traugott Wahlen">Friedrich Traugott Wahlen</a></span> <span class="sep-list">·</span> <span class="nowrap">1983: <a href="/wiki/Hermann_Bondi" title="Hermann Bondi">Hermann Bondi</a></span> <span class="sep-list">·</span> <span class="nowrap">1984: <a href="/wiki/Victor_Weisskopf" title="Victor Weisskopf">Victor Weisskopf</a></span> <span class="sep-list">·</span> <span class="nowrap">1985: <a href="/wiki/Edward_Witten" title="Edward Witten">Edward Witten</a></span> <span class="sep-list">·</span> <span class="nowrap">1986: <a href="/wiki/Rudolf_M%C3%B6ssbauer" title="Rudolf Mössbauer">Rudolf Mössbauer</a></span> <span class="sep-list">·</span> <span class="nowrap">1987: <a href="/wiki/Jeanne_Hersch" title="Jeanne Hersch">Jeanne Hersch</a></span> <span class="sep-list">·</span> <span class="nowrap">1988: <a href="/wiki/John_Archibald_Wheeler" title="John Archibald Wheeler">John Archibald Wheeler</a></span> <span class="sep-list">·</span> <span class="nowrap">1989: <a href="/wiki/Markus_Fierz" title="Markus Fierz">Markus Fierz</a></span> <span class="sep-list">·</span> <span class="nowrap">1990: <a href="/wiki/Roger_Penrose" title="Roger Penrose">Roger Penrose</a></span> <span class="sep-list">·</span> <span class="nowrap">1991: <a href="/wiki/Joseph_Hooton_Taylor" title="Joseph Hooton Taylor">Joseph Hooton Taylor</a></span> <span class="sep-list">·</span> <span class="nowrap">1992: <a href="/wiki/Peter_Bergmann" title="Peter Bergmann">Peter Bergmann</a></span> <span class="sep-list">·</span> <span class="nowrap">1993: <a href="/w/index.php?title=Max_Fl%C3%BCckiger&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Max Flückiger (página não existe)">Max Flückiger</a> e <a href="/w/index.php?title=Adolf_Meichle&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Adolf Meichle (página não existe)">Adolf Meichle</a></span> <span class="sep-list">·</span> <span class="nowrap">1994: <a href="/wiki/Irwin_Shapiro" title="Irwin Shapiro">Irwin Shapiro</a></span> <span class="sep-list">·</span> <span class="nowrap">1995: <a href="/wiki/Chen_Ning_Yang" title="Chen Ning Yang">Chen Ning Yang</a></span> <span class="sep-list">·</span> <span class="nowrap">1996: <a href="/wiki/Thibault_Damour" title="Thibault Damour">Thibault Damour</a></span> <span class="sep-list">·</span> <span class="nowrap">1998: <a href="/wiki/Claude_Nicollier" title="Claude Nicollier">Claude Nicollier</a></span> <span class="sep-list">·</span> <span class="nowrap">1999: <a href="/wiki/Friedrich_Hirzebruch" title="Friedrich Hirzebruch">Friedrich Hirzebruch</a></span> <span class="sep-list">·</span> <span class="nowrap">2000: <a href="/wiki/Gustav_Andreas_Tammann" title="Gustav Andreas Tammann">Gustav Andreas Tammann</a></span> <span class="sep-list">·</span> <span class="nowrap">2001: <a href="/wiki/Johannes_Geiss" title="Johannes Geiss">Johannes Geiss</a> e <a href="/wiki/Hubert_Reeves" title="Hubert Reeves">Hubert Reeves</a></span> <span class="sep-list">·</span> <span class="nowrap">2003: <a href="/wiki/George_Fitzgerald_Smoot" class="mw-redirect" title="George Fitzgerald Smoot">George Fitzgerald Smoot</a></span> <span class="sep-list">·</span> <span class="nowrap">2004: <a href="/wiki/Michel_Mayor" title="Michel Mayor">Michel Mayor</a></span> <span class="sep-list">·</span> <span class="nowrap">2005: <a href="/wiki/Murray_Gell-Mann" title="Murray Gell-Mann">Murray Gell-Mann</a></span> <span class="sep-list">·</span> <span class="nowrap">2006: <a href="/wiki/Gabriele_Veneziano" title="Gabriele Veneziano">Gabriele Veneziano</a></span> <span class="sep-list">·</span> <span class="nowrap">2007: <a href="/wiki/Reinhard_Genzel" title="Reinhard Genzel">Reinhard Genzel</a></span> <span class="sep-list">·</span> <span class="nowrap">2008: <a href="/wiki/Beno_Eckmann" title="Beno Eckmann">Beno Eckmann</a></span> <span class="sep-list">·</span> <span class="nowrap">2009: <a href="/wiki/Kip_Thorne" title="Kip Thorne">Kip Thorne</a></span> <span class="sep-list">·</span> <span class="nowrap">2010: <a href="/wiki/Hermann_Nicolai" title="Hermann Nicolai">Hermann Nicolai</a></span> <span class="sep-list">·</span> <span class="nowrap">2011: <a href="/wiki/Adam_Riess" title="Adam Riess">Adam Riess</a> e <a href="/wiki/Saul_Perlmutter" title="Saul Perlmutter">Saul Perlmutter</a></span> <span class="sep-list">·</span> <span class="nowrap">2012: <a href="/wiki/Alain_Aspect" title="Alain Aspect">Alain Aspect</a></span> <span class="sep-list">·</span> <span class="nowrap">2013: <a href="/wiki/Roy_Kerr" title="Roy Kerr">Roy Kerr</a></span> <span class="sep-list">·</span> <span class="nowrap">2014: <a href="/wiki/Tom_Kibble" title="Tom Kibble">Tom Kibble</a></span> <span class="sep-list">·</span> <span class="nowrap">2015: <a href="/wiki/Stanley_Deser" title="Stanley Deser">Stanley Deser</a> e <a href="/wiki/Charles_Misner" title="Charles Misner">Charles Misner</a></span> <span class="sep-list">·</span> <span class="nowrap">2016: <a href="/wiki/Alexei_Yuryevich_Smirnov" title="Alexei Yuryevich Smirnov">Alexei Yuryevich Smirnov</a></span> <span class="sep-list">·</span> <span class="nowrap">2017: As equipes do <a href="/wiki/LIGO" title="LIGO">LIGO</a> e <a href="/wiki/Virgo_(interfer%C3%B4metro)" title="Virgo (interferômetro)">Virgo</a></span> <span class="sep-list">·</span> <span class="nowrap">2018: <a href="/wiki/Juan_Maldacena" title="Juan Maldacena">Juan Maldacena</a></span> <span class="sep-list">·</span> <span class="nowrap">2019: <a href="/wiki/Clifford_Martin_Will" title="Clifford Martin Will">Clifford Martin Will</a></span> <span class="sep-list">·</span> <span class="nowrap">2020: <a href="/wiki/Event_Horizon_Telescope" title="Event Horizon Telescope">Event Horizon Telescope</a></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Professor_lucasiano" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div class="plainlinks hlist navbar mini"><ul><li class="nv-ver"><a href="/wiki/Predefini%C3%A7%C3%A3o:Professor_lucasiano" title="Predefinição:Professor lucasiano"><abbr title="Ver esta predefinição" style=";;background:none transparent;border:none;-moz-box-shadow:none;-webkit-box-shadow:none;box-shadow:none; padding:0;">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-discutir"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Predefini%C3%A7%C3%A3o_Discuss%C3%A3o:Professor_lucasiano&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Predefinição Discussão:Professor lucasiano (página não existe)"><abbr title="Discutir esta predefinição" style=";;background:none transparent;border:none;-moz-box-shadow:none;-webkit-box-shadow:none;box-shadow:none; padding:0;">d</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-editar"><a class="external text" href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Predefini%C3%A7%C3%A3o:Professor_lucasiano&action=edit"><abbr title="Editar esta predefinição" style=";;background:none transparent;border:none;-moz-box-shadow:none;-webkit-box-shadow:none;box-shadow:none; padding:0;">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Professor_lucasiano" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Professor_lucasiano" title="Professor lucasiano">Professor lucasiano</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Isaac_Barrow" title="Isaac Barrow">Isaac Barrow</a> <small>(1664)</small></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isaac_Newton" title="Isaac Newton">Isaac Newton</a> <small>(1669)</small></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Whiston" title="William Whiston">William Whiston</a> <small>(1702)</small></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nicholas_Saunderson" title="Nicholas Saunderson">Nicholas Saunderson</a> <small>(1711)</small></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Colson" title="John Colson">John Colson</a> <small>(1739)</small></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edward_Waring" title="Edward Waring">Edward Waring</a> <small>(1760)</small></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isaac_Milner" title="Isaac Milner">Isaac Milner</a> <small>(1798)</small></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Woodhouse" title="Robert Woodhouse">Robert Woodhouse</a> <small>(1820)</small></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Turton" title="Thomas Turton">Thomas Turton</a> <small>(1822)</small></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Biddell_Airy" title="George Biddell Airy">George Biddell Airy</a> <small>(1826)</small></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Babbage" title="Charles Babbage">Charles Babbage</a> <small>(1828)</small></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joshua_King_(matem%C3%A1tico)" title="Joshua King (matemático)">Joshua King</a> <small>(1839)</small></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Gabriel_Stokes" title="George Gabriel Stokes">George Gabriel Stokes</a> <small>(1849)</small></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Larmor" title="Joseph Larmor">Joseph Larmor</a> <small>(1903)</small></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_Dirac" title="Paul Dirac">Paul Dirac</a> <small>(1932)</small></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_James_Lighthill" title="Michael James Lighthill">Michael James Lighthill</a> <small>(1969)</small></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Stephen Hawking</a> <small>(1979)</small></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_Green" title="Michael Green">Michael Green</a> <small>(2009)</small></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_Cates" title="Michael Cates">Michael Cates</a> <small>(2015)</small></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Reino_Unido" title="Reino Unido"><img alt="Reino Unido" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom_%283-5%29.svg/22px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom_%283-5%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom_%283-5%29.svg/33px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom_%283-5%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom_%283-5%29.svg/44px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom_%283-5%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/Universidade_de_Cambridge" title="Universidade de Cambridge">Universidade de Cambridge</a></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Medalha_Franklin_(1915–1997)" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist collapsible collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div class="plainlinks hlist navbar mini"><ul><li class="nv-ver"><a href="/wiki/Predefini%C3%A7%C3%A3o:Medalha_Franklin" title="Predefinição:Medalha Franklin"><abbr title="Ver esta predefinição" style=";;background:none transparent;border:none;-moz-box-shadow:none;-webkit-box-shadow:none;box-shadow:none; padding:0;">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-discutir"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Predefini%C3%A7%C3%A3o_Discuss%C3%A3o:Medalha_Franklin&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Predefinição Discussão:Medalha Franklin (página não existe)"><abbr title="Discutir esta predefinição" style=";;background:none transparent;border:none;-moz-box-shadow:none;-webkit-box-shadow:none;box-shadow:none; padding:0;">d</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-editar"><a class="external text" href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Predefini%C3%A7%C3%A3o:Medalha_Franklin&action=edit"><abbr title="Editar esta predefinição" style=";;background:none transparent;border:none;-moz-box-shadow:none;-webkit-box-shadow:none;box-shadow:none; padding:0;">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Medalha_Franklin_(1915–1997)" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Medalha_Franklin" title="Medalha Franklin">Medalha Franklin (1915–1997)</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap">1915: <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Edison" title="Thomas Edison">Thomas Edison</a>, <a href="/wiki/Heike_Kamerlingh_Onnes" title="Heike Kamerlingh Onnes">Heike Kamerlingh Onnes</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1916: <a href="/wiki/John_Joseph_Carty" title="John Joseph Carty">John Joseph Carty</a>, <a href="/wiki/Theodore_William_Richards" title="Theodore William Richards">Theodore William Richards</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1917: <a href="/wiki/Hendrik_Lorentz" title="Hendrik Lorentz">Hendrik Lorentz</a>, <a href="/wiki/David_Watson_Taylor" class="mw-redirect" title="David Watson Taylor">David Watson Taylor</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1918: <a href="/wiki/Guglielmo_Marconi" title="Guglielmo Marconi">Guglielmo Marconi</a>, <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Corwin_Mendenhall" title="Thomas Corwin Mendenhall">Thomas Corwin Mendenhall</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1919: <a href="/wiki/James_Dewar" title="James Dewar">James Dewar</a>, <a href="/wiki/George_Owen_Squier" title="George Owen Squier">George Owen Squier</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1920: <a href="/wiki/Svante_Arrhenius" title="Svante Arrhenius">Svante Arrhenius</a>, <a href="/wiki/Charles_Algernon_Parsons" title="Charles Algernon Parsons">Charles Algernon Parsons</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1921: <a href="/wiki/Charles_Fabry" title="Charles Fabry">Charles Fabry</a>, <a href="/wiki/Frank_Julian_Sprague" title="Frank Julian Sprague">Frank Julian Sprague</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1922: <a href="/wiki/Ralph_Modjeski" title="Ralph Modjeski">Ralph Modjeski</a>, <a href="/wiki/Joseph_John_Thomson" title="Joseph John Thomson">Joseph John Thomson</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1923: <a href="/wiki/Gustave-Auguste_Ferri%C3%A9" title="Gustave-Auguste Ferrié">Gustave-Auguste Ferrié</a>, <a href="/wiki/Albert_Abraham_Michelson" class="mw-redirect" title="Albert Abraham Michelson">Albert Abraham Michelson</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1924: <a href="/wiki/Ernest_Rutherford" title="Ernest Rutherford">Ernest Rutherford</a>, <a href="/wiki/Edward_Weston_(qu%C3%ADmico)" title="Edward Weston (químico)">Edward Weston</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1925: <a href="/wiki/Elihu_Thomson" title="Elihu Thomson">Elihu Thomson</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pieter_Zeeman" title="Pieter Zeeman">Pieter Zeeman</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1926: <a href="/wiki/Niels_Bohr" title="Niels Bohr">Niels Bohr</a>, <a href="/wiki/Samuel_Rea" title="Samuel Rea">Samuel Rea</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1927: <a href="/wiki/George_Ellery_Hale" title="George Ellery Hale">George Ellery Hale</a>, <a href="/wiki/Max_Planck" title="Max Planck">Max Planck</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1928: <a href="/wiki/Charles_Francis_Brush" title="Charles Francis Brush">Charles Francis Brush</a>, <a href="/wiki/Walther_Nernst" title="Walther Nernst">Walther Nernst</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1929: <a href="/wiki/Emil_Berliner" title="Emil Berliner">Emil Berliner</a>, <a href="/wiki/Charles_Thomson_Rees_Wilson" title="Charles Thomson Rees Wilson">Charles Thomson Rees Wilson</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1930: <a href="/wiki/William_Henry_Bragg" title="William Henry Bragg">William Henry Bragg</a>, <a href="/wiki/John_Frank_Stevens" title="John Frank Stevens">John Frank Stevens</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1931: <a href="/wiki/James_Hopwood_Jeans" class="mw-redirect" title="James Hopwood Jeans">James Hopwood Jeans</a>, <a href="/wiki/Willis_Rodney_Whitney" title="Willis Rodney Whitney">Willis Rodney Whitney</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1932: <a href="/wiki/Philipp_Lenard" title="Philipp Lenard">Philipp Lenard</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ambrose_Swasey" title="Ambrose Swasey">Ambrose Swasey</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1933: <a href="/wiki/Paul_Sabatier" title="Paul Sabatier">Paul Sabatier</a>, <a href="/wiki/Irm%C3%A3os_Wright" title="Irmãos Wright">Irmãos Wright</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1934: <a href="/wiki/Irving_Langmuir" title="Irving Langmuir">Irving Langmuir</a>, <a href="/wiki/Henry_Norris_Russell" title="Henry Norris Russell">Henry Norris Russell</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1935: <a href="/wiki/Albert_Einstein" title="Albert Einstein">Albert Einstein</a>, <a href="/wiki/John_Ambrose_Fleming" title="John Ambrose Fleming">John Ambrose Fleming</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1936: <a href="/wiki/Frank_Baldwin_Jewett" title="Frank Baldwin Jewett">Frank Baldwin Jewett</a>, <a href="/wiki/Charles_Kettering" title="Charles Kettering">Charles Kettering</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1937: <a href="/wiki/Peter_Debye" title="Peter Debye">Peter Debye</a>, <a href="/wiki/Robert_Andrews_Millikan" title="Robert Andrews Millikan">Robert Andrews Millikan</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1938: <a href="/wiki/William_Frederick_Durand" title="William Frederick Durand">William Frederick Durand</a>, <a href="/wiki/Charles_August_Kraus" title="Charles August Kraus">Charles August Kraus</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1939: <a href="/wiki/Edwin_Powell_Hubble" title="Edwin Powell Hubble">Edwin Powell Hubble</a>, <a href="/wiki/Albert_Sauveur" title="Albert Sauveur">Albert Sauveur</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1940: <a href="/wiki/Leo_Baekeland" title="Leo Baekeland">Leo Baekeland</a>, <a href="/wiki/Arthur_Holly_Compton" title="Arthur Holly Compton">Arthur Holly Compton</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1941: <a href="/wiki/Edwin_Armstrong" title="Edwin Armstrong">Edwin Armstrong</a>, <a href="/wiki/Chandrasekhara_Venkata_Raman" title="Chandrasekhara Venkata Raman">Chandrasekhara Venkata Raman</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1942: <a href="/wiki/Jerome_Clarke_Hunsaker" title="Jerome Clarke Hunsaker">Jerome Clarke Hunsaker</a>, <a href="/wiki/Paul_Dyer_Merica" title="Paul Dyer Merica">Paul Dyer Merica</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1943: <a href="/wiki/George_Washington_Pierce" title="George Washington Pierce">George Washington Pierce</a>, <a href="/wiki/Harold_Clayton_Urey" title="Harold Clayton Urey">Harold Clayton Urey</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1944: <a href="/wiki/William_David_Coolidge" class="mw-redirect" title="William David Coolidge">William David Coolidge</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pyotr_Kapitsa" title="Pyotr Kapitsa">Pyotr Kapitsa</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1945: <a href="/wiki/Harlow_Shapley" title="Harlow Shapley">Harlow Shapley</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1946: <a href="/wiki/Henry_Clapp_Sherman" title="Henry Clapp Sherman">Henry Clapp Sherman</a>, <a href="/wiki/Henry_Tizard" title="Henry Tizard">Henry Tizard</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1947: <a href="/wiki/Enrico_Fermi" title="Enrico Fermi">Enrico Fermi</a>, <a href="/wiki/Robert_Robinson" title="Robert Robinson">Robert Robinson</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1948: <a href="/wiki/Wendell_Meredith_Stanley" title="Wendell Meredith Stanley">Wendell Meredith Stanley</a>, <a href="/wiki/Theodore_von_K%C3%A1rm%C3%A1n" title="Theodore von Kármán">Theodore von Kármán</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1949: <a href="/wiki/Theodor_Svedberg" title="Theodor Svedberg">Theodor Svedberg</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1950: <a href="/wiki/Eugene_Paul_Wigner" class="mw-redirect" title="Eugene Paul Wigner">Eugene Paul Wigner</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1951: <a href="/wiki/James_Chadwick" title="James Chadwick">James Chadwick</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1952: <a href="/wiki/Wolfgang_Pauli" title="Wolfgang Pauli">Wolfgang Pauli</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1953: <a href="/wiki/William_Francis_Gibbs" title="William Francis Gibbs">William Francis Gibbs</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1954: <a href="/wiki/Charles_Edward_Kenneth_Mees" title="Charles Edward Kenneth Mees">Charles Edward Kenneth Mees</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1955: <a href="/wiki/Arne_Tiselius" title="Arne Tiselius">Arne Tiselius</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1956: <a href="/wiki/Frank_Whittle" title="Frank Whittle">Frank Whittle</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1957: <a href="/wiki/Hugh_Stott_Taylor" title="Hugh Stott Taylor">Hugh Stott Taylor</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1958: <a href="/wiki/Donald_Wills_Douglas" title="Donald Wills Douglas">Donald Wills Douglas</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1959: <a href="/wiki/Hans_Bethe" title="Hans Bethe">Hans Bethe</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1960: <a href="/wiki/Roger_Adams" title="Roger Adams">Roger Adams</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1961: <a href="/wiki/Detlev_Bronk" title="Detlev Bronk">Detlev Bronk</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1962: <a href="/wiki/Geoffrey_Ingram_Taylor" title="Geoffrey Ingram Taylor">Geoffrey Ingram Taylor</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1963: <a href="/wiki/Glenn_Theodore_Seaborg" title="Glenn Theodore Seaborg">Glenn Theodore Seaborg</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1964: <a href="/wiki/Gregory_Breit" title="Gregory Breit">Gregory Breit</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1965: <a href="/wiki/Frederick_Seitz" title="Frederick Seitz">Frederick Seitz</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1966: <a href="/wiki/Britton_Chance" title="Britton Chance">Britton Chance</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1967: <a href="/wiki/Murray_Gell-Mann" title="Murray Gell-Mann">Murray Gell-Mann</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1968: <a href="/wiki/Marshall_Nirenberg" title="Marshall Nirenberg">Marshall Nirenberg</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1969: <a href="/wiki/John_Archibald_Wheeler" title="John Archibald Wheeler">John Archibald Wheeler</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1970: <a href="/wiki/Wolfgang_Panofsky" title="Wolfgang Panofsky">Wolfgang Panofsky</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1971: <a href="/wiki/Hannes_Alfv%C3%A9n" title="Hannes Alfvén">Hannes Alfvén</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1972: <a href="/wiki/George_Kistiakowsky" title="George Kistiakowsky">George Kistiakowsky</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1973: <a href="/wiki/Theodosius_Dobzhansky" title="Theodosius Dobzhansky">Theodosius Dobzhansky</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1974: <a href="/wiki/Nikolai_Bogoliubov" title="Nikolai Bogoliubov">Nikolai Bogoliubov</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1975: <a href="/wiki/John_Bardeen" title="John Bardeen">John Bardeen</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1976: <a href="/wiki/Mahlon_Hoagland" title="Mahlon Hoagland">Mahlon Hoagland</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1977: <a href="/wiki/Cyril_Manton_Harris" title="Cyril Manton Harris">Cyril Manton Harris</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1978: <a href="/wiki/Elias_James_Corey" title="Elias James Corey">Elias James Corey</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1979: <a href="/wiki/George_Evelyn_Hutchinson" title="George Evelyn Hutchinson">George Evelyn Hutchinson</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1980: <a href="/wiki/Avram_Goldstein" title="Avram Goldstein">Avram Goldstein</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lyman_Spitzer" title="Lyman Spitzer">Lyman Spitzer</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1981: <a class="mw-selflink selflink">Stephen Hawking</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1982: <a href="/wiki/C%C3%A9sar_Milstein" title="César Milstein">César Milstein</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kenneth_Wilson" title="Kenneth Wilson">Kenneth Wilson</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1984: <a href="/wiki/Verner_Suomi" title="Verner Suomi">Verner Suomi</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1985: <a href="/wiki/George_Claude_Pimentel" title="George Claude Pimentel">George Claude Pimentel</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1986: <a href="/wiki/Beno%C3%AEt_Mandelbrot" title="Benoît Mandelbrot">Benoît Mandelbrot</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1987: <a href="/wiki/Stanley_Cohen" title="Stanley Cohen">Stanley Cohen</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1988: <a href="/wiki/Donald_Knuth" title="Donald Knuth">Donald Knuth</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1990: <a href="/wiki/Hugh_Huxley" title="Hugh Huxley">Hugh Huxley</a>, <a href="/wiki/David_Turnbull" title="David Turnbull">David Turnbull</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1992: <a href="/wiki/Frederick_Reines" title="Frederick Reines">Frederick Reines</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1995: <a href="/wiki/Gerardus_%27t_Hooft" title="Gerardus 't Hooft">Gerardus 't Hooft</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1996: <a href="/wiki/Richard_Smalley" title="Richard Smalley">Richard Smalley</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1997: <a href="/wiki/Mario_Capecchi" title="Mario Capecchi">Mario Capecchi</a></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Medalha_de_Ouro_da_Royal_Astronomical_Society_(1824_–_2024)" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist collapsible collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><div class="plainlinks hlist navbar mini"><ul><li class="nv-ver"><a href="/wiki/Predefini%C3%A7%C3%A3o:Medalha_de_Ouro_da_Royal_Astronomical_Society" title="Predefinição:Medalha de Ouro da Royal Astronomical Society"><abbr title="Ver esta predefinição" style=";;background:none transparent;border:none;-moz-box-shadow:none;-webkit-box-shadow:none;box-shadow:none; padding:0;">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-discutir"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Predefini%C3%A7%C3%A3o_Discuss%C3%A3o:Medalha_de_Ouro_da_Royal_Astronomical_Society&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Predefinição Discussão:Medalha de Ouro da Royal Astronomical Society (página não existe)"><abbr title="Discutir esta predefinição" style=";;background:none transparent;border:none;-moz-box-shadow:none;-webkit-box-shadow:none;box-shadow:none; padding:0;">d</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-editar"><a class="external text" href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Predefini%C3%A7%C3%A3o:Medalha_de_Ouro_da_Royal_Astronomical_Society&action=edit"><abbr title="Editar esta predefinição" style=";;background:none transparent;border:none;-moz-box-shadow:none;-webkit-box-shadow:none;box-shadow:none; padding:0;">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Medalha_de_Ouro_da_Royal_Astronomical_Society_(1824_–_2024)" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Medalha_de_Ouro_da_Royal_Astronomical_Society" title="Medalha de Ouro da Royal Astronomical Society">Medalha de Ouro da Royal Astronomical Society (1824 – 2024)</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Século XIX</th><td class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px;font-size:95%;line-height:120%;"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;width:95px;">Década de 1820</th><td class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px;line-height:120%;;background:#FFFFFF;"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li>1824: <a href="/wiki/Charles_Babbage" title="Charles Babbage">Charles Babbage</a>, <a href="/wiki/Johann_Franz_Encke" title="Johann Franz Encke">Johann Franz Encke</a></li> <li>1826: <a href="/wiki/John_Herschel" title="John Herschel">John Herschel</a>, <a href="/wiki/James_South" title="James South">James South</a>, <a href="/wiki/Friedrich_Georg_Wilhelm_Struve" title="Friedrich Georg Wilhelm Struve">Wilhelm Struve</a></li> <li>1827: <a href="/wiki/Francis_Baily" title="Francis Baily">Francis Baily</a></li> <li>1828: <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Brisbane" title="Thomas Brisbane">Thomas Brisbane</a>, <a href="/wiki/James_Dunlop" title="James Dunlop">James Dunlop</a>, <a href="/wiki/Caroline_Herschel" title="Caroline Herschel">Caroline Herschel</a></li> <li>1829: <a href="/wiki/William_Pearson" title="William Pearson">William Pearson</a>, <a href="/wiki/Friedrich_Wilhelm_Bessel" title="Friedrich Wilhelm Bessel">Friedrich Wilhelm Bessel</a>, <a href="/wiki/Heinrich_Christian_Schumacher" title="Heinrich Christian Schumacher">Heinrich Christian Schumacher</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;width:95px;">Década de 1830</th><td class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px;line-height:120%;;background:#F7F7F7;"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li>1830: <a href="/wiki/William_Richardson_(astr%C3%B4nomo)" title="William Richardson (astrônomo)">William Richardson</a>, <a href="/wiki/Johann_Franz_Encke" title="Johann Franz Encke">Johann Franz Encke</a></li> <li>1831: <a href="/wiki/Henry_Kater" title="Henry Kater">Henry Kater</a>, <a href="/wiki/Marie-Charles_Damoiseau" title="Marie-Charles Damoiseau">Marie-Charles Damoiseau</a></li> <li>1833: <a href="/wiki/George_Biddell_Airy" title="George Biddell Airy">George Biddell Airy</a></li> <li>1835: <a href="/wiki/Manuel_John_Johnson" title="Manuel John Johnson">Manuel John Johnson</a></li> <li>1836: <a href="/wiki/John_Herschel" title="John Herschel">John Herschel</a></li> <li>1837: <a href="/wiki/Otto_August_Rosenberger" title="Otto August Rosenberger">Otto August Rosenberger</a></li> <li>1839: <a href="/wiki/John_Wrottesley" title="John Wrottesley">John Wrottesley</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;width:95px;">Década de 1840</th><td class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px;line-height:120%;;background:#FFFFFF;"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li>1840: <a href="/wiki/Giovanni_Plana" title="Giovanni Plana">Giovanni Plana</a></li> <li>1841: <a href="/wiki/Friedrich_Wilhelm_Bessel" title="Friedrich Wilhelm Bessel">Friedrich Wilhelm Bessel</a></li> <li>1842: <a href="/wiki/Peter_Andreas_Hansen" title="Peter Andreas Hansen">Peter Andreas Hansen</a></li> <li>1843: <a href="/wiki/Francis_Baily" title="Francis Baily">Francis Baily</a></li> <li>1845: <a href="/wiki/William_Henry_Smyth" title="William Henry Smyth">William Henry Smyth</a></li> <li>1846: <a href="/wiki/George_Biddell_Airy" title="George Biddell Airy">George Biddell Airy</a></li> <li>1849: <a href="/wiki/William_Lassell" title="William Lassell">William Lassell</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;width:95px;">Década de 1850</th><td class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px;line-height:120%;;background:#F7F7F7;"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li>1850: <a href="/wiki/Otto_Wilhelm_von_Struve" title="Otto Wilhelm von Struve">Otto Wilhelm von Struve</a></li> <li>1851: <a href="/wiki/Annibale_de_Gasparis" title="Annibale de Gasparis">Annibale de Gasparis</a></li> <li>1852: <a href="/wiki/Christian_August_Friedrich_Peters" title="Christian August Friedrich Peters">Christian August Friedrich Peters</a></li> <li>1853: <a href="/wiki/John_Russell_Hind" title="John Russell Hind">John Russell Hind</a></li> <li>1854: <a href="/wiki/Karl_R%C3%BCmker" title="Karl Rümker">Karl Rümker</a></li> <li>1855: <a href="/wiki/William_Rutter_Dawes" title="William Rutter Dawes">William Rutter Dawes</a></li> <li>1856: <a href="/wiki/Robert_Grant" title="Robert Grant">Robert Grant</a></li> <li>1857: <a href="/wiki/Samuel_Heinrich_Schwabe" title="Samuel Heinrich Schwabe">Samuel Heinrich Schwabe</a></li> <li>1858: <a href="/wiki/Robert_Main" title="Robert Main">Robert Main</a></li> <li>1859: <a href="/wiki/Richard_Christopher_Carrington" title="Richard Christopher Carrington">Richard Christopher Carrington</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;width:95px;">Década de 1860</th><td class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px;line-height:120%;;background:#FFFFFF;"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li>1860: <a href="/wiki/Peter_Andreas_Hansen" title="Peter Andreas Hansen">Peter Andreas Hansen</a></li> <li>1861: <a href="/wiki/Hermann_Mayer_Salomon_Goldschmidt" title="Hermann Mayer Salomon Goldschmidt">Hermann Mayer Salomon Goldschmidt</a></li> <li>1862: <a href="/wiki/Warren_De_La_Rue" title="Warren De La Rue">Warren De La Rue</a></li> <li>1863: <a href="/wiki/Friedrich_Wilhelm_August_Argelander" title="Friedrich Wilhelm August Argelander">Friedrich Wilhelm August Argelander</a></li> <li>1865: <a href="/wiki/George_Phillips_Bond" title="George Phillips Bond">George Phillips Bond</a></li> <li>1866: <a href="/wiki/John_Couch_Adams" title="John Couch Adams">John Couch Adams</a></li> <li>1867: <a href="/wiki/William_Huggins" title="William Huggins">William Huggins</a>, <a href="/wiki/William_Allen_Miller" title="William Allen Miller">William Allen Miller</a></li> <li>1868: <a href="/wiki/Urbain_Le_Verrier" title="Urbain Le Verrier">Urbain Le Verrier</a></li> <li>1869: <a href="/wiki/Edward_James_Stone" title="Edward James Stone">Edward James Stone</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;width:95px;">Década de 1870</th><td class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px;line-height:120%;;background:#F7F7F7;"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li>1870: <a href="/wiki/Charles-Eug%C3%A8ne_Delaunay" title="Charles-Eugène Delaunay">Charles-Eugène Delaunay</a></li> <li>1872: <a href="/wiki/Giovanni_Schiaparelli" title="Giovanni Schiaparelli">Giovanni Schiaparelli</a></li> <li>1874: <a href="/wiki/Simon_Newcomb" title="Simon Newcomb">Simon Newcomb</a></li> <li>1875: <a href="/wiki/Heinrich_Louis_d%27Arrest" title="Heinrich Louis d'Arrest">Heinrich Louis d'Arrest</a></li> <li>1876: <a href="/wiki/Urbain_Le_Verrier" title="Urbain Le Verrier">Urbain Le Verrier</a></li> <li>1878: <a href="/wiki/Ercole_Dembowski" title="Ercole Dembowski">Ercole Dembowski</a></li> <li>1879: <a href="/wiki/Asaph_Hall" title="Asaph Hall">Asaph Hall</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;width:95px;">Década de 1880</th><td class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px;line-height:120%;;background:#FFFFFF;"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li>1881: <a href="/wiki/Axel_M%C3%B6ller" title="Axel Möller">Axel Möller</a></li> <li>1882: <a href="/wiki/David_Gill" title="David Gill">David Gill</a></li> <li>1883: <a href="/wiki/Benjamin_Apthorp_Gould" title="Benjamin Apthorp Gould">Benjamin Apthorp Gould</a></li> <li>1884: <a href="/wiki/Andrew_Ainslie_Common" title="Andrew Ainslie Common">Andrew Ainslie Common</a></li> <li>1885: <a href="/wiki/William_Huggins" title="William Huggins">William Huggins</a></li> <li>1886: <a href="/wiki/Edward_Charles_Pickering" title="Edward Charles Pickering">Edward Charles Pickering</a>, <a href="/wiki/Charles_Pritchard" title="Charles Pritchard">Charles Pritchard</a></li> <li>1887: <a href="/wiki/George_William_Hill" title="George William Hill">George William Hill</a></li> <li>1888: <a href="/wiki/Arthur_Auwers" title="Arthur Auwers">Arthur Auwers</a></li> <li>1889: <a href="/wiki/Maurice_Loewy" title="Maurice Loewy">Maurice Loewy</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;width:95px;">Década de 1890</th><td class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px;line-height:120%;;background:#F7F7F7;"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li>1892: <a href="/wiki/George_Darwin" title="George Darwin">George Darwin</a></li> <li>1893: <a href="/wiki/Hermann_Carl_Vogel" title="Hermann Carl Vogel">Hermann Carl Vogel</a></li> <li>1894: <a href="/wiki/Sherburne_Wesley_Burnham" title="Sherburne Wesley Burnham">Sherburne Wesley Burnham</a></li> <li>1895: <a href="/wiki/Isaac_Roberts" title="Isaac Roberts">Isaac Roberts</a></li> <li>1896: <a href="/wiki/Seth_Carlo_Chandler" title="Seth Carlo Chandler">Seth Carlo Chandler</a></li> <li>1897: <a href="/wiki/Edward_Barnard" title="Edward Barnard">Edward Barnard</a></li> <li>1898: <a href="/wiki/William_Frederick_Denning" title="William Frederick Denning">William Frederick Denning</a></li> <li>1899: <a href="/wiki/Frank_McClean" title="Frank McClean">Frank McClean</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;width:95px;">Medalha de Prata</th><td class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px;line-height:120%;;background:#FFFFFF;"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li>1824: <a href="/wiki/Karl_R%C3%BCmker" title="Karl Rümker">Karl Rümker</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jean-Louis_Pons" title="Jean-Louis Pons">Jean-Louis Pons</a></li> <li>1827 <a href="/wiki/William_Samuel_Stratford" title="William Samuel Stratford">William Samuel Stratford</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mark_Beaufoy" title="Mark Beaufoy">Mark Beaufoy</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;width:95px;">Medalha de<br />Reconhecimento</th><td class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px;line-height:120%;;background:#F7F7F7;"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li>1848: <a href="/wiki/George_Biddell_Airy" title="George Biddell Airy">George Biddell Airy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Couch_Adams" title="John Couch Adams">John Couch Adams</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Friedrich_Wilhelm_August_Argelander" title="Friedrich Wilhelm August Argelander">Friedrich Wilhelm August Argelander</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Bishop" title="George Bishop">George Bishop</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Everest" title="George Everest">George Everest</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Herschel" title="John Herschel">John Herschel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peter_Andreas_Hansen" title="Peter Andreas Hansen">Peter Andreas Hansen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karl_Ludwig_Hencke" title="Karl Ludwig Hencke">Karl Ludwig Hencke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Russell_Hind" title="John Russell Hind">John Russell Hind</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Urbain_Le_Verrier" title="Urbain Le Verrier">Urbain Le Verrier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_William_Lubbock" title="John William Lubbock">John William Lubbock</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maximilian_von_Wei%C3%9Fe" title="Maximilian von Weiße">Maximilian von Weiße</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td><td class="navbox-image" rowspan="3" style="width:1px;padding:0px 0px 0px 2px"><div><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Ficheiro:Asaph_Hall_Gold_Medal.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="A medalha de ouro de Asaph Hall, 1879."><img alt="A medalha de ouro de Asaph Hall, 1879." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/46/Asaph_Hall_Gold_Medal.jpg/50px-Asaph_Hall_Gold_Medal.jpg" decoding="async" width="50" height="50" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/46/Asaph_Hall_Gold_Medal.jpg/75px-Asaph_Hall_Gold_Medal.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/46/Asaph_Hall_Gold_Medal.jpg/100px-Asaph_Hall_Gold_Medal.jpg 2x" data-file-width="387" data-file-height="387" /></a></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Século XX</th><td class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px;font-size:95%;line-height:120%;"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;width:95px;">Década de 1900</th><td class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px;line-height:120%;;background:#FFFFFF;"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li>1900: <a href="/wiki/Henri_Poincar%C3%A9" title="Henri Poincaré">Henri Poincaré</a></li> <li>1901: <a href="/wiki/Edward_Charles_Pickering" title="Edward Charles Pickering">Edward Charles Pickering</a></li> <li>1902: <a href="/wiki/Jacobus_Kapteyn" title="Jacobus Kapteyn">Jacobus Kapteyn</a></li> <li>1903: <a href="/wiki/Hermann_Struve" title="Hermann Struve">Hermann Struve</a></li> <li>1904: <a href="/wiki/George_Ellery_Hale" title="George Ellery Hale">George Ellery Hale</a></li> <li>1905: <a href="/wiki/Lewis_Boss" title="Lewis Boss">Lewis Boss</a></li> <li>1906: <a href="/wiki/William_Wallace_Campbell" title="William Wallace Campbell">William Wallace Campbell</a></li> <li>1907: <a href="/wiki/Ernest_William_Brown" title="Ernest William Brown">Ernest William Brown</a></li> <li>1908: <a href="/wiki/David_Gill" title="David Gill">David Gill</a></li> <li>1909: <a href="/wiki/Oskar_Backlund" title="Oskar Backlund">Oskar Backlund</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;width:95px;">Década de 1910</th><td class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px;line-height:120%;;background:#F7F7F7;"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li>1910: <a href="/wiki/Karl_Friedrich_K%C3%BCstner" title="Karl Friedrich Küstner">Karl Friedrich Küstner</a></li> <li>1911: <a href="/wiki/Philip_Herbert_Cowell" title="Philip Herbert Cowell">Philip Herbert Cowell</a></li> <li>1912: <a href="/wiki/Arthur_Robert_Hinks" title="Arthur Robert Hinks">Arthur Robert Hinks</a></li> <li>1913: <a href="/wiki/Henri-Alexandre_Deslandres" title="Henri-Alexandre Deslandres">Henri-Alexandre Deslandres</a></li> <li>1914: <a href="/wiki/Max_Wolf" title="Max Wolf">Max Wolf</a></li> <li>1915: <a href="/wiki/Alfred_Fowler" title="Alfred Fowler">Alfred Fowler</a></li> <li>1916: <a href="/wiki/John_Dreyer" title="John Dreyer">John Dreyer</a></li> <li>1917: <a href="/wiki/Walter_Sydney_Adams" title="Walter Sydney Adams">Walter Sydney Adams</a></li> <li>1918: <a href="/wiki/John_Evershed" title="John Evershed">John Evershed</a></li> <li>1919: <a href="/wiki/Guillaume_Bigourdan" title="Guillaume Bigourdan">Guillaume Bigourdan</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;width:95px;">Década de 1920</th><td class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px;line-height:120%;;background:#FFFFFF;"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li>1921: <a href="/wiki/Henry_Norris_Russell" title="Henry Norris Russell">Henry Norris Russell</a></li> <li>1922: <a href="/wiki/James_Jeans" title="James Jeans">James Jeans</a></li> <li>1923: <a href="/wiki/Albert_A._Michelson" title="Albert A. Michelson">Albert A. Michelson</a></li> <li>1924: <a href="/wiki/Arthur_Eddington" title="Arthur Eddington">Arthur Eddington</a></li> <li>1925: <a href="/wiki/Frank_Watson_Dyson" title="Frank Watson Dyson">Frank Watson Dyson</a></li> <li>1926: <a href="/wiki/Albert_Einstein" title="Albert Einstein">Albert Einstein</a></li> <li>1927: <a href="/wiki/Frank_Schlesinger" title="Frank Schlesinger">Frank Schlesinger</a></li> <li>1928: <a href="/wiki/Ralph_Allen_Sampson" title="Ralph Allen Sampson">Ralph Allen Sampson</a></li> <li>1929: <a href="/wiki/Ejnar_Hertzsprung" title="Ejnar Hertzsprung">Ejnar Hertzsprung</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;width:95px;">Década de 1930</th><td class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px;line-height:120%;;background:#F7F7F7;"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li>1930: <a href="/wiki/John_Stanley_Plaskett" title="John Stanley Plaskett">John Stanley Plaskett</a></li> <li>1931: <a href="/wiki/Willem_de_Sitter" title="Willem de Sitter">Willem de Sitter</a></li> <li>1932: <a href="/wiki/Robert_Grant_Aitken" title="Robert Grant Aitken">Robert Grant Aitken</a></li> <li>1933: <a href="/wiki/Vesto_M._Slipher" title="Vesto M. Slipher">Vesto M. Slipher</a></li> <li>1934: <a href="/wiki/Harlow_Shapley" title="Harlow Shapley">Harlow Shapley</a></li> <li>1935: <a href="/wiki/Edward_Arthur_Milne" title="Edward Arthur Milne">Edward Arthur Milne</a></li> <li>1936: <a href="/wiki/Hisashi_Kimura" title="Hisashi Kimura">Hisashi Kimura</a></li> <li>1937: <a href="/wiki/Harold_Jeffreys" title="Harold Jeffreys">Harold Jeffreys</a></li> <li>1938: <a href="/wiki/William_Hammond_Wright" title="William Hammond Wright">William Hammond Wright</a></li> <li>1939: <a href="/wiki/Bernard_Lyot" title="Bernard Lyot">Bernard Lyot</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;width:95px;">Década de 1940</th><td class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px;line-height:120%;;background:#FFFFFF;"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li>1940: <a href="/wiki/Edwin_Powell_Hubble" title="Edwin Powell Hubble">Edwin Powell Hubble</a></li> <li>1943: <a href="/wiki/Harold_Spencer_Jones" title="Harold Spencer Jones">Harold Spencer Jones</a></li> <li>1944: <a href="/wiki/Otto_Struve" title="Otto Struve">Otto Struve</a></li> <li>1945: <a href="/wiki/Bengt_Edl%C3%A9n" title="Bengt Edlén">Bengt Edlén</a></li> <li>1946: <a href="/wiki/Jan_Oort" title="Jan Oort">Jan Oort</a></li> <li>1947: <a href="/wiki/Marcel_Minnaert" title="Marcel Minnaert">Marcel Minnaert</a></li> <li>1948: <a href="/wiki/Bertil_Lindblad" title="Bertil Lindblad">Bertil Lindblad</a></li> <li>1949: <a href="/wiki/Sydney_Chapman" title="Sydney Chapman">Sydney Chapman</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;width:95px;">Década de 1950</th><td class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px;line-height:120%;;background:#F7F7F7;"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li>1950: <a href="/wiki/Joel_Stebbins" title="Joel Stebbins">Joel Stebbins</a></li> <li>1951: <a href="/wiki/Anton_Pannekoek" title="Anton Pannekoek">Anton Pannekoek</a></li> <li>1952: <a href="/wiki/John_Jackson" title="John Jackson">John Jackson</a></li> <li>1953: <a href="/wiki/Subrahmanyan_Chandrasekhar" title="Subrahmanyan Chandrasekhar">Subrahmanyan Chandrasekhar</a></li> <li>1954: <a href="/wiki/Walter_Baade" title="Walter Baade">Walter Baade</a></li> <li>1955: <a href="/wiki/Dirk_Brouwer" title="Dirk Brouwer">Dirk Brouwer</a></li> <li>1956: <a href="/wiki/Thomas_George_Cowling" title="Thomas George Cowling">Thomas George Cowling</a></li> <li>1957: <a href="/wiki/Albrecht_Uns%C3%B6ld" title="Albrecht Unsöld">Albrecht Unsöld</a></li> <li>1958: <a href="/wiki/Andr%C3%A9-Louis_Danjon" title="André-Louis Danjon">André-Louis Danjon</a></li> <li>1959: <a href="/wiki/Raymond_Lyttleton" title="Raymond Lyttleton">Raymond Lyttleton</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;width:95px;">Década de 1960</th><td class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px;line-height:120%;;background:#FFFFFF;"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li>1960: <a href="/wiki/Viktor_Ambartsumian" title="Viktor Ambartsumian">Viktor Ambartsumian</a></li> <li>1961: <a href="/wiki/Herman_Zanstra" title="Herman Zanstra">Herman Zanstra</a></li> <li>1962: <a href="/wiki/Bengt_Str%C3%B6mgren" title="Bengt Strömgren">Bengt Strömgren</a></li> <li>1963: <a href="/wiki/Harry_Hemley_Plaskett" title="Harry Hemley Plaskett">Harry Hemley Plaskett</a></li> <li>1964: <a href="/wiki/Martin_Ryle" title="Martin Ryle">Martin Ryle</a>, <a href="/wiki/William_Maurice_Ewing" title="William Maurice Ewing">William Maurice Ewing</a></li> <li>1965: <a href="/wiki/Edward_Bullard" title="Edward Bullard">Edward Bullard</a>, <a href="/wiki/Gerald_Maurice_Clemence" title="Gerald Maurice Clemence">Gerald Maurice Clemence</a></li> <li>1966: <a href="/wiki/Ira_Sprague_Bowen" title="Ira Sprague Bowen">Ira Sprague Bowen</a>, <a href="/wiki/Harold_Clayton_Urey" title="Harold Clayton Urey">Harold Clayton Urey</a></li> <li>1967: <a href="/wiki/Hannes_Alfv%C3%A9n" title="Hannes Alfvén">Hannes Alfvén</a>, <a href="/wiki/Allan_Rex_Sandage" title="Allan Rex Sandage">Allan Rex Sandage</a></li> <li>1968: <a href="/wiki/Fred_Hoyle" title="Fred Hoyle">Fred Hoyle</a>, <a href="/wiki/Walter_Munk" title="Walter Munk">Walter Munk</a></li> <li>1969: <a href="/wiki/Albert_Thomas_Price" title="Albert Thomas Price">Albert Thomas Price</a>, <a href="/wiki/Martin_Schwarzschild" title="Martin Schwarzschild">Martin Schwarzschild</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;width:95px;">Década de 1970</th><td class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px;line-height:120%;;background:#F7F7F7;"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li>1970: <a href="/wiki/Horace_Welcome_Babcock" title="Horace Welcome Babcock">Horace Welcome Babcock</a></li> <li>1971: <a href="/wiki/Frank_Press" title="Frank Press">Frank Press</a>, <a href="/wiki/Richard_van_der_Riet_Woolley" title="Richard van der Riet Woolley">Richard van der Riet Woolley</a></li> <li>1972: <a href="/wiki/Hal_Thirlaway" title="Hal Thirlaway">Hal Thirlaway</a>, <a href="/wiki/Fritz_Zwicky" title="Fritz Zwicky">Fritz Zwicky</a></li> <li>1973: <a href="/wiki/Francis_Birch" title="Francis Birch">Francis Birch</a>, <a href="/wiki/Edwin_E._Salpeter" title="Edwin E. Salpeter">Edwin E. Salpeter</a></li> <li>1974: <a href="/wiki/Ludwig_Biermann" title="Ludwig Biermann">Ludwig Biermann</a>, <a href="/wiki/Keith_Edward_Bullen" title="Keith Edward Bullen">Keith Edward Bullen</a></li> <li>1975: <a href="/wiki/Jesse_Leonard_Greenstein" title="Jesse Leonard Greenstein">Jesse Leonard Greenstein</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ernst_%C3%96pik" title="Ernst Öpik">Ernst Öpik</a></li> <li>1976: <a href="/wiki/William_McCrea" title="William McCrea">William McCrea</a>, <a href="/wiki/John_Ashworth_Ratcliffe" title="John Ashworth Ratcliffe">John Ashworth Ratcliffe</a></li> <li>1977: <a href="/wiki/David_Bates" title="David Bates">David Bates</a>, <a href="/wiki/John_Gatenby_Bolton" title="John Gatenby Bolton">John Gatenby Bolton</a></li> <li>1978: <a href="/wiki/Lyman_Spitzer" title="Lyman Spitzer">Lyman Spitzer</a>, <a href="/wiki/James_Van_Allen" title="James Van Allen">James Van Allen</a></li> <li>1979: <a href="/wiki/Leon_Knopoff" title="Leon Knopoff">Leon Knopoff</a>, <a href="/wiki/Charles_Gorrie_Wynne" title="Charles Gorrie Wynne">Charles Gorrie Wynne</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;width:95px;">Década de 1980</th><td class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px;line-height:120%;;background:#FFFFFF;"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li>1980: <a href="/wiki/Chaim_Leib_Pekeris" title="Chaim Leib Pekeris">Chaim Leib Pekeris</a>, <a href="/wiki/Maarten_Schmidt" title="Maarten Schmidt">Maarten Schmidt</a></li> <li>1981: <a href="/wiki/James_Freeman_Gilbert" title="James Freeman Gilbert">James Freeman Gilbert</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bernard_Lovell" title="Bernard Lovell">Bernard Lovell</a></li> <li>1982: <a href="/wiki/Riccardo_Giacconi" title="Riccardo Giacconi">Riccardo Giacconi</a>, <a href="/wiki/Harrie_Massey" title="Harrie Massey">Harrie Massey</a></li> <li>1983: <a href="/wiki/Michael_Seaton" title="Michael Seaton">Michael Seaton</a>, <a href="/wiki/Fred_L._Whipple" title="Fred L. Whipple">Fred L. Whipple</a></li> <li>1984: <a href="/wiki/Keith_Runcorn" title="Keith Runcorn">Keith Runcorn</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jakov_Seldovich" title="Jakov Seldovich">Jakov Seldovich</a></li> <li>1985: <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Gold" title="Thomas Gold">Thomas Gold</a>, <a class="mw-selflink selflink">Stephen Hawking</a></li> <li>1986: <a href="/wiki/George_Edward_Backus" title="George Edward Backus">George Edward Backus</a>, <a href="/wiki/Alexander_Dalgarno" title="Alexander Dalgarno">Alexander Dalgarno</a></li> <li>1987: <a href="/wiki/Takeshi_Nagata" title="Takeshi Nagata">Takeshi Nagata</a>, <a href="/wiki/Martin_Rees" title="Martin Rees">Martin Rees</a></li> <li>1988: <a href="/wiki/Don_Lynn_Anderson" title="Don Lynn Anderson">Don Lynn Anderson</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cornelis_de_Jager" title="Cornelis de Jager">Cornelis de Jager</a></li> <li>1989: <a href="/wiki/Raymond_Hide" title="Raymond Hide">Raymond Hide</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ken_Pounds" title="Ken Pounds">Ken Pounds</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;width:95px;">Década de 1990</th><td class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px;line-height:120%;;background:#F7F7F7;"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li>1990: <a href="/wiki/James_Dungey" title="James Dungey">James Dungey</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bernard_Pagel" title="Bernard Pagel">Bernard Pagel</a></li> <li>1991: <a href="/wiki/Vitaly_Ginzburg" title="Vitaly Ginzburg">Vitaly Ginzburg</a>, <a href="/wiki/Gerald_Joseph_Wasserburg" title="Gerald Joseph Wasserburg">Gerald Joseph Wasserburg</a></li> <li>1992: <a href="/wiki/Dan_Peter_McKenzie" title="Dan Peter McKenzie">Dan Peter McKenzie</a>, <a href="/wiki/Eugene_Parker" title="Eugene Parker">Eugene Parker</a></li> <li>1993: <a href="/wiki/Peter_Goldreich" title="Peter Goldreich">Peter Goldreich</a>, <a href="/wiki/Donald_Lynden-Bell" title="Donald Lynden-Bell">Donald Lynden-Bell</a></li> <li>1994: <a href="/wiki/James_Gunn_(astr%C3%B4nomo)" title="James Gunn (astrônomo)">James Gunn</a>, <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Reeve_Kaiser" title="Thomas Reeve Kaiser">Thomas Reeve Kaiser</a></li> <li>1995: <a href="/wiki/John_Houghton" title="John Houghton">John Houghton</a>, <a href="/wiki/Rashid_Sunyaev" title="Rashid Sunyaev">Rashid Sunyaev</a></li> <li>1996: <a href="/wiki/Kenneth_Creer" title="Kenneth Creer">Kenneth Creer</a>, <a href="/wiki/Vera_Rubin" title="Vera Rubin">Vera Rubin</a></li> <li>1997: <a href="/wiki/Donald_Farley" title="Donald Farley">Donald Farley</a>, <a href="/wiki/Donald_Edward_Osterbrock" title="Donald Edward Osterbrock">Donald Edward Osterbrock</a></li> <li>1998: <a href="/wiki/Robert_Ladislav_Parker" title="Robert Ladislav Parker">Robert Ladislav Parker</a>, <a href="/wiki/James_Peebles" title="James Peebles">James Peebles</a></li> <li>1999: <a href="/wiki/Kenneth_Budden" title="Kenneth Budden">Kenneth Budden</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bohdan_Paczy%C5%84ski" title="Bohdan Paczyński">Bohdan Paczyński</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Século XXI</th><td class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px;font-size:95%;line-height:120%;"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;width:95px;">Década de 2000</th><td class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px;line-height:120%;;background:#FFFFFF;"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li>2000: <a href="/wiki/Leon_Lucy" title="Leon Lucy">Leon Lucy</a>, <a href="/wiki/Robert_Hutchison" title="Robert Hutchison">Robert Hutchison</a></li> <li>2001: <a href="/wiki/Hermann_Bondi" title="Hermann Bondi">Hermann Bondi</a>, <a href="/wiki/Henry_Rishbeth" title="Henry Rishbeth">Henry Rishbeth</a></li> <li>2002: <a href="/wiki/Leon_Mestel" title="Leon Mestel">Leon Mestel</a>, <a href="/wiki/John_Arthur_Jacobs" title="John Arthur Jacobs">John Arthur Jacobs</a></li> <li>2003: <a href="/wiki/John_Norris_Bahcall" title="John Norris Bahcall">John Norris Bahcall</a>, <a href="/wiki/David_Gubbins" title="David Gubbins">David Gubbins</a></li> <li>2004: <a href="/wiki/Jeremiah_Paul_Ostriker" title="Jeremiah Paul Ostriker">Jeremiah Paul Ostriker</a>, <a href="/wiki/Grenville_Turner" title="Grenville Turner">Grenville Turner</a></li> <li>2005: <a href="/wiki/Margaret_Burbidge" title="Margaret Burbidge">Margaret Burbidge</a>, <a href="/wiki/Geoffrey_Burbidge" title="Geoffrey Burbidge">Geoffrey Burbidge</a>, <a href="/wiki/Carole_Jordan" title="Carole Jordan">Carole Jordan</a></li> <li>2006: <a href="/wiki/Simon_White" title="Simon White">Simon White</a>, <a href="/wiki/Stanley_William_Herbert_Cowley" title="Stanley William Herbert Cowley">Stanley William Herbert Cowley</a></li> <li>2007: <a href="/wiki/Leonard_Culhane" title="Leonard Culhane">Leonard Culhane</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nigel_Weiss" title="Nigel Weiss">Nigel Weiss</a></li> <li>2008: <a href="/wiki/Joseph_Silk" title="Joseph Silk">Joseph Silk</a>, <a href="/wiki/Brian_Kennett" title="Brian Kennett">Brian Kennett</a></li> <li>2009: <a href="/wiki/David_Williams_(astr%C3%B4nomo)" title="David Williams (astrônomo)">David Williams</a>, <a href="/wiki/Eric_Priest" title="Eric Priest">Eric Priest</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;width:95px;">Década de 2010</th><td class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px;line-height:120%;;background:#F7F7F7;"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li>2010: <a href="/wiki/Douglas_Gough" title="Douglas Gough">Douglas Gough</a>, <a href="/wiki/John_Woodhouse" title="John Woodhouse">John Woodhouse</a></li> <li>2011: <a href="/wiki/Richard_Salisbury_Ellis" title="Richard Salisbury Ellis">Richard Salisbury Ellis</a>, <a href="/wiki/Eberhard_Gr%C3%BCn" title="Eberhard Grün">Eberhard Grün</a></li> <li>2012: <a href="/wiki/Andrew_Fabian" title="Andrew Fabian">Andrew Fabian</a>, <a href="/wiki/John_Campbell_Brown" title="John Campbell Brown">John Campbell Brown</a></li> <li>2013: <a href="/wiki/Roger_Blandford" title="Roger Blandford">Roger Blandford</a>, <a href="/wiki/Chris_Chapman" title="Chris Chapman">Chris Chapman</a></li> <li>2014: <a href="/wiki/Carlos_Frenk" title="Carlos Frenk">Carlos Frenk</a>, <a href="/wiki/John_Zarnecki" title="John Zarnecki">John Zarnecki</a></li> <li>2015: <a href="/wiki/Michel_Mayor" title="Michel Mayor">Michel Mayor</a></li> <li>2016: <a href="/wiki/John_David_Barrow" title="John David Barrow">John David Barrow</a>, <a href="/wiki/Philip_England" title="Philip England">Philip England</a></li> <li>2017: <a href="/wiki/Nicholas_Kaiser" title="Nicholas Kaiser">Nicholas Kaiser</a>, <a href="/wiki/Michele_Dougherty" title="Michele Dougherty">Michele Dougherty</a></li> <li>2018: <a href="/wiki/James_Hough" title="James Hough">James Hough</a>, <a href="/wiki/Robert_White_(geof%C3%ADsico)" title="Robert White (geofísico)">Robert White</a></li> <li>2019: <a href="/wiki/Robert_Kennicutt" title="Robert Kennicutt">Robert Kennicutt</a>, <a href="/wiki/Margaret_Kivelson" title="Margaret Kivelson">Margaret Kivelson</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;width:95px;">Década de 2020</th><td class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px;line-height:120%;;background:#FFFFFF;"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li>2020: <a href="/wiki/Sandra_Faber" title="Sandra Faber">Sandra Faber</a>, <a href="/wiki/Yvonne_Elsworth" title="Yvonne Elsworth">Yvonne Elsworth</a></li> <li>2021: <a href="/wiki/Jocelyn_Bell_Burnell" title="Jocelyn Bell Burnell">Jocelyn Bell Burnell</a>, <a href="/wiki/Thorne_Lay" title="Thorne Lay">Thorne Lay</a></li> <li>2022: <a href="/wiki/George_Efstathiou" title="George Efstathiou">George Efstathiou</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Richard_B._Horne&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Richard B. Horne (página não existe)">Richard B. Horne</a></li> <li>2023: <a href="/wiki/John_Andrew_Peacock" title="John Andrew Peacock">John Andrew Peacock</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tim_Palmer" title="Tim Palmer">Tim Palmer</a></li> <li>2024: <a href="/wiki/Gilles_Chabrier" title="Gilles Chabrier">Gilles Chabrier</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=John-Michael_Kendall&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="John-Michael Kendall (página não existe)">John-Michael Kendall</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Medalha_Dirac_do_Instituto_de_Física_(1985_—_2015)" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist collapsible collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div class="plainlinks hlist navbar mini"><ul><li class="nv-ver"><a href="/wiki/Predefini%C3%A7%C3%A3o:Medalha_Dirac_(IOP)" title="Predefinição:Medalha Dirac (IOP)"><abbr title="Ver esta predefinição" style=";;background:none transparent;border:none;-moz-box-shadow:none;-webkit-box-shadow:none;box-shadow:none; padding:0;">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-discutir"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Predefini%C3%A7%C3%A3o_Discuss%C3%A3o:Medalha_Dirac_(IOP)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Predefinição Discussão:Medalha Dirac (IOP) (página não existe)"><abbr title="Discutir esta predefinição" style=";;background:none transparent;border:none;-moz-box-shadow:none;-webkit-box-shadow:none;box-shadow:none; padding:0;">d</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-editar"><a class="external text" href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Predefini%C3%A7%C3%A3o:Medalha_Dirac_(IOP)&action=edit"><abbr title="Editar esta predefinição" style=";;background:none transparent;border:none;-moz-box-shadow:none;-webkit-box-shadow:none;box-shadow:none; padding:0;">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Medalha_Dirac_do_Instituto_de_Física_(1985_—_2015)" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Medalha_Dirac_(IOP)" title="Medalha Dirac (IOP)">Medalha Dirac do Instituto de Física (1985 — 2015)</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li>1987: <a class="mw-selflink selflink">Stephen Hawking</a></li> <li>1988: <a href="/wiki/John_Stewart_Bell" title="John Stewart Bell">John Stewart Bell</a></li> <li>1989: <a href="/wiki/Roger_Penrose" title="Roger Penrose">Roger Penrose</a></li> <li>1990: <a href="/wiki/Michael_Berry" title="Michael Berry">Michael Berry</a></li> <li>1991: <a href="/wiki/Rudolf_Peierls" title="Rudolf Peierls">Rudolf Peierls</a></li> <li>1992: <a href="/wiki/Anthony_Leggett" title="Anthony Leggett">Anthony Leggett</a></li> <li>1993: <a href="/wiki/David_Thouless" title="David Thouless">David Thouless</a></li> <li>1994: <a href="/wiki/Volker_Heine" title="Volker Heine">Volker Heine</a></li> <li>1995: <a href="/wiki/Daniel_Frank_Walls" title="Daniel Frank Walls">Daniel Frank Walls</a></li> <li>1996: <a href="/wiki/John_Pendry" title="John Pendry">John Pendry</a></li> <li>1997: <a href="/wiki/Peter_Higgs" title="Peter Higgs">Peter Higgs</a></li> <li>1998: <a href="/wiki/David_Deutsch" title="David Deutsch">David Deutsch</a></li> <li>1999: <a href="/wiki/Ian_Colin_Percival" title="Ian Colin Percival">Ian Colin Percival</a></li> <li>2000: <a href="/wiki/John_Cardy" title="John Cardy">John Cardy</a></li> <li>2001: <a href="/wiki/Brian_Kidd_Ridley" title="Brian Kidd Ridley">Brian Kidd Ridley</a></li> <li>2002: <a href="/w/index.php?title=John_Hannay&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="John Hannay (página não existe)">John Hannay</a></li> <li>2003: <a href="/w/index.php?title=Chris_Hull&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Chris Hull (página não existe)">Chris Hull</a></li> <li>2004: <a href="/wiki/Michael_Green" title="Michael Green">Michael Green</a></li> <li>2005: <a href="/wiki/John_Ellis_(f%C3%ADsico)" title="John Ellis (físico)">John Ellis</a></li> <li>2006: <a href="/w/index.php?title=Mike_Gillan&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Mike Gillan (página não existe)">Mike Gillan</a></li> <li>2007: <a href="/w/index.php?title=David_Sherrington&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="David Sherrington (página não existe)">David Sherrington</a></li> <li>2008: <a href="/w/index.php?title=Bryan_Webber&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Bryan Webber (página não existe)">Bryan Webber</a></li> <li>2009: <a href="/wiki/Michael_Cates" title="Michael Cates">Michael Cates</a></li> <li>2010: <a href="/wiki/James_Binney" title="James Binney">James Binney</a></li> <li>2011: <a href="/wiki/Christopher_Isham" title="Christopher Isham">Christopher Isham</a></li> <li>2012: <a href="/w/index.php?title=Graham_Garland_Ross&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Graham Garland Ross (página não existe)">Graham Garland Ross</a></li> <li>2013: <a href="/w/index.php?title=Stephen_Mark_Barnett&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Stephen Mark Barnett (página não existe)">Stephen Mark Barnett</a></li> <li>2014: <a href="/wiki/Tim_Palmer" title="Tim Palmer">Tim Palmer</a></li> <li>2015: <a href="/wiki/John_David_Barrow" title="John David Barrow">John David Barrow</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Prêmio_Wolf_de_Física_(1978_—_2021)" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks collapsible collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div class="plainlinks hlist navbar mini"><ul><li class="nv-ver"><a href="/wiki/Predefini%C3%A7%C3%A3o:Pr%C3%AAmio_Wolf_de_F%C3%ADsica" title="Predefinição:Prêmio Wolf de Física"><abbr title="Ver esta predefinição" style=";;background:none transparent;border:none;-moz-box-shadow:none;-webkit-box-shadow:none;box-shadow:none; padding:0;">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-discutir"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Predefini%C3%A7%C3%A3o_Discuss%C3%A3o:Pr%C3%AAmio_Wolf_de_F%C3%ADsica&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Predefinição Discussão:Prêmio Wolf de Física (página não existe)"><abbr title="Discutir esta predefinição" style=";;background:none transparent;border:none;-moz-box-shadow:none;-webkit-box-shadow:none;box-shadow:none; padding:0;">d</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-editar"><a class="external text" href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Predefini%C3%A7%C3%A3o:Pr%C3%AAmio_Wolf_de_F%C3%ADsica&action=edit"><abbr title="Editar esta predefinição" style=";;background:none transparent;border:none;-moz-box-shadow:none;-webkit-box-shadow:none;box-shadow:none; padding:0;">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Prêmio_Wolf_de_Física_(1978_—_2021)" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Pr%C3%AAmio_Wolf_de_F%C3%ADsica" title="Prêmio Wolf de Física">Prêmio Wolf de Física (1978 — 2021)</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"><div style="font-size:100%;line-height:120%;"> <p><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r57040861"><span class="nowrap">1978: <a href="/wiki/Chien-Shiung_Wu" title="Chien-Shiung Wu">Chien-Shiung Wu</a></span> <span class="sep-list">·</span> <span class="nowrap">1979: <a href="/wiki/George_Eugene_Uhlenbeck" title="George Eugene Uhlenbeck">George Eugene Uhlenbeck</a>, <a href="/wiki/Giuseppe_Occhialini" title="Giuseppe Occhialini">Giuseppe Occhialini</a></span> <span class="sep-list">·</span> <span class="nowrap">1980: <a href="/wiki/Michael_Fisher" title="Michael Fisher">Michael Fisher</a>, <a href="/wiki/Leo_Kadanoff" title="Leo Kadanoff">Leo Kadanoff</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kenneth_Wilson" title="Kenneth Wilson">Kenneth Wilson</a></span> <span class="sep-list">·</span> <span class="nowrap">1981: <a href="/wiki/Freeman_Dyson" title="Freeman Dyson">Freeman Dyson</a>, <a href="/wiki/Gerardus_%27t_Hooft" title="Gerardus 't Hooft">Gerardus 't Hooft</a>, <a href="/wiki/Victor_Weisskopf" title="Victor Weisskopf">Victor Weisskopf</a></span> <span class="sep-list">·</span> <span class="nowrap">1982: <a href="/wiki/Leon_Max_Lederman" title="Leon Max Lederman">Leon Max Lederman</a>, <a href="/wiki/Martin_Lewis_Perl" title="Martin Lewis Perl">Martin Lewis Perl</a></span> <span class="sep-list">·</span> <span class="nowrap">1983/4: <a href="/wiki/Erwin_Hahn" title="Erwin Hahn">Erwin Hahn</a>, <a href="/wiki/Peter_Hirsch" title="Peter Hirsch">Peter Hirsch</a>, <a href="/wiki/Theodore_Harold_Maiman" title="Theodore Harold Maiman">Theodore Harold Maiman</a></span> <span class="sep-list">·</span> <span class="nowrap">1984/5: <a href="/wiki/Conyers_Herring" title="Conyers Herring">Conyers Herring</a>, <a href="/wiki/Philippe_Nozi%C3%A8res" title="Philippe Nozières">Philippe Nozières</a></span> <span class="sep-list">·</span> <span class="nowrap">1986: <a href="/wiki/Mitchell_Feigenbaum" title="Mitchell Feigenbaum">Mitchell Feigenbaum</a>, <a href="/wiki/Albert_Libchaber" title="Albert Libchaber">Albert Libchaber</a></span> <span class="sep-list">·</span> <span class="nowrap">1987: <a href="/wiki/Herbert_Friedman" title="Herbert Friedman">Herbert Friedman</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bruno_Rossi" title="Bruno Rossi">Bruno Rossi</a>, <a href="/wiki/Riccardo_Giacconi" title="Riccardo Giacconi">Riccardo Giacconi</a></span> <span class="sep-list">·</span> <span class="nowrap">1988: <a href="/wiki/Roger_Penrose" title="Roger Penrose">Roger Penrose</a>, <a class="mw-selflink selflink">Stephen Hawking</a></span> <span class="sep-list">·</span> <span class="nowrap">1990: <a href="/wiki/Pierre-Gilles_de_Gennes" title="Pierre-Gilles de Gennes">Pierre-Gilles de Gennes</a>, <a href="/wiki/David_Thouless" title="David Thouless">David Thouless</a></span> <span class="sep-list">·</span> <span class="nowrap">1991: <a href="/wiki/Maurice_Goldhaber" title="Maurice Goldhaber">Maurice Goldhaber</a>, <a href="/wiki/Valentine_Telegdi" title="Valentine Telegdi">Valentine Telegdi</a></span> <span class="sep-list">·</span> <span class="nowrap">1992: <a href="/wiki/Joseph_Hooton_Taylor" title="Joseph Hooton Taylor">Joseph Hooton Taylor</a></span> <span class="sep-list">·</span> <span class="nowrap">1993: <a href="/wiki/Beno%C3%AEt_Mandelbrot" title="Benoît Mandelbrot">Benoît Mandelbrot</a></span> <span class="sep-list">·</span> <span class="nowrap">1994/5: <a href="/wiki/Vitaly_Ginzburg" title="Vitaly Ginzburg">Vitaly Ginzburg</a>, <a href="/wiki/Yoichiro_Nambu" title="Yoichiro Nambu">Yoichiro Nambu</a></span> <span class="sep-list">·</span> <span class="nowrap">1996/7: <a href="/wiki/John_Archibald_Wheeler" title="John Archibald Wheeler">John Archibald Wheeler</a></span> <span class="sep-list">·</span> <span class="nowrap">1998: <a href="/wiki/Yakir_Aharonov" title="Yakir Aharonov">Yakir Aharonov</a>, <a href="/wiki/Michael_Berry" title="Michael Berry">Michael Berry</a></span> <span class="sep-list">·</span> <span class="nowrap">1999: <a href="/wiki/Dan_Shechtman" title="Dan Shechtman">Dan Shechtman</a></span> <span class="sep-list">·</span> <span class="nowrap">2000: <a href="/wiki/Raymond_Davis_Jr." title="Raymond Davis Jr.">Raymond Davis Jr.</a>, <a href="/wiki/Masatoshi_Koshiba" title="Masatoshi Koshiba">Masatoshi Koshiba</a></span> <span class="sep-list">·</span> <span class="nowrap">2002/3: <a href="/wiki/Bertrand_Halperin" title="Bertrand Halperin">Bertrand Halperin</a>, <a href="/wiki/Anthony_Leggett" title="Anthony Leggett">Anthony Leggett</a></span> <span class="sep-list">·</span> <span class="nowrap">2004: <a href="/wiki/Robert_Brout" title="Robert Brout">Robert Brout</a>, <a href="/wiki/Fran%C3%A7ois_Englert" title="François Englert">François Englert</a>, <a href="/wiki/Peter_Higgs" title="Peter Higgs">Peter Higgs</a></span> <span class="sep-list">·</span> <span class="nowrap">2005: <a href="/wiki/Daniel_Kleppner" title="Daniel Kleppner">Daniel Kleppner</a></span> <span class="sep-list">·</span> <span class="nowrap">2006/7: <a href="/wiki/Albert_Fert" title="Albert Fert">Albert Fert</a>, <a href="/wiki/Peter_Gr%C3%BCnberg" title="Peter Grünberg">Peter Grünberg</a></span> <span class="sep-list">·</span> <span class="nowrap">2010: <a href="/wiki/John_Clauser" title="John Clauser">John Clauser</a>, <a href="/wiki/Alain_Aspect" title="Alain Aspect">Alain Aspect</a>, <a href="/wiki/Anton_Zeilinger" title="Anton Zeilinger">Anton Zeilinger</a></span> <span class="sep-list">·</span> <span class="nowrap">2011: <a href="/wiki/Maximilian_Haider" title="Maximilian Haider">Maximilian Haider</a>, <a href="/wiki/Harald_Rose" title="Harald Rose">Harald Rose</a>, <a href="/wiki/Knut_Urban" title="Knut Urban">Knut Urban</a></span> <span class="sep-list">·</span> <span class="nowrap">2012: <a href="/wiki/Jacob_David_Bekenstein" title="Jacob David Bekenstein">Jacob David Bekenstein</a></span> <span class="sep-list">·</span> <span class="nowrap">2013: <a href="/wiki/Peter_Zoller" title="Peter Zoller">Peter Zoller</a>, <a href="/wiki/Juan_Ignacio_Cirac_Sasturain" title="Juan Ignacio Cirac Sasturain">Juan Ignacio Cirac Sasturain</a></span> <span class="sep-list">·</span> <span class="nowrap">2015: <a href="/wiki/James_Bjorken" title="James Bjorken">James Bjorken</a>, <a href="/wiki/Robert_Kirshner" title="Robert Kirshner">Robert Kirshner</a></span> <span class="sep-list">·</span> <span class="nowrap">2016: <a href="/wiki/Yoseph_Imry" title="Yoseph Imry">Yoseph Imry</a></span> <span class="sep-list">·</span> <span class="nowrap">2017: <a href="/wiki/Michel_Mayor" title="Michel Mayor">Michel Mayor</a>, <a href="/wiki/Didier_Queloz" class="mw-redirect" title="Didier Queloz">Didier Queloz</a></span> <span class="sep-list">·</span> <span class="nowrap">2018: <a href="/wiki/Charles_Henry_Bennett" title="Charles Henry Bennett">Charles Henry Bennett</a>, <a href="/wiki/Gilles_Brassard" title="Gilles Brassard">Gilles Brassard</a></span> <span class="sep-list">·</span> <span class="nowrap">2020: <a href="/wiki/Rafi_Bistritzer" title="Rafi Bistritzer">Rafi Bistritzer</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pablo_Jarillo-Herrero" title="Pablo Jarillo-Herrero">Pablo Jarillo-Herrero</a>, <a href="/wiki/Allan_Hugh_MacDonald" title="Allan Hugh MacDonald">Allan Hugh MacDonald</a></span> <span class="sep-list">·</span> <span class="nowrap">2021: <a href="/wiki/Giorgio_Parisi" title="Giorgio Parisi">Giorgio Parisi</a></span> </p> </div> <hr /> <div align="center"><i><a href="/wiki/Predefini%C3%A7%C3%A3o:Pr%C3%AAmio_Wolf_de_Agronomia" title="Predefinição:Prêmio Wolf de Agronomia">Prêmio Wolf de Agronomia</a> • <a href="/wiki/Predefini%C3%A7%C3%A3o:Pr%C3%AAmio_Wolf_de_Artes" title="Predefinição:Prêmio Wolf de Artes">Prêmio Wolf de Artes</a> • <a href="/wiki/Predefini%C3%A7%C3%A3o:Pr%C3%AAmio_Wolf_de_Matem%C3%A1tica" title="Predefinição:Prêmio Wolf de Matemática">Prêmio Wolf de Matemática</a> • <a href="/wiki/Predefini%C3%A7%C3%A3o:Pr%C3%AAmio_Wolf_de_Medicina" title="Predefinição:Prêmio Wolf de Medicina">Prêmio Wolf de Medicina</a> • <a href="/wiki/Predefini%C3%A7%C3%A3o:Pr%C3%AAmio_Wolf_de_Qu%C3%ADmica" title="Predefinição:Prêmio Wolf de Química">Prêmio Wolf de Química</a></i></div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Medalha_Oskar_Klein_(1988_—_2020)" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks collapsible collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div class="plainlinks hlist navbar mini"><ul><li class="nv-ver"><a href="/wiki/Predefini%C3%A7%C3%A3o:Medalha_Oskar_Klein" title="Predefinição:Medalha Oskar Klein"><abbr title="Ver esta predefinição" style=";;background:none transparent;border:none;-moz-box-shadow:none;-webkit-box-shadow:none;box-shadow:none; padding:0;">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-discutir"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Predefini%C3%A7%C3%A3o_Discuss%C3%A3o:Medalha_Oskar_Klein&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Predefinição Discussão:Medalha Oskar Klein (página não existe)"><abbr title="Discutir esta predefinição" style=";;background:none transparent;border:none;-moz-box-shadow:none;-webkit-box-shadow:none;box-shadow:none; padding:0;">d</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-editar"><a class="external text" href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Predefini%C3%A7%C3%A3o:Medalha_Oskar_Klein&action=edit"><abbr title="Editar esta predefinição" style=";;background:none transparent;border:none;-moz-box-shadow:none;-webkit-box-shadow:none;box-shadow:none; padding:0;">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Medalha_Oskar_Klein_(1988_—_2020)" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Medalha_Oskar_Klein" title="Medalha Oskar Klein">Medalha Oskar Klein (1988 — 2020)</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <span style="white-space:nowrap"></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Medalha_Copley._Laureados_(2001–2023)" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist collapsible collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div class="plainlinks hlist navbar mini"><ul><li class="nv-ver"><a href="/wiki/Predefini%C3%A7%C3%A3o:Medalha_Copley_(2001%E2%80%932050)" title="Predefinição:Medalha Copley (2001–2050)"><abbr title="Ver esta predefinição" style=";;background:none transparent;border:none;-moz-box-shadow:none;-webkit-box-shadow:none;box-shadow:none; padding:0;">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-discutir"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Predefini%C3%A7%C3%A3o_Discuss%C3%A3o:Medalha_Copley_(2001%E2%80%932050)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Predefinição Discussão:Medalha Copley (2001–2050) (página não existe)"><abbr title="Discutir esta predefinição" style=";;background:none transparent;border:none;-moz-box-shadow:none;-webkit-box-shadow:none;box-shadow:none; padding:0;">d</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-editar"><a class="external text" href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Predefini%C3%A7%C3%A3o:Medalha_Copley_(2001%E2%80%932050)&action=edit"><abbr title="Editar esta predefinição" style=";;background:none transparent;border:none;-moz-box-shadow:none;-webkit-box-shadow:none;box-shadow:none; padding:0;">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Medalha_Copley._Laureados_(2001–2023)" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Medalha_Copley" title="Medalha Copley">Medalha Copley. Laureados (2001–2023)</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap">2001: <a href="/wiki/Jacques_Miller" title="Jacques Miller">Jacques Miller</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">2002: <a href="/wiki/John_Pople" title="John Pople">John Pople</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">2003: <a href="/wiki/John_Gurdon" title="John Gurdon">John Gurdon</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">2004: <a href="/wiki/Harold_Kroto" title="Harold Kroto">Harold Kroto</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">2005: <a href="/wiki/Paul_Nurse" title="Paul Nurse">Paul Nurse</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">2006: <a class="mw-selflink selflink">Stephen Hawking</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">2007: <a href="/wiki/Robert_May" title="Robert May">Robert May</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">2008: <a href="/wiki/Roger_Penrose" title="Roger Penrose">Roger Penrose</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">2009: <a href="/wiki/Martin_Evans" title="Martin Evans">Martin Evans</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">2010: <a href="/wiki/David_Cox" title="David Cox">David Cox</a> e <a href="/wiki/Tomas_Lindahl" title="Tomas Lindahl">Tomas Lindahl</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">2011: <a href="/wiki/Dan_Peter_McKenzie" title="Dan Peter McKenzie">Dan McKenzie</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">2012: <a href="/wiki/John_Ernest_Walker" title="John Ernest Walker">John Ernest Walker</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">2013: <a href="/wiki/Andre_Geim" title="Andre Geim">Andre Geim</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">2014: <a href="/wiki/Alec_Jeffreys" title="Alec Jeffreys">Alec Jeffreys</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">2015: <a href="/wiki/Peter_Higgs" title="Peter Higgs">Peter Higgs</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">2016: <a href="/wiki/Richard_Henderson" title="Richard Henderson">Richard Henderson</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">2017: <a href="/wiki/Andrew_Wiles" title="Andrew Wiles">Andrew Wiles</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">2018: <a href="/wiki/Jeffrey_Ivan_Gordon" title="Jeffrey Ivan Gordon">Jeffrey Ivan Gordon</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">2019: <a href="/wiki/John_Bannister_Goodenough" title="John Bannister Goodenough">John Bannister Goodenough</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">2020: <a href="/wiki/Alan_Fersht" title="Alan Fersht">Alan Fersht</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">2021: <a href="/wiki/Jocelyn_Bell_Burnell" title="Jocelyn Bell Burnell">Jocelyn Bell Burnell</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">2022: <a href="/wiki/AstraZeneca" title="AstraZeneca">Equipe de criação da vacina da Oxford-AstraZeneca</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">2023: <a href="/wiki/Martin_Rees" title="Martin Rees">Martin Rees</a></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Predefini%C3%A7%C3%A3o:Medalha_Copley" title="Predefinição:Medalha Copley">Lista Completa</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Predefini%C3%A7%C3%A3o:Medalha_Copley_(1731%E2%80%931750)" title="Predefinição:Medalha Copley (1731–1750)">(1731–1750)</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Predefini%C3%A7%C3%A3o:Medalha_Copley_(1751%E2%80%931800)" title="Predefinição:Medalha Copley (1751–1800)">(1751–1800)</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Predefini%C3%A7%C3%A3o:Medalha_Copley_(1801%E2%80%931850)" title="Predefinição:Medalha Copley (1801–1850)">(1801–1850)</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Predefini%C3%A7%C3%A3o:Medalha_Copley_(1851%E2%80%931900)" title="Predefinição:Medalha Copley (1851–1900)">(1851–1900)</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Predefini%C3%A7%C3%A3o:Medalha_Copley_(1901%E2%80%931950)" title="Predefinição:Medalha Copley (1901–1950)">(1901–1950)</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Predefini%C3%A7%C3%A3o:Medalha_Copley_(1951%E2%80%932000)" title="Predefinição:Medalha Copley (1951–2000)">(1951–2000)</a></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <ul class="noprint navigation-box" style="border-top: solid silver 1px; border-right: solid silver 1px; border-bottom:1px solid silver; border-left: solid silver 1px; padding:3px; background-color: #F9F9F9; text-align: center; margin-top:10px; margin-left: 0; clear: both;"><li style="display: inline;"><span style="white-space: nowrap; margin: auto 1.5em"><span style="margin-right: 0.5em"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Ficheiro:Crystal_Clear_app_Login_Manager.png" title="Portal de biografias"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Crystal_Clear_app_Login_Manager.png/25px-Crystal_Clear_app_Login_Manager.png" decoding="async" width="25" height="25" 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href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q17714" class="extiw" title="wikidata:Q17714">Q17714</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> <span><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.worldcat.org/identities/containsVIAFID/102304634">WorldCat</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Base_Virtual_Internacional_de_Autoridade" title="Base Virtual Internacional de Autoridade">VIAF</a>: <span class="uid"><span class="plainlinks"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://viaf.org/viaf/102304634/">102304634</a></span></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Biblioteca_Apost%C3%B3lica_Vaticana" title="Biblioteca Apostólica Vaticana">BAV</a>: <span class="uid"><span class="plainlinks"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/*/https://viaf.org/processed/BAV%7CADV10097735">ADV10097735</a></span></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Bibsys" title="Bibsys">BIBSYS</a>: <span class="uid"><span class="plainlinks"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://authority.bibsys.no/authority/rest/authorities/html/90139571">90139571</a></span></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Biblioteca_Nacional_do_Chile" title="Biblioteca Nacional do Chile">BNCHL</a>: <span class="uid"><span class="plainlinks"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.bncatalogo.cl/F/?func=direct&local_base=red10&doc_number=000502511">000502511</a></span></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Biblioteca_Nacional_da_Espanha" title="Biblioteca Nacional da Espanha">BNE</a>: <span class="uid"><span class="plainlinks"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://datos.bne.es/resource/XX989893">XX989893</a></span></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Biblioteca_Nacional_da_Fran%C3%A7a" title="Biblioteca Nacional 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class="uid"><span class="plainlinks"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://mathgenealogy.org/id.php?id=78459">78459</a></span></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/MusicBrainz" title="MusicBrainz">MusicBrainz</a>: <span class="uid"><span class="plainlinks"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://musicbrainz.org/artist/6521b32f-3efb-4662-a0fa-c51f5897581b">ID</a></span></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Munzinger-Archiv" class="extiw" title="de:Munzinger-Archiv">Munzinger</a>: <span class="uid"><span class="plainlinks"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.munzinger.de/search/go/document.jsp?id=00000019246">00000019246</a></span></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Biblioteca_Central_Nacional" title="Biblioteca Central Nacional">NCL</a>: <span class="uid"><span class="plainlinks"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://aleweb.ncl.edu.tw/F/?func=accref&acc_sequence=004898269">004898269</a></span></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Biblioteca_Nacional_da_Dieta" title="Biblioteca Nacional da Dieta">NDL</a>: <span class="uid"><span class="plainlinks"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.ndl.go.jp/auth/ndlna/00468083">00468083</a></span></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Biblioteca_Nacional_da_Austr%C3%A1lia" title="Biblioteca Nacional da Austrália">NLA</a>: <span class="uid"><span class="plainlinks"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://librariesaustralia.nla.gov.au/search/display?dbid=auth&id=36245709">36245709</a></span></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Biblioteca_Nacional_da_Gr%C3%A9cia" class="mw-redirect" title="Biblioteca Nacional da Grécia">NLG</a>: <span class="uid"><span class="plainlinks"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://koha.nlg.gr/cgi-bin/koha/opac-authoritiesdetail.pl?marc=1&authid=71439">71439</a></span></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Biblioteca_Nacional_da_Rom%C3%A9nia" title="Biblioteca Nacional da Roménia">NLR</a>: <span class="uid"><span class="plainlinks"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://aleph.bibnat.ro/F/?func=direct&local_base=NLR10&doc_number=000100105">000100105</a></span></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Notable_Names_Database" class="mw-redirect" title="Notable Names Database">NNDB</a>: <span class="uid"><span class="plainlinks"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nndb.com/people/563/000022497/">000022497</a></span></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/National_Portrait_Gallery" title="National Portrait Gallery">NPG</a>: <span class="uid"><span class="plainlinks"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.npg.org.uk/collections/search/person/mp05386">mp05386</a></span></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Biblioteca_Real_dos_Pa%C3%ADses_Baixos" title="Biblioteca Real dos Países Baixos">NTA</a>: <span class="uid"><span class="plainlinks"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.bibliotheken.nl/id/thes/p073223883">073223883</a></span></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/NUKAT" class="extiw" title="pl:NUKAT">NUKAT</a>: <span class="uid"><span class="plainlinks"><a class="external text" href="https://wikidata-externalid-url.toolforge.org/?p=1207&url_prefix=http://nukat.edu.pl/aut/&id=n93080994">n93080994</a></span></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Oxford_University_Press" title="Oxford University Press">ODNB</a>: <span class="uid"><span class="plainlinks"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.oxforddnb.com/view/article/90000380502">90000380502</a></span></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;">openMLOL: <span class="uid"><span class="plainlinks"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.medialibrary.it/media/ricercaopen.aspx?selcrea=307453">307453</a></span></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/ORCID" title="ORCID">ORCID</a>: <span class="uid"><span class="plainlinks"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9079-593X">ID</a></span></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Google_Scholar" title="Google Scholar">Scholar</a>: <span class="uid"><span class="plainlinks"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://scholar.google.com/citations?user=qj74uXkAAAAJ">qj74uXkAAAAJ</a></span></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Scopus_(base_de_dados_bibliogr%C3%A1fica)" title="Scopus (base de dados bibliográfica)">Scopus</a>: <span class="uid"><span class="plainlinks"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.scopus.com/authid/detail.uri?authorId=6701475619">6701475619</a></span></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SNAC" class="extiw" title="en:SNAC">SNAC</a>: <span class="uid"><span class="plainlinks"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://snaccooperative.org/ark:/99166/w6nk63ht">w6nk63ht</a></span></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Sistema_Universit%C3%A1rio_de_Documenta%C3%A7%C3%A3o" title="Sistema Universitário de Documentação">SUDOC</a>: <span class="uid"><span class="plainlinks"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.idref.fr/028590295">028590295</a></span></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Enciclop%C3%A9dia_Treccani" title="Enciclopédia Treccani">Treccani</a>: <span class="uid"><span class="plainlinks"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.treccani.it/enciclopedia/stephen-william-hawking">stephen-william-hawking</a></span></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/TV.com" title="TV.com">TVcom</a>: <span class="uid"><span class="plainlinks"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080201113148/http://www.tv.com/people/stephen-hawking/">stephen-hawking</a></span></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/TV_Guide" title="TV Guide">TVGuide</a>: <span class="uid"><span class="plainlinks"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.tvguide.com/celebrities/wd/175324">175324</a></span></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/WikiTree" title="WikiTree">WikiTree</a>: <span class="uid"><span class="plainlinks"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.wikitree.com/wiki/Hawking-7">Hawking-7</a></span></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Biblioteca_Nacional_do_Brasil" title="Biblioteca Nacional do Brasil">BNB</a>: <span class="uid"><span class="plainlinks"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://acervo.bn.gov.br/sophia_web/autoridade/detalhe/000180253">000180253</a></span></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Biblioteca_Nacional_de_Portugal" title="Biblioteca Nacional de Portugal">PTBNP</a>: <span class="uid"><span class="plainlinks"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://id.bnportugal.gov.pt/aut/catbnp/56499">56499</a></span></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/IMDb" title="IMDb">IMDb</a>: <span class="uid"><span class="plainlinks"><a class="external text" href="https://wikidata-externalid-url.toolforge.org/?p=345&url_prefix=https://www.imdb.com/&id=nm0370071">nm0370071</a></span></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Open_Library" title="Open Library">OL</a>: <span class="uid"><span class="plainlinks"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://openlibrary.org/works/OL2675573A?mode=all">OL2675573A</a></span></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Biblioteca_Nacional_de_Israel" title="Biblioteca Nacional de Israel">NLI</a>: <span class="uid"><span class="plainlinks"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://olduli.nli.org.il/F/?func=direct&local_base=nlx10&doc_number=000061030">000061030</a></span></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Rotten_Tomatoes" title="Rotten Tomatoes">Rotten Tomatoes</a>: <span class="uid"><span class="plainlinks"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.rottentomatoes.com/celebrity/stephen_hawking">stephen_hawking</a></span></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Pontif%C3%ADcia_Universidade_S%C3%A3o_Tom%C3%A1s_de_Aquino" title="Pontifícia Universidade São Tomás de Aquino">Angelicum</a>: <span class="uid"><span class="plainlinks"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pust.urbe.it/cgi-bin/koha/opac-authoritiesdetail.pl?marc=1&authid=45343">45343</a></span></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Pontif%C3%ADcia_Universidade_S%C3%A3o_Tom%C3%A1s_de_Aquino" title="Pontifícia Universidade São Tomás de Aquino">Angelicum</a>: <span class="uid"><span class="plainlinks"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogo.pusc.it/cgi-bin/koha/opac-authoritiesdetail.pl?marc=1&authid=36291">36291</a></span></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Biblioteca_Nacional_do_M%C3%A9xico" title="Biblioteca Nacional do México">BNM</a>: <span class="uid"><span class="plainlinks"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://catalogo.iib.unam.mx/F/?func=direct&local_base=BNM10&doc_number=000057263">000057263</a></span></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5013258" class="extiw" title="d:Q5013258">CONOR.BG</a>: <span class="uid"><span class="plainlinks"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://plus.cobiss.net/cobiss/bg/bg/conor/11095397">11095397</a></span></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5013258" class="extiw" title="d:Q5013258">CONOR.SR</a>: <span class="uid"><span class="plainlinks"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://plus.cobiss.net/cobiss/sr/sr/conor/3377511">3377511</a></span></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%A4%CE%B5%CF%87%CE%BD%CE%BF%CE%BB%CE%BF%CE%B3%CE%B9%CE%BA%CF%8C_%CE%A0%CE%B1%CE%BD%CE%B5%CF%80%CE%B9%CF%83%CF%84%CE%AE%CE%BC%CE%B9%CE%BF_%CE%9A%CF%8D%CF%80%CF%81%CE%BF%CF%85" class="extiw" title="el:Τεχνολογικό Πανεπιστήμιο Κύπρου">CUT</a>: <span class="uid"><span class="plainlinks"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://libraryopac.cut.ac.cy/cgi-bin/koha/opac-authoritiesdetail.pl?marc=1&authid=80322">80322</a></span></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q81525085" class="extiw" title="d:Q81525085">CoBiS</a>: <span class="uid"><span class="plainlinks"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dati.cobis.to.it/agent/dxgq8vtd64wked9d5mpjub9d5mpjub8">dxgq8vtd64wked9d5mpjub9d5mpjub8</a></span></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/KANTO" class="extiw" title="fi:KANTO">KANTO</a>: <span class="uid"><span class="plainlinks"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://urn.fi/URN:NBN:fi:au:finaf:000043470">000043470</a></span></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deutsches_Literaturarchiv_Marbach" class="extiw" title="de:Deutsches Literaturarchiv Marbach">Kallías</a>: <span class="uid"><span class="plainlinks"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.dla-marbach.de/find/opac/id/PE00147698">PE00147698</a></span></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Palazzo_Castellani_(Floren%C3%A7a)" title="Palazzo Castellani (Florença)">MG</a>: <span class="uid"><span class="plainlinks"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://opac.museogalileo.it/imss/authResource?uri=189904">189904</a></span></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Biblioteca_Nacional_da_Austr%C3%A1lia" title="Biblioteca Nacional da Austrália">NLA</a>: <span class="uid"><span class="plainlinks"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://trove.nla.gov.au/people/1235988">1235988</a></span></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Biblioteca_Nacional_da_Pol%C3%B3nia" title="Biblioteca Nacional da Polónia">NLP</a>: <span class="uid"><span class="plainlinks"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dbn.bn.org.pl/descriptor-details/a0000001181009">a0000001181009</a></span></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q56557486" class="extiw" title="d:Q56557486">Catálogo SHARE</a>: <span class="uid"><span class="plainlinks"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogo.share-cat.unina.it/sharecat/searchNames?n_cluster_id=46612">46612</a></span></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Biblioteca_Nacional_da_Eslov%C3%A1quia" title="Biblioteca Nacional da Eslováquia">SNK</a>: <span class="uid"><span class="plainlinks"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://autority.snk.sk/cgi-bin/koha/opac-authoritiesdetail.pl?marc=1&authid=148575">148575</a></span></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tabakalera" class="extiw" title="es:Tabakalera">Tabakalera</a>: <span class="uid"><span class="plainlinks"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://katalogoa.tabakalera.eus/cgi-bin/koha/opac-authoritiesdetail.pl?authid=55394">55394</a></span></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Universidade_Pontif%C3%ADcia_de_Salamanca" title="Universidade Pontifícia de Salamanca">UPSA</a>: <span class="uid"><span class="plainlinks"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://koha.upsa.es/cgi-bin/koha/opac-authoritiesdetail.pl?marc=1&authid=12619">12619</a></span></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/AllMovie" title="AllMovie">AllMovie</a>: <span class="uid"><span class="plainlinks"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.allmovie.com/artist/p93750">p93750</a></span></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/AlloCin%C3%A9" title="AlloCiné">AlloCiné</a>: <span class="uid"><span class="plainlinks"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.allocine.fr/personne/fichepersonne_gen_cpersonne=189643.html">189643</a></span></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Filmportal.de" class="extiw" title="de:Filmportal.de">FilmPortal</a>: <span class="uid"><span class="plainlinks"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.filmportal.de/f651f3332fb84cf69b744878aee5b932">ID</a></span></span></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <!-- NewPP limit report Parsed by mw‐web.eqiad.main‐7c479b968‐76vpd Cached time: 20241116031706 Cache expiry: 2592000 Reduced 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