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class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Alternar o índice" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Alternar o índice</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Ernst Öpik</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Ir para um artigo noutra língua. Disponível em 38 línguas" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-38" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">38 línguas</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A5%D9%8A%D8%B1%D9%86%D8%B3%D8%AA_%D8%A3%D9%88%D8%A8%D9%83" title="إيرنست أوبك — árabe" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="إيرنست أوبك" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="árabe" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%8A%D8%B1%D9%86%D8%B3%D8%AA_%D8%A7%D9%88%D8%A8%D9%83" title="ايرنست اوبك — Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="ايرنست اوبك" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%AD%D1%80%D0%BD%D1%81%D1%82_%D0%AE%D0%BB%D1%96%D1%83%D1%81_%D0%AD%D0%BF%D1%96%D0%BA" title="Эрнст Юліус Эпік — bielorrusso" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Эрнст Юліус Эпік" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="bielorrusso" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ernst_%C3%96pik" title="Ernst Öpik — bósnio" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Ernst Öpik" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="bósnio" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ernst_%C3%96pik" title="Ernst Öpik — catalão" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Ernst Öpik" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="catalão" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A6%DB%8E%D8%B1%D9%86%D8%B3%D8%AA_%D8%A6%DB%86%D9%BE%DB%8C%DA%A9" title="ئێرنست ئۆپیک — curdo central" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="ئێرنست ئۆپیک" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="curdo central" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>کوردی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ernst_%C3%96pik" title="Ernst Öpik — checo" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Ernst Öpik" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="checo" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ernst_Julius_%C3%96pik" title="Ernst Julius Öpik — galês" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Ernst Julius Öpik" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="galês" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ernst_%C3%96pik" title="Ernst Öpik — alemão" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Ernst Öpik" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="alemão" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%95%CF%81%CE%BD%CF%83%CF%84_%CE%88%CF%80%CE%B9%CE%BA" title="Ερνστ Έπικ — grego" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Ερνστ Έπικ" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="grego" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-en mw-list-item"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ernst_%C3%96pik" title="Ernst Öpik — inglês" lang="en" hreflang="en" data-title="Ernst Öpik" data-language-autonym="English" data-language-local-name="inglês" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ernst_%C3%96pik" title="Ernst Öpik — espanhol" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Ernst Öpik" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="espanhol" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ernst_%C3%96pik" title="Ernst Öpik — estónio" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Ernst Öpik" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="estónio" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ernst_%C3%96pik" title="Ernst Öpik — basco" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Ernst Öpik" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="basco" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%86%D8%B3%D8%AA_%D8%A7%D9%88%D9%BE%DB%8C%DA%A9" title="ارنست اوپیک — persa" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="ارنست اوپیک" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="persa" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ernst_%C3%96pik" title="Ernst Öpik — finlandês" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Ernst Öpik" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="finlandês" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ernst_%C3%96pik" title="Ernst Öpik — francês" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Ernst Öpik" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="francês" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ernst_%C3%96pik" title="Ernst Öpik — galego" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Ernst Öpik" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="galego" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gv mw-list-item"><a href="https://gv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ernst_%C3%96pik" title="Ernst Öpik — manx" lang="gv" hreflang="gv" data-title="Ernst Öpik" data-language-autonym="Gaelg" data-language-local-name="manx" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaelg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ernst_%C3%96pik" title="Ernst Öpik — croata" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Ernst Öpik" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="croata" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ernst_%C3%96pik" title="Ernst Öpik — italiano" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Ernst Öpik" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="italiano" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%A8%E3%83%AB%E3%83%B3%E3%82%B9%E3%83%88%E3%83%BB%E3%82%A8%E3%83%94%E3%83%83%E3%82%AF" title="エルンスト・エピック — japonês" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="エルンスト・エピック" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="japonês" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%97%90%EB%A5%B8%EC%8A%A4%ED%8A%B8_%EC%99%B8%ED%94%BD" title="에른스트 외픽 — coreano" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="에른스트 외픽" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="coreano" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kv mw-list-item"><a href="https://kv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%AD%D1%80%D0%BD%D1%81%D1%82_%D0%AE%D0%BB%D0%B8%D1%83%D1%81_%D3%A6%D0%BF%D0%B8%D0%BA" title="Эрнст Юлиус Ӧпик — komi" lang="kv" hreflang="kv" data-title="Эрнст Юлиус Ӧпик" data-language-autonym="Коми" data-language-local-name="komi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Коми</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ernestus_%C3%96pik" title="Ernestus Öpik — latim" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Ernestus Öpik" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="latim" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lb mw-list-item"><a href="https://lb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ernst_%C3%96pik" title="Ernst Öpik — luxemburguês" lang="lb" hreflang="lb" data-title="Ernst Öpik" data-language-autonym="Lëtzebuergesch" data-language-local-name="luxemburguês" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lëtzebuergesch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ernsts_Epiks" title="Ernsts Epiks — letão" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Ernsts Epiks" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="letão" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ernst_%C3%96pik" title="Ernst Öpik — norueguês bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Ernst Öpik" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="norueguês bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ernst_%C3%96pik" title="Ernst Öpik — polaco" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Ernst Öpik" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="polaco" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%86%D8%B3%D9%B9_%D8%A7%D9%88%D9%BE%DA%A9" title="ارنسٹ اوپک — Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="ارنسٹ اوپک" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پنجابی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ernst_%C3%96pik" title="Ernst Öpik — romeno" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Ernst Öpik" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="romeno" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%AD%D0%BF%D0%B8%D0%BA,_%D0%AD%D1%80%D0%BD%D1%81%D1%82_%D0%AE%D0%BB%D0%B8%D1%83%D1%81" title="Эпик, Эрнст Юлиус — russo" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Эпик, Эрнст Юлиус" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="russo" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ernst_Julius_%C3%96pik" title="Ernst Julius Öpik — esloveno" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Ernst Julius Öpik" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="esloveno" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%95%D1%80%D0%BD%D1%81%D1%82_%D0%95%D0%BF%D0%B8%D0%BA" title="Ернст Епик — sérvio" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Ернст Епик" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="sérvio" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ernst_%C3%96pik" title="Ernst Öpik — sueco" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Ernst Öpik" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="sueco" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%95%D1%80%D0%BD%D1%81%D1%82_%D0%AE%D0%BB%D1%96%D1%83%D1%81_%D0%95%D0%BF%D1%96%D0%BA" title="Ернст Юліус Епік — ucraniano" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Ернст Юліус Епік" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="ucraniano" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%81%A9%E6%96%AF%E7%89%B9%C2%B7%E5%A5%A7%E5%8C%B9%E5%85%8B" title="恩斯特·奧匹克 — chinês" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="恩斯特·奧匹克" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="chinês" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ernst_%C3%96pik" title="Ernst Öpik — cantonês" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="Ernst Öpik" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="cantonês" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q318126#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Editar hiperligações interlínguas" class="wbc-editpage">Editar hiperligações</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Espaços nominais"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-nstab-main" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Ernst_%C3%96pik" title="Ver a página de conteúdo [c]" accesskey="c"><span>Artigo</span></a></li><li id="ca-talk" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Discuss%C3%A3o:Ernst_%C3%96pik" rel="discussion" title="Discussão sobre o conteúdo da página [t]" accesskey="t"><span>Discussão</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown emptyPortlet" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" 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href="/wiki/Ernst_%C3%96pik"><span>Ler</span></a></li><li id="ca-ve-edit" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ernst_%C3%96pik&veaction=edit" title="Editar esta página [v]" accesskey="v"><span>Editar</span></a></li><li id="ca-edit" class="collapsible vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ernst_%C3%96pik&action=edit" title="Editar o código-fonte desta página [e]" accesskey="e"><span>Editar código-fonte</span></a></li><li id="ca-history" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ernst_%C3%96pik&action=history" title="Edições anteriores desta página. [h]" accesskey="h"><span>Ver histórico</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Ferramentas de página"> <div id="vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-tools-dropdown" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Ferramentas" > <label id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-label" for="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Ferramentas</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> <div id="vector-page-tools" class="vector-page-tools vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-page-tools-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-unpinned" data-feature-name="page-tools-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-page-tools" data-pinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Ferramentas</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.pin">mover para a barra lateral</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.unpin">ocultar</button> </div> <div id="p-cactions" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-cactions emptyPortlet vector-has-collapsible-items" title="Mais opções" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Operações </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-more-view" class="selected 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href="/wiki/Especial:P%C3%A1ginas_afluentes/Ernst_%C3%96pik" title="Lista de todas as páginas que contêm hiperligações para esta [j]" accesskey="j"><span>Páginas afluentes</span></a></li><li id="t-recentchangeslinked" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Especial:Altera%C3%A7%C3%B5es_relacionadas/Ernst_%C3%96pik" rel="nofollow" title="Mudanças recentes nas páginas para as quais esta contém hiperligações [k]" accesskey="k"><span>Alterações relacionadas</span></a></li><li id="t-upload" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Carregar_ficheiro" title="Carregar ficheiros [u]" accesskey="u"><span>Carregar ficheiro</span></a></li><li id="t-specialpages" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Especial:P%C3%A1ginas_especiais" title="Lista de páginas especiais [q]" accesskey="q"><span>Páginas especiais</span></a></li><li id="t-permalink" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ernst_%C3%96pik&oldid=68743441" title="Hiperligação permanente para esta revisão desta página"><span>Hiperligação permanente</span></a></li><li id="t-info" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ernst_%C3%96pik&action=info" title="Mais informações sobre esta página"><span>Informações da página</span></a></li><li id="t-cite" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Especial:Citar&page=Ernst_%C3%96pik&id=68743441&wpFormIdentifier=titleform" title="Informação sobre como citar esta página"><span>Citar esta página</span></a></li><li id="t-urlshortener" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Especial:UrlShortener&url=https%3A%2F%2Fpt.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FErnst_%25C3%2596pik"><span>Obter URL encurtado</span></a></li><li id="t-urlshortener-qrcode" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Especial:QrCode&url=https%3A%2F%2Fpt.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FErnst_%25C3%2596pik"><span>Descarregar código QR</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-coll-print_export" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-coll-print_export" > <div 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.tmbox.mbox-small{clear:right;float:right;margin:4px 0 4px 1em;width:238px}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .tmbox{background-color:#2e2505}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .tmbox-speedy{background-color:#310402}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .tmbox{background-color:#2e2505}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .tmbox-speedy{background-color:#310402}}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output table.tmbox img{max-width:none!important}</style><table class="box-Sem_fontes plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Unreferenced" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div style="width:52px"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Ficheiro:Question_book.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/97/Question_book.svg/40px-Question_book.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="32" 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Conteúdo não <a href="/wiki/Wikip%C3%A9dia:Verificabilidade" title="Wikipédia:Verificabilidade">verificável</a> pode ser removido.—<small><i>Encontre fontes:</i> <span class="plainlinks"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://wikipedialibrary.wmflabs.org/">ABW</a>  •  <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.periodicos.capes.gov.br">CAPES</a>  •  <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?as_eq=wikipedia&as_epq=Ernst+%C3%96pik">Google</a> (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?hl=pt&tbm=nws&q=Ernst+%C3%96pik&oq=Ernst+%C3%96pik">N</a> • <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://books.google.com/books?&as_brr=0&as_epq=Ernst+%C3%96pik">L</a> • <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar?hl=pt&q=Ernst+%C3%96pik">A</a>)</span></small></span> <small class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">Setembro de 2020</span>)</i></small></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <table class="infobox infobox_v2" cellpadding="3" border="0" style="width: 270px; font-size: 88%;"> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="2" class="" style="text-align:center; font-size:larger; background-color:transparent; border-radius: 3px 3px 0 0;"><span class="">Ernst Öpik</span> </th></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="text-align:center;"><div style="padding-bottom: 5px;"><figure class="mw-halign-center" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Ficheiro:ErnstJuliusOpik.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Ernst Öpik"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/ErnstJuliusOpik.jpg/200px-ErnstJuliusOpik.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="302" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/8/85/ErnstJuliusOpik.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="205" data-file-height="310" /></a><figcaption>Ernst Öpik</figcaption></figure></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td scope="row" style="vertical-align: top; text-align: left; font-weight:bold;">Nascimento </td> <td style="vertical-align: top; text-align: left;"><a href="/wiki/23_de_outubro#Nascimentos" title="23 de outubro">23 de outubro</a> de <a href="/wiki/1893" title="1893">1893</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Kunda" title="Kunda">Kunda</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td scope="row" style="vertical-align: top; text-align: left; font-weight:bold;">Morte </td> <td style="vertical-align: top; text-align: left;"><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/10_de_setembro" title="10 de setembro">10 de setembro</a> de <a href="/wiki/1985" title="1985">1985</a> (91 anos)</span><br /><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bangor_(Irlanda_do_Norte)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Bangor (Irlanda do Norte) (página não existe)">Bangor</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td scope="row" style="vertical-align: top; text-align: left; font-weight:bold;">Nacionalidade </td> <td style="vertical-align: top; text-align: left;"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Est%C3%B3nia" title="Estónia"><img alt="Estónia" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8f/Flag_of_Estonia.svg/22px-Flag_of_Estonia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8f/Flag_of_Estonia.svg/33px-Flag_of_Estonia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8f/Flag_of_Estonia.svg/44px-Flag_of_Estonia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="990" data-file-height="630" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/Est%C3%B3nia" title="Estónia">Estoniano</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td scope="row" style="vertical-align: top; text-align: left; font-weight:bold;"><i><a href="/wiki/Alma_mater" title="Alma mater">Alma mater</a></i> </td> <td style="vertical-align: top; text-align: left;"><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Universidade_Estatal_de_Moscovo" title="Universidade Estatal de Moscovo">Universidade Estatal de Moscou</a></span>, <span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Universidade_de_Tartu" title="Universidade de Tartu">Universidade de Tartu</a></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td scope="row" style="vertical-align: top; text-align: left; font-weight:bold;">Prêmios </td> <td style="vertical-align: top; text-align: left;"><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Medalha_Leonard" title="Medalha Leonard">Medalha Leonard</a> (1968)</span>, <span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Medalha_de_Ouro_da_Royal_Astronomical_Society" title="Medalha de Ouro da Royal Astronomical Society">Medalha de Ouro da RAS</a> (1975)</span>, <span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Medalha_Bruce" title="Medalha Bruce">Medalha Bruce</a> (1976)</span> </td></tr> <tr> <td scope="row" style="vertical-align: top; text-align: left; font-weight:bold;">Instituições </td> <td style="vertical-align: top; text-align: left;"><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Observat%C3%B3rio_Armagh&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Observatório Armagh (página não existe)">Observatório Armagh</a></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td scope="row" style="vertical-align: top; text-align: left; font-weight:bold;">Campo(s) </td> <td style="vertical-align: top; text-align: left;"><a href="/wiki/Astronomia" title="Astronomia">Astronomia</a> </td></tr> </tbody></table> <p><b>Ernst Julius Öpik</b> (<a href="/wiki/Kunda" title="Kunda">Kunda</a>, <a href="/wiki/Est%C3%B3nia" title="Estónia">Estônia</a>, <a href="/wiki/23_de_outubro" title="23 de outubro">23 de outubro</a> de <a href="/wiki/1893" title="1893">1893</a> – <a href="/w/index.php?title=Bangor_(Irlanda_do_Norte)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Bangor (Irlanda do Norte) (página não existe)">Bangor</a>, <a href="/wiki/Irlanda_do_Norte" title="Irlanda do Norte">Irlanda do Norte</a>, <a href="/wiki/10_de_setembro" title="10 de setembro">10 de setembro</a> de <a href="/wiki/1985" title="1985">1985</a>) foi um <a href="/wiki/Astr%C3%B4nomo" title="Astrônomo">astrônomo</a> e <a href="/wiki/Astrof%C3%ADsico" class="mw-redirect" title="Astrofísico">astrofísico</a> <a href="/wiki/Germano-b%C3%A1lticos" title="Germano-bálticos">germano-báltico</a> <a href="/wiki/Est%C3%B3nia" title="Estónia">estoniano</a>, que passou parte de sua carreira (1948-1981) no <a href="/w/index.php?title=Observat%C3%B3rio_Armagh&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Observatório Armagh (página não existe)">Observatório Armagh</a> da <a href="/wiki/Irlanda_do_Norte" title="Irlanda do Norte">Irlanda do Norte</a>. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Educação"><span id="Educa.C3.A7.C3.A3o"></span>Educação</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ernst_%C3%96pik&veaction=edit&section=1" title="Editar secção: Educação" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>editar</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ernst_%C3%96pik&action=edit&section=1" title="Editar código-fonte da secção: Educação"><span>editar código-fonte</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Öpik estudou na <a href="/wiki/Universidade_de_Moscou" class="mw-redirect" title="Universidade de Moscou">Universidade de Moscou</a>, onde especializou-se no estudo de <a href="/wiki/Corpo_menor_do_sistema_solar" class="mw-redirect" title="Corpo menor do sistema solar">corpos menores</a>, tais como <a href="/wiki/Asteroide" title="Asteroide">asteroides</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cometa" title="Cometa">cometas</a> e <a href="/wiki/Meteoroide" title="Meteoroide">meteoroides</a>. Concluiu seu doutorado na <a href="/wiki/Universidade_de_Tartu" title="Universidade de Tartu">Universidade de Tartu</a>, <a href="/wiki/Est%C3%B4nia" class="mw-redirect" title="Estônia">Estônia</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Astronomia">Astronomia</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ernst_%C3%96pik&veaction=edit&section=2" title="Editar secção: Astronomia" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>editar</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ernst_%C3%96pik&action=edit&section=2" title="Editar código-fonte da secção: Astronomia"><span>editar código-fonte</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Öpik foi um destacado astrofísico, com ampla gama de interesses. Dentre suas descobertas está a primeira computação da densidade de uma matéria degenerada (a <a href="/wiki/An%C3%A3_branca" title="Anã branca">anã branca</a> <a href="/w/index.php?title=40_Eri_B&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="40 Eri B (página não existe)">40 Eri B</a>), em 1915, a primeira determinação precisa da distância de um objeto extragaláctico (a <a href="/wiki/Gal%C3%A1xia_de_Andr%C3%B4meda" title="Galáxia de Andrômeda">Galáxia de Andrômeda</a>), em 1922. No mesmo ano ele registrou corretamente o número de <a href="/wiki/Cratera" title="Cratera">crateras</a> em <a href="/wiki/Marte_(planeta)" title="Marte (planeta)">Marte</a>, antes mesmo delas serem detectadas pelas <a href="/wiki/Sonda_espacial" title="Sonda espacial">sondas espaciais</a>. Em 1932, postulou uma teoria com relação à origem dos cometas no <a href="/wiki/Sistema_solar" class="mw-redirect" title="Sistema solar">sistema solar</a>. Ele acreditava que eles se originavam na órbita de uma nuvem distante, além da órbita de <a href="/wiki/Plut%C3%A3o" title="Plutão">Plutão</a>. Esta nuvem é hoje conhecida por <a href="/wiki/Nuvem_de_Oort" title="Nuvem de Oort">nuvem de Oort</a>, ou alternativamente, nuvem de Öpik-Oort, em sua homenagem. Ele também inventou uma câmera especial para o estudo de meteoros. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Exílio"><span id="Ex.C3.ADlio"></span>Exílio</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ernst_%C3%96pik&veaction=edit&section=3" title="Editar secção: Exílio" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>editar</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ernst_%C3%96pik&action=edit&section=3" title="Editar código-fonte da secção: Exílio"><span>editar código-fonte</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Öpik fugiu de seu país natal em 1944, quando da aproximação do <a href="/wiki/Ex%C3%A9rcito_Vermelho" title="Exército Vermelho">Exército Vermelho</a>. Primeiro foi para <a href="/wiki/Hamburgo" title="Hamburgo">Hamburgo</a> e por último, em 1948, para o <a href="/w/index.php?title=Observat%C3%B3rio_Armagh&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Observatório Armagh (página não existe)">Observatório Armagh</a>, na Irlanda do Norte, onde permaneceu até 1981. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Condecorações_e_títulos"><span id="Condecora.C3.A7.C3.B5es_e_t.C3.ADtulos"></span>Condecorações e títulos</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ernst_%C3%96pik&veaction=edit&section=4" title="Editar secção: Condecorações e títulos" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>editar</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ernst_%C3%96pik&action=edit&section=4" title="Editar código-fonte da secção: Condecorações e títulos"><span>editar código-fonte</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Öpik recebeu medalhas da <i>National Academy of Sciences</i> (1960), da <i>Meteoritical Society</i> (1968), da <i>American Association for the Advancement of Science</i> (1972), a <a href="/wiki/Medalha_de_Ouro_da_Royal_Astronomical_Society" title="Medalha de Ouro da Royal Astronomical Society">Medalha de Ouro da Royal Astronomical Society</a> em 1975, a mais alta condecoração outorgada pela <i>Royal Astronomical Society</i> (Sociedade Astronômica Real) do <a href="/wiki/Reino_Unido" title="Reino Unido">Reino Unido</a> e a <a href="/wiki/Medalha_Bruce" title="Medalha Bruce">Medalha Bruce</a> em 1976, concedida pela <i>Astronomical Society of the Pacific</i> com sede em <a href="/wiki/San_Francisco" class="mw-redirect" title="San Francisco">San Francisco, Califórnia</a>. Recebeu os graus honoríficos: <a href="/wiki/Belfast" title="Belfast">Belfast</a> (1968) e <a href="/wiki/Sheffield" title="Sheffield">Sheffield</a> (1977). </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Artigos">Artigos</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ernst_%C3%96pik&veaction=edit&section=5" title="Editar secção: Artigos" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>editar</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ernst_%C3%96pik&action=edit&section=5" title="Editar código-fonte da secção: Artigos"><span>editar código-fonte</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>1951: "<a href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1951PRIA...54..165O/abstract" class="extiw" title="bibcode:1951PRIA...54..165O">Collision probability with the planets and the distribution of planetary matter</a>", Proc. R. Irish Acad. Sect. A, vol. 54, p. 165-199</li> <li>1958: "Physics of Meteor Flight in the Atmosphere".</li> <li>1976: "<a href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1976dsss....2.....O/abstract" class="extiw" title="bibcode:1976dsss....2.....O">Interplanetary encounters: Close-range gravitational interactions</a>", Elsevier Scientific Publishing Co., "Developments in Solar System and Space Science", vol 2</li> <li>1977: "<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://articles.adsabs.harvard.edu/full/1977ARA%26A..15....1O">About dogma in science and other recollections of an astronomer</a>". Annual Review of Astronomy and Astrophysics, vol. 15, p. 1</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Livros">Livros</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ernst_%C3%96pik&veaction=edit&section=6" title="Editar secção: Livros" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>editar</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ernst_%C3%96pik&action=edit&section=6" title="Editar código-fonte da secção: Livros"><span>editar código-fonte</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>2004: <i><a href="https://openlibrary.org/books/OL3306017M/Physics_of_meteor_flight_in_the_atmosphere" class="extiw" title="openlibrary:books/OL3306017M/Physics of meteor flight in the atmosphere">Physics of Meteor Flight in the Atmosphere</a></i>, <a href="/wiki/Dover_Publications" title="Dover Publications">Dover Publications</a>, <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Especial:Fontes_de_livros/0486438856" title="Especial:Fontes de livros/0486438856">0486438856</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Legado">Legado</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ernst_%C3%96pik&veaction=edit&section=7" title="Editar secção: Legado" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>editar</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ernst_%C3%96pik&action=edit&section=7" title="Editar código-fonte da secção: Legado"><span>editar código-fonte</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>O <a href="/wiki/Aster%C3%B3ide" class="mw-redirect" title="Asteróide">asteroide</a> <a href="/w/index.php?title=2099_%C3%96pik&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="2099 Öpik (página não existe)">2099 Öpik</a> recebeu o seu nome. Seu neto, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Lembit_%C3%96pik&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Lembit Öpik (página não existe)">Lembit Öpik</a>, é atualmente um liberal-democrata, membro do Parlamento <a href="/wiki/Reino_Unido" title="Reino Unido">britânico</a> por <a href="/wiki/Montgomeryshire" title="Montgomeryshire">Montgomeryshire</a>. Ele também possui alguma ligação com a astronomia, uma vez que ele é um grande apoiador das buscas realizadas por asteroides que possam vir a colidir com a Terra. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Ligações_externas"><span id="Liga.C3.A7.C3.B5es_externas"></span>Ligações externas</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ernst_%C3%96pik&veaction=edit&section=8" title="Editar secção: Ligações externas" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>editar</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ernst_%C3%96pik&action=edit&section=8" title="Editar código-fonte da secção: Ligações externas"><span>editar código-fonte</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.phys-astro.sonoma.edu/BruceMedalists/Opik/index.html">«Universidade Federal de Sonoma sobre Ernst Öpik»</a> (em inglês)</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fpt.wikipedia.org%3AErnst+%C3%96pik&rft.btitle=Universidade+Federal+de+Sonoma+sobre+Ernst+%C3%96pik&rft.genre=unknown&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.phys-astro.sonoma.edu%2FBruceMedalists%2FOpik%2Findex.html&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></li> <li><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.arm.ac.uk/history/opik/biog.html">«Curta biografia de Ernst Julius Öpik»</a> (em inglês)</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fpt.wikipedia.org%3AErnst+%C3%96pik&rft.btitle=Curta+biografia+de+Ernst+Julius+%C3%96pik&rft.genre=unknown&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.arm.ac.uk%2Fhistory%2Fopik%2Fbiog.html&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></li></ul> <p><br /> </p> <table class="noprint" style="border-top:none; border-bottom:none; background:transparent; color: inherit"><tbody><tr> <td style="text-align: center;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Ficheiro:Logo_t%C3%A9lescope.png" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Ícone de esboço" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/de/Logo_t%C3%A9lescope.png/30px-Logo_t%C3%A9lescope.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="30" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/de/Logo_t%C3%A9lescope.png/45px-Logo_t%C3%A9lescope.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/de/Logo_t%C3%A9lescope.png/60px-Logo_t%C3%A9lescope.png 2x" data-file-width="2000" data-file-height="2000" /></a></span></td> <td><i>Este artigo sobre um <a href="/wiki/Astr%C3%B4nomo" title="Astrônomo">astrônomo</a>/<a href="/wiki/Astr%C3%B4nomo" title="Astrônomo">astrónomo</a> é um <a href="/wiki/Wikip%C3%A9dia:Esbo%C3%A7o" title="Wikipédia:Esboço">esboço</a>. Você pode ajudar a Wikipédia <b><span class="plainlinks"><a class="external text" href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ernst_%C3%96pik&action=edit">expandindo-o</a></span></b>.</i></td> </tr></tbody></table> <p><br /> </p> <p>  </p><table class="toccolours" style="border-collapse: collapse; margin:0 auto; font-size: 90%;"> <tbody><tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="padding: 4px; border:1px solid gray; width: 30%;"> Precedido por<br /><b><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Ludwig_Biermann" title="Ludwig Biermann">Ludwig Biermann</a> e <a href="/wiki/Keith_Edward_Bullen" title="Keith Edward Bullen">Keith Edward Bullen</a></span></b></td> <td style="padding: 4px; border:1px solid gray; width: 30%;"> <b><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Medalha_de_Ouro_da_Royal_Astronomical_Society" title="Medalha de Ouro da Royal Astronomical Society">Medalha de Ouro da Royal Astronomical Society</a></span></b><br />1975<br /><span style="white-space:nowrap;">com <a href="/wiki/Jesse_Leonard_Greenstein" title="Jesse Leonard Greenstein">Jesse Leonard Greenstein</a></span></td> <td style="padding: 4px; border:1px solid gray; width: 30%;"> Sucedido por<br /><b><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/William_McCrea" title="William McCrea">William McCrea</a> e <a href="/wiki/John_Ashworth_Ratcliffe" title="John Ashworth Ratcliffe">John Ashworth Ratcliffe</a></span></b></td></tr> </tbody></table> <p><br /> </p> <div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Medalha_de_Ouro_da_Royal_Astronomical_Society_(1824_–_2024)" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist collapsible collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><div class="plainlinks hlist navbar mini"><ul><li class="nv-ver"><a href="/wiki/Predefini%C3%A7%C3%A3o:Medalha_de_Ouro_da_Royal_Astronomical_Society" title="Predefinição:Medalha de Ouro da Royal Astronomical Society"><abbr title="Ver esta predefinição" style=";;background:none transparent;border:none;-moz-box-shadow:none;-webkit-box-shadow:none;box-shadow:none; padding:0;">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-discutir"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Predefini%C3%A7%C3%A3o_Discuss%C3%A3o:Medalha_de_Ouro_da_Royal_Astronomical_Society&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Predefinição Discussão:Medalha de Ouro da Royal Astronomical Society (página não existe)"><abbr title="Discutir esta predefinição" style=";;background:none transparent;border:none;-moz-box-shadow:none;-webkit-box-shadow:none;box-shadow:none; padding:0;">d</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-editar"><a class="external text" href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Predefini%C3%A7%C3%A3o:Medalha_de_Ouro_da_Royal_Astronomical_Society&action=edit"><abbr title="Editar esta predefinição" style=";;background:none transparent;border:none;-moz-box-shadow:none;-webkit-box-shadow:none;box-shadow:none; padding:0;">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Medalha_de_Ouro_da_Royal_Astronomical_Society_(1824_–_2024)" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Medalha_de_Ouro_da_Royal_Astronomical_Society" title="Medalha de Ouro da Royal Astronomical Society">Medalha de Ouro da Royal Astronomical Society (1824 – 2024)</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Século XIX</th><td class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px;font-size:95%;line-height:120%;"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;width:95px;">Década de 1820</th><td class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px;line-height:120%;;background:#FFFFFF;"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li>1824: <a href="/wiki/Charles_Babbage" title="Charles Babbage">Charles Babbage</a>, <a href="/wiki/Johann_Franz_Encke" title="Johann Franz Encke">Johann Franz Encke</a></li> <li>1826: <a href="/wiki/John_Herschel" title="John Herschel">John Herschel</a>, <a href="/wiki/James_South" title="James South">James South</a>, <a href="/wiki/Friedrich_Georg_Wilhelm_Struve" title="Friedrich Georg Wilhelm Struve">Wilhelm Struve</a></li> <li>1827: <a href="/wiki/Francis_Baily" title="Francis Baily">Francis Baily</a></li> <li>1828: <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Brisbane" title="Thomas Brisbane">Thomas Brisbane</a>, <a href="/wiki/James_Dunlop" title="James Dunlop">James Dunlop</a>, <a href="/wiki/Caroline_Herschel" title="Caroline Herschel">Caroline Herschel</a></li> <li>1829: <a href="/wiki/William_Pearson" title="William Pearson">William Pearson</a>, <a href="/wiki/Friedrich_Wilhelm_Bessel" title="Friedrich Wilhelm Bessel">Friedrich Wilhelm Bessel</a>, <a href="/wiki/Heinrich_Christian_Schumacher" title="Heinrich Christian Schumacher">Heinrich Christian Schumacher</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;width:95px;">Década de 1830</th><td class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px;line-height:120%;;background:#F7F7F7;"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li>1830: <a href="/wiki/William_Richardson_(astr%C3%B4nomo)" title="William Richardson (astrônomo)">William Richardson</a>, <a href="/wiki/Johann_Franz_Encke" title="Johann Franz Encke">Johann Franz Encke</a></li> <li>1831: <a href="/wiki/Henry_Kater" title="Henry Kater">Henry Kater</a>, <a href="/wiki/Marie-Charles_Damoiseau" title="Marie-Charles Damoiseau">Marie-Charles Damoiseau</a></li> <li>1833: <a href="/wiki/George_Biddell_Airy" title="George Biddell Airy">George Biddell Airy</a></li> <li>1835: <a href="/wiki/Manuel_John_Johnson" title="Manuel John Johnson">Manuel John Johnson</a></li> <li>1836: <a href="/wiki/John_Herschel" title="John Herschel">John Herschel</a></li> <li>1837: <a href="/wiki/Otto_August_Rosenberger" title="Otto August Rosenberger">Otto August Rosenberger</a></li> <li>1839: <a href="/wiki/John_Wrottesley" title="John Wrottesley">John Wrottesley</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;width:95px;">Década de 1840</th><td class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px;line-height:120%;;background:#FFFFFF;"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li>1840: <a href="/wiki/Giovanni_Plana" title="Giovanni Plana">Giovanni Plana</a></li> <li>1841: <a href="/wiki/Friedrich_Wilhelm_Bessel" title="Friedrich Wilhelm Bessel">Friedrich Wilhelm Bessel</a></li> <li>1842: <a href="/wiki/Peter_Andreas_Hansen" title="Peter Andreas Hansen">Peter Andreas Hansen</a></li> <li>1843: <a href="/wiki/Francis_Baily" title="Francis Baily">Francis Baily</a></li> <li>1845: <a href="/wiki/William_Henry_Smyth" title="William Henry Smyth">William Henry Smyth</a></li> <li>1846: <a href="/wiki/George_Biddell_Airy" title="George Biddell Airy">George Biddell Airy</a></li> <li>1849: <a href="/wiki/William_Lassell" title="William Lassell">William Lassell</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;width:95px;">Década de 1850</th><td class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px;line-height:120%;;background:#F7F7F7;"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li>1850: <a href="/wiki/Otto_Wilhelm_von_Struve" title="Otto Wilhelm von Struve">Otto Wilhelm von Struve</a></li> <li>1851: <a href="/wiki/Annibale_de_Gasparis" title="Annibale de Gasparis">Annibale de Gasparis</a></li> <li>1852: <a href="/wiki/Christian_August_Friedrich_Peters" title="Christian August Friedrich Peters">Christian August Friedrich Peters</a></li> <li>1853: <a href="/wiki/John_Russell_Hind" title="John Russell Hind">John Russell Hind</a></li> <li>1854: <a href="/wiki/Karl_R%C3%BCmker" title="Karl Rümker">Karl Rümker</a></li> <li>1855: <a href="/wiki/William_Rutter_Dawes" title="William Rutter Dawes">William Rutter Dawes</a></li> <li>1856: <a href="/wiki/Robert_Grant" title="Robert Grant">Robert Grant</a></li> <li>1857: <a href="/wiki/Samuel_Heinrich_Schwabe" title="Samuel Heinrich Schwabe">Samuel Heinrich Schwabe</a></li> <li>1858: <a href="/wiki/Robert_Main" title="Robert Main">Robert Main</a></li> <li>1859: <a href="/wiki/Richard_Christopher_Carrington" title="Richard Christopher Carrington">Richard Christopher Carrington</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;width:95px;">Década de 1860</th><td class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px;line-height:120%;;background:#FFFFFF;"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li>1860: <a href="/wiki/Peter_Andreas_Hansen" title="Peter Andreas Hansen">Peter Andreas Hansen</a></li> <li>1861: <a href="/wiki/Hermann_Mayer_Salomon_Goldschmidt" title="Hermann Mayer Salomon Goldschmidt">Hermann Mayer Salomon Goldschmidt</a></li> <li>1862: <a href="/wiki/Warren_De_La_Rue" title="Warren De La Rue">Warren De La Rue</a></li> <li>1863: <a href="/wiki/Friedrich_Wilhelm_August_Argelander" title="Friedrich Wilhelm August Argelander">Friedrich Wilhelm August Argelander</a></li> <li>1865: <a href="/wiki/George_Phillips_Bond" title="George Phillips Bond">George Phillips Bond</a></li> <li>1866: <a href="/wiki/John_Couch_Adams" title="John Couch Adams">John Couch Adams</a></li> <li>1867: <a href="/wiki/William_Huggins" title="William Huggins">William Huggins</a>, <a href="/wiki/William_Allen_Miller" title="William Allen Miller">William Allen Miller</a></li> <li>1868: <a href="/wiki/Urbain_Le_Verrier" title="Urbain Le Verrier">Urbain Le Verrier</a></li> <li>1869: <a href="/wiki/Edward_James_Stone" title="Edward James Stone">Edward James Stone</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;width:95px;">Década de 1870</th><td class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px;line-height:120%;;background:#F7F7F7;"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li>1870: <a href="/wiki/Charles-Eug%C3%A8ne_Delaunay" title="Charles-Eugène Delaunay">Charles-Eugène Delaunay</a></li> <li>1872: <a href="/wiki/Giovanni_Schiaparelli" title="Giovanni Schiaparelli">Giovanni Schiaparelli</a></li> <li>1874: <a href="/wiki/Simon_Newcomb" title="Simon Newcomb">Simon Newcomb</a></li> <li>1875: <a href="/wiki/Heinrich_Louis_d%27Arrest" title="Heinrich Louis d'Arrest">Heinrich Louis d'Arrest</a></li> <li>1876: <a href="/wiki/Urbain_Le_Verrier" title="Urbain Le Verrier">Urbain Le Verrier</a></li> <li>1878: <a href="/wiki/Ercole_Dembowski" title="Ercole Dembowski">Ercole Dembowski</a></li> <li>1879: <a href="/wiki/Asaph_Hall" title="Asaph Hall">Asaph Hall</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;width:95px;">Década de 1880</th><td class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px;line-height:120%;;background:#FFFFFF;"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li>1881: <a href="/wiki/Axel_M%C3%B6ller" title="Axel Möller">Axel Möller</a></li> <li>1882: <a href="/wiki/David_Gill" title="David Gill">David Gill</a></li> <li>1883: <a href="/wiki/Benjamin_Apthorp_Gould" title="Benjamin Apthorp Gould">Benjamin Apthorp Gould</a></li> <li>1884: <a href="/wiki/Andrew_Ainslie_Common" title="Andrew Ainslie Common">Andrew Ainslie Common</a></li> <li>1885: <a href="/wiki/William_Huggins" title="William Huggins">William Huggins</a></li> <li>1886: <a href="/wiki/Edward_Charles_Pickering" title="Edward Charles Pickering">Edward Charles Pickering</a>, <a href="/wiki/Charles_Pritchard" title="Charles Pritchard">Charles Pritchard</a></li> <li>1887: <a href="/wiki/George_William_Hill" title="George William Hill">George William Hill</a></li> <li>1888: <a href="/wiki/Arthur_Auwers" title="Arthur Auwers">Arthur Auwers</a></li> <li>1889: <a href="/wiki/Maurice_Loewy" title="Maurice Loewy">Maurice Loewy</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;width:95px;">Década de 1890</th><td class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px;line-height:120%;;background:#F7F7F7;"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li>1892: <a href="/wiki/George_Darwin" title="George Darwin">George Darwin</a></li> <li>1893: <a href="/wiki/Hermann_Carl_Vogel" title="Hermann Carl Vogel">Hermann Carl Vogel</a></li> <li>1894: <a href="/wiki/Sherburne_Wesley_Burnham" title="Sherburne Wesley Burnham">Sherburne Wesley Burnham</a></li> <li>1895: <a href="/wiki/Isaac_Roberts" title="Isaac Roberts">Isaac Roberts</a></li> <li>1896: <a href="/wiki/Seth_Carlo_Chandler" title="Seth Carlo Chandler">Seth Carlo Chandler</a></li> <li>1897: <a href="/wiki/Edward_Barnard" title="Edward Barnard">Edward Barnard</a></li> <li>1898: <a href="/wiki/William_Frederick_Denning" title="William Frederick Denning">William Frederick Denning</a></li> <li>1899: <a href="/wiki/Frank_McClean" title="Frank McClean">Frank McClean</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;width:95px;">Medalha de Prata</th><td class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px;line-height:120%;;background:#FFFFFF;"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li>1824: <a href="/wiki/Karl_R%C3%BCmker" title="Karl Rümker">Karl Rümker</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jean-Louis_Pons" title="Jean-Louis Pons">Jean-Louis Pons</a></li> <li>1827 <a href="/wiki/William_Samuel_Stratford" title="William Samuel Stratford">William Samuel Stratford</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mark_Beaufoy" title="Mark Beaufoy">Mark Beaufoy</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;width:95px;">Medalha de<br />Reconhecimento</th><td class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px;line-height:120%;;background:#F7F7F7;"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li>1848: <a href="/wiki/George_Biddell_Airy" title="George Biddell Airy">George Biddell Airy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Couch_Adams" title="John Couch Adams">John Couch Adams</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Friedrich_Wilhelm_August_Argelander" title="Friedrich Wilhelm August Argelander">Friedrich Wilhelm August Argelander</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Bishop" title="George Bishop">George Bishop</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Everest" title="George Everest">George Everest</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Herschel" title="John Herschel">John Herschel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peter_Andreas_Hansen" title="Peter Andreas Hansen">Peter Andreas Hansen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karl_Ludwig_Hencke" title="Karl Ludwig Hencke">Karl Ludwig Hencke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Russell_Hind" title="John Russell Hind">John Russell Hind</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Urbain_Le_Verrier" title="Urbain Le Verrier">Urbain Le Verrier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_William_Lubbock" title="John William Lubbock">John William Lubbock</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maximilian_von_Wei%C3%9Fe" title="Maximilian von Weiße">Maximilian von Weiße</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td><td class="navbox-image" rowspan="3" style="width:1px;padding:0px 0px 0px 2px"><div><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Ficheiro:Asaph_Hall_Gold_Medal.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="A medalha de ouro de Asaph Hall, 1879."><img alt="A medalha de ouro de Asaph Hall, 1879." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/46/Asaph_Hall_Gold_Medal.jpg/50px-Asaph_Hall_Gold_Medal.jpg" decoding="async" width="50" height="50" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/46/Asaph_Hall_Gold_Medal.jpg/75px-Asaph_Hall_Gold_Medal.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/46/Asaph_Hall_Gold_Medal.jpg/100px-Asaph_Hall_Gold_Medal.jpg 2x" data-file-width="387" data-file-height="387" /></a></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Século XX</th><td class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px;font-size:95%;line-height:120%;"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;width:95px;">Década de 1900</th><td class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px;line-height:120%;;background:#FFFFFF;"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li>1900: <a href="/wiki/Henri_Poincar%C3%A9" title="Henri Poincaré">Henri Poincaré</a></li> <li>1901: <a href="/wiki/Edward_Charles_Pickering" title="Edward Charles Pickering">Edward Charles Pickering</a></li> <li>1902: <a href="/wiki/Jacobus_Kapteyn" title="Jacobus Kapteyn">Jacobus Kapteyn</a></li> <li>1903: <a href="/wiki/Hermann_Struve" title="Hermann Struve">Hermann Struve</a></li> <li>1904: <a href="/wiki/George_Ellery_Hale" title="George Ellery Hale">George Ellery Hale</a></li> <li>1905: <a href="/wiki/Lewis_Boss" title="Lewis Boss">Lewis Boss</a></li> <li>1906: <a href="/wiki/William_Wallace_Campbell" title="William Wallace Campbell">William Wallace Campbell</a></li> <li>1907: <a href="/wiki/Ernest_William_Brown" title="Ernest William Brown">Ernest William Brown</a></li> <li>1908: <a href="/wiki/David_Gill" title="David Gill">David Gill</a></li> <li>1909: <a href="/wiki/Oskar_Backlund" title="Oskar Backlund">Oskar Backlund</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;width:95px;">Década de 1910</th><td class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px;line-height:120%;;background:#F7F7F7;"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li>1910: <a href="/wiki/Karl_Friedrich_K%C3%BCstner" title="Karl Friedrich Küstner">Karl Friedrich Küstner</a></li> <li>1911: <a href="/wiki/Philip_Herbert_Cowell" title="Philip Herbert Cowell">Philip Herbert Cowell</a></li> <li>1912: <a href="/wiki/Arthur_Robert_Hinks" title="Arthur Robert Hinks">Arthur Robert Hinks</a></li> <li>1913: <a href="/wiki/Henri-Alexandre_Deslandres" title="Henri-Alexandre Deslandres">Henri-Alexandre Deslandres</a></li> <li>1914: <a href="/wiki/Max_Wolf" title="Max Wolf">Max Wolf</a></li> <li>1915: <a href="/wiki/Alfred_Fowler" title="Alfred Fowler">Alfred Fowler</a></li> <li>1916: <a href="/wiki/John_Dreyer" title="John Dreyer">John Dreyer</a></li> <li>1917: <a href="/wiki/Walter_Sydney_Adams" title="Walter Sydney Adams">Walter Sydney Adams</a></li> <li>1918: <a href="/wiki/John_Evershed" title="John Evershed">John Evershed</a></li> <li>1919: <a href="/wiki/Guillaume_Bigourdan" title="Guillaume Bigourdan">Guillaume Bigourdan</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;width:95px;">Década de 1920</th><td class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px;line-height:120%;;background:#FFFFFF;"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li>1921: <a href="/wiki/Henry_Norris_Russell" title="Henry Norris Russell">Henry Norris Russell</a></li> <li>1922: <a href="/wiki/James_Jeans" title="James Jeans">James Jeans</a></li> <li>1923: <a href="/wiki/Albert_A._Michelson" title="Albert A. Michelson">Albert A. Michelson</a></li> <li>1924: <a href="/wiki/Arthur_Eddington" title="Arthur Eddington">Arthur Eddington</a></li> <li>1925: <a href="/wiki/Frank_Watson_Dyson" title="Frank Watson Dyson">Frank Watson Dyson</a></li> <li>1926: <a href="/wiki/Albert_Einstein" title="Albert Einstein">Albert Einstein</a></li> <li>1927: <a href="/wiki/Frank_Schlesinger" title="Frank Schlesinger">Frank Schlesinger</a></li> <li>1928: <a href="/wiki/Ralph_Allen_Sampson" title="Ralph Allen Sampson">Ralph Allen Sampson</a></li> <li>1929: <a href="/wiki/Ejnar_Hertzsprung" title="Ejnar Hertzsprung">Ejnar Hertzsprung</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;width:95px;">Década de 1930</th><td class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px;line-height:120%;;background:#F7F7F7;"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li>1930: <a href="/wiki/John_Stanley_Plaskett" title="John Stanley Plaskett">John Stanley Plaskett</a></li> <li>1931: <a href="/wiki/Willem_de_Sitter" title="Willem de Sitter">Willem de Sitter</a></li> <li>1932: <a href="/wiki/Robert_Grant_Aitken" title="Robert Grant Aitken">Robert Grant Aitken</a></li> <li>1933: <a href="/wiki/Vesto_M._Slipher" title="Vesto M. Slipher">Vesto M. Slipher</a></li> <li>1934: <a href="/wiki/Harlow_Shapley" title="Harlow Shapley">Harlow Shapley</a></li> <li>1935: <a href="/wiki/Edward_Arthur_Milne" title="Edward Arthur Milne">Edward Arthur Milne</a></li> <li>1936: <a href="/wiki/Hisashi_Kimura" title="Hisashi Kimura">Hisashi Kimura</a></li> <li>1937: <a href="/wiki/Harold_Jeffreys" title="Harold Jeffreys">Harold Jeffreys</a></li> <li>1938: <a href="/wiki/William_Hammond_Wright" title="William Hammond Wright">William Hammond Wright</a></li> <li>1939: <a href="/wiki/Bernard_Lyot" title="Bernard Lyot">Bernard Lyot</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;width:95px;">Década de 1940</th><td class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px;line-height:120%;;background:#FFFFFF;"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li>1940: <a href="/wiki/Edwin_Powell_Hubble" title="Edwin Powell Hubble">Edwin Powell Hubble</a></li> <li>1943: <a href="/wiki/Harold_Spencer_Jones" title="Harold Spencer Jones">Harold Spencer Jones</a></li> <li>1944: <a href="/wiki/Otto_Struve" title="Otto Struve">Otto Struve</a></li> <li>1945: <a href="/wiki/Bengt_Edl%C3%A9n" title="Bengt Edlén">Bengt Edlén</a></li> <li>1946: <a href="/wiki/Jan_Oort" title="Jan Oort">Jan Oort</a></li> <li>1947: <a href="/wiki/Marcel_Minnaert" title="Marcel Minnaert">Marcel Minnaert</a></li> <li>1948: <a href="/wiki/Bertil_Lindblad" title="Bertil Lindblad">Bertil Lindblad</a></li> <li>1949: <a href="/wiki/Sydney_Chapman" title="Sydney Chapman">Sydney Chapman</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;width:95px;">Década de 1950</th><td class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px;line-height:120%;;background:#F7F7F7;"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li>1950: <a href="/wiki/Joel_Stebbins" title="Joel Stebbins">Joel Stebbins</a></li> <li>1951: <a href="/wiki/Anton_Pannekoek" title="Anton Pannekoek">Anton Pannekoek</a></li> <li>1952: <a href="/wiki/John_Jackson" title="John Jackson">John Jackson</a></li> <li>1953: <a href="/wiki/Subrahmanyan_Chandrasekhar" title="Subrahmanyan Chandrasekhar">Subrahmanyan Chandrasekhar</a></li> <li>1954: <a href="/wiki/Walter_Baade" title="Walter Baade">Walter Baade</a></li> <li>1955: <a href="/wiki/Dirk_Brouwer" title="Dirk Brouwer">Dirk Brouwer</a></li> <li>1956: <a href="/wiki/Thomas_George_Cowling" title="Thomas George Cowling">Thomas George Cowling</a></li> <li>1957: <a href="/wiki/Albrecht_Uns%C3%B6ld" title="Albrecht Unsöld">Albrecht Unsöld</a></li> <li>1958: <a href="/wiki/Andr%C3%A9-Louis_Danjon" title="André-Louis Danjon">André-Louis Danjon</a></li> <li>1959: <a href="/wiki/Raymond_Lyttleton" title="Raymond Lyttleton">Raymond Lyttleton</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;width:95px;">Década de 1960</th><td class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px;line-height:120%;;background:#FFFFFF;"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li>1960: <a href="/wiki/Viktor_Ambartsumian" title="Viktor Ambartsumian">Viktor Ambartsumian</a></li> <li>1961: <a href="/wiki/Herman_Zanstra" title="Herman Zanstra">Herman Zanstra</a></li> <li>1962: <a href="/wiki/Bengt_Str%C3%B6mgren" title="Bengt Strömgren">Bengt Strömgren</a></li> <li>1963: <a href="/wiki/Harry_Hemley_Plaskett" title="Harry Hemley Plaskett">Harry Hemley Plaskett</a></li> <li>1964: <a href="/wiki/Martin_Ryle" title="Martin Ryle">Martin Ryle</a>, <a href="/wiki/William_Maurice_Ewing" title="William Maurice Ewing">William Maurice Ewing</a></li> <li>1965: <a href="/wiki/Edward_Bullard" title="Edward Bullard">Edward Bullard</a>, <a href="/wiki/Gerald_Maurice_Clemence" title="Gerald Maurice Clemence">Gerald Maurice Clemence</a></li> <li>1966: <a href="/wiki/Ira_Sprague_Bowen" title="Ira Sprague Bowen">Ira Sprague Bowen</a>, <a href="/wiki/Harold_Clayton_Urey" title="Harold Clayton Urey">Harold Clayton Urey</a></li> <li>1967: <a href="/wiki/Hannes_Alfv%C3%A9n" title="Hannes Alfvén">Hannes Alfvén</a>, <a href="/wiki/Allan_Rex_Sandage" title="Allan Rex Sandage">Allan Rex Sandage</a></li> <li>1968: <a href="/wiki/Fred_Hoyle" title="Fred Hoyle">Fred Hoyle</a>, <a href="/wiki/Walter_Munk" title="Walter Munk">Walter Munk</a></li> <li>1969: <a href="/wiki/Albert_Thomas_Price" title="Albert Thomas Price">Albert Thomas Price</a>, <a href="/wiki/Martin_Schwarzschild" title="Martin Schwarzschild">Martin Schwarzschild</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;width:95px;">Década de 1970</th><td class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px;line-height:120%;;background:#F7F7F7;"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li>1970: <a href="/wiki/Horace_Welcome_Babcock" title="Horace Welcome Babcock">Horace Welcome Babcock</a></li> <li>1971: <a href="/wiki/Frank_Press" title="Frank Press">Frank Press</a>, <a href="/wiki/Richard_van_der_Riet_Woolley" title="Richard van der Riet Woolley">Richard van der Riet Woolley</a></li> <li>1972: <a href="/wiki/Hal_Thirlaway" title="Hal Thirlaway">Hal Thirlaway</a>, <a href="/wiki/Fritz_Zwicky" title="Fritz Zwicky">Fritz Zwicky</a></li> <li>1973: <a href="/wiki/Francis_Birch" title="Francis Birch">Francis Birch</a>, <a href="/wiki/Edwin_E._Salpeter" title="Edwin E. Salpeter">Edwin E. Salpeter</a></li> <li>1974: <a href="/wiki/Ludwig_Biermann" title="Ludwig Biermann">Ludwig Biermann</a>, <a href="/wiki/Keith_Edward_Bullen" title="Keith Edward Bullen">Keith Edward Bullen</a></li> <li>1975: <a href="/wiki/Jesse_Leonard_Greenstein" title="Jesse Leonard Greenstein">Jesse Leonard Greenstein</a>, <a class="mw-selflink selflink">Ernst Öpik</a></li> <li>1976: <a href="/wiki/William_McCrea" title="William McCrea">William McCrea</a>, <a href="/wiki/John_Ashworth_Ratcliffe" title="John Ashworth Ratcliffe">John Ashworth Ratcliffe</a></li> <li>1977: <a href="/wiki/David_Bates" title="David Bates">David Bates</a>, <a href="/wiki/John_Gatenby_Bolton" title="John Gatenby Bolton">John Gatenby Bolton</a></li> <li>1978: <a href="/wiki/Lyman_Spitzer" title="Lyman Spitzer">Lyman Spitzer</a>, <a href="/wiki/James_Van_Allen" title="James Van Allen">James Van Allen</a></li> <li>1979: <a href="/wiki/Leon_Knopoff" title="Leon Knopoff">Leon Knopoff</a>, <a href="/wiki/Charles_Gorrie_Wynne" title="Charles Gorrie Wynne">Charles Gorrie Wynne</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;width:95px;">Década de 1980</th><td class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px;line-height:120%;;background:#FFFFFF;"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li>1980: <a href="/wiki/Chaim_Leib_Pekeris" title="Chaim Leib Pekeris">Chaim Leib Pekeris</a>, <a href="/wiki/Maarten_Schmidt" title="Maarten Schmidt">Maarten Schmidt</a></li> <li>1981: <a href="/wiki/James_Freeman_Gilbert" title="James Freeman Gilbert">James Freeman Gilbert</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bernard_Lovell" title="Bernard Lovell">Bernard Lovell</a></li> <li>1982: <a href="/wiki/Riccardo_Giacconi" title="Riccardo Giacconi">Riccardo Giacconi</a>, <a href="/wiki/Harrie_Massey" title="Harrie Massey">Harrie Massey</a></li> <li>1983: <a href="/wiki/Michael_Seaton" title="Michael Seaton">Michael Seaton</a>, <a href="/wiki/Fred_L._Whipple" title="Fred L. Whipple">Fred L. Whipple</a></li> <li>1984: <a href="/wiki/Keith_Runcorn" title="Keith Runcorn">Keith Runcorn</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jakov_Seldovich" title="Jakov Seldovich">Jakov Seldovich</a></li> <li>1985: <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Gold" title="Thomas Gold">Thomas Gold</a>, <a href="/wiki/Stephen_Hawking" title="Stephen Hawking">Stephen Hawking</a></li> <li>1986: <a href="/wiki/George_Edward_Backus" title="George Edward Backus">George Edward Backus</a>, <a href="/wiki/Alexander_Dalgarno" title="Alexander Dalgarno">Alexander Dalgarno</a></li> <li>1987: <a href="/wiki/Takeshi_Nagata" title="Takeshi Nagata">Takeshi Nagata</a>, <a href="/wiki/Martin_Rees" title="Martin Rees">Martin Rees</a></li> <li>1988: <a href="/wiki/Don_Lynn_Anderson" title="Don Lynn Anderson">Don Lynn Anderson</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cornelis_de_Jager" title="Cornelis de Jager">Cornelis de Jager</a></li> <li>1989: <a href="/wiki/Raymond_Hide" title="Raymond Hide">Raymond Hide</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ken_Pounds" title="Ken Pounds">Ken Pounds</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;width:95px;">Década de 1990</th><td class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px;line-height:120%;;background:#F7F7F7;"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li>1990: <a href="/wiki/James_Dungey" title="James Dungey">James Dungey</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bernard_Pagel" title="Bernard Pagel">Bernard Pagel</a></li> <li>1991: <a href="/wiki/Vitaly_Ginzburg" title="Vitaly Ginzburg">Vitaly Ginzburg</a>, <a href="/wiki/Gerald_Joseph_Wasserburg" title="Gerald Joseph Wasserburg">Gerald Joseph Wasserburg</a></li> <li>1992: <a href="/wiki/Dan_Peter_McKenzie" title="Dan Peter McKenzie">Dan Peter McKenzie</a>, <a href="/wiki/Eugene_Parker" title="Eugene Parker">Eugene Parker</a></li> <li>1993: <a href="/wiki/Peter_Goldreich" title="Peter Goldreich">Peter Goldreich</a>, <a href="/wiki/Donald_Lynden-Bell" title="Donald Lynden-Bell">Donald Lynden-Bell</a></li> <li>1994: <a href="/wiki/James_Gunn_(astr%C3%B4nomo)" title="James Gunn (astrônomo)">James Gunn</a>, <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Reeve_Kaiser" title="Thomas Reeve Kaiser">Thomas Reeve Kaiser</a></li> <li>1995: <a href="/wiki/John_Houghton" title="John Houghton">John Houghton</a>, <a href="/wiki/Rashid_Sunyaev" title="Rashid Sunyaev">Rashid Sunyaev</a></li> <li>1996: <a href="/wiki/Kenneth_Creer" title="Kenneth Creer">Kenneth Creer</a>, <a href="/wiki/Vera_Rubin" title="Vera Rubin">Vera Rubin</a></li> <li>1997: <a href="/wiki/Donald_Farley" title="Donald Farley">Donald Farley</a>, <a href="/wiki/Donald_Edward_Osterbrock" title="Donald Edward Osterbrock">Donald Edward Osterbrock</a></li> <li>1998: <a href="/wiki/Robert_Ladislav_Parker" title="Robert Ladislav Parker">Robert Ladislav Parker</a>, <a href="/wiki/James_Peebles" title="James Peebles">James Peebles</a></li> <li>1999: <a href="/wiki/Kenneth_Budden" title="Kenneth Budden">Kenneth Budden</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bohdan_Paczy%C5%84ski" title="Bohdan Paczyński">Bohdan Paczyński</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Século XXI</th><td class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px;font-size:95%;line-height:120%;"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;width:95px;">Década de 2000</th><td class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px;line-height:120%;;background:#FFFFFF;"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li>2000: <a href="/wiki/Leon_Lucy" title="Leon Lucy">Leon Lucy</a>, <a href="/wiki/Robert_Hutchison" title="Robert Hutchison">Robert Hutchison</a></li> <li>2001: <a href="/wiki/Hermann_Bondi" title="Hermann Bondi">Hermann Bondi</a>, <a href="/wiki/Henry_Rishbeth" title="Henry Rishbeth">Henry Rishbeth</a></li> <li>2002: <a href="/wiki/Leon_Mestel" title="Leon Mestel">Leon Mestel</a>, <a href="/wiki/John_Arthur_Jacobs" title="John Arthur Jacobs">John Arthur Jacobs</a></li> <li>2003: <a href="/wiki/John_Norris_Bahcall" title="John Norris Bahcall">John Norris Bahcall</a>, <a href="/wiki/David_Gubbins" title="David Gubbins">David Gubbins</a></li> <li>2004: <a href="/wiki/Jeremiah_Paul_Ostriker" title="Jeremiah Paul Ostriker">Jeremiah Paul Ostriker</a>, <a href="/wiki/Grenville_Turner" title="Grenville Turner">Grenville Turner</a></li> <li>2005: <a href="/wiki/Margaret_Burbidge" title="Margaret Burbidge">Margaret Burbidge</a>, <a href="/wiki/Geoffrey_Burbidge" title="Geoffrey Burbidge">Geoffrey Burbidge</a>, <a href="/wiki/Carole_Jordan" title="Carole Jordan">Carole Jordan</a></li> <li>2006: <a href="/wiki/Simon_White" title="Simon White">Simon White</a>, <a href="/wiki/Stanley_William_Herbert_Cowley" title="Stanley William Herbert Cowley">Stanley William Herbert Cowley</a></li> <li>2007: <a href="/wiki/Leonard_Culhane" title="Leonard Culhane">Leonard Culhane</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nigel_Weiss" title="Nigel Weiss">Nigel Weiss</a></li> <li>2008: <a href="/wiki/Joseph_Silk" title="Joseph Silk">Joseph Silk</a>, <a href="/wiki/Brian_Kennett" title="Brian Kennett">Brian Kennett</a></li> <li>2009: <a href="/wiki/David_Williams_(astr%C3%B4nomo)" title="David Williams (astrônomo)">David Williams</a>, <a href="/wiki/Eric_Priest" title="Eric Priest">Eric Priest</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;width:95px;">Década de 2010</th><td class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px;line-height:120%;;background:#F7F7F7;"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li>2010: <a href="/wiki/Douglas_Gough" title="Douglas Gough">Douglas Gough</a>, <a href="/wiki/John_Woodhouse" title="John Woodhouse">John Woodhouse</a></li> <li>2011: <a href="/wiki/Richard_Salisbury_Ellis" title="Richard Salisbury Ellis">Richard Salisbury Ellis</a>, <a href="/wiki/Eberhard_Gr%C3%BCn" title="Eberhard Grün">Eberhard Grün</a></li> <li>2012: <a href="/wiki/Andrew_Fabian" title="Andrew Fabian">Andrew Fabian</a>, <a href="/wiki/John_Campbell_Brown" title="John Campbell Brown">John Campbell Brown</a></li> <li>2013: <a href="/wiki/Roger_Blandford" title="Roger Blandford">Roger Blandford</a>, <a href="/wiki/Chris_Chapman" title="Chris Chapman">Chris Chapman</a></li> <li>2014: <a href="/wiki/Carlos_Frenk" title="Carlos Frenk">Carlos Frenk</a>, <a href="/wiki/John_Zarnecki" title="John Zarnecki">John Zarnecki</a></li> <li>2015: <a href="/wiki/Michel_Mayor" title="Michel Mayor">Michel Mayor</a></li> <li>2016: <a href="/wiki/John_David_Barrow" title="John David Barrow">John David Barrow</a>, <a href="/wiki/Philip_England" title="Philip England">Philip England</a></li> <li>2017: <a href="/wiki/Nicholas_Kaiser" title="Nicholas Kaiser">Nicholas Kaiser</a>, <a href="/wiki/Michele_Dougherty" title="Michele Dougherty">Michele Dougherty</a></li> <li>2018: <a href="/wiki/James_Hough" title="James Hough">James Hough</a>, <a href="/wiki/Robert_White_(geof%C3%ADsico)" title="Robert White (geofísico)">Robert White</a></li> <li>2019: <a href="/wiki/Robert_Kennicutt" title="Robert Kennicutt">Robert Kennicutt</a>, <a href="/wiki/Margaret_Kivelson" title="Margaret Kivelson">Margaret Kivelson</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;width:95px;">Década de 2020</th><td class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px;line-height:120%;;background:#FFFFFF;"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li>2020: <a href="/wiki/Sandra_Faber" title="Sandra Faber">Sandra Faber</a>, <a href="/wiki/Yvonne_Elsworth" title="Yvonne Elsworth">Yvonne Elsworth</a></li> <li>2021: <a href="/wiki/Jocelyn_Bell_Burnell" title="Jocelyn Bell Burnell">Jocelyn Bell Burnell</a>, <a href="/wiki/Thorne_Lay" title="Thorne Lay">Thorne Lay</a></li> <li>2022: <a href="/wiki/George_Efstathiou" title="George Efstathiou">George Efstathiou</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Richard_B._Horne&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Richard B. Horne (página não existe)">Richard B. Horne</a></li> <li>2023: <a href="/wiki/John_Andrew_Peacock" title="John Andrew Peacock">John Andrew Peacock</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tim_Palmer" title="Tim Palmer">Tim Palmer</a></li> <li>2024: <a href="/wiki/Gilles_Chabrier" title="Gilles Chabrier">Gilles Chabrier</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=John-Michael_Kendall&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="John-Michael Kendall (página não existe)">John-Michael Kendall</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Medalha_Bruce" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks collapsible collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div class="plainlinks hlist navbar mini"><ul><li class="nv-ver"><a href="/wiki/Predefini%C3%A7%C3%A3o:Medalha_Bruce" title="Predefinição:Medalha Bruce"><abbr title="Ver esta predefinição" style=";;background:none transparent;border:none;-moz-box-shadow:none;-webkit-box-shadow:none;box-shadow:none; padding:0;">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-discutir"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Predefini%C3%A7%C3%A3o_Discuss%C3%A3o:Medalha_Bruce&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Predefinição Discussão:Medalha Bruce (página não existe)"><abbr title="Discutir esta predefinição" style=";;background:none transparent;border:none;-moz-box-shadow:none;-webkit-box-shadow:none;box-shadow:none; padding:0;">d</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-editar"><a class="external text" href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Predefini%C3%A7%C3%A3o:Medalha_Bruce&action=edit"><abbr title="Editar esta predefinição" style=";;background:none transparent;border:none;-moz-box-shadow:none;-webkit-box-shadow:none;box-shadow:none; padding:0;">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Medalha_Bruce" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Medalha_Bruce" title="Medalha Bruce">Medalha Bruce</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li>1898: <a href="/wiki/Simon_Newcomb" title="Simon Newcomb">Simon Newcomb</a></li> <li>1899: <a href="/wiki/Arthur_Auwers" title="Arthur Auwers">Arthur Auwers</a></li> <li>1900: <a href="/wiki/David_Gill" title="David Gill">David Gill</a></li> <li>1902: <a href="/wiki/Giovanni_Schiaparelli" title="Giovanni Schiaparelli">Giovanni Schiaparelli</a></li> <li>1904: <a href="/wiki/William_Huggins" title="William Huggins">William Huggins</a></li> <li>1906: <a href="/wiki/Hermann_Carl_Vogel" title="Hermann Carl Vogel">Hermann Carl Vogel</a></li> <li>1908: <a href="/wiki/Edward_Charles_Pickering" title="Edward Charles Pickering">Edward Charles Pickering</a></li> <li>1909: <a href="/wiki/George_William_Hill" title="George William Hill">George William Hill</a></li> <li>1911: <a href="/wiki/Henri_Poincar%C3%A9" title="Henri Poincaré">Henri Poincaré</a></li> <li>1913: <a href="/wiki/Jacobus_Kapteyn" title="Jacobus Kapteyn">Jacobus Kapteyn</a></li> <li>1914: <a href="/wiki/Oskar_Backlund" title="Oskar Backlund">Oskar Backlund</a></li> <li>1915: <a href="/wiki/William_Wallace_Campbell" title="William Wallace Campbell">William Wallace Campbell</a></li> <li>1916: <a href="/wiki/George_Ellery_Hale" title="George Ellery Hale">George Ellery Hale</a></li> <li>1917: <a href="/wiki/Edward_Barnard" title="Edward Barnard">Edward Barnard</a></li> <li>1920: <a href="/wiki/Ernest_William_Brown" title="Ernest William Brown">Ernest William Brown</a></li> <li>1921: <a href="/wiki/Henri-Alexandre_Deslandres" title="Henri-Alexandre Deslandres">Henri-Alexandre Deslandres</a></li> <li>1922: <a href="/wiki/Frank_Dyson" class="mw-redirect" title="Frank Dyson">Frank Dyson</a></li> <li>1923: <a href="/wiki/Benjamin_Baillaud" title="Benjamin Baillaud">Benjamin Baillaud</a></li> <li>1924: <a href="/wiki/Arthur_Stanley_Eddington" class="mw-redirect" title="Arthur Stanley Eddington">Arthur Stanley Eddington</a></li> <li>1925: <a href="/wiki/Henry_Norris_Russell" title="Henry Norris Russell">Henry Norris Russell</a></li> <li>1926: <a href="/wiki/Robert_Grant_Aitken" title="Robert Grant Aitken">Robert Grant Aitken</a></li> <li>1927: <a href="/wiki/Herbert_Hall_Turner" title="Herbert Hall Turner">Herbert Hall Turner</a></li> <li>1928: <a href="/wiki/Walter_Sydney_Adams" title="Walter Sydney Adams">Walter Sydney Adams</a></li> <li>1929: <a href="/wiki/Frank_Schlesinger" title="Frank Schlesinger">Frank Schlesinger</a></li> <li>1930: <a href="/wiki/Max_Wolf" title="Max Wolf">Max Wolf</a></li> <li>1931: <a href="/wiki/Willem_de_Sitter" title="Willem de Sitter">Willem de Sitter</a></li> <li>1932: <a href="/wiki/John_Stanley_Plaskett" title="John Stanley Plaskett">John Stanley Plaskett</a></li> <li>1933: <a href="/wiki/Carl_Charlier" title="Carl Charlier">Carl Charlier</a></li> <li>1934: <a href="/wiki/Alfred_Fowler" title="Alfred Fowler">Alfred Fowler</a></li> <li>1935: <a href="/wiki/Vesto_Melvin_Slipher" class="mw-redirect" title="Vesto Melvin Slipher">Vesto Melvin Slipher</a></li> <li>1936: <a href="/wiki/Armin_Otto_Leuschner" title="Armin Otto Leuschner">Armin Otto Leuschner</a></li> <li>1937: <a href="/wiki/Ejnar_Hertzsprung" title="Ejnar Hertzsprung">Ejnar Hertzsprung</a></li> <li>1938: <a href="/wiki/Edwin_Powell_Hubble" title="Edwin Powell Hubble">Edwin Powell Hubble</a></li> <li>1939: <a href="/wiki/Harlow_Shapley" title="Harlow Shapley">Harlow Shapley</a></li> <li>1940: <a href="/wiki/Frederick_Hanley_Seares" title="Frederick Hanley Seares">Frederick Hanley Seares</a></li> <li>1941: <a href="/wiki/Joel_Stebbins" title="Joel Stebbins">Joel Stebbins</a></li> <li>1942: <a href="/wiki/Jan_Hendrik_Oort" class="mw-redirect" title="Jan Hendrik Oort">Jan Hendrik Oort</a></li> <li>1945: <a href="/wiki/Edward_Arthur_Milne" title="Edward Arthur Milne">Edward Arthur Milne</a></li> <li>1946: <a href="/wiki/Paul_Merrill" title="Paul Merrill">Paul Merrill</a></li> <li>1947: <a href="/wiki/Bernard_Lyot" title="Bernard Lyot">Bernard Lyot</a></li> <li>1948: <a href="/wiki/Otto_Struve" title="Otto Struve">Otto Struve</a></li> <li>1949: <a href="/wiki/Harold_Spencer_Jones" title="Harold Spencer Jones">Harold Spencer Jones</a></li> <li>1950: <a href="/wiki/Alfred_Harrison_Joy" title="Alfred Harrison Joy">Alfred Harrison Joy</a></li> <li>1951: <a href="/wiki/Marcel_Minnaert" title="Marcel Minnaert">Marcel Minnaert</a></li> <li>1952: <a href="/wiki/Subrahmanyan_Chandrasekhar" title="Subrahmanyan Chandrasekhar">Subrahmanyan Chandrasekhar</a></li> <li>1953: <a href="/wiki/Harold_Delos_Babcock" title="Harold Delos Babcock">Harold Delos Babcock</a></li> <li>1954: <a href="/wiki/Bertil_Lindblad" title="Bertil Lindblad">Bertil Lindblad</a></li> <li>1955: <a href="/wiki/Walter_Baade" title="Walter Baade">Walter Baade</a></li> <li>1956: <a href="/wiki/Albrecht_Uns%C3%B6ld" title="Albrecht Unsöld">Albrecht Unsöld</a></li> <li>1957: <a href="/wiki/Ira_Sprague_Bowen" title="Ira Sprague Bowen">Ira Sprague Bowen</a></li> <li>1958: <a href="/wiki/William_Wilson_Morgan" title="William Wilson Morgan">William Wilson Morgan</a></li> <li>1959: <a href="/wiki/Bengt_Str%C3%B6mgren" title="Bengt Strömgren">Bengt Strömgren</a></li> <li>1960: <a href="/wiki/Viktor_Ambartsumian" title="Viktor Ambartsumian">Viktor Ambartsumian</a></li> <li>1961: <a href="/wiki/Rudolf_Minkowski" class="mw-redirect" title="Rudolf Minkowski">Rudolf Minkowski</a></li> <li>1962: <a href="/wiki/Grote_Reber" title="Grote Reber">Grote Reber</a></li> <li>1963: <a href="/wiki/Seth_Barnes_Nicholson" title="Seth Barnes Nicholson">Seth Barnes Nicholson</a></li> <li>1964: <a href="/wiki/Otto_Heckmann" title="Otto Heckmann">Otto Heckmann</a></li> <li>1965: <a href="/wiki/Martin_Schwarzschild" title="Martin Schwarzschild">Martin Schwarzschild</a></li> <li>1966: <a href="/wiki/Dirk_Brouwer" title="Dirk Brouwer">Dirk Brouwer</a></li> <li>1967: <a href="/wiki/Ludwig_Biermann" title="Ludwig Biermann">Ludwig Biermann</a></li> <li>1968: <a href="/wiki/Willem_Jacob_Luyten" title="Willem Jacob Luyten">Willem Jacob Luyten</a></li> <li>1969: <a href="/wiki/Horace_Welcome_Babcock" title="Horace Welcome Babcock">Horace Welcome Babcock</a></li> <li>1970: <a href="/wiki/Fred_Hoyle" title="Fred Hoyle">Fred Hoyle</a></li> <li>1971: <a href="/wiki/Jesse_Leonard_Greenstein" title="Jesse Leonard Greenstein">Jesse Leonard Greenstein</a></li> <li>1972: <a href="/wiki/Iosif_Shklovsky" title="Iosif Shklovsky">Iosif Shklovsky</a></li> <li>1973: <a href="/wiki/Lyman_Spitzer" title="Lyman Spitzer">Lyman Spitzer</a></li> <li>1974: <a href="/wiki/Martin_Ryle" title="Martin Ryle">Martin Ryle</a></li> <li>1975: <a href="/wiki/Allan_Rex_Sandage" title="Allan Rex Sandage">Allan Rex Sandage</a></li> <li>1976: <a class="mw-selflink selflink">Ernst Öpik</a></li> <li>1977: <a href="/wiki/Bart_Bok" title="Bart Bok">Bart Bok</a></li> <li>1978: <a href="/wiki/Hendrik_Christoffel_van_de_Hulst" title="Hendrik Christoffel van de Hulst">Hendrik Christoffel van de Hulst</a></li> <li>1979: <a href="/wiki/William_Alfred_Fowler" title="William Alfred Fowler">William Alfred Fowler</a></li> <li>1980: <a href="/wiki/George_Herbig" title="George Herbig">George Herbig</a></li> <li>1981: <a href="/wiki/Riccardo_Giacconi" title="Riccardo Giacconi">Riccardo Giacconi</a></li> <li>1982: <a href="/wiki/Margaret_Burbidge" title="Margaret Burbidge">Margaret Burbidge</a></li> <li>1983: <a href="/wiki/Jakov_Seldovich" title="Jakov Seldovich">Jakov Seldovich</a></li> <li>1984: <a href="/wiki/Olin_Chaddock_Wilson" title="Olin Chaddock Wilson">Olin Chaddock Wilson</a></li> <li>1985: <a href="/wiki/Thomas_George_Cowling" title="Thomas George Cowling">Thomas George Cowling</a></li> <li>1986: <a href="/wiki/Fred_Whipple" class="mw-redirect" title="Fred Whipple">Fred Whipple</a></li> <li>1987: <a href="/wiki/Edwin_Ernest_Salpeter" class="mw-redirect" title="Edwin Ernest Salpeter">Edwin Ernest Salpeter</a></li> <li>1988: <a href="/wiki/John_Gatenby_Bolton" title="John Gatenby Bolton">John Gatenby Bolton</a></li> <li>1989: <a href="/wiki/Adriaan_Blaauw" title="Adriaan Blaauw">Adriaan Blaauw</a></li> <li>1990: <a href="/wiki/Charlotte_Moore_Sitterly" title="Charlotte Moore Sitterly">Charlotte Moore Sitterly</a></li> <li>1991: <a href="/wiki/Donald_Edward_Osterbrock" title="Donald Edward Osterbrock">Donald Edward Osterbrock</a></li> <li>1992: <a href="/wiki/Maarten_Schmidt" title="Maarten Schmidt">Maarten Schmidt</a></li> <li>1993: <a href="/wiki/Martin_Rees" title="Martin Rees">Martin Rees</a></li> <li>1994: <a href="/wiki/Wallace_Sargent" title="Wallace Sargent">Wallace Sargent</a></li> <li>1995: <a href="/wiki/James_Peebles" title="James Peebles">James Peebles</a></li> <li>1996: <a href="/wiki/Albert_Whitford" title="Albert Whitford">Albert Whitford</a></li> <li>1997: <a href="/wiki/Eugene_Parker" title="Eugene Parker">Eugene Parker</a></li> <li>1998: <a href="/wiki/Donald_Lynden-Bell" title="Donald Lynden-Bell">Donald Lynden-Bell</a></li> <li>1999: <a href="/wiki/Geoffrey_Burbidge" title="Geoffrey Burbidge">Geoffrey Burbidge</a></li> <li>2000: <a href="/wiki/Rashid_Sunyaev" title="Rashid Sunyaev">Rashid Sunyaev</a></li> <li>2001: <a href="/wiki/Hans_Bethe" title="Hans Bethe">Hans Bethe</a></li> <li>2002: <a href="/wiki/Bohdan_Paczy%C5%84ski" title="Bohdan Paczyński">Bohdan Paczyński</a></li> <li>2003: <a href="/wiki/Vera_Rubin" title="Vera Rubin">Vera Rubin</a></li> <li>2004: <a href="/wiki/Chushiro_Hayashi" title="Chushiro Hayashi">Chushiro Hayashi</a></li> <li>2005: <a href="/wiki/Robert_Kraft" title="Robert Kraft">Robert Kraft</a></li> <li>2006: <a href="/wiki/Frank_James_Low" title="Frank James Low">Frank James Low</a></li> <li>2007: <a href="/wiki/Martin_Harwit" title="Martin Harwit">Martin Harwit</a></li> <li>2008: <a href="/wiki/Sidney_van_den_Bergh" title="Sidney van den Bergh">Sidney van den Bergh</a></li> <li>2009: <a href="/wiki/Frank_Shu" title="Frank Shu">Frank Shu</a></li> <li>2010: <a href="/wiki/Gerald_Neugebauer" title="Gerald Neugebauer">Gerald Neugebauer</a></li> <li>2011: <a href="/wiki/Jeremiah_Paul_Ostriker" title="Jeremiah Paul Ostriker">Jeremiah Paul Ostriker</a></li> <li>2012: <a href="/wiki/Sandra_Faber" title="Sandra Faber">Sandra Faber</a></li> <li>2013: <a href="/wiki/James_Gunn" class="mw-redirect" title="James Gunn">James Gunn</a></li> <li>2014: <a href="/wiki/Kenneth_Kellermann" title="Kenneth Kellermann">Kenneth Kellermann</a></li> <li>2015: <a href="/wiki/Douglas_Lin" title="Douglas Lin">Douglas Lin</a></li> <li>2016: <a href="/wiki/Andrew_Fabian" title="Andrew Fabian">Andrew Fabian</a></li> <li>2017: <a href="/wiki/Nicholas_Scoville" title="Nicholas Scoville">Nicholas Scoville</a></li> <li>2018: <a href="/wiki/Tim_Heckman" title="Tim Heckman">Tim Heckman</a></li> <li>2019: <a href="/wiki/Martha_Patricia_Haynes" title="Martha Patricia Haynes">Martha Patricia Haynes</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <ul class="noprint navigation-box" style="border-top: solid silver 1px; border-right: solid silver 1px; border-bottom:1px solid silver; border-left: solid silver 1px; padding:3px; background-color: #F9F9F9; text-align: center; margin-top:10px; margin-left: 0; clear: both;"><li style="display: inline;"><span style="white-space: nowrap; margin: auto 1.5em"><span style="margin-right: 0.5em"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Ficheiro:Earth_Eastern_Hemisphere.jpg" title="Portal da astronomia"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/Earth_Eastern_Hemisphere.jpg/25px-Earth_Eastern_Hemisphere.jpg" decoding="async" width="25" height="25" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/Earth_Eastern_Hemisphere.jpg/38px-Earth_Eastern_Hemisphere.jpg 1.5x, 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typeof="mw:File"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Wikidata:Main_Page" title="Wikidata"><img alt="Wd" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Wikidata-logo.svg/20px-Wikidata-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Wikidata-logo.svg/30px-Wikidata-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Wikidata-logo.svg/40px-Wikidata-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1050" data-file-height="590" /></a></span>: <span class="uid"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q318126" class="extiw" title="wikidata:Q318126">Q318126</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> <span><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.worldcat.org/identities/containsVIAFID/8469460">WorldCat</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Base_Virtual_Internacional_de_Autoridade" title="Base Virtual Internacional de Autoridade">VIAF</a>: <span class="uid"><span class="plainlinks"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://viaf.org/viaf/8469460/">8469460</a></span></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Biblioteca_Apost%C3%B3lica_Vaticana" title="Biblioteca Apostólica Vaticana">BAV</a>: <span class="uid"><span class="plainlinks"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/*/https://viaf.org/processed/BAV%7CADV10974964">ADV10974964</a></span></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Bibsys" title="Bibsys">BIBSYS</a>: <span class="uid"><span class="plainlinks"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://authority.bibsys.no/authority/rest/authorities/html/8032201">8032201</a></span></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Biblioteca_Nacional_da_Fran%C3%A7a" title="Biblioteca Nacional da França">BNF</a>: <span class="uid"><span class="plainlinks"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb108391567">108391567</a></span></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica" title="Encyclopædia Britannica">EBID</a>: <span class="uid"><span class="plainlinks"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.britannica.com/biography/Ernest-Julius-Opik">ID</a></span></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Faceted_Application_of_Subject_Terminology" title="Faceted Application of Subject Terminology">FAST</a>: <span class="uid"><span class="plainlinks"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.worldcat.org/fast/95060">95060</a></span></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Gemeinsame_Normdatei" title="Gemeinsame Normdatei">GND</a>: <span class="uid"><span class="plainlinks"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/12959315X">12959315X</a></span></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Name_Identifier" title="International Standard Name Identifier">ISNI</a>: <span class="uid"><span class="plainlinks"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://isni.org/isni/0000000080879828">ID</a></span></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/N%C3%BAmero_de_controle_da_Biblioteca_do_Congresso" title="Número de controle da Biblioteca do Congresso">LCCN</a>: <span class="uid"><span class="plainlinks"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/n82090818">n82090818</a></span></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Notable_Names_Database" class="mw-redirect" title="Notable Names Database">NNDB</a>: <span class="uid"><span class="plainlinks"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nndb.com/people/082/000171566/">000171566</a></span></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Biblioteca_Real_dos_Pa%C3%ADses_Baixos" title="Biblioteca Real dos Países Baixos">NTA</a>: <span class="uid"><span class="plainlinks"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.bibliotheken.nl/id/thes/p14855587X">14855587X</a></span></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/NUKAT" class="extiw" title="pl:NUKAT">NUKAT</a>: <span class="uid"><span class="plainlinks"><a class="external text" href="https://wikidata-externalid-url.toolforge.org/?p=1207&url_prefix=http://nukat.edu.pl/aut/&id=n2011100455">n2011100455</a></span></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Online_Books_Page" class="extiw" title="en:Online Books Page">OBP</a>: <span class="uid"><span class="plainlinks"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://onlinebooks.library.upenn.edu/webbin/book/lookupname?key=Öpik,ErnstJulius,1893-1985">ID</a></span></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SNAC" class="extiw" title="en:SNAC">SNAC</a>: <span class="uid"><span class="plainlinks"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://snaccooperative.org/ark:/99166/w6vf0fxj">w6vf0fxj</a></span></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Sistema_Universit%C3%A1rio_de_Documenta%C3%A7%C3%A3o" title="Sistema Universitário de Documentação">SUDOC</a>: <span class="uid"><span class="plainlinks"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.idref.fr/132627248">132627248</a></span></span></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1&useformat=desktop" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: 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