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<span>Pratyaksa</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Pratyaksa-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Anumana" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Anumana"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>Anumana</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Anumana-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Upamana" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Upamana"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3</span> <span>Upamana</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Upamana-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Arthāpatti" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Arthāpatti"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.4</span> <span>Arthāpatti</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Arthāpatti-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Anupalabdhi" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Anupalabdhi"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.5</span> <span>Anupalabdhi</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Anupalabdhi-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Shabda" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Shabda"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.6</span> <span>Shabda</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Shabda-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Svatah_Pramanya" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Svatah_Pramanya"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.7</span> <span>Svatah Pramanya</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Svatah_Pramanya-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Relation_to_Vedanta_school" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Relation_to_Vedanta_school"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.8</span> <span>Relation to Vedanta school</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Relation_to_Vedanta_school-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Metaphysics_and_beliefs" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Metaphysics_and_beliefs"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Metaphysics and beliefs</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Metaphysics_and_beliefs-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Metaphysics and beliefs subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Metaphysics_and_beliefs-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Apaurusheya" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Apaurusheya"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>Apaurusheya</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Apaurusheya-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Non-theism" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Non-theism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2</span> <span>Non-theism</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Non-theism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Dharma" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Dharma"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.3</span> <span><i>Dharma</i></span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Dharma-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Relation_to_Vedānta" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Relation_to_Vedānta"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.4</span> <span>Relation to Vedānta</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Relation_to_Vedānta-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-History" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#History"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>History</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-History-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Mīmāṃsā_texts" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Mīmāṃsā_texts"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Mīmāṃsā texts</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Mīmāṃsā_texts-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-References-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle References subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Bibliography" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bibliography"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.1</span> <span>Bibliography</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bibliography-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><i>Mīmāṃsā</i></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 48 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-48" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">48 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mimamsa" title="Mimamsa – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Mimamsa" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D9%8A%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%85%D8%B3%D8%A7" title="ميمامسا – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="ميمامسا" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mimansa" title="Mimansa – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Mimansa" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%AE%E0%A7%80%E0%A6%AE%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%82%E0%A6%B8%E0%A6%BE_%E0%A6%A6%E0%A6%B0%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%B6%E0%A6%A8" title="মীমাংসা দর্শন – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="মীমাংসা দর্শন" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mimamsa" title="Mimamsa – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Mimamsa" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/M%C3%ADm%C3%A1ns%C3%A1" title="Mímánsá – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Mímánsá" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Purva_Mimamsa" title="Purva Mimamsa – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Purva Mimamsa" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mimaansa" title="Mimaansa – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Mimaansa" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/M%C4%ABm%C4%81%E1%B9%83s%C4%81" title="Mīmāṃsā – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Mīmāṃsā" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mimamsa" title="Mimamsa – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Mimamsa" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mimamsa" title="Mimamsa – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Mimamsa" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%DB%8C%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%85%D8%B3%D8%A7" title="میمامسا – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="میمامسا" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mimamsa" title="Mimamsa – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Mimamsa" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EB%AF%B8%EB%A7%98%EC%82%AC_%ED%95%99%ED%8C%8C" title="미맘사 학파 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="미맘사 학파" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%84%D5%AB%D5%B4%D5%A1%D5%B6%D5%BD%D5%A1" title="Միմանսա – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Միմանսա" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%BE_%E0%A4%A6%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B6%E0%A4%A8" title="मीमांसा दर्शन – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="मीमांसा दर्शन" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mimamsa" title="Mimamsa – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Mimamsa" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/M%C4%ABm%C4%81%E1%B9%83s%C4%81" title="Mīmāṃsā – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Mīmāṃsā" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kn mw-list-item"><a href="https://kn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%AE%E0%B3%80%E0%B2%AE%E0%B2%BE%E0%B2%82%E0%B2%B8_%E0%B2%A6%E0%B2%B0%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%B6%E0%B2%A8" title="ಮೀಮಾಂಸ ದರ್ಶನ – Kannada" lang="kn" hreflang="kn" data-title="ಮೀಮಾಂಸ ದರ್ಶನ" data-language-autonym="ಕನ್ನಡ" data-language-local-name="Kannada" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ಕನ್ನಡ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B8%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%B0" title="Миманса – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Миманса" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B8%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%B0" title="Миманса – Kyrgyz" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Миманса" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="Kyrgyz" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Кыргызча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mimansa" title="Mimansa – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Mimansa" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/M%C3%ADm%C3%A1nsza" title="Mímánsza – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Mímánsza" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%AE%E0%B5%80%E0%B4%AE%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%82%E0%B4%B8" title="മീമാംസ – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="മീമാംസ" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%BE" title="मीमांसा – Marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="मीमांसा" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="Marathi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>मराठी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mimamsa" title="Mimamsa – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Mimamsa" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ne mw-list-item"><a href="https://ne.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%BE" title="मीमांसा – Nepali" lang="ne" hreflang="ne" data-title="मीमांसा" data-language-autonym="नेपाली" data-language-local-name="Nepali" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>नेपाली</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-new mw-list-item"><a href="https://new.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%BE" title="मीमांसा – Newari" lang="new" hreflang="new" data-title="मीमांसा" data-language-autonym="नेपाल भाषा" data-language-local-name="Newari" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>नेपाल भाषा</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%9F%E3%83%BC%E3%83%9E%E3%83%BC%E3%83%B3%E3%82%B5%E3%83%BC%E5%AD%A6%E6%B4%BE" title="ミーマーンサー学派 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="ミーマーンサー学派" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/M%C4%ABm%C4%81%E1%B9%83s%C4%81" title="Mīmāṃsā – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Mīmāṃsā" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mimansa" title="Mimansa – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Mimansa" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%AE%E0%A9%80%E0%A8%AE%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%82%E0%A8%B8%E0%A8%BE" title="ਮੀਮਾਂਸਾ – Punjabi" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਮੀਮਾਂਸਾ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pi mw-list-item"><a href="https://pi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%BE" title="मीमांसा – Pali" lang="pi" hreflang="pi" data-title="मीमांसा" data-language-autonym="पालि" data-language-local-name="Pali" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>पालि</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%DB%8C%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%B3%D8%A7" title="میمانسا – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="میمانسا" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پنجابی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mimansa" title="Mimansa – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Mimansa" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt 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class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>संस्कृतम्</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/M%C3%ADm%C3%A1nsa" title="Mímánsa – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Mímánsa" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mimamsa" title="Mimamsa – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Mimamsa" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mimamsa" title="Mimamsa – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Mimamsa" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li 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data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.unpin">hide</button> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">One of six orthodox schools of Hindu philosophy</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">This article is about an ancient school of Hindu philosophy. For annual Science quiz competition, see <a href="/wiki/Mimamsa-IISER" title="Mimamsa-IISER">Mimamsa-IISER</a>.</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd::after,.mw-parser-output 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rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1246091330"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1246091330"><table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile nowraplinks plainlist"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-pretitle" style="background:#FFC569;">Part of <a href="/wiki/Category:Hinduism" title="Category:Hinduism">a series</a> on</td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle" style="background:#FFC569;"><a href="/wiki/Hindu_philosophy" title="Hindu philosophy">Hindu philosophy</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-image" style="padding:0.3em 0.3em 0.4em;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Om" title="Om"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Om_symbol.svg/80px-Om_symbol.svg.png" decoding="async" width="80" height="82" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Om_symbol.svg/120px-Om_symbol.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Om_symbol.svg/160px-Om_symbol.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="356" data-file-height="367" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="background:#FFC569;"> <a href="/wiki/%C4%80stika_and_n%C4%81stika" title="Āstika and nāstika">Orthodox</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="padding:0.3em 0.5em 0.75em;"> <table class="sidebar nomobile nowraplinks" style="background-color: transparent; color: var( --color-base ); border-collapse:collapse; border-spacing:0px; border:none; width:100%; margin:0px; font-size:100%; clear:none; float:none"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/Samkhya" title="Samkhya">Samkhya</a></b></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Yoga_(philosophy)" title="Yoga (philosophy)">Yoga</a></b></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Nyaya" title="Nyaya">Nyaya</a></b></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Vaisheshika" title="Vaisheshika">Vaisheshika</a></b></li> <li><b><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Mīmāṃsā</a></b></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Vedanta" title="Vedanta">Vedanta</a></b></li></ul></td> </tr></tbody></table></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="background:#FFC569;"> <a href="/wiki/%C4%80stika_and_n%C4%81stika" title="Āstika and nāstika">Heterodox</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="padding:0.3em 0.5em 0.75em;"> <table class="sidebar nomobile nowraplinks" style="background-color: transparent; color: var( --color-base ); border-collapse:collapse; border-spacing:0px; border:none; width:100%; margin:0px; font-size:100%; clear:none; float:none"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/Charvaka" title="Charvaka">Charvaka</a></b></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/%C4%80j%C4%ABvika" title="Ājīvika">Ājīvika</a></b></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Buddhism" title="Buddhism">Buddhism</a></b></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Jainism" title="Jainism">Jainism</a></b></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Aj%C3%B1ana" title="Ajñana">Ajñana</a></b></li></ul></td> </tr></tbody></table></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="padding:0.3em 0.5em 0.75em;;padding:1px 0;"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#FFC569;;font-weight:normal;;color: var(--color-base)"><div class="sidebar-list-title-c"><b>Sub-schools</b></div></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <dl><dt><a href="/wiki/Smarta_tradition" title="Smarta tradition">Smartist</a></dt> <dd></dd></dl> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Advaita_Vedanta" title="Advaita Vedanta">Advaita</a></i></li></ul> <dl><dt><a href="/wiki/Vaishnavism" title="Vaishnavism">Vaishnavite</a></dt> <dd></dd></dl> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Bhedabheda" title="Bhedabheda">Bhedabheda</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Vishishtadvaita" title="Vishishtadvaita">Vishishtadvaita</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Dvaita_Vedanta" title="Dvaita Vedanta">Dvaita</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Shuddhadvaita" title="Shuddhadvaita">Shuddhadvaita</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Achintya_Bheda_Abheda" title="Achintya Bheda Abheda">Achintya Bheda Abheda</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Svabhavika_Bhedabheda" title="Svabhavika Bhedabheda">Svabhavika Bhedabheda</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Mahanubhava" title="Mahanubhava">Mahanubhava</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Ekasarana_Dharma" title="Ekasarana Dharma">Ekasarana Dharma</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Akshar_Purushottam_Darshan" title="Akshar Purushottam Darshan">Akshar Purushottam Darshan</a></i></li></ul> <dl><dt><a href="/wiki/Shaivism" title="Shaivism">Shaivite</a></dt></dl> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Shaiva_Siddhanta" title="Shaiva Siddhanta">Shaiva Siddhanta</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Pratyabhijna" title="Pratyabhijna">Pratyabhijna</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Pashupata_Shaivism" title="Pashupata Shaivism">Panchartika</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Kalamukha" title="Kalamukha">Pramanavada</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Veerashaiva" class="mw-redirect" title="Veerashaiva">Shakti Vishishtadvaita</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Nath" class="mw-redirect" title="Nath">Shiva Bhedabeda</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Shiva_Advaita" title="Shiva Advaita">Shiva Advaita</a></i></li></ul> <dl><dt><a href="/wiki/Neo-Vedanta" title="Neo-Vedanta">Neo-Vedanta</a></dt></dl> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Integral_yoga" title="Integral yoga">Integral yoga</a></i></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="padding:0.3em 0.5em 0.75em;;padding:1px 0;"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#FFC569;;font-weight:normal;;color: var(--color-base)"><div class="sidebar-list-title-c"><b>Teachers</b> (<a href="/wiki/Acharya" title="Acharya">Acharyas</a>)</div></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><table class="sidebar nomobile nowraplinks" style="background-color: transparent; color: var( --color-base ); border-collapse:collapse; border-spacing:0px; border:none; width:100%; margin:0px; font-size:100%; clear:none; float:none"><tbody><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="font-style:italic;padding-bottom:0;;padding-top:0.2em;"> <a href="/wiki/Nyaya" title="Nyaya">Nyaya</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="padding:0 0.5em 0.65em;"> <div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ny%C4%81ya_S%C5%ABtras" title="Nyāya Sūtras">Akṣapāda Gotama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jayanta_Bhatta" title="Jayanta Bhatta">Jayanta Bhatta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raghunatha_Siromani" title="Raghunatha Siromani">Raghunatha Siromani</a></li></ul> </div></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="font-style:italic;padding-bottom:0;"> <a class="mw-selflink selflink">Mīmāṃsā</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="padding:0 0.5em 0.65em;"> <div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jaimini" title="Jaimini">Jaimini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kum%C4%81rila_Bha%E1%B9%AD%E1%B9%ADa" title="Kumārila Bhaṭṭa">Kumārila Bhaṭṭa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prabh%C4%81kara" title="Prabhākara">Prabhākara</a></li></ul> </div></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="font-style:italic;padding-bottom:0;"> <a href="/wiki/Advaita_Vedanta" title="Advaita Vedanta">Advaita</a> (Mayavada)</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="padding:0 0.5em 0.65em;"> <div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gaudapada" title="Gaudapada">Gaudapada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/V%C4%81chaspati_Misra" title="Vāchaspati Misra">Vāchaspati Misra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adi_Shankara" title="Adi Shankara">Adi Shankara</a></li></ul> </div></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="font-style:italic;padding-bottom:0;"> <a href="/wiki/Vishishtadvaita" title="Vishishtadvaita">Vishishtadvaita</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="padding:0 0.5em 0.65em;"> <div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ramanuja" title="Ramanuja">Ramanuja</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vedanta_Desika" title="Vedanta Desika">Vedanta Desika</a></li></ul> </div></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="font-style:italic;padding-bottom:0;"> <a href="/wiki/Dvaita_Vedanta" title="Dvaita Vedanta">Dvaita</a> (Tattvavada)</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="padding:0 0.5em 0.65em;"> <div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Madhvacharya" title="Madhvacharya">Madhvacharya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jayatirtha" title="Jayatirtha">Jayatirtha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vyasatirtha" title="Vyasatirtha">Vyasatirtha</a></li></ul> </div></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="font-style:italic;padding-bottom:0;"> <a href="/wiki/Shuddhadvaita" title="Shuddhadvaita">Shuddhadvaita</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="padding:0 0.5em 0.65em;"> <div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Vallabha" title="Vallabha">Vallabha</a></li></ul> </div></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="font-style:italic;padding-bottom:0;"> <a href="/wiki/Achintya_Bheda_Abheda" title="Achintya Bheda Abheda">Achintya Bheda Abheda</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="padding:0 0.5em 0.65em;"> <div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chaitanya_Mahaprabhu" title="Chaitanya Mahaprabhu">Chaitanya Mahaprabhu</a></li></ul> </div></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="font-style:italic;padding-bottom:0;"> <a href="/wiki/Svabhavika_Bhedabheda" title="Svabhavika Bhedabheda">Svabhavika Bhedabheda</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="padding:0 0.5em 0.65em;"> <div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nimbarkacharya" title="Nimbarkacharya">Nimbarka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Srinivasacharya" title="Srinivasacharya">Srinivasacharya</a></li></ul> </div></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="font-style:italic;padding-bottom:0;"> <a href="/wiki/Mahanubhava" title="Mahanubhava">Mahanubhava</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="padding:0 0.5em 0.65em;"> <div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chakradhar_Swami" title="Chakradhar Swami">Chakradhara</a></li></ul> </div></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="font-style:italic;padding-bottom:0;"> <a href="/wiki/Ekasarana_Dharma" title="Ekasarana Dharma">Ekasarana Dharma</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="padding:0 0.5em 0.65em;"> <div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sankardev" title="Sankardev">Sankardev</a></li></ul> </div></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="font-style:italic;padding-bottom:0;"> <a href="/wiki/Akshar_Purushottam_Darshan" title="Akshar Purushottam Darshan">Akshar Purushottam Darshan</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="padding:0 0.5em 0.65em;"> <div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Swaminarayan" title="Swaminarayan">Swaminarayan</a></li></ul> </div></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="font-style:italic;padding-bottom:0;"> <div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tantra" title="Tantra">Tantra</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Shaktism" title="Shaktism">Shakta</a></li></ul></div></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="padding:0 0.5em 0.65em;"> <div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abhinavagupta" title="Abhinavagupta">Abhinavagupta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nigamananda_Paramahansa" title="Nigamananda Paramahansa">Nigamananda Paramahansa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ramprasad_Sen" title="Ramprasad Sen">Ramprasad Sen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bamakhepa" title="Bamakhepa">Bamakhepa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kamalakanta_Bhattacharya_(Bengal)" title="Kamalakanta Bhattacharya (Bengal)">Kamalakanta Bhattacharya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anandamayi_Ma" title="Anandamayi Ma">Anandamayi Ma</a></li></ul> </div></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="font-style:italic;padding-bottom:0;"> <a href="/wiki/Neo-Vedanta" title="Neo-Vedanta">Neo-Vedanta</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="padding:0 0.5em 0.65em;"> <div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Swami_Vivekananda" title="Swami Vivekananda">Vivekananda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sri_Aurobindo" title="Sri Aurobindo">Aurobindo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sarvepalli_Radhakrishnan" title="Sarvepalli Radhakrishnan">Radhakrishnan</a></li></ul> </div></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="font-style:italic;padding-bottom:0;;font-weight:normal;"> Others</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="padding:0 0.5em 0.65em;"> <table class="infobox" style="background-color: transparent; color: var( --color-base ); border-collapse:collapse; border-spacing:0px; border:none; width:100%; margin:0px; font-size:100%; clear:none; float:none"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-style:italic;padding-right:1.5em;"><a href="/wiki/Samkhya" title="Samkhya">Samkhya</a></th><td class="infobox-data"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kapila" title="Kapila">Kapila</a></li></ul> </td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-style:italic;padding-right:1.5em;"><a href="/wiki/Yoga" title="Yoga">Yoga</a></th><td class="infobox-data"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Patanjali" title="Patanjali">Patanjali</a></li></ul> </td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-style:italic;padding-right:1.5em;"><a href="/wiki/Vaisheshika" title="Vaisheshika">Vaisheshika</a></th><td class="infobox-data"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ka%E1%B9%87%C4%81da" title="Kaṇāda">Kaṇāda</a>, <a href="/wiki/Prashastapada" title="Prashastapada">Prashastapada</a></li></ul> </td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-style:italic;padding-right:1.5em;"><a href="/wiki/Secular" class="mw-redirect" title="Secular">Secular</a></th><td class="infobox-data"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Valluvar" class="mw-redirect" title="Valluvar">Valluvar</a></li></ul> </td></tr></tbody></table></td> </tr></tbody></table></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="padding:0.3em 0.5em 0.75em;;padding:1px 0;"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#FFC569;;font-weight:normal;;color: var(--color-base)"><div class="sidebar-list-title-c"><b><a href="/wiki/Hindu_texts" title="Hindu texts">Major texts</a></b></div></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%C5%9Aruti" title="Śruti">Śruti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sm%E1%B9%9Bti" title="Smṛti">Smṛti</a></li></ul> <hr /> <dl><dd><b><a href="/wiki/Vedas" title="Vedas">Vedas</a></b></dd></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Rigveda" title="Rigveda">Rigveda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yajurveda" title="Yajurveda">Yajurveda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samaveda" title="Samaveda">Samaveda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atharvaveda" title="Atharvaveda">Atharvaveda</a></li></ul> <dl><dd><b><a href="/wiki/Upanishads" title="Upanishads">Upanishads</a></b></dd></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Principal_Upanishads" title="Principal Upanishads">Principal Upanishads</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Upanishads#Classification" title="Upanishads">Minor Upanishads</a></li></ul> <dl><dd><i>Other scriptures</i></dd></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bhagavad_Gita" title="Bhagavad Gita">Bhagavad Gita</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Agama_(Hinduism)" title="Agama (Hinduism)">Agama (Hinduism)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vachanamrut" title="Vachanamrut">Vachanamrut</a></li></ul> <hr /> <dl><dd><i><b><a href="/wiki/Shastra" title="Shastra">Shastras</a> and <a href="/wiki/Sutra" title="Sutra">Sutras</a></b></i></dd></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Brahma_Sutras" title="Brahma Sutras">Brahma Sutras</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samkhyakarika" title="Samkhyakarika">Samkhya Sutras</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Purva_Mimamsa_Sutras" title="Purva Mimamsa Sutras">Mimamsa Sutras</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ny%C4%81ya_S%C5%ABtras" title="Nyāya Sūtras">Nyāya Sūtras</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vai%C5%9Be%E1%B9%A3ika_S%C5%ABtra" title="Vaiśeṣika Sūtra">Vaiśeṣika Sūtra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yoga_Sutras_of_Patanjali" title="Yoga Sutras of Patanjali">Yoga Sutras</a></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pramana" title="Pramana">Pramana Sutras</a></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Puranas" title="Puranas">Puranas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dharma%C5%9B%C4%81stra" title="Dharmaśāstra">Dharmaśāstra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arthashastra" title="Arthashastra">Arthashastra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kama_Sutra" title="Kama Sutra">Kama Sutra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Naalayira_Divya_Prabandham" title="Naalayira Divya Prabandham">Naalayira Divya Prabandham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tirumurai" title="Tirumurai">Tirumurai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shiva_Samhita" title="Shiva Samhita">Shiva Samhita</a></li></ul> <hr /> <dl><dd><b><a href="/wiki/Secular_ethics" title="Secular ethics">Secular ethics</a></b></dd></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kural" title="Kural">Kural</a></li></ul> </div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-below"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hinduism" title="Hinduism">Hinduism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_philosophy" title="Indian philosophy">Other Indian philosophies</a></li></ul></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Hindu_philosophy" title="Template:Hindu philosophy"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Hindu_philosophy" title="Template talk:Hindu philosophy"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Hindu_philosophy" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Hindu philosophy"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><i><b>Mīmāṁsā</b></i> (<a href="/wiki/Sanskrit" title="Sanskrit">Sanskrit</a>: मीमांसा;<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/International_Alphabet_of_Sanskrit_Transliteration" title="International Alphabet of Sanskrit Transliteration">IAST</a>: Mīmāṃsā) is a <a href="/wiki/Sanskrit" title="Sanskrit">Sanskrit</a> word that means "reflection" or "critical investigation" and thus refers to a tradition of contemplation which reflected on the meanings of certain <a href="/wiki/Vedic" class="mw-redirect" title="Vedic">Vedic</a> texts.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-britenc_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-britenc-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This tradition is also known as <b>Pūrva-Mīmāṁsā</b> because of its focus on the earlier (<i>pūrva</i>) Vedic texts dealing with ritual actions, and similarly as <b>Karma-Mīmāṁsā</b> due to its focus on ritual action (<i>karma</i>).<sup id="cite_ref-olil2_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-olil2-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It is one of six Vedic "affirming" (<a href="/wiki/%C4%80stika_and_n%C4%81stika" title="Āstika and nāstika">āstika</a>) schools of <a href="/wiki/Hindu_philosophy" title="Hindu philosophy">Hindu philosophy</a>. This particular school is known for its philosophical theories on the nature of <a href="/wiki/Dharma" title="Dharma">Dharma</a>, based on <a href="/wiki/Hermeneutics" title="Hermeneutics">hermeneutics</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Vedas" title="Vedas">Vedas</a>, especially the <a href="/wiki/Brahmana" title="Brahmana">Brāḥmanas</a> and <a href="/wiki/Samhita" title="Samhita">samhitas</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-olil_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-olil-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Mīmāṃsā school was foundational and influential for the <a href="/wiki/Vedanta" title="Vedanta">Vedāntic</a> schools, which were also known as Uttara-Mīmāṁsā for their focus on the "later" (<i>uttara</i>) portions of the Vedas, the <a href="/wiki/Upanishads" title="Upanishads">Upanishads</a>. While both "earlier" and "later" Mīmāṃsā investigate the aim of human action, they do so with different attitudes towards the necessity of ritual praxis.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Mīmāṁsā has several sub-schools, each defined by its <a href="/wiki/Pramana" title="Pramana">pramana</a>. The Prabhākara sub-school, which takes its name from the seventh-century philosopher <a href="/wiki/Prabh%C4%81kara" title="Prabhākara">Prabhākara</a>, described the five epistemically reliable means to gaining knowledge: <i><a href="/wiki/Pratyaksha" title="Pratyaksha">pratyakṣa</a></i> or perception; <i>anumāna</i> or inference; <i><a href="/wiki/Upam%C4%81%E1%B9%87a" class="mw-redirect" title="Upamāṇa">upamāṇa</a></i>, comparison and analogy; <i>arthāpatti</i>, the use of postulation and derivation from circumstances; and <i><a href="/wiki/Shabda" title="Shabda">shabda</a></i>, the word or testimony of past or present reliable experts.<sup id="cite_ref-dpsb_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-dpsb-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-gflood_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-gflood-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Kum%C4%81rila_Bha%E1%B9%AD%E1%B9%ADa" title="Kumārila Bhaṭṭa">Bhāṭṭa</a> sub-school, from philosopher <a href="/wiki/Kum%C4%81rila_Bha%E1%B9%AD%E1%B9%ADa" title="Kumārila Bhaṭṭa">Kumārila Bhaṭṭa</a>, added a sixth means to its canon; <i><a href="/wiki/Anupalabdhi" title="Anupalabdhi">anupalabdhi</a></i> meant non-perception, or proof by the absence of cognition (e.g., the <i>lack</i> of gunpowder on a suspect's hand)<sup id="cite_ref-dpsb_7-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-dpsb-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-jag_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-jag-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The school of Mīmāṃsā consists of both <a href="/wiki/Nontheism" title="Nontheism">non-theistic</a> and <a href="/wiki/Theism" title="Theism">theistic</a> doctrines, but the school showed little interest in systematic examination of the existence of Gods. Rather, it held that the soul is an eternal, omnipresent, inherently active spiritual essence, and focused on the epistemology and metaphysics of <i>Dharma</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-olil2_4-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-olil2-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> For the Mīmāṃsā school, <i>Dharma</i> meant rituals and social duties, not <i><a href="/wiki/Deva_(Hinduism)" title="Deva (Hinduism)">Devas</a></i>, or Gods, because Gods existed only in name.<sup id="cite_ref-olil2_4-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-olil2-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Mīmāṃsakas also held that Vedas are "eternal, author-less, [and] infallible", that Vedic <i>vidhi</i>, or injunctions and <a href="/wiki/Mantra" title="Mantra">mantras</a> in rituals are prescriptive <i>kārya</i> or actions, and the rituals are of primary importance and merit. They considered the Upaniṣads and other texts related to self-knowledge and spirituality as subsidiary, a philosophical view that Vedānta disagreed with.<sup id="cite_ref-olil2_4-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-olil2-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-olil_5-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-olil-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>While their deep analysis of language and <a href="/wiki/Linguistics" title="Linguistics">linguistics</a> influenced other schools of Hinduism,<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> their views were not shared by others. Mīmāṃsakas considered the purpose and power of language was to clearly <i>prescribe</i> the proper, correct and right. In contrast, Vedāntins extended the scope and value of language as a tool to also <i>describe</i>, <i>develop</i> and <i>derive</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-olil2_4-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-olil2-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Mīmāṁsakās considered orderly, law driven, procedural life as central purpose and noblest necessity of <a href="/wiki/Dharma" title="Dharma">Dharma</a> and society, and divine (theistic) sustenance means to that end. </p><p>The Mīmāṁsā school is a form of <a href="/wiki/Philosophical_realism" title="Philosophical realism">philosophical realism</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A key text of the Mīmāṁsā school is the <a href="/wiki/Purva_Mimamsa_Sutras" title="Purva Mimamsa Sutras">Mīmāṁsā Sūtra</a> of <a href="/wiki/Jaimini" title="Jaimini">Jaimini</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-olil2_4-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-olil2-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-mhiri_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-mhiri-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Terminology">Terminology</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=M%C4%ABm%C4%81%E1%B9%83s%C4%81&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Terminology"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Mīmāṃsā (<a href="/wiki/International_Alphabet_of_Sanskrit_Transliteration" title="International Alphabet of Sanskrit Transliteration">IAST</a>), also romanized Mimansa<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> or Mimamsa,<sup id="cite_ref-britenc_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-britenc-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> means "reflection, consideration, profound thought, investigation, examination, discussion" in Sanskrit.<sup id="cite_ref-monierwilliamsm_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-monierwilliamsm-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It also refers to the "examination of the Vedic text"<sup id="cite_ref-monierwilliamsm_17-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-monierwilliamsm-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and to a school of Hindu philosophy that is also known as <span title="International Alphabet of Sanskrit transliteration"><i lang="sa-Latn"><i>Pūrva Mīmāṃsā</i></i></span> ("prior" inquiry, also <span title="International Alphabet of Sanskrit transliteration"><i lang="sa-Latn"><i>Karma-Mīmāṃsā</i></i></span>), in contrast to <span title="International Alphabet of Sanskrit transliteration"><i lang="sa-Latn"><i>Uttara Mīmāṃsā</i></i></span> ("posterior" inquiry, also <span title="International Alphabet of Sanskrit transliteration"><i lang="sa-Latn"><i>Jñāna-Mīmāṃsā</i></i></span>) – the opposing school of <a href="/wiki/Vedanta" title="Vedanta">Vedanta</a>. This division is based on classification of the Vedic texts into <i><span title="International Alphabet of Sanskrit transliteration"><i lang="sa-Latn">karmakāṇḍa</i></span></i>, the early sections of the Veda treating of mantras and rituals (<a href="/wiki/Samhita" title="Samhita">Samhitas</a> and <a href="/wiki/Brahmana" title="Brahmana">Brahmanas</a>), and the <i><span title="International Alphabet of Sanskrit transliteration"><i lang="sa-Latn">jñānakāṇḍa</i></span></i> dealing with the meditation, reflection and knowledge of Self, Oneness, <a href="/wiki/Brahman" title="Brahman">Brahman</a> (the Upaniṣads).<sup id="cite_ref-olil_5-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-olil-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-mhiri_15-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-mhiri-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Between the <i>Samhitas</i> and <i>Brahmanas</i>, the Mīmāṃsā school places greater emphasis to the Brahmanas – the part of Vedas that is a commentary on Vedic rituals.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The word comes from the desiderative stem of √man (Macdonell, A. A, 1883, A Sanskrit-English Dictionary), from <a href="/wiki/Proto-Indo-European" class="mw-redirect" title="Proto-Indo-European">Proto-Indo-European</a> *men- (“to think”). Donald Davis translates Mīmāṃsā as the "desire to think", and in colloquial historical context as "how to think and interpret things".<sup id="cite_ref-DonaldRDavidJr2010_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-DonaldRDavidJr2010-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the last centuries of the first millennium BCE, the word Mīmāṃsā began to denote the thoughts on and interpretation of the Vedas, first as <i>Pūrva-Mīmāṃsā</i> for rituals portions in the earlier layers of texts in the Vedas, and as <i>Uttara-Mīmāṃsā</i> for the philosophical portions in the last layers.<sup id="cite_ref-DonaldRDavidJr2010_19-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-DonaldRDavidJr2010-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-fxclooneyp25_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-fxclooneyp25-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Over time, Pūrva-Mīmāṃsā was just known as the Mīmāṃsā school, and the Uttara-Mīmāṃsā as the <a href="/wiki/Vedanta" title="Vedanta">Vedanta</a> school.<sup id="cite_ref-fxclooneyp25_20-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-fxclooneyp25-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Mīmāṃsā scholars are referred to as <i>Mīmāṃsāka</i>s.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFrancis_X._Clooney1997337_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFrancis_X._Clooney1997337-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Darśana_(philosophy)_–_central_concerns"><span id="Dar.C5.9Bana_.28philosophy.29_.E2.80.93_central_concerns"></span>Darśana (philosophy) – central concerns</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=M%C4%ABm%C4%81%E1%B9%83s%C4%81&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Darśana (philosophy) – central concerns"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Hindu_philosophy" title="Hindu philosophy">Hindu philosophy</a></div> <p>Mīmāṁsā is one of the six classical Hindu <i>darśanas</i>. It is among the earliest schools of Hindu philosophies.<sup id="cite_ref-britenc_3-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-britenc-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It has attracted relatively less scholarly study, although its theories and particularly its questions on exegesis and theology have been highly influential on all classical Indian philosophies.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFrancis_X._Clooney1997337–340_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFrancis_X._Clooney1997337–340-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDaniel_Arnold200126–31_23-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDaniel_Arnold200126–31-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDaniel_Arnold200857–61,_89–98_24-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDaniel_Arnold200857–61,_89–98-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Its analysis of language has been of central importance to the legal literature of India.<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Ancient Mīmāṁsā's central concern was <a href="/wiki/Epistemology" title="Epistemology">epistemology</a> (<i><a href="/wiki/Pramana" title="Pramana">pramana</a></i>), that is what are the reliable means to knowledge. It debated not only "how does man ever learn or know, whatever he knows", but also whether the nature of all knowledge is inherently circular, whether those such as <a href="/wiki/Foundationalism" title="Foundationalism">foundationalists</a> who critique the validity of any "justified beliefs" and knowledge system make flawed presumptions of the very premises they critique, and how to correctly interpret and avoid incorrectly interpreting <a href="/wiki/Dharma" title="Dharma">dharma</a> texts such as the <a href="/wiki/Vedas" title="Vedas">Vedas</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDaniel_Arnold200128–32_26-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDaniel_Arnold200128–32-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It asked questions such as "what is <i>devata</i> (god)?", "are rituals dedicated to <i>devatas</i> efficacious?", "what makes anything efficacious?", and "Can it be proved that the Vedas, or any canonical text in any system of thought, is fallible or infallible (<i>svatah pramanya</i>, intrinsically valid)?, if so, how?" and others.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDaniel_Arnold200126–33_27-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDaniel_Arnold200126–33-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFrancis_X._Clooney1997337–342_28-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFrancis_X._Clooney1997337–342-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> To Mīmāṁsā scholars, the nature of non-empirical knowledge and human means to it are such that one can never demonstrate certainty, one can only falsify knowledge claims, in some cases.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDaniel_Arnold200127,_29–30_29-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDaniel_Arnold200127,_29–30-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> According to <a href="/wiki/Francis_Xavier_Clooney" title="Francis Xavier Clooney">Francis Clooney</a>, the Mīmāṁsā school is "one of the most distinctively Hindu forms of thinking; it is without real parallel elsewhere in the world".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFrancis_X._Clooney1997337_21-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFrancis_X._Clooney1997337-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The central text of the Mīmāṁsā school is Jamini's <i>Mīmāṁsā Sutras</i>, accompanied by the historically influential commentary of Sabara and Kumarila Bhatta's commentary (<i>Ślokavārttika</i>) on Sabara's commentary.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFrancis_X._Clooney1997337_21-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFrancis_X._Clooney1997337-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDaniel_Arnold200127–29_30-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDaniel_Arnold200127–29-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Together, these texts develop and apply the rules of language analysis (such as the rules of contradiction), asserting that one must not only examine injunctive propositions in any scripture but also examine the alternate related or reverse propositions for better understanding. They suggested that to reach correct and valid knowledge it is not only sufficient to demand proof of a proposition, it is important to give proof of a proposition's negative as well as declare and prove one's preferred propositions. Further, they asserted that whenever perception is not the means of direct proof and knowledge, one cannot prove such non-empirical propositions to be "true or not true", rather one can only prove a non-empirical proposition is "false, not false, or uncertain".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDaniel_Arnold200128–35_31-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDaniel_Arnold200128–35-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>For example, Mīmāṁsakas welcome not only the demand for proof of an injunctive proposition such as "<a href="/wiki/Agnihotra" title="Agnihotra">agnihotra</a> ritual leads one to heaven", but suggest that one must examine and prove alternate propositions such as "ritual does not lead one to heaven", "something else leads one to heaven", "there is heaven", "there is no heaven" and so on. Mīmāṁsā literature states that if satisfactory, verifiable proof for all of such propositions cannot be found by its proponents and its opponents, then the proposition needs to be accepted as a part of a "belief system".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDaniel_Arnold200127–29_30-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDaniel_Arnold200127–29-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDaniel_Arnold200857–79_32-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDaniel_Arnold200857–79-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Beliefs, such as those in the scriptures (Vedas), must be accepted to be true unless its opponents can demonstrate the proof of the validity of their own texts or teacher(s) these opponents presume to be <i>prima facie justified</i>, and until these opponents can demonstrate that the scriptures they challenge are false. If they do not try to do so, it is hypocrisy; if they try to do so, it can only lead to an infinite regress, according to Mīmānsākas.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDaniel_Arnold200128–32_26-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDaniel_Arnold200128–32-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDaniel_Arnold200889–114_33-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDaniel_Arnold200889–114-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Any historic scripture with widespread social acceptance, according to Mīmāṁsāka, is an activity of communication (<i>vyavaharapravrtti</i>) and is accepted as authoritative because it is socially validated practice unless perceptually verifiable evidence emerges that proves parts or all of it as false or harmful.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDaniel_Arnold200131–33,_36–38_34-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDaniel_Arnold200131–33,_36–38-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Mīmāṁsākas were predominantly concerned with the central motivation of human beings, the <a href="/wiki/Summum_bonum" title="Summum bonum">highest good</a>, and actions that make this possible.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPrasad1994317–318_35-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPrasad1994317–318-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> They stated that human beings seek <i>niratisaya priti</i> (unending ecstatic pleasure, joy, happiness) in this life and the next. They argued that this highest good is the result of one's own ethical actions (<i><a href="/wiki/Dharma" title="Dharma">dharma</a></i>), that such actions are what the Vedic sentences contain and communicate, and therefore it important to properly interpret and understand Vedic sentences, words and meaning.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPrasad1994317–318_35-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPrasad1994317–318-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEP._T._Raju198517,_41–47,_61–63,_Quote_(p._62):_"The_ideal_life,_according_to_the_Mimamsa,_is_thus_a_life_of_continuous_ethical_activity_and_enjoyment_of_its_fruits."_36-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEP._T._Raju198517,_41–47,_61–63,_Quote_(p._62):_"The_ideal_life,_according_to_the_Mimamsa,_is_thus_a_life_of_continuous_ethical_activity_and_enjoyment_of_its_fruits."-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Mīmāṁsā scholarship was centrally concerned with the philosophy of language, how human beings learn and communicate with each other and across generations with language in order to act in a manner that enables them to achieve that which motivates them.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPrasad1994317–319_37-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPrasad1994317–319-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStaal1976112–117_38-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStaal1976112–117-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Mīmāṁsā school focussed on <i>dharma</i>, deriving ethics and activity from the <i>karma-kanda</i> (rituals) part of the Vedas, with the argument that ethics for this life and efficacious action for <i>svarga</i> (heaven) cannot be derived from sense-perception, and can only be derived from experience, reflection and understanding of past teachings.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEShyam_Ranganathan2007298–302,_348–349_39-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEShyam_Ranganathan2007298–302,_348–349-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <blockquote style="background-color:none;margin-right:5em;margin-left:0em;border-left:solid 6px #FFE0BB;padding:1.0em"> <div class="poem"> <p>In every human activity, the motivating force to perform an action is his innate longing for <i>priti</i> (pleasure, happiness<sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>),<br /> whether at the lowest level or the highest level.<br /> At the highest level, it is nothing but an unsurpassed state of <i>priti</i>,<br /> which is ensured only by performing ethical actions. </p> </div> <p>– Sabara, 2nd century Mīmānsā scholar<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPrasad1994339_note_5,_Mimamsasutrabhasya_4.3.15_41-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPrasad1994339_note_5,_Mimamsasutrabhasya_4.3.15-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> </blockquote> <p>According to Daniel Arnold, Mīmāṁsā scholarship has "striking affinities" with that of <a href="/wiki/William_Alston" title="William Alston">William Alston</a>, the 20th century Western philosopher, along with some notable differences.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDaniel_Arnold200141–43_42-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDaniel_Arnold200141–43-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Mīmāṁsākas subjected to a radical critique, more than two thousand years ago, states Francis Clooney, the notions such as "God," the "sacred text," the "author" and the "anthropocentric ordering of reality".<sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Epistemology">Epistemology</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=M%C4%ABm%C4%81%E1%B9%83s%C4%81&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Epistemology"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In the realm of <a href="/wiki/Epistemology" title="Epistemology">epistemological</a> studies, subsequent Mīmāṃsākas scholars have made significant contributions. Unlike the <a href="/wiki/Nyaya" title="Nyaya">Nyaya</a> or the <a href="/wiki/Vaisheshika" title="Vaisheshika">Vaisheshika</a> systems, the <span title="International Alphabet of Sanskrit transliteration"><i lang="sa-Latn">Prābhākara</i></span> branch of Mīmāṃsā recognizes five means of valid knowledge (Skt. <i><a href="/wiki/Pram%C4%81%E1%B9%87a" class="mw-redirect" title="Pramāṇa">pramāṇa</a></i>). In addition to these, the <span title="International Alphabet of Sanskrit transliteration"><i lang="sa-Latn">Bhāṭṭa</i></span> sub-school of Mīmāṃsā acknowledges a sixth means, namely <i>anuapalabdhi</i>, akin to the <a href="/wiki/Advaita_Vedanta" title="Advaita Vedanta">Advaita Vedanta</a> school of Hinduism. The following are the six epistemically reliable means of gaining knowledge: </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Pratyaksa">Pratyaksa</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=M%C4%ABm%C4%81%E1%B9%83s%C4%81&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Pratyaksa"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Pratyaksha" title="Pratyaksha">Pratyaksha</a></div> <p><i><a href="/wiki/Pratyaksha" title="Pratyaksha">Pratyakṣa</a></i> (प्रत्यक्ष means perception. It is of two types in Mīmānsā and other schools of Hinduism: external and internal. External perception is described as that arising from the interaction of five senses and worldly objects, while internal perception is described by this school as that of inner sense, the mind.<sup id="cite_ref-kamal_44-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-kamal-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The ancient and medieval Indian texts identify four requirements for correct perception:<sup id="cite_ref-kpmat_46-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-kpmat-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <i>Indriyarthasannikarsa</i> (direct experience by one's sensory organ(s) with the object, whatever is being studied), <i>Avyapadesya</i> (non-verbal; correct perception is not through <a href="/wiki/Hearsay" title="Hearsay">hearsay</a>, according to ancient Indian scholars, where one's sensory organ relies on accepting or rejecting someone else's perception), <i>Avyabhicara</i> (does not wander; correct perception does not change, nor is it the result of deception because one's sensory organ or means of observation is drifting, defective, suspect) and <i>Vyavasayatmaka</i> (definite; correct perception excludes judgments of doubt, either because of one's failure to observe all the details, or because one is mixing inference with observation and observing what one wants to observe, or not observing what one does not want to observe).<sup id="cite_ref-kpmat_46-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-kpmat-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Some ancient scholars proposed "unusual perception" as <i>pramana</i> and called it internal perception, a proposal contested by other Indian scholars. The internal perception concepts included <i>pratibha</i> (intuition), <i>samanyalaksanapratyaksa</i> (a form of induction from perceived specifics to a universal), and <i>jnanalaksanapratyaksa</i> (a form of perception of prior processes and previous states of a 'topic of study' by observing its current state).<sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Further, some schools of Hinduism considered and refined rules of accepting uncertain knowledge from <i>Pratyakṣa-pramana</i>, so as to contrast <i>nirnaya</i> (definite judgment, conclusion) from <i>anadhyavasaya</i> (indefinite judgment).<sup id="cite_ref-48" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Anumana">Anumana</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=M%C4%ABm%C4%81%E1%B9%83s%C4%81&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Anumana"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Anumana" class="mw-redirect" title="Anumana">Anumana</a></div> <p><i><a href="/wiki/Anum%C4%81%E1%B9%87a" class="mw-redirect" title="Anumāṇa">Anumāṇa</a></i> (अनुमान) means inference. It is described as reaching a new conclusion and truth from one or more observations and previous truths by applying reason.<sup id="cite_ref-49" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Observing smoke and inferring fire is an example of <i>Anumana</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-kamal_44-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-kamal-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In all except one Hindu philosophies,<sup id="cite_ref-50" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> this is a valid and useful means to knowledge. The method of inference is explained by Indian texts as consisting of three parts: <i>pratijna</i> (hypothesis), <i>hetu</i> (a reason), and <i>drshtanta</i> (examples).<sup id="cite_ref-jl4647_51-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-jl4647-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The hypothesis must further be broken down into two parts, state the ancient Indian scholars: <i>sadhya</i> (that idea which needs to proven or disproven) and <i>paksha</i> (the object on which the <i>sadhya</i> is predicated). The inference is conditionally true if <i>sapaksha</i> (positive examples as evidence) are present, and if <i>vipaksha</i> (negative examples as counter-evidence) are absent. For rigor, the Indian philosophies also state further epistemic steps. For example, they demand <i>Vyapti</i> – the requirement that the <i>hetu</i> (reason) must necessarily and separately account for the inference in "all" cases, in both <i>sapaksha</i> and <i>vipaksha</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-jl4647_51-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-jl4647-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-52" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A conditionally proven hypothesis is called a <i>nigamana</i> (conclusion).<sup id="cite_ref-53" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Upamana">Upamana</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=M%C4%ABm%C4%81%E1%B9%83s%C4%81&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Upamana"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Upam%C4%81%E1%B9%87a" class="mw-redirect" title="Upamāṇa">Upamāṇa</a></div> <p><i><a href="/wiki/Upam%C4%81%E1%B9%87a" class="mw-redirect" title="Upamāṇa">Upamāṇa</a></i> means comparison and analogy.<sup id="cite_ref-dpsb_7-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-dpsb-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-gflood_8-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-gflood-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Some Hindu schools consider it as a proper means of knowledge.<sup id="cite_ref-54" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <i>Upamana</i>, states Lochtefeld,<sup id="cite_ref-jl721_55-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-jl721-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> may be explained with the example of a traveller who has never visited lands or islands with endemic population of wildlife. He or she is told, by someone who has been there, that in those lands you see an animal that sort of looks like a cow, grazes like a cow, but is different from a cow in such and such way. Such use of analogy and comparison is, state the Indian epistemologists, a valid means of conditional knowledge, as it helps the traveller identify the new animal later.<sup id="cite_ref-jl721_55-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-jl721-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The subject of comparison is formally called <i>upameyam</i>, the object of comparison is called <i>upamanam</i>, while the attribute(s) are identified as <i>samanya</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-mw457_56-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-mw457-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Thus, explains <a href="/wiki/Monier_Monier-Williams" title="Monier Monier-Williams">Monier Monier-Williams</a>, if a boy says "her face is like the moon in charmingness", "her face" is <i>upameyam</i>, the moon is <i>upamanam</i>, and charmingness is <i>samanya</i>. The 7th century text <a href="/wiki/Bha%E1%B9%AD%E1%B9%ADik%C4%81vya" title="Bhaṭṭikāvya">Bhaṭṭikāvya</a> in verses 10.28 through 10.63 discusses many types of comparisons and analogies, identifying when this epistemic method is more useful and reliable, and when it is not.<sup id="cite_ref-mw457_56-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-mw457-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In various ancient and medieval texts of Hinduism, 32 types of <i>Upanama</i> and their value in epistemology are debated. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Arthāpatti"><span id="Arth.C4.81patti"></span>Arthāpatti</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=M%C4%ABm%C4%81%E1%B9%83s%C4%81&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Arthāpatti"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Arth%C4%81patti" class="mw-redirect" title="Arthāpatti">Arthāpatti</a></div> <p><i><a href="/wiki/Arth%C4%81patti" class="mw-redirect" title="Arthāpatti">Arthāpatti</a></i> (अर्थापत्ति) means postulation, derivation from circumstances.<sup id="cite_ref-dpsb_7-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-dpsb-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-gflood_8-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-gflood-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In contemporary logic, this <i>pramāṇa</i> is similar to circumstantial <a href="/wiki/Modus_ponens" title="Modus ponens">implication</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-57" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As example, if a person left in a boat on a river earlier, and the time is now past the expected time of arrival, then the circumstances support the truth postulate that the person has arrived. Many Indian scholars considered this <i>pramāṇa</i> as invalid or at best weak, because the boat may have gotten delayed or diverted.<sup id="cite_ref-58" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, in cases such as deriving the time of a future sunrise or sunset, this method was asserted by the proponents to be reliable. Another common example for <i>arthāpatti</i> found in the texts of Mīmāṃsā and other schools of Hinduism is, that if "Devadatta is fat" and "Devadatta does not eat in the day", then the following must be true: "Devadatta eats in the night". This form of postulation and deriving from circumstances is, claim the Indian scholars, a means to discovery, proper insight and knowledge.<sup id="cite_ref-59" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Hindu schools that accept this means of knowledge state that this method is a valid means to conditional knowledge and truths about a subject and object in original premises or different premises. The schools that do not accept this method, state that postulation, extrapolation and circumstantial implication is either derivable from other <i>pramāṇas</i> or flawed means to correct knowledge, instead one must rely on direct perception or proper inference.<sup id="cite_ref-60" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Anupalabdhi">Anupalabdhi</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=M%C4%ABm%C4%81%E1%B9%83s%C4%81&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Anupalabdhi"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Anupalabdhi" title="Anupalabdhi">Anupalabdhi</a></div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Abhava" title="Abhava">Abhava</a></div> <p><i><a href="/wiki/Anupalabdhi" title="Anupalabdhi">Anupalabdhi</a></i> (अनुपलब्धि), accepted only by Kumarila Bhatta sub-school of Mīmāṃsā, means non-perception, negative/cognitive proof.<sup id="cite_ref-eliottjag_61-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-eliottjag-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <i>Anupalabdhi pramana</i> suggests that knowing a negative, such as "there is no jug in this room" is a form of valid knowledge. If something can be observed or inferred or proven as non-existent or impossible, then one knows more than what one did without such means.<sup id="cite_ref-62" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the two schools of Hinduism that consider <i>Anupalabdhi</i> as epistemically valuable, a valid conclusion is either <i>sadrupa</i> (positive) or <i>asadrupa</i> (negative) relation – both correct and valuable. Like other <i>pramana</i>, Indian scholars refined <i>Anupalabdi</i> to four types: non-perception of the cause, non-perception of the effect, non-perception of object, and non-perception of contradiction. Only two schools of Hinduism accepted and developed the concept "non-perception" as a <i>pramana</i>. The schools that endorsed <i>Anupalabdi</i> affirmed that it as valid and useful when the other five <i>pramanas</i> fail in one's pursuit of knowledge and truth.<sup id="cite_ref-ds_63-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ds-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><i><a href="/wiki/Abhava" title="Abhava">Abhava</a></i> (अभाव) means non-existence. Some scholars consider <i>Anupalabdi</i> to be same as <i>Abhava</i>,<sup id="cite_ref-dpsb_7-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-dpsb-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> while others consider <i>Anupalabdi</i> and <i>Abhava</i> as different.<sup id="cite_ref-ds_63-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ds-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-64" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <i>Abhava-pramana</i> has been discussed in ancient Hindu texts in the context of <i><a href="/wiki/Pad%C4%81rtha" title="Padārtha">Padārtha</a></i> (पदार्थ, referent of a term). A <i>Padartha</i> is defined as that which is simultaneously <i>Astitva</i> (existent), <i>Jneyatva</i> (knowable) and <i>Abhidheyatva</i> (nameable).<sup id="cite_ref-chba_65-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-chba-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Specific examples of <i>padartha</i>, states Bartley, include <i>dravya</i> (substance), <i><a href="/wiki/Gu%E1%B9%87a" title="Guṇa">guna</a></i> (quality), <i>karma</i> (activity/motion), <i>samanya/jati</i> (universal/class property), <i>samavaya</i> (inherence) and <i>vishesha</i> (individuality). <i>Abhava</i> is then explained as "referents of negative expression" in contrast to "<a href="/wiki/Sense_and_reference" title="Sense and reference">referents</a> of positive expression" in <i>Padartha</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-chba_65-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-chba-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> An absence, state the ancient scholars, is also "existent, knowable and nameable", giving the example of negative numbers, silence as a form of testimony, <i>asatkaryavada</i> theory of causation, and analysis of deficit as real and valuable. <i>Abhava</i> was further refined in four types, by the schools of Hinduism that accepted it as a useful method of epistemology: <i>dhvamsa</i> (termination of what existed), <i>atyanta-abhava</i> (impossibility, absolute non-existence, contradiction), <i>anyonya-abhava</i> (mutual negation, reciprocal absence) and <i>pragavasa</i> (prior, antecedent non-existence).<sup id="cite_ref-chba_65-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-chba-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-66" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Shabda">Shabda</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=M%C4%ABm%C4%81%E1%B9%83s%C4%81&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Shabda"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Shabda" title="Shabda">Shabda</a></div> <p><i><a href="/wiki/Shabda" title="Shabda">Shabda</a></i> (शब्द) means relying on word, testimony of past or present reliable experts.<sup id="cite_ref-dpsb_7-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-dpsb-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-eliottjag_61-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-eliottjag-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Hiriyanna explains <i>Sabda-pramana</i> as a concept which means reliable expert testimony. The schools of Hinduism which consider it epistemically valid suggest that a human being needs to know numerous facts, and with the limited time and energy available, he can learn only a fraction of those facts and truths directly.<sup id="cite_ref-mhir_67-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-mhir-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He must rely on others, his parent, family, friends, teachers, ancestors and kindred members of society to rapidly acquire and share knowledge and thereby enrich each other's lives. This means of gaining proper knowledge is either spoken or written, but through <i>Sabda</i> (words).<sup id="cite_ref-mhir_67-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-mhir-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The reliability of the source is important, and legitimate knowledge can only come from the <i>Sabda</i> of reliable sources.<sup id="cite_ref-eliottjag_61-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-eliottjag-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-mhir_67-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-mhir-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The disagreement between the schools of Hinduism has been on how to establish reliability. Some schools, such as <a href="/wiki/Charvaka" title="Charvaka">Charvaka</a>, state that this is never possible, and therefore <i>Sabda</i> is not a proper pramana. Other schools debate means to establish reliability.<sup id="cite_ref-68" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Svatah_Pramanya">Svatah Pramanya</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=M%C4%ABm%C4%81%E1%B9%83s%C4%81&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Svatah Pramanya"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The doctrine of svatah pramanya in Mīmāṃsā emphasizes accepting appearances as they are. It holds that since a cognition initially appears true, it should be accepted as true unless there is concrete evidence to the contrary. If no such evidence ever appears, the cognition is considered genuinely true.<sup id="cite_ref-69" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Relation_to_Vedanta_school">Relation to Vedanta school</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=M%C4%ABm%C4%81%E1%B9%83s%C4%81&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Relation to Vedanta school"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>An interesting feature of the Mīmāṃsā school of philosophy is its unique epistemological theory of the intrinsic validity of all cognition as such. It is held that all knowledge is <i>ipso facto</i> true (Skt. <i>svataḥ prāmāṇyavāda</i>). Thus, what is to be proven is not the truth of a cognition, but its falsity. The Mīmāṃsākas advocate the self-validity of knowledge both in respect of its origin (<i>utpatti</i>) and ascertainment (<i>jñapti</i>). Not only did the Mīmāṃsākas make a very great use of this theory to establish the unchallengeable validity of the <a href="/wiki/Veda" class="mw-redirect" title="Veda">Vedas</a>, but later Vedantists also drew freely upon this particular Mīmāṃsā contribution.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (January 2015)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Metaphysics_and_beliefs">Metaphysics and beliefs</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=M%C4%ABm%C4%81%E1%B9%83s%C4%81&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Metaphysics and beliefs"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The core tenets of <span title="International Alphabet of Sanskrit transliteration"><i lang="sa-Latn"><i>Pūrva Mīmāṃsā</i></i></span> are <a href="/wiki/Ritual" title="Ritual">ritualism</a> (<a href="/wiki/Orthopraxy" title="Orthopraxy">orthopraxy</a>) and anti-asceticism. The central aim of the school is elucidation of the nature of <i><a href="/wiki/Dharma" title="Dharma">dharma</a></i>, understood as a set ritual obligations and prerogatives to be performed properly. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Apaurusheya">Apaurusheya</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=M%C4%ABm%C4%81%E1%B9%83s%C4%81&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Apaurusheya"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The term <a href="/wiki/Apauru%E1%B9%A3ey%C4%81" title="Apauruṣeyā">Apaurusheya</a>, central to the Mīmāṃsā school, asserts that the Vedas are not of human origin.<sup id="cite_ref-70" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Instead, they are considered uncreated, without any specific author, and self-validating in their authority. Jaimini explains in his fifth Mīmāṃsā Sutra that the relationship between words and their meanings in the Vedas is primordial, meaning it has existed since the beginning of time.<sup id="cite_ref-71" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-71"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>71<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Non-theism">Non-theism</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=M%C4%ABm%C4%81%E1%B9%83s%C4%81&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Non-theism"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Mīmāṃsā theorists decided that the evidence allegedly proving the <a href="/wiki/Existence_of_God" title="Existence of God">existence of God</a> was insufficient. They argue that there was no need to postulate a maker for the world, just as there was no need for an author to compose the Vedas or a God to validate the rituals.<sup id="cite_ref-72" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-72"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>72<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Mīmāṃsā argues that the Gods named in the Vedas have no existence apart from the <i><a href="/wiki/Mantra" title="Mantra">mantras</a></i> that speak their names. To that regard, the power of the mantras is what is seen as the power of Gods.<sup id="cite_ref-73" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-73"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>73<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Dharma"><i>Dharma</i></h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=M%C4%ABm%C4%81%E1%B9%83s%C4%81&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Dharma"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Dharma" title="Dharma">Dharma</a> as understood by Pūrva Mīmāṃsā can be loosely translated into English as "virtue", "morality" or "duty". The Pūrva Mīmāṃsā school traces the source of the knowledge of dharma neither to sense-experience nor inference, but to verbal <a href="/wiki/Cognition" title="Cognition">cognition</a> (i.e. knowledge of words and meanings) according to Vedas. In this respect it is related to the <a href="/wiki/Ny%C4%81ya" class="mw-redirect" title="Nyāya">Nyāya</a> school, the latter, however, accepts only four sources of knowledge (<i>pramāṇa</i>) as valid.<sup id="cite_ref-74" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-74"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>74<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Pūrva Mīmāṃsā school held <a href="/wiki/Dharma" title="Dharma">dharma</a> to be equivalent to following the prescriptions of the <a href="/wiki/Samhita" title="Samhita">Saṃhitās</a> and their <a href="/wiki/Br%C4%81hma%E1%B9%87a" class="mw-redirect" title="Brāhmaṇa">Brāhmaṇa</a> commentaries relating the correct performance of <a href="/wiki/Yaj%C3%B1a" class="mw-redirect" title="Yajña">Vedic rituals</a>. Seen in this light, Pūrva Mīmāṃsā is essentially ritualist (<a href="/wiki/Orthopraxy" title="Orthopraxy">orthopraxy</a>), placing great weight on the performance of <a href="/wiki/Karma" title="Karma">karma</a> or action as enjoined by the Vedas. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Relation_to_Vedānta"><span id="Relation_to_Ved.C4.81nta"></span>Relation to Vedānta</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=M%C4%ABm%C4%81%E1%B9%83s%C4%81&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Relation to Vedānta"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Emphasis of Yajnic Karmakāṇḍas in Pūrva Mīmāṃsā is erroneously interpreted by some to be an opposition to Jñānakāṇḍa of Vedānta and Upaniṣads. Pūrva Mīmāṃsā does not discuss topics related to Jñānakāṇḍa, such as salvation (<i>mokṣa</i>), but it never speaks against <a href="/wiki/Mok%E1%B9%A3a" class="mw-redirect" title="Mokṣa">mokṣa</a>. Vedānta quotes Jaimini's belief in Brahman as well as in mokṣa: </p><p>In Uttara-Mīmāṃsā or Vedānta (4.4.5–7), Bāḍarāyaṇa cites Jaimini as saying (ब्राह्मेण जैमिनिरूपन्यासादिभ्यः) "<i>(The mukta Puruṣa is united with the Brahman) as if it were like the Brahman, because descriptions (in Śruti etc) prove so</i>". </p><p>In Vedānta (1.2.28), Bāḍarāyaṇa cites Jaimini as saying that "There is no contradiction in taking Vaishvānara as the supreme Brahman". </p><p>In 1.2.31, Jaimini is again quoted by Bāḍarāyana as saying that the nirguna (attribute-less) Brahman can manifest itself as having a form. </p><p>In 4.3.12, Bādarāyana again cites Jaimini as saying that the mukta Purusha attains Brahman. </p><p>In Pūrva Mīmāṃsā too, Jaimini emphasises the importance of faith in and attachment to the Omnipotent Supreme Being Whom Jaimini calls "The Omnipotent Pradhaana" (The Main): </p><p>Pūrva Mīmāṃsā 6.3.1: "sarvaśaktau pravṛttiḥ syāt tathābhūtopadeśāt" (सर्वशक्तौ प्रवृत्तिः स्यात् तथाभूतोपदेशात्). The term <i>upadeśa</i> here means instructions of the śāstras as taught. We should tend towards the omnipotent supreme being. In the context of Pūrva Mīmāṃsā 6.3.1 shown above, next two sutras becomes significant, in which this Omnipotent Being is termed as "<a href="/wiki/Pradhana" title="Pradhana">pradhāna</a>", and keeping away from Him is said to be a "doṣa", hence all beings are asked to get related ("abhisambandhāt" in tadakarmaṇi ca doṣas tasmāt tato viśeṣaḥ syāt pradhānenābhisambandhāt; Jaimini 6, 3.3) to the "Omnipotent Main Being" (api vāpy ekadeśe syāt pradhāne hy arthanirvṛttir guṇamātram itarat tadarthatvāt; Jaimini 6, 3.2). Karma-Mīmāṃsā supports the Vedas, and Rgveda says that one Truth is variously named by the sages. It is irrelevant whether we call Him as Pradhāna or Brahman or Vaishvānara or Shiva or God. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=M%C4%ABm%C4%81%E1%B9%83s%C4%81&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The school for some time in the Early Middle Ages exerted near-dominant influence on learned Hindu thought, and is credited as a major force contributing to the <a href="/wiki/Decline_of_Buddhism_in_India" class="mw-redirect" title="Decline of Buddhism in India">decline of Buddhism in India</a>, but it has fallen into decline in the High Middle Ages and today is all but eclipsed by Vedanta.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELars_Göhler19955f_75-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELars_Göhler19955f-75"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>75<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Mīmāṃsā_texts"><span id="M.C4.ABm.C4.81.E1.B9.83s.C4.81_texts"></span>Mīmāṃsā texts</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=M%C4%ABm%C4%81%E1%B9%83s%C4%81&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Mīmāṃsā texts"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The foundational text for the Mīmāṃsā school is the <a href="/wiki/Purva_Mimamsa_Sutras" title="Purva Mimamsa Sutras">Purva Mīmāṃsā Sutras</a> of <a href="/wiki/Jaimini" title="Jaimini">Jaimini</a> (ca. 5th to 4th century BCE). A major commentary was composed by <a href="/wiki/%C5%9Aabara" title="Śabara">Śabara</a> in ca. the 5th or 6th century CE. The school reaches its height with <a href="/wiki/Kum%C4%81rila_Bha%E1%B9%AD%E1%B9%ADa" title="Kumārila Bhaṭṭa"><span title="International Alphabet of Sanskrit transliteration"><i lang="sa-Latn">Kumārila Bhaṭṭa</i></span></a> and <span title="International Alphabet of Sanskrit transliteration"><i lang="sa-Latn"><a href="/wiki/Prabh%C4%81kara" title="Prabhākara">Prabhākara</a></i></span> (fl. ca. 700 CE). Both Kumarila Bhatta and Prabhākara (along with <span title="International Alphabet of Sanskrit transliteration"><i lang="sa-Latn">Murāri</i></span>, whose work is no longer extant) have written extensive commentaries on Śabara's Mīmāṃsāsūtrabhāṣyam. Kumārila Bhaṭṭa, Mandana Miśra, Pārthasārathi Miśra, Sucarita Miśra, Ramakrishna Bhatta, Madhava Subhodini, Sankara Bhatta, Krsnayajvan, Anantadeva, Gaga Bhatta, Ragavendra Tirtha, VijayIndhra Tirtha, Appayya Dikshitar, Paruthiyur Krishna Sastri, Mahomahapadyaya Sri Ramsubba Sastri, Sri Venkatsubba Sastri, Sri A. Chinnaswami Sastri, Sengalipuram Vaidhyanatha Dikshitar were some of Mīmānsā scholars. </p><p>The <i><span title="International Alphabet of Sanskrit transliteration"><i lang="sa-Latn">Mīmāṁsā Sūtra</i></span></i> of Jaimini (c. 3rd century BCE) has summed up the general rules of <i><span title="International Alphabet of Sanskrit transliteration"><i lang="sa-Latn">nyāya</i></span></i> for Vedic interpretation. The text has 12 chapters, of which the first chapter is of philosophical value. The commentaries on the <i><span title="International Alphabet of Sanskrit transliteration"><i lang="sa-Latn">Mīmāṁsā Sūtra</i></span></i> by <span title="International Alphabet of Sanskrit transliteration"><i lang="sa-Latn">Bhartṛmitra</i></span>, <span title="International Alphabet of Sanskrit transliteration"><i lang="sa-Latn">Bhavadāsa</i></span>, Hari and <span title="International Alphabet of Sanskrit transliteration"><i lang="sa-Latn">Upavarṣa</i></span> are no more extant. <span title="International Alphabet of Sanskrit transliteration"><i lang="sa-Latn">Śabara</i></span> (c. 1st century BCE) is the first commentator of the <i><span title="International Alphabet of Sanskrit transliteration"><i lang="sa-Latn">Mīmāṁsā Sūtra</i></span></i>, whose work is available to us. His <i><span title="International Alphabet of Sanskrit transliteration"><i lang="sa-Latn">bhāṣya</i></span></i> is the basis of all later works of <i><span title="International Alphabet of Sanskrit transliteration"><i lang="sa-Latn">Mīmāṁsā</i></span></i>. <span title="International Alphabet of Sanskrit transliteration"><i lang="sa-Latn">Kumārila Bhaṭṭa</i></span> (7th century CE), the founder of the first school of the <i><span title="International Alphabet of Sanskrit transliteration"><i lang="sa-Latn">Mīmāṁsā</i></span></i> commented on both the <i><span title="International Alphabet of Sanskrit transliteration"><i lang="sa-Latn">Sūtra</i></span></i> and its <i><span title="International Alphabet of Sanskrit transliteration"><i lang="sa-Latn">Śabara Bhāṣya</i></span></i>. His treatise consists of 3 parts, the <i><span title="International Alphabet of Sanskrit transliteration"><i lang="sa-Latn">Ślokavārttika</i></span></i>, the <i><span title="International Alphabet of Sanskrit transliteration"><i lang="sa-Latn">Tantravārttika</i></span></i> and the <i><span title="International Alphabet of Sanskrit transliteration"><i lang="sa-Latn">Ṭupṭīkā</i></span></i>. <span title="International Alphabet of Sanskrit transliteration"><i lang="sa-Latn">Manḍana Miśra</i></span> (8th century CE) was a follower of <span title="International Alphabet of Sanskrit transliteration"><i lang="sa-Latn">Kumārila</i></span>, who wrote <i>Vidhiviveka</i> and <i><span title="International Alphabet of Sanskrit transliteration"><i lang="sa-Latn">Mīmāṁsānukramaṇī</i></span></i>. There are several commentaries on the works of <span title="International Alphabet of Sanskrit transliteration"><i lang="sa-Latn">Kumārila</i></span>. <span title="International Alphabet of Sanskrit transliteration"><i lang="sa-Latn">Sucarita Miśra</i></span> wrote a <i><span title="International Alphabet of Sanskrit transliteration"><i lang="sa-Latn">Kāśikā</i></span></i> (commentary) on the <i><span title="International Alphabet of Sanskrit transliteration"><i lang="sa-Latn">Ślokavārttika</i></span></i>. <span title="International Alphabet of Sanskrit transliteration"><i lang="sa-Latn">Someśvara Bhatta</i></span> wrote <i><span title="International Alphabet of Sanskrit transliteration"><i lang="sa-Latn">Nyāyasudhā</i></span></i>, also known as <i><span title="International Alphabet of Sanskrit transliteration"><i lang="sa-Latn">Rāṇaka</i></span></i>, a commentary on the <i><span title="International Alphabet of Sanskrit transliteration"><i lang="sa-Latn">Tantravārttika</i></span></i>. <span title="International Alphabet of Sanskrit transliteration"><i lang="sa-Latn">Pārthasarathi Miśra</i></span> wrote <i><span title="International Alphabet of Sanskrit transliteration"><i lang="sa-Latn">Nyāyaratnākara</i></span></i> (1300 CE), another commentary on the <i><span title="International Alphabet of Sanskrit transliteration"><i lang="sa-Latn">Ślokavārttika</i></span></i>. He also wrote <i><span title="International Alphabet of Sanskrit transliteration"><i lang="sa-Latn">Śāstradīpikā</i></span></i>, an independent work on the <i><span title="International Alphabet of Sanskrit transliteration"><i lang="sa-Latn">Mīmāṁsā</i></span></i> and <i>Tantraratna</i>. <span title="International Alphabet of Sanskrit transliteration"><i lang="sa-Latn">Venkaṭa Dīkṣita</i></span>’s <i><span title="International Alphabet of Sanskrit transliteration"><i lang="sa-Latn">Vārttikabharaṇya</i></span></i> is a commentary on the <i><span title="International Alphabet of Sanskrit transliteration"><i lang="sa-Latn">Ṭupṭīkā</i></span></i>. <span title="International Alphabet of Sanskrit transliteration"><i lang="sa-Latn">Prabhākara</i></span> (8th century CE), the originator of the second school of the <i><span title="International Alphabet of Sanskrit transliteration"><i lang="sa-Latn">Mīmāṁsā</i></span></i> wrote his commentary <i><span title="International Alphabet of Sanskrit transliteration"><i lang="sa-Latn">Bṛhatī</i></span></i> on the <i><span title="International Alphabet of Sanskrit transliteration"><i lang="sa-Latn">Śabara Bhāṣya</i></span></i>. <span title="International Alphabet of Sanskrit transliteration"><i lang="sa-Latn">Śālikanātha</i></span>’s <i><span title="International Alphabet of Sanskrit transliteration"><i lang="sa-Latn">Ṛjuvimalā</i></span></i> (ninth century CE) is a commentary on the <i><span title="International Alphabet of Sanskrit transliteration"><i lang="sa-Latn">Bṛhatī</i></span></i>. His <i><span title="International Alphabet of Sanskrit transliteration"><i lang="sa-Latn">Prakaraṇapañcikā</i></span></i> is an independent work of this school and the <i><span title="International Alphabet of Sanskrit transliteration"><i lang="sa-Latn">Pariśiṣṭa</i></span></i> is a brief explanation of the <i><span title="International Alphabet of Sanskrit transliteration"><i lang="sa-Latn">Śabara Bhāṣya</i></span></i>. <span title="International Alphabet of Sanskrit transliteration"><i lang="sa-Latn">Bhavanātha</i></span>’s <i><span title="International Alphabet of Sanskrit transliteration"><i lang="sa-Latn">Nyāyaviveka</i></span></i> deals with the views of this school in details. The founder of the third school of the <i><span title="International Alphabet of Sanskrit transliteration"><i lang="sa-Latn">Mīmāṁsā</i></span></i> was <span title="International Alphabet of Sanskrit transliteration"><i lang="sa-Latn">Murāri</i></span>, whose works have not reached us. </p><p><span title="International Alphabet of Sanskrit transliteration"><i lang="sa-Latn"><a href="/wiki/%C4%80padeva" class="mw-redirect" title="Āpadeva">Āpadeva</a></i></span> (17th century) wrote an elementary work on the <i><span title="International Alphabet of Sanskrit transliteration"><i lang="sa-Latn">Mīmāṁsā</i></span></i>, known as <i><span title="International Alphabet of Sanskrit transliteration"><i lang="sa-Latn">Mīmāṁsānyāyaprakaśa</i></span></i> or <i><span title="International Alphabet of Sanskrit transliteration"><i lang="sa-Latn">Āpadevī</i></span></i>. <i><span title="International Alphabet of Sanskrit transliteration"><i lang="sa-Latn">Arthasaṁgraha</i></span></i> of <span title="International Alphabet of Sanskrit transliteration"><i lang="sa-Latn">Laugākṣi Bhāskara</i></span> is based on the <i><span title="International Alphabet of Sanskrit transliteration"><i lang="sa-Latn">Āpadevī</i></span></i>. <span title="International Alphabet of Sanskrit transliteration"><i lang="sa-Latn">Vedānta Deśika</i></span>’s <i><span title="International Alphabet of Sanskrit transliteration"><i lang="sa-Latn">Śeśvara Mīmāṁsā</i></span></i> was an attempt to combine the views of the <i><span title="International Alphabet of Sanskrit transliteration"><i lang="sa-Latn">Mīmāṁsā</i></span></i> and the <i><span title="International Alphabet of Sanskrit transliteration"><i lang="sa-Latn">Vedānta</i></span></i> schools.<sup id="cite_ref-76" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-76"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>76<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=M%C4%ABm%C4%81%E1%B9%83s%C4%81&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1184024115">.mw-parser-output .div-col{margin-top:0.3em;column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .div-col-small{font-size:90%}.mw-parser-output .div-col-rules{column-rule:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .div-col dl,.mw-parser-output .div-col ol,.mw-parser-output .div-col ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .div-col li,.mw-parser-output .div-col dd{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}</style><div class="div-col" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%C5%9Arauta" title="Śrauta">Śrauta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vaikhanasa" title="Vaikhanasa">Vaikhanasa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nambudiri" title="Nambudiri">Nambudiri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saura_(Hinduism)" title="Saura (Hinduism)">Saura</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charvaka" title="Charvaka">Charvaka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vaisheshika" title="Vaisheshika">Vaisheshika</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samkhya" title="Samkhya">Samkhya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yoga_(philosophy)" title="Yoga (philosophy)">Yoga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nyaya" title="Nyaya">Nyaya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vedanta" title="Vedanta">Vedanta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C5%9A%C4%81likan%C4%81tha" title="Śālikanātha">Śālikanātha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mimamsa-IISER" title="Mimamsa-IISER">Mimamsa – IISER Pune</a></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=M%C4%ABm%C4%81%E1%B9%83s%C4%81&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://spokensanskrit.org/index.php?tran_input=mImAMsA&direct=se&script=hk&link=yes&mode=3">"Mimamsa in Sanskrit"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Mimamsa+in+Sanskrit&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fspokensanskrit.org%2Findex.php%3Ftran_input%3DmImAMsA%26direct%3Dse%26script%3Dhk%26link%3Dyes%26mode%3D3&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AM%C4%ABm%C4%81%E1%B9%83s%C4%81" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/Mimamsa">"Definition of MIMAMSA"</a>. <i>www.merriam-webster.com</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">16 December</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.merriam-webster.com&rft.atitle=Definition+of+MIMAMSA&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.merriam-webster.com%2Fdictionary%2FMimamsa&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AM%C4%ABm%C4%81%E1%B9%83s%C4%81" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-britenc-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-britenc_3-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-britenc_3-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-britenc_3-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.britannica.com/topic/Mimamsa">"Mimamsa | Vedic Rituals, Dharma & Nyaya"</a>. <i>Britannica</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. 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"Knowledge and Action 1: Means to the Human End in Bhāṭṭa Mīmāṃsā and Advaita Vedānta". <i>Journal of Indian Philosophy</i>. <b>1</b> (28): 1–24. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1023%2FA%3A1004744313963">10.1023/A:1004744313963</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:170635199">170635199</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Indian+Philosophy&rft.atitle=Knowledge+and+Action+1%3A+Means+to+the+Human+End+in+Bh%C4%81%E1%B9%AD%E1%B9%ADa+M%C4%ABm%C4%81%E1%B9%83s%C4%81+and+Advaita+Ved%C4%81nta&rft.volume=1&rft.issue=28&rft.pages=1-24&rft.date=2000&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1023%2FA%3A1004744313963&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A170635199%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Ram-Prasad&rft.aufirst=Chakravarti&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AM%C4%ABm%C4%81%E1%B9%83s%C4%81" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-dpsb-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-dpsb_7-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-dpsb_7-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-dpsb_7-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-dpsb_7-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-dpsb_7-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-dpsb_7-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">DPS Bhawuk (2011), Spirituality and Indian Psychology (Editor: Anthony Marsella), Springer, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4419-8109-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4419-8109-7">978-1-4419-8109-7</a>, page 172.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-gflood-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-gflood_8-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-gflood_8-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-gflood_8-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Gavin_Flood" title="Gavin Flood">Gavin Flood</a>, An Introduction to Hinduism, Cambridge University Press, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0521438780" title="Special:BookSources/978-0521438780">978-0521438780</a>, page 225.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-jag-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-jag_9-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">John A. 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Clooney 1997</a>, pp. 337–340.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDaniel_Arnold200126–31-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDaniel_Arnold200126–31_23-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFDaniel_Arnold2001">Daniel Arnold 2001</a>, pp. 26–31.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDaniel_Arnold200857–61,_89–98-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDaniel_Arnold200857–61,_89–98_24-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFDaniel_Arnold2008">Daniel Arnold 2008</a>, pp. 57–61, 89–98.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMaurice_Winternitz1963" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Moriz_Winternitz" title="Moriz Winternitz">Maurice Winternitz</a> (1963). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=ql0BmInD1c4C"><i>History of Indian Literature</i></a>. Motilal Banarsidass. pp. 511–512. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-81-208-0056-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-81-208-0056-4"><bdi>978-81-208-0056-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=History+of+Indian+Literature&rft.pages=511-512&rft.pub=Motilal+Banarsidass&rft.date=1963&rft.isbn=978-81-208-0056-4&rft.au=Maurice+Winternitz&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dql0BmInD1c4C&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AM%C4%ABm%C4%81%E1%B9%83s%C4%81" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDaniel_Arnold200128–32-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDaniel_Arnold200128–32_26-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDaniel_Arnold200128–32_26-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFDaniel_Arnold2001">Daniel Arnold 2001</a>, pp. 28–32.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDaniel_Arnold200126–33-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDaniel_Arnold200126–33_27-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFDaniel_Arnold2001">Daniel Arnold 2001</a>, pp. 26–33.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFrancis_X._Clooney1997337–342-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFrancis_X._Clooney1997337–342_28-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFFrancis_X._Clooney1997">Francis X. Clooney 1997</a>, pp. 337–342.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDaniel_Arnold200127,_29–30-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDaniel_Arnold200127,_29–30_29-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFDaniel_Arnold2001">Daniel Arnold 2001</a>, pp. 27, 29–30.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDaniel_Arnold200127–29-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDaniel_Arnold200127–29_30-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDaniel_Arnold200127–29_30-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFDaniel_Arnold2001">Daniel Arnold 2001</a>, pp. 27–29.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDaniel_Arnold200128–35-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDaniel_Arnold200128–35_31-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFDaniel_Arnold2001">Daniel Arnold 2001</a>, pp. 28–35.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDaniel_Arnold200857–79-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDaniel_Arnold200857–79_32-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFDaniel_Arnold2008">Daniel Arnold 2008</a>, pp. 57–79.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDaniel_Arnold200889–114-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDaniel_Arnold200889–114_33-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFDaniel_Arnold2008">Daniel Arnold 2008</a>, pp. 89–114.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDaniel_Arnold200131–33,_36–38-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDaniel_Arnold200131–33,_36–38_34-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFDaniel_Arnold2001">Daniel Arnold 2001</a>, pp. 31–33, 36–38.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPrasad1994317–318-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPrasad1994317–318_35-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPrasad1994317–318_35-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFPrasad1994">Prasad 1994</a>, pp. 317–318.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEP._T._Raju198517,_41–47,_61–63,_Quote_(p._62):_"The_ideal_life,_according_to_the_Mimamsa,_is_thus_a_life_of_continuous_ethical_activity_and_enjoyment_of_its_fruits."-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEP._T._Raju198517,_41–47,_61–63,_Quote_(p._62):_"The_ideal_life,_according_to_the_Mimamsa,_is_thus_a_life_of_continuous_ethical_activity_and_enjoyment_of_its_fruits."_36-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFP._T._Raju1985">P. T. Raju 1985</a>, pp. 17, 41–47, 61–63, Quote (p. 62): "The ideal life, according to the Mimamsa, is thus a life of continuous ethical activity and enjoyment of its fruits.".</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPrasad1994317–319-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPrasad1994317–319_37-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFPrasad1994">Prasad 1994</a>, pp. 317–319.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEStaal1976112–117-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStaal1976112–117_38-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFStaal1976">Staal 1976</a>, pp. 112–117.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEShyam_Ranganathan2007298–302,_348–349-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEShyam_Ranganathan2007298–302,_348–349_39-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFShyam_Ranganathan2007">Shyam Ranganathan 2007</a>, pp. 298–302, 348–349.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-40">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Jan Gonda, Johannes Bronkhorst and Elisa Freschi translate "priti" as happiness; e.g. see, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFElisa_Freschi2012" class="citation book cs1">Elisa Freschi (2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=EhX3I99EbQ0C&pg=PA380"><i>Duty, Language and Exegesis in Prabhakara Mimamsa</i></a>. BRILL Academic. p. 380. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-90-04-22260-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-90-04-22260-1"><bdi>978-90-04-22260-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Duty%2C+Language+and+Exegesis+in+Prabhakara+Mimamsa&rft.pages=380&rft.pub=BRILL+Academic&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=978-90-04-22260-1&rft.au=Elisa+Freschi&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DEhX3I99EbQ0C%26pg%3DPA380&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AM%C4%ABm%C4%81%E1%B9%83s%C4%81" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPrasad1994339_note_5,_Mimamsasutrabhasya_4.3.15-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPrasad1994339_note_5,_Mimamsasutrabhasya_4.3.15_41-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFPrasad1994">Prasad 1994</a>, p. 339 note 5, Mimamsasutrabhasya 4.3.15.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDaniel_Arnold200141–43-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDaniel_Arnold200141–43_42-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFDaniel_Arnold2001">Daniel Arnold 2001</a>, pp. 41–43.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-43">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFrancis_X._Clooney1987" class="citation journal cs1">Francis X. Clooney (1987). "Why the Veda Has No Author: Language as Ritual in Early Mīmāṃsā and Post-Modern Theology". <i>Journal of the American Academy of Religion</i>. <b>55</b> (4). Oxford University Press: 660–661. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1093%2Fjaarel%2Flv.4.659">10.1093/jaarel/lv.4.659</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/1464680">1464680</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+the+American+Academy+of+Religion&rft.atitle=Why+the+Veda+Has+No+Author%3A+Language+as+Ritual+in+Early+M%C4%ABm%C4%81%E1%B9%83s%C4%81+and+Post-Modern+Theology&rft.volume=55&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=660-661&rft.date=1987&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1093%2Fjaarel%2Flv.4.659&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F1464680%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.au=Francis+X.+Clooney&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AM%C4%ABm%C4%81%E1%B9%83s%C4%81" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-kamal-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-kamal_44-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-kamal_44-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">MM Kamal (1998), The Epistemology of the Carvaka Philosophy, <i>Journal of Indian and Buddhist Studies</i>, 46(2): 13–16</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-45"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-45">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">B Matilal (1992), "Perception: An Essay in Indian Theories of Knowledge", Oxford University Press, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0198239765" title="Special:BookSources/978-0198239765">978-0198239765</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-kpmat-46"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-kpmat_46-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-kpmat_46-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Karl Potter (1977), Meaning and Truth, in <i>Encyclopedia of Indian Philosophies</i>, Volume 2, Princeton University Press, Reprinted in 1995 by Motilal Banarsidass, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/81-208-0309-4" title="Special:BookSources/81-208-0309-4">81-208-0309-4</a>, pages 160–168</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-47"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-47">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Karl Potter (1977), Meaning and Truth, in Encyclopedia of Indian Philosophies, Volume 2, Princeton University Press, Reprinted in 1995 by Motilal Banarsidass, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/81-208-0309-4" title="Special:BookSources/81-208-0309-4">81-208-0309-4</a>, pages 168–169</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-48"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-48">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Karl Potter (1977), Meaning and Truth, in Encyclopedia of Indian Philosophies, Volume 2, Princeton University Press, Reprinted in 1995 by Motilal Banarsidass, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/81-208-0309-4" title="Special:BookSources/81-208-0309-4">81-208-0309-4</a>, pages 170–172</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-49"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-49">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">W Halbfass (1991), Tradition and Reflection, State University of New York Press, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7914-0362-9" title="Special:BookSources/0-7914-0362-9">0-7914-0362-9</a>, page 26-27</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-50"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-50">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Carvaka school is the exception</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-jl4647-51"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-jl4647_51-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-jl4647_51-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">James Lochtefeld, "Anumana" in <i>The Illustrated Encyclopedia of Hinduism</i>, Vol. 1: A-M, Rosen Publishing. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8239-2287-1" title="Special:BookSources/0-8239-2287-1">0-8239-2287-1</a>, page 46-47</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-52"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-52">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Karl Potter (2002), Presuppositions of India's Philosophies, Motilal Banarsidass, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/81-208-0779-0" title="Special:BookSources/81-208-0779-0">81-208-0779-0</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-53"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-53">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Monier Williams (1893), <i>Indian Wisdom – Religious, Philosophical and Ethical Doctrines of the Hindus</i>, Luzac & Co, London, page 61</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-54"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-54">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">VN Jha (1986), "The upamana-pramana in Purvamimamsa", SILLE, pages 77–91</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-jl721-55"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-jl721_55-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-jl721_55-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">James Lochtefeld, "Upamana" in <i>The Illustrated Encyclopedia of Hinduism</i>, Vol. 2: N-Z, Rosen Publishing. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8239-2287-1" title="Special:BookSources/0-8239-2287-1">0-8239-2287-1</a>, page 721</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-mw457-56"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-mw457_56-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-mw457_56-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Monier Williams (1893), Indian Wisdom – Religious, Philosophical and Ethical Doctrines of the Hindus, Luzac & Co, London, pages 457–458</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-57"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-57">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/36920/arthapatti">Arthapatti</a> <i>Encyclopædia Britannica</i> (2012)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-58"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-58">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">James Lochtefeld, "Arthapatti" in <i>The Illustrated Encyclopedia of Hinduism</i>, Vol. 1: A–M, Rosen Publishing. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8239-2287-1" title="Special:BookSources/0-8239-2287-1">0-8239-2287-1</a>, page 55</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-59"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-59">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Stephen Phillips (1996), Classical Indian Metaphysics, Motilal Banarsidass, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-8120814899" title="Special:BookSources/978-8120814899">978-8120814899</a>, pages 41–63</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-60"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-60">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">DM Datta (1932), The Six Ways of Knowing: A Critical study of the Advaita theory of knowledge, University of Calcutta, Reprinted in 1992 as <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-8120835269" title="Special:BookSources/978-8120835269">978-8120835269</a>, pages 221–253</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-eliottjag-61"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-eliottjag_61-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-eliottjag_61-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-eliottjag_61-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"> <ul><li>Eliott Deutsche (2000), in <i>Philosophy of Religion : Indian Philosophy</i> Vol 4 (Editor: Roy Perrett), Routledge, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0815336112" title="Special:BookSources/978-0815336112">978-0815336112</a>, pages 245–248;</li> <li>John A. 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The Quest for the Right Understanding of devatā in Brāhmaṇical Ritual Theory (Mīmāṃsā)". <i>International Journal of Hindu Studies</i>. <b>1</b> (2). Springer: 337–385. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1007%2Fs11407-997-0005-x">10.1007/s11407-997-0005-x</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/20106477">20106477</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:147226628">147226628</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=International+Journal+of+Hindu+Studies&rft.atitle=What%27s+a+God%3F+The+Quest+for+the+Right+Understanding+of+devat%C4%81+in+Br%C4%81hma%E1%B9%87ical+Ritual+Theory+%28M%C4%ABm%C4%81%E1%B9%83s%C4%81%29&rft.volume=1&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=337-385&rft.date=1997&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A147226628%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F20106477%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1007%2Fs11407-997-0005-x&rft.au=Francis+X.+Clooney&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AM%C4%ABm%C4%81%E1%B9%83s%C4%81" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLars_Göhler1995" class="citation book cs1">Lars Göhler (1995). <i>Wort und Text bei <span title="International Alphabet of Sanskrit transliteration"><i lang="sa-Latn">Kumārila Bhaṭṭa</i></span>: Studie zur mittelalterlichen indischen Sprachphilosophie und Hermeneutik</i>. Europäische Hochschulschriften. Reihe 20, Philosophie; vol. 468. Peter Lang.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Wort+und+Text+bei+%3Cspan+title%3D%22International+Alphabet+of+Sanskrit+transliteration%22%3E%3Ci+lang%3D%22sa-Latn%22%3EKum%C4%81rila+Bha%E1%B9%AD%E1%B9%ADa%3C%2Fi%3E%3C%2Fspan%3E%3A+Studie+zur+mittelalterlichen+indischen+Sprachphilosophie+und+Hermeneutik&rft.series=Europ%C3%A4ische+Hochschulschriften.+Reihe+20%2C+Philosophie%3B+vol.+468&rft.pub=Peter+Lang&rft.date=1995&rft.au=Lars+G%C3%B6hler&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AM%C4%ABm%C4%81%E1%B9%83s%C4%81" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPrasad1994" class="citation journal cs1">Prasad, Hari Shankar (1994). "The Context Principle of Meaning in Prabhākara Mīmāṁsā". <i>Philosophy East and West</i>. <b>44</b> (2). University of Hawai'i Press: 317–346. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F1399597">10.2307/1399597</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/1399597">1399597</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Philosophy+East+and+West&rft.atitle=The+Context+Principle+of+Meaning+in+Prabh%C4%81kara+M%C4%ABm%C4%81%E1%B9%81s%C4%81&rft.volume=44&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=317-346&rft.date=1994&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F1399597&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F1399597%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Prasad&rft.aufirst=Hari+Shankar&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AM%C4%ABm%C4%81%E1%B9%83s%C4%81" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFP._T._Raju1985" class="citation book cs1">P. T. Raju (1985). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/structuraldepths0000raju"><i>Structural Depths of Indian Thought</i></a></span>. State University of New York Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-88706-139-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-88706-139-4"><bdi>978-0-88706-139-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Structural+Depths+of+Indian+Thought&rft.pub=State+University+of+New+York+Press&rft.date=1985&rft.isbn=978-0-88706-139-4&rft.au=P.+T.+Raju&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fstructuraldepths0000raju&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AM%C4%ABm%C4%81%E1%B9%83s%C4%81" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFShyam_Ranganathan2007" class="citation book cs1">Shyam Ranganathan (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=x89I_zEGPhkC"><i>Ethics and the History of Indian Philosophy</i></a>. Motilal Banarsidass. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-81-208-3193-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-81-208-3193-3"><bdi>978-81-208-3193-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Ethics+and+the+History+of+Indian+Philosophy&rft.pub=Motilal+Banarsidass&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-81-208-3193-3&rft.au=Shyam+Ranganathan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dx89I_zEGPhkC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AM%C4%ABm%C4%81%E1%B9%83s%C4%81" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStaal1976" class="citation book cs1">Staal, J. F. (1976). "Sanskrit Philosophy of Language". In Herman Parret (ed.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=hQh0bC5RAe8C"><i>History of Linguistic Thought and Contemporary Linguistics</i></a>. Walter de Gruyter. pp. 102–136. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-11-005818-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-11-005818-5"><bdi>978-3-11-005818-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Sanskrit+Philosophy+of+Language&rft.btitle=History+of+Linguistic+Thought+and+Contemporary+Linguistics&rft.pages=102-136&rft.pub=Walter+de+Gruyter&rft.date=1976&rft.isbn=978-3-11-005818-5&rft.aulast=Staal&rft.aufirst=J.+F.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DhQh0bC5RAe8C&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AM%C4%ABm%C4%81%E1%B9%83s%C4%81" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=M%C4%ABm%C4%81%E1%B9%83s%C4%81&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMahesh_Chandra_Nyayratna_Bhattacharyya1889" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Mahesh_Chandra_Nyayratna_Bhattacharyya" title="Mahesh Chandra Nyayratna Bhattacharyya">Mahesh Chandra Nyayratna Bhattacharyya</a>, ed. (1889). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/stream/bibliothecaindi04unkngoog#page/n6/mode/1up"><i>The Mimansa Darsana (Bibliotheca Indica)</i></a>. Baptist Mission Press.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Mimansa+Darsana+%28Bibliotheca+Indica%29&rft.pub=Baptist+Mission+Press&rft.date=1889&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fstream%2Fbibliothecaindi04unkngoog%23page%2Fn6%2Fmode%2F1up&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AM%C4%ABm%C4%81%E1%B9%83s%C4%81" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChatterjeeDatta,_Dhirendramohan1984" class="citation book cs1">Chatterjee, Satischandra; Datta, Dhirendramohan (1984). <i>An Introduction to Indian Philosophy</i> (Eighth Reprint ed.). Calcutta: University of Calcutta.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=An+Introduction+to+Indian+Philosophy&rft.place=Calcutta&rft.edition=Eighth+Reprint&rft.pub=University+of+Calcutta&rft.date=1984&rft.aulast=Chatterjee&rft.aufirst=Satischandra&rft.au=Datta%2C+Dhirendramohan&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AM%C4%ABm%C4%81%E1%B9%83s%C4%81" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMüeller1899" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Max_M%C3%BCller" title="Max Müller">Müeller, Max</a> (1899). <i>Six Systems of Indian Philosophy; Samkhya and Yoga, Naya and Vaiseshika</i>. Calcutta: Susil Gupta (India) Ltd. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7661-4296-5" title="Special:BookSources/0-7661-4296-5"><bdi>0-7661-4296-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Six+Systems+of+Indian+Philosophy%3B+Samkhya+and+Yoga%2C+Naya+and+Vaiseshika&rft.place=Calcutta&rft.pub=Susil+Gupta+%28India%29+Ltd.&rft.date=1899&rft.isbn=0-7661-4296-5&rft.aulast=M%C3%BCeller&rft.aufirst=Max&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AM%C4%ABm%C4%81%E1%B9%83s%C4%81" class="Z3988"></span> Reprint edition; Originally published under the title of <i>The Six Systems of Indian Philosophy</i>.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRadhakrishnanMoore,_CA1967" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Sarvepalli_Radhakrishnan" title="Sarvepalli Radhakrishnan">Radhakrishnan, S.</a>; <a href="/wiki/Charles_A._Moore" title="Charles A. Moore">Moore, CA</a> (1967). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/sourcebookinindi00radh"><i>A Sourcebook in Indian Philosophy</i></a>. Princeton. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-691-01958-4" title="Special:BookSources/0-691-01958-4"><bdi>0-691-01958-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Sourcebook+in+Indian+Philosophy&rft.pub=Princeton&rft.date=1967&rft.isbn=0-691-01958-4&rft.aulast=Radhakrishnan&rft.aufirst=S.&rft.au=Moore%2C+CA&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fsourcebookinindi00radh&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AM%C4%ABm%C4%81%E1%B9%83s%C4%81" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRamaswami_Shastri1936" class="citation book cs1">Ramaswami Shastri, R.A. (1936). <i>A Short History Of The Purva Mimamsa Shastra</i>. Annamalai University Sanskrit Series No. 3.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Short+History+Of+The+Purva+Mimamsa+Shastra&rft.series=Annamalai+University+Sanskrit+Series+No.+3&rft.date=1936&rft.aulast=Ramaswami+Shastri&rft.aufirst=R.A.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AM%C4%ABm%C4%81%E1%B9%83s%C4%81" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPotter2014" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Karl_Harrington_Potter" title="Karl Harrington Potter">Potter, Karl H.</a> (2014). <i>Encyclopedia of Indian Philosophies: Volume 16: Philosophy of Purva-Mimamsa</i>. Calcutta: Motilal Barnassidas.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Encyclopedia+of+Indian+Philosophies%3A+Volume+16%3A+Philosophy+of+Purva-Mimamsa&rft.place=Calcutta&rft.pub=Motilal+Barnassidas&rft.date=2014&rft.aulast=Potter&rft.aufirst=Karl+H.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AM%C4%ABm%C4%81%E1%B9%83s%C4%81" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFVerpoorten1987" class="citation book cs1">Verpoorten, Jean-Marie (1987). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=PqlMW3WVb8cC"><i>Mimamsa literature (A History of Indian literature)</i></a>. Otto Harrassowitz Verlag. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3447026765" title="Special:BookSources/978-3447026765"><bdi>978-3447026765</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Mimamsa+literature+%28A+History+of+Indian+literature%29&rft.pub=Otto+Harrassowitz+Verlag&rft.date=1987&rft.isbn=978-3447026765&rft.aulast=Verpoorten&rft.aufirst=Jean-Marie&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DPqlMW3WVb8cC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AM%C4%ABm%C4%81%E1%B9%83s%C4%81" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFZimmer1951" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Heinrich_Zimmer" title="Heinrich Zimmer">Zimmer, Heinrich</a> (1951). <i>Philosophies of India</i>. New York, New York: Princeton University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-691-01758-1" title="Special:BookSources/0-691-01758-1"><bdi>0-691-01758-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Philosophies+of+India&rft.place=New+York%2C+New+York&rft.pub=Princeton+University+Press&rft.date=1951&rft.isbn=0-691-01758-1&rft.aulast=Zimmer&rft.aufirst=Heinrich&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AM%C4%ABm%C4%81%E1%B9%83s%C4%81" class="Z3988"></span> Bollingen Series XXVI; Edited by <a href="/wiki/Joseph_Campbell" title="Joseph Campbell">Joseph Campbell</a>.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=M%C4%ABm%C4%81%E1%B9%83s%C4%81&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/38px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="38" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/57px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/76px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="410" data-file-height="430" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist"><a href="/wiki/Wikisource" title="Wikisource">Wikisource</a> has the text of the 1905 <i><a href="/wiki/New_International_Encyclopedia" class="mw-redirect" title="New International Encyclopedia">New International Encyclopedia</a></i> article "<b><a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/The_New_International_Encyclop%C3%A6dia/Mimamsa" class="extiw" title="s:The New International Encyclopædia/Mimamsa">Mimamsa</a></b>".</div></div> </div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/mimamsasutra00jaimuoft">The Mimamsa Sutras of Jaimini</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/stream/lokavartikatra00kuma#page/n25/mode/2up">Introduction to Purva-Mimamsa</a> G. Jha (Translator), Asiatic Society of Bengal</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160911153658/http://www.shastranethralaya.org/LecturePurva.html">Complete Lectures on Purva Mimamsa Sutras of Jaimini at ShastraNethralaya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/S._Srikanta_Sastri" title="S. Srikanta Sastri">S. Srikanta Sastri</a>, "The Logical system of <a href="/wiki/Madhvacharya" title="Madhvacharya">Madhvacharya </a>" Published in Poona Oriental Series, No. 75 – "A Volume of Studies in Indology", presented to <a href="/wiki/P._V._Kane" class="mw-redirect" title="P. V. Kane">P. V. Kane</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.srikanta-sastri.org/logical-system-of-madvacharya/4581147325">on his 60th birthday</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200717032348/https://www.srikanta-sastri.org/logical-system-of-madvacharya/4581147325">Archived</a> 17 July 2020 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{width:100%}.mw-parser-output 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<ul><li><a href="/wiki/Glossary_of_Hinduism_terms" title="Glossary of Hinduism terms">Glossary</a></li> <li>Index</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_Hinduism" class="mw-redirect" title="Timeline of Hinduism">Timeline</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#FFC569;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Hindu_philosophy" title="Hindu philosophy">Philosophy</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0;background:transparent;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#FFC569;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Glossary_of_Hinduism_terms" title="Glossary of Hinduism terms">Concepts</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Brahman" title="Brahman">Brahman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Om" title="Om">Om</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ishvara" title="Ishvara">Ishvara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C4%80tman_(Hinduism)" title="Ātman (Hinduism)">Atman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maya_(religion)" title="Maya (religion)">Maya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karma" title="Karma">Karma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sa%E1%B9%83s%C4%81ra" title="Saṃsāra">Saṃsāra</a></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Puru%E1%B9%A3%C4%81rtha" title="Puruṣārtha">Puruṣārthas</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dharma" title="Dharma">Dharma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Artha" title="Artha">Artha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kama" title="Kama">Kama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moksha" title="Moksha">Moksha</a></li></ul></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ethics_in_religion#Hindu_ethics" title="Ethics in religion">Niti</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ahimsa" title="Ahimsa">Ahimsa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Achourya" title="Achourya">Asteya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aparigraha" class="mw-redirect" title="Aparigraha">Aparigraha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brahmacarya" class="mw-redirect" title="Brahmacarya">Brahmacharya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Satya" title="Satya">Satya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/D%C4%81na" title="Dāna">Dāna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Temperance_(virtue)#Hinduism" title="Temperance (virtue)">Damah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Compassion#Hinduism" title="Compassion">Dayā</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Akrodha" title="Akrodha">Akrodha</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#FFC569;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Hindu_philosophy" title="Hindu philosophy">Schools</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%C4%80stika_and_n%C4%81stika" title="Āstika and nāstika">Āstika</a>: <a href="/wiki/Samkhya" title="Samkhya">Samkhya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yoga" title="Yoga">Yoga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nyaya" title="Nyaya">Nyaya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vaisheshika" title="Vaisheshika">Vaisheshika</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Mīmāṃsā</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vedanta" title="Vedanta">Vedanta</a> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Dvaita_Vedanta" title="Dvaita Vedanta">Dvaita</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Advaita_Vedanta" title="Advaita Vedanta">Advaita</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Vishishtadvaita" title="Vishishtadvaita">Vishishtadvaita</a></i></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C4%80stika_and_n%C4%81stika" title="Āstika and nāstika">Nāstika</a>: <a href="/wiki/Charvaka" title="Charvaka">Charvaka</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="5" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Hindu "Om" symbol"><img alt="Hindu "Om" symbol" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/69/Aum_Om_navy_blue_circle_hollow_coral.svg/100px-Aum_Om_navy_blue_circle_hollow_coral.svg.png" decoding="async" width="100" height="99" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/69/Aum_Om_navy_blue_circle_hollow_coral.svg/150px-Aum_Om_navy_blue_circle_hollow_coral.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/69/Aum_Om_navy_blue_circle_hollow_coral.svg/200px-Aum_Om_navy_blue_circle_hollow_coral.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="507" /></span></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#FFC569;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Hindu_texts" title="Hindu texts">Texts</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0;background:transparent;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#FFC569;font-weight:normal;">Classification</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%C5%9Aruti" title="Śruti">Śruti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sm%E1%B9%9Bti" title="Smṛti">Smṛti</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#FFC569;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Vedas" title="Vedas">Vedas</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Rigveda" title="Rigveda">Rigveda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yajurveda" title="Yajurveda">Yajurveda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samaveda" title="Samaveda">Samaveda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atharvaveda" title="Atharvaveda">Atharvaveda</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#FFC569;font-weight:normal;">Divisions</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Vedic_chant" title="Vedic chant">Samhita</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brahmana" title="Brahmana">Brahmana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aranyaka" title="Aranyaka">Aranyaka</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#FFC569;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Upanishads" title="Upanishads">Upanishads</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aitareya_Upanishad" title="Aitareya Upanishad">Aitareya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kaushitaki_Upanishad" title="Kaushitaki Upanishad">Kaushitaki</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brihadaranyaka_Upanishad" title="Brihadaranyaka Upanishad">Brihadaranyaka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isha_Upanishad" title="Isha Upanishad">Isha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taittiriya_Upanishad" title="Taittiriya Upanishad">Taittiriya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Katha_Upanishad" title="Katha Upanishad">Katha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maitrayaniya_Upanishad" title="Maitrayaniya Upanishad">Maitrayaniya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shvetashvatara_Upanishad" title="Shvetashvatara Upanishad">Shvetashvatara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chandogya_Upanishad" title="Chandogya Upanishad">Chandogya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kena_Upanishad" title="Kena Upanishad">Kena</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mundaka_Upanishad" title="Mundaka Upanishad">Mundaka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mandukya_Upanishad" title="Mandukya Upanishad">Mandukya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prashna_Upanishad" title="Prashna Upanishad">Prashna</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#FFC569;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Upaveda" class="mw-redirect" title="Upaveda">Upavedas</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ayurveda" title="Ayurveda">Ayurveda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_martial_arts" title="Indian martial arts">Dhanurveda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Natya_Shastra" title="Natya Shastra">Natyaveda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hindu_temple_architecture" title="Hindu temple architecture">Sthapatyaveda</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#FFC569;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Vedanga" title="Vedanga">Vedanga</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Shiksha" title="Shiksha">Shiksha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sanskrit_prosody" title="Sanskrit prosody">Chandas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vy%C4%81kara%E1%B9%87a" title="Vyākaraṇa">Vyākaraṇa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nirukta" title="Nirukta">Nirukta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kalpa_(Vedanga)" title="Kalpa (Vedanga)">Kalpa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jyotisha" class="mw-redirect" title="Jyotisha">Jyotisha</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#FFC569;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/List_of_Hindu_texts" title="List of Hindu texts">Other</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bhagavad_Gita" title="Bhagavad Gita">Bhagavad Gita</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Agama_(Hinduism)" title="Agama (Hinduism)">Agamas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Itihasa-Purana" title="Itihasa-Purana">Itihasas</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ramayana" title="Ramayana">Ramayana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mahabharata" title="Mahabharata">Mahabharata</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Puranas" title="Puranas">Puranas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Upanishads#Classification" title="Upanishads">Minor Upanishads</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arthashastra" title="Arthashastra">Arthashastra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nitisara" title="Nitisara">Nitisara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dharma%C5%9B%C4%81stra" title="Dharmaśāstra">Dharmaśāstra</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Manusmriti" title="Manusmriti">Manusmriti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/N%C4%81radasm%E1%B9%9Bti" title="Nāradasmṛti">Nāradasmṛti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Y%C4%81j%C3%B1avalkya_Sm%E1%B9%9Bti" title="Yājñavalkya Smṛti">Yājñavalkya Smṛti</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sutra" title="Sutra">Sutras</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stotra" title="Stotra">Stotras</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Subhashita" title="Subhashita">Subhashita</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tantras_(Hinduism)" class="mw-redirect" title="Tantras (Hinduism)">Tantras</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yoga_Vasistha" title="Yoga Vasistha">Yoga Vasistha</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Yoga_Sutras_of_Patanjali" title="Yoga Sutras of Patanjali">Yoga Sutras of Patanjali</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#FFC569;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Sangam_literature" title="Sangam literature">Sangam literature</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tirumurai" title="Tirumurai">Tirumurai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Divya_Prabandham" class="mw-redirect" title="Divya Prabandham">Divya Prabandham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tirumuruk%C4%81%E1%B9%9F%E1%B9%9Fuppa%E1%B9%ADai" title="Tirumurukāṟṟuppaṭai">Tirumurukāṟṟuppaṭai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thiruppugal" class="mw-redirect" title="Thiruppugal">Thiruppugal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thirukkural" class="mw-redirect" title="Thirukkural">Thirukkural</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kamba_Ramayanam" class="mw-redirect" title="Kamba Ramayanam">Kamba Ramayanam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Five_Great_Epics" title="Five Great Epics">Five Great Epics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eighteen_Greater_Texts" title="Eighteen Greater Texts">Eighteen Greater Texts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eighteen_Lesser_Texts" title="Eighteen Lesser Texts">Eighteen Lesser Texts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Athichudi" title="Athichudi">Athichudi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iraiyanar_Akapporul" title="Iraiyanar Akapporul">Iraiyanar Akapporul</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abhirami_Antati" class="mw-redirect" title="Abhirami Antati">Abhirami Antati</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thiruvilaiyadal_Puranam" title="Thiruvilaiyadal Puranam">Thiruvilaiyadal Puranam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vinayagar_Agaval" title="Vinayagar Agaval">Vinayagar Agaval</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vedarthasamgraha" title="Vedarthasamgraha">Vedarthasamgraha</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#FFC569;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Hindu_deities" title="Hindu deities">Deities</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0;background:transparent;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#FFC569;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Deva_(Hinduism)" title="Deva (Hinduism)">Gods</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Trimurti" title="Trimurti">Trimurti</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Brahma" title="Brahma">Brahma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vishnu" title="Vishnu">Vishnu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shiva" title="Shiva">Shiva</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Agni" title="Agni">Agni</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dattatreya" title="Dattatreya">Dattatreya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ganesha" title="Ganesha">Ganesha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hanuman" title="Hanuman">Hanuman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indra" title="Indra">Indra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kartikeya" title="Kartikeya">Kartikeya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Krishna" title="Krishna">Krishna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rama" title="Rama">Rama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Surya" title="Surya">Surya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Varuna" title="Varuna">Varuna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vayu" title="Vayu">Vayu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Hindu_gods" title="Category:Hindu gods"><i>more</i></a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#FFC569;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Devi" title="Devi">Goddesses</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tridevi" title="Tridevi">Tridevi</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Saraswati" title="Saraswati">Saraswati</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lakshmi" title="Lakshmi">Lakshmi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parvati" title="Parvati">Parvati</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bhumi_(goddess)" title="Bhumi (goddess)">Bhumi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Durga" title="Durga">Durga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kali" title="Kali">Kali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mahavidya" title="Mahavidya">Mahavidya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Matrika" class="mw-redirect" title="Matrika">Matrika</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radha" title="Radha">Radha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rukmini" title="Rukmini">Rukmini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sati_(Hindu_goddess)" title="Sati (Hindu goddess)">Sati</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shakti" title="Shakti">Shakti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shashthi" title="Shashthi">Shashthi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sita" title="Sita">Sita</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Hindu_goddesses" title="Category:Hindu goddesses"><i>more</i></a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#FFC569;;width:1%">Practices</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0;background:transparent;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#FFC569;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Worship_in_Hinduism" title="Worship in Hinduism">Worship</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hindu_temple" title="Hindu temple">Temple</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Murti" title="Murti">Murti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Puja_(Hinduism)" title="Puja (Hinduism)">Puja</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bhakti" title="Bhakti">Bhakti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japa" title="Japa">Japa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bhajan" title="Bhajan">Bhajan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Naivedhya" class="mw-redirect" title="Naivedhya">Naivedhya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yajna" title="Yajna">Yajna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Homa_(ritual)" title="Homa (ritual)">Homa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tapas_(Indian_religions)" title="Tapas (Indian religions)">Tapas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dhy%C4%81na_in_Hinduism" class="mw-redirect" title="Dhyāna in Hinduism">Dhyāna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hindu_pilgrimage_sites_in_India" title="Hindu pilgrimage sites in India">Tirthatana</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#FFC569;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Sanskara_(rite_of_passage)" class="mw-redirect" title="Sanskara (rite of passage)">Sanskaras</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Garbhadhana" title="Garbhadhana">Garbhadhana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pumsavana" title="Pumsavana">Pumsavana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pumsavana_Simantonayana" title="Pumsavana Simantonayana">Simantonayana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jatakarma" title="Jatakarma">Jatakarma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/N%C4%81makara%E1%B9%87a" title="Nāmakaraṇa">Namakarana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nishkramana" title="Nishkramana">Nishkramana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Annaprashana" title="Annaprashana">Annaprashana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chudakarana" title="Chudakarana">Chudakarana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karnavedha" title="Karnavedha">Karnavedha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vidy%C4%81ra%E1%B9%83bha%E1%B9%83" title="Vidyāraṃbhaṃ">Vidyarambha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Upanayana" title="Upanayana">Upanayana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Keshanta" title="Keshanta">Keshanta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ritu_Kala_Samskaram" title="Ritu Kala Samskaram">Ritushuddhi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samavartanam" title="Samavartanam">Samavartanam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vivaah" class="mw-redirect" title="Vivaah">Vivaha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antyesti" title="Antyesti">Antyeshti</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#FFC569;font-weight:normal;">Varnashrama</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Varna_(Hinduism)" title="Varna (Hinduism)">Varna</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Brahmin" title="Brahmin">Brahmin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kshatriya" title="Kshatriya">Kshatriya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vaishya" title="Vaishya">Vaishya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shudra" title="Shudra">Shudra</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ashrama_(stage)" class="mw-redirect" title="Ashrama (stage)">Ashrama</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Brahmacarya" class="mw-redirect" title="Brahmacarya">Brahmacharya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grihastha" class="mw-redirect" title="Grihastha">Grihastha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vanaprastha" class="mw-redirect" title="Vanaprastha">Vanaprastha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sannyasa" title="Sannyasa">Sannyasa</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#FFC569;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/List_of_Hindu_festivals" title="List of Hindu festivals">Festivals</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Diwali" title="Diwali">Diwali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Holi" title="Holi">Holi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maha_Shivaratri" title="Maha Shivaratri">Shivaratri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raksha_Bandhan" title="Raksha Bandhan">Raksha Bandhan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Navaratri" title="Navaratri">Navaratri</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Durga_Puja" title="Durga Puja">Durga Puja</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ramlila" title="Ramlila">Ramlila</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vijayadashami" title="Vijayadashami">Vijayadashami</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ganesh_Chaturthi" title="Ganesh Chaturthi">Ganesh Chaturthi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rama_Navami" title="Rama Navami">Rama Navami</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Krishna_Janmashtami" title="Krishna Janmashtami">Janmashtami</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Onam" title="Onam">Onam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pongal_(festival)" title="Pongal (festival)">Pongal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Makar_Sankranti" title="Makar Sankranti">Makar Sankranti</a></li> <li>New Year <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bihu" title="Bihu">Bihu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gudi_Padwa" title="Gudi Padwa">Gudi Padwa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pahela_Baishakh" class="mw-redirect" title="Pahela Baishakh">Pahela Baishakh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Puthandu" title="Puthandu">Puthandu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vaisakhi" title="Vaisakhi">Vaisakhi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vishu" title="Vishu">Vishu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ugadi" title="Ugadi">Ugadi</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kumbh_Mela" title="Kumbh Mela">Kumbh Mela</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Haridwar_Kumbh_Mela" title="Haridwar Kumbh Mela">Haridwar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nashik-Trimbakeshwar_Simhastha" title="Nashik-Trimbakeshwar Simhastha">Nashik</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prayag_Kumbh_Mela" title="Prayag Kumbh Mela">Prayag</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ujjain_Simhastha" title="Ujjain Simhastha">Ujjain</a></li></ul></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ratha_Yatra_(Puri)" title="Ratha Yatra (Puri)">Ratha Yatra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Teej" title="Teej">Teej</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vasant_Panchami" title="Vasant Panchami">Vasant Panchami</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:Hindu_festivals" title="Template:Hindu festivals">Others</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#FFC569;font-weight:normal;">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sv%C4%81dhy%C4%81ya" title="Svādhyāya">Svādhyāya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Namaste" title="Namaste">Namaste</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bindi_(decoration)" title="Bindi (decoration)">Bindi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tilaka" title="Tilaka">Tilaka</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#FFC569;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Hinduism" title="Portal:Hinduism">Related</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0;background:transparent;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hindus" title="Hindus">Hindus</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hindus#Etymology" title="Hindus">Etymology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lists_of_Hindus" title="Lists of Hindus">List</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hindu_denominations" title="Hindu denominations">Denominations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hindu_law" title="Hindu law">Law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hindu_calendar" title="Hindu calendar">Calendar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Hindu_sentiment" title="Anti-Hindu sentiment">Anti-Hindu sentiment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Criticism_of_Hinduism" title="Criticism of Hinduism">Criticism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Hindu_gurus_and_sants" title="List of Hindu gurus and sants">Hindu gurus and sants</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hindu_studies" title="Hindu studies">Hindu studies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hindu_iconography" title="Hindu iconography">Iconography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hindu_mythology" title="Hindu mythology">Mythology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hindu_nationalism" title="Hindu nationalism">Nationalism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hindutva" title="Hindutva">Hindutva</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persecution_of_Hindus" title="Persecution of Hindus">Persecution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hindu_pilgrimage_sites" title="Hindu pilgrimage sites">Pilgrimage sites</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hindu_pilgrimage_sites_in_India" title="Hindu pilgrimage sites in India">India</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hinduism_and_other_religions" title="Hinduism and other religions">Relations with other religions</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bah%C3%A1%CA%BC%C3%AD_Faith_and_Hinduism" title="Baháʼí Faith and Hinduism">Baháʼí</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_and_Hinduism" title="Buddhism and Hinduism">Buddhism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hindu%E2%80%93Islamic_relations" title="Hindu–Islamic relations">Islam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jainism_and_Hinduism" class="mw-redirect" title="Jainism and Hinduism">Jainism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hinduism_and_Judaism" title="Hinduism and Judaism">Judaism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hinduism_and_Sikhism" title="Hinduism and Sikhism">Sikhism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hinduism_and_Theosophy" title="Hinduism and Theosophy">Theosophy</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glossary_of_Hinduism_terms" title="Glossary of Hinduism terms">Glossary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hinduism_by_country" title="Hinduism by country">Hinduism by country</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hindu_temples" class="mw-redirect" title="Hindu temples">Hindu temples</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Hindu_temples" title="List of Hindu temples">List</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hindu_temple_architecture" title="Hindu temple architecture">Architecture</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3" style="background:#FFC569;;font-weight:bold;"><div><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Outline"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Global_thinking.svg/10px-Global_thinking.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Global_thinking.svg/15px-Global_thinking.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Global_thinking.svg/21px-Global_thinking.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="130" data-file-height="200" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Outline_of_Hinduism" title="Outline of Hinduism">Outline</a><br /> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Category:Hinduism" title="Category:Hinduism">Category</a></li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Symbol_portal_class.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Portal"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/16px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/23px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/31px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/Portal:Hinduism" title="Portal:Hinduism">Portal</a></li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="WikiProject"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/People_icon.svg/16px-People_icon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/People_icon.svg/24px-People_icon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/People_icon.svg/32px-People_icon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="100" data-file-height="100" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:WikiProject_Hinduism" title="Wikipedia:WikiProject Hinduism">WikiProject</a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Indian_philosophy" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Indian_philosophy" title="Template:Indian philosophy"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Indian_philosophy" title="Template talk:Indian philosophy"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Indian_philosophy" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Indian philosophy"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Indian_philosophy" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Indian_philosophy" title="Indian philosophy">Indian philosophy</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Topics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Atheism_in_Hinduism" class="mw-redirect" title="Atheism in Hinduism">Atheism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atomism" title="Atomism">Atomism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hindu_idealism" class="mw-redirect" title="Hindu idealism">Idealism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_logic" title="Indian logic">Logic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hindu_views_on_monotheism" class="mw-redirect" title="Hindu views on monotheism">Monotheism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Historical_Vedic_religion#Philosophy" title="Historical Vedic religion">Vedic philosophy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kama" title="Kama">Kama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Artha" title="Artha">Artha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moksha" title="Moksha">Moksha</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Ancient</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6.6em;font-weight: normal;"><a href="/wiki/Hindu_philosophy" title="Hindu philosophy">Āstika</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hindu_philosophy" title="Hindu philosophy">Hindu</a>: <a href="/wiki/Samkhya" title="Samkhya">Samkhya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nyaya" title="Nyaya">Nyaya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vaisheshika" title="Vaisheshika">Vaisheshika</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yoga_Sutras_of_Patanjali" title="Yoga Sutras of Patanjali">Yoga</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Mīmāṃsā</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vedanta" title="Vedanta">Vedanta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shaiva" class="mw-redirect" title="Shaiva">Shaiva</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Rase%C5%9Bvara" title="Raseśvara">Raseśvara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pashupata_Shaivism" title="Pashupata Shaivism">Pashupata Shaivism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/P%C4%81%E1%B9%87ini" title="Pāṇini">Pāṇiniya</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6.6em;font-weight: normal;"><a href="/wiki/%C4%80stika_and_n%C4%81stika" title="Āstika and nāstika">Nāstika</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%C4%80j%C4%ABvika" title="Ājīvika">Ājīvika</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aj%C3%B1ana" title="Ajñana">Ajñana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charvaka" title="Charvaka">Charvaka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jain_philosophy" title="Jain philosophy">Jain</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anekantavada" title="Anekantavada">Anekantavada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anekantavada#Syādvāda" title="Anekantavada">Syādvāda</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_philosophy" title="Buddhist philosophy">Buddhist philosophy</a> and <a href="/wiki/Early_Buddhist_schools" title="Early Buddhist schools">Early Buddhist schools</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%C5%9A%C5%ABnyat%C4%81" title="Śūnyatā">Śūnyatā</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Madhyamaka" title="Madhyamaka">Madhyamaka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yogachara" title="Yogachara">Yogachara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sautr%C4%81ntika" title="Sautrāntika">Sautrāntika</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Svatantrika" class="mw-redirect" title="Svatantrika">Svatantrika</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Medieval</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Vedanta" title="Vedanta">Vedanta</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Achintya_Bheda_Abheda" title="Achintya Bheda Abheda">Acintya bheda abheda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Advaita_Vedanta" title="Advaita Vedanta">Advaita</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bhedabheda" title="Bhedabheda">Bhedabheda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dvaita_Vedanta" title="Dvaita Vedanta">Dvaita</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nimbarka_Sampradaya" title="Nimbarka Sampradaya">Nimbarka Sampradaya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shuddhadvaita" title="Shuddhadvaita">Shuddhadvaita</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vishishtadvaita" title="Vishishtadvaita">Vishishtadvaita</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Navya-Ny%C4%81ya" title="Navya-Nyāya">Navya-Nyāya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sikhism#Philosophy_and_teachings" title="Sikhism">Sikh Philosophy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shaiva" class="mw-redirect" title="Shaiva">Shaiva</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pratyabhijna" title="Pratyabhijna">Pratyabhijna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pashupata_Shaivism" title="Pashupata Shaivism">Pashupata Shaivism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shaiva_Siddhanta" title="Shaiva Siddhanta">Shaiva Siddhanta</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Modern</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Integral_yoga" title="Integral yoga">Integral yoga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gandhism" title="Gandhism">Gandhism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/M._N._Roy#Radical_humanist" title="M. N. Roy">Radical Humanism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Progressive_utilization_theory" title="Progressive utilization theory">Progressive utilization theory</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Texts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Abhinavabharati" title="Abhinavabharati">Abhinavabharati</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Arthashastra" title="Arthashastra">Arthashastra</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Bhagavad_Gita" title="Bhagavad Gita">Bhagavad Gita</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Bhagavata_Purana" title="Bhagavata Purana">Bhagavata Purana</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brahma_Sutras" title="Brahma Sutras"><i>Brahma Sutra</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_texts" title="Buddhist texts">Buddhist texts</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Dharmashastra" class="mw-redirect" title="Dharmashastra">Dharmashastra</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hindu_texts" title="Hindu texts">Hindu texts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jain_Agamas_(%C5%9Av%C4%93t%C4%81mbara)" class="mw-redirect" title="Jain Agamas (Śvētāmbara)">Jain Agamas</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Kamasutra" class="mw-redirect" title="Kamasutra">Kamasutra</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Mimamsa_Sutras" class="mw-redirect" title="Mimamsa Sutras">Mimamsa Sutras</a></i> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Muktik%C4%81" title="Muktikā">All 108 texts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mukhya_Upanishads" class="mw-redirect" title="Mukhya Upanishads">Principal</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ny%C4%81ya_S%C5%ABtras" title="Nyāya Sūtras">Nyāya Sūtras</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nyayakusumanjali" title="Nyayakusumanjali">Nyayakusumanjali</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Panchadasi" title="Panchadasi">Panchadasi</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Samkhyapravachana_Sutra" class="mw-redirect" title="Samkhyapravachana Sutra">Samkhyapravachana Sutra</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sangam_literature" title="Sangam literature">Sangam texts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sarva-Darsana-Sangraha" title="Sarva-Darsana-Sangraha">Sarvadarsanasangraha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shiva_Sutras_of_Vasugupta" title="Shiva Sutras of Vasugupta">Shiva Sutras</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tarka-Sangraha" title="Tarka-Sangraha">Tarka-Sangraha</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Tattvacint%C4%81ma%E1%B9%87i" class="mw-redirect" title="Tattvacintāmaṇi">Tattvacintāmaṇi</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Tirukku%E1%B9%9Fa%E1%B8%B7" class="mw-redirect" title="Tirukkuṟaḷ">Tirukkuṟaḷ</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Upanishads" title="Upanishads">Upanishads</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Upanishads#Classification" title="Upanishads">Minor</a></li></ul></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Vai%C5%9Be%E1%B9%A3ika_S%C5%ABtra" title="Vaiśeṣika Sūtra">Vaiśeṣika Sūtra</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vedanga" title="Vedanga">Vedangas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vedas" title="Vedas">Vedas</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Yoga_Sutras_of_Patanjali" title="Yoga Sutras of Patanjali">Yoga Sutras of Patanjali</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Yoga_Vasistha" title="Yoga Vasistha">Yoga Vasistha</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sutra" title="Sutra">More...</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Philosophers</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Adi_Shankara" title="Adi Shankara">Adi Shankara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abhinavagupta" title="Abhinavagupta">Abhinavagupta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kum%C4%81rila_Bha%E1%B9%AD%E1%B9%ADa" title="Kumārila Bhaṭṭa">Kumārila Bhaṭṭa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ma%E1%B9%87%E1%B8%8Dana_Mi%C5%9Bra" title="Maṇḍana Miśra">Maṇḍana Miśra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Valluvar" class="mw-redirect" title="Valluvar">Valluvar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Avatsara" title="Avatsara">Avatsara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/V%C4%81chaspati_Misra" title="Vāchaspati Misra">Vāchaspati Misra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aruni" class="mw-redirect" title="Aruni">Uddalaka Aruni</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gautama_Buddha" class="mw-redirect" title="Gautama Buddha">Gautama Buddha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yajnavalkya" title="Yajnavalkya">Yājñavalkya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/G%C4%81rg%C4%AB_V%C4%81chaknav%C4%AB" title="Gārgī Vāchaknavī">Gārgī Vāchaknavī</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhaghosa" title="Buddhaghosa">Buddhaghosa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Patanjali" title="Patanjali">Patañjali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ka%E1%B9%87%C4%81da_(philosopher)" class="mw-redirect" title="Kaṇāda (philosopher)">Kanada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kapila" title="Kapila">Kapila</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brihadratha_Ikshvaku" title="Brihadratha Ikshvaku">Brihadratha Ikshvaku</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jaimini" title="Jaimini">Jaimini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vyasa" title="Vyasa">Vyasa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chanakya" title="Chanakya">Chanakya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dharmakirti" title="Dharmakirti">Dharmakirti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Akshapada_Gotama" class="mw-redirect" title="Akshapada Gotama">Akshapada Gotama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nagarjuna" title="Nagarjuna">Nagarjuna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Padmasambh%C4%81va" class="mw-redirect" title="Padmasambhāva">Padmasambhāva</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vasubandhu" title="Vasubandhu">Vasubandhu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gaudapada" title="Gaudapada">Gaudapada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ramana_Maharshi" title="Ramana Maharshi">Ramana Maharshi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swami_Vivekananda" title="Swami Vivekananda">Vivekananda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dayananda_Saraswati" title="Dayananda Saraswati">Dayananda Saraswati</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ramanuja" title="Ramanuja">Ramanuja</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vedanta_Desika" title="Vedanta Desika">Vedanta Desika</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raikva" title="Raikva">Raikva</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sadananda_(of_Vedantasara)" title="Sadananda (of Vedantasara)">Sadananda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sakayanya" title="Sakayanya">Sakayanya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Satyakama_Jabala" class="mw-redirect" title="Satyakama Jabala">Satyakama Jabala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Madhvacharya" title="Madhvacharya">Madhvacharya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mahavira" title="Mahavira">Mahavira</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guru_Nanak" title="Guru Nanak">Guru Nanak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Indian_philosophers" title="Category:Indian philosophers">More...</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Concepts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abhava" title="Abhava">Abhava</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abhasavada" title="Abhasavada">Abhasavada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Non-difference_(Abheda)" title="Non-difference (Abheda)">Abheda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adarsana" title="Adarsana">Adarsana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adrishta" class="mw-redirect" title="Adrishta">Adrishta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Advaita_Vedanta" title="Advaita Vedanta">Advaita</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aham_(Kashmir_Shaivism)" title="Aham (Kashmir Shaivism)">Aham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ahimsa" title="Ahimsa">Ahimsa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aishvarya" class="mw-redirect" title="Aishvarya">Aishvarya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Akrodha" title="Akrodha">Akrodha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aksara" class="mw-redirect" title="Aksara">Aksara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anatta" class="mw-redirect" title="Anatta">Anatta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ananta_(infinite)" title="Ananta (infinite)">Ananta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anavastha" title="Anavastha">Anavastha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anupalabdhi" title="Anupalabdhi">Anupalabdhi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apauru%E1%B9%A3hey%C4%81" class="mw-redirect" title="Apauruṣheyā">Apauruṣheyā</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Artha" title="Artha">Artha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Asiddhatva" title="Asiddhatva">Asiddhatva</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Asatkalpa&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Asatkalpa (page does not exist)">Asatkalpa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C4%80tman_(Hinduism)" title="Ātman (Hinduism)">Ātman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Avyakta" title="Avyakta">Avyakta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bhrama_(Hinduism)" title="Bhrama (Hinduism)">Bhrama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brahman" title="Brahman">Brahman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bhuman" title="Bhuman">Bhuman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bhumika" title="Bhumika">Bhumika</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catu%E1%B9%A3ko%E1%B9%ADi" title="Catuṣkoṭi">Catuṣkoṭi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chaitanya_(consciousness)" title="Chaitanya (consciousness)">Chaitanya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chidabhasa" title="Chidabhasa">Chidabhasa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cittabhumi" title="Cittabhumi">Cittabhumi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/D%C4%81na" title="Dāna">Dāna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deva_(Hinduism)" title="Deva (Hinduism)">Devatas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dharma" title="Dharma">Dharma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dhi_(Hindu_thought)" title="Dhi (Hindu thought)">Dhi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dravya" title="Dravya">Dravya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dhrti" title="Dhrti">Dhrti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ekagrata" title="Ekagrata">Ekagrata</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gu%E1%B9%87a" title="Guṇa">Guṇa</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hit%C4%81&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Hitā (page does not exist)">Hitā</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Idam" title="Idam">Idam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ikshana" title="Ikshana">Ikshana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ishvaratva" title="Ishvaratva">Ishvaratva</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jivatva" title="Jivatva">Jivatva</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kama" title="Kama">Kama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karma" title="Karma">Karma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kasaya_(attachment)" title="Kasaya (attachment)">Kasaya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kshetrajna" title="Kshetrajna">Kshetrajna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lakshana" title="Lakshana">Lakshana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Matsya_Nyaya" title="Matsya Nyaya">Matsya Nyaya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mithyatva" class="mw-redirect" title="Mithyatva">Mithyatva</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moksha" title="Moksha">Mokṣa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nididhyasana" class="mw-redirect" title="Nididhyasana">Nididhyasana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nirvana" title="Nirvana">Nirvāṇa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Niyama" title="Niyama">Niyama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pad%C4%81rtha" title="Padārtha">Padārtha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paramatman" title="Paramatman">Paramatman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paramananda_(Hinduism)" title="Paramananda (Hinduism)">Paramananda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parameshashakti" title="Parameshashakti">Parameshashakti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parinama-vada_(Hindu_thought)" class="mw-redirect" title="Parinama-vada (Hindu thought)">Parinama-vada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pradhana" title="Pradhana">Pradhana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prajna_(Vedic)" class="mw-redirect" title="Prajna (Vedic)">Prajna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prak%E1%B9%9Bti" title="Prakṛti">Prakṛti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pratibimbavada" title="Pratibimbavada">Pratibimbavada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prat%C4%ABtyasamutp%C4%81da" title="Pratītyasamutpāda">Pratītyasamutpāda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Purusha" title="Purusha">Puruṣa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rajamandala" title="Rajamandala">Rājamaṇḍala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E1%B9%9Ata" title="Ṛta">Ṛta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sakshi_(Witness)" class="mw-redirect" title="Sakshi (Witness)">Sakshi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samadhi" title="Samadhi">Samadhi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sa%E1%B9%83s%C4%81ra" title="Saṃsāra">Saṃsāra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Satya" title="Satya">Satya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Satkaryavada" title="Satkaryavada">Satkaryavada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shabda_Brahman" title="Shabda Brahman">Shabda Brahman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spho%E1%B9%ADa" title="Sphoṭa">Sphoṭa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sthiti" title="Sthiti">Sthiti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C5%9A%C5%ABnyat%C4%81" title="Śūnyatā">Śūnyatā</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sutram" title="Sutram">Sutram</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Svatantrya" title="Svatantrya">Svātantrya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Svecchamrityu_(Iccha-mrityu)" class="mw-redirect" title="Svecchamrityu (Iccha-mrityu)">Iccha-mrityu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anekantavada#Syādvāda" title="Anekantavada">Syādvāda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taijasa" title="Taijasa">Taijasa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tajjalan" title="Tajjalan">Tajjalan</a></li> <li><a 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