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-.5rem;text-align:right;position:relative;}.arrow-link__anchor span{vertical-align:middle;margin:0 .5rem;}.list{display:block;margin-left:-1em;margin-right:-1em;padding:0;}.list__item{display:inline-block;padding:1em;}.logo__anchor{display:block;font-size:0;}.logo__image.with-bounds{max-width:190px;max-height:100px;}@media (min-width:768px){.logo__image.with-bounds{max-width:350px;}}.widget__head .rm-lazyloadable-image{width:100%;}.crop-16x9{padding-bottom:56.25%;}.crop-3x2{padding-bottom:66.6666%;}.crop-2x1{padding-bottom:50%;}.crop-1x2{padding-bottom:200%;}.crop-3x1{padding-bottom:33.3333%;}.crop-1x1{padding-bottom:100%;}.rm-crop-16x9 > .widget__img--tag,.rm-crop-16x9 > div:not(.rm-crop-spacer),.rm-crop-3x2 > .widget__img--tag,.rm-crop-3x2 > div:not(.rm-crop-spacer),.rm-crop-2x1 > .widget__img--tag,.rm-crop-2x1 > div:not(.rm-crop-spacer),.rm-crop-1x2 > .widget__img--tag,.rm-crop-1x2 > div:not(.rm-crop-spacer),.rm-crop-3x1 > .widget__img--tag,.rm-crop-3x1 > 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tag-environment tag-type-feature tag-development tag-megacity tag-megacities tag-infrastructure tag-electricity tag-poverty tag-transportation post-section--topic/energy" data-category="Energy"><article elid="2650248784" data-frozen-sections="[559728878]" class="clearfix page-article sm-mb-1 quality-HD post-2650248784" data-category="Energy"><div class="row px10"><div class="rm-col-center col sm-mb-1" style="width:100.0%;"><div class="widget__body clearfix sm-mt-1"><div class="all-related-sections"><a href="https://spectrum.ieee.org/topic/energy/">Energy</a><a href="https://spectrum.ieee.org/type/feature/">Feature</a><a href="https://spectrum.ieee.org/special-reports/megacity/">A How-To Manual for the Megacity</a><a href="https://spectrum.ieee.org/special-reports/">Special Reports</a></div><h1 class="widget__headline h1"><span class="widget__headline-text " data-type="text"> How Not to Make a Megacity </span></h1><div class="widget__subheadline"><h2 class="widget__subheadline-text h2" data-type="text">Some cities are littered with garbage. Lagos is littered with corpses</h2></div><div class="social-author clearfix"><div class="social-author__avatar image"><div class="cover-all image" style="background-image: url("https://spectrum.ieee.org/media-library/eyJhbGciOiJIUzI1NiIsInR5cCI6IkpXVCJ9.eyJpbWFnZSI6Imh0dHBzOi8vYXNzZXRzLnJibC5tcy8yNjkxNjY3Mi9vcmlnaW4ucG5nIiwiZXhwaXJlc19hdCI6MTc4MzgwMjI2MH0.8lfF0K8S_rPooq9J1T-JUn44gjoIxz0-foCQ5M7fzrE/image.png?width=210")"></div></div><a class="social-author__name" href="https://spectrum.ieee.org/u/harry-goldstein" data-type="text">Harry Goldstein</a></div><div class="social-date"><span class="social-date__text">01 Jun 2007</span></div><div class="time-to-read">2 min read</div><div class="like-button" data-post-likes="0"></div><div class="widget__shares share-panel"><a href="mailto:?subject=How%20Not%20to%20Make%20a%20Megacity&body=https://spectrum.ieee.org/how-not-to-make-a-megacity" target="_blank" data-track-share="Email" class="share share-popup share-email" rel="noopener noreferrer" aria-label="Share via Email"><i aria-hidden="true" class="icons-share em fa fa-envelope"></i></a><a href="https://spectrum.ieee.org/how-not-to-make-a-megacity" data-clipboard-text="https://spectrum.ieee.org/how-not-to-make-a-megacity" class="share share-copy-link" title="Copy this link to clipboard"><i class="icons-share" style="width: 60%"><svg aria-hidden="true" data-prefix="far" data-icon="copy" class="svg-inline--fa fa-copy fa-w-14" role="img" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" viewbox="0 0 448 512"><path fill="currentColor" d="M433.941 65.941l-51.882-51.882A48 48 0 0 0 348.118 0H176c-26.51 0-48 21.49-48 48v48H48c-26.51 0-48 21.49-48 48v320c0 26.51 21.49 48 48 48h224c26.51 0 48-21.49 48-48v-48h80c26.51 0 48-21.49 48-48V99.882a48 48 0 0 0-14.059-33.941zM266 464H54a6 6 0 0 1-6-6V150a6 6 0 0 1 6-6h74v224c0 26.51 21.49 48 48 48h96v42a6 6 0 0 1-6 6zm128-96H182a6 6 0 0 1-6-6V54a6 6 0 0 1 6-6h106v88c0 13.255 10.745 24 24 24h88v202a6 6 0 0 1-6 6zm6-256h-64V48h9.632c1.591 0 3.117.632 4.243 1.757l48.368 48.368a6 6 0 0 1 1.757 4.243V112z"></path></svg></i></a><a href="https://twitter.com/intent/tweet?url=https://spectrum.ieee.org/how-not-to-make-a-megacity&text=How%20Not%20to%20Make%20a%20Megacity&" target="_blank" data-track-share="Twitter" class="share share-popup share-tw" rel="noopener noreferrer" aria-label="Share on Twitter"><i aria-hidden="true" class="icons-share tw fa fa-twitter"></i></a><a href="https://www.facebook.com/sharer/sharer.php?u=https%3A%2F%2Fspectrum.ieee.org%2Fhow-not-to-make-a-megacity%3Fxrs%3DRebelMouse_fb%26ts%3D1656025258" target="_blank" data-track-share="Facebook" class="share share-popup share-fb" rel="noopener noreferrer" aria-label="Share on Facebook"><i aria-hidden="true" class="icons-share fb fa fa-facebook"></i></a><a href="https://www.linkedin.com/shareArticle?mini=false&url=https://spectrum.ieee.org/how-not-to-make-a-megacity&" target="_blank" class="share share-popup share-linkedin" data-track-share="Linkedin" rel="noopener noreferrer" aria-label="Share on Linkedin"><i aria-hidden="true" class="icons-share fa fa-linkedin"></i></a></div></div><div class="widget__head"><picture><source srcset="https://spectrum.ieee.org/media-library/a-woman-walks-through-the-olusosun-rubbish-dump-in-lagos-on-18-april-2007-that-day-a-fire-tore-through-the-shacks-of-a-makeshif.jpg?id=25560498&width=3600&height=2700 3x, https://spectrum.ieee.org/media-library/a-woman-walks-through-the-olusosun-rubbish-dump-in-lagos-on-18-april-2007-that-day-a-fire-tore-through-the-shacks-of-a-makeshif.jpg?id=25560498&width=2400&height=1800 2x, https://spectrum.ieee.org/media-library/a-woman-walks-through-the-olusosun-rubbish-dump-in-lagos-on-18-april-2007-that-day-a-fire-tore-through-the-shacks-of-a-makeshif.jpg?id=25560498&width=1200&height=900 1x"/><img fetchpriority="high" role="img" alt="How Not to Make a Megacity" aria-label="How Not to Make a Megacity" src="https://spectrum.ieee.org/media-library/a-woman-walks-through-the-olusosun-rubbish-dump-in-lagos-on-18-april-2007-that-day-a-fire-tore-through-the-shacks-of-a-makeshif.jpg?id=25560498&width=1200&height=900" style="object-fit: cover;" class="rm-lazyloadable-image rm-hero-media" width="620" height="465"/></picture></div><div class="widget__body clearfix sm-mt-1"><div class="photo-caption"> A woman walks through the Olusosun rubbish dump in Lagos on 18 April 2007. That day a fire tore through the shacks of a makeshift village built atop the dump site, leaving many people who scavenge waste material without shelter. </div><div class="photo-credit"> Photo: Finbarr O’Reilly/Reuters </div><span class="js-scroll-trigger" data-target="body" data-triggers="render-rebelbar" data-toggle-class="with-floating-shares"></span><div id="utm_campaign"></div><div class="body js-expandable clearfix js-listicle-body js-update-url css-listicle-body-2650248784" data-headline="How Not to Make a Megacity" data-elid="2650248784" data-post-url="https://spectrum.ieee.org/how-not-to-make-a-megacity" data-authors="Harry Goldstein" data-page-title="How Not to Make a Megacity - IEEE Spectrum"><div class="body-description"><p>A young man lies dead on a strip of gravel near a bus stop. Two men grip his limp arms and drag his body toward the bushes. Maybe he fell out of an overpacked van—or danfo—a mode of travel that passes for public transportation here in Lagos, Nigeria’s fast-growing commercial capital and home to an estimated 15 million people. Or maybe he just stepped too far out onto the darkened road lined with street lamps that do not work.</p><p>Wrecked cars, burned-out vans, and the occasional corpse greet visitors driving along the highway from the Lagos Murtala Muhammed International Airport to one of the four islands—Lagos, Iddo, Ikoyi, and Victoria—that make up the frenetic core of this port city, a former slave-trading hub. Here enterprising street merchants ply the city’s infamous “go slows”—traffic jams that can last for hours—hawking cellphone calling cards, candy, plastic bags of potable (maybe) water, and T-shirts. Three-kilometer trips between islands or to the mainland can take 2 hours, or much more if you foolishly decide not to bribe the police who demand baksheesh from everyone trying to pass through their intersection.</p><p>Add in another couple of hours of travel time if it is monsoon season. Be prepared to bail water from the floor of your vehicle—the city’s drainage system is grossly inadequate and in disrepair. Despite Nigeria’s enormous oil wealth, tens of billions of dollars have gone missing over the years in this country—one of the world’s most corrupt—and few investments have been made in infrastructure. The streets of Lagos turn into lakes as fat drops of rain mercilessly pound down on the traffic. When the downpours abate, the massive puddles become breeding grounds for mosquitoes and malaria.</p><p><div class="rblad-ieee_in_content"></div></p><p>So when traveling in Lagos, sit back and relax. Feast your eyes on the mounds of garbage lining the roads; on the market stands where freshly slaughtered goat carcasses steam in the sun, obscured by clouds of flies gorging on warm blood; or on the endless slums whose rusty corrugated metal roofs shelter the vast majority of citizens, many of whom subsist on less than US $1 per day and who have no access to clean water or sanitation, let alone health care or education.</p><p>Once you get where you’re going, chances are 50–50 that the power will be out and that there will be no air-conditioning to give respite from the sweltering tropical heat, which afflicts this city every day of the year. Where it exists, the electric grid is unreliable at best: the national electric utility, the Power Holding Company of Nigeria (PHCN), is the punch line to a bad joke everyone is sick of hearing. Expensive, dirty, and loud diesel generators supply the power needs of those who can afford them, adding to the pall of smog, which produces the spectacular sunsets that precede the impenetrable darkness of this failed city.</p><p><em>To see all of</em> Spectrum’<em>s special report on The Megacity, including online extras and audio and video exclusives, go to <a href="https://spectrum.ieee.org/special-reports/megacity/">/moremegacity</a>.</em></p></div></div><span class="js-scrolled-url" data-elid="2650248784" data-post-url="https://spectrum.ieee.org/how-not-to-make-a-megacity" data-authors="Harry Goldstein" data-headline="How Not to Make a Megacity" data-page-title="How Not to Make a Megacity - IEEE Spectrum"></span><div class="tags"><a class="tags__item" href="https://spectrum.ieee.org/tag/environment">environment</a><a class="tags__item" href="https://spectrum.ieee.org/tag/type-feature">type:feature</a><a class="tags__item" href="https://spectrum.ieee.org/tag/development">development</a><a class="tags__item" href="https://spectrum.ieee.org/tag/megacity">megacity</a><a class="tags__item" href="https://spectrum.ieee.org/tag/megacities">megacities</a><a class="tags__item" href="https://spectrum.ieee.org/tag/infrastructure">infrastructure</a><a class="tags__item" href="https://spectrum.ieee.org/tag/electricity">electricity</a><a class="tags__item" href="https://spectrum.ieee.org/tag/poverty">poverty</a><a class="tags__item" href="https://spectrum.ieee.org/tag/transportation">transportation</a></div></div></div></div><script type="application/json" id="post-context-2650248784" class="post-context post-context-2650248784"> {"customDimensions": {"5":"Harry Goldstein","11":2650248784,"7":"environment, type:feature, development, megacity, megacities, infrastructure, electricity, poverty, transportation","10":"environment","6":"energy","8":"06/01/2007"}, "post": {"id": 2650248784, "providerId": 20, "sections": [0, 497728257, 545658852, 539619077, 544169516, 544169517, 559728878, 545658863, 539633585], "authors": [20366473], "streams": [], "split_testing": {}} } </script></article></div></div></div></div><span class="js-brick-description hidden" data-name="Widget Gated Drawer"></span><div id="sWidget_Gated_Drawer_0_0_32_0_0_1" class="cta-membership row-wrapper clearfix content"><div class="row px20"><div id="sWidget_Gated_Drawer_0_0_32_0_0_1_0" class="cta-member__left-column col sm-mb-2 md-mb-4 s12 m12 l12"><div id="sWidget_Gated_Drawer_0_0_32_0_0_1_0_0"><div class="module-headline"><h2 class="module-headline__text h2"> This article is for IEEE members only. 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document.body.classList.remove("huge-menu-opened"); document.body.classList.remove("menu-opened"); } function addMenuClickListener() { var rebelMenu_first = document.getElementsByClassName('rebelbar__menu-toggle')[0]; var rebelMenu_second = document.getElementsByClassName('rebelbar__menu-toggle')[1]; var menuClose = document.getElementsByClassName('hm__close')[0]; rebelMenu_first.addEventListener('click', menuClick); rebelMenu_second.addEventListener('click', menuClick); menuClose.addEventListener('click', close); } addMenuClickListener(); }); window.REBELMOUSE_LOWEST_TASKS_QUEUE.push(function(){ function createIdleScrollListener(callback) { let ticking = false; return function onScrollIdle() { if (ticking) { return; } ticking = true; requestAnimationFrame(function A() { callback(); ticking = false; }); }; } var stickyEl = document.querySelector('.topbar-sticky'); var startPosition = stickyEl.offsetTop; var darkTopbarHeight = document.querySelector('.topbar .dark_top_bar').offsetHeight; var currentPosition; stickyEl.style.height = stickyEl.offsetHeight + 'px'; document.addEventListener("scroll", createIdleScrollListener(function B() { currentPosition = stickyEl.getBoundingClientRect().top + darkTopbarHeight; if( currentPosition < startPosition ) { if( !stickyEl.classList.contains('active') ) { stickyEl.classList.add('active'); } } else { if( stickyEl.classList.contains('active') ) { stickyEl.classList.remove('active'); } } })); });</script></body></html>