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.infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox"><caption class="infobox-title">Bava Kamma</caption><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header"><a href="/wiki/Masekhet" title="Masekhet">Tractate</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Talmud" title="Talmud">Talmud</a></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight: normal; white-space: nowrap;">Seder:</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Nezikin" title="Nezikin">Nezikin</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight: normal; white-space: nowrap;">Number of <a href="/wiki/Mishnah" title="Mishnah">mishnahs</a>:</th><td class="infobox-data">79</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight: normal; white-space: nowrap;">Chapters:</th><td class="infobox-data">10</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight: normal; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Talmud#Talmud_Bavli_(Babylonian_Talmud)" title="Talmud">Babylonian Talmud</a> pages:</th><td class="infobox-data">119</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight: normal; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Jerusalem_Talmud" title="Jerusalem Talmud">Jerusalem Talmud</a> pages:</th><td class="infobox-data">44</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight: normal; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Tosefta" title="Tosefta">Tosefta</a> chapters:</th><td class="infobox-data">11</td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><div style="width:100%"><div style="float: left; text-align:left;padding-right:0.5em;" class="noprint">← <a href="/wiki/Kiddushin_(Talmud)" title="Kiddushin (Talmud)">Kiddushin</a></div><div style="float: right; text-align:right;padding-left:0.5em;" class="noprint"><a href="/wiki/Bava_Metzia" title="Bava Metzia">Bava Metzia</a> →</div></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Plaque_about_garlic,_POLIN_Museum.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/Plaque_about_garlic%2C_POLIN_Museum.jpg/220px-Plaque_about_garlic%2C_POLIN_Museum.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="193" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/Plaque_about_garlic%2C_POLIN_Museum.jpg/330px-Plaque_about_garlic%2C_POLIN_Museum.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/Plaque_about_garlic%2C_POLIN_Museum.jpg/440px-Plaque_about_garlic%2C_POLIN_Museum.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3553" data-file-height="3111" /></a><figcaption>A plaque about garlic referencing Bava Kamma 82a, <a href="/wiki/POLIN_Museum_of_the_History_of_Polish_Jews" title="POLIN Museum of the History of Polish Jews">Museum of the History of Polish Jews</a></figcaption></figure> <p><b>Bava Kamma</b> (<a href="/wiki/Jewish_Babylonian_Aramaic_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Jewish Babylonian Aramaic language">Jewish Babylonian Aramaic</a>: <span lang="tmr" dir="rtl">בָּבָא קַמָּא</span>, <small>romanized: </small><span title="Jewish Babylonian Aramaic-language romanization"><i lang="tmr-Latn">Bāḇā Qammā</i></span>, <small><a href="/wiki/Literal_translation" title="Literal translation">lit.</a> </small>'The First Gate') is the first of a series of three <a href="/wiki/Talmud" title="Talmud">Talmudic</a> tractates in the order <a href="/wiki/Nezikin" title="Nezikin">Nezikin</a> ("Damages") that deal with civil matters such as damages and <a href="/wiki/Tort" title="Tort">torts</a>. The other two of these tractates are <a href="/wiki/Bava_Metzia" title="Bava Metzia">Bava Metzia</a> ('The Middle Gate') and <a href="/wiki/Bava_Batra" title="Bava Batra">Bava Batra</a> ('The Last Gate'): originally all three formed a single tractate called <i>Nezikin</i>, each "Bava" meaning "part" or "subdivision." Bava Kamma discusses various forms of damage and the compensation owed for them. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Halakha" title="Halakha">Biblical laws</a> dealing with the cases discussed in Bava Kamma are contained in the following passages: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://mechon-mamre.org/p/pt/pt0221.htm#18">Exodus 21:18–19</a>, and <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://mechon-mamre.org/p/pt/pt0221.htm#24">Exodus 21:24–22:5</a>. The principle that underlies the legislation in this respect is expressed by the sentence, "He that kindled the fire shall surely make restitution". <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://mechon-mamre.org/p/pt/pt0222.htm#5">Exodus 22:5</a> </p><p>Bava Kamma consists of ten chapters which may be grouped as follows: damage caused without criminality (chaps. 1-6); damage caused by a criminal act (chaps. 7-10). </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Mishna">Mishna</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bava_Kamma&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Mishna"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Damage_caused_without_criminality">Damage caused without criminality</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bava_Kamma&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Damage caused without criminality"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">For post-Talmudic developments, see <a href="/wiki/Damages_(Jewish_law)" title="Damages (Jewish law)">Damages (Jewish law)</a>.</div> <p>Two types of damages are dealt with: (1) damage caused by agents in their normal condition; (2) damage caused by agents in their abnormal condition. An instance of the first class of agents is an ox treading upon things that are in his way and thus damaging them, or eating things that are in his path. An instance of the second class is the case of a Goring Ox, as under normal circumstances an ox does not gore. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Agents_in_their_normal_condition">Agents in their normal condition</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bava_Kamma&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Agents in their normal condition"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The Mishnah (1:1) identifies four of the heads or agents of damage ("<span title="Hebrew-language romanization"><i lang="he-Latn">avot nezikin</i></span>", literally, fathers of damages): <b>Ox</b> (<i>shor</i>), <b>Pit</b> (<i>bor</i>), <b>Mav'eh</b> (meaning either damages caused by man, or those caused by an animal's feeding), <b>Burning</b> (<i>hev'er</i>). These four agents correspond to those mentioned in <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://mechon-mamre.org/p/pt/pt0222.htm#4">Exodus 22:4</a> [R. V. 5], <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://mechon-mamre.org/p/pt/pt0221.htm#33">Exodus 21:33–34</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://mechon-mamre.org/p/pt/pt0222.htm#4">Exodus 22:4–5</a> [A. V. 5–6]. </p><p>The law concerning the compensation in these cases is expressed in the Mishnah (1:1) thus: "These four agents have in common the circumstance that they usually cause damage; that the owner has the duty to prevent the damage; and that if he fails to do so, on damage being done he must pay full compensation, with the best of his property" (compare <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://mechon-mamre.org/p/pt/pt0222.htm#4">Exodus 22:4</a> [A. V. 5]). Before, however, giving the detailed regulations for these four kinds of damage, the Mishnah proceeds to the discussion of the second class of damages, those caused by agents in an abnormal condition. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Agents_in_their_abnormal_condition">Agents in their abnormal condition</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bava_Kamma&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Agents in their abnormal condition"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The principal distinction in the second class is between <b>harmless</b> ("<span title="Hebrew-language romanization"><i lang="he-Latn">tam</i></span>") and <b>warned</b> ("<span title="Hebrew-language romanization"><i lang="he-Latn">mu'ad</i></span>"). The law of compensation in these two cases is as follows: In the case of an animal previously reputed harmless (<i>tam</i>), the owner has to compensate for half the damage, unless half the damage exceeds the whole value of the animal causing the damage. In a case where the owner has been warned (<i>mu'ad</i>), he must give full compensation for the damage, without regard to the value of the damaging animal (compare <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://mechon-mamre.org/p/pt/pt0221.htm#35">Exodus 21:35–36</a>). </p><p>The law of <span title="Hebrew-language romanization"><i lang="he-Latn">mu'ad</i></span> applies to the four kinds of damage done by animals or agents in their normal condition. In addition to these the Mishnah (1:4) enumerates the following: man, and wild beasts owned by a man—such as the wolf, the lion, the bear, and the leopard; also the serpent. Of man it is said, "Man is always fully responsible (<span title="Hebrew-language romanization"><i lang="he-Latn">mu'ad</i></span>), whether he cause damage intentionally or unintentionally, whether awake or asleep" (2:6). This rule is illustrated by various instances given in the third chapter (1–7). </p><p>The remaining part of the third chapter, the fourth, and part of the fifth (1–4), contain regulations concerning the compensation for damage caused by a goring ox. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Damage_by_pit,_grazing,_or_burning"><span id="Damage_by_pit.2C_grazing.2C_or_burning"></span>Damage by pit, grazing, or burning</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bava_Kamma&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Damage by pit, grazing, or burning"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Following the order of the <span title="Hebrew-language romanization"><i lang="he-Latn">avot nezikin</i></span> given in the beginning of the tractate, the damage caused by a pit is discussed in the second part of the fifth chapter; and the sixth chapter is devoted to the remaining two causes of damage, grazing (1–3) and burning (4–6). Of the last section the following law is noteworthy: </p> <dl><dd>"If a <a href="/wiki/Camel" title="Camel">camel</a> laden with <a href="/wiki/Flax" title="Flax">flax</a> passes through a street, and the flax catches fire from a candle that is inside a shop so that the whole shop is thereby set on fire, the owner of the camel is held responsible for the damage; if, however, the candle is outside the shop, the owner of the shop is responsible. The exemption to this liability is in the case of <a href="/wiki/Hanukkah" title="Hanukkah">Hanukkah</a> lights, as per Rabbi Yehuda's opinion".</dd></dl> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Damage_caused_by_criminal_acts">Damage caused by criminal acts</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bava_Kamma&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Damage caused by criminal acts"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>There are three types of damages caused by a criminal act: (1) by theft (chapter 7); (2) by violence (chapter 8); (3) by robbery (chapters 9-10). </p><p>(1) "If a man steal an ox or a lamb and slaughter the same or sell it, five cattle shall he pay for the ox and four sheep for the lamb" (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://mechon-mamre.org/p/pt/pt0221.htm#37">Exodus 21:37</a>). The regulations as to how to apply this law under various circumstances are contained in 7:1–6. </p><p>(2) The compensation for injuries as the result of violence is discussed in chapter viii. Such compensation includes five items: for the permanent loss ("<span title="Hebrew-language romanization"><i lang="he-Latn">nezek</i></span>"), if any, in earning capacity; loss of time ("<span title="Hebrew-language romanization"><i lang="he-Latn">shevet</i></span>"); pain ("<span title="Hebrew-language romanization"><i lang="he-Latn">tza'ar</i></span>"); cost of the cure ("<span title="Hebrew-language romanization"><i lang="he-Latn">rippuy</i></span>"); and insult ("<span title="Hebrew-language romanization"><i lang="he-Latn">boshet</i></span>"). The scale of compensation for an insult, as given in the Mishnah, seems to indicate the maximum compensation, for the Mishnah adds, "The principle is that the amount depends on the injured man's station in life." <a href="/wiki/Rabbi_Akiva" title="Rabbi Akiva">Rabbi Akiva</a>, however, opposed this principle, and desired to have one measure for all. A practical case decided by Rabbi Akiva is then cited (8:7). In addition to all the compensation paid, the offender must beg the injured man's pardon. </p><p>(3) He who has robbed his neighbor, and desires to make restitution, pays the full value of the thing taken and a fine of one-fifth of its value. (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://mechon-mamre.org/p/pt/pt0305.htm#21">Lev 5:21–24</a> [A. V. 6:2–5]). If the things taken by robbery have undergone a change, he pays according to the value the things had at the time of the robbery (chapter 9). The last chapter considers cases in which the things taken are no longer in the hands of the robber, and concludes with the warning not to buy things suspected to be stolen. With the exception of chapter 7:7 (on certain restrictions with regard to the rearing of cattle or poultry in the Land of Israel), there are neither <i>halakhic</i> nor <i>aggadic</i> digressions in this tractate. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Jerusalem_and_Babylonian_Talmuds">Jerusalem and Babylonian Talmuds</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bava_Kamma&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Jerusalem and Babylonian Talmuds"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>There are two versions of Bava Kamma: One is in the <a href="/wiki/Jerusalem_Talmud" title="Jerusalem Talmud">Jerusalem Talmud</a> while the other is in the Babylonian. The two Gemaras, as usual, discuss the laws of the Mishnah; the Jerusalem Talmud rather briefly, the Babylonian Talmud more fully. </p><p>The following are a few of the principles enunciated in the Gemara: According to <a href="/wiki/Symmachus_ben_Joseph" title="Symmachus ben Joseph">Symmachus ben Joseph</a>: Property concerning which there is a doubt whether it belongs to A or to B, is divided between A and B without either being compelled to confirm his claim by oath. The sages (<span title="Hebrew-language romanization"><i lang="he-Latn">hakhamim</i></span>) hold that he who claims what is in the possession of another, must prove his claim (<span title="Hebrew-language romanization"><i lang="he-Latn">hamotzi machavaro aluv haria</i></span>).<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A person attacked on his own grounds may take the law into his own hands, when the delay caused by going to a proper court of law would involve great loss. Whenever the whole value of the damaged object is paid, the payment is considered as compensation ("mamona"); when only half the value or a certain fixed amount is paid, the payment is considered a fine ("kenasa").<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The judges in Babylonia had no right to impose a fine for any offense; the case had to be tried by qualified judges in Palestine. </p><p>The following incident will illustrate the last two rules: A man was charged before <a href="/wiki/Rav_Chisda" title="Rav Chisda">Rav Chisda</a> in Babylonia with having struck a fellow man with his spade. Chisda asked <a href="/wiki/Rav_Nachman" title="Rav Nachman">Rav Nachman</a> how much the offender had to pay. The latter replied that no fine could be imposed in the Babylonian courts, but that he desired to know the facts of the case. He ascertained that A and B had together a well, each of them with the right of drawing water on certain fixed days alone. Contrary to the agreement A drew water on a day that was not his. B noticed it and drove him away with his spade. Nachman's verdict was that B might with impunity have hit A a hundred times with the spade, as any delay would have involved a great loss to B.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It is noteworthy that two codes of law are mentioned: the legal one (<span title="Hebrew-language romanization"><i lang="he-Latn">dinei adam</i></span>, literally, "judgments of man") and the moral one (<span title="Hebrew-language romanization"><i lang="he-Latn">dinei shamayim</i></span>, literally, "judgments of heaven"). In some cases the former absolves man of an obligation, and the latter does not.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Commenting on the four heads of damage (<i>avot nezikin</i>) listed in the Mishnah, the Babylonian Talmud asserts that in fact there are at least 26 heads of damages.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Aggadic_elements">Aggadic elements</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bava_Kamma&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Aggadic elements"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Noteworthy elements of <i>aggadah</i> include: </p> <ul><li>A <span title="Hebrew-language romanization"><i lang="he-Latn">hasid</i></span> (pious man) noticed a man throwing stones and rubbish from his own garden into the public thoroughfare. The <span title="Hebrew-language romanization"><i lang="he-Latn">hasid</i></span> rebuked him, saying, "Why do you throw these things from a place that is not yours into a place that is yours?" The man laughed; but he soon learned the true meaning of the question. For he had to sell his property, and one day, walking in the street, he met with an accident through these very stones (50b).</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joshua" title="Joshua">Joshua</a>, on dividing the land of <a href="/wiki/Canaan" title="Canaan">Canaan</a> amongst the <a href="/wiki/Tribes_of_Israel" class="mw-redirect" title="Tribes of Israel">tribes of Israel</a>, made the tribes agree to ten conditions, the most important of which are the common use of the forests as pasture for cattle, and the common right of fishing in the <a href="/wiki/Sea_of_Tiberias" class="mw-redirect" title="Sea of Tiberias">Sea of Tiberias</a> (80b—81a). Natural springs were to be used for drinking and laundry by all tribes, although the tribe to which the water course fell had the first rights. Prickly burnet (<i><a href="/wiki/Sarcopoterium_spinosum" class="mw-redirect" title="Sarcopoterium spinosum">Sarcopoterium spinosum</a></i>) and the camelthorn (<i><a href="/wiki/Alhagi_maurorum" title="Alhagi maurorum">Alhagi maurorum</a></i>) could be freely collected as firewood by any member of any tribe, in any tribal territory.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ezra" title="Ezra">Ezra</a> introduced ten rules (<span title="Hebrew-language romanization"><i lang="he-Latn">takanot</i></span>), among them the <a href="/wiki/Torah_reading" title="Torah reading">Torah reading</a> on Shabbat afternoon (<span title="Hebrew-language romanization"><i lang="he-Latn"><a href="/wiki/Mincha" title="Mincha">mincha</a></i></span>), on Monday and on Thursday, and the holding of court (<a href="/wiki/Beth_din" title="Beth din">beth din</a>) sittings on Mondays and Thursdays (82a).</li> <li>Two officers were once sent by the Roman governor to <a href="/wiki/Gamaliel" title="Gamaliel">Gamaliel</a> to be instructed in the Jewish law. When they had finished the study they declared to Gamaliel that the laws (referring probably to the civil code of laws) were all just and praiseworthy, with the exception of two that make a distinction between Jew and heathen. The rabbi thereupon ordered the inequality to be removed (Bavli 38a, and Yerushalmi 4 4b).</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Johanan_bar_Nappaha" title="Johanan bar Nappaha">Johanan bar Nappaha</a> used to give to his servant part of everything he was eating or drinking, saying, "Is not his Creator also my Creator?" (Job 31:15; Yerushalmi 8 6c).</li> <li>At the funeral of King <a href="/wiki/Hezekiah" title="Hezekiah">Hezekiah</a>, a <a href="/wiki/Sefer_Torah" class="mw-redirect" title="Sefer Torah">sefer Torah</a> was laid on the bier, with the words, "This [man] fulfilled what is written in this [scroll]" (Bavli 17a).</li></ul> <p>Noteworthy explanations of Biblical texts include: </p> <ul><li>The words <span title="Hebrew-language romanization"><i lang="he-Latn">ka'asher yeba'er hagalal</i></span> (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://mechon-mamre.org/p/pt/pt09a14.htm#10">1 Kings 14:10</a>) are quoted as meaning "as the tooth destroyeth" (A. V. "as a man sweepeth the dung").<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><span title="Hebrew-language romanization"><i lang="he-Latn">Erekh apayim</i></span> ("slow to anger," Exodus 34:6) is interpreted "long-suffering to both the righteous and the wicked", on account of the dual form.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>A Biblical verse is quoted according to its sense and not literally, as, for example, <span title="Hebrew-language romanization"><i lang="he-Latn">mihyot tov al tikra ra</i></span> (when thou art kind, thou shalt not be called bad); then the question is raised, "Is it written so?" and the verse <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://mechon-mamre.org/p/pt/pt2803.htm#27">Proverbs 3:27</a> is cited.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bava_Kamma&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Bava Kamma 46a</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Bava Kamma 15b</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.sefaria.org.il/Bava_Kamma.27b.10?lang=bi&with=all&lang2=en">Bava Kamma 27b</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Mishnah 6:4; Gemara 29a, 56a, and passim</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Bava Kama 4b–5a</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Bavli 3a; see Rashi, ad loc.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Bavli, 50b</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Bavli, 81b; compare Bava Metzia 76a</span> </li> </ol></div></div> <p><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/62/PD-icon.svg/12px-PD-icon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/62/PD-icon.svg/18px-PD-icon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/62/PD-icon.svg/24px-PD-icon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="196" data-file-height="196" /></span></span> This article incorporates text from a publication now in the <a href="/wiki/Public_domain" title="Public domain">public domain</a>: <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFSinger1901–1906" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a href="/wiki/Isidore_Singer" title="Isidore Singer">Singer, Isidore</a>; et al., eds. (1901–1906). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://jewishencyclopedia.com/view.jsp?letter=B&artid=43">"Baba Kamma"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_Jewish_Encyclopedia" title="The Jewish Encyclopedia">The Jewish Encyclopedia</a></i>. 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style="border-left:2px solid #fdfdfd;font-weight:bold;background:#C8CCE8;"><a href="/wiki/Tohorot" title="Tohorot">Tohorot</a> (Purities)<br />(<span class="script-hebrew" style="font-size: 110%;" dir="rtl">טָהֳרוֹת</span>‎)</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td class="navbox-list" style="padding:0px;text-align:center; padding:3px;background:#C0FFC0;width:10em;"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Berakhot_(tractate)" title="Berakhot (tractate)">Berakhot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pe%27ah" title="Pe'ah">Pe'ah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Demai_(tractate)" title="Demai (tractate)">Demai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kil%27ayim_(tractate)" title="Kil'ayim (tractate)">Kil'ayim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shevi%27it_(tractate)" title="Shevi'it (tractate)">Shevi'it</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Terumot" title="Terumot">Terumot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ma%27aserot" title="Ma'aserot">Ma'aserot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ma%27aser_Sheni" title="Ma'aser Sheni">Ma'aser Sheni</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Challah_(tractate)" title="Challah (tractate)">Challah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orlah_(tractate)" title="Orlah (tractate)">Orlah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bikkurim_(tractate)" title="Bikkurim (tractate)">Bikkurim</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="navbox-list" style="border-left:2px solid #fdfdfd;padding:0px;text-align:center; padding:3px;background:#C0EFEE;width:10em;"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Shabbat_(Talmud)" title="Shabbat (Talmud)">Shabbat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eruvin_(Talmud)" title="Eruvin (Talmud)">Eruvin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pesachim_(tractate)" class="mw-redirect" title="Pesachim (tractate)">Pesahim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shekalim_(Tractate)" title="Shekalim (Tractate)">Shekalim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yoma" title="Yoma">Yoma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sukkah_(Talmud)" title="Sukkah (Talmud)">Sukkah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beitza" title="Beitza">Beitza</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rosh_Hashanah_(tractate)" title="Rosh Hashanah (tractate)">Rosh Hashanah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ta%27anit_(Talmud)" title="Ta'anit (Talmud)">Ta'anit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Megillah_(Talmud)" title="Megillah (Talmud)">Megillah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mo%27ed_Katan" title="Mo'ed Katan">Mo'ed Katan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hagigah" title="Hagigah">Hagigah</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="navbox-list" style="border-left:2px solid #fdfdfd;padding:0px;text-align:center; padding:3px;background:#F5CEC3;width:10em;"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Yevamot" title="Yevamot">Yevamot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ketubot_(tractate)" title="Ketubot (tractate)">Ketubot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nedarim_(Talmud)" title="Nedarim (Talmud)">Nedarim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nazir_(Talmud)" title="Nazir (Talmud)">Nazir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sotah_(Talmud)" title="Sotah (Talmud)">Sotah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gittin" title="Gittin">Gittin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kiddushin_(Talmud)" title="Kiddushin (Talmud)">Kiddushin</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="navbox-list" style="border-left:2px solid #fdfdfd;padding:0px;text-align:center; padding:3px;background:#FFD199;width:10em;"><div> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Bava Kamma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bava_Metzia" title="Bava Metzia">Bava Metzia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bava_Batra" title="Bava Batra">Bava Batra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sanhedrin_(tractate)" title="Sanhedrin (tractate)">Sanhedrin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Makkot" title="Makkot">Makkot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shevu%27ot" title="Shevu'ot">Shevu'ot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eduyot_(Talmud)" title="Eduyot (Talmud)">Eduyot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Avodah_Zarah" title="Avodah Zarah">Avodah Zarah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pirkei_Avot" title="Pirkei Avot">Avot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Horayot" title="Horayot">Horayot</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="navbox-list" style="border-left:2px solid #fdfdfd;padding:0px;text-align:center; padding:3px;background:#EEFFA3;width:10em;"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Zevachim" title="Zevachim">Zevachim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Menachot" title="Menachot">Menachot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hullin" title="Hullin">Hullin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bekhorot" title="Bekhorot">Bekhorot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arakhin" title="Arakhin">Arakhin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Temurah_(Talmud)" title="Temurah (Talmud)">Temurah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Keritot" title="Keritot">Keritot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Me%27ilah" title="Me'ilah">Me'ilah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tamid" title="Tamid">Tamid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Middot_(Talmud)" title="Middot (Talmud)">Middot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kinnim" title="Kinnim">Kinnim</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="navbox-list" style="border-left:2px solid #fdfdfd;padding:0px;text-align:center; padding:3px;background:#E8ECF2;width:10em;"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Keilim" title="Keilim">Keilim</a></li> <li><a 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