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vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" 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class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Utfall" title="Utfall – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Utfall" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%8F%AF%E8%83%BD%E7%B5%90%E6%9E%9C" title="可能結果 – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="可能結果" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Cantonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%BB%93%E6%9E%9C_(%E9%9A%8F%E6%9C%BA%E8%AF%95%E9%AA%8C)" title="结果 (随机试验) – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="结果 (随机试验)" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" 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space">Probability space</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sample_space" title="Sample space">Sample space</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Event_(probability_theory)" title="Event (probability theory)">Event</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Collectively_exhaustive_events" title="Collectively exhaustive events">Collectively exhaustive events</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elementary_event" title="Elementary event">Elementary event</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mutual_exclusivity" title="Mutual exclusivity">Mutual exclusivity</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Outcome</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Singleton_(mathematics)" title="Singleton (mathematics)">Singleton</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Experiment_(probability_theory)" title="Experiment (probability theory)">Experiment</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bernoulli_trial" title="Bernoulli trial">Bernoulli trial</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Probability_distribution" title="Probability distribution">Probability distribution</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bernoulli_distribution" title="Bernoulli distribution">Bernoulli distribution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Binomial_distribution" title="Binomial distribution">Binomial distribution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Exponential_distribution" title="Exponential distribution">Exponential distribution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Normal_distribution" title="Normal distribution">Normal distribution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pareto_distribution" title="Pareto distribution">Pareto distribution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Poisson_distribution" title="Poisson distribution">Poisson distribution</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Probability_measure" title="Probability measure">Probability measure</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Random_variable" title="Random variable">Random variable</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bernoulli_process" title="Bernoulli process">Bernoulli process</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Continuous_or_discrete_variable" title="Continuous or discrete variable">Continuous or discrete</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Expected_value" title="Expected value">Expected value</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Variance" title="Variance">Variance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Markov_chain" title="Markov chain">Markov chain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Realization_(probability)" title="Realization (probability)">Observed value</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Random_walk" title="Random walk">Random walk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stochastic_process" title="Stochastic process">Stochastic process</a></li></ul></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Complementary_event" title="Complementary event">Complementary event</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joint_probability_distribution" title="Joint probability distribution">Joint probability</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marginal_distribution" title="Marginal distribution">Marginal probability</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conditional_probability" title="Conditional probability">Conditional probability</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Independence_(probability_theory)" title="Independence (probability theory)">Independence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conditional_independence" title="Conditional independence">Conditional independence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Law_of_total_probability" title="Law of total probability">Law of total probability</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Law_of_large_numbers" title="Law of large numbers">Law of large numbers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bayes%27_theorem" title="Bayes' theorem">Bayes' theorem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boole%27s_inequality" title="Boole's inequality">Boole's inequality</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Venn_diagram" title="Venn diagram">Venn diagram</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tree_diagram_(probability_theory)" title="Tree diagram (probability theory)">Tree diagram</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Probability_fundamentals" title="Template:Probability fundamentals"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Probability_fundamentals" title="Template talk:Probability fundamentals"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Probability_fundamentals" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Probability fundamentals"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/Outcome_(disambiguation)" class="mw-redirect mw-disambig" title="Outcome (disambiguation)">Outcome</a>.</div> <p>In <a href="/wiki/Probability_theory" title="Probability theory">probability theory</a>, an <b>outcome</b> is a possible result of an <a href="/wiki/Experiment_(probability_theory)" title="Experiment (probability theory)">experiment</a> or trial.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Each possible outcome of a particular experiment is unique, and different outcomes are <a href="/wiki/Mutually_exclusive_events" class="mw-redirect" title="Mutually exclusive events">mutually exclusive</a> (only one outcome will occur on each trial of the experiment). All of the possible outcomes of an experiment form the elements of a <a href="/wiki/Sample_space" title="Sample space">sample space</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>For the experiment where we flip a coin twice, the four possible <i>outcomes</i> that make up our <i>sample space</i> are (H, T), (T, H), (T, T) and (H, H), where "H" represents a "heads", and "T" represents a "tails". Outcomes should not be confused with <a href="/wiki/Event_(probability_theory)" title="Event (probability theory)">events</a>, which are <em><a href="/wiki/Set_(mathematics)" title="Set (mathematics)">sets</a></em> (or informally, "groups") of outcomes. For comparison, we could define an event to occur when "at least one 'heads'" is flipped in the experiment - that is, when the outcome contains at least one 'heads'. This event would contain all outcomes in the sample space except the element (T, T). </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Sets_of_outcomes:_events">Sets of outcomes: events</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Outcome_(probability)&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Sets of outcomes: events"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Event_(probability_theory)" title="Event (probability theory)">Event (probability theory)</a></div> <p>Since individual outcomes may be of little practical interest, or because there may be prohibitively (even infinitely) many of them, outcomes are grouped into <a href="/wiki/Set_(mathematics)" title="Set (mathematics)">sets</a> of outcomes that satisfy some condition, which are called "<a href="/wiki/Event_(probability_theory)" title="Event (probability theory)">events</a>." The collection of all such events is a <a href="/wiki/Sigma-algebra" class="mw-redirect" title="Sigma-algebra">sigma-algebra</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>An event containing exactly one outcome is called an <a href="/wiki/Elementary_event" title="Elementary event">elementary event</a>. The event that contains all possible outcomes of an experiment is its <a href="/wiki/Sample_space" title="Sample space">sample space</a>. A single outcome can be a part of many different events.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Typically, when the sample space is finite, any subset of the sample space is an event (that is, all elements of the <a href="/wiki/Power_set" title="Power set">power set</a> of the sample space are defined as events). However, this approach does not work well in cases where the sample space is <a href="/wiki/Uncountably_infinite" class="mw-redirect" title="Uncountably infinite">uncountably infinite</a> (most notably when the outcome must be some <a href="/wiki/Real_numbers" class="mw-redirect" title="Real numbers">real number</a>). So, when defining a <a href="/wiki/Probability_space" title="Probability space">probability space</a> it is possible, and often necessary, to exclude certain subsets of the sample space from being events. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Probability_of_an_outcome">Probability of an outcome</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Outcome_(probability)&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Probability of an outcome"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Outcomes may occur with probabilities that are between zero and one (inclusively). In a <a href="/wiki/Discrete_random_variable" class="mw-redirect" title="Discrete random variable">discrete</a> probability distribution whose <a href="/wiki/Sample_space" title="Sample space">sample space</a> is finite, each outcome is assigned a particular probability. In contrast, in a <a href="/wiki/Continuous_random_variable" class="mw-redirect" title="Continuous random variable">continuous</a> distribution, individual outcomes all have zero probability, and non-zero probabilities can only be assigned to ranges of outcomes. </p><p>Some "mixed" distributions contain both stretches of continuous outcomes and some discrete outcomes; the discrete outcomes in such distributions can be called <b>atoms</b> and can have non-zero probabilities.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Under the <a href="/wiki/Measure_theory" class="mw-redirect" title="Measure theory">measure-theoretic</a> definition of a <a href="/wiki/Probability_space" title="Probability space">probability space</a>, the probability of an outcome need not even be defined. In particular, the set of events on which probability is defined may be some <a href="/wiki/Sigma-algebra" class="mw-redirect" title="Sigma-algebra">σ-algebra</a> on <span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle S}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mi>S</mi> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle S}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/4611d85173cd3b508e67077d4a1252c9c05abca2" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:1.499ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle S}"></span> and not necessarily the full <a href="/wiki/Power_set" title="Power set">power set</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Equally_likely_outcomes">Equally likely outcomes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Outcome_(probability)&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Equally likely outcomes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Coin_tossing.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e8/Coin_tossing.JPG/220px-Coin_tossing.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="293" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e8/Coin_tossing.JPG/330px-Coin_tossing.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e8/Coin_tossing.JPG/440px-Coin_tossing.JPG 2x" data-file-width="3240" data-file-height="4320" /></a><figcaption>Flipping a coin leads to two <b>outcomes</b> that are almost equally likely.</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Brass_thumbtack.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="A brass tack with point downward" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a1/Brass_thumbtack.jpg/220px-Brass_thumbtack.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="202" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a1/Brass_thumbtack.jpg/330px-Brass_thumbtack.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/a1/Brass_thumbtack.jpg 2x" data-file-width="333" data-file-height="306" /></a><figcaption>Up or down? Flipping a brass tack leads to two <b>outcomes</b> that are not equally likely.</figcaption></figure> <p>In some <a href="/wiki/Sample_space" title="Sample space">sample spaces</a>, it is reasonable to estimate or assume that all outcomes in the space are equally likely (that they occur with equal <a href="/wiki/Probability" title="Probability">probability</a>). For example, when tossing an ordinary coin, one typically assumes that the outcomes "head" and "tail" are equally likely to occur. An implicit assumption that all outcomes are equally likely underpins most <a href="/wiki/Randomization" title="Randomization">randomization</a> tools used in common <a href="/wiki/Games_of_chance" class="mw-redirect" title="Games of chance">games of chance</a> (e.g. rolling <a href="/wiki/Dice" title="Dice">dice</a>, shuffling <a href="/wiki/Playing_card" title="Playing card">cards</a>, spinning tops or wheels, drawing <a href="/wiki/Lottery" title="Lottery">lots</a>, etc.). Of course, players in such games can try to cheat by subtly introducing systematic deviations from equal likelihood (for example, with <a href="/wiki/Card_marking" title="Card marking">marked cards</a>, <a href="/wiki/Dice#Loaded_dice" title="Dice">loaded</a> or shaved dice, and other methods). </p><p>Some treatments of probability assume that the various outcomes of an experiment are always defined so as to be equally likely.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, there are experiments that are not easily described by a set of equally likely outcomes— for example, if one were to toss a <a href="/wiki/Thumb_tack" class="mw-redirect" title="Thumb tack">thumb tack</a> many times and observe whether it landed with its point upward or downward, there is no symmetry to suggest that the two outcomes should be equally likely. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Outcome_(probability)&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Event_(probability_theory)" title="Event (probability theory)">Event (probability theory)</a> – In statistics and probability theory, set of outcomes to which a probability is assigned</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sample_space" title="Sample space">Sample space</a> – Set of all possible outcomes or results of a statistical trial or experiment</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Probability_distribution" title="Probability distribution">Probability distribution</a> – Mathematical function for the probability a given outcome occurs in an experiment</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Probability_space" title="Probability space">Probability space</a> – Mathematical concept</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Realization_(probability)" title="Realization (probability)">Realization (probability)</a> – Observed value of a random variable</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Outcome_(probability)&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.icoachmath.com/math_dictionary/outcome.html">"Outcome - Probability - Math Dictionary"</a>. HighPointsLearning<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">25 June</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Outcome+-+Probability+-+Math+Dictionary&rft.pub=HighPointsLearning&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.icoachmath.com%2Fmath_dictionary%2Foutcome.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOutcome+%28probability%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAlbert1998" class="citation web cs1">Albert, Jim (21 January 1998). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20001016182602/http://www-math.bgsu.edu/~albert/m115/probability/sample_space.html">"Listing All Possible Outcomes (The Sample Space)"</a>. Bowling Green State University. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www-math.bgsu.edu/~albert/m115/probability/sample_space.html">the original</a> on 16 October 2000<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">June 25,</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Listing+All+Possible+Outcomes+%28The+Sample+Space%29&rft.pub=Bowling+Green+State+University&rft.date=1998-01-21&rft.aulast=Albert&rft.aufirst=Jim&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww-math.bgsu.edu%2F~albert%2Fm115%2Fprobability%2Fsample_space.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOutcome+%28probability%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLeon-Garcia2008" class="citation book cs1">Leon-Garcia, Alberto (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=GUJosCkbBywC"><i>Probability, Statistics and Random Processes for Electrical Engineering</i></a>. Upper Saddle River, NJ: Pearson. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780131471221" title="Special:BookSources/9780131471221"><bdi>9780131471221</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Probability%2C+Statistics+and+Random+Processes+for+Electrical+Engineering&rft.place=Upper+Saddle+River%2C+NJ&rft.pub=Pearson&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=9780131471221&rft.aulast=Leon-Garcia&rft.aufirst=Alberto&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DGUJosCkbBywC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOutcome+%28probability%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPfeiffer1978" class="citation book cs1">Pfeiffer, Paul E. (1978). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=_mayRBczVRwC&pg=PA18"><i>Concepts of probability theory</i></a>. Dover Publications. p. 18. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-486-63677-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-486-63677-1"><bdi>978-0-486-63677-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Concepts+of+probability+theory&rft.pages=18&rft.pub=Dover+Publications&rft.date=1978&rft.isbn=978-0-486-63677-1&rft.aulast=Pfeiffer&rft.aufirst=Paul+E.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D_mayRBczVRwC%26pg%3DPA18&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOutcome+%28probability%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKallenberg2002" class="citation book cs1">Kallenberg, Olav (2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=L6fhXh13OyMC"><i>Foundations of Modern Probability</i></a> (2nd ed.). New York: Springer. p. 9. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-387-94957-7" title="Special:BookSources/0-387-94957-7"><bdi>0-387-94957-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Foundations+of+Modern+Probability&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=9&rft.edition=2nd&rft.pub=Springer&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=0-387-94957-7&rft.aulast=Kallenberg&rft.aufirst=Olav&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DL6fhXh13OyMC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOutcome+%28probability%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFoerster2006" class="citation book cs1">Foerster, Paul A. (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/algebratrigonome00paul_0/page/633"><i>Algebra and Trigonometry: Functions and Applications, Teacher's Edition</i></a> (Classics ed.). Upper Saddle River, NJ: <a href="/wiki/Prentice_Hall" title="Prentice Hall">Prentice Hall</a>. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/algebratrigonome00paul_0/page/633">633</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-13-165711-9" title="Special:BookSources/0-13-165711-9"><bdi>0-13-165711-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Algebra+and+Trigonometry%3A+Functions+and+Applications%2C+Teacher%27s+Edition&rft.place=Upper+Saddle+River%2C+NJ&rft.pages=633&rft.edition=Classics&rft.pub=Prentice+Hall&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=0-13-165711-9&rft.aulast=Foerster&rft.aufirst=Paul+A.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Falgebratrigonome00paul_0%2Fpage%2F633&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOutcome+%28probability%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Outcome_(probability)&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Commons-logo.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/12px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/18px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/24px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></a></span> Media related to <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Outcome_(probability)" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Outcome (probability)">Outcome (probability)</a> at Wikimedia Commons</li></ul>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Outcome_(probability)&oldid=1240291706">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Outcome_(probability)&oldid=1240291706</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Help:Category" title="Help:Category">Category</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Experiment_(probability_theory)" title="Category:Experiment (probability theory)">Experiment (probability theory)</a></li></ul></div><div id="mw-hidden-catlinks" class="mw-hidden-catlinks mw-hidden-cats-hidden">Hidden categories: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_short_description" title="Category:Articles with short description">Articles with short description</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Short_description_is_different_from_Wikidata" title="Category:Short description is different from Wikidata">Short description is different from Wikidata</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Commons_category_link_from_Wikidata" title="Category:Commons category link from Wikidata">Commons category link from Wikidata</a></li></ul></div></div> </div> </main> </div> <div class="mw-footer-container"> <footer id="footer" class="mw-footer" > <ul id="footer-info"> <li id="footer-info-lastmod"> This page was last edited on 14 August 2024, at 16:27<span class="anonymous-show"> (UTC)</span>.</li> <li id="footer-info-copyright">Text is available under the <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Text_of_the_Creative_Commons_Attribution-ShareAlike_4.0_International_License" title="Wikipedia:Text of the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License">Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 License</a>; additional terms may apply. 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