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<span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Samskara as a psychological concept</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Samskara_as_a_psychological_concept-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Samskara_as_sacraments" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Samskara_as_sacraments"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Samskara as sacraments</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Samskara_as_sacraments-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Samskara as sacraments subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Samskara_as_sacraments-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-The_purpose" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#The_purpose"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>The purpose</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-The_purpose-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-The_40_Samskaras" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#The_40_Samskaras"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>The 40 Samskaras</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-The_40_Samskaras-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-The_16_samskaras" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#The_16_samskaras"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3</span> <span>The 16 samskaras</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-The_16_samskaras-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Intent_to_have_a_child_ritual,_Garbhadhana" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Intent_to_have_a_child_ritual,_Garbhadhana"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3.1</span> <span>Intent to have a child ritual, Garbhadhana</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Intent_to_have_a_child_ritual,_Garbhadhana-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Nurturing_the_fetus_rite,_Pumsavana" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Nurturing_the_fetus_rite,_Pumsavana"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3.2</span> <span>Nurturing the fetus rite, Pumsavana</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Nurturing_the_fetus_rite,_Pumsavana-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Parting_hair_and_baby_shower,_Simantonnayana" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Parting_hair_and_baby_shower,_Simantonnayana"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3.3</span> <span>Parting hair and baby shower, Simantonnayana</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Parting_hair_and_baby_shower,_Simantonnayana-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Childbirth_ceremony,_Jatakarman" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Childbirth_ceremony,_Jatakarman"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3.4</span> <span>Childbirth ceremony, Jatakarman</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Childbirth_ceremony,_Jatakarman-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Naming_the_baby_ritual,_Namakarana" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Naming_the_baby_ritual,_Namakarana"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3.5</span> <span>Naming the baby ritual, Namakarana</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Naming_the_baby_ritual,_Namakarana-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Baby's_first_outing,_Nishkramana" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Baby's_first_outing,_Nishkramana"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3.6</span> <span>Baby's first outing, Nishkramana</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Baby's_first_outing,_Nishkramana-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Baby's_first_solid_food,_Annaprashana" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Baby's_first_solid_food,_Annaprashana"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3.7</span> <span>Baby's first solid food, Annaprashana</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Baby's_first_solid_food,_Annaprashana-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Baby's_first_haircut,_Chudakarana" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Baby's_first_haircut,_Chudakarana"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3.8</span> <span>Baby's first haircut, Chudakarana</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Baby's_first_haircut,_Chudakarana-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Baby's_earlobe_piercing_rite,_Karnavedha" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Baby's_earlobe_piercing_rite,_Karnavedha"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3.9</span> <span>Baby's earlobe piercing rite, Karnavedha</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Baby's_earlobe_piercing_rite,_Karnavedha-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Child's_commencement_to_knowledge,_Vidyarambha" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Child's_commencement_to_knowledge,_Vidyarambha"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3.10</span> <span>Child's commencement to knowledge, Vidyarambha</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Child's_commencement_to_knowledge,_Vidyarambha-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Child's_entrance_into_school,_Upanayana" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Child's_entrance_into_school,_Upanayana"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3.11</span> <span>Child's entrance into school, Upanayana</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Child's_entrance_into_school,_Upanayana-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Vedarambha" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Vedarambha"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3.12</span> <span>Vedarambha</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Vedarambha-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Keshanta_and_Ritusuddhi" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Keshanta_and_Ritusuddhi"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3.13</span> <span>Keshanta and Ritusuddhi</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Keshanta_and_Ritusuddhi-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Graduation_ceremony,_Samavartana" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Graduation_ceremony,_Samavartana"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3.14</span> <span>Graduation ceremony, Samavartana</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Graduation_ceremony,_Samavartana-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Vivaha" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Vivaha"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3.15</span> <span>Vivaha</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Vivaha-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Vratas" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Vratas"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3.16</span> <span>Vratas</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Vratas-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Cremation_ritual,_Antyeshti" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Cremation_ritual,_Antyeshti"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.4</span> <span>Cremation ritual, Antyeshti</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Cremation_ritual,_Antyeshti-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Samskara_in_Jainism" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Samskara_in_Jainism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Samskara in Jainism</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Samskara_in_Jainism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sanskars_in_Sikhism" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sanskars_in_Sikhism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Sanskars in Sikhism</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sanskars_in_Sikhism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Samskara (rite of passage)</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 20 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-20" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">20 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%B7%E0%A7%8B%E0%A6%A1%E0%A6%BC%E0%A6%B6_%E0%A6%B8%E0%A6%82%E0%A6%B8%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%95%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B0" title="ষোড়শ সংস্কার – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="ষোড়শ সংস্কার" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bh mw-list-item"><a href="https://bh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0" title="संस्कार – Bhojpuri" lang="bh" hreflang="bh" data-title="संस्कार" data-language-autonym="भोजपुरी" data-language-local-name="Bhojpuri" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>भोजपुरी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Samskara" title="Samskara – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Samskara" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sa%E1%B9%83sk%C4%81ra" title="Saṃskāra – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Saṃskāra" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gu mw-list-item"><a href="https://gu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AA%B8%E0%AA%82%E0%AA%B8%E0%AB%8D%E0%AA%95%E0%AA%BE%E0%AA%B0" title="સંસ્કાર – Gujarati" lang="gu" hreflang="gu" data-title="સંસ્કાર" data-language-autonym="ગુજરાતી" data-language-local-name="Gujarati" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ગુજરાતી</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%A8_%E0%A4%A7%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AE_%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%87_%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0" title="सनातन धर्म के संस्कार – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="सनातन धर्म के संस्कार" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Samskara" title="Samskara – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Samskara" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kn mw-list-item"><a href="https://kn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%B8%E0%B2%82%E0%B2%B8%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%95%E0%B2%BE%E0%B2%B0" title="ಸಂಸ್ಕಾರ – Kannada" lang="kn" hreflang="kn" data-title="ಸಂಸ್ಕಾರ" data-language-autonym="ಕನ್ನಡ" data-language-local-name="Kannada" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ಕನ್ನಡ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mai mw-list-item"><a href="https://mai.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%A7%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%95_%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0" title="धार्मिक संस्कार – Maithili" lang="mai" hreflang="mai" data-title="धार्मिक संस्कार" data-language-autonym="मैथिली" data-language-local-name="Maithili" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>मैथिली</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%B7%E0%B5%8B%E0%B4%A1%E0%B4%B6%E0%B4%95%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B0%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%AF%E0%B4%95%E0%B5%BE" title="ഷോഡശക്രിയകൾ – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="ഷോഡശക്രിയകൾ" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%B3%E0%A4%BE_%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0" title="सोळा संस्कार – Marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="सोळा संस्कार" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="Marathi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>मराठी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Samskara" title="Samskara – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Samskara" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ne mw-list-item"><a href="https://ne.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%81_%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0" title="हिन्दु संस्कार – Nepali" lang="ne" hreflang="ne" data-title="हिन्दु संस्कार" data-language-autonym="नेपाली" data-language-local-name="Nepali" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>नेपाली</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%8B" title="Санскары – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Санскары" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sa mw-list-item"><a href="https://sa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%83" title="संस्काराः – Sanskrit" lang="sa" hreflang="sa" data-title="संस्काराः" data-language-autonym="संस्कृतम्" data-language-local-name="Sanskrit" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>संस्कृतम्</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Samskara" title="Samskara – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Samskara" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%87%E0%AE%A8%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%A4%E0%AF%81_%E0%AE%9A%E0%AE%AE%E0%AE%AF%E0%AE%A4%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%A4%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%A9%E0%AE%B0%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%A9%E0%AF%8D_16_%E0%AE%9A%E0%AE%9F%E0%AE%99%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%95%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%95%E0%AE%B3%E0%AF%8D" title="இந்து சமயத்தினரின் 16 சடங்குகள் – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="இந்து சமயத்தினரின் 16 சடங்குகள்" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-te mw-list-item"><a href="https://te.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B0%B7%E0%B1%8B%E0%B0%A1%E0%B0%B6_%E0%B0%B8%E0%B0%82%E0%B0%B8%E0%B1%8D%E0%B0%95%E0%B0%BE%E0%B0%B0%E0%B0%BE%E0%B0%B2%E0%B1%81" title="షోడశ సంస్కారాలు – Telugu" lang="te" hreflang="te" data-title="షోడశ సంస్కారాలు" data-language-autonym="తెలుగు" data-language-local-name="Telugu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>తెలుగు</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%87%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A3" title="สังสการ – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="สังสการ" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" 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class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Rites of passage described in ancient Sanskrit texts</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">This article is about the Hindu rituals. 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3.3em}@media(max-width:640px){body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .sidebar{width:100%!important;clear:both;float:none!important;margin-left:0!important;margin-right:0!important}}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .sidebar a>img{max-width:none!important}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:none!important}}</style><table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile nowraplinks" style="border-collapse:collapse; text-align:center"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-pretitle">Part of <a href="/wiki/Category:Hinduism" title="Category:Hinduism">a series</a> on</td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle" style="padding:0.2em;background:#FFC569;margin-bottom:0.5em;"><a href="/wiki/Hinduism" title="Hinduism">Hinduism</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-image"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Om" title="Om"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/30/1_Om.svg/90px-1_Om.svg.png" decoding="async" width="90" height="93" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/30/1_Om.svg/135px-1_Om.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/30/1_Om.svg/180px-1_Om.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="356" data-file-height="367" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-above hlist" style="padding-bottom:0.35em; border:0;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hindus" title="Hindus">Hindus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hindu_mythology" title="Hindu mythology">Mythology</a></li></ul></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content plainlist"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border:1px solid #FFC569;background:#FFC569;padding-top:0.1em;padding-left:3em; text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/History_of_Hinduism" title="History of Hinduism">Origins</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist" style="text-align:center;padding-top:0; background-color:#FDE7B9; border:2px solid #FDE7B9"><b>Historical</b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Hinduism" title="History of Hinduism">History</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_of_the_Indus_Valley_Civilization" class="mw-redirect" title="Religion of the Indus Valley Civilization">Indus Valley Civilisation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vedic_Hinduism" class="mw-redirect" title="Vedic Hinduism">Vedic Hinduism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dravidian_folk_religion" title="Dravidian folk religion">Dravidian folk religion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C5%9Arama%E1%B9%87a" title="Śramaṇa">Śramaṇa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tribal_religions_in_India" title="Tribal religions in India">Tribal religions in India</a></li></ul> <p><b>Traditional</b> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Itihasa-Purana" title="Itihasa-Purana">Itihasa-Purana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Epic-Puranic_royal_genealogies" title="Epic-Puranic royal genealogies">Epic-Puranic royal genealogies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Epic-Puranic_chronology" title="Epic-Puranic chronology">Epic-Puranic chronology</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content plainlist"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border:1px solid #FFC569;background:#FFC569;padding-top:0.1em;padding-left:3em; text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Sampradaya" title="Sampradaya">Sampradaya (Traditions)</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist" style="text-align:center;padding-top:0; background-color:#FDE7B9; border:2px solid #FDE7B9"> <dl><dt><div style="font-size: 100%; background-color:#ffd6ad; border-top:0px dashed">Major Sampradaya (Traditions)</div></dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Vaishnavism" title="Vaishnavism">Vaishnavism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pancharatra" title="Pancharatra">Pancharatra</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shaivism" title="Shaivism">Shaivism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kapalika" title="Kapalika">Kapalika</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pashupata_Shaivism" title="Pashupata Shaivism">Pashupata</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pratyabhijna" title="Pratyabhijna">Pratyabhijña</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shaktism" title="Shaktism">Shaktism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Smarta_tradition" title="Smarta tradition">Smartism</a></li></ul> <dl><dt><div style="font-size: 100%; background-color:#ffd6ad; border-top:0px dashed"><i><a href="/wiki/Hindu_denominations" title="Hindu denominations">Other Sampradaya (Traditions)</a></i></div></dt></dl></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content plainlist"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border:1px solid #FFC569;background:#FFC569;padding-top:0.1em;padding-left:3em; text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Hindu_deities" title="Hindu deities">Deities</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist" style="text-align:center;padding-top:0; background-color:#FDE7B9; border:2px solid #FDE7B9"> <dl><dt><div style="font-size: 100%; background-color:#ffd6ad; border-top:0px dashed"><a href="/wiki/Brahman" title="Brahman">Absolute Reality / Unifying Force</a></div></dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Brahman" title="Brahman">Brahman</a></li></ul> <dl><dt><div style="font-size: 100%; background-color:#ffd6ad; border-top:0px dashed"><a href="/wiki/Trimurti" title="Trimurti">Trimurti</a></div></dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Brahma" title="Brahma">Brahma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vishnu" title="Vishnu">Vishnu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shiva" title="Shiva">Shiva</a></li></ul> <dl><dt><div style="font-size: 100%; background-color:#ffd6ad; border-top:0px dashed"><a href="/wiki/Tridevi" title="Tridevi">Tridevi</a></div></dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Saraswati" title="Saraswati">Saraswati</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lakshmi" title="Lakshmi">Lakshmi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parvati" title="Parvati">Parvati</a></li></ul> <dl><dt><div style="font-size: 100%; background-color:#ffd6ad; border-top:0px dashed">Other major <a href="/wiki/Deva_(Hinduism)" title="Deva (Hinduism)">Devas</a> / <a href="/wiki/Devi" title="Devi">Devis</a></div></dt></dl> <dl><dd><i>Vedic Deities:</i></dd></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tridasha" class="mw-redirect" title="Tridasha">Tridasha</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Adityas" title="Adityas">Adityas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rudras" title="Rudras">Rudras</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vasus" class="mw-redirect" title="Vasus">Vasus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ashvins" title="Ashvins">Ashvins</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mahadevi" title="Mahadevi">Mahadevi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rigvedic_deities" title="Rigvedic deities">Other Vedic Deities</a></li></ul> <dl><dd><i>Post-Vedic:</i></dd></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Avatar" title="Avatar">Avatar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dashavatara" title="Dashavatara">Dashavatara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Durga" title="Durga">Durga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Navadurga" title="Navadurga">Navadurga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mahavidya" title="Mahavidya">Mahavidya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kartikeya" title="Kartikeya">Kartikeya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ganesha" title="Ganesha">Ganesha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hanuman" title="Hanuman">Hanuman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radha" title="Radha">Radha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shakti" title="Shakti">Shakti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sita" title="Sita">Sita</a></li></ul> <dl><dt><div style="font-size: 100%; background-color:#ffd6ad; border-top:0px dashed"><a href="/wiki/Devata" title="Devata">Devatas</a></div></dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Vishvakarma" title="Vishvakarma">Vishvakarma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kubera" title="Kubera">Kubera</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content plainlist"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border:1px solid #FFC569;background:#FFC569;padding-top:0.1em;padding-left:3em; text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Hindu_philosophy" title="Hindu philosophy">Concepts</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist" style="text-align:center;padding-top:0; background-color:#FDE7B9; border:2px solid #FDE7B9"> <dl><dt><div style="font-size: 100%; background-color:#ffd6ad; border-top:0px dashed">Worldview</div></dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hindu_cosmology" title="Hindu cosmology">Cosmology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hindu_mythology" title="Hindu mythology">Mythology</a></li></ul> <dl><dt><div style="font-size: 100%; background-color:#ffd6ad; border-top:0px dashed">Ontology</div></dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tattva" title="Tattva">Tattvas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tanmatras" title="Tanmatras">Subtle elements</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Panchikarana" title="Panchikarana">Panchikarana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pancha_Bhuta" title="Pancha Bhuta">Gross elements</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gu%E1%B9%87a" title="Guṇa">Guṇas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Purusha" title="Purusha">Purusha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prak%E1%B9%9Bti" title="Prakṛti">Prakṛti</a></li></ul> <dl><dt><div style="font-size: 100%; background-color:#ffd6ad; border-top:0px dashed"><a href="/wiki/Para_Brahman" title="Para Brahman">Supreme reality</a></div></dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Brahman" title="Brahman">Brahman</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nirguna_brahman" class="mw-redirect" title="Nirguna brahman">Nirguna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saguna_brahman" title="Saguna brahman">Saguna</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Om" title="Om">Om</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saccid%C4%81nanda" title="Saccidānanda">Saccidānanda</a></li></ul> <dl><dt><div style="font-size: 100%; background-color:#ffd6ad; border-top:0px dashed">God</div></dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ishvara" title="Ishvara">Ishvara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deva_(Hinduism)" title="Deva (Hinduism)">Devas</a> / <a href="/wiki/Devi" title="Devi">Devi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Devata" title="Devata">Devatas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/God_in_Hinduism" title="God in Hinduism">God in Hinduism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/God_and_gender_in_Hinduism" title="God and gender in Hinduism">God and gender</a></li></ul> <dl><dt><div style="font-size: 100%; background-color:#ffd6ad; border-top:0px dashed"><a href="/wiki/Puru%E1%B9%A3%C4%81rtha" title="Puruṣārtha">Puruṣārtha (Meaning of life)</a></div></dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dharma" title="Dharma">Dharma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Artha" title="Artha">Artha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kama" title="Kama">Kama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moksha" title="Moksha">Moksha</a></li></ul> <dl><dt><div style="font-size: 100%; background-color:#ffd6ad; border-top:0px dashed"><a href="/wiki/%C4%80%C5%9Brama_(stage)" title="Āśrama (stage)">Āśrama (Stages of life)</a></div></dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Brahmacharya" title="Brahmacharya">Brahmacharya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/G%E1%B9%9Bhastha" title="Gṛhastha">Gṛhastha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/V%C4%81naprastha" title="Vānaprastha">Vānaprastha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sannyasa" title="Sannyasa">Sannyasa</a></li></ul> <dl><dt><div style="font-size: 100%; background-color:#ffd6ad; border-top:0px dashed"><a href="/wiki/Three_Yogas" title="Three Yogas">Three paths to liberation</a></div></dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bhakti_yoga" title="Bhakti yoga">Bhakti yoga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jnana_yoga" title="Jnana yoga">Jnana yoga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karma_yoga" title="Karma yoga">Karma yoga</a></li></ul> <dl><dt><div style="font-size: 100%; background-color:#ffd6ad; border-top:0px dashed"><a href="/wiki/Moksha" title="Moksha">Liberation</a></div></dt></dl> <dl><dd><i>Mokṣa-related topics:</i></dd></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Paramatman" title="Paramatman">Paramātman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maya_(religion)" title="Maya (religion)">Maya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karma" title="Karma">Karma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sa%E1%B9%83s%C4%81ra" title="Saṃsāra">Saṃsāra</a></li></ul> <dl><dt><div style="font-size: 100%; background-color:#ffd6ad; border-top:0px dashed">Mind</div></dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%C4%80tman_(Hinduism)" title="Ātman (Hinduism)">Ātman (self)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/An%C4%81tman_(Hinduism)" title="Anātman (Hinduism)">Anātman (non-self)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Three_bodies_doctrine" title="Three bodies doctrine">Sūkṣma śarīra (subtle body)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antahkarana" title="Antahkarana">Antaḥkaraṇa (mental organs)</a><br /></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Praj%C3%B1%C4%81_(Hinduism)" title="Prajñā (Hinduism)">Prajña (wisdom)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C4%80nanda_(Hindu_philosophy)" title="Ānanda (Hindu philosophy)">Ānanda (happiness)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Viveka" title="Viveka">Viveka (discernment)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vairagya" title="Vairagya">Vairagya (dispassion)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samatva" title="Samatva">Sama (equanimity)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Temperance_(virtue)#Hinduism" title="Temperance (virtue)">Dama (temperance)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uparati" title="Uparati">Uparati (self-settledness)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Titiksha" title="Titiksha">Titiksha (forbearance)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Faith_in_Hinduism" title="Faith in Hinduism">Shraddha (faith)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sam%C4%81dh%C4%81na" title="Samādhāna">Samadhana (concentration)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arishadvargas" title="Arishadvargas">Arishadvargas (six enemies)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ahamkara" title="Ahamkara">Ahamkara (attachment)</a></li></ul> <dl><dt><div style="font-size: 100%; background-color:#ffd6ad; border-top:0px dashed">Ethics</div></dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ethics_in_religion#Hindu_ethics" title="Ethics in religion">Niti śastra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yamas" title="Yamas">Yamas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Niyama" title="Niyama">Niyama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ahimsa" title="Ahimsa">Ahimsa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Achourya" title="Achourya">Achourya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Non-possession" title="Non-possession">Aparigraha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brahmacharya" title="Brahmacharya">Brahmacharya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Satya" title="Satya">Satya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Temperance_(virtue)#Hinduism" title="Temperance (virtue)">Damah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Compassion#Hinduism" title="Compassion">Dayā</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Akrodha" title="Akrodha">Akrodha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arjava" title="Arjava">Arjava</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Santosha" title="Santosha">Santosha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tapas_(Indian_religions)" title="Tapas (Indian religions)">Tapas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sv%C4%81dhy%C4%81ya" title="Svādhyāya">Svādhyāya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shaucha" title="Shaucha">Shaucha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mitahara" title="Mitahara">Mitahara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/D%C4%81na" title="Dāna">Dāna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C5%9A%C4%81stra_pram%C4%81%E1%B9%87am_in_Hinduism" class="mw-redirect" title="Śāstra pramāṇam in Hinduism">Sources of dharma</a></li></ul> <dl><dt><div style="font-size: 100%; background-color:#ffd6ad; border-top:0px dashed"><a href="/wiki/Pramana" title="Pramana">Epistemology</a></div></dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pratyaksha" title="Pratyaksha">Pratyakṣa (perception)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pramana#Anumāṇa" title="Pramana">Anumāṇa (inference)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Upam%C4%81%E1%B9%87a" class="mw-redirect" title="Upamāṇa">Upamāṇa (comparison, analogy)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pramana#Arthāpatti" title="Pramana">Arthāpatti (postulation, presumption)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pramana#Anupalabdi" title="Pramana">Anupalabdi (non-perception, negation)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shabda" title="Shabda">Śabda (word, testimony)</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content plainlist"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border:1px solid #FFC569;background:#FFC569;padding-top:0.1em;padding-left:3em; text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)">Practices</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist" style="text-align:center;padding-top:0; background-color:#FDE7B9; border:2px solid #FDE7B9"> <dl><dt><div style="font-size: 100%; background-color:#ffd6ad; border-top:0px dashed"><a href="/wiki/Worship_in_Hinduism" title="Worship in Hinduism">Worship</a>, sacrifice, and charity</div></dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Puja_(Hinduism)" title="Puja (Hinduism)">Puja</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arti_(Hinduism)" title="Arti (Hinduism)">Ārtī</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prayer_in_Hinduism" title="Prayer in Hinduism">Prarthana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C5%9Arauta" title="Śrauta">Śrauta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hindu_temple" title="Hindu temple">Temple</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Murti" title="Murti">Murti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bhakti" title="Bhakti">Bhakti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japa" title="Japa">Japa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bhajan" title="Bhajan">Bhajana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kirtan" title="Kirtan">Kīrtana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yajna" title="Yajna">Yajna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Homa_(ritual)" title="Homa (ritual)">Homa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tarpana" title="Tarpana">Tarpana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vrata" title="Vrata">Vrata</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pr%C4%81ya%C5%9Bcitta" title="Prāyaścitta">Prāyaścitta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tirtha_(Hinduism)" title="Tirtha (Hinduism)">Tirtha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yatra" title="Yatra">Yatra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hindu_pilgrimage_sites_in_India" title="Hindu pilgrimage sites in India">Tirthadana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Matha" title="Matha">Matha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_classical_dance" title="Indian classical dance">Nritta-Nritya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/D%C4%81na" title="Dāna">Dāna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sev%C4%81" title="Sevā">Sevā</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yoga" title="Yoga">Yoga</a></li></ul> <dl><dt><div style="font-size: 100%; background-color:#ffd6ad; border-top:0px dashed">Meditation</div></dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tapas_(Indian_religions)" title="Tapas (Indian religions)">Tapas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dhyana_in_Hinduism" title="Dhyana in Hinduism">Dhyana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sam%C4%81dh%C4%81na" title="Samādhāna">Samādhāna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nididhy%C4%81sana" title="Nididhyāsana">Nididhyāsana</a></li></ul> <dl><dt><div style="font-size: 100%; background-color:#ffd6ad; border-top:0px dashed"><a href="/wiki/Yoga" title="Yoga">Yoga</a></div></dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sadhu" title="Sadhu">Sadhu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yogi" title="Yogi">Yogi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yogini" title="Yogini">Yogini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Asana" title="Asana">Asana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/S%C4%81dhan%C4%81" title="Sādhanā">Sādhanā</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hatha_yoga" title="Hatha yoga">Hatha yoga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jnana_yoga" title="Jnana yoga">Jnana yoga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bhakti_yoga" title="Bhakti yoga">Bhakti yoga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karma_yoga" title="Karma yoga">Karma yoga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/R%C4%81ja_yoga" title="Rāja yoga">Rāja yoga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kundalini_yoga" title="Kundalini yoga">Kundalini yoga</a></li></ul> <dl><dt><div style="font-size: 100%; background-color:#ffd6ad; border-top:0px dashed"><a href="/wiki/Hindu_art" title="Hindu art">Arts</a></div></dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bharatanatyam" title="Bharatanatyam">Bharatanatyam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kathak" title="Kathak">Kathak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kathakali" title="Kathakali">Kathakali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kuchipudi" title="Kuchipudi">Kuchipudi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manipuri_dance" title="Manipuri dance">Manipuri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mohiniyattam" title="Mohiniyattam">Mohiniyattam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Odissi" title="Odissi">Odissi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sattriya" title="Sattriya">Sattriya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bhagavata_Mela" title="Bhagavata Mela">Bhagavata Mela</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yakshagana" title="Yakshagana">Yakshagana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dandiya_Raas" title="Dandiya Raas">Dandiya Raas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carnatic_music" title="Carnatic music">Carnatic music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pandav_Lila" title="Pandav Lila">Pandav Lila</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kalaripayattu" title="Kalaripayattu">Kalaripayattu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Silambam" title="Silambam">Silambam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adimurai" title="Adimurai">Adimurai</a></li></ul> <dl><dt><div style="font-size: 100%; background-color:#ffd6ad; border-top:0px dashed"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Rites of passage</a></div></dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Garbhadhana" title="Garbhadhana">Garbhadhana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pumsavana" title="Pumsavana">Pumsavana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pumsavana_Simantonayana" title="Pumsavana Simantonayana">Pumsavana Simantonayana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Simantonnayana" title="Simantonnayana">Simantonnayana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jatakarma" title="Jatakarma">Jatakarma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/N%C4%81makara%E1%B9%87a" title="Nāmakaraṇa">Nāmakaraṇa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nishkramana" title="Nishkramana">Nishkramana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Annaprashana" title="Annaprashana">Annaprashana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chudakarana" title="Chudakarana">Chudakarana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karnavedha" title="Karnavedha">Karnavedha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vidy%C4%81ra%E1%B9%83bha%E1%B9%83" title="Vidyāraṃbhaṃ">Vidyāraṃbhaṃ</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Upanayana" title="Upanayana">Upanayana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Keshanta" title="Keshanta">Keshanta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ritu_Kala_Samskaram" title="Ritu Kala Samskaram">Ritushuddhi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samavartanam" title="Samavartanam">Samavartanam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hindu_wedding" title="Hindu wedding">Vivaha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antyesti" title="Antyesti">Antyesti</a></li></ul> <dl><dt><div style="font-size: 100%; background-color:#ffd6ad; border-top:0px dashed"><a href="/wiki/List_of_Hindu_festivals" title="List of Hindu festivals">Festivals</a></div></dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Diwali" title="Diwali">Diwali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Holi" title="Holi">Holi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maha_Shivaratri" title="Maha Shivaratri">Maha Shivaratri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Navaratri" title="Navaratri">Navaratri</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Durga_Puja" title="Durga Puja">Durga Puja</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ramlila" title="Ramlila">Ramlila</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vijayadashami" title="Vijayadashami">Vijayadashami-Dussehra</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raksha_Bandhan" title="Raksha Bandhan">Raksha Bandhan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ganesh_Chaturthi" title="Ganesh Chaturthi">Ganesh Chaturthi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vasant_Panchami" title="Vasant Panchami">Vasant Panchami</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rama_Navami" title="Rama Navami">Rama Navami</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Krishna_Janmashtami" title="Krishna Janmashtami">Janmashtami</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Onam" title="Onam">Onam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Makar_Sankranti" title="Makar Sankranti">Makar Sankranti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kumbh_Mela" title="Kumbh Mela">Kumbh Mela</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pongal_(festival)" title="Pongal (festival)">Pongal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ugadi" title="Ugadi">Ugadi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vaisakhi" title="Vaisakhi">Vaisakhi</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bihu" title="Bihu">Bihu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Puthandu" title="Puthandu">Puthandu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vishu" title="Vishu">Vishu</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ratha_Yatra_(Puri)" title="Ratha Yatra (Puri)">Ratha Yatra</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content plainlist"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border:1px solid #FFC569;background:#FFC569;padding-top:0.1em;padding-left:3em; text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Hindu_philosophy" title="Hindu philosophy">Philosophical schools</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist" style="text-align:center;padding-top:0; background-color:#FDE7B9; border:2px solid #FDE7B9"> <dl><dt><div style="font-size: 100%; background-color:#ffd6ad; border-top:0px dashed"><a href="/wiki/Astika" class="mw-redirect" title="Astika">Six Astika schools</a></div></dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Samkhya" title="Samkhya">Samkhya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yoga_(philosophy)" title="Yoga (philosophy)">Yoga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nyaya" title="Nyaya">Nyaya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vaisheshika" title="Vaisheshika">Vaisheshika</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/M%C4%ABm%C4%81%E1%B9%83s%C4%81" title="Mīmāṃsā">Mīmāṃsā</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vedanta" title="Vedanta">Vedanta</a> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Advaita_Vedanta" title="Advaita Vedanta">Advaita</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Dvaita_Vedanta" title="Dvaita Vedanta">Dvaita</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Vishishtadvaita" title="Vishishtadvaita">Vishishtadvaita</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Achintya_Bheda_Abheda" title="Achintya Bheda Abheda">Achintya Bheda Abheda</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Shuddhadvaita" title="Shuddhadvaita">Shuddhadvaita</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Svabhavika_Bhedabheda" title="Svabhavika Bhedabheda">Svabhavika Bhedabheda</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Akshar_Purushottam_Darshan" title="Akshar Purushottam Darshan">Akshar Purushottam Darshan</a></i></li></ul></li></ul> <dl><dt><div style="font-size: 100%; background-color:#ffd6ad; border-top:0px dashed">Other schools</div></dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%C4%80j%C4%ABvika" title="Ājīvika">Ājīvika</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism" title="Buddhism">Buddhism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jainism" title="Jainism">Jainism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charvaka" title="Charvaka">Charvaka</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content plainlist"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border:1px solid #FFC569;background:#FFC569;padding-top:0.1em;padding-left:3em; text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/List_of_Hindu_gurus_and_sants" title="List of Hindu gurus and sants">Gurus, Rishi, Philosophers</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist" style="text-align:center;padding-top:0; background-color:#FDE7B9; border:2px solid #FDE7B9"> <dl><dt><div style="font-size: 100%; background-color:#ffd6ad; border-top:0px dashed"><a href="/wiki/Ancient_India" class="mw-redirect" title="Ancient India">Ancient</a></div></dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Saptarshi" title="Saptarshi">Saptarshi</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Vashistha" class="mw-redirect" title="Vashistha">Vashistha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kashyapa" title="Kashyapa">Kashyapa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atri" title="Atri">Atri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jamadagni" title="Jamadagni">Jamadagni</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nyaya_Sutras" class="mw-redirect" title="Nyaya Sutras">Gotama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vishvamitra" title="Vishvamitra">Vishvamitra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bharadwaja" class="mw-redirect" title="Bharadwaja">Bharadwaja</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Agastya" title="Agastya">Agastya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Angiras" title="Angiras">Angiras</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aruni" class="mw-redirect" title="Aruni">Aruni</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ashtavakra" title="Ashtavakra">Ashtavakra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jaimini" title="Jaimini">Jaimini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kanada_(philosopher)" class="mw-redirect" title="Kanada (philosopher)">Kanada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kapila" title="Kapila">Kapila</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Patanjali" title="Patanjali">Patanjali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/P%C4%81%E1%B9%87ini" title="Pāṇini">Pāṇini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prashastapada" title="Prashastapada">Prashastapada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raikva" title="Raikva">Raikva</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Satyakama_Jabala" class="mw-redirect" title="Satyakama Jabala">Satyakama Jabala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Valmiki" title="Valmiki">Valmiki</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vyasa" title="Vyasa">Vyasa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yajnavalkya" title="Yajnavalkya">Yajnavalkya</a></li></ul> <dl><dt><div style="font-size: 100%; background-color:#ffd6ad; border-top:0px dashed"><a href="/wiki/Medieval_India" title="Medieval India">Medieval</a></div></dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abhinavagupta" title="Abhinavagupta">Abhinavagupta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adi_Shankara" title="Adi Shankara">Adi Shankara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Akka_Mahadevi" title="Akka Mahadevi">Akka Mahadevi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Allama_Prabhu" title="Allama Prabhu">Allama Prabhu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alvars" title="Alvars">Alvars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Basava" title="Basava">Basava</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chaitanya_Mahaprabhu" title="Chaitanya Mahaprabhu">Chaitanya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ramdas_Kathiababa" title="Ramdas Kathiababa">Ramdas Kathiababa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chakradhar_Swami" title="Chakradhar Swami">Chakradhara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Changdev" class="mw-redirect" title="Changdev">Chāngadeva</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dadu_Dayal" title="Dadu Dayal">Dadu Dayal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eknath" title="Eknath">Eknath</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gangesha_Upadhyaya" class="mw-redirect" title="Gangesha Upadhyaya">Gangesha Upadhyaya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gaudapada" title="Gaudapada">Gaudapada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gorakshanath" class="mw-redirect" title="Gorakshanath">Gorakshanatha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Haridasa_Thakur" title="Haridasa Thakur">Haridasa Thakur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hith_Harivansh_Mahaprabhu" title="Hith Harivansh Mahaprabhu">Harivansh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jagannatha_Dasa_(Odia_poet)" title="Jagannatha Dasa (Odia poet)">Jagannatha Dasa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jayanta_Bhatta" title="Jayanta Bhatta">Jayanta Bhatta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jayatirtha" title="Jayatirtha">Jayatīrtha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jiva_Goswami" title="Jiva Goswami">Jiva Goswami</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/J%C3%B1%C4%81ne%C5%9Bvar" class="mw-redirect" title="Jñāneśvar">Jñāneśvar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kabir" title="Kabir">Kabir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kanaka_Dasa" title="Kanaka Dasa">Kanaka Dasa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kum%C4%81rila_Bha%E1%B9%AD%E1%B9%ADa" title="Kumārila Bhaṭṭa">Kumārila Bhaṭṭa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Madhus%C5%ABdana_Sarasvat%C4%AB" title="Madhusūdana Sarasvatī">Madhusūdana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Madhvacharya" title="Madhvacharya">Madhva</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Matsyendranath" class="mw-redirect" title="Matsyendranath">Matsyendranatha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Morya_Gosavi" title="Morya Gosavi">Morya Gosavi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mukundraj" title="Mukundraj">Mukundarāja</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Namdev" title="Namdev">Namadeva</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Narahari_Tirtha" title="Narahari Tirtha">Narahari Tirtha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Narasimha_Saraswati" title="Narasimha Saraswati">Narasimha Saraswati</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nayanars" title="Nayanars">Nayanars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nimbarkacharya" title="Nimbarkacharya">Nimbarkacharya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Srinivasacharya" title="Srinivasacharya">Srinivasacharya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prabh%C4%81kara" title="Prabhākara">Prabhākara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Purandara_Dasa" title="Purandara Dasa">Purandara Dasa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raghavendra_Swami" class="mw-redirect" title="Raghavendra Swami">Raghavendra Swami</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raghunatha_Siromani" title="Raghunatha Siromani">Raghunatha Siromani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raghuttama_Tirtha" title="Raghuttama Tirtha">Raghuttama Tirtha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ram_Charan_(guru)" title="Ram Charan (guru)">Ram Charan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ramananda" title="Ramananda">Ramananda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ramanuja" title="Ramanuja">Ramanuja</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ramprasad_Sen" title="Ramprasad Sen">Ramprasad Sen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ravidas" title="Ravidas">Ravidas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rupa_Goswami" title="Rupa Goswami">Rupa Goswami</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samarth_Ramdas" title="Samarth Ramdas">Samarth Ramdas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sankardev" title="Sankardev">Sankardev</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Satyanatha_Tirtha" title="Satyanatha Tirtha">Satyanatha Tirtha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siddheshwar" title="Siddheshwar">Siddheshwar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sripada_Srivallabha" class="mw-redirect" title="Sripada Srivallabha">Sripada Srivallabha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sripadaraja" title="Sripadaraja">Sripadaraja</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Surdas" title="Surdas">Surdas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swaminarayan" title="Swaminarayan">Swaminarayan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syama_Sastri" title="Syama Sastri">Śyāma Śastri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tukaram" title="Tukaram">Tukaram</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tulsidas" title="Tulsidas">Tulsidas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tyagaraja" title="Tyagaraja">Tyagaraja</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/V%C4%81caspati_Mi%C5%9Bra" class="mw-redirect" title="Vācaspati Miśra">Vācaspati Miśra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vadiraja_Tirtha" title="Vadiraja Tirtha">Vadiraja Tirtha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vallabha" title="Vallabha">Vallabha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thiruvalluvar" title="Thiruvalluvar">Valluvar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vedanta_Desika" title="Vedanta Desika">Vedanta Desika</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vidyaranya" title="Vidyaranya">Vidyaranya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vyasaraja" class="mw-redirect" title="Vyasaraja">Vyasaraja</a></li></ul> <dl><dt><div style="font-size: 100%; background-color:#ffd6ad; border-top:0px dashed">Modern</div></dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sri_Aurobindo" title="Sri Aurobindo">Aurobindo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bhaktisiddhanta_Sarasvati" title="Bhaktisiddhanta Sarasvati">Bhaktisiddhanta Sarasvati</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bhaktivinoda_Thakur" title="Bhaktivinoda Thakur">Bhaktivinoda Thakur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chandrashekarendra_Saraswati" class="mw-redirect" title="Chandrashekarendra Saraswati">Chandrashekarendra Saraswati</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinmayananda" class="mw-redirect" title="Chinmayananda">Chinmayananda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dayananda_Saraswati" title="Dayananda Saraswati">Dayananda Saraswati</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jaggi_Vasudev" class="mw-redirect" title="Jaggi Vasudev">Jaggi Vasudev</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Krishnananda_Saraswati" title="Krishnananda Saraswati">Krishnananda Saraswati</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mahavatar_Babaji" title="Mahavatar Babaji">Mahavatar Babaji</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maharishi_Mahesh_Yogi" title="Maharishi Mahesh Yogi">Mahesh Yogi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Narayana_Guru" title="Narayana Guru">Narayana Guru</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nigamananda_Paramahansa" title="Nigamananda Paramahansa">Nigamananda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nisargadatta_Maharaj" title="Nisargadatta Maharaj">Nisargadatta Maharaj</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/A._C._Bhaktivedanta_Swami_Prabhupada" title="A. C. Bhaktivedanta Swami Prabhupada">Prabhupada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sarvepalli_Radhakrishnan" title="Sarvepalli Radhakrishnan">Radhakrishnan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ramachandra_Dattatrya_Ranade" class="mw-redirect" title="Ramachandra Dattatrya Ranade">R. D. Ranade</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ramakrishna" title="Ramakrishna">Ramakrishna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swami_Rama_Tirtha" class="mw-redirect" title="Swami Rama Tirtha">Rama Tirtha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ramana_Maharshi" title="Ramana Maharshi">Ramana Maharshi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ravi_Shankar_(spiritual_leader)" title="Ravi Shankar (spiritual leader)">Ravi Shankar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swami_Ramdas" title="Swami Ramdas">Ramdas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swami_Samarth" title="Swami Samarth">Samarth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sathya_Sai_Baba" title="Sathya Sai Baba">Sathya Sai Baba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sai_Baba_of_Shirdi" title="Sai Baba of Shirdi">Shirdi Sai Baba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swami_Shraddhanand" title="Swami Shraddhanand">Shraddhanand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Satyadhyana_Tirtha" title="Satyadhyana Tirtha">Satyadhyana Tirtha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siddharameshwar_Maharaj" class="mw-redirect" title="Siddharameshwar Maharaj">Siddharameshwar Maharaj</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sivananda_Saraswati" title="Sivananda Saraswati">Sivananda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trailanga" title="Trailanga">Trailanga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/U._G._Krishnamurti" title="U. G. Krishnamurti">U. G. Krishnamurti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Upasni_Maharaj" class="mw-redirect" title="Upasni Maharaj">Upasni Maharaj</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vethathiri_Maharishi" title="Vethathiri Maharishi">Vethathiri Maharishi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swami_Vivekananda" title="Swami Vivekananda">Vivekananda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paramahansa_Yogananda" title="Paramahansa Yogananda">Yogananda</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content plainlist"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border:1px solid #FFC569;background:#FFC569;padding-top:0.1em;padding-left:3em; text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Hindu_texts" title="Hindu texts">Texts</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist" style="text-align:center;padding-top:0; background-color:#FDE7B9; border:2px solid #FDE7B9"> <dl><dt><div style="font-size: 100%; background-color:#ffd6ad; border-top:0px dashed"><a href="/wiki/%C5%9A%C4%81stra_pram%C4%81%E1%B9%87am_in_Hinduism" class="mw-redirect" title="Śāstra pramāṇam in Hinduism">Sources and classification of scripture</a></div></dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%C5%9Aruti" title="Śruti">Śruti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sm%E1%B9%9Bti" title="Smṛti">Smṛti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C4%80c%C4%81ra" title="Ācāra">Ācāra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atmatusti" title="Atmatusti">Ātmatuṣṭi</a></li></ul> <dl><dt><div style="font-size: 100%; background-color:#ffd6ad; border-top:0px dashed"><a href="/wiki/Hindu_texts" title="Hindu texts">Scriptures</a></div></dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_Hindu_texts" title="Timeline of Hindu texts">Timeline of Hindu texts</a></li></ul> <dl><dt><div style="font-size: 100%; background-color:#ffd6ad; border-top:0px dashed"><a href="/wiki/Vedas" title="Vedas">Vedas</a></div></dt></dl> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Rigveda" title="Rigveda">Rigveda</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Yajurveda" title="Yajurveda">Yajurveda</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Samaveda" title="Samaveda">Samaveda</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Atharvaveda" title="Atharvaveda">Atharvaveda</a></i></li></ul> <dl><dd><i>Divisions</i></dd></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Samhitapatha" class="mw-redirect" title="Samhitapatha">Samhita</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brahmana" title="Brahmana">Brahmana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aranyaka" title="Aranyaka">Aranyaka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Upanishads" title="Upanishads">Upanishads</a></li></ul> <dl><dt><div style="font-size: 100%; background-color:#ffd6ad; border-top:0px dashed"><a href="/wiki/Upanishads" title="Upanishads">Upanishads</a></div></dt></dl> <dl><dd><i>Rigveda:</i></dd></dl> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Aitareya_Upanishad" title="Aitareya Upanishad">Aitareya</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Kaushitaki_Upanishad" title="Kaushitaki Upanishad">Kaushitaki</a></i></li></ul> <dl><dd><i>Yajurveda:</i></dd></dl> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Brihadaranyaka_Upanishad" title="Brihadaranyaka Upanishad">Brihadaranyaka</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Isha_Upanishad" title="Isha Upanishad">Isha</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Taittiriya_Upanishad" title="Taittiriya Upanishad">Taittiriya</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Katha_Upanishad" title="Katha Upanishad">Katha</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Shvetashvatara_Upanishad" title="Shvetashvatara Upanishad">Shvetashvatara</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Maitrayaniya_Upanishad" title="Maitrayaniya Upanishad">Maitri</a></i></li></ul> <dl><dd><i>Samaveda:</i></dd></dl> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Chandogya_Upanishad" title="Chandogya Upanishad">Chandogya</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Kena_Upanishad" title="Kena Upanishad">Kena</a></i></li></ul> <dl><dd><i>Atharvaveda:</i></dd></dl> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Mundaka_Upanishad" title="Mundaka Upanishad">Mundaka</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Mandukya_Upanishad" title="Mandukya Upanishad">Mandukya</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Prashna_Upanishad" title="Prashna Upanishad">Prashna</a></i></li></ul> <dl><dt><div style="font-size: 100%; background-color:#ffd6ad; border-top:0px dashed"><a href="/wiki/Vedangas" class="mw-redirect" title="Vedangas">Vedangas</a></div></dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Shiksha" title="Shiksha">Shiksha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vedic_metre" title="Vedic metre">Chandas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vy%C4%81kara%E1%B9%87a" title="Vyākaraṇa">Vyākaraṇa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nirukta" title="Nirukta">Nirukta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kalpa_(Vedanga)" title="Kalpa (Vedanga)">Kalpa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jyotisha" class="mw-redirect" title="Jyotisha">Jyotisha</a></li></ul> <dl><dt><div style="font-size: 100%; background-color:#ffd6ad; border-top:0px dashed"><a href="/wiki/List_of_Hindu_scriptures" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Hindu scriptures">Other scriptures</a></div></dt></dl> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Bhagavad_Gita" title="Bhagavad Gita">Bhagavad Gita</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Agama_(Hinduism)" title="Agama (Hinduism)"><i>Agama</i>s (Hinduism)</a></li></ul> <dl><dt><div style="font-size: 100%; background-color:#ffd6ad; border-top:0px dashed"><a href="/wiki/Itihasa-Purana" title="Itihasa-Purana">Itihasas</a></div></dt></dl> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Ramayana" title="Ramayana">Ramayana</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Mahabharata" title="Mahabharata">Mahabharata</a></i></li></ul> <dl><dt><div style="font-size: 100%; background-color:#ffd6ad; border-top:0px dashed"><a href="/wiki/Puranas" title="Puranas">Puranas</a></div></dt></dl> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Vishnu_Purana" title="Vishnu Purana">Vishnu Purana</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Bhagavata_Purana" title="Bhagavata Purana">Bhagavata Purana</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Devi_Bhagavata_Purana" title="Devi Bhagavata Purana">Devi Bhagavata Purana</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Naradiya_Purana" title="Naradiya Purana">Naradiya Purana</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Vamana_Purana" title="Vamana Purana">Vāmana Purana</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Matsya_Purana" title="Matsya Purana">Matsya Purana</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Garuda_Purana" title="Garuda Purana">Garuda Purana</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Brahma_Purana" title="Brahma Purana">Brahma Purana</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Brahmanda_Purana" title="Brahmanda Purana">Brahmanda Purana</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Brahma_Vaivarta_Purana" title="Brahma Vaivarta Purana">Brahma Vaivarta Purana</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Bhavishya_Purana" title="Bhavishya Purana">Bhavishya Purana</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Padma_Purana" title="Padma Purana">Padma Purana</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Agni_Purana" title="Agni Purana">Agni Purana</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Shiva_Purana" title="Shiva Purana">Shiva Purana</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Linga_Purana" title="Linga Purana">Linga Purana</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Kurma_Purana" title="Kurma Purana">Kūrma Purana</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Skanda_Purana" title="Skanda Purana">Skanda Purana</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Varaha_Purana" title="Varaha Purana">Varaha Purana</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Markandeya_Purana" title="Markandeya Purana">Markandeya Purana</a></i></li></ul> <dl><dt><div style="font-size: 100%; background-color:#ffd6ad; border-top:0px dashed"><a href="/wiki/Vedas#Upaveda" title="Vedas">Upavedas</a></div></dt></dl> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Ayurveda" title="Ayurveda">Ayurveda</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Dhanurveda" title="Dhanurveda">Dhanurveda</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Gandharvaveda" class="mw-redirect" title="Gandharvaveda">Gandharvaveda</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Sthapatyaveda" class="mw-redirect" title="Sthapatyaveda">Sthapatyaveda</a></i></li></ul> <dl><dt><div style="font-size: 100%; background-color:#ffd6ad; border-top:0px dashed"><a href="/wiki/Shastra" title="Shastra">Shastras</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sutra" title="Sutra">sutras</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Samhita" title="Samhita">samhitas</a></div></dt></dl> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Dharma%C5%9B%C4%81stra" title="Dharmaśāstra">Dharma Shastra</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Arthashastra" title="Arthashastra">Artha Śastra</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Shilpa_Shastras" title="Shilpa Shastras">Shilpa Shastras</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Kama_Sutra" title="Kama Sutra">Kama Sutra</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Brahma_Sutras" title="Brahma Sutras">Brahma Sutras</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Samkhya_Pravachana_Sutra" title="Samkhya Pravachana Sutra">Samkhya Sutras</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Purva_Mimamsa_Sutras" title="Purva Mimamsa Sutras">Mimamsa Sutras</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Ny%C4%81ya_S%C5%ABtras" title="Nyāya Sūtras">Nyāya Sūtras</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Vai%C5%9Be%E1%B9%A3ika_S%C5%ABtra" title="Vaiśeṣika Sūtra">Vaiśeṣika Sūtra</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Yoga_Sutras_of_Patanjali" title="Yoga Sutras of Patanjali">Yoga Sutras</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Pramana" title="Pramana">Pramana Sutras</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Charaka_Samhita" title="Charaka Samhita">Charaka Samhita</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Sushruta_Samhita" title="Sushruta Samhita">Sushruta Samhita</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Natya_Shastra" title="Natya Shastra">Natya Shastra</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Panchatantra" title="Panchatantra">Panchatantra</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Naalayira_Divya_Prabandham" title="Naalayira Divya Prabandham">Naalayira Divya Prabandham</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Tirumurai" title="Tirumurai">Tirumurai</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Ramcharitmanas" title="Ramcharitmanas">Ramcharitmanas</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Yoga_Vasistha" title="Yoga Vasistha">Yoga Vasistha</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Shiva_Swarodaya" title="Shiva Swarodaya">Swara yoga</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Panchadasi" title="Panchadasi">Panchadasi</a></i></li></ul> <dl><dt><div style="font-size: 100%; background-color:#ffd6ad; border-top:0px dashed"><a href="/wiki/Stotra" title="Stotra">Stotras</a>, <a href="/wiki/List_of_suktas_and_stutis" title="List of suktas and stutis">stutis</a> and <a href="/wiki/Bhashya" title="Bhashya">Bhashya</a> </div></dt></dl> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Kanakadhara_Stotra" title="Kanakadhara Stotra">Kanakadhara Stotra</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Shiva_Stuti" title="Shiva Stuti">Shiva Stuti</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Vayu_Stuti" title="Vayu Stuti">Vayu Stuti</a></i></li></ul> <dl><dt><div style="font-size: 100%; background-color:#ffd6ad; border-top:0px dashed"><a href="/wiki/Tamil_literature" title="Tamil literature">Tamil literature</a></div></dt></dl> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Tirumurai" title="Tirumurai">Tirumurai</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Naalayira_Divya_Prabandham" title="Naalayira Divya Prabandham">Naalayira Divya Prabandham</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Tirumuruk%C4%81%E1%B9%9F%E1%B9%9Fuppa%E1%B9%ADai" title="Tirumurukāṟṟuppaṭai">Tirumurukāṟṟuppaṭai</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Tiruppukal" title="Tiruppukal">Tiruppukal</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Kural" title="Kural">Kural</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Kamba_Ramayanam" class="mw-redirect" title="Kamba Ramayanam">Kamba Ramayanam/Ramavataram</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Five_Great_Epics" title="Five Great Epics">Five Great Epics</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Eighteen_Greater_Texts" title="Eighteen Greater Texts">Eighteen Greater Texts</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Eighteen_Lesser_Texts" title="Eighteen Lesser Texts">Eighteen Lesser Texts</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Athichudi" title="Athichudi">Athichudi</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Iraiyanar_Akapporul" title="Iraiyanar Akapporul">Iraiyanar Akapporul</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Abirami_Antati" title="Abirami Antati">Abirami Antati</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Thiruvilaiyadal_Puranam" title="Thiruvilaiyadal Puranam">Thiruvilaiyadal Puranam</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Vinayagar_Agaval" title="Vinayagar Agaval">Vinayagar Agaval</a></i></li></ul> <dl><dt><div style="font-size: 100%; background-color:#ffd6ad; border-top:0px dashed; border-bottom:1px dotted"><a href="/wiki/List_of_Hindu_texts" title="List of Hindu texts">Other texts</a></div></dt></dl></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content plainlist"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border:1px solid #FFC569;background:#FFC569;padding-top:0.1em;padding-left:3em; text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)">Hindu Culture & Society</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist" style="text-align:center;padding-top:0; background-color:#FDE7B9; border:2px solid #FDE7B9"> <dl><dt><div style="font-size: 100%; background-color:#ffd6ad; border-top:0px dashed">Society</div></dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Varna_(Hinduism)" title="Varna (Hinduism)">Varna</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Brahmin" title="Brahmin">Brahmin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kshatriya" title="Kshatriya">Kshatriya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vaishya" title="Vaishya">Vaishya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shudra" title="Shudra">Shudra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dalit" title="Dalit">Dalit</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/J%C4%81ti" title="Jāti">Jāti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gotra" title="Gotra">Gotra</a></li></ul> <dl><dt><div style="font-size: 100%; background-color:#ffd6ad; border-top:0px dashed">Hindu Art</div></dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hindu_art" title="Hindu art">Hindu art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hindu_iconography" title="Hindu iconography">Hindu iconography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shilpa_Shastras" title="Shilpa Shastras">Shilpa Shastras</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rasa_(aesthetics)" title="Rasa (aesthetics)">Rasa (aesthetics)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_aesthetics" title="Indian aesthetics">Indian aesthetics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yantra" title="Yantra">Yantra</a></li></ul> <dl><dt><div style="font-size: 100%; background-color:#ffd6ad; border-top:0px dashed">Hindu Architecture</div></dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hindu_architecture" title="Hindu architecture">Hindu architecture</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hindu_temple_architecture" title="Hindu temple architecture">Hindu temple architecture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vastu_shastra" title="Vastu shastra">Vastu shastra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Talamana" title="Talamana">Talamana</a></li></ul></li></ul> <dl><dt><div style="font-size: 100%; background-color:#ffd6ad; border-top:0px dashed">Hindu Music</div></dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hindu_music" title="Hindu music">Hindu music</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Shruti_(music)" title="Shruti (music)">Shruti (music)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Svara" title="Svara">Svara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alank%C4%81ra" title="Alankāra">Alankāra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tala_(music)" title="Tala (music)">Tala (music)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raga" title="Raga">Raga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rasa_(aesthetics)" title="Rasa (aesthetics)">Rasa (aesthetics)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sangita" title="Sangita">Sangita</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vadya" title="Vadya">Vadya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Natya_Shastra" title="Natya Shastra">Natya Shastra</a></li></ul></li></ul> <dl><dt><div style="font-size: 100%; background-color:#ffd6ad; border-top:0px dashed">Food & Diet Customs</div></dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ahimsa" title="Ahimsa">Ahimsa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diet_in_Hinduism" title="Diet in Hinduism">Diet in Hinduism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sattvic_diet" title="Sattvic diet">Sattvic diet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mitahara" title="Mitahara">Mitahara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jhatka" title="Jhatka">Jhatka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vrata" title="Vrata">Vrata</a></li></ul> <dl><dt><div style="font-size: 100%; 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Above is <i>annaprashana samskara</i> celebrating a baby's first taste of solid food.</figcaption></figure> <p><b>Samskara</b> (<a href="/wiki/IAST" class="mw-redirect" title="IAST">IAST</a>: <span title="International Alphabet of Sanskrit transliteration"><i lang="sa-Latn">saṃskāra</i></span>, sometimes spelled <i>samskara</i>) are sacraments in <a href="/wiki/Hinduism" title="Hinduism">Hinduism</a> and other Indian religions, described in ancient Sanskrit texts, as well as a concept in the <a href="/wiki/Karma" title="Karma">karma</a> theory of Indian philosophies.<sup id="cite_ref-carlolson_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-carlolson-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-knipe_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-knipe-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-stephen_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-stephen-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The word literally means "putting together, making perfect, getting ready, to prepare", or "a sacred or sanctifying ceremony" in ancient Sanskrit and Pali texts of India.<sup id="cite_ref-monierwilliams_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-monierwilliams-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In the context of karma theory, samskaras are dispositions, characters or behavioural traits that exist as default from birth or prepared and perfected by a person over one's lifetime, that exist as imprints on the subconscious according to various schools of <a href="/wiki/Hindu_philosophy" title="Hindu philosophy">Hindu philosophy</a> such as the <a href="/wiki/Yoga_(philosophy)" title="Yoga (philosophy)">Yoga school</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-stephen_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-stephen-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-ian_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ian-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> These perfected or default imprints of karma within a person, influences that person's nature, response and states of mind.<sup id="cite_ref-stephen_3-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-stephen-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In another context, Samskara refers to the diverse sacraments in <a href="/wiki/Hinduism" title="Hinduism">Hinduism</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jainism" title="Jainism">Jainism</a>, <a href="/wiki/Buddhism" title="Buddhism">Buddhism</a> and <a href="/wiki/Sikhism" title="Sikhism">Sikhism</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-knipe_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-knipe-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-nayar_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nayar-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-benner_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-benner-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In Hinduism, the <i>samskaras</i> vary in number and details according to regional traditions. They range from the list of 40 samskaras in the <i><a href="/wiki/Gautama_Dharmasutra" title="Gautama Dharmasutra">Gautama Dharmasutra</a></i> from about the middle of the 1st millennium BCE,<sup id="cite_ref-patrick_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-patrick-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> to 16 samskaras in the <a href="/wiki/Kalpa_(Vedanga)#Grhyasutras" title="Kalpa (Vedanga)">Grhyasutra</a> texts from centuries later.<sup id="cite_ref-carlolson_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-carlolson-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-pandey23_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pandey23-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The list of samskaras in Hinduism include both external rituals such as those marking a baby's birth and a baby's name giving ceremony, as well as inner rites of resolutions and ethics such as <a href="/wiki/Compassion#Hinduism" title="Compassion">compassion</a> towards all living beings and positive attitude.<sup id="cite_ref-patrick_8-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-patrick-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Etymology_and_meaning">Etymology and meaning</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Samskara_(rite_of_passage)&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Etymology and meaning"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><i>Saṃskāra</i> (Sanskrit: संस्कार) has various context-driven meanings, that broadly refer to "the putting together, accomplishing well, making perfect, a form of solemn recognition and getting ready, engaging in works and acknowledging the purification of body by cleansing or mind by education or an object by a process (such as polishing a gem or refining a metal)".<sup id="cite_ref-monierwilliams_4-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-monierwilliams-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The term appears in the <a href="/wiki/%C5%9Aruti" title="Śruti">Śrutis</a>, and in the <a href="/wiki/Smriti" class="mw-redirect" title="Smriti">Smritis</a> of diverse schools of Hinduism as well as the texts of Jainism, Buddhism and Sikhism.<sup id="cite_ref-monierwilliams_4-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-monierwilliams-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-nayar_6-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nayar-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The etymological roots of the word <i>samskara</i> when it refers to rites of passage, is also "preparation, purifying, perfecting" from one's past state to one's future state.<sup id="cite_ref-carlolson_1-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-carlolson-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The word <i>samskara</i> is rare in the oldest layer of <a href="/wiki/Vedas" title="Vedas">Vedic</a> literature, but its roots <i>sam</i> and <i>kr</i> occur often enough.<sup id="cite_ref-pvkane_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pvkane-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The word appears in Rig Veda hymns 6.28.4 and 8.33.9, as well as other Vedic texts, where the context suggests it simply means "purify, prepare". It appears in Jaimini Purvamimamsa-sutra (500-200 BCE) many times, where it again means "prepare, perfect, polish" something, either through action, speech or mind.<sup id="cite_ref-pvkane_10-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pvkane-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-pandeydef_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pandeydef-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In sections 3.8.3, 9.3.25 and 10.2.49 of the Jaimini Purvamimamsa-sutra, the word <i>samskara</i> is used to describe actions of "washing the teeth, shaving the head, cutting nails, sprinkling water" as part of a ceremony.<sup id="cite_ref-pvkane_10-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pvkane-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Samskara is defined by ancient Indian scholar Shabara as, "that which prepares a certain thing or person fit for a certain purpose".<sup id="cite_ref-pandeydef_11-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pandeydef-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Another ancient text Viramitrodaya defines <i>samskara</i>, notes Kane, as "a peculiar excellence due to performance of certain actions which resides in the soul or the body of the actor".<sup id="cite_ref-pvkane_10-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pvkane-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><i>samskara</i> in Hindu traditions, states Kane, have been ceremonies, expressing outward symbols or signs of inner change, marking life events of significance. They served a spiritual, cultural and psychological purpose, welcoming an individual into a stage of life, conferring privileges to the individual(s), expecting duties from the individual, and impressing on the individual as well individual's social circle of his or her new role.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><i>Sanskāra</i>, in modern usage, is sometimes used to mean "cultural, social or religious heritage".<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Samskara_as_a_psychological_concept">Samskara as a psychological concept</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Samskara_(rite_of_passage)&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Samskara as a psychological concept"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Samskara_(Indian_philosophy)" title="Samskara (Indian philosophy)">Samskara (Indian philosophy)</a></div> <p>In the context of <a href="/wiki/Karma" title="Karma">karma</a> theory, Samskara are dispositions, character or behavioral traits either as default from birth (previous lives in some schools of Hinduism), or Samskara are behavioral traits perfected over time through <a href="/wiki/Yoga" title="Yoga">Yoga</a>, through conscious shaping of inner self, one's desire, sense of moral responsibility and through practice.<sup id="cite_ref-stephen_3-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-stephen-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-ian_5-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ian-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In some schools of Hinduism, the psychological concept of samskara is also known as <a href="/wiki/V%C4%81san%C4%81" title="Vāsanā">vāsanā</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>These are viewed as traces or temperament that evolves through the refinement of an individual inner consciousness and expressed personality, and is a form of "being-preparedness" in Vedantic psychology.<sup id="cite_ref-stephen_3-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-stephen-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In Samkhya and Yoga schools, samskara – also spelled as Samksara – are impressions or residues that affect an individual's <a href="/wiki/Gu%E1%B9%87a" title="Guṇa">Gunas</a> (behavior attributes). In Nyaya school of Hinduism, not all Samskara are psychological.<sup id="cite_ref-stephen_3-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-stephen-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In these schools of Hinduism, rites of passage, other actions, studies, diligent preparation and inner resolutions trigger impressions or dispositions in the psyche of an individual. These influences determine how the individual acts, perceives themselves, and responds to or accepts karmic circumstances and the future.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Samskara_as_sacraments">Samskara as sacraments</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Samskara_(rite_of_passage)&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Samskara as sacraments"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><i>Samskaras</i> in Hinduism are sacraments that begin with one's birth, celebrate certain early steps in a baby's growth and his or her welcome into the world in the presence of friends and family, then <a href="/wiki/%C4%80%C5%9Brama_(stage)" title="Āśrama (stage)">various stages of life</a> such as first learning day, graduation from school, wedding and honeymoon, pregnancy, raising a family, as well as those related to final rites associated with cremation.<sup id="cite_ref-husken_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-husken-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> These rites of passage are not uniform, and vary within the diverse traditions of Hinduism. Some may involve formal ceremonies, <a href="/wiki/Yajna" title="Yajna">yajna</a> (fire) ceremonies with the chanting of Vedic hymns. Others are simple, private affairs involving a couple, with or without friends, other families or a religious person such as a priest or a <i>pandit</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-husken_17-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-husken-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Samskaras are not considered as an end in themselves, but are means of social recognition as well as the passage of a person from one significant stage of life to another.<sup id="cite_ref-joyceflueckiger_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-joyceflueckiger-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Various elements of <i>samskaras</i> and rituals of passage are mentioned in Vedas of Hinduism, one of the oldest known scriptures in the world. The most extensive, but divergent discussions of these rites of passage are found in the numerous <a href="/wiki/Dharmasutra" class="mw-redirect" title="Dharmasutra">Dharmasutras</a> and <a href="/wiki/Grhyasutra" class="mw-redirect" title="Grhyasutra">Grhyasutras</a> from the 1st millennium BCE.<sup id="cite_ref-joyceflueckiger_18-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-joyceflueckiger-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Many of these rites of passage include formal ceremonies, with ritual readings of hymns, chants and ethical promises, aiming to orient the individual(s) to that which is considered part of <a href="/wiki/Dharma" title="Dharma">dharma</a> (right, good, just, moral, true, spiritual, responsible, duties to family members or society in general), and essential actions such as those associated with last rites and cremation, charitable works, or out of <i>sraddha</i> or items of faith.<sup id="cite_ref-joyceflueckiger_18-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-joyceflueckiger-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-maryhinduworld_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-maryhinduworld-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="The_purpose">The purpose</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Samskara_(rite_of_passage)&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: The purpose"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Gautama Dharmasutra enumerates a large list of "forty outer <a href="/wiki/Karma" title="Karma">karma</a> samskaras" and "eight inner karma samskara (good qualities)", all of whom have the purpose of empowering a human being to discover, recognize and reach union with the <a href="/wiki/%C4%80tman_(Hinduism)" title="Ātman (Hinduism)">Brahma-Atman</a> (his or her Soul, Self, Highest Being).<sup id="cite_ref-pandeypurpose_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pandeypurpose-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The ultimate purpose is to inculcate virtues, and samskaras are viewed in the Hindu tradition as means – not as ends – towards ripening and perfecting the human journey of life.<sup id="cite_ref-pandeypurpose_21-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pandeypurpose-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The eight good qualities listed by Gautama Dharmasutra are emphasized as more important than the forty samskara rituals, in verses 8.21-8.25, as follows, </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style><blockquote class="templatequote"> <div class="poem"> <p>[...] (8.14-8.20)<br /> These are the forty <i>sanskara</i> (sacramentary rites). (8.21)<br /> <br /> Next, the eight virtues of the self: (8.22)<br /> <a href="/wiki/Compassion#Hinduism" title="Compassion">Compassion</a> towards all creatures, patience, lack of envy, <a href="/wiki/Shaucha" title="Shaucha">purity</a>, tranquillity, having a positive disposition, generosity, and <a href="/wiki/Aparigraha" class="mw-redirect" title="Aparigraha">lack of possessiveness</a>. (8.23)<br /> A man who has performed the forty <i>sanskaras</i> but lacks these eight virtues does not obtain union with <a href="/wiki/Brahman" title="Brahman">Brahman</a>. (8.24)<br /> A man who may have performed only some of the forty <i>sanskaras</i> but possesses these eight virtues, on the other hand, is sure to obtain union with Brahman. (8.25) </p> </div> <div class="templatequotecite">— <cite>Gautama Dharma-sutras, Verses 8.14-8.25, Translated by <a href="/wiki/Patrick_Olivelle" title="Patrick Olivelle">Patrick Olivelle</a><sup id="cite_ref-patrick_8-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-patrick-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></cite></div></blockquote> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="The_40_Samskaras">The 40 Samskaras</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Samskara_(rite_of_passage)&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: The 40 Samskaras"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The <i><a href="/wiki/Gautama_Dharmasutra" title="Gautama Dharmasutra">Gautama Dharmasutra</a></i> list the following forty rituals as outer samskaras:<sup id="cite_ref-patrick_8-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-patrick-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul><li>Garbhadhana (<a href="/wiki/Fertilisation" title="Fertilisation">conception</a>), Pumsavana (rite celebrating the fetus), Simantonnayana (parting of pregnant woman's hair in 8th month), Jatakarman (rite celebrating the birth), Namakarana (naming the child), Annaprashana (baby's first feeding of solid food), Choulam (baby's first haircut, tonsure), and Upanayana (entry into school rite);<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>the four vows associated with Vedic study;</li> <li>graduation ritual at the conclusion of school;</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hindu_wedding" title="Hindu wedding">marriage</a> sva-dharma rite;</li> <li>five sacrifices to gods, ancestors, humans, spirits, and all knowledge;</li> <li>seven remembrances and donations (sacrifices) using cooked food, in the form of ancestral offerings</li> <li>seven remembrances and donations (sacrifices) in the presence of fire (<a href="/wiki/Yajna" title="Yajna">yajna</a>), to mark harvests, seasons and deities</li> <li>seven kinds of Soma sacrifices: agnistoma, atyagnistoma, ukthya, sodasin, vajapeya, atiratra and aptoryama.</li></ul> <p>To obtain union with Brahman, one must also possess the eight virtues (compassion, patience, non-envy, purity of thought speech and body, inner calm and peace, positive attitude, generosity, and lack of possessiveness). </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="The_16_samskaras">The 16 samskaras</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Samskara_(rite_of_passage)&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: The 16 samskaras"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>There are diverse number of samskaras in Hinduism, varying by texts between 12 and 18 in the <a href="/wiki/Grhyasutras" class="mw-redirect" title="Grhyasutras">Grhyasutras</a> (Kalpa sastras). Of these, 16 are referred to as "Shodasha Samskaras" (<span title="International Alphabet of Sanskrit transliteration"><i lang="sa-Latn">Ṣoḍaśa Saṃskāra</i></span>).<sup id="cite_ref-pandey23_9-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pandey23-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Intent_to_have_a_child_ritual,_Garbhadhana"><span id="Intent_to_have_a_child_ritual.2C_Garbhadhana"></span>Intent to have a child ritual, Garbhadhana</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Samskara_(rite_of_passage)&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Intent to have a child ritual, Garbhadhana"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Garbhadhana" title="Garbhadhana">Garbhadhana</a> (<a href="/wiki/IAST" class="mw-redirect" title="IAST">IAST</a>: Garbhādhāna, Sanskrit: गर्भाधान), also called <i>Garbhalambhanam</i>, literally means attaining the wealth of the womb.<sup id="cite_ref-pandeygarbha_24-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pandeygarbha-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It is a private rite of passage, marking the intent of a couple to have a child. It is a ceremony performed before conception and impregnation.<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In some ancient texts, the word simply refers to the rite of passage where the couple have sex to have a child, and no ceremonies are mentioned.<sup id="cite_ref-benner_7-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-benner-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Scholars trace this rite to Vedic hymns, such as those in sections 8.35.10 through 8.35.12 of the Rigveda, where repeated prayers for progeny and prosperity are solemnized,<sup id="cite_ref-pandeygarbha_24-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pandeygarbha-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote"> <p>प्रजां च धत्तं द्रविणं च धत्तम्<br /> bestow upon us progeny and affluence </p> <div class="templatequotecite">— <cite>Rig Veda 8.35.10 - 8.35.12, Translated by Ralph Griffith<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></cite></div></blockquote> <p>The Vedic texts have many passages, where the hymn solemnizes the desire for having a child, without specifying the gender of the child. For example, the Rigveda in section 10.184 states,<sup id="cite_ref-pandeygarbha_24-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pandeygarbha-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote"> <div class="poem"> <p>विष्णुर्योनिं कल्पयतु त्वष्टा रूपाणि पिंशतु । आ सिञ्चतु प्रजापतिर्धाता गर्भं दधातु ते ॥१॥<br /> गर्भं धेहि सिनीवालि गर्भं धेहि सरस्वति । गर्भं ते अश्विनौ देवावा धत्तां पुष्करस्रजा ॥२॥<br /> हिरण्ययी अरणी यं निर्मन्थतो अश्विना । तं ते गर्भं हवामहे दशमे मासि सूतवे ॥३॥<br /> May <a href="/wiki/Vishnu" title="Vishnu">Vishnu</a> construct the womb, may Twashtri fabricate the member, may <a href="/wiki/Prajapati" title="Prajapati">Prajapati</a> sprinkle the seed, may Dhatri cherish thy embryo;<br /> Sustain the embryo Sinivali, sustain the embryo <a href="/wiki/Saraswati" title="Saraswati">Saraswati</a>, may the divine Aswins, garlanded with lotuses, sustain thy embryo;<br /> We invoke thy embryo which the Aswins have churned with the golden pieces of Arani (firewood), that thou mayest bring it forth in the tenth month. </p> </div> <div class="templatequotecite">— <cite>Rig Veda 10.184.1 - 10.184.3, Translated by HH Wilson<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></cite></div></blockquote> <p>The desire for progeny, without mentioning gender, is in many other books of the Rigveda, such as the hymn 10.85.37. The Atharva Veda, similarly in verse 14.2.2, states a ritual invitation to the wife, by her husband to mount the bed for conception, "being happy in mind, here mount the bed; give birth to children for me, your husband".<sup id="cite_ref-pandeygarbha_24-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pandeygarbha-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Later texts, such as the <a href="/wiki/Brihadaranyaka_Upanishad" title="Brihadaranyaka Upanishad">Brihadaranyaka Upanishad</a>, in the last chapter detailing the education of a student, include lessons for his <a href="/wiki/Grihastha" class="mw-redirect" title="Grihastha">Grihastha</a> stage of life.<sup id="cite_ref-deussen_28-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-deussen-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> There, the student is taught, that as a husband, he should cook rice for the wife, and they together eat the food in certain way depending on whether they wish for the birth of a daughter or a son, as follows,<sup id="cite_ref-deussen_28-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-deussen-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote"> <div class="poem"> <p>And if a man wishes that a learned daughter should be born to him, and that she should live to her full age, then after having prepared boiled rice with sesamum and butter, they should both eat, being fit to have offspring.<br /> <br /> And if a man wishes that a learned son should be born to him, and that he should live his full age, then after having prepared boiled rice with meat and butter, they should both eat, being fit to have offspring. </p> </div> <div class="templatequotecite">— <cite>Brihadaranyaka Upanishad 6.4.17 - 6.4.18, Translated by <a href="/wiki/Max_Muller" class="mw-redirect" title="Max Muller">Max Muller</a><sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></cite></div></blockquote><p> According to Shankaracharya, rather than meat the inner pulp of two fruits is cooked with rice. </p><p>The different Grhyasutras differ in their point of view, whether the garbhadhana is to be performed only once, before the first conception, or every time before the couple plan to have additional children.<sup id="cite_ref-pandeygk_30-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pandeygk-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> To answer this question, the medieval era texts of various schools discussed and offered diverse views on whether the ritual is a rite of passage for the baby's anticipation in the womb (<i>garbha</i>), or for the wife (<i>kshetra</i>).<sup id="cite_ref-pandeygk_30-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pandeygk-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A rite of passage of the baby would imply that <i>Garbhadhana</i> samskara is necessary for each baby and therefore every time the couple intend to have a new baby, while a rite of passage of the wife would imply a one time ritual suffices.<sup id="cite_ref-pandeygk_30-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pandeygk-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Nurturing_the_fetus_rite,_Pumsavana"><span id="Nurturing_the_fetus_rite.2C_Pumsavana"></span>Nurturing the fetus rite, Pumsavana</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Samskara_(rite_of_passage)&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Nurturing the fetus rite, Pumsavana"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Pumsavana" title="Pumsavana">Pumsavana</a> (<a href="/wiki/IAST" class="mw-redirect" title="IAST">IAST</a>: puṃsavana, Sanskrit: पुंसवन) is a composite word of <i>Pums</i> + <i>savana</i>. <i>Pums</i> as a noun means "a man, a human being, a soul or spirit", while <i>savana</i> means "ceremony, rite, oblation, festival".<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Pumsavana literally means "rite for a strong or male baby", usually translated as "nurturing a male fetus, bringing forth a male baby".<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It is a ritual conducted when the pregnancy begins to show, typically in or after the third month of pregnancy and usually before the fetus starts moving in the womb. The ceremony celebrates the rite of passage of the developing fetus, marking the stage where the baby begins to kick as a milestone in a baby's development. </p><p>The roots of the <i>pumsavana</i> ritual are found in section 4.3.23 and 4.6.2 of the Atharva Veda, wherein charms are recited for a baby boy.<sup id="cite_ref-mauriceb_33-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-mauriceb-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Atharva Veda also contains charms to be recited for the birth of a child of either gender and the prevention of miscarriages, such as in section 4.6.17.<sup id="cite_ref-mauriceb_33-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-mauriceb-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The ritual is performed in diverse ways, but all involve the husband serving something to the expectant wife. In one version, she is fed a paste mixture of yoghurt, milk and <i>ghee</i> (clarified butter) by him.<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In another version, the <i>pumsavana</i> ritual is more elaborate, done in the presence of <a href="/wiki/Yajna" title="Yajna">yajna</a> fire and vedic chants, where the husband places a drop of Banyan leaf extract in the wife's right nostril for a son, and her left nostril for a daughter, followed by a feast for all present.<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The time prescribed for the <i>pumsavana</i> differs in different Grhyasutras, and can be extended up to the eighth month of pregnancy, according to some.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (April 2015)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Parting_hair_and_baby_shower,_Simantonnayana"><span id="Parting_hair_and_baby_shower.2C_Simantonnayana"></span>Parting hair and baby shower, Simantonnayana</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Samskara_(rite_of_passage)&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Parting hair and baby shower, Simantonnayana"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Simantonnayana" title="Simantonnayana">Simantonnayana</a> (<a href="/wiki/IAST" class="mw-redirect" title="IAST">IAST</a>: Sīmantonnayana, Sanskrit: सीमन्तोन्नयन), also called <i>Simanta</i> or <i>Simantakarana</i>, literally means "parting the hair upwards".<sup id="cite_ref-pvkanesiman_37-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pvkanesiman-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-pandeysimanta_38-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pandeysimanta-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The significance of the ritual is to wish a healthy development of the baby and safe delivery to the mother.<sup id="cite_ref-marymcgeesiman_39-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-marymcgeesiman-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><i>Simantonnayana</i> ritual is described in many Gryhasutra texts, but Kane states that there is great divergence in details, which may be because the rite of passage emerged in more a recent era, before it receded into the background.<sup id="cite_ref-pvkanesiman_37-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pvkanesiman-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The texts do not agree on whether this rite of passage was to be celebrated before or after <i>pumsavana</i>, early or late stage of pregnancy, or the nature of ritual celebrations.<sup id="cite_ref-pvkanesiman_37-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pvkanesiman-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The texts also disagree whether <i>Simantonnayana</i> was a rite of passage of the baby or of the pregnant woman, the former implying it must be repeated for every baby while the latter implying it was to be observed once for the woman with her first pregnancy.<sup id="cite_ref-pvkanesiman_37-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pvkanesiman-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-pandeysimanta_38-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pandeysimanta-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The common element was the husband and wife getting together, with friends and family, then he parts her hair upwards at least three times. In modern times, the "parting hair" rite of passage is rarely observed, and when observed it is called <i>Atha-gulem</i> and done in the 8th month, with flowers and fruits, to cheer the woman in the late stages of her pregnancy.<sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The ritual has more commonly evolved into a ritual that shares characteristics of a <a href="/wiki/Baby_shower" title="Baby shower">baby shower</a>, where the friends and relatives of the woman meet, acknowledge and satisfy the food cravings of the expectant woman, and give gifts to the mother and the baby in the seventh or eighth month of pregnancy.<sup id="cite_ref-marymcgeesiman_39-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-marymcgeesiman-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Yåjñavalkya Smriti verse 3.79 asserts that the desires of the pregnant woman should be satisfied for healthy development of the baby, to prevent miscarriage and her health.<sup id="cite_ref-marymcgeesiman_39-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-marymcgeesiman-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> After the <i>Simantonnayana</i> ritual or in the last months of the pregnancy, the woman is expected to not overexert herself, her husband is expected to be by her and not to travel to distant lands.<sup id="cite_ref-marymcgeesiman_39-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-marymcgeesiman-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This rite of passage is regionally called by various names, such as <i>Seemant</i>, <i>Godh bharai</i>, <i>Seemantham</i> or <i>Valaikaapu</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Childbirth_ceremony,_Jatakarman"><span id="Childbirth_ceremony.2C_Jatakarman"></span>Childbirth ceremony, Jatakarman</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Samskara_(rite_of_passage)&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Childbirth ceremony, Jatakarman"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Jatakarma" title="Jatakarma">Jātakarman</a> literally means "rite of a new-born infant".<sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-apte_44-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-apte-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It is a rite of passage that celebrates the birth of the baby.<sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It is the first post-natal rite of passage of the new born baby. It signifies the baby's birth, as well as the bonding of the father with the baby.<sup id="cite_ref-kathyjackson_46-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-kathyjackson-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In Hindu traditions, a human being is born at least twice – one at physical birth through mother's womb, and second at intellectual birth through teacher's care, the first is marked through <i>Jatakarman</i> samskara ritual, the second is marked through <i>Vidyarambha</i> or <i>Upanayana</i> samskara ritual.<sup id="cite_ref-maryhinduworld_20-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-maryhinduworld-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> During a traditional <i>Jātakarman</i> ritual, the father welcomes the baby by touching the baby's lips with honey and ghee (clarified butter), as Vedic hymns are recited. The first significance of the hymns is <i>medhajanana</i> (Sanskrit: मेधाजनन), or to initiate the baby's mind and intellect in the womb of the world, after the baby's body formation has completed in the womb of the mother. The second part of the hymns wish the baby a long life.<sup id="cite_ref-kathyjackson_46-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-kathyjackson-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Brihadaranyaka Upanishad, in the last chapter detailing lessons for Grihastha stage of life for a student, describes this rite of passage, in verses 6.4.24 to 6.4.27, as follows,<sup id="cite_ref-deussen_28-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-deussen-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Peerital.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/Peerital.jpg/220px-Peerital.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="342" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/Peerital.jpg/330px-Peerital.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/Peerital.jpg/440px-Peerital.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1998" data-file-height="3110" /></a><figcaption>A new born's Namakarana ceremony. The grandmother is whispering the name into the baby's ear, while friends and family watch.</figcaption></figure> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote"> <div class="poem"> <p>When a child is born, he prepares the fire, places the child on his lap, and having poured <i>Prishadajya</i> of <i>Dahi</i> (yoghurt) and <i>Ghrita</i> (clarified butter), into a metal jug, he sacrifices the mix into the fire, saying:<br /> "May I, as I prosper in this my house, nourish a thousand ! May fortune never fail in its race, with offspring and cattle, Svah !<br /> I offer to thee [the baby] in my mind the vital breaths which are in me, Svah !<br /> Whatever in my work I have done too much, or whatever I have done too little, may the wise Agni make it right, make it proper, Svah !" </p> </div> <div class="templatequotecite">— <cite><a href="/wiki/Brihadaranyaka_Upanishad" title="Brihadaranyaka Upanishad">Brihadaranyaka Upanishad</a> 6.4.24<sup id="cite_ref-deussen_28-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-deussen-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-maxmullerjatakarama_47-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-maxmullerjatakarama-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></cite></div></blockquote> <p>The Upanishad includes prayer to deity <a href="/wiki/Saraswati" title="Saraswati">Saraswati</a> during this rite of passage, the goddess of knowledge and wisdom in Hindu tradition. It also includes the threefold repetition of "Speech Speech" with the assertion to the baby, "You are the Vedas! so, live a hundred autumns", into the baby's ear by the father.<sup id="cite_ref-kathyjackson_46-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-kathyjackson-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-maxmullerjatakarama_47-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-maxmullerjatakarama-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> At the end of the ritual pronouncements by the father, he gives the baby to the mother's breast for feeding.<sup id="cite_ref-deussen_28-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-deussen-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-maxmullerjatakarama_47-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-maxmullerjatakarama-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>While the earliest Dharmasutras list Jatakarma and Namakarama as two different samskara, they evolve into one in many Gryhasutra texts. By Pantanjali's time, these two rites of passage had merged into one, and completed within the first two weeks of the baby's birth, usually about the tenth day.<sup id="cite_ref-48" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Naming_the_baby_ritual,_Namakarana"><span id="Naming_the_baby_ritual.2C_Namakarana"></span>Naming the baby ritual, Namakarana</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Samskara_(rite_of_passage)&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Naming the baby ritual, Namakarana"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Namakarana" class="mw-redirect" title="Namakarana">Namakarana</a> (<a href="/wiki/IAST" class="mw-redirect" title="IAST">IAST</a>: Nāmakaraṇa, Sanskrit: नामकरण) literally means "ceremony of naming a child".<sup id="cite_ref-49" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This rite of passage is usually done on the eleventh or twelfth day after birth, and sometimes the first new moon or full moon day after the tenth day of birth.<sup id="cite_ref-kanenama_50-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-kanenama-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On the day of this samskara, the infant is bathed and dressed in new garments.<sup id="cite_ref-marynama_51-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-marynama-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> His or her formal name, selected by the parents, is announced. The naming ritual solemnizes the child as an individual, marking the process by which a child is accepted and socialized by people around him or her. The Satapatha Brahmana verse 6.1.3.9 asserts that the naming ceremony is a cleansing ceremony for the baby. The rite of passage also includes a gathering of friends and relatives of the new parents, where gifts are presented, and a feast follows.<sup id="cite_ref-marynama_51-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-marynama-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The ancient Sanskrit texts provide numerous and divergent guidelines to the parents for choosing names.<sup id="cite_ref-kanenama_50-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-kanenama-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Most recommend that the boy's name be two or four syllables, starting with a sonant, a semivowel in the middle, and ending in a visarga. A girl's name is recommended to be an odd number of syllables, ending in a long <i>ā</i> or <i>ī</i>, resonant and easy to pronounce.<sup id="cite_ref-kanenama_50-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-kanenama-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Unpleasant, inauspicious, or words that easily transform into bad or evil words must be avoided, state the Gryhasutras, while the preferred names are those affiliated with a deity, virtues, good qualities, lucky stars, constellation, derivatives of the name of the father, or mother, or the place of birth, or beautiful elements of nature (trees, flowers, birds).<sup id="cite_ref-kanenama_50-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-kanenama-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-marynama_51-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-marynama-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Baby's_first_outing,_Nishkramana"><span id="Baby.27s_first_outing.2C_Nishkramana"></span>Baby's first outing, Nishkramana</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Samskara_(rite_of_passage)&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Baby's first outing, Nishkramana"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Nishkramana" title="Nishkramana">Nishkramana</a> (<a href="/wiki/IAST" class="mw-redirect" title="IAST">IAST</a>: Niṣkrāmaṇa, Sanskrit: निष्क्रम) literally means "going out, coming forth",<sup id="cite_ref-52" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> is the rite of passage where the parents take the baby outside the home and the baby formally meets the world for the first time.<sup id="cite_ref-marynama_51-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-marynama-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-kanenish_53-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-kanenish-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It is usually observed during the fourth month after birth. On this ritual occasion the newborn is taken out and shown the sun at sunrise or sunset, or the moon, or both. Alternatively, some families take the baby to a temple for the first time.<sup id="cite_ref-marynama_51-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-marynama-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The rite of passage involves bathing the baby and dressing him or her in new clothes. The baby's outing is accompanied by both the mother and the father, siblings if any, as well some nearby loved ones, such as grandparents and friends.<sup id="cite_ref-kanenish_53-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-kanenish-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-54" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Choroonu_02.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/Choroonu_02.jpg/220px-Choroonu_02.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/Choroonu_02.jpg/330px-Choroonu_02.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/Choroonu_02.jpg/440px-Choroonu_02.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3648" data-file-height="2736" /></a><figcaption>Annaprashanam is the rite of passage where the baby is fed solid food for the first time. The ritual has regional names, such as Choroonu in <a href="/wiki/Kerala" title="Kerala">Kerala</a>.</figcaption></figure> <p>The significance of <i>Niskramana</i> and showing the baby heavenly bodies is derived from their significance of Sun, Moon and nature in the Vedic literature.<sup id="cite_ref-kanenish_53-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-kanenish-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> At the time the baby is present before the sunrise or moon, it is the father who holds the baby and recites a hymn that means, "the brilliant sun has risen in the east, he is like the <i>hamsa</i> (swan) of the pure worlds, let us salute him, because he dispels darkness".<sup id="cite_ref-kanenish_53-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-kanenish-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> When the baby is in presence of the moon, the father says, "O Moon, thou whose hair is well parted, let this child come to no harm, nor torn from the mother".<sup id="cite_ref-kanenish_53-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-kanenish-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Baby's_first_solid_food,_Annaprashana"><span id="Baby.27s_first_solid_food.2C_Annaprashana"></span>Baby's first solid food, Annaprashana</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Samskara_(rite_of_passage)&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Baby's first solid food, Annaprashana"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Annaprashana" title="Annaprashana">Annaprashana</a> (<a href="/wiki/IAST" class="mw-redirect" title="IAST">IAST</a>: Annaprāśana, Sanskrit: अन्नप्राशन) literally means "feeding of food", and the rite of passage marks the first time a baby eats solid food, typically containing cooked rice.<sup id="cite_ref-marynama_51-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-marynama-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Most Gryhasutras recommend this ritual in the sixth month, or when the child shows the first teeth, with slow weaning of the baby from breast feeding to other sources of food.<sup id="cite_ref-marynama_51-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-marynama-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-kaneanna_55-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-kaneanna-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Some texts recommend continued breast feeding of the child, as the child adapts to the various foods. The ritual is usually celebrated with cooked rice, in a paste of honey, ghee and curd.<sup id="cite_ref-kaneanna_55-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-kaneanna-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-56" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Sankhyayana Gryhasutra recommends that fish, goat or partridge meat gravy be added to the solid food that baby tastes for the first time, while Manava Gryhasutra is silent about the use of meat.<sup id="cite_ref-kaneanna_55-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-kaneanna-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The mother eats with the baby, the same food. The father sits with them and participates in the rite of passage. The rite of passage, in some texts, include charity and feeding of the poor, and ceremonial prayers by both parents.<sup id="cite_ref-kaneanna_55-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-kaneanna-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Baby's_first_haircut,_Chudakarana"><span id="Baby.27s_first_haircut.2C_Chudakarana"></span>Baby's first haircut, Chudakarana</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Samskara_(rite_of_passage)&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Baby's first haircut, Chudakarana"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Hindu_baby_first_head_shave_choulopan_chudakarana_sanskara.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c4/Hindu_baby_first_head_shave_choulopan_chudakarana_sanskara.jpg/220px-Hindu_baby_first_head_shave_choulopan_chudakarana_sanskara.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c4/Hindu_baby_first_head_shave_choulopan_chudakarana_sanskara.jpg/330px-Hindu_baby_first_head_shave_choulopan_chudakarana_sanskara.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c4/Hindu_baby_first_head_shave_choulopan_chudakarana_sanskara.jpg/440px-Hindu_baby_first_head_shave_choulopan_chudakarana_sanskara.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1280" data-file-height="853" /></a><figcaption>A baby's first haircut is called <i>choulam</i> samskara.</figcaption></figure> <p><a href="/wiki/Chudakarana" title="Chudakarana">Chudakarana</a> (<a href="/wiki/IAST" class="mw-redirect" title="IAST">IAST</a>: Cūḍākaraṇa, Sanskrit: चूडाकरण) (literally, rite of tonsure), also known as <i>choulam</i>, <i>caula</i>, <i>chudakarma</i>, <i>mundana</i> or "mundan sanskar" is the rite of passage that marks the child's first haircut, typically the shaving of the head.<sup id="cite_ref-marynama_51-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-marynama-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The mother dresses up, sometimes in her wedding <a href="/wiki/Sari" title="Sari">sari</a>, and with the father present, the baby's hair is cut and the nails are trimmed.<sup id="cite_ref-kanechou_57-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-kanechou-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Sometimes, a tuft of hair is left to cover the soft spot near the top of baby's head.<sup id="cite_ref-marynama_51-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-marynama-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-kanechou_57-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-kanechou-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The significance of this rite of passage is the baby's cyclical step to hygiene and cleanliness.<sup id="cite_ref-58" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The ritual is seen as a passage of purity. It is typically done about the first birthday, but some texts recommend that it be completed before the third or the seventh year.<sup id="cite_ref-kanechou_57-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-kanechou-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Sometimes, this ritual is combined with the rite of passage of Upanayana, initiation to formal schooling.<sup id="cite_ref-marynama_51-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-marynama-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The ritual may include recitation of prayers for the child's long life and happiness.<sup id="cite_ref-kanechou_57-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-kanechou-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Baby's_earlobe_piercing_rite,_Karnavedha"><span id="Baby.27s_earlobe_piercing_rite.2C_Karnavedha"></span>Baby's earlobe piercing rite, Karnavedha</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Samskara_(rite_of_passage)&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Baby's earlobe piercing rite, Karnavedha"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Early_piercing.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Early_piercing.jpg/220px-Early_piercing.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="330" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Early_piercing.jpg/330px-Early_piercing.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Early_piercing.jpg/440px-Early_piercing.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1280" data-file-height="1920" /></a><figcaption>A Hindu girl after her Karnavedha rite of passage (ear piercing)</figcaption></figure> <p><a href="/wiki/Karnavedha" title="Karnavedha">Karnavedha</a> (<a href="/wiki/IAST" class="mw-redirect" title="IAST">IAST</a>: Karṇavedha, Sanskrit: कर्णवेध) literally means "ear-piercing".<sup id="cite_ref-59" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This is a minor rite of passage that is not mentioned in most Gryha-sutras.<sup id="cite_ref-marynama_51-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-marynama-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-60" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Those that mention it state different schedules, with some suggesting the ritual within the first four weeks after birth, others suggesting within the first year.<sup id="cite_ref-marynama_51-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-marynama-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-kanekarna_61-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-kanekarna-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The purpose of this optional ritual is primarily an ornamentation of the body, and it is part of the baby's socialization process and culture emersion. The piercing is usually done with a clean gold thread, or silver needle.<sup id="cite_ref-marynama_51-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-marynama-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-kanekarna_61-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-kanekarna-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>For a baby boy, the right earlobe is pierced first.<sup id="cite_ref-marynama_51-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-marynama-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> For a baby girl, the left earlobe is. In case of girls, the left nostril may also be pierced during this ritual.<sup id="cite_ref-marynama_51-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-marynama-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-kanekarna_61-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-kanekarna-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The piercing of the earlobes symbolically reminds the child, as he or she grows up, of beauty and social presence, of the importance of hearing and speech in the wisdom of the Vedas.<sup id="cite_ref-marynama_51-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-marynama-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Child's_commencement_to_knowledge,_Vidyarambha"><span id="Child.27s_commencement_to_knowledge.2C_Vidyarambha"></span>Child's commencement to knowledge, Vidyarambha</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Samskara_(rite_of_passage)&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Child's commencement to knowledge, Vidyarambha"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Vidy%C4%81ra%E1%B9%83bha%E1%B9%83" title="Vidyāraṃbhaṃ">Vidyarambha</a> (<a href="/wiki/IAST" class="mw-redirect" title="IAST">IAST</a>: Vidyāraṃba, Sanskrit: विद्यारम्भ) literally means "beginning of study". It is also known as <i>Akshararambha</i>, <i>Aksharaabhyaasa</i>, or <i>Aksharasvikara</i>. It is a ritual that celebrates as a milestone, the child's formal attempt to learn means of knowledge.<sup id="cite_ref-kanevidya_62-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-kanevidya-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This includes steps where the child, helped by the parents and other family members, does one or more of the following: writes letters of the mother-tongue, draws mathematical numbers or shapes, and plays a musical instrument.<sup id="cite_ref-pandeyvidya_63-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pandeyvidya-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The oldest texts that describe rites of passage, such as the Dharmasutras, make no mention of <i>Vidyarambha</i> and go direct to <i>Upanayana</i> ritual at the eighth year.<sup id="cite_ref-kanevidya_62-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-kanevidya-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The later texts, such as the <i>Samsakara Prakasha</i>, from the first centuries of 1st millennium CE, mention <i>Vidyarambha</i> as a rite of passage in the fifth year of a child's life, suggesting that the process of learning started shifting to an earlier age of a child with time. The ceremony is observed on the same day for all children in their fifth year, on the day of <a href="/wiki/Vijayadashami" title="Vijayadashami">Vijayadasami</a> which is on the tenth of the Hindu month <a href="/wiki/Ashvin" class="mw-redirect" title="Ashvin">Ashvin</a> (September–October).<sup id="cite_ref-kanevidya_62-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-kanevidya-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-pandeyvidya_63-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pandeyvidya-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It includes a prayer to goddess Saraswati and deity Ganesh,<sup id="cite_ref-kanevidya_62-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-kanevidya-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> a teacher is invited or the parents themselves work with the child to write <i>Lipi</i> (letters of the alphabet), draw <i>Samkhya</i> (numbers) or pictures, and sometimes play with an instrument.<sup id="cite_ref-pandeyvidya_63-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pandeyvidya-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-64" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In modern times, parents mark this rite of passage in the third year of the child.<sup id="cite_ref-65" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Child's_entrance_into_school,_Upanayana"><span id="Child.27s_entrance_into_school.2C_Upanayana"></span>Child's entrance into school, Upanayana</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Samskara_(rite_of_passage)&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Child's entrance into school, Upanayana"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:A_yagyopaveet_sanskar_upanayana_samskara.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2a/A_yagyopaveet_sanskar_upanayana_samskara.jpg/220px-A_yagyopaveet_sanskar_upanayana_samskara.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="189" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2a/A_yagyopaveet_sanskar_upanayana_samskara.jpg/330px-A_yagyopaveet_sanskar_upanayana_samskara.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2a/A_yagyopaveet_sanskar_upanayana_samskara.jpg/440px-A_yagyopaveet_sanskar_upanayana_samskara.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="687" /></a><figcaption>Upanayana samskara ceremony in progress. Typically, this ritual was for eight-year-olds in ancient India, but in the 1st millennium CE it became open to all ages.<sup id="cite_ref-haroldcoward_66-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-haroldcoward-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></figcaption></figure> <p><a href="/wiki/Upanayana" title="Upanayana">Upanayana</a> (<a href="/wiki/IAST" class="mw-redirect" title="IAST">IAST</a>:Upanayana, Sanskrit: उपनयन) literally means "the act of leading to or near".<sup id="cite_ref-mmwupa_67-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-mmwupa-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It is an important and widely discussed samskara in ancient Sanskrit text.<sup id="cite_ref-kaneupan_68-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-kaneupan-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The rite of passage symbolizes the leading or drawing towards the self of a child, in a school, by a teacher.<sup id="cite_ref-mmwupa_67-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-mmwupa-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It is a ceremony in which a Guru (teacher) accepts and draws a child towards knowledge and initiates the second birth that is of the young mind and spirit.<sup id="cite_ref-kaneupan_68-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-kaneupan-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Upanayana was an elaborate ceremony, that included rituals involving the family, the child and the teacher. During this ceremony, a boy receives a sacred thread called <i>Yajñopaveetam</i>, that he wears. <i>Yajñopavita</i> ceremony announced that the child had entered into formal education.<sup id="cite_ref-kaneupan2_69-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-kaneupan2-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-70" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the modern era, the Upanayana rite of passage is open to anyone at any age.<sup id="cite_ref-haroldcoward_66-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-haroldcoward-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Rajbali Pandey compares the Upanayana rite of passage to Baptism in Christianity where the person is born again unto spiritual knowledge, in addition to it being the ancient Indian rite of passage for the start of formal education of writing, numbers, reading, <a href="/wiki/Vedanga" title="Vedanga">Vedangas</a>, arts and other skills.<sup id="cite_ref-pandeyupan_71-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pandeyupan-71"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>71<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <i>Upanayana</i> rite of passage was also important to the teacher, as the student would therefrom begin to live in the <i>Gurukul</i> (school).<sup id="cite_ref-kaneupan_68-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-kaneupan-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Many medieval era texts discuss Upanayana in the context of three <i>Varnas</i> – Brahmins, Kshtreyas and Vaishyas.<sup id="cite_ref-pandeyupan_71-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pandeyupan-71"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>71<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Several texts such as <i>Sushruta Sutrasthana</i>, however, also include Sudras entering schools and the formal education process,<sup id="cite_ref-72" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-72"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>72<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> stating that the Upanayana samskara was open to everyone.<sup id="cite_ref-kaneupan2_69-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-kaneupan2-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-73" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-73"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>73<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The upanayana ceremony extended to women, in ancient Sanskrit texts, and the girls who underwent this rite of passage then pursued studies were called <i>Brahmavadini</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-pvkaneyajnow_74-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pvkaneyajnow-74"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>74<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Those who did not performed upanayana ceremony at the time of their wedding. Instead of sacred thread, girls would wear their robe (now called sari or saree) in the manner of the sacred thread, that is over her left shoulder during this rite of passage.<sup id="cite_ref-pvkaneyajnow_74-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pvkaneyajnow-74"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>74<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-75" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-75"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>75<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The education of a student was not limited to ritual and philosophical speculations found in the Vedas and the Upanishads. They extended to many arts and crafts, which had their own but similar rites of passages.<sup id="cite_ref-stella_76-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-stella-76"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>76<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Aitareya_Brahmana" title="Aitareya Brahmana">Aitareya Brahmana</a>, Agamas and <a href="/wiki/Puranas" title="Puranas">Puranas</a> literature of Hinduism describe these as <i>Shilpa Sastras</i>, and they extend to all practical aspects of culture, such as the sculptor, the potter, the perfumer, the wheelwright, the painter, the weaver, the architect, the dancer, and the musician. Ancient Indian texts assert that the number of the arts is unlimited, but each deploy elements of 64 <i>kala</i> (कला, techniques) and 32 <i>vidyas</i> (विद्या, fields of knowledge).<sup id="cite_ref-stella_76-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-stella-76"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>76<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The training of these began from childhood, and included studies about <a href="/wiki/Dharma" title="Dharma">dharma</a>, culture, reading, writing, mathematics, geometry, colors, tools, as well as traditions (trade secrets). The rites of passage during apprentice education varied in the respective guilds.<sup id="cite_ref-77" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-77"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>77<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-78" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-78"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>78<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Vedarambha">Vedarambha</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Samskara_(rite_of_passage)&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Vedarambha"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/w/index.php?title=Praishartha&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Praishartha (page does not exist)">Praishartha</a> (or <a href="/wiki/Vedarambha" title="Vedarambha">Vedarambha</a>) is the rite of passage that marked the start of learning the <a href="/wiki/Veda" class="mw-redirect" title="Veda">Vedas</a> and <a href="/wiki/Upanishad" class="mw-redirect" title="Upanishad">Upanishads</a> in <i>Gurukulam</i> or <i>Pathashala</i> (school). It was a fire ritual (<i>yajna</i>), where the teacher and the student sat together, with the teacher reciting initiation hymns and the student following. This ritual is missing in older texts, and Pandey suggests that the later tradition recognized the difference between getting accepted in a school, and the actual start of Veda studies when the student is ready to learn those texts.<sup id="cite_ref-79" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-79"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>79<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In ancient India, the student's preparation involved helping with school chores, living a simple life, going to villages and towns to seek donations of food (<i>Bhiksha</i>), collect and bring water, collect fuel sticks for cooking, general maintenance of the school and share the food he and others collect with his teacher and the student community. These were on-going rituals of living at living, and not considered as a distinct rite of passage.<sup id="cite_ref-80" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-80"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>80<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Prior to the initiation of the Veda study, the student learnt the vocabulary, grammar and other basic studies. The emphasis of the stage where the student started Veda study was both the memorization and know the meaning of each hymn, verse or mantra.<sup id="cite_ref-81" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-81"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>81<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Vedarambha marked the actual start of the Veda study.<sup id="cite_ref-82" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-82"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>82<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Some texts describes two rituals each academic period (school year), one marking the start of Vedic studies each year, called <a href="/wiki/Upakarma" title="Upakarma">Upakarma</a> or <i>Upakarana</i>. The other ceremony was held at the end of each academic period, called <i>Utasarjanam</i> or <i>Utsarga</i> or <i>Samapana</i>, and marked the suspension of the Veda studies for a certain period of the year.<sup id="cite_ref-kaneupak_83-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-kaneupak-83"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>83<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The start of school ceremony, the Upakarma was observed in the month of <a href="/wiki/Shraavana" class="mw-redirect" title="Shraavana">Sravana</a> (August) every year.<sup id="cite_ref-kaneupak_83-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-kaneupak-83"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>83<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It was held in the morning, and attended by the students, the teacher, people in the <a href="/wiki/Grihastha" class="mw-redirect" title="Grihastha">Grihastha</a> stage (householders, parents) and <a href="/wiki/Vanaprastha" class="mw-redirect" title="Vanaprastha">Vanaprastha</a> stage of life (retired, grandparents).<sup id="cite_ref-kaneupak_83-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-kaneupak-83"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>83<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <i>Utsarga</i>, closing the study year, was held in the month of <a href="/wiki/Magha_(month)" title="Magha (month)">Magha</a> (about February).<sup id="cite_ref-84" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-84"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>84<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Keshanta_and_Ritusuddhi">Keshanta and Ritusuddhi</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Samskara_(rite_of_passage)&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Keshanta and Ritusuddhi"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Group_of_Tamil_girls.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/Group_of_Tamil_girls.jpg/220px-Group_of_Tamil_girls.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="262" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/Group_of_Tamil_girls.jpg/330px-Group_of_Tamil_girls.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/Group_of_Tamil_girls.jpg/440px-Group_of_Tamil_girls.jpg 2x" data-file-width="599" data-file-height="712" /></a><figcaption>A Tamil Hindu girl (center) in 1870 wearing a half-saree, flowers and jewelry from her <i>Ritu Kala samskara</i> rite of passage</figcaption></figure> <p><a href="/wiki/Keshanta" title="Keshanta">Keshanta</a> (<a href="/wiki/IAST" class="mw-redirect" title="IAST">IAST</a>: Keśānta) (literally, getting rid of hairs) is the first shave of a youth's facial hair. This was typically observed about age sixteen, and the emerging beard and moustache were shaved. The ceremony included gift giving such as to the barber and the teacher at his school.<sup id="cite_ref-pandeykesh_85-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pandeykesh-85"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>85<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The coming of age ceremony ended with the student reciting his vow of chastity and the code of Brahmacharya.<sup id="cite_ref-pandeykesh_85-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pandeykesh-85"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>85<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Ritusuddhi" class="mw-redirect" title="Ritusuddhi">Ritusuddhi</a>, also called as <i>Ritu Kala Samskara</i>, is the corresponding coming of age ceremony for girls, after <a href="/wiki/Menarche" title="Menarche">menarche</a> or first <a href="/wiki/Menstruation" title="Menstruation">menstruation</a>. This milestone in a girl's life is observed by her family and friends, with gifts and her wearing a <a href="/wiki/Sari" title="Sari">sari</a> for the ritual.<sup id="cite_ref-86" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-86"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>86<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-87" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-87"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>87<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The rite of passage is celebrated, in modern times, as a "half-saree party" where the female relatives and friends of the girl gather, and she receives and wears a half-saree and other gifts. Thereafter, at ceremonious events, she wears the half-sarees, until her marriage when she puts on a full <i>Sari</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-88" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-88"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>88<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Graduation_ceremony,_Samavartana"><span id="Graduation_ceremony.2C_Samavartana"></span>Graduation ceremony, Samavartana</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Samskara_(rite_of_passage)&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Graduation ceremony, Samavartana"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Samavartana" class="mw-redirect" title="Samavartana">Samavartana</a> (<a href="/wiki/IAST" class="mw-redirect" title="IAST">IAST</a>: Samāvartana), or <i>Snana</i>, is the ceremony associated with the end of formal education and the <a href="/wiki/Brahmacharya" title="Brahmacharya">Brahmacharya</a> asrama of life. This rite of passage includes a ceremonial bath.<sup id="cite_ref-89" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-89"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>89<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This ceremony marked the end of school, but did not imply immediate start of married life. Typically, significant time elapsed between exiting the Brahmacharya stage of life and the entering of Grihastha stage of life.<sup id="cite_ref-90" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-90"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>90<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Anyone who had complete this rite of passage was considered a <i>Vidyasnataka</i> (literally, bathed in knowledge, or showered with learning), and symbolized as one who had crossed the ocean of learning.<sup id="cite_ref-91" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-91"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>91<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This ceremony was a gathering of students and teacher. The student asked the teacher for any gift (<i>guru-dakshina</i>) he desired, which if specified was the student's responsibility to deliver over his lifetime.<sup id="cite_ref-92" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-92"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>92<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Then, after a recitation of a graduate's <a href="/wiki/Dharma" title="Dharma">dharma</a> (snataka-dharma)<sup id="cite_ref-93" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-93"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>93<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and a fire ritual, the graduate took a bath. The ceremony occurred after completion of at least 12 years of school, that is either about age 21 or later. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Taittiriya_Upanishad" title="Taittiriya Upanishad">Taittiriya Upanishad</a> describes, in the eleventh anuvaka of Shiksha Valli, the <i>snataka-dharma</i> recitation emphasized by the teacher to a graduate at this rite of passage.<sup id="cite_ref-ssastri1112_94-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ssastri1112-94"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>94<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-pauldeussentu1112_95-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pauldeussentu1112-95"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>95<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The verses ask the graduate to take care of themselves and pursue <a href="/wiki/Dharma" title="Dharma">Dharma</a>, <a href="/wiki/Artha" title="Artha">Artha</a> and <a href="/wiki/Kama" title="Kama">Kama</a> to the best of their abilities. Parts of the verses in section 1.11.1, for example, state<sup id="cite_ref-ssastri1112_94-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ssastri1112-94"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>94<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote"> <div class="poem"> <p>Never err from Truth,<br /> Never err from Dharma,<br /> Never neglect your well-being,<br /> Never neglect your health,<br /> Never neglect your prosperity,<br /> Never neglect <i>Svādhyāya</i> (study of oneself) and <i>Pravacana</i> (exposition of Vedas). </p> </div> <div class="templatequotecite">— <cite>Taittirĩya Upanishad, I.11.1<sup id="cite_ref-ssastri1112_94-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ssastri1112-94"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>94<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-pauldeussentu1112_95-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pauldeussentu1112-95"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>95<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></cite></div></blockquote> <p>The eleventh anuvaka of <i>Shiksha Valli</i> list behavioral guidelines for the graduating students from a <i>gurukul</i>,<sup id="cite_ref-roberthume_96-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-roberthume-96"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>96<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-97" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-97"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>97<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote"> <div class="poem"> <p>Be one to whom a mother is as god, be one to whom a father is as god,<br /> Be one to whom an <i>Acharya</i> (spiritual guide, scholars you learn from) is as god,<br /> Be one to whom a guest is as god.<sup id="cite_ref-roberthume_96-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-roberthume-96"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>96<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><br /> Let your actions be uncensurable, none else.<br /> Those acts that you consider good when done to you, do those to others, none else. </p> </div> <div class="templatequotecite">— <cite>Taittirĩya Upanishad, I.11.2<sup id="cite_ref-ssastri1112_94-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ssastri1112-94"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>94<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-pauldeussentu1112_95-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pauldeussentu1112-95"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>95<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></cite></div></blockquote> <p>The third section of the eleventh anuvaka lists charity and giving, with faith, sympathy, modesty and cheerfulness, as ethical precept for the graduating students at the <i>Samavartana</i> rite of passage.<sup id="cite_ref-pauldeussentu1112_95-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pauldeussentu1112-95"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>95<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Vivaha">Vivaha</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Samskara_(rite_of_passage)&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Vivaha"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Hindu_wedding_ceremony_fire.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/68/Hindu_wedding_ceremony_fire.jpg/220px-Hindu_wedding_ceremony_fire.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="246" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/68/Hindu_wedding_ceremony_fire.jpg/330px-Hindu_wedding_ceremony_fire.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/68/Hindu_wedding_ceremony_fire.jpg 2x" data-file-width="433" data-file-height="484" /></a><figcaption>A rite of passage with <a href="/wiki/Yajna" title="Yajna">yajna</a> ceremony often marks a Hindu wedding.</figcaption></figure> <p><a href="/wiki/Hindu_wedding" title="Hindu wedding">Vivaha</a> (<a href="/wiki/IAST" class="mw-redirect" title="IAST">IAST</a>: Vivāha, Sanskrit: विवाह) is the rite of passage and rituals associated with marriage.<sup id="cite_ref-bbc2009_98-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-bbc2009-98"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>98<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-rjb1969_99-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-rjb1969-99"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>99<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> While there are many rituals in Hinduism, <i>vivaha</i> (wedding) is the most extensive personal ritual an adult Hindu undertakes in his or her life.<sup id="cite_ref-100" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-100"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>100<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-101" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-101"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>101<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The wedding rites and ceremonies begin with the engagement of a couple, and extend to rites of passage after the completion of wedding. They are typically very colorful, and celebrations may extend for several days.<sup id="cite_ref-ft2008_102-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ft2008-102"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>102<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The detailed rituals and process in a Hindu wedding vary. Nevertheless, there are a few key rituals common in Hindu weddings - <i><a href="/wiki/Kanyadana" title="Kanyadana">Kanyadana</a></i>, <i>Panigrahana</i>, and <i><a href="/wiki/Saptapadi" title="Saptapadi">Saptapadi</a></i>, which are respectively, giving away of daughter by the father, voluntarily holding hand near the fire to signify union, and taking seven steps with each step includes a vow/promise to each other before fire. The Vivaha samskara is essentially a <a href="/wiki/Vedic" class="mw-redirect" title="Vedic">Vedic</a> <a href="/wiki/Yajna" title="Yajna">yajna</a> ritual, with recitation of Vedic hymns. The primary witness of a Hindu marriage is the Vedic fire-deity <i><a href="/wiki/Agni" title="Agni">Agni</a></i>, in the presence of family and friends.<sup id="cite_ref-historyindia2011_103-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-historyindia2011-103"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>103<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Post-wedding rites of passage include <i><a href="/wiki/Grihapravesha" title="Grihapravesha">Grihapravesha</a></i> – the welcoming of the bride to her new home by groom's mother, father, brother(s), or sister(s), and other relatives. <i>Chaturthikarma</i> – literally, "the rite performed on the fourth day after wedding", is the rite where the first domestic fire is lit marking the food-related householder life of the new couple.<sup id="cite_ref-104" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-104"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>104<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The act of first <a href="/wiki/Sexual_intercourse" title="Sexual intercourse">sexual intercourse</a> after the wedding, is known as <i><a href="/wiki/Nishekam" title="Nishekam">nishekam</a></i>.<sup id="cite_ref-105" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-105"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>105<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-106" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-106"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>106<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Vratas">Vratas</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Samskara_(rite_of_passage)&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Vratas"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Vrata literally means a vow or practice, any pious observance, act of devotion or austerity such as fasting.<sup id="cite_ref-107" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-107"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>107<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> These were cyclical rites of passage of those in Grihastha (householder) stage of life, typically as reminder of some pious action, reflective, spiritual side of life. Most Gryhasutras and several <a href="/wiki/Smriti" class="mw-redirect" title="Smriti">Smritis</a> include four Veda-vratas as samskara after graduation, as means of continuing self-education.<sup id="cite_ref-kanevrata_108-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-kanevrata-108"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>108<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The four <i>Vratas</i> includes Sukriya (study <a href="/wiki/Rigveda" title="Rigveda">Rigveda</a>), Sakvara, Vratika and <a href="/wiki/Upanishad" class="mw-redirect" title="Upanishad">Upanishad</a> Vrata. The rite of passage ceremony for each of these marked the start of the self study by the householder, which lasted between 1, 3, 6 or 9 years each.<sup id="cite_ref-kanevrata_108-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-kanevrata-108"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>108<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Cremation_ritual,_Antyeshti"><span id="Cremation_ritual.2C_Antyeshti"></span>Cremation ritual, Antyeshti</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Samskara_(rite_of_passage)&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: Cremation ritual, Antyeshti"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Antyesti" title="Antyesti">Antyesti</a> (<a href="/wiki/IAST" class="mw-redirect" title="IAST">IAST</a>: Antayeṣṭi, Sanskrit: अन्त्येष्टि) (literally, last rites or last sacrifice), sometimes referred to as <i>Antima Samskaram</i>, <i>Antya-kriya</i>, <i>Anvarohanyya</i>, or <i>Vahni samskara</i>, are the rituals associated with funeral.<sup id="cite_ref-109" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-109"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>109<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This samskara is not mentioned in the lists of samskaras in most of the grhyasutras and other texts that discuss samskaras. The details and procedures of this rite are given in separate texts,<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Avoid_weasel_words" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:Avoid weasel words"><span title="The material near this tag possibly uses too vague attribution or weasel words. (April 2015)">which?</span></a></i>]</sup> dealing only with this topic. </p><p>A dead adult Hindu is mourned with a cremation, while a dead child is typically buried.<sup id="cite_ref-olsonant_110-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-olsonant-110"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>110<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-fowler_111-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-fowler-111"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>111<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The rite of passage is performed in harmony with the sacred premise that the microcosm of all living beings is a reflection of a macrocosm of the universe.<sup id="cite_ref-terje_112-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-terje-112"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>112<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The soul (Atman, Brahman) is the essence and immortal that is released at the <i>Antyeshti</i> ritual, but both the body and the universe are vehicles and transitory in various schools of Hinduism. They consist of five elements: air, water, fire, earth and space.<sup id="cite_ref-terje_112-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-terje-112"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>112<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The last rite of passage returns the body to the five elements and origins.<sup id="cite_ref-olsonant_110-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-olsonant-110"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>110<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-terje_112-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-terje-112"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>112<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The roots of this belief are found in the Vedas, for example in the hymns of <a href="/wiki/Rigveda" title="Rigveda">Rigveda</a> in section 10.16, as follows, </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Bagamati_cremation.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e8/Bagamati_cremation.jpg/220px-Bagamati_cremation.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e8/Bagamati_cremation.jpg/330px-Bagamati_cremation.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e8/Bagamati_cremation.jpg/440px-Bagamati_cremation.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="768" /></a><figcaption>A Hindu cremation rite in <a href="/wiki/Nepal" title="Nepal">Nepal</a>. The samskara above shows the body wrapped in saffron on a pyre.</figcaption></figure> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote"> <div class="poem"> <p>Burn him not up, nor quite consume him, Agni: let not his body or his skin be scattered,<br /> O all possessing Fire, when thou hast matured him, then send him on his way unto the Fathers.<br /> When thou hast made him ready, all possessing Fire, then do thou give him over to the Fathers,<br /> When he attains unto the life that waits him, he shall become subject to the will of gods.<br /> The Sun receive thine eye, the Wind thy <i>Prana</i> (life-principle, breathe); go, as thy merit is, to earth or heaven.<br /> Go, if it be thy lot, unto the waters; go, make thine home in plants with all thy members. </p> </div> <div class="templatequotecite">— <cite>Rigveda 10.16<sup id="cite_ref-113" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-113"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>113<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></cite></div></blockquote> <p>The final rites of a burial, in case of untimely death of a child, is rooted in Rig Veda's section 10.18, where the hymns mourn the death of the child, praying to deity Mrityu to "neither harm our girls nor our boys", and pleads the earth to cover, protect the deceased child as a soft wool.<sup id="cite_ref-114" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-114"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>114<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The last rites are usually completed within a day of death. His or her body is washed, wrapped in white cloth if the dead is a man or a widow (red if her husband is still alive),<sup id="cite_ref-fowler_111-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-fowler-111"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>111<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> the two toes tied together with a string, a <i>Tilak</i> (red mark) placed on the forehead.<sup id="cite_ref-olsonant_110-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-olsonant-110"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>110<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The dead adult's body is carried to the cremation ground near a river or water, by family and friends, and placed on a pyre with feet facing south.<sup id="cite_ref-fowler_111-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-fowler-111"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>111<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The eldest son, or a male mourner, or a priest then bathes before leading the cremation ceremonial function.<sup id="cite_ref-olsonant_110-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-olsonant-110"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>110<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-carrie_115-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-carrie-115"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>115<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He circumambulates the dry wood pyre with the body, says a eulogy or recites a hymn in some cases, places sesame seed in the dead person's mouth, sprinkles the body and the pyre with ghee (clarified butter), then draws three lines signifying <i>Yama</i> (deity of the dead), <i>Kala</i> (time, deity of cremation) and the dead.<sup id="cite_ref-olsonant_110-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-olsonant-110"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>110<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The pyre is then set ablaze, while the mourners mourn. The ash from the cremation is consecrated to the nearest river or sea.<sup id="cite_ref-carrie_115-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-carrie-115"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>115<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> After the cremation, in some regions, the immediate male relatives of the deceased shave their head and invite all friends and relatives, on the tenth or twelfth day, to eat a simple meal together in remembrance of the deceased. This day, in some communities, also marks a day when the poor and needy are offered food in memory of the dead.<sup id="cite_ref-116" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-116"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>116<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1246091330"><table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile nowraplinks" style="border-collapse:collapse; text-align:center"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-pretitle" style="background: #F5DEB3">Part of <a href="/wiki/Category:Jainism" title="Category:Jainism">a series</a> on</td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle" style="background: #F5DEB3"><a href="/wiki/Jainism" title="Jainism">Jainism</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-image"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Jain_Prateek_Chihna.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8c/Jain_Prateek_Chihna.svg/110px-Jain_Prateek_Chihna.svg.png" decoding="async" width="110" height="189" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8c/Jain_Prateek_Chihna.svg/165px-Jain_Prateek_Chihna.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8c/Jain_Prateek_Chihna.svg/220px-Jain_Prateek_Chihna.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1124" data-file-height="1934" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-above hlist" style="padding-bottom:0.35em; border:0;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Jains" title="List of Jains">Jains</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Jainism" title="History of Jainism">History</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_Jainism" title="Timeline of Jainism">Timeline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Index_of_Jainism-related_articles" title="Index of Jainism-related articles">Index</a></li></ul></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background: #F5DEB3;padding-bottom:0; text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)"><div class="sidebar-list-title-c"><a href="/wiki/Jain_philosophy" title="Jain philosophy">Philosophy</a></div></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist" style="padding-top:0px ; border: 2px solid #F5DEB3"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anekantavada" title="Anekantavada">Anekantavada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jain_cosmology" title="Jain cosmology">Cosmology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ahimsa_in_Jainism" title="Ahimsa in Jainism">Ahimsa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karma_in_Jainism" title="Karma in Jainism">Karma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dharma_(Jainism)" title="Dharma (Jainism)">Dharma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moksha_(Jainism)" title="Moksha (Jainism)">Mokṣa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kevala_Jnana" class="mw-redirect" title="Kevala Jnana">Kevala Jnana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dravya" title="Dravya">Dravya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tattva_(Jainism)" title="Tattva (Jainism)">Tattva</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brahmacarya" class="mw-redirect" title="Brahmacarya">Brahmacarya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Non-possession" title="Non-possession">Aparigraha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gunasthana" title="Gunasthana">Gunasthana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sa%E1%B9%83s%C4%81ra_(Jainism)" title="Saṃsāra (Jainism)">Saṃsāra</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background: #F5DEB3;padding-bottom:0; text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)"><div class="sidebar-list-title-c">Ethics</div></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist" style="padding-top:0px ; border: 2px solid #F5DEB3"><a href="/wiki/Ethics_of_Jainism" class="mw-redirect" title="Ethics of Jainism">Ethics of Jainism</a> <dl><dd><b>Mahavratas (major vows)</b></dd></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ahimsa_in_Jainism" title="Ahimsa in Jainism">Ahiṃsā (non-violence)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Satya#Jainism" title="Satya">Satya (truth)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Asteya#Jainism" class="mw-redirect" title="Asteya">Asteya (non-stealing)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brahmacarya#In_Jainism" class="mw-redirect" title="Brahmacarya">Brahmacarya (chastity)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Non-possession" title="Non-possession">Aparigraha (non-possession)</a></li></ul> <dl><dd><b>Anuvratas (further vows)</b></dd></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/S%C4%81m%C4%81yika" title="Sāmāyika">Sāmāyika</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sallekhana" title="Sallekhana">Sallekhana</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background: #F5DEB3;padding-bottom:0; text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)"><div class="sidebar-list-title-c">Jain prayers</div></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist" style="padding-top:0px ; border: 2px solid #F5DEB3"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bhaktamara_Stotra" class="mw-redirect" title="Bhaktamara Stotra">Bhaktamara Stotra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Micchami_Dukkadam" title="Micchami Dukkadam">Micchami Dukkadam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Navkar_Mantra" class="mw-redirect" title="Navkar Mantra">Navkar Mantra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Namokar_Mantra" title="Namokar Mantra">Ṇamōkāra mantra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jai_Jinendra" title="Jai Jinendra">Jai Jinendra</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background: #F5DEB3;padding-bottom:0; text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)"><div class="sidebar-list-title-c">Major figures</div></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist" style="padding-top:0px ; border: 2px solid #F5DEB3"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tirthankara" title="Tirthankara">The 24 Tirthankaras</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rishabhanatha" title="Rishabhanatha">Rishabha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parshvanatha" title="Parshvanatha">Pārśva</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mahavira" title="Mahavira">Mahavira</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Arihant_(Jainism)" title="Arihant (Jainism)">Arihant</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ganadhara" title="Ganadhara">Ganadhara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kundakunda" title="Kundakunda">Kundakunda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siddhasena" title="Siddhasena">Siddhasena</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samantabhadra_(Jain_monk)" title="Samantabhadra (Jain monk)">Samantabhadra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Haribhadra" class="mw-redirect" title="Haribhadra">Haribhadra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yashovijaya" title="Yashovijaya">Yashovijaya</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background: #F5DEB3;padding-bottom:0; text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)"><div class="sidebar-list-title-c">Major sects</div></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist" style="padding-top:0px ; border: 2px solid #F5DEB3"><a href="/wiki/Jain_schools_and_branches" title="Jain schools and branches">Schools and Branches</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Digambara" title="Digambara">Digambara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C5%9Avet%C4%81mbara" title="Śvetāmbara">Śvetāmbara</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background: #F5DEB3;padding-bottom:0; text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)"><div class="sidebar-list-title-c"><a href="/wiki/Jain_literature" title="Jain literature">Jain literature</a></div></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist" style="padding-top:0px ; border: 2px solid #F5DEB3"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Samayas%C4%81ra" title="Samayasāra">Samayasāra (Digambara)</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Pravachanasara" title="Pravachanasara">Pravachanasara (Digambara)</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Jain_Agamas_(%C5%9Av%C4%93t%C4%81mbara)" class="mw-redirect" title="Jain Agamas (Śvētāmbara)">Agama (Śvetāmbara)</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Tattvartha_Sutra" title="Tattvartha Sutra">Tattvartha Sutra</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Dravyasamgraha" title="Dravyasamgraha">Dravyasamgraha (Digambara)</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Kalpa_S%C5%ABtra" title="Kalpa Sūtra">Kalpa Sūtra (Śvetāmbara)</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Uttaradhyayana" title="Uttaradhyayana">Uttaradhyayana (Śvetāmbara)</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/C%C4%ABvaka_Cint%C4%81ma%E1%B9%87i" title="Cīvaka Cintāmaṇi">Cīvaka Cintāmaṇi</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Silappatikaram" class="mw-redirect" title="Silappatikaram">Silappatikaram</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Valayapathi" title="Valayapathi">Valayapathi</a></i></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background: #F5DEB3;padding-bottom:0; text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)"><div class="sidebar-list-title-c">Festivals</div></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist" style="padding-top:0px ; border: 2px solid #F5DEB3"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Diwali" title="Diwali">Diwali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mahavir_Janma_Kalyanak" title="Mahavir Janma Kalyanak">Mahavir Janma Kalyanak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paryushana" title="Paryushana">Paryushana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samvatsari" title="Samvatsari">Samvatsari</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background: #F5DEB3;padding-bottom:0; text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)"><div class="sidebar-list-title-c">Pilgrimages</div></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist" style="padding-top:0px ; border: 2px solid #F5DEB3"><a href="/wiki/Tirtha_(Jainism)" title="Tirtha (Jainism)">Tirth</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dilwara_Temples" title="Dilwara Temples">Abu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palitana_temples" title="Palitana temples">Palitana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Girnar_Jain_temples" title="Girnar Jain temples">Girnar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shikharji" title="Shikharji">Shikharji</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shravanabelagola" title="Shravanabelagola">Shravanabelagola</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background: #F5DEB3;padding-bottom:0; text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)"><div class="sidebar-list-title-c">Other</div></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist" style="padding-top:0px ; border: 2px solid #F5DEB3"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ekendriya" title="Ekendriya">Ekendriya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jain_temple" title="Jain temple">Temples</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jain_flag" title="Jain flag">Jain flag</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jain_symbols" title="Jain symbols">Jain symbols</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parasparopagraho_Jivanam" title="Parasparopagraho Jivanam">Parasparopagraho Jivanam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Index_of_Jainism-related_articles" title="Index of Jainism-related articles">Topics list</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-below hlist" style="border-top:1px solid #F5DEB3;border-bottom:1px solid #F5DEB3;padding-bottom:0.4em;"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:P_religion_world.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/28/P_religion_world.svg/16px-P_religion_world.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/28/P_religion_world.svg/24px-P_religion_world.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/28/P_religion_world.svg/32px-P_religion_world.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="400" data-file-height="360" /></a></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Religion" title="Portal:Religion">Religion portal</a></li></ul></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Jainism" title="Template:Jainism"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Jainism" title="Template talk:Jainism"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Jainism" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Jainism"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Samskara_in_Jainism">Samskara in Jainism</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Samskara_(rite_of_passage)&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: Samskara in Jainism"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Similar to Hinduism, samskara serve as a rite of passage into a new phase of life in different sects of Jainism.<sup id="cite_ref-kristiwiley_117-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-kristiwiley-117"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>117<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-118" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-118"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>118<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In the <a href="/wiki/Digambara" title="Digambara">Digambara</a> school, all 16 Hindu samskaras (see above) were incorporated by Jinasena in the <i>Adipurana</i> as part of 53 <i>kriyas</i>, of which 23 rites of passage are described for the Jain householder, with the last culminating in renunciation of household life.<sup id="cite_ref-kristiwiley_117-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-kristiwiley-117"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>117<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-119" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-119"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>119<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> For those who skip the householder stage of life, the equivalent rite of passage was the 11th <i>pratima</i>, and called <i>diksha</i> (initiation into mendicancy).<sup id="cite_ref-kristiwiley_117-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-kristiwiley-117"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>117<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In the <a href="/wiki/%C5%9Av%C4%93t%C4%81mbara" class="mw-redirect" title="Śvētāmbara">Śvētāmbara</a> school, 16 samskaras similar to the Hindu rites of passage are described, for example, in the <i>Acara-Dinakara</i> of Vardhamana.<sup id="cite_ref-kristiwiley_117-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-kristiwiley-117"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>117<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-120" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-120"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>120<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It includes rituals described above, such as those associated with conception, birth, name giving, ear piercing, baby's first haircut, studentship, wedding and death.<sup id="cite_ref-kristiwiley_117-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-kristiwiley-117"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>117<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>There are some differences between symbolism associated with samskara rites in Hinduism and Jainism. The fire ceremony has Vedic significance in the former, while it symbolizes the <i>Tirthankaras</i>, <i>Ganadharas</i> and <i>Kevalins</i> in Jainism. The mantras are often derived from Vedic texts in Hinduism, while they are derived from Jain texts such as Ratnatraya in Jainism. The oaths in some rites of passage include the vow of <a href="/wiki/Ahimsa" title="Ahimsa">ahimsa</a> (non-violence, non injury to all human beings and living beings) in both, but is of exclusive significance in Jainism.<sup id="cite_ref-kristiwiley_117-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-kristiwiley-117"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>117<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Sanskars_in_Sikhism">Sanskars in Sikhism</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Samskara_(rite_of_passage)&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: Sanskars in Sikhism"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1246091330"><table class="sidebar nomobile nowraplinks"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-pretitle">Part of <a href="/wiki/Category:Sikh_practices" title="Category:Sikh practices">a series</a> on</td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle" style="background:#FFA500; font-weight: normal"><b><a href="/wiki/Sikh_practices" title="Sikh practices">Sikh practices</a></b> and <b><a href="/wiki/Sikh_discipline" title="Sikh discipline">discipline</a></b></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <dl><dd><b>Foundations of Practice</b></dd></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Simran" title="Simran">Simran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seva_(Indian_religions)" class="mw-redirect" title="Seva (Indian religions)">Sewa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Three_pillars_of_Sikhism" title="Three pillars of Sikhism">Three pillars</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Naam_Japo" title="Naam Japo">Naam Japo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kirat_Karo" title="Kirat Karo">Kirat Karo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vand_Chhako" title="Vand Chhako">Vand Chhako</a></li></ul></li></ul> <dl><dd><b>Discipline</b></dd></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Five_Virtues" class="mw-redirect" title="Five Virtues">Five Virtues</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Five_Thieves" class="mw-redirect" title="Five Thieves">Five Thieves</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Five_Ks" class="mw-redirect" title="The Five Ks">Five Ks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rehat" title="Rehat">Rehat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prohibitions_in_Sikhism" title="Prohibitions in Sikhism">Prohibitions in Sikhism</a></li></ul> <dl><dd><b>Daily Prayers and <a href="/wiki/Gurbani" title="Gurbani">Hymns</a></b></dd></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nitnem" title="Nitnem">Nitnem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amrit_Vel%C4%81" title="Amrit Velā">Amrit Velā</a></li></ul> <dl><dd><b>Communal Practices</b></dd></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dasvandh" title="Dasvandh">Daswandh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Langar_(Sikhism)" title="Langar (Sikhism)">Langar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kirtan" title="Kirtan">Kirtan</a></li></ul> <dl><dd><b>Liturgical Practices</b></dd></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Akhand_Path" title="Akhand Path">Akhand Pāth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sadharan_Paath" title="Sadharan Paath">Sadharan Pāth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ard%C4%81s" title="Ardās">Ardās</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hukam" title="Hukam">Hukam</a></li></ul> <dl><dd><b><a href="/wiki/Sanskara_(rite_of_passage)#Sikhism" class="mw-redirect" title="Sanskara (rite of passage)">Sanskars</a></b></dd></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Naam_Karan" title="Naam Karan">Naam Karan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amrit_Sanskar" title="Amrit Sanskar">Amrit Sanskar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anand_Karaj" title="Anand Karaj">Anand Karaj</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antam_Sanskar" title="Antam Sanskar">Antam Sanskar</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Sikh_practices" title="Template:Sikh practices"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Sikh_practices" title="Template talk:Sikh practices"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Sikh_practices" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Sikh practices"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Naam_Karan" title="Naam Karan">Naam Karan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Amrit_Sanskar" title="Amrit Sanskar">Amrit Sanskar</a>, <a href="/wiki/Anand_Karaj" title="Anand Karaj">Anand Karaj</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Antam_Sanskar" title="Antam Sanskar">Antam Sanskar</a></div> <p>Although Sikhs may individually recognise many rites of passage, four are universally important in Sikh religious life. They are the four main <i>sanskars</i>:<sup id="cite_ref-121" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-121"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>121<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ol><li><b>Naam Karan</b>, "Naming a Child" ― the rite of naming a newborn at the <a href="/wiki/Gurdwara" title="Gurdwara">Gurdwara</a>; traditionally, it is during this rite that male Sikhs take the middle name <a href="/wiki/Singh" title="Singh">Singh</a> and female Sikhs take the middle name <a href="/wiki/Kaur" title="Kaur">Kaur</a> alongside their given first name.</li> <li><b>Amrit Sanskar</b> (also called <i>Amrit Sanchar</i>), "<a href="/wiki/Amrita#Sikhism" title="Amrita">Ambrosia</a> Rite" ― the Sikh rite of initiation (sometimes described as the 'Sikh baptism'); converts to Sikhism may take the traditional middle name of <a href="/wiki/Singh" title="Singh">Singh</a> or <a href="/wiki/Kaur" title="Kaur">Kaur</a> after receiving <i>amrit</i> although this is not a requirement.</li> <li><b>Anand Karaj</b>, "Blissful Union" ― the Sikh rite of marriage.</li> <li><b>Antam Sanskar</b>, "Final Rite" ― the Sikh funeral rites; traditionally, Sikhs are cremated during the funeral ceremony and the ashes are collected and immersed in a body of water.</li></ol> <p>Other rites of passage such as <b>Dastar Bandhi</b>, the first tying of the <a href="/wiki/Dastar" title="Dastar">Dastar</a> (the traditional Sikh turban), may also be celebrated.<sup id="cite_ref-122" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-122"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>122<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Samskara_(rite_of_passage)&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hindu_genealogy_registers_at_Haridwar" title="Hindu genealogy registers at Haridwar">Hindu genealogy registers at Haridwar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dharmasutra" class="mw-redirect" title="Dharmasutra">Dharmasutras</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kalpa_(Vedanga)" title="Kalpa (Vedanga)">Kalpa (Vedanga)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vedas" title="Vedas">Vedas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dharma" title="Dharma">Dharma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kama" title="Kama">Kama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Artha" title="Artha">Artha</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Samskara_(rite_of_passage)&action=edit&section=27" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-carlolson-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-carlolson_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-carlolson_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-carlolson_1-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Carl Olson (2007), The Many Colors of Hinduism: A Thematic-historical Introduction, Rutgers University Press, <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0813540689" title="Special:BookSources/978-0813540689">978-0813540689</a>, pages 93-94</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-knipe-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-knipe_2-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-knipe_2-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">David Knipe (2015), Vedic Voices: Intimate Narratives of a Living Andhra Tradition, Oxford University Press, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0199397693" title="Special:BookSources/978-0199397693">978-0199397693</a>, page 52</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-stephen-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-stephen_3-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-stephen_3-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-stephen_3-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-stephen_3-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-stephen_3-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-stephen_3-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Stephen H. Phillips (2009), Yoga, Karma, and Rebirth: A Brief History and Philosophy, Columbia University Press, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0231144858" title="Special:BookSources/978-0231144858">978-0231144858</a>, Chapter 3</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-monierwilliams-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-monierwilliams_4-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-monierwilliams_4-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-monierwilliams_4-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.sanskrit-lexicon.uni-koeln.de/cgi-bin/tamil/recherche">saMskAra</a> Monier-Williams' Sanskrit-English Dictionary, Cologne Digital Sanskrit Lexicon, Germany</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-ian-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-ian_5-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ian_5-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Ian Whicher (1999), The Integrity of the Yoga Darsana: A Reconsideration of Classical Yoga, SUNY Press, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0791438152" title="Special:BookSources/978-0791438152">978-0791438152</a>, pages 100-102</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-nayar-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-nayar_6-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-nayar_6-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">KE Nayar (2004), The Sikh Diaspora in Vancouver, University of Toronto Press, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0802086310" title="Special:BookSources/978-0802086310">978-0802086310</a>, page 88</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-benner-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-benner_7-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-benner_7-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Dagmar Benner (2008), in <i>Mathematics and Medicine in Sanskrit</i> (Editor: Dominik Wujastyk), Motilal Banarsidass, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-8120832466" title="Special:BookSources/978-8120832466">978-8120832466</a>, pages 122-123</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-patrick-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-patrick_8-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-patrick_8-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-patrick_8-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-patrick_8-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Patrick Olivelle (2009), Dharmasutras - The Law Codes of Ancient India, Oxford University Press, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0199555376" title="Special:BookSources/978-0199555376">978-0199555376</a>, pages 90-91</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-pandey23-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-pandey23_9-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-pandey23_9-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Rajbali Pandey (1969, reprint 2003). <i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=iHG3mhGrKw4C">The Hindu Sacraments (Saṁskāra)</a></i> in S. Radhakrishnan (ed.) <i>The Cultural Heritage of India</i>, 2nd Edition, Motilal Banarsidass, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/81-85843-03-1" title="Special:BookSources/81-85843-03-1">81-85843-03-1</a>, page 23</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-pvkane-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-pvkane_10-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-pvkane_10-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-pvkane_10-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-pvkane_10-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">PV Kane, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/stream/historyofdharmas029210mbp#page/n247/mode/2up">Samskara, Chapter VI</a>, History of Dharmasastras, Vol II, Part I, Bhandarkar Oriental Research Institute, pages 190-191</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-pandeydef-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-pandeydef_11-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-pandeydef_11-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Rajbali Pandey (2013), Hindu Saṁskāras: Socio-religious Study of the Hindu Sacraments, 2nd Edition, Motilal Banarsidass, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-8120803961" title="Special:BookSources/978-8120803961">978-8120803961</a>, pages 15-16</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">PV Kane, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/stream/historyofdharmas029210mbp#page/n249/mode/2up">Samskara, Chapter VI</a>, History of Dharmasastras, Vol II, Part I, Bhandarkar Oriental Research Institute, pages 192-193</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">KK Sinha (2006), Social And Cultural Ethos Of India, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-8126910199" title="Special:BookSources/978-8126910199">978-8126910199</a>, pages 1-2</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://spokensanskrit.de/index.php?tinput=vAsanA&direction=SE&script=HK&link=yes&beginning=0">vAsanA</a> Cologne Digital Sanskrit Dictionary, Germany</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Stephen Philips (2014), Epistemology in Classical India: The Knowledge Sources of the Nyaya School, Routledge, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1138008816" title="Special:BookSources/978-1138008816">978-1138008816</a>, page 134</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Stephen Philips (2014), Epistemology in Classical India: The Knowledge Sources of the Nyaya School, Routledge, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1138008816" title="Special:BookSources/978-1138008816">978-1138008816</a>, pages 7-46, 134, 163-170</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-husken-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-husken_17-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-husken_17-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Jörg Gengnagel and Ute Hüsken (2005), Words and Deeds: Hindu and Buddhist Rituals in South Asia, Otto Harrassowitz Verlag, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3447051521" title="Special:BookSources/978-3447051521">978-3447051521</a>, see Preface Chapter</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-joyceflueckiger-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-joyceflueckiger_18-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-joyceflueckiger_18-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-joyceflueckiger_18-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Joyce Flueckiger, Everyday Hinduism, John Wiley & Sons, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1405160117" title="Special:BookSources/978-1405160117">978-1405160117</a>, pages 169-191</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">David Knipe (2015), Vedic Voices: Intimate Narratives of a Living Andhra Tradition, Oxford University Press, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0199397693" title="Special:BookSources/978-0199397693">978-0199397693</a>, pages 32-37</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-maryhinduworld-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-maryhinduworld_20-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-maryhinduworld_20-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Mary McGee (2007), Samskara, in <i>The Hindu World</i> (Editors: Mittal and Thursby), Routledge, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0415772273" title="Special:BookSources/978-0415772273">978-0415772273</a>, pages 332-356</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-pandeypurpose-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-pandeypurpose_21-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-pandeypurpose_21-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Rajbali Pandey (1969, reprint 2003). <i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=iHG3mhGrKw4C">The Hindu Sacraments (Saṁskāra)</a></i> in S. Radhakrishnan (ed.) <i>The Cultural Heritage of India</i>, 2nd Edition, Motilal Banarsidass, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/81-85843-03-1" title="Special:BookSources/81-85843-03-1">81-85843-03-1</a>, pages 31-33</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Rajbali Pandey (2013), Hindu Saṁskāras: Socio-religious Study of the Hindu Sacraments, 2nd Edition, Motilal Banarsidass, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-8120803961" title="Special:BookSources/978-8120803961">978-8120803961</a>, page 20</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Brian Smith (1986), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/3270127">Ritual, Knowledge, and Being: Initiation and Veda Study in Ancient India</a>, Numen, Vol. 33, Fasc. 1, pages 65-89</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-pandeygarbha-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-pandeygarbha_24-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-pandeygarbha_24-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-pandeygarbha_24-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-pandeygarbha_24-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Rajbali Pandey (2013), Hindu Saṁskāras: Socio-religious Study of the Hindu Sacraments, 2nd Edition, Motilal Banarsidass, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-8120803961" title="Special:BookSources/978-8120803961">978-8120803961</a>, pages 48-56 with footnotes</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://spokensanskrit.de/index.php?tinput=">garbhAdhAna&direction=SE&script=HK&link=yes&beginning=0 niSeka</a> Sanskrit - English Dictionary, Cologne Digital Sanskrit Lexicon, Germany</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Sanskrit: <a class="external text" href="https://sa.wikisource.org/wiki/ऋग्वेद:_सूक्तं_८.३५">ऋग्वेद: सूक्तं ८.३५</a> Wikisource;<br />English: <a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/The_Rig_Veda/Mandala_8/Hymn_35" class="extiw" title="s:The Rig Veda/Mandala 8/Hymn 35">Rigveda Mandala 8, Hymn 35</a> Ralph Griffith (translator), Wikisource</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Sanskrit: <a class="external text" href="https://sa.wikisource.org/wiki/ऋग्वेद:_सूक्तं_१०.१८४">ऋग्वेद: सूक्तं १०.१८४</a> Wikisource;<br />English: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/stream/rigvedasanhitc06wils#page/410/mode/2up">Rigveda Mandala 10, Hymn 184</a> HH Wilson (translator), Trubner London, pages 410-411</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-deussen-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-deussen_28-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-deussen_28-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-deussen_28-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-deussen_28-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-deussen_28-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Paul Deussen, Sixty Upanishads of the Veda, Volume 1, Motilal Banarsidass, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-8120814684" title="Special:BookSources/978-8120814684">978-8120814684</a>, pages 534-539</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/stream/upanishads02ml#page/218/mode/2up">Brihadaranyaka Upanishad VI Adhyaya 4 Brahmana 17 and 18</a> Max Muller (translator), Oxford University Press, pages 219-220</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-pandeygk-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-pandeygk_30-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-pandeygk_30-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-pandeygk_30-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Rajbali Pandey (1969), Hindu Saṁskāras: Socio-religious Study of the Hindu Sacraments, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-81-208-0396-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-81-208-0396-1">978-81-208-0396-1</a>, pages 56–58</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.sanskrit-lexicon.uni-koeln.de/cgi-bin/tamil/recherche">puMs and savana</a> Monier-Williams' Sanskrit-English Dictionary, Cologne Digital Sanskrit Lexicon, Germany</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Mary McGee (2007), Samskara, in <i>The Hindu World</i> (Editors: Mittal and Thursby), Routledge, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0415772273" title="Special:BookSources/978-0415772273">978-0415772273</a>, page 335</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-mauriceb-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-mauriceb_33-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-mauriceb_33-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Maurice_Bloomfield" title="Maurice Bloomfield">Maurice Bloomfield</a>, <i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=voQ5AQAAMAAJ">Hymns of the Atharva Veda</a></i> at <a href="/wiki/Google_Books" title="Google Books">Google Books</a>, Oxford University Press, pages 97-99</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Ute Hüsken, Will Sweetman and Manfred Krüger (2009), Viṣṇu's Children: Prenatal Life-cycle Rituals in South India, Otto Harrassowitz Verlag, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3447058544" title="Special:BookSources/978-3447058544">978-3447058544</a>, page 123</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-35">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Helene Stork (Editor: Julia Leslie), Roles and Rituals for Hindu Women, Motilal Banarsidass, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-8120810365" title="Special:BookSources/978-8120810365">978-8120810365</a>, pages 92-93</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-36">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">B Rama Rao, <i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=A5lNAQAAIAAJ">Bulletin of the Indian Institute of History of Medicine</a></i> at <a href="/wiki/Google_Books" title="Google Books">Google Books</a>, Vol. 33-34, page 153</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-pvkanesiman-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-pvkanesiman_37-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-pvkanesiman_37-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-pvkanesiman_37-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-pvkanesiman_37-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">PV Kane, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/stream/historyofdharmas029210mbp#page/n279/mode/2up">Samskara, Chapter VI</a>, History of Dharmasastras, Vol II, Part I, Bhandarkar Oriental Research Institute, pages 222-224</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-pandeysimanta-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-pandeysimanta_38-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-pandeysimanta_38-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Rajbali Pandey (1969), Hindu Saṁskāras: Socio-religious Study of the Hindu Sacraments, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-81-208-0396-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-81-208-0396-1">978-81-208-0396-1</a>, pages 64-65</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-marymcgeesiman-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-marymcgeesiman_39-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-marymcgeesiman_39-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-marymcgeesiman_39-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-marymcgeesiman_39-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Mary McGee (2007), Samskara, in <i>The Hindu World</i> (Editors: Mittal and Thursby), Routledge, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0415772273" title="Special:BookSources/978-0415772273">978-0415772273</a>, page 341</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-40">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">PV Kane, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/stream/historyofdharmas029210mbp#page/n283/mode/2up">Samskara, Chapter VI</a>, History of Dharmasastras, Vol II, Part I, Bhandarkar Oriental Research Institute, page 226</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-41">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">James B. Robinson (2004), Hinduism, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0791078587" title="Special:BookSources/978-0791078587">978-0791078587</a>, page 83</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-42">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/Pregnant-Kanica-Maheshwari-to-have-a-real-godh-bharai-on-her-TV-show/articleshow/45809651.cms">Pregnant Kanica Maheshwari to have a real godh-bharai on her TV show</a> The Times of India</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-43">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.sanskrit-lexicon.uni-koeln.de/monier/">jAtakarman</a>, Monier Williams Sanskrit-English Dictionary, (2008 revision), Cologne Digital Sanskrit Lexicon, Germany</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-apte-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-apte_44-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://dsalsrv02.uchicago.edu/cgi-bin/philologic/search3advanced?dbname=apte&query=jAtakarman&matchtype=exact&display=utf8">jAtakarman</a> Apte Sanskrit English Dictionary, University of Chicago</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-45"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-45">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://spokensanskrit.de/index.php?tinput=jAtakarman&direction=SE&link=yes&choice=yes">jAtakarman</a> Cologne Sanskrit Digital Lexicon, Germany</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-kathyjackson-46"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-kathyjackson_46-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-kathyjackson_46-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-kathyjackson_46-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Kathy Jackson (2005), Rituals and Patterns in Children's Lives, University of Wisconsin Press, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0299208301" title="Special:BookSources/978-0299208301">978-0299208301</a>, page 46</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-maxmullerjatakarama-47"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-maxmullerjatakarama_47-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-maxmullerjatakarama_47-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-maxmullerjatakarama_47-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Max Muller, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/stream/upanishads02ml#page/222/mode/2up">Brihadaranyaka Upanishad VI Adhyaya 4 Brahmana 24</a>, Oxford University Press, pages 222-224 with footnotes</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-48"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-48">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Hermann Oldenberg, Friedrich Max Müller, <i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=_X9KAAAAYAAJ">Sankhayana Grihya Sutra</a></i> at <a href="/wiki/Google_Books" title="Google Books">Google Books</a>, in The Grihya-sutras: Rules of Vedic Domestic Ceremonies, pages 51-52</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-49"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-49">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://spokensanskrit.de/index.php?tinput=nAmakaraNa&direction=SE&script=HK&link=yes&beginning=0">nAmakaraNa</a> Cologne Sanskrit Digital Lexicon</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-kanenama-50"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-kanenama_50-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-kanenama_50-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-kanenama_50-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-kanenama_50-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">PV Kane, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/stream/historyofdharmas029210mbp#page/n295/mode/2up">Samskara, Chapter VI</a>, History of Dharmasastras, Vol II, Part I, Bhandarkar Oriental Research Institute, pages 238-254</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-marynama-51"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-marynama_51-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-marynama_51-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-marynama_51-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-marynama_51-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-marynama_51-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-marynama_51-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-marynama_51-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-marynama_51-7"><sup><i><b>h</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-marynama_51-8"><sup><i><b>i</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-marynama_51-9"><sup><i><b>j</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-marynama_51-10"><sup><i><b>k</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-marynama_51-11"><sup><i><b>l</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-marynama_51-12"><sup><i><b>m</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-marynama_51-13"><sup><i><b>n</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-marynama_51-14"><sup><i><b>o</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-marynama_51-15"><sup><i><b>p</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Mary McGee (2007), Samskara, in <i>The Hindu World</i> (Editors: Mittal and Thursby), Routledge, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0415772273" title="Special:BookSources/978-0415772273">978-0415772273</a>, pages 342-343</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-52"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-52">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.sanskrit-lexicon.uni-koeln.de/mwquery/">niSkrama</a> Monier Williams</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-kanenish-53"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-kanenish_53-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-kanenish_53-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-kanenish_53-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-kanenish_53-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-kanenish_53-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">PV Kane, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/stream/historyofdharmas029210mbp#page/n311/mode/2up">Samskara, Chapter VI</a>, History of Dharmasastras, Vol II, Part I, Bhandarkar Oriental Research Institute, pages 255-256</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-54"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-54">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Rajbali Pandey (2013), Hindu Saṁskāras: Socio-religious Study of the Hindu Sacraments, 2nd Edition, Motilal Banarsidass, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-8120803961" title="Special:BookSources/978-8120803961">978-8120803961</a>, pages 315-321</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-kaneanna-55"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-kaneanna_55-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-kaneanna_55-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-kaneanna_55-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-kaneanna_55-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">PV Kane, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/stream/historyofdharmas029210mbp#page/n313/mode/2up">Samskara, Chapter VI</a>, History of Dharmasastras, Vol II, Part I, Bhandarkar Oriental Research Institute, pages 256-258</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-56"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-56">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Rajbali Pandey (2013), Hindu Saṁskāras: Socio-religious Study of the Hindu Sacraments, 2nd Edition, Motilal Banarsidass, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-8120803961" title="Special:BookSources/978-8120803961">978-8120803961</a>, pages 89-94</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-kanechou-57"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-kanechou_57-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-kanechou_57-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-kanechou_57-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-kanechou_57-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">PV Kane, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/stream/historyofdharmas029210mbp#page/n317/mode/2up">Samskara, Chapter VI</a>, History of Dharmasastras, Vol II, Part I, Bhandarkar Oriental Research Institute, pages 260-265</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-58"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-58">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Rajbali Pandey (2013), Hindu Saṁskāras: Socio-religious Study of the Hindu Sacraments, 2nd Edition, Motilal Banarsidass, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-8120803961" title="Special:BookSources/978-8120803961">978-8120803961</a>, pages 94-95</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-59"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-59">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://spokensanskrit.de/index.php?tinput=karNavedha&direction=SE&script=HK&link=yes&beginning=">karNavedha</a> Cologne Digital Sanskrit Lexicon</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-60"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-60">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Rajbali Pandey (2013), Hindu Saṁskāras: Socio-religious Study of the Hindu Sacraments, 2nd Edition, Motilal Banarsidass, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-8120803961" title="Special:BookSources/978-8120803961">978-8120803961</a>, pages 102-105</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-kanekarna-61"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-kanekarna_61-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-kanekarna_61-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-kanekarna_61-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">PV Kane, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/stream/historyofdharmas029210mbp#page/n311/mode/2up">Samskara, Chapter VI</a>, History of Dharmasastras, Vol II, Part I, Bhandarkar Oriental Research Institute, pages 254-255</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-kanevidya-62"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-kanevidya_62-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-kanevidya_62-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-kanevidya_62-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-kanevidya_62-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">PV Kane, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/stream/historyofdharmas029210mbp#page/n323/mode/2up">Samskara, Chapter VI</a>, History of Dharmasastras, Vol II, Part I, Bhandarkar Oriental Research Institute, pages 266-267</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-pandeyvidya-63"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-pandeyvidya_63-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-pandeyvidya_63-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-pandeyvidya_63-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Rajbali Pandey (2013), Hindu Saṁskāras: Socio-religious Study of the Hindu Sacraments, 2nd Edition, Motilal Banarsidass, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-8120803961" title="Special:BookSources/978-8120803961">978-8120803961</a>, pages 106-108</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-64"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-64">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">RK Mookerji (2011), Ancient Indian Education: Brahmanical and Buddhist, Motilal Banarsidass, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-8120804234" title="Special:BookSources/978-8120804234">978-8120804234</a>, page 173-174</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-65"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-65">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">James Lochtefeld, "Vidyarambha", The Illustrated Encyclopedia of Hinduism, Vol. 2: N–Z, Rosen Publishing. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0823931798" title="Special:BookSources/978-0823931798">978-0823931798</a>, page 750</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-haroldcoward-66"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-haroldcoward_66-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-haroldcoward_66-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Harold Coward et al (1997), Religious Dimensions of Child and Family Life, Wilfrid Laurier University Press, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1550581041" title="Special:BookSources/978-1550581041">978-1550581041</a>, page 67</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-mmwupa-67"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-mmwupa_67-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-mmwupa_67-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.sanskrit-lexicon.uni-koeln.de/cgi-bin/tamil/recherche">upanyana</a> Monier Williams Sanskrit English Dictionary, Cologne Sanskrit Digital Lexicon, Germany</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-kaneupan-68"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-kaneupan_68-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-kaneupan_68-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-kaneupan_68-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">PV Kane, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/stream/historyofdharmas029210mbp#page/n325/mode/2up">Samskara, Chapter VII</a>, History of Dharmasastras, Vol II, Part I, Bhandarkar Oriental Research Institute, pages 268-287</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-kaneupan2-69"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-kaneupan2_69-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-kaneupan2_69-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">PV Kane, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/stream/historyofdharmas029210mbp#page/n345/mode/2up">Samskara, Chapter VII</a>, History of Dharmasastras, Vol II, Part I, Bhandarkar Oriental Research Institute, pages 288-300</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-70"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-70">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Ram Chandra Prasad (1997), The Upanayana: The Hindu Ceremonies of the Sacred Thread, Motilal Banarsidass, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-8120812406" title="Special:BookSources/978-8120812406">978-8120812406</a>, pages 119-131</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-pandeyupan-71"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-pandeyupan_71-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-pandeyupan_71-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Rajbali Pandey (2013), Hindu Saṁskāras: Socio-religious Study of the Hindu Sacraments, 2nd Edition, Motilal Banarsidass, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-8120803961" title="Special:BookSources/978-8120803961">978-8120803961</a>, pages 111-117</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-72"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-72">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">RK Mookerji (2011), Ancient Indian Education: Brahmanical and Buddhist, Motilal Banarsidass, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-8120804234" title="Special:BookSources/978-8120804234">978-8120804234</a>, pages 270-271</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-73"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-73">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Hartmut Scharfe (2007), Handbook of Oriental Studies, Brill Academic, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-9004125568" title="Special:BookSources/978-9004125568">978-9004125568</a>, pages 102-103, 197-198, 263-276</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-pvkaneyajnow-74"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-pvkaneyajnow_74-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-pvkaneyajnow_74-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">PV Kane, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/stream/HistoryOfDharmasastraancientAndMediaevalReligiousAndCivilLawV.2.1/Kane_A-History-of-Dharmasastra-v2-1_1941#page/n349/mode/2up">History of Dharmasastra</a> Volume 2.1, 1st Edition, pages 293-295</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-75"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-75">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/stream/grihyasutrasrule02olde#page/44/mode/2up">Grihya sutra of Gobhila</a> Verse 2.1.19, Herman Oldenberg & Max Muller (Translator), The <a href="/wiki/Sacred_Books_of_the_East" title="Sacred Books of the East">Sacred Books of the East</a>, Vol. 30, Part 2, Oxford University Press, page 44</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-stella-76"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-stella_76-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-stella_76-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Stella Kramrisch (1958), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/538558">Traditions of the Indian Craftsman</a>, The Journal of American Folklore, Vol. 71, No. 281, pages 224-230</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-77"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-77">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Stella Kramrisch, The Hindu Temple, Vol 1, Motilal Banarsidass, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-8120802223" title="Special:BookSources/978-8120802223">978-8120802223</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-78"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-78">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Heather Elgood (2000), Hinduism and the religious arts, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0304707393" title="Special:BookSources/978-0304707393">978-0304707393</a>, Bloomsbury Academic, pages 32-134</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-79"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-79">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Rajbali Pandey (2013), Hindu Saṁskāras: Socio-religious Study of the Hindu Sacraments, 2nd Edition, Motilal Banarsidass, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-8120803961" title="Special:BookSources/978-8120803961">978-8120803961</a>, page 142</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-80"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-80">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">PV Kane, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/stream/historyofdharmas029210mbp#page/n365/mode/2up">Samskara, Chapter VII</a>, History of Dharmasastras, Vol II, Part I, Bhandarkar Oriental Research Institute, pages 308-312</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-81"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-81">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">PV Kane, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/stream/historyofdharmas029210mbp#page/n413/mode/2up">Samskara, Chapter VII</a>, History of Dharmasastras, Vol II, Part I, Bhandarkar Oriental Research Institute, pages 356-357</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-82"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-82">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">PV Kane, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/stream/historyofdharmas029210mbp#page/n377/mode/2up">Samskara, Chapter VII</a>, History of Dharmasastras, Vol II, Part I, Bhandarkar Oriental Research Institute, pages 321-334</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-kaneupak-83"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-kaneupak_83-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-kaneupak_83-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-kaneupak_83-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">PV Kane, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/stream/HistoryOfDharmashastras-PVKaneVol2Part2#page/n109/mode/2up">Upakarana, Chapter XXIII</a>, History of Dharmasastras, Vol II, Part II, Bhandarkar Oriental Research Institute, pages 807-811</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-84"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-84">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">PV Kane, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/stream/HistoryOfDharmashastras-PVKaneVol2Part2#page/n117/mode/2up">Upakarana, Chapter XXIII</a>, History of Dharmasastras, Vol II, Part II, Bhandarkar Oriental Research Institute, pages 815-818</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-pandeykesh-85"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-pandeykesh_85-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-pandeykesh_85-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Rajbali Pandey (2013), Hindu Saṁskāras: Socio-religious Study of the Hindu Sacraments, 2nd Edition, Motilal Banarsidass, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-8120803961" title="Special:BookSources/978-8120803961">978-8120803961</a>, pages 143-145</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-86"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-86">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.hinduismtoday.com/modules/smartsection/item.php?itemid=4043">Sacred Samskaras</a> Rajbali Pandey, Hinduism Today, May/June 2001</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-87"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-87">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Heidi Munan (2012), Hindu Puberty Rites in CultureShock! Malaysia: A Survival Guide to Customs and Etiquette, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1558680708" title="Special:BookSources/978-1558680708">978-1558680708</a>, page 74</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-88"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-88">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Lene Jensen (2015), The Oxford Handbook of Human Development and Culture, Oxford University Press, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0199948550" title="Special:BookSources/978-0199948550">978-0199948550</a>, page 328</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-89"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-89">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">PV Kane, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/stream/historyofdharmas029210mbp#page/n461/mode/2up">Samskara, Chapter VII</a>, History of Dharmasastras, Vol II, Part I, Bhandarkar Oriental Research Institute, pages 405-408</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-90"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-90">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">PV Kane, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/stream/historyofdharmas029210mbp#page/n465/mode/2up">Samskara, Chapter VII</a>, History of Dharmasastras, Vol II, Part I, Bhandarkar Oriental Research Institute, page 408</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-91"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-91">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Kathy Jackson (2005), Rituals and Patterns in Children's Lives, University of Wisconsin Press, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0299208301" title="Special:BookSources/978-0299208301">978-0299208301</a>, page 52</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-92"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-92">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">PV Kane, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/stream/historyofdharmas029210mbp#page/n463/mode/2up">Snana or Samavartana, Chapter VII</a>, History of Dharmasastras, Vol II, Part I, Bhandarkar Oriental Research Institute, pages 406-409</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-93"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-93">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">PV Kane, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/stream/historyofdharmas029210mbp#page/n469/mode/2up">Samskara, Chapter VII</a>, History of Dharmasastras, Vol II, Part I, Bhandarkar Oriental Research Institute, pages 412-417 (note: link has missing pages)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-ssastri1112-94"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-ssastri1112_94-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ssastri1112_94-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ssastri1112_94-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ssastri1112_94-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/stream/AitareyataittiriyaUpanishadsWithShankaraBhashya-English/05AitareyataittiriyaUpanishadsWithShankaraBhashya-English#page/n93/mode/2up">Taittiriya Upanishad</a> SS Sastri (Translator), The Aitereya and Taittiriya Upanishad, pages 89-92</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-pauldeussentu1112-95"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-pauldeussentu1112_95-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-pauldeussentu1112_95-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-pauldeussentu1112_95-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-pauldeussentu1112_95-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Paul Deussen, Sixty Upanishads of the Veda, Volume 1, Motilal Banarsidass, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-8120814684" title="Special:BookSources/978-8120814684">978-8120814684</a>, pages 229-231</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-roberthume-96"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-roberthume_96-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-roberthume_96-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/stream/thirteenprincipa028442mbp#page/n301/mode/2up">Taittiriya Upanishad</a> Thirteen Principal Upanishads, Robert Hume (Translator), pages 281-282</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-97"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-97">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Original: मातृदेवो भव । पितृदेवो भव । आचार्यदेवो भव । अतिथिदेवो भव । यान्यनवद्यानि कर्माणि तानि सेवितव्यानि । नो इतराणि । यान्यस्माकँ सुचरितानि तानि त्वयोपास्यानि । नो इतराणि ॥ २ ॥; <a class="external text" href="https://sa.wikisource.org/wiki/तैत्तिरीयोपनिषद्">Taittiriya Upanishad (Sanskrit)</a>, Wikisource</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-bbc2009-98"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-bbc2009_98-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.co.uk/religion/religions/hinduism/ritesrituals/weddings.shtml">BBC News article on Hinduism & Weddings</a>, Nawal Prinja (24 August 2009)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-rjb1969-99"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-rjb1969_99-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Hindu Saṁskāras: Socio-religious Study of the Hindu Sacraments, Rajbali Pandey (1969), see Chapter VIII, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-8120803961" title="Special:BookSources/978-8120803961">978-8120803961</a>, pages 153-233</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-100"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-100">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Rajbali Pandey (1969), Hindu Saṁskāras: Socio-religious Study of the Hindu Sacraments, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-81-208-0396-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-81-208-0396-1">978-81-208-0396-1</a>, see Chapter VIII, pages 153–233</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-101"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-101">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">James G. Lochtefeld (2001), The Illustrated Encyclopedia of Hinduism: A-M, Rosen Publishing, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8239-3179-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8239-3179-8">978-0-8239-3179-8</a>, page 427</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-ft2008-102"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-ft2008_102-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ft.com/cms/s/2/7498e59c-2233-11dd-a50a-000077b07658.html#axzz2aqrbE3eF">Sari nights and henna parties</a>, Amy Yee, The Financial Times, 17 May 2008</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-historyindia2011-103"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-historyindia2011_103-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Bajpai, Shiva (2011). <i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.himalayanacademy.com/media/books/the-history-of-hindu-india/the-history-of-hindu-india.pdf">The History of India - From Ancient to Modern Times</a></i>, Himalayan Academy Publications (Hawaii, USA), <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-934145-38-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-934145-38-8">978-1-934145-38-8</a>; see pages 4, 73-74</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-104"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-104">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Rajbali Pandey (2013), Hindu Saṁskāras: Socio-religious Study of the Hindu Sacraments, 2nd Edition, Motilal Banarsidass, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-8120803961" title="Special:BookSources/978-8120803961">978-8120803961</a>, pages 224-225</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-105"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-105">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://spokensanskrit.de/index.php?tinput=niSeka&direction=SE&script=HK&link=yes&beginning=0">niSeka</a> Sanskrit - English Dictionary, Cologne Digital Sanskrit Lexicon, Germany</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-106"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-106">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Jörg Gengnagel and Ute Hüsken (2005), Words and Deeds: Hindu and Buddhist Rituals in South Asia, Otto Harrassowitz Verlag, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3447051521" title="Special:BookSources/978-3447051521">978-3447051521</a>, pages 155-156</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-107"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-107">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.sanskrit-lexicon.uni-koeln.de/cgi-bin/tamil/recherche">vrata</a> Monier-Williams' Sanskrit-English Dictionary, Cologne Digital Sanskrit Lexicon, Germany</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-kanevrata-108"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-kanevrata_108-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-kanevrata_108-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">PV Kane, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/stream/historyofdharmas029210mbp#page/n427/mode/2up">Samskara, Chapter VII</a>, History of Dharmasastras, Vol II, Part I, Bhandarkar Oriental Research Institute, pages 370-375</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-109"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-109">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://spokensanskrit.de/index.php?script=HK&beginning=0+&tinput=funeral+&trans=Translate&direction=AU">Antayesti</a> Cologne Sanskrit Digital Lexicon, Germany</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-olsonant-110"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-olsonant_110-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-olsonant_110-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-olsonant_110-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-olsonant_110-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-olsonant_110-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Carl Olson (2007), The Many Colors of Hinduism: A Thematic-historical Introduction, Rutgers University Press, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0813540689" title="Special:BookSources/978-0813540689">978-0813540689</a>, pages 99-100</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-fowler-111"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-fowler_111-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-fowler_111-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-fowler_111-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">J Fowler (1996), Hinduism: Beliefs and Practices, Sussex Academic Press, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1898723608" title="Special:BookSources/978-1898723608">978-1898723608</a>, pages 59-60</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-terje-112"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-terje_112-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-terje_112-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-terje_112-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Terje Oestigaard, in The Oxford Handbook of the Archaeology of Death and Burial (Editors: <a href="/wiki/Sarah_Tarlow" title="Sarah Tarlow">Sarah Tarlow</a>, Liv Nilsson Stut), Oxford University Press, ISBN, pages 497-501</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-113"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-113">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Sanskrit: <a class="external text" href="https://sa.wikisource.org/wiki/ऋग्वेद:_सूक्तं_१०.१६">ऋग्वेद: सूक्तं १०.१६</a> Wikisource;<br /><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/stream/rigvedasanhitc06wils#page/38/mode/2up">Sukta XVI - Rigveda</a>, English Translation: HH Wilson (Translator), pages 39-40;<br />Wendy Doniger (1981), The Rig Veda, Penguin Classics, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0140449891" title="Special:BookSources/978-0140449891">978-0140449891</a>, see chapter on Death</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-114"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-114">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/stream/rigvedasanhitc06wils#page/46/mode/2up">Sukta XVIII - Rigveda</a>, English Translation: HH Wilson (Translator), pages 46-49 with footnotes;<br />Wendy Doniger (1981), The Rig Veda, Penguin Classics, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0140449891" title="Special:BookSources/978-0140449891">978-0140449891</a>, see chapter on Death</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-carrie-115"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-carrie_115-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-carrie_115-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Carrie Mercier (1998), Hinduism for Today, Oxford University Press, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0199172542" title="Special:BookSources/978-0199172542">978-0199172542</a>, page 58</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-116"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-116">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Colin Parkes et al (2015), Death and Bereavement Across Cultures, Routledge, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0415522366" title="Special:BookSources/978-0415522366">978-0415522366</a>, page 66-67</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-kristiwiley-117"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-kristiwiley_117-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-kristiwiley_117-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-kristiwiley_117-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-kristiwiley_117-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-kristiwiley_117-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-kristiwiley_117-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Kristi L. Wiley (2009), A to Z of Jainism, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0810868212" title="Special:BookSources/978-0810868212">978-0810868212</a>, pages 186-187</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-118"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-118">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Caroline Humphrey and James Laidlaw (1994), The Archetype Actions of Ritual - A Theory of Ritual Illustrated by the Jain Rite of Worship, Oxford University Press, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0198279471" title="Special:BookSources/978-0198279471">978-0198279471</a>, pages 193-208</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-119"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-119">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Padmanabh S. Jaini (2014), The Jaina Path of Purification, Motilal Banarsidass, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-8120815780" title="Special:BookSources/978-8120815780">978-8120815780</a>, pages 291-300</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-120"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-120">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Alexander von Rospatt (2005), Words and Deeds: Hindu and Buddhist Rituals in South Asia (Editors: Jörg Gengnagel and Ute Hüsken), Otto Harrassowitz Verlag, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3447051521" title="Special:BookSources/978-3447051521">978-3447051521</a>, pages 199-200</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-121"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-121">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.sikhmissionarysociety.org/sms/smspublications/thesikhsandtheirwayoflife/chapter6/">"The Sikhs and Their Way of Life - Sikh Ceremonies and Festivals"</a>. <i>www.sikhmissionarysociety.org</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.sikhmissionarysociety.org&rft.atitle=The+Sikhs+and+Their+Way+of+Life+-+Sikh+Ceremonies+and+Festivals&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.sikhmissionarysociety.org%2Fsms%2Fsmspublications%2Fthesikhsandtheirwayoflife%2Fchapter6%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASamskara+%28rite+of+passage%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-122"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-122">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.allaboutsikhs.com/sikh-way-of-life/sikh-ceremonies/the-sikh-ceremonies/">"The Sikh Ceremonies"</a>. <i>Gateway to Sikhism</i>. 30 November 1999.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Gateway+to+Sikhism&rft.atitle=The+Sikh+Ceremonies&rft.date=1999-11-30&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.allaboutsikhs.com%2Fsikh-way-of-life%2Fsikh-ceremonies%2Fthe-sikh-ceremonies%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASamskara+%28rite+of+passage%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Samskara_(rite_of_passage)&action=edit&section=28" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.researchgate.net/publication/323144083_CRITICAL_ANALYSIS_OF_CHILDHOOD_SANSKARAS_SACRAMENTS_IN_LIGHT_OF_CONTEMPORARY_SCIENCE">Critical analysis of childhood samskaras (sacraments) in light of contemporary science</a> Deepshikha and Rai Amit Kumar (2014), Int. Journal Ayur. Pharma Research, 2(2), pp. 95–100.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://direct.mit.edu/desi/article-abstract/21/4/41/69656/Culture-as-the-Designer">Culture as the Designer</a>, Lalit Das (2005), Design Issues, MIT Press, 21(4), pp. 41–53.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/3269551">The Existential, Social, and Cosmic Significance of the Upanayana Rite</a>, Carl Olson (1977), Numen, Vol. 24, Fasc. 2, pp. 152–160.</li> <li>Thomas N. Siqueira, <i>The Vedic Sacraments</i>, Thought, Volume 9, Issue 4, March 1935, pp. 598–609, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.5840%2Fthought1935945">10.5840/thought1935945</a>.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Samskara_(rite_of_passage)&action=edit&section=29" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid 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title="Garbhadhana">Garbhādhāna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pumsavana" title="Pumsavana">Puṁsavana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Simantonnayana" title="Simantonnayana">Sīmantonnayana</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="6" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><div style="padding-right:0.75em;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Om_symbol.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Om_symbol.svg/80px-Om_symbol.svg.png" decoding="async" width="80" height="82" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Om_symbol.svg/120px-Om_symbol.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Om_symbol.svg/160px-Om_symbol.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="356" data-file-height="367" /></a></span></div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#FFC569;">Childhood</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list 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title="Vedarambha">Vedārāmbha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Keshanta" title="Keshanta">Keśānta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samavartanam" title="Samavartanam">Samāvartana</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#FFC569;">Marriage</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Viv%C4%81ha" class="mw-redirect" title="Vivāha">Vivāha</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#FFC569;">Last</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Antyesti" title="Antyesti">Antyeṣṭi</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#FFC569;">Related topics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nishekam" title="Nishekam">Nishekam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pumsavana_Simantonayana" title="Pumsavana Simantonayana">Pumsavana Simantonayana</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Worship_in_Hinduism" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background:#FFC569;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" 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<ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aarti" class="mw-redirect" title="Aarti">Ārati</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bhajan" title="Bhajan">Bhajan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Darshan_(Indian_religions)" title="Darshan (Indian religions)">Darshan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hindu_deities" title="Hindu deities">Deities</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Hindu_festivals" title="List of Hindu festivals">Festivals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Homa_(ritual)" title="Homa (ritual)">Homa</a> (<a href="/wiki/Yajna" title="Yajna">Yajna</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kirtan" title="Kirtan">Kirtan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mantra" title="Mantra">Mantra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Murti" title="Murti">Murti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tilaka" title="Tilaka">Tilaka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Utsava" title="Utsava">Utsava</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vrata" title="Vrata">Vrata</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yatra" title="Yatra">Yatra</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#FFC569;;width:1%">Rituals</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#FFC569;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Puja_(Hinduism)" title="Puja (Hinduism)">Puja</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abhisheka" title="Abhisheka">Abhisheka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bhog" title="Bhog">Bhog</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Panchamakara" title="Panchamakara">Panchamakara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Panchamrita" title="Panchamrita">Panchamrita</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parikrama" title="Parikrama">Parikrama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pran%C4%81ma" title="Pranāma">Pranāma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prasada" title="Prasada">Prasada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pushpanjali" title="Pushpanjali">Pushpanjali</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#FFC569;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Homa_(ritual)" title="Homa (ritual)">Homa</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Yajna" title="Yajna">Yajna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Agnicayana" title="Agnicayana">Agnicayana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Agnihotra" title="Agnihotra">Agnihotra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Agnikaryam" title="Agnikaryam">Agnikaryam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aupasana" title="Aupasana">Aupasana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dhuni" title="Dhuni">Dhuni</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kamyakarma" title="Kamyakarma">Kamyakarma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pravargya" title="Pravargya">Pravargya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Purushamedha" title="Purushamedha">Purushamedha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Putrakameshti" title="Putrakameshti">Putrakameshti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Viraja_Homa" title="Viraja Homa">Viraja Homa</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#FFC569;font-weight:normal;">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Achamana" title="Achamana">Achamana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blessing#Hinduism" title="Blessing">Ashirvada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ashvamedha" title="Ashvamedha">Ashvamedha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karmkand" class="mw-redirect" title="Karmkand">Karmakāṇḍa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kumbhabhishekham" title="Kumbhabhishekham">Kumbhabhishekham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nityakarma" title="Nityakarma">Nityakarma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ngejot" title="Ngejot">Ngejot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Panchayatana_puja" title="Panchayatana puja">Panchayatana puja</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prana_Pratishtha" class="mw-redirect" title="Prana Pratishtha">Prana Pratishtha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sandhyavandanam" title="Sandhyavandanam">Sandhyavandanam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shuddhi_(Hinduism)" title="Shuddhi (Hinduism)">Shuddhi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C5%9Arauta" title="Śrauta">Śrauta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tarpana" title="Tarpana">Tarpana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Upakarma" title="Upakarma">Upakarma</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#FFC569;;width:1%"><div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Prayer_in_Hinduism" title="Prayer in Hinduism">Prayer</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Dhyana_in_Hinduism" title="Dhyana in Hinduism">Meditation</a></li></ul></div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ajapa_japa" title="Ajapa japa">Ajapa japa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bhajan" title="Bhajan">Bhajan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brahmamuhurta" title="Brahmamuhurta">Brahmamuhurta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jagarana" title="Jagarana">Jagarana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jai_Shri_Ram" title="Jai Shri Ram">Jai Shri Ram</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japa" title="Japa">Japa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kirtan" title="Kirtan">Kirtan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Om" title="Om">Om</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sandhyavandanam" title="Sandhyavandanam">Sandhyavandanam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shaktipat" class="mw-redirect" title="Shaktipat">Śaktipāta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stotra" title="Stotra">Stotra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Third_eye" title="Third eye">Third eye</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yoga" title="Yoga">Yoga</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#FFC569;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Mantra" title="Mantra">Mantras</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gayatri_Mantra" title="Gayatri Mantra">Gayatri Mantra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hare_Krishna_(mantra)" title="Hare Krishna (mantra)">Hare Krishna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Om" title="Om">Om</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Om_Namah_Shivaya" title="Om Namah Shivaya">Om Namah Shivaya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Om_Namo_Narayanaya" title="Om Namo Narayanaya">Om Namo Narayanaya</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#FFC569;;width:1%">Objects</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Puja_thali" title="Puja thali">Puja thali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Altar#Hinduism" title="Altar">Altar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Banalinga" title="Banalinga">Banalinga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Banana_leaf" title="Banana leaf">Banana leaf</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biruda" title="Biruda">Biruda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coconut" title="Coconut">Coconut</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dhunachi" title="Dhunachi">Dhunachi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dhuni" title="Dhuni">Dhuni</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dhupa" title="Dhupa">Dhupa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diya_(lamp)" title="Diya (lamp)">Diya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fly-whisk" title="Fly-whisk">Cāmara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Garland" title="Garland">Garland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ghanta" title="Ghanta">Ghanta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joss_stick" class="mw-redirect" title="Joss stick">Agarabattī</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kalasha" title="Kalasha">Kalasha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kamandalu" title="Kamandalu">Kamandalu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khirapat" title="Khirapat">Khirapat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kindi_(vessel)" title="Kindi (vessel)">Kindi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kolam" title="Kolam">Kolam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moolavar" title="Moolavar">Mulavar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paduka" title="Paduka">Paduka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Litter_(vehicle)" title="Litter (vehicle)">Palki</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Panchamrita" title="Panchamrita">Panchamrita</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pandal" title="Pandal">Pandal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pinda_(riceball)" title="Pinda (riceball)">Pinda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japamala" title="Japamala">Prayer beads</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rangoli" title="Rangoli">Rangoli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shankha" title="Shankha">Shankha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tilaka" title="Tilaka">Tilakamu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Utsavar" class="mw-redirect" title="Utsavar">Utsavar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Upanayana" title="Upanayana">Yajnopavitam</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#FFC569;;width:1%">Materials</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Agarwood" title="Agarwood">Agarwood</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alta_(dye)" title="Alta (dye)">Alta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Camphor" title="Camphor">Camphor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charu" title="Charu">Charu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ghee" title="Ghee">Ghee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Incense_in_India" title="Incense in India">Incense</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kumkuma" title="Kumkuma">Kumkuma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tagetes" title="Tagetes">Marigold</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Milk" title="Milk">Milk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Panakam" title="Panakam">Panakam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Panchagavya" title="Panchagavya">Panchagavya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rudraksha" title="Rudraksha">Rudraksha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sandalwood" title="Sandalwood">Candana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sindoor" title="Sindoor">Sindūra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soma_(drink)" title="Soma (drink)">Soma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ocimum_tenuiflorum" title="Ocimum tenuiflorum">Tulasi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turmeric" title="Turmeric">Turmeric</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vibhuti" title="Vibhuti">Vibhuti</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#FFC569;;width:1%">Instruments</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dholak" title="Dholak">Dholak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pump_organ#Harmonium" title="Pump organ">Harmonium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taal_(instrument)" title="Taal (instrument)">Karatalas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khol" title="Khol">Khol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manjira" class="mw-redirect" title="Manjira">Manjira</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mridangam" title="Mridangam">Mridangam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tabla" title="Tabla">Tabla</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Veena" title="Veena">Veena</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#FFC569;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Hindu_iconography" title="Hindu iconography">Iconography</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ashtadhatu" title="Ashtadhatu">Ashtadhatu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lingam" title="Lingam">Lingam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Murti" title="Murti">Murti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Om" title="Om">Om</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Panchaloha" title="Panchaloha">Panchaloha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pindi_(Hindu_iconography)" title="Pindi (Hindu iconography)">Pindi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pillaiyar_Su%E1%B8%BBi" title="Pillaiyar Suḻi">Pillaiyar Suḻi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shaligram" title="Shaligram">Shaligram</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swastika" title="Swastika">Swastika</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yoni" title="Yoni">Yoni</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Category:Hindu_iconography" title="Category:Hindu iconography">more...</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#FFC569;;width:1%">Places</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ashram" title="Ashram">Ashram</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dhwaja_Stambha" class="mw-redirect" title="Dhwaja Stambha">Dhvajastambham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ghat" title="Ghat">Ghat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Temple_tank" title="Temple tank">Temple tank</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Matha" title="Matha">Matha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hindu_temple" title="Hindu temple">Temple</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hindu_pilgrimage_sites" title="Hindu pilgrimage sites">Pilgrimage sites</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#FFC569;;width:1%">Roles</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Guru" title="Guru">Guru</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pandit" title="Pandit">Pandit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pujari" title="Pujari">Pujari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Purohita" title="Purohita">Purohita</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rishi" title="Rishi">Rishi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sadhu" title="Sadhu">Sadhu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sannyasa" title="Sannyasa">Sannyasa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sant_(religion)" title="Sant (religion)">Sant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Satguru" title="Satguru">Satguru</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swami" title="Swami">Swami</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yogi" title="Yogi">Yogi</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Category:Titles_and_occupations_in_Hinduism" title="Category:Titles and occupations in Hinduism">more...</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#FFC569;;width:1%">Sacred animals</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cattle_in_religion_and_mythology#Sacred_status_of_cow" title="Cattle in religion and mythology">Cow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ashva" title="Ashva">Horse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/N%C4%81ga" title="Nāga">Nāga</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#FFC569;;width:1%">Sacred plants</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#FFC569;font-weight:normal;">Trees</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Akshayavata" title="Akshayavata">Akshayavata</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saraca_asoca" title="Saraca asoca">Ashoka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Banyan" title="Banyan">Banyan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neolamarckia_cadamba" title="Neolamarckia cadamba">Kadamba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kalpavriksha" title="Kalpavriksha">Kalpavriksha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nyctanthes_arbor-tristis" title="Nyctanthes arbor-tristis">Parijata</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ficus_religiosa" title="Ficus religiosa">Peepal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sacred_groves_of_India" title="Sacred groves of India">Sacred groves</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#FFC569;font-weight:normal;">Fruits and other plants</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aegle_marmelos" title="Aegle marmelos">Bael</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Desmostachya_bipinnata" title="Desmostachya bipinnata">Kusha grass</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nelumbo_nucifera" title="Nelumbo nucifera">Lotus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tulasi_in_Hinduism" title="Tulasi in Hinduism">Tulasi</a> (<a href="/wiki/Tulasi_Vrindavana" title="Tulasi Vrindavana">Tulasi Vrindavana</a>)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#FFC569;;width:1%">See also</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Firewalking" title="Firewalking">Firewalking</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Samskara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Temple_dance" title="Temple dance">Temple dance</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Death_in_Hinduism" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background:#FFC569;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Death_in_Hinduism" title="Template:Death in Hinduism"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Death_in_Hinduism" title="Template talk:Death in Hinduism"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Death_in_Hinduism" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Death in Hinduism"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Death_in_Hinduism" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Death" title="Death">Death</a> in <a href="/wiki/Hinduism" title="Hinduism">Hinduism</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#FFC569;;width:1%">Goal</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Moksha" title="Moksha">Moksha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Svarga" title="Svarga">Svarga</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#FFC569;;width:1%">Rituals</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Antyesti" title="Antyesti">Antyesti</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Shmashana" title="Shmashana">Shmashana</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ghat" title="Ghat">Cremation ghats</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antyesti#Burial" title="Antyesti">Burial in Hinduism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ngaben" title="Ngaben">Ngaben</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pinda_(riceball)" title="Pinda (riceball)">Pinda</a></li></ul></li> <li>Post-<a href="/wiki/Antyesti" title="Antyesti">Antyesti</a> rituals: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Indian_rituals_after_death" title="Indian rituals after death">Niravapanjali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tarpana" title="Tarpana">Tarpana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rasam_Pagri" title="Rasam Pagri">Rasam Pagri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pind_Sammelan" title="Pind Sammelan">Pind Sammelan</a> or <a href="/wiki/Terahvin" title="Terahvin">Terahvin</a>* <a href="/wiki/Veneration_of_the_dead#India" title="Veneration of the dead">Ancestor worship</a>:</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pitrs" class="mw-redirect" title="Pitrs">Pitr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pitru_Paksha" title="Pitru Paksha">Pitru Paksha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C5%9Ar%C4%81ddha" title="Śrāddha">Śrāddha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_the_Punjab#Jathera—ancestral_shrines" title="Religion in the Punjab">Jathera or Dhok</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samadhi_(shrine)" title="Samadhi (shrine)">Samadhi</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#FFC569;;width:1%">Other related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bhoot_(ghost)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bhoot (ghost)">Bhuta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karma_in_Hinduism" title="Karma in Hinduism">Karma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Loka" title="Loka">Loka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reincarnation" title="Reincarnation">Reincarnation</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Samskara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vaitarani_(mythology)" title="Vaitarani (mythology)">Vaitarani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yama" title="Yama">Yama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hindu_genealogy_registers_at_Haridwar" title="Hindu genealogy registers at Haridwar">Hindu genealogy registers</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#FFC569;;width:1%">See also</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Hinduism" title="History of Hinduism">History</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hindu_denominations" title="Hindu denominations">Denominations</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sampradaya" title="Sampradaya">Sampradaya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guru-shishya_tradition" class="mw-redirect" title="Guru-shishya tradition">Parampara</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hindu_philosophy" title="Hindu philosophy">Philosophy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hindu_texts" title="Hindu texts">Texts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_religions" title="Indian religions">Dharmic religions</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="15px&#124;link=Aum_Hinduism_14px_topics" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3" style="background:#FFC569;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Hindudharma" title="Template:Hindudharma"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Hindudharma" title="Template talk:Hindudharma"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Hindudharma" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Hindudharma"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="15px&#124;link=Aum_Hinduism_14px_topics" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Aum" title="Aum"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/67/Aum_Om_red.svg/15px-Aum_Om_red.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/67/Aum_Om_red.svg/23px-Aum_Om_red.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/67/Aum_Om_red.svg/30px-Aum_Om_red.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="356" data-file-height="367" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/Hinduism" title="Hinduism">Hinduism</a> <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:HinduSwastika.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/HinduSwastika.svg/14px-HinduSwastika.svg.png" decoding="async" width="14" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/HinduSwastika.svg/21px-HinduSwastika.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/HinduSwastika.svg/28px-HinduSwastika.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="142" data-file-height="145" /></a></span> topics</div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3" style="background:#FFC569;;font-weight:bold;"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Glossary_of_Hinduism_terms" title="Glossary of Hinduism terms">Glossary</a></li> <li>Index</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_Hinduism" class="mw-redirect" title="Timeline of Hinduism">Timeline</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#FFC569;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Hindu_philosophy" title="Hindu philosophy">Philosophy</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0;background:transparent;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#FFC569;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Glossary_of_Hinduism_terms" title="Glossary of Hinduism terms">Concepts</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Brahman" title="Brahman">Brahman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Om" title="Om">Om</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ishvara" title="Ishvara">Ishvara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C4%80tman_(Hinduism)" title="Ātman (Hinduism)">Atman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maya_(religion)" title="Maya (religion)">Maya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karma" title="Karma">Karma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sa%E1%B9%83s%C4%81ra" title="Saṃsāra">Saṃsāra</a></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Puru%E1%B9%A3%C4%81rtha" title="Puruṣārtha">Puruṣārthas</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dharma" title="Dharma">Dharma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Artha" title="Artha">Artha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kama" title="Kama">Kama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moksha" title="Moksha">Moksha</a></li></ul></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ethics_in_religion#Hindu_ethics" title="Ethics in religion">Niti</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ahimsa" title="Ahimsa">Ahimsa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Achourya" title="Achourya">Asteya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aparigraha" class="mw-redirect" title="Aparigraha">Aparigraha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brahmacarya" class="mw-redirect" title="Brahmacarya">Brahmacharya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Satya" title="Satya">Satya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/D%C4%81na" title="Dāna">Dāna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Temperance_(virtue)#Hinduism" title="Temperance (virtue)">Damah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Compassion#Hinduism" title="Compassion">Dayā</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Akrodha" title="Akrodha">Akrodha</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#FFC569;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Hindu_philosophy" title="Hindu philosophy">Schools</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%C4%80stika_and_n%C4%81stika" title="Āstika and nāstika">Āstika</a>: <a href="/wiki/Samkhya" title="Samkhya">Samkhya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yoga" title="Yoga">Yoga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nyaya" title="Nyaya">Nyaya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vaisheshika" title="Vaisheshika">Vaisheshika</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/M%C4%ABm%C4%81%E1%B9%83s%C4%81" title="Mīmāṃsā">Mīmāṃsā</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vedanta" title="Vedanta">Vedanta</a> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Dvaita_Vedanta" title="Dvaita Vedanta">Dvaita</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Advaita_Vedanta" title="Advaita Vedanta">Advaita</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Vishishtadvaita" title="Vishishtadvaita">Vishishtadvaita</a></i></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C4%80stika_and_n%C4%81stika" title="Āstika and nāstika">Nāstika</a>: <a href="/wiki/Charvaka" title="Charvaka">Charvaka</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="5" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Hindu "Om" symbol"><img alt="Hindu "Om" symbol" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/69/Aum_Om_navy_blue_circle_hollow_coral.svg/100px-Aum_Om_navy_blue_circle_hollow_coral.svg.png" decoding="async" width="100" height="99" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/69/Aum_Om_navy_blue_circle_hollow_coral.svg/150px-Aum_Om_navy_blue_circle_hollow_coral.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/69/Aum_Om_navy_blue_circle_hollow_coral.svg/200px-Aum_Om_navy_blue_circle_hollow_coral.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="507" /></span></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#FFC569;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Hindu_texts" title="Hindu texts">Texts</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0;background:transparent;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#FFC569;font-weight:normal;">Classification</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%C5%9Aruti" title="Śruti">Śruti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sm%E1%B9%9Bti" title="Smṛti">Smṛti</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#FFC569;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Vedas" title="Vedas">Vedas</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Rigveda" title="Rigveda">Rigveda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yajurveda" title="Yajurveda">Yajurveda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samaveda" title="Samaveda">Samaveda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atharvaveda" title="Atharvaveda">Atharvaveda</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#FFC569;font-weight:normal;">Divisions</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Vedic_chant" title="Vedic chant">Samhita</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brahmana" title="Brahmana">Brahmana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aranyaka" title="Aranyaka">Aranyaka</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#FFC569;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Upanishads" title="Upanishads">Upanishads</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aitareya_Upanishad" title="Aitareya Upanishad">Aitareya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kaushitaki_Upanishad" title="Kaushitaki Upanishad">Kaushitaki</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brihadaranyaka_Upanishad" title="Brihadaranyaka Upanishad">Brihadaranyaka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isha_Upanishad" title="Isha Upanishad">Isha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taittiriya_Upanishad" title="Taittiriya Upanishad">Taittiriya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Katha_Upanishad" title="Katha Upanishad">Katha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maitrayaniya_Upanishad" title="Maitrayaniya Upanishad">Maitrayaniya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shvetashvatara_Upanishad" title="Shvetashvatara Upanishad">Shvetashvatara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chandogya_Upanishad" title="Chandogya Upanishad">Chandogya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kena_Upanishad" title="Kena Upanishad">Kena</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mundaka_Upanishad" title="Mundaka Upanishad">Mundaka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mandukya_Upanishad" title="Mandukya Upanishad">Mandukya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prashna_Upanishad" title="Prashna Upanishad">Prashna</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#FFC569;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Upaveda" class="mw-redirect" title="Upaveda">Upavedas</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ayurveda" title="Ayurveda">Ayurveda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_martial_arts" title="Indian martial arts">Dhanurveda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Natya_Shastra" title="Natya Shastra">Natyaveda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hindu_temple_architecture" title="Hindu temple architecture">Sthapatyaveda</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#FFC569;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Vedanga" title="Vedanga">Vedanga</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Shiksha" title="Shiksha">Shiksha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sanskrit_prosody" title="Sanskrit prosody">Chandas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vy%C4%81kara%E1%B9%87a" title="Vyākaraṇa">Vyākaraṇa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nirukta" title="Nirukta">Nirukta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kalpa_(Vedanga)" title="Kalpa (Vedanga)">Kalpa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jyotisha" class="mw-redirect" title="Jyotisha">Jyotisha</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#FFC569;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/List_of_Hindu_texts" title="List of Hindu texts">Other</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bhagavad_Gita" title="Bhagavad Gita">Bhagavad Gita</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Agama_(Hinduism)" title="Agama (Hinduism)">Agamas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Itihasa-Purana" title="Itihasa-Purana">Itihasas</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ramayana" title="Ramayana">Ramayana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mahabharata" title="Mahabharata">Mahabharata</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Puranas" title="Puranas">Puranas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Upanishads#Classification" title="Upanishads">Minor Upanishads</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arthashastra" title="Arthashastra">Arthashastra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nitisara" title="Nitisara">Nitisara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dharma%C5%9B%C4%81stra" title="Dharmaśāstra">Dharmaśāstra</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Manusmriti" title="Manusmriti">Manusmriti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/N%C4%81radasm%E1%B9%9Bti" title="Nāradasmṛti">Nāradasmṛti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Y%C4%81j%C3%B1avalkya_Sm%E1%B9%9Bti" title="Yājñavalkya Smṛti">Yājñavalkya Smṛti</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sutra" title="Sutra">Sutras</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stotra" title="Stotra">Stotras</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Subhashita" title="Subhashita">Subhashita</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tantras_(Hinduism)" class="mw-redirect" title="Tantras (Hinduism)">Tantras</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yoga_Vasistha" title="Yoga Vasistha">Yoga Vasistha</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Yoga_Sutras_of_Patanjali" title="Yoga Sutras of Patanjali">Yoga Sutras of Patanjali</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#FFC569;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Sangam_literature" title="Sangam literature">Sangam literature</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tirumurai" title="Tirumurai">Tirumurai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Divya_Prabandham" class="mw-redirect" title="Divya Prabandham">Divya Prabandham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tirumuruk%C4%81%E1%B9%9F%E1%B9%9Fuppa%E1%B9%ADai" title="Tirumurukāṟṟuppaṭai">Tirumurukāṟṟuppaṭai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thiruppugal" class="mw-redirect" title="Thiruppugal">Thiruppugal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thirukkural" class="mw-redirect" title="Thirukkural">Thirukkural</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kamba_Ramayanam" class="mw-redirect" title="Kamba Ramayanam">Kamba Ramayanam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Five_Great_Epics" title="Five Great Epics">Five Great Epics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eighteen_Greater_Texts" title="Eighteen Greater Texts">Eighteen Greater Texts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eighteen_Lesser_Texts" title="Eighteen Lesser Texts">Eighteen Lesser Texts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Athichudi" title="Athichudi">Athichudi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iraiyanar_Akapporul" title="Iraiyanar Akapporul">Iraiyanar Akapporul</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abhirami_Antati" class="mw-redirect" title="Abhirami Antati">Abhirami Antati</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thiruvilaiyadal_Puranam" title="Thiruvilaiyadal Puranam">Thiruvilaiyadal Puranam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vinayagar_Agaval" title="Vinayagar Agaval">Vinayagar Agaval</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vedarthasamgraha" title="Vedarthasamgraha">Vedarthasamgraha</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#FFC569;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Hindu_deities" title="Hindu deities">Deities</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0;background:transparent;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#FFC569;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Deva_(Hinduism)" title="Deva (Hinduism)">Gods</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Trimurti" title="Trimurti">Trimurti</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Brahma" title="Brahma">Brahma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vishnu" title="Vishnu">Vishnu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shiva" title="Shiva">Shiva</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Agni" title="Agni">Agni</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dattatreya" title="Dattatreya">Dattatreya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ganesha" title="Ganesha">Ganesha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hanuman" title="Hanuman">Hanuman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indra" title="Indra">Indra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kartikeya" title="Kartikeya">Kartikeya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Krishna" title="Krishna">Krishna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rama" title="Rama">Rama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Surya" title="Surya">Surya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Varuna" title="Varuna">Varuna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vayu" title="Vayu">Vayu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Hindu_gods" title="Category:Hindu gods"><i>more</i></a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#FFC569;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Devi" title="Devi">Goddesses</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tridevi" title="Tridevi">Tridevi</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Saraswati" title="Saraswati">Saraswati</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lakshmi" title="Lakshmi">Lakshmi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parvati" title="Parvati">Parvati</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bhumi_(goddess)" title="Bhumi (goddess)">Bhumi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Durga" title="Durga">Durga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kali" title="Kali">Kali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mahavidya" title="Mahavidya">Mahavidya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Matrika" class="mw-redirect" title="Matrika">Matrika</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radha" title="Radha">Radha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rukmini" title="Rukmini">Rukmini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sati_(Hindu_goddess)" title="Sati (Hindu goddess)">Sati</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shakti" title="Shakti">Shakti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shashthi" title="Shashthi">Shashthi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sita" title="Sita">Sita</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Hindu_goddesses" title="Category:Hindu goddesses"><i>more</i></a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#FFC569;;width:1%">Practices</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0;background:transparent;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#FFC569;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Worship_in_Hinduism" title="Worship in Hinduism">Worship</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hindu_temple" title="Hindu temple">Temple</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Murti" title="Murti">Murti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Puja_(Hinduism)" title="Puja (Hinduism)">Puja</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bhakti" title="Bhakti">Bhakti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japa" title="Japa">Japa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bhajan" title="Bhajan">Bhajan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Naivedhya" class="mw-redirect" title="Naivedhya">Naivedhya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yajna" title="Yajna">Yajna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Homa_(ritual)" title="Homa (ritual)">Homa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tapas_(Indian_religions)" title="Tapas (Indian religions)">Tapas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dhy%C4%81na_in_Hinduism" class="mw-redirect" title="Dhyāna in Hinduism">Dhyāna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hindu_pilgrimage_sites_in_India" title="Hindu pilgrimage sites in India">Tirthatana</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#FFC569;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Sanskara_(rite_of_passage)" class="mw-redirect" title="Sanskara (rite of passage)">Sanskaras</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Garbhadhana" title="Garbhadhana">Garbhadhana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pumsavana" title="Pumsavana">Pumsavana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pumsavana_Simantonayana" title="Pumsavana Simantonayana">Simantonayana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jatakarma" title="Jatakarma">Jatakarma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/N%C4%81makara%E1%B9%87a" title="Nāmakaraṇa">Namakarana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nishkramana" title="Nishkramana">Nishkramana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Annaprashana" title="Annaprashana">Annaprashana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chudakarana" title="Chudakarana">Chudakarana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karnavedha" title="Karnavedha">Karnavedha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vidy%C4%81ra%E1%B9%83bha%E1%B9%83" title="Vidyāraṃbhaṃ">Vidyarambha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Upanayana" title="Upanayana">Upanayana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Keshanta" title="Keshanta">Keshanta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ritu_Kala_Samskaram" title="Ritu Kala Samskaram">Ritushuddhi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samavartanam" title="Samavartanam">Samavartanam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vivaah" class="mw-redirect" title="Vivaah">Vivaha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antyesti" title="Antyesti">Antyeshti</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#FFC569;font-weight:normal;">Varnashrama</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Varna_(Hinduism)" title="Varna (Hinduism)">Varna</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Brahmin" title="Brahmin">Brahmin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kshatriya" title="Kshatriya">Kshatriya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vaishya" title="Vaishya">Vaishya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shudra" title="Shudra">Shudra</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ashrama_(stage)" class="mw-redirect" title="Ashrama (stage)">Ashrama</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Brahmacarya" class="mw-redirect" title="Brahmacarya">Brahmacharya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grihastha" class="mw-redirect" title="Grihastha">Grihastha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vanaprastha" class="mw-redirect" title="Vanaprastha">Vanaprastha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sannyasa" title="Sannyasa">Sannyasa</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#FFC569;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/List_of_Hindu_festivals" title="List of Hindu festivals">Festivals</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Diwali" title="Diwali">Diwali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Holi" title="Holi">Holi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maha_Shivaratri" title="Maha Shivaratri">Shivaratri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raksha_Bandhan" title="Raksha Bandhan">Raksha Bandhan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Navaratri" title="Navaratri">Navaratri</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Durga_Puja" title="Durga Puja">Durga Puja</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ramlila" title="Ramlila">Ramlila</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vijayadashami" title="Vijayadashami">Vijayadashami</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ganesh_Chaturthi" title="Ganesh Chaturthi">Ganesh Chaturthi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rama_Navami" title="Rama Navami">Rama Navami</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Krishna_Janmashtami" title="Krishna Janmashtami">Janmashtami</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Onam" title="Onam">Onam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pongal_(festival)" title="Pongal (festival)">Pongal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Makar_Sankranti" title="Makar Sankranti">Makar Sankranti</a></li> <li>New Year <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bihu" title="Bihu">Bihu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gudi_Padwa" title="Gudi Padwa">Gudi Padwa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pahela_Baishakh" class="mw-redirect" title="Pahela Baishakh">Pahela Baishakh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Puthandu" title="Puthandu">Puthandu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vaisakhi" title="Vaisakhi">Vaisakhi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vishu" title="Vishu">Vishu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ugadi" title="Ugadi">Ugadi</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kumbh_Mela" title="Kumbh Mela">Kumbh Mela</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Haridwar_Kumbh_Mela" title="Haridwar Kumbh Mela">Haridwar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nashik-Trimbakeshwar_Simhastha" title="Nashik-Trimbakeshwar Simhastha">Nashik</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prayag_Kumbh_Mela" title="Prayag Kumbh Mela">Prayag</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ujjain_Simhastha" title="Ujjain Simhastha">Ujjain</a></li></ul></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ratha_Yatra_(Puri)" title="Ratha Yatra (Puri)">Ratha Yatra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Teej" title="Teej">Teej</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vasant_Panchami" title="Vasant Panchami">Vasant Panchami</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:Hindu_festivals" title="Template:Hindu festivals">Others</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#FFC569;font-weight:normal;">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sv%C4%81dhy%C4%81ya" title="Svādhyāya">Svādhyāya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Namaste" title="Namaste">Namaste</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bindi_(decoration)" title="Bindi (decoration)">Bindi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tilaka" title="Tilaka">Tilaka</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#FFC569;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Hinduism" title="Portal:Hinduism">Related</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0;background:transparent;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hindus" title="Hindus">Hindus</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hindus#Etymology" title="Hindus">Etymology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lists_of_Hindus" title="Lists of Hindus">List</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hindu_denominations" title="Hindu denominations">Denominations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hindu_law" title="Hindu law">Law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hindu_calendar" title="Hindu calendar">Calendar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Hindu_sentiment" title="Anti-Hindu sentiment">Anti-Hindu sentiment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Criticism_of_Hinduism" title="Criticism of Hinduism">Criticism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Hindu_gurus_and_sants" title="List of Hindu gurus and sants">Hindu gurus and sants</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hindu_studies" title="Hindu studies">Hindu studies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hindu_iconography" title="Hindu iconography">Iconography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hindu_mythology" title="Hindu mythology">Mythology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hindu_nationalism" title="Hindu nationalism">Nationalism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hindutva" title="Hindutva">Hindutva</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persecution_of_Hindus" title="Persecution of Hindus">Persecution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hindu_pilgrimage_sites" title="Hindu pilgrimage sites">Pilgrimage sites</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hindu_pilgrimage_sites_in_India" title="Hindu pilgrimage sites in India">India</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hinduism_and_other_religions" title="Hinduism and other religions">Relations with other religions</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bah%C3%A1%CA%BC%C3%AD_Faith_and_Hinduism" title="Baháʼí Faith and Hinduism">Baháʼí</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_and_Hinduism" title="Buddhism and Hinduism">Buddhism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hindu%E2%80%93Islamic_relations" title="Hindu–Islamic relations">Islam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jainism_and_Hinduism" class="mw-redirect" title="Jainism and Hinduism">Jainism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hinduism_and_Judaism" title="Hinduism and Judaism">Judaism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hinduism_and_Sikhism" title="Hinduism and Sikhism">Sikhism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hinduism_and_Theosophy" title="Hinduism and Theosophy">Theosophy</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glossary_of_Hinduism_terms" title="Glossary of Hinduism terms">Glossary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hinduism_by_country" title="Hinduism by country">Hinduism by country</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hindu_temples" class="mw-redirect" title="Hindu temples">Hindu temples</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Hindu_temples" title="List of Hindu temples">List</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hindu_temple_architecture" title="Hindu temple architecture">Architecture</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3" style="background:#FFC569;;font-weight:bold;"><div><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Outline"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Global_thinking.svg/10px-Global_thinking.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Global_thinking.svg/15px-Global_thinking.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Global_thinking.svg/21px-Global_thinking.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="130" data-file-height="200" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Outline_of_Hinduism" title="Outline of Hinduism">Outline</a><br /> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Category:Hinduism" title="Category:Hinduism">Category</a></li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Symbol_portal_class.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Portal"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/16px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/23px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/31px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/Portal:Hinduism" title="Portal:Hinduism">Portal</a></li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="WikiProject"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/People_icon.svg/16px-People_icon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/People_icon.svg/24px-People_icon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/People_icon.svg/32px-People_icon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="100" data-file-height="100" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:WikiProject_Hinduism" title="Wikipedia:WikiProject Hinduism">WikiProject</a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Hindu_cosmology" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background-color: #FFDE99;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Brahmanda" title="Template:Brahmanda"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Brahmanda" title="Template talk:Brahmanda"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Brahmanda" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Brahmanda"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Hindu_cosmology" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Hindu_cosmology" title="Hindu cosmology">Hindu cosmology</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color: #FFDE99;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Akasha" title="Akasha">Space</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Loka#Hinduism" title="Loka">Loka</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Brahmaloka" title="Brahmaloka">Brahmaloka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vaikuntha" title="Vaikuntha">Vaikuntha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mount_Kailash" title="Mount Kailash">Kailasha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manidvipa" title="Manidvipa">Manidvipa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Goloka" title="Goloka">Goloka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Svarga" title="Svarga">Svarga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Patala" title="Patala">Patala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Naraka_(Hinduism)" title="Naraka (Hinduism)">Naraka</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/A%E1%B9%87%E1%B8%8Da" title="Aṇḍa">Aṇḍa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hiranyagarbha" title="Hiranyagarbha">Hiranyagarbha</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color: #FFDE99;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/K%C4%81la_(time)" class="mw-redirect" title="Kāla (time)">Time</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hindu_units_of_time" title="Hindu units of time">Life of Brahma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kalpa_(aeon)" class="mw-redirect" title="Kalpa (aeon)">Kalpa</a> of <a href="/wiki/Brahma" title="Brahma">Brahma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manvantara" title="Manvantara">Manvantara</a> of <a href="/wiki/Manu_(Hinduism)" title="Manu (Hinduism)">Manu</a> (age of mankind)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yuga" title="Yuga">Yuga</a> / <a href="/wiki/Yuga_Cycle" class="mw-redirect" title="Yuga Cycle">Cycle</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Satya_Yuga" title="Satya Yuga">Satya Yuga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treta_Yuga" title="Treta Yuga">Treta Yuga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dvapara_Yuga" title="Dvapara Yuga">Dvapara Yuga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kali_Yuga" title="Kali Yuga">Kali Yuga</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pralaya" title="Pralaya">Pralaya</a> (dissolution)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samudra_Manthana" title="Samudra Manthana">Samudra Manthana</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color: #FFDE99;;width:1%">Literature</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Nasadiya_Sukta" title="Nasadiya Sukta">Nasadiya Sukta</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Brahmanda_Purana" title="Brahmanda Purana">Brahmanda Purana</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Vishnu_Purana" title="Vishnu Purana">Vishnu Purana</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color: #FFDE99;;width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_numbers_in_Hindu_scriptures" title="List of numbers in Hindu scriptures">List of numbers in Hindu scriptures</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Hindu_deities_and_texts" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3" style="background:#FFC569;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Hindu_deities_and_texts" title="Template:Hindu deities and texts"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Hindu_deities_and_texts" title="Template talk:Hindu deities and texts"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Hindu_deities_and_texts" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Hindu deities and texts"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Hindu_deities_and_texts" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Hindu_deities" title="Hindu deities">Hindu deities</a> and <a href="/wiki/Hindu_texts" title="Hindu texts">texts</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#FFC569;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Deva_(Hinduism)" title="Deva (Hinduism)">Gods</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Trimurti" title="Trimurti">Trimurti</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Brahma" title="Brahma">Brahma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vishnu" title="Vishnu">Vishnu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shiva" title="Shiva">Shiva</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Agni" title="Agni">Agni</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ashvins" title="Ashvins">Ashvins</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chandra" title="Chandra">Chandra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dattatreya" title="Dattatreya">Dattatreya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ganesha" title="Ganesha">Ganesha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hanuman" title="Hanuman">Hanuman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indra" title="Indra">Indra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kamadeva" title="Kamadeva">Kama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kartikeya" title="Kartikeya">Kartikeya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Krishna" title="Krishna">Krishna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kubera" title="Kubera">Kubera</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rama" title="Rama">Rama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shasta_(deity)" title="Shasta (deity)">Shasta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Surya" title="Surya">Surya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Varuna" title="Varuna">Varuna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vayu" title="Vayu">Vayu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vishvakarma" title="Vishvakarma">Vishvakarma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yama" title="Yama">Yama</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Category:Hindu_gods" title="Category:Hindu gods">more</a></i></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="4" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Hinduism" title="Hindu Om symbol"><img alt="Hindu Om symbol" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Om_symbol.svg/50px-Om_symbol.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="52" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Om_symbol.svg/75px-Om_symbol.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Om_symbol.svg/100px-Om_symbol.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="356" data-file-height="367" /></a></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#FFC569;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Devi" title="Devi">Goddesses</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tridevi" title="Tridevi">Tridevi</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Saraswati" title="Saraswati">Saraswati</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lakshmi" title="Lakshmi">Lakshmi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parvati" title="Parvati">Parvati</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aditi" title="Aditi">Aditi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bhumi_(goddess)" title="Bhumi (goddess)">Bhumi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chhaya" title="Chhaya">Chhaya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Durga" title="Durga">Durga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ganga_(goddess)" title="Ganga (goddess)">Ganga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indrani" title="Indrani">Shachi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kali" title="Kali">Kali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mahadevi" title="Mahadevi">Mahadevi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mahavidya" title="Mahavidya">Mahavidya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Matangi" title="Matangi">Matangi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Matrikas" title="Matrikas">Matrikas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radha" title="Radha">Radha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rati" title="Rati">Rati</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rohini_(goddess)" title="Rohini (goddess)">Rohini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rukmini" title="Rukmini">Rukmini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sanjna" title="Sanjna">Sanjna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sati_(Hindu_goddess)" title="Sati (Hindu goddess)">Sati</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shakti" title="Shakti">Shakti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shashthi" title="Shashthi">Shashthi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sita" title="Sita">Sita</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Category:Hindu_goddesses" title="Category:Hindu goddesses">more</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#FFC569;;width:1%">Other deities</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Apsara" title="Apsara">Apsaras</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Asura" title="Asura">Asuras</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Daitya" title="Daitya">Daitya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Danava_(Hinduism)" title="Danava (Hinduism)">Danava</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Devata" title="Devata">Devata</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guardians_of_the_directions" title="Guardians of the directions">Dikpāla</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gandharva" title="Gandharva">Gandharvas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gana" title="Gana">Gana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kuladevata" title="Kuladevata">Kuladevatas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gramadevata" title="Gramadevata">Gramadevatas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rakshasa" title="Rakshasa">Rakshasas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vahana" title="Vahana">Vahanas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yaksha" title="Yaksha">Yakshas</a> / <a href="/wiki/Yakshini" title="Yakshini">Yakshini</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#FFC569;;width:1%">Texts (<a href="/wiki/List_of_Hindu_texts" title="List of Hindu texts">list</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Vedas" title="Vedas">Vedas</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Rigveda" title="Rigveda">Rig</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samaveda" title="Samaveda">Sama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yajurveda" title="Yajurveda">Yajur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atharvaveda" title="Atharvaveda">Atharva</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Upanishads" title="Upanishads">Upanishads</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Puranas" title="Puranas">Puranas</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Ramayana" title="Ramayana">Ramayana</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Mahabharata" title="Mahabharata">Mahabharata</a></i> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Bhagavad_Gita" title="Bhagavad Gita">Bhagavad Gita</a></i></li></ul></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Yoga_Sutras_of_Patanjali" title="Yoga Sutras of Patanjali">Yoga Sutras of Patanjali</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Category:Hindu_texts" title="Category:Hindu texts">more</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3" style="background:#FFC569;"><div> <ul><li><a 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