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</div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Rail freight transport</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. 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.mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="box-More_citations_needed plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Refimprove" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This article <b>needs additional citations for <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">verification</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Rail_freight_transport" title="Special:EditPage/Rail freight transport">improve this article</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a>. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.<br /><small><span class="plainlinks"><i>Find sources:</i> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?as_eq=wikipedia&q=%22Rail+freight+transport%22">"Rail freight transport"</a> – <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbm=nws&q=%22Rail+freight+transport%22+-wikipedia&tbs=ar:1">news</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?&q=%22Rail+freight+transport%22&tbs=bkt:s&tbm=bks">newspapers</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbs=bks:1&q=%22Rail+freight+transport%22+-wikipedia">books</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=%22Rail+freight+transport%22">scholar</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/action/doBasicSearch?Query=%22Rail+freight+transport%22&acc=on&wc=on">JSTOR</a></span></small></span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">November 2021</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:WCML_freight_train.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/WCML_freight_train.jpg/220px-WCML_freight_train.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="166" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/WCML_freight_train.jpg/330px-WCML_freight_train.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/WCML_freight_train.jpg/440px-WCML_freight_train.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="774" /></a><figcaption>A <a href="/wiki/British_Rail_Class_92" title="British Rail Class 92">Class 92</a> hauled container <a href="/wiki/Freight_train" title="Freight train">freight train</a> on the <a href="/wiki/West_Coast_Main_Line" title="West Coast Main Line">West Coast Main Line</a>, United Kingdom</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:UP_EMD_SD9043AC_Joso_Bridge,_USA.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/UP_EMD_SD9043AC_Joso_Bridge%2C_USA.jpg/220px-UP_EMD_SD9043AC_Joso_Bridge%2C_USA.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="136" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/UP_EMD_SD9043AC_Joso_Bridge%2C_USA.jpg/330px-UP_EMD_SD9043AC_Joso_Bridge%2C_USA.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/UP_EMD_SD9043AC_Joso_Bridge%2C_USA.jpg/440px-UP_EMD_SD9043AC_Joso_Bridge%2C_USA.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4492" data-file-height="2773" /></a><figcaption>A long grain train of the <a href="/wiki/Union_Pacific_Railroad" title="Union Pacific Railroad">Union Pacific Railroad</a> crossing a bridge in <a href="/wiki/Washington_state" class="mw-redirect" title="Washington state">Washington state</a>, United States</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Locomotives_at_Zhengzhou_North_Railway_Station_20190409.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/76/Locomotives_at_Zhengzhou_North_Railway_Station_20190409.jpg/220px-Locomotives_at_Zhengzhou_North_Railway_Station_20190409.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/76/Locomotives_at_Zhengzhou_North_Railway_Station_20190409.jpg/330px-Locomotives_at_Zhengzhou_North_Railway_Station_20190409.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/76/Locomotives_at_Zhengzhou_North_Railway_Station_20190409.jpg/440px-Locomotives_at_Zhengzhou_North_Railway_Station_20190409.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4785" data-file-height="3190" /></a><figcaption>Freight trains wait for departure in <a href="/wiki/Zhengzhou" title="Zhengzhou">Zhengzhou</a>, China</figcaption></figure> <p><b>Rail freight transport</b> is the use of <a href="/wiki/Railway" class="mw-redirect" title="Railway">railways</a> and <a href="/wiki/Train" title="Train">trains</a> to transport <a href="/wiki/Cargo" title="Cargo">cargo</a> as opposed to human <a href="/wiki/Passenger" title="Passenger">passengers</a>. </p><p>A <a href="/wiki/Freight_train" title="Freight train">freight train</a>, cargo train, or goods train is a group of <a href="/wiki/Freight_car" class="mw-redirect" title="Freight car">freight cars</a> (US) or <a href="/wiki/Goods_wagon" title="Goods wagon">goods wagons</a> (<a href="/wiki/International_Union_of_Railways" title="International Union of Railways">International Union of Railways</a>) hauled by one or more <a href="/wiki/Locomotive" title="Locomotive">locomotives</a> on a railway, transporting cargo all or some of the way between the shipper and the intended destination as part of the <a href="/wiki/Logistics" title="Logistics">logistics</a> chain. Trains may haul <a href="/wiki/Bulk_material_handling" title="Bulk material handling">bulk material</a>, <a href="/wiki/Intermodal_container" title="Intermodal container">intermodal containers</a>, general freight or specialized freight in purpose-designed cars.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Rail freight practices and economics vary by country and region. </p><p>When considered in terms of ton-miles or tonne-kilometers hauled, <a href="/wiki/Energy_efficiency_in_transport#Trains" title="Energy efficiency in transport">energy efficiency can be greater</a> with rail transportation than with other means. Maximum economies are typically realized with bulk commodities (e.g., <a href="/wiki/Coal" title="Coal">coal</a>), especially when hauled over long distances. Moving goods by rail often involves <a href="/wiki/Transshipment" title="Transshipment">transshipment</a> costs, particularly when the shipper or receiver lack direct rail access. These costs may exceed that of operating the train itself, a factor that practices such as <a href="/wiki/Containerization" title="Containerization">containerization</a>, <a href="/wiki/Trailer-on-flatcar" title="Trailer-on-flatcar">trailer-on-flatcar</a> or <a href="/wiki/Rolling_highway" title="Rolling highway">rolling highway</a> aim to minimize. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Overview">Overview</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Rail_freight_transport&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Overview"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238864702">.mw-parser-output .bar-chart{margin:0.5em;background-color:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa);border:1px solid #c0c0c0}.mw-parser-output .bar-chart caption{font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .bar-chart th,.mw-parser-output .bar-chart td{padding:1px;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .bar-chart th[scope="col"]:not(.bar-chart-label-type){width:15em}.mw-parser-output .bar-chart th[scope="row"]:not(.bar-chart-total){font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .bar-chart-bar{height:1.25em;width:40em}.mw-parser-output .bar-chart-bar-line{background-color:#cedff2;height:1.25em;margin:0 0 0 0;z-index:0}.mw-parser-output .bar-chart-bar-comment{font-size:90%;padding-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .bar-chart-bar-numbers{position:relative;top:-1.4em;height:1.25em;padding:0 0 0 2em;z-index:10;width:40em}.mw-parser-output .bar-chart-caption{border-top:1px solid #aaa}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .bar-chart-left{float:left;clear:left;margin:0.5em 1em 0.5em 0}.mw-parser-output .bar-chart-right{float:right;clear:right;margin:0.5em 0 0.5em 1em}.mw-parser-output .bar-chart-center{margin:0.5em auto}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .bar-chart-bar-line{background-color:#74497e}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .bar-chart-bar-line{background-color:#74497e}}</style> <table class="bar-chart bar-chart-right"> <caption>Average <a href="/wiki/Externality" title="Externality">external costs</a> of freight transport (<a href="/wiki/European_Union" title="European Union">EU</a>-28, 2016) per transport mode<sup id="cite_ref-Hofbauer_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hofbauer-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </caption> <tbody><tr> <th scope="col" class="bar-chart-label-type">Mode </th> <th scope="col" style="width: 15em">eurocent per <a href="/wiki/Tonne-kilometre" class="mw-redirect" title="Tonne-kilometre">tonne-kilometre</a> </th></tr> <tr> <th scope="row">Road (<a href="/wiki/Light_commercial_vehicle" title="Light commercial vehicle">LCV</a>) </th> <td><div class="bar-chart-bar" style="width: 15em;"><div class="bar-chart-bar-line" style="width:13.4em;"></div><span class="bar-chart-bar-numbers" style="width: 15em;"><span class="nowrap">35.6</span></span></div> </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row">Road (<a href="/wiki/Heavy_Goods_Vehicle" class="mw-redirect" title="Heavy Goods Vehicle">HGV</a>) </th> <td><div class="bar-chart-bar" style="width: 15em;"><div class="bar-chart-bar-line" style="width:1.6em;"></div><span class="bar-chart-bar-numbers" style="width: 15em;"><span class="nowrap">4.2</span></span></div> </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row">Rail (diesel) </th> <td><div class="bar-chart-bar" style="width: 15em;"><div class="bar-chart-bar-line" style="width:0.7em;"></div><span class="bar-chart-bar-numbers" style="width: 15em;"><span class="nowrap">1.8</span></span></div> </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row">Rail (electric) </th> <td><div class="bar-chart-bar" style="width: 15em;"><div class="bar-chart-bar-line" style="width:0.4em;"></div><span class="bar-chart-bar-numbers" style="width: 15em;"><span class="nowrap">1.1</span></span></div> </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row">Inland vessel </th> <td><div class="bar-chart-bar" style="width: 15em;"><div class="bar-chart-bar-line" style="width:0.7em;"></div><span class="bar-chart-bar-numbers" style="width: 15em;"><span class="nowrap">1.9</span></span></div> </td></tr> </tbody></table> <p>Traditionally, large shippers built <a href="/wiki/Factory" title="Factory">factories</a> and <a href="/wiki/Warehouse" title="Warehouse">warehouses</a> near rail lines and had a section of track on their property called a <i><a href="/wiki/Siding_(rail)" title="Siding (rail)">siding</a></i> where goods were loaded onto or unloaded from rail cars. Other shippers had their goods hauled (<a href="/wiki/Drayage" title="Drayage">drayed</a>) by wagon or truck to or from a <a href="/wiki/Goods_station" title="Goods station">goods station</a> (freight station in US). Smaller locomotives transferred the rail cars from the sidings and goods stations to a <a href="/wiki/Classification_yard" title="Classification yard">classification yard</a>, where each car was coupled to one of several long-distance trains being assembled there, depending on that car's destination. When long enough, or based on a schedule, each long-distance train was then dispatched to another classification yard. At the next classification yard, cars are <a href="/wiki/Sorting" title="Sorting">resorted</a>. Those that are destined for stations served by that yard are assigned to local trains for delivery. Others are reassembled into trains heading to classification yards closer to their final destination. A single car might be reclassified or <i>switched</i> in several yards before reaching its final destination, a process that made rail freight slow and increased costs. Because, of this, freight rail operators have continually tried to reduce these costs by reducing or eliminating switching in classification yards through techniques such as <a href="/wiki/Unit_train" title="Unit train">unit trains</a> and <a href="/wiki/Containerization" title="Containerization">containerization</a>, and in some countries these have completely replaced mixed freight trains.<sup id="cite_ref-armstrong_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-armstrong-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In many countries, railroads have been built to haul one commodity, such as coal or ore, from an inland point to a port.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (March 2022)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>Rail freight uses many types of <a href="/wiki/Goods_wagon" title="Goods wagon">goods wagon</a> (UIC) or freight car (US). These include <a href="/wiki/Box_car" class="mw-redirect" title="Box car">box cars</a> (US) or <a href="/wiki/Covered_goods_wagon" title="Covered goods wagon">covered wagons</a> (UIC) for general merchandise, <a href="/wiki/Flat_car" class="mw-redirect" title="Flat car">flat cars</a> (US) or <a href="/wiki/Flat_wagons" class="mw-redirect" title="Flat wagons">flat wagons</a> (UIC) for heavy or bulky loads, <a href="/wiki/Well_car" title="Well car">well wagons or "low loader" wagons</a> for transporting road vehicles; there are <a href="/wiki/Refrigerated_van" title="Refrigerated van">refrigerator vans</a> for transporting food, simple types of open-topped wagons for transporting bulk material, such as <a href="/wiki/Mineral" title="Mineral">minerals</a> and <a href="/wiki/Coal" title="Coal">coal</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Tank_car" title="Tank car">tankers</a> for transporting liquids and gases. Most coal and aggregates are moved in <a href="/wiki/Hopper_car" title="Hopper car">hopper wagons</a> or <a href="/wiki/Gondola_(rail)" title="Gondola (rail)">gondolas</a> (US) or <a href="/wiki/Open_wagon" title="Open wagon">open wagons</a> (UIC) that can be filled and discharged rapidly, to enable efficient handling of the materials.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (March 2022)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>Rail transport is very energy-efficient, and much more environmentally friendly than road transport.<sup id="cite_ref-Hofbauer_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hofbauer-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-fedfuel_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-fedfuel-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Compared to road transport whісh employs the uѕе of <a href="/wiki/Truck" title="Truck">trucks (lorries)</a>, rail transportation ensures that goods that соuld оtherwіѕе be transported on а number of trucks are transported in а single shipment. Thіѕ saves а lot аѕ fаr аѕ cost connected to the transportation are concerned.<sup id="cite_ref-moveitwithjon_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-moveitwithjon-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Rail freight transport also has very low <a href="/wiki/Externality" title="Externality">external costs</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Hofbauer_2-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hofbauer-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Therefore, many governments have been stimulating the switch of freight from trucks onto trains, because of the environmental benefits that it would bring.<sup id="cite_ref-Hofbauer_2-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hofbauer-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-fedfuel_4-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-fedfuel-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Railway transport and <a href="/wiki/Inland_navigation" title="Inland navigation">inland navigation</a> (also known as 'inland waterway transport' (IWT) or 'inland shipping') are similarly environmentally friendly modes of transportation, and both form major parts of the 2019 <a href="/wiki/European_Green_Deal" title="European Green Deal">European Green Deal</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Hofbauer_2-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hofbauer-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In Europe (particularly Britain), many manufacturing towns developed before the railway. Many factories did not have direct rail access. This meant that freight had to be shipped through a <a href="/wiki/Goods_station" title="Goods station">goods station</a>, sent by train and unloaded at another goods station for onward delivery to another factory. When lorries (trucks) replaced horses it was often economical and faster to make one movement by road. In the United States, particularly in the <a href="/wiki/Western_United_States" title="Western United States">West</a> and <a href="/wiki/Midwestern_United_States" title="Midwestern United States">Midwest</a>, towns developed with railway and factories often had a direct rail connection. Despite the closure of many minor lines carload shipping from one company to another by rail remains common.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (March 2022)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>Railroads were early users of automatic data processing equipment, starting at the turn of the twentieth century with <a href="/wiki/Punched_card" title="Punched card">punched cards</a> and <a href="/wiki/Unit_record_equipment" title="Unit record equipment">unit record equipment</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Many rail systems have turned to computerized scheduling and optimization for trains which has reduced costs and helped add more train traffic to the rails.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (March 2022)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>Freight railroads' relationship with other modes of transportation varies widely. There is almost no interaction with <a href="/wiki/Airfreight" class="mw-redirect" title="Airfreight">airfreight</a>, close cooperation with ocean-going freight and a mostly competitive relationship with long distance trucking and barge transport. Many businesses ship their products by rail if they are shipped long distance because it can be cheaper to ship in large quantities by rail than by truck; however barge shipping remains a viable competitor where water transport is available.<sup id="cite_ref-IRS_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-IRS-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Freight trains are sometimes illegally boarded by individuals who do not have the money or the desire to travel legally, a practice referred to as "<a href="/wiki/Freighthopping" title="Freighthopping">hopping</a>". Most hoppers sneak into train yards and stow away in boxcars. Bolder hoppers will catch a train "on the fly", that is, as it is moving, leading to occasional fatalities, some of which go unrecorded. The act of leaving a town or area, by hopping a freight train is sometimes referred to as "catching-out", as in catching a train out of town.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Bulk">Bulk</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Rail_freight_transport&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Bulk"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Wagons_550.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/Wagons_550.jpg/220px-Wagons_550.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/Wagons_550.jpg/330px-Wagons_550.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/Wagons_550.jpg/440px-Wagons_550.jpg 2x" data-file-width="550" data-file-height="413" /></a><figcaption>Freight wagons filled with <a href="/wiki/Limestone" title="Limestone">limestone</a> await unloading, at sidings in <a href="/wiki/Rugby,_Warwickshire" title="Rugby, Warwickshire">Rugby, Warwickshire</a>, England</figcaption></figure> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Bulk_cargo" title="Bulk cargo">Bulk cargo</a></div> <p>Bulk cargo constitutes the majority of tonnage carried by most freight railroads. Bulk cargo is <a href="/wiki/Commodity" title="Commodity">commodity</a> <a href="/wiki/Cargo" title="Cargo">cargo</a> that is transported <a href="/wiki/Packaging" title="Packaging">unpackaged</a> in large quantities. These cargo are usually dropped or poured, with a spout or shovel bucket, as a liquid or solid, into a <a href="/wiki/Railroad_car#Freight_cars" title="Railroad car">railroad car</a>. Liquids, such as petroleum and chemicals, and compressed gases are carried by rail in <a href="/wiki/Tank_car" title="Tank car">tank cars</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Mack_Point_(ME)_rail_yard_weigh_station.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/6c/Mack_Point_%28ME%29_rail_yard_weigh_station.jpg/220px-Mack_Point_%28ME%29_rail_yard_weigh_station.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="143" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/6c/Mack_Point_%28ME%29_rail_yard_weigh_station.jpg/330px-Mack_Point_%28ME%29_rail_yard_weigh_station.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/6c/Mack_Point_%28ME%29_rail_yard_weigh_station.jpg/440px-Mack_Point_%28ME%29_rail_yard_weigh_station.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="519" /></a><figcaption>Bulk freight car scales at the <a href="/wiki/Montreal,_Maine_and_Atlantic_Railway" title="Montreal, Maine and Atlantic Railway">MMA</a> Mack Point yard, <a href="/wiki/Searsport,_Maine" title="Searsport, Maine">Searsport, Maine</a></figcaption></figure> <p><a href="/wiki/Hopper_car" title="Hopper car">Hopper cars</a> are freight cars used to transport dry bulk commodities such as <a href="/wiki/Coal" title="Coal">coal</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ore" title="Ore">ore</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cereal" title="Cereal">grain</a>, <a href="/wiki/Track_ballast" title="Track ballast">track ballast</a>, and the like. This type of car is distinguished from a <a href="/wiki/Gondola_(rail)" title="Gondola (rail)">gondola</a> car (US) or <a href="/wiki/Open_wagon" title="Open wagon">open wagon</a> (UIC) in that it has opening doors on the underside or on the sides to discharge its cargo. The development of the hopper car went along with the development of automated handling of such commodities, with automated loading and unloading facilities. There are two main types of hopper car: open and covered; <a href="/wiki/Covered_hopper" class="mw-redirect" title="Covered hopper">Covered hopper</a> cars are used for cargo that must be protected from the elements (chiefly rain) such as grain, sugar, and fertilizer. Open cars are used for commodities such as coal, which can get wet and dry out with less harmful effect. Hopper cars have been used by railways worldwide whenever automated cargo handling has been desired. <a href="/wiki/Rotary_car_dumper" title="Rotary car dumper">Rotary car dumpers</a> simply invert the car to unload it, and have become the preferred unloading technology, especially in North America; they permit the use of simpler, tougher, and more compact (because sloping ends are not required) <a href="/wiki/Gondola_car" class="mw-redirect" title="Gondola car">gondola cars</a> instead of hoppers.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (March 2022)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Heavy-duty_ore_traffic">Heavy-duty ore traffic</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Rail_freight_transport&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Heavy-duty ore traffic"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The heaviest trains in the world carry bulk traffic such as <a href="/wiki/Iron_ore" title="Iron ore">iron ore</a> and <a href="/wiki/Coal" title="Coal">coal</a>. Loads can be 130 tonnes per wagon and tens of thousands of tonnes per train. <a href="/wiki/Daqin_Railway" class="mw-redirect" title="Daqin Railway">Daqin Railway</a> transports more than 1 million tonnes of coal to the east sea shore of China every day and in 2009 is the busiest freight line in the world<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Such <a href="/wiki/Economies_of_scale" title="Economies of scale">economies of scale</a> drive down operating costs. Some freight trains can be over 7 km long.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (March 2022)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Containerization">Containerization</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Rail_freight_transport&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Containerization"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Dispolok-es64u2003-00.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/de/Dispolok-es64u2003-00.jpg/220px-Dispolok-es64u2003-00.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="146" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/de/Dispolok-es64u2003-00.jpg/330px-Dispolok-es64u2003-00.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/de/Dispolok-es64u2003-00.jpg/440px-Dispolok-es64u2003-00.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1155" data-file-height="768" /></a><figcaption> A container train in <a href="/wiki/Rail_transport_in_Germany" title="Rail transport in Germany">Germany</a></figcaption></figure> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Containerization" title="Containerization">Containerization</a></div> <p>Containerization is a system of <a href="/wiki/Intermodal_freight_transport" title="Intermodal freight transport">intermodal freight transport</a> using standard <a href="/wiki/Intermodal_container" title="Intermodal container">shipping containers</a> (also known as '<a href="/wiki/International_Organization_for_Standardization" title="International Organization for Standardization">ISO</a> containers' or 'isotainers') that can be loaded with cargo, sealed and placed onto <a href="/wiki/Container_ship" title="Container ship">container ships</a>, <a href="/wiki/Railroad_car" title="Railroad car">railroad cars</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Truck" title="Truck">trucks</a>. Containerization has revolutionized cargo shipping. As of 2009<sup class="plainlinks noexcerpt noprint asof-tag update" style="display:none;"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Rail_freight_transport&action=edit">[update]</a></sup> approximately 90% of non-<a href="/wiki/Bulk_cargo" title="Bulk cargo">bulk cargo</a> worldwide is moved by containers stacked on transport ships;<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> 26% of all container transshipment is carried out in China.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As of 2005<sup class="plainlinks noexcerpt noprint asof-tag update" style="display:none;"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Rail_freight_transport&action=edit">[update]</a></sup>, some 18 million total containers make over 200 million trips per year.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (March 2022)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>Use of the same basic sizes of containers across the globe has lessened the problems caused by incompatible <a href="/wiki/Rail_gauge" class="mw-redirect" title="Rail gauge">rail gauge</a> sizes in different countries by making transshipment between different gauge trains easier.<sup id="cite_ref-forbes2016_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-forbes2016-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>While typically containers travel for many hundreds or even thousands kilometers on the railway, Swiss experience shows that with properly coordinated logistics, it is possible to operate a viable intermodal (truck + rail) cargo transportation system even within a country as small as <a href="/wiki/Rail_transport_in_Switzerland" title="Rail transport in Switzerland">Switzerland</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Double-stack_containerization">Double-stack containerization</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Rail_freight_transport&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Double-stack containerization"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:BNSF_5216_West_Kingman_Canyon_AZ_(293094839).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/BNSF_5216_West_Kingman_Canyon_AZ_%28293094839%29.jpg/220px-BNSF_5216_West_Kingman_Canyon_AZ_%28293094839%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="146" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/BNSF_5216_West_Kingman_Canyon_AZ_%28293094839%29.jpg/330px-BNSF_5216_West_Kingman_Canyon_AZ_%28293094839%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/BNSF_5216_West_Kingman_Canyon_AZ_%28293094839%29.jpg/440px-BNSF_5216_West_Kingman_Canyon_AZ_%28293094839%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3008" data-file-height="2000" /></a><figcaption>Train in Arizona, with 20-, 40- and-53 foot containers double stacked in <a href="/wiki/Well_car" title="Well car">well cars</a></figcaption></figure> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Double-stack_rail_transport" title="Double-stack rail transport">Double-stack rail transport</a></div> <p>Most <a href="/wiki/Flatcar" title="Flatcar">flatcars</a> (flat wagons) cannot carry more than one standard 40-foot (12.2 m) <a href="/wiki/Intermodal_container" title="Intermodal container">container</a> on top of another because of limited <a href="/wiki/Structure_gauge" title="Structure gauge">vertical clearance</a>, even though they usually can carry the weight of two. Carrying half the possible weight is inefficient. However, if the rail line has been built with sufficient vertical clearance, a <a href="/wiki/Well_car" title="Well car">double-stack car</a> can accept a container and still leave <a href="/wiki/Loading_gauge" title="Loading gauge">enough clearance</a> for another container on top. Both China and India run electrified double-stack trains with overhead wiring.<sup id="cite_ref-spotlight_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-spotlight-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In the United States, <a href="/wiki/Southern_Pacific_Railroad" class="mw-redirect" title="Southern Pacific Railroad">Southern Pacific Railroad</a> (SP) with <a href="/wiki/Malcom_McLean" title="Malcom McLean">Malcom McLean</a> came up with the idea of the first double-stack intermodal car in 1977.<sup id="cite_ref-CudahyB-TRN-2006-Sep-Oct_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CudahyB-TRN-2006-Sep-Oct-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> SP then designed the first car with <a href="/wiki/American_Car_and_Foundry_Company" title="American Car and Foundry Company">ACF Industries</a> that same year.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> At first it was slow to become an industry standard, then in 1984 <a href="/wiki/American_President_Lines" title="American President Lines">American President Lines</a> started working with the SP and that same year, the first all "double stack" train left <a href="/wiki/Los_Angeles,_California" class="mw-redirect" title="Los Angeles, California">Los Angeles, California</a> for <a href="/wiki/South_Kearny,_New_Jersey" title="South Kearny, New Jersey">South Kearny, New Jersey</a>, under the name of "Stacktrain" rail service. Along the way the train transferred from the SP to <a href="/wiki/Consolidated_Rail_Corporation" class="mw-redirect" title="Consolidated Rail Corporation">Conrail</a>. It saved shippers money and now accounts for almost 70 percent of <a href="/wiki/Intermodal_freight_transport" title="Intermodal freight transport">intermodal freight transport</a> shipments in the United States, in part due to the generous vertical clearances used by U.S. railroads. These lines are diesel-operated with no <a href="/wiki/Overhead_lines" class="mw-redirect" title="Overhead lines">overhead wiring</a>.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (March 2022)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>Double stacking is also used in <a href="/wiki/Transport_in_Australia" title="Transport in Australia">Australia</a> between <a href="/wiki/Adelaide" title="Adelaide">Adelaide</a>, <a href="/wiki/Parkes,_New_South_Wales" title="Parkes, New South Wales">Parkes</a>, <a href="/wiki/Perth,_Western_Australia" class="mw-redirect" title="Perth, Western Australia">Perth</a> and <a href="/wiki/Darwin,_Northern_Territory" title="Darwin, Northern Territory">Darwin</a>. These are diesel-only lines with no overhead wiring. <a href="/wiki/Saudi_Railways_Organization" title="Saudi Railways Organization">Saudi Arabian Railways</a> use double-stack in its <a href="/wiki/Riyadh" title="Riyadh">Riyadh</a>-<a href="/wiki/Dammam" title="Dammam">Dammam</a> corridor. Double stacking is used in India for selected freight-only lines.<sup id="cite_ref-spotlight_15-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-spotlight-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Rolling_highways_and_piggyback_service">Rolling highways and piggyback service</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Rail_freight_transport&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Rolling highways and piggyback service"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Rolling_highway" title="Rolling highway">Rolling highway</a> and <a href="/wiki/Piggyback_(transportation)" title="Piggyback (transportation)">Piggyback (transportation)</a></div> <p>In some countries <a href="/wiki/Rolling_highway" title="Rolling highway">rolling highway</a>, or rolling road,<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> trains are used; <a href="/wiki/Truck" title="Truck">trucks</a> can drive straight onto the train and drive off again when the end destination is reached. A system like this is used on the <a href="/wiki/Channel_Tunnel" title="Channel Tunnel">Channel Tunnel</a> between the United Kingdom and France, as well as on the <a href="/wiki/Konkan_Railway" class="mw-redirect" title="Konkan Railway">Konkan Railway</a> in India. In other countries, the <a href="/wiki/Tractor_unit" title="Tractor unit">tractor unit</a> of each truck is not carried on the train, only the trailer. <i><a href="/wiki/Piggyback_(transportation)" title="Piggyback (transportation)">Piggyback</a></i> trains are common in the United States, where they are also known as <i>trailer on flat car</i> or <a href="/wiki/Trailer-on-flatcar" title="Trailer-on-flatcar">TOFC</a> trains, but they have lost market share to containers (COFC), with longer, 53-foot containers frequently used for domestic shipments. There are also <a href="/wiki/Roadrailer" title="Roadrailer">roadrailer</a> vehicles, which have two sets of wheels, for use in a train, or as the trailer of a road vehicle.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (March 2022)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Special_cargo">Special cargo</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Rail_freight_transport&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Special cargo"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><span><video id="mwe_player_0" poster="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/Diesel_Freight_Train_NSW.ogv/220px--Diesel_Freight_Train_NSW.ogv.jpg" controls="" preload="none" data-mw-tmh="" class="mw-file-element" width="220" height="165" data-durationhint="73" data-mwtitle="Diesel_Freight_Train_NSW.ogv" data-mwprovider="wikimediacommons" resource="/wiki/File:Diesel_Freight_Train_NSW.ogv"><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/37/Diesel_Freight_Train_NSW.ogv" type="video/ogg; codecs="theora, vorbis"" data-width="384" data-height="288" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/3/37/Diesel_Freight_Train_NSW.ogv/Diesel_Freight_Train_NSW.ogv.360p.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp8, vorbis"" data-transcodekey="360p.webm" data-width="384" data-height="288" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/3/37/Diesel_Freight_Train_NSW.ogv/Diesel_Freight_Train_NSW.ogv.144p.mjpeg.mov" type="video/quicktime" data-transcodekey="144p.mjpeg.mov" data-width="192" data-height="144" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/3/37/Diesel_Freight_Train_NSW.ogv/Diesel_Freight_Train_NSW.ogv.240p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="240p.vp9.webm" data-width="320" data-height="240" /></video></span><figcaption><div class="center" style="width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;">Steel train, <br />western <a href="/wiki/New_South_Wales" title="New South Wales">New South Wales</a>, Australia</div></figcaption></figure> <p>Several types of cargo are not suited for containerization or bulk; these are transported in special cars custom designed for the cargo. </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Automobile" class="mw-redirect" title="Automobile">Automobiles</a> are stacked in open or closed <a href="/wiki/Autorack" title="Autorack">autoracks</a>, the vehicles being driven on or off the carriers.</li> <li>Coils of steel strip are transported in modified gondolas called <a href="/wiki/Coil_car_(rail)" class="mw-redirect" title="Coil car (rail)">coil cars</a>.</li> <li>Goods that require certain temperatures during transportation can be transported in <a href="/wiki/Refrigerator_car" title="Refrigerator car">refrigerator cars</a> (reefers, US), or <a href="/wiki/Refrigerated_vans" class="mw-redirect" title="Refrigerated vans">refrigerated vans</a> (UIC), but refrigerated containers are becoming more dominant.</li> <li>Center beam flat cars are used to carry lumber and other building supplies.</li> <li>Extra heavy and oversized loads are carried in <a href="/wiki/Schnabel_car" title="Schnabel car">Schnabel cars</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Less_than_carload_freight">Less than carload freight</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Rail_freight_transport&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Less than carload freight"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Less-than-container_load" class="mw-redirect" title="Less-than-container load">Less-than-container load</a></div> <p>Less-than-carload freight is any load that does not fill a <a href="/wiki/Boxcar" title="Boxcar">boxcar</a> or <a href="/wiki/Box_motor" title="Box motor">box motor</a> or less than a <a href="/wiki/Wagonload_freight#North_America" title="Wagonload freight">Boxcar load</a>.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (March 2022)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>Historically in North America, trains might be classified as either <b>way freight</b> or through freight. A way freight generally carried less-than-carload shipments to/from a location, whose origin/destination was a rail terminal yard. This product sometimes arrived at/departed from that yard by means of a through freight.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (March 2022)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>At a minimum, a way freight comprised a locomotive and caboose, to which cars called pickups and setouts were added or dropped off along the route. For convenience, smaller consignments might be carried in the <a href="/wiki/Caboose" title="Caboose">caboose</a>, which prompted some railroads to define their cabooses as way cars, although the term equally applied to boxcars used for that purpose. Way stops might be industrial sidings, stations/flag stops, settlements, or even individual residences.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (March 2022)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>With the difficulty of maintaining an exact schedule, way freights yielded to scheduled passenger and through trains.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> They were often <a href="/wiki/Mixed_trains" class="mw-redirect" title="Mixed trains">mixed trains</a> that served isolated communities. Like passenger service generally, way freights and their smaller consignments became uneconomical. In North America, the latter ceased,<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and the public sector took over passenger transportation. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Regional_differences">Regional differences</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Rail_freight_transport&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Regional differences"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1251242444"><table class="box-Update plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Update" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/Ambox_current_red_Americas.svg/42px-Ambox_current_red_Americas.svg.png" decoding="async" width="42" height="34" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/Ambox_current_red_Americas.svg/63px-Ambox_current_red_Americas.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/Ambox_current_red_Americas.svg/84px-Ambox_current_red_Americas.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="360" data-file-height="290" /></span></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section needs to be <b>updated</b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help update this article to reflect recent events or newly available information.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">February 2016</span>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Rail_gauge_world.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/Rail_gauge_world.svg/300px-Rail_gauge_world.svg.png" decoding="async" width="300" height="152" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/Rail_gauge_world.svg/450px-Rail_gauge_world.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/Rail_gauge_world.svg/600px-Rail_gauge_world.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="2754" data-file-height="1398" /></a><figcaption>A map of the world showing regions by principal rail <a href="/wiki/Track_gauge" title="Track gauge">track gauge</a>. </figcaption></figure> <p>Railroads are subject to the <a href="/wiki/Network_effect" title="Network effect">network effect</a>: the more points they connect to, the greater the value of the system as a whole. Early railroads were built to bring resources, such as coal, ores and agricultural products from inland locations to ports for export. In many parts of the world, particularly the southern hemisphere, that is still the main use of freight railroads. Greater connectivity opens the rail network to other freight uses including non-export traffic. Rail network connectivity is limited by a number of factors, including geographical barriers, such as oceans and mountains, technical incompatibilities, particularly different <a href="/wiki/Track_gauge" title="Track gauge">track gauges</a> and <a href="/wiki/Railway_coupler" class="mw-redirect" title="Railway coupler">railway couplers</a>, and political conflicts. <a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_by_rail_transport_network_size" title="List of countries by rail transport network size">The largest rail networks</a> are located in North America and Eurasia. Long distance freight trains are generally longer than passenger trains, with greater length improving efficiency. Maximum length varies widely by system. (<i>See</i> <a href="/wiki/Longest_trains" title="Longest trains">longest trains</a> for train lengths in different countries.)<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (March 2022)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>Many countries are moving to increase speed and volume of rail freight in an attempt to win markets over or to relieve overburdened roads and/or speed up shipping in the age of <a href="/wiki/Online_shopping" title="Online shopping">online shopping</a>. In Japan, trends towards adding rail freight shipping are more due to availability of workers rather than other concerns.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (March 2022)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>Rail freight tonnage as a percent of total moved by country: </p> <ul><li>Russia: about 12% in 2016<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> up 11%</li> <li>Japan: 5% in 2017<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <p>Rail freight ton-milage as a percent of total moved by country: </p> <ul><li>USA: 27.4% in 2020 <sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>China: 15.9% in 2022 <sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/EU28" class="mw-redirect" title="EU28">EU28</a>: more than 20% of all "inland traffic" in 2021 <sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Eurasia">Eurasia</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Rail_freight_transport&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Eurasia"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Coal_to_Electricity.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6b/Coal_to_Electricity.jpg/220px-Coal_to_Electricity.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="164" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6b/Coal_to_Electricity.jpg/330px-Coal_to_Electricity.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6b/Coal_to_Electricity.jpg/440px-Coal_to_Electricity.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3188" data-file-height="2378" /></a><figcaption>Coal awaiting shipment to an electric generating plant in Germany</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Nancha,_Yichun,_Heilongjiang,_China_-_panoramio.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6b/Nancha%2C_Yichun%2C_Heilongjiang%2C_China_-_panoramio.jpg/220px-Nancha%2C_Yichun%2C_Heilongjiang%2C_China_-_panoramio.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6b/Nancha%2C_Yichun%2C_Heilongjiang%2C_China_-_panoramio.jpg/330px-Nancha%2C_Yichun%2C_Heilongjiang%2C_China_-_panoramio.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6b/Nancha%2C_Yichun%2C_Heilongjiang%2C_China_-_panoramio.jpg/440px-Nancha%2C_Yichun%2C_Heilongjiang%2C_China_-_panoramio.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2592" data-file-height="1944" /></a><figcaption>Freight train on the <a href="/wiki/Suihua" title="Suihua">Suihua</a>–<a href="/wiki/Jiamusi" title="Jiamusi">Jiamusi</a> Railway in <a href="/wiki/Yichun,_Heilongjiang" title="Yichun, Heilongjiang">Yichun</a>, <a href="/wiki/Heilongjiang" title="Heilongjiang">Heilongjiang</a></figcaption></figure> <p>There are four major interconnecting rail networks on the Eurasian land mass, along with other smaller national networks.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (March 2022)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>Most countries in the European Union participate in an auto-gauge network. The <a href="/wiki/Rail_transport_in_the_United_Kingdom" class="mw-redirect" title="Rail transport in the United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a> is linked to this network via the <a href="/wiki/Channel_Tunnel" title="Channel Tunnel">Channel Tunnel</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Marmaray" title="Marmaray">Marmaray</a> project connects Europe with eastern Turkey, Iran, and the Middle East via a rail tunnel under the <a href="/wiki/Bosphorus" class="mw-redirect" title="Bosphorus">Bosphorus</a>. The 57-km <a href="/wiki/Gotthard_Base_Tunnel" title="Gotthard Base Tunnel">Gotthard Base Tunnel</a> improved north–south rail connections when it opened in 2016. Spain and Portugal are mostly broad gauge, though Spain has built some standard gauge lines that connect with the European high-speed passenger network. A variety of electrification and signaling systems is in use, though this is less of an issue for freight; however, clearances prevent double-stack service on most lines. <a href="/wiki/Buffers_and_chain_coupler" title="Buffers and chain coupler">Buffer-and-screw couplings</a> are generally used between freight vehicles, although there are plans to develop an automatic coupler compatible with the Russian SA3. <i>See</i> <a href="/wiki/Railway_coupling_conversion" title="Railway coupling conversion">Railway coupling conversion</a>.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (March 2022)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>The countries of the former <a href="/wiki/Rail_transport_in_the_Soviet_Union" title="Rail transport in the Soviet Union">Soviet Union</a>, along with <a href="/wiki/Rail_transport_in_Finland" title="Rail transport in Finland">Finland</a> and <a href="/wiki/Rail_transport_in_Mongolia" title="Rail transport in Mongolia">Mongolia</a>, participate in a <a href="/wiki/Russian_gauge" class="mw-redirect" title="Russian gauge">Russian gauge</a>-compatible network, using <a href="/wiki/SA3_coupler" title="SA3 coupler">SA3 couplers</a>. Major lines are electrified. Russia's <a href="/wiki/Trans-Siberian_Railroad" class="mw-redirect" title="Trans-Siberian Railroad">Trans-Siberian Railroad</a> connects Europe with Asia, but does not have the clearances needed to carry double-stack containers. Numerous connections are available between Russian-gauge countries with their standard-gauge neighbors in the west (throughout Europe) and south (to China, North Korea, and Iran via Turkmenistan). While the USSR had important railway connections to Turkey (from Armenia) and to Iran (from Azerbaijan's <a href="/wiki/Nakhchivan_Autonomous_Republic" title="Nakhchivan Autonomous Republic">Nakhchivan</a> enclave), these have been out of service since the early 1990s, since a number of <a href="/wiki/Frozen_conflict" title="Frozen conflict">frozen conflicts</a> in the Caucasus region have forced the closing of the rail connections between Russia and Georgia via Abkhazia, <a href="/wiki/Armenia%E2%80%93Azerbaijan_border" title="Armenia–Azerbaijan border">between Armenia and Azerbaijan</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Kars%E2%80%93Gyumri%E2%80%93Tbilisi_railway" title="Kars–Gyumri–Tbilisi railway">between Armenia and Turkey</a>.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (March 2022)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Rail_transport_in_China" title="Rail transport in China">China</a> has an extensive standard-gauge network. Its freight trains use <a href="/wiki/Janney_coupler" title="Janney coupler">Janney couplers</a>. China's railways connect with the standard-gauge network of <a href="/wiki/Rail_transport_in_North_Korea" title="Rail transport in North Korea">North Korea</a> in the east, with the Russian-gauge network of Russia, Mongolia, and Kazakhstan in the north, and with the meter-gauge network of Vietnam in the south.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (March 2022)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Rail_transport_in_India" title="Rail transport in India">India</a> and <a href="/wiki/Rail_transport_in_Pakistan" class="mw-redirect" title="Rail transport in Pakistan">Pakistan</a> operate entirely on <a href="/wiki/Indian_gauge" class="mw-redirect" title="Indian gauge">broad gauge</a> networks. <a href="/wiki/Indo-Pakistani_wars_and_conflicts" title="Indo-Pakistani wars and conflicts">Indo-Pakistani wars and conflicts</a> currently restrict rail traffic between the two countries to two passenger lines. There are also links from India to Bangladesh and Nepal, and from Pakistan to Iran, where a new, but little-used, connection to the standard-gauge network is available at <a href="/wiki/Zahedan_railway_station" title="Zahedan railway station">Zahedan</a>.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (March 2022)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>The four major Eurasian networks link to neighboring countries and to each other at several <a href="/wiki/Break_of_gauge" title="Break of gauge">break of gauge</a> points. Containerization has facilitated greater movement between networks, including a <a href="/wiki/Eurasian_Land_Bridge" title="Eurasian Land Bridge">Eurasian Land Bridge</a>.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (March 2022)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="North_America">North America</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Rail_freight_transport&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: North America"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:ATSF_Downhhill_Caliente_Aug_90xRP_-_Flickr_-_drewj1946.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/de/ATSF_Downhhill_Caliente_Aug_90xRP_-_Flickr_-_drewj1946.jpg/220px-ATSF_Downhhill_Caliente_Aug_90xRP_-_Flickr_-_drewj1946.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="145" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/de/ATSF_Downhhill_Caliente_Aug_90xRP_-_Flickr_-_drewj1946.jpg/330px-ATSF_Downhhill_Caliente_Aug_90xRP_-_Flickr_-_drewj1946.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/de/ATSF_Downhhill_Caliente_Aug_90xRP_-_Flickr_-_drewj1946.jpg/440px-ATSF_Downhhill_Caliente_Aug_90xRP_-_Flickr_-_drewj1946.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1008" data-file-height="666" /></a><figcaption>Mixed freight running downhill in <a href="/wiki/Caliente,_California" title="Caliente, California">Caliente, California</a></figcaption></figure> <p><a href="/wiki/Rail_transport_in_Canada" title="Rail transport in Canada">Canada</a>, <a href="/wiki/Rail_transport_in_Mexico" title="Rail transport in Mexico">Mexico</a> and <a href="/wiki/Rail_transport_in_the_United_States" class="mw-redirect" title="Rail transport in the United States">the United States</a> are connected by an extensive, unified <a href="/wiki/Standard_gauge" class="mw-redirect" title="Standard gauge">standard gauge</a> rail network. The one notable exception is the isolated <a href="/wiki/Alaska_Railroad" title="Alaska Railroad">Alaska Railroad</a>, which is connected to the main network by <a href="/wiki/Car_float" title="Car float">rail barge</a>.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (March 2022)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>Due primarily to external factors such as geography and the commodity mix favoring commodities such as coal, the modal share of freight rail in North America is one of the highest worldwide.<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Rail freight is well standardized in North America, with <a href="/wiki/Janney_coupler" title="Janney coupler">Janney couplers</a> and compatible <a href="/wiki/Railway_air_brake" title="Railway air brake">air brakes</a>. The main variations are in <a href="/wiki/Loading_gauge" title="Loading gauge">loading gauge</a> and maximum car weight. Most trackage is owned by private companies that also operate freight trains on those tracks. Since the <a href="/wiki/Staggers_Rail_Act" title="Staggers Rail Act">Staggers Rail Act</a> of 1980, the freight rail industry in the U.S. has been largely deregulated. Freight cars are routinely <a href="/wiki/Interchange_(freight_rail)" title="Interchange (freight rail)">interchanged</a> between carriers, as needed, and are identified by company <a href="/wiki/Reporting_mark" title="Reporting mark">reporting marks</a> and serial numbers. Most have computer readable <a href="/wiki/Automatic_equipment_identification" title="Automatic equipment identification">automatic equipment identification</a> transponders. With <a href="/wiki/Deseret_Power_Railroad" class="mw-redirect" title="Deseret Power Railroad">isolated exceptions</a>, freight trains in North America are hauled by <a href="/wiki/Diesel_locomotive" title="Diesel locomotive">diesel locomotives</a>, even on the electrified <a href="/wiki/Northeast_Corridor" title="Northeast Corridor">Northeast Corridor</a>.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (March 2022)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>Ongoing freight-oriented development includes <a href="/wiki/Double-stack_rail_transport#Double_stack_projects_built_or_proposed_in_North_America" title="Double-stack rail transport">upgrading more lines</a> to carry heavier and taller loads, particularly for <a href="/wiki/Double-stack_rail_transport" title="Double-stack rail transport">double-stack</a> service, and building more efficient intermodal terminals and <a href="/wiki/Transload" class="mw-redirect" title="Transload">transload</a> facilities for bulk cargo. Many railroads interchange in Chicago, and <a href="/wiki/Chicago_Region_Environmental_and_Transportation_Efficiency_Program" title="Chicago Region Environmental and Transportation Efficiency Program">a number of improvements</a> are underway or proposed to eliminate bottlenecks there.<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The U.S. <a href="/wiki/Rail_Safety_Improvement_Act_of_2008" title="Rail Safety Improvement Act of 2008">Rail Safety Improvement Act of 2008</a> mandates eventual conversion to <a href="/wiki/Positive_Train_Control" class="mw-redirect" title="Positive Train Control">Positive Train Control</a> signaling. In the 2010s, most North American Class I railroads have adopted some form of <a href="/wiki/Precision_railroading" title="Precision railroading">precision railroading</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Central_America">Central America</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Rail_freight_transport&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Central America"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Rail_transport_in_Guatemala" title="Rail transport in Guatemala">Guatemala</a> railroad is currently inactive, preventing rail shipment south of Mexico. <a href="/wiki/Rail_transport_in_Panama" title="Rail transport in Panama">Panama</a> has freight rail service, recently converted to standard gauge, that parallels the <a href="/wiki/Panama_Canal" title="Panama Canal">Panama Canal</a>. A few other <a href="/wiki/Rail_transport_in_Central_America" title="Rail transport in Central America">rail systems in Central America</a> are still in operation, but most have closed. There has never been a rail line through Central America to South America.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (March 2022)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="South_America">South America</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Rail_freight_transport&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: South America"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Rail_transport_in_Brazil" title="Rail transport in Brazil">Brazil</a> has a large rail network, mostly metre gauge, with some broad gauge. It runs some of the heaviest iron ore trains in the world on its metre gauge network.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (March 2022)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Rail_transport_in_Argentina" title="Rail transport in Argentina">Argentina</a> have Indian gauge networks in the south, standard gauge in the east and metre gauge networks in the north. The metre gauge networks are connected at one point, but there has never been a broad gauge connection. (A metre-gauge connection between the two broad gauge networks, the <a href="/wiki/Transandine_Railway" title="Transandine Railway">Transandine Railway</a> was constructed but is not currently in service. <i>See also <a href="/wiki/Trans-Andean_railways" title="Trans-Andean railways">Trans-Andean railways</a>.</i>) Most other countries have few rail systems. The standard gauge in the east, connect with Paraguay and Uruguay.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (March 2022)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Africa">Africa</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Rail_freight_transport&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Africa"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:SNIM_ore_train_Nouadhibou.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/18/SNIM_ore_train_Nouadhibou.jpg/220px-SNIM_ore_train_Nouadhibou.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="111" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/18/SNIM_ore_train_Nouadhibou.jpg/330px-SNIM_ore_train_Nouadhibou.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/18/SNIM_ore_train_Nouadhibou.jpg/440px-SNIM_ore_train_Nouadhibou.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="506" /></a><figcaption>Iron ore train in <a href="/wiki/Mauritania_Railway" title="Mauritania Railway">Mauritania</a></figcaption></figure> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/African_Union_of_Railways" title="African Union of Railways">African Union of Railways</a></div> <p>The railways of Africa were mostly started by colonial powers to bring inland resources to port. There was little regard for eventual interconnection. As a result, there are a variety of gauge and coupler standards in use. A <a href="/wiki/3_ft_6_in_gauge_railways" title="3 ft 6 in gauge railways"><span class="nowrap">3 ft 6 in</span></a> (<span class="nowrap">1,067 mm</span>) gauge network with Janney couplers serves southern Africa. East Africa uses <a href="/wiki/Metre_gauge" class="mw-redirect" title="Metre gauge">metre gauge</a>. North Africa uses <a href="/wiki/Standard_gauge" class="mw-redirect" title="Standard gauge">standard gauge</a>, but potential connection to the European standard gauge network is blocked by the <a href="/wiki/Arab%E2%80%93Israeli_conflict" title="Arab–Israeli conflict">Arab–Israeli conflict</a>.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (March 2022)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Australia">Australia</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Rail_freight_transport&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Australia"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:NR22_NR52_DL49_1PM5_Kewdale_190306.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a2/NR22_NR52_DL49_1PM5_Kewdale_190306.jpg/220px-NR22_NR52_DL49_1PM5_Kewdale_190306.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="96" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a2/NR22_NR52_DL49_1PM5_Kewdale_190306.jpg/330px-NR22_NR52_DL49_1PM5_Kewdale_190306.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a2/NR22_NR52_DL49_1PM5_Kewdale_190306.jpg/440px-NR22_NR52_DL49_1PM5_Kewdale_190306.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2044" data-file-height="888" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Pacific_National" title="Pacific National">Pacific National</a> intermodal service from <a href="/wiki/Perth" title="Perth">Perth</a> in Western Australia</figcaption></figure> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Rail_transport_in_Australia" title="Rail transport in Australia">Rail transport in Australia</a></div> <p>Rail developed independently in different parts of Australia and, as a result, three major rail gauges are in use. A standard gauge <a href="/wiki/Trans-Australian_Railway" title="Trans-Australian Railway">Trans-Australian Railway</a> spans the continent.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (March 2022)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Statistics">Statistics</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Rail_freight_transport&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Statistics"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_by_rail_usage" title="List of countries by rail usage">List of countries by rail usage</a></div> <table class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;"> <caption>Rail freight by network, billion tonne-km<br />2019<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </caption> <tbody><tr> <th scope="col">Network </th> <th scope="col">Gt-km </th> <th scope="col">Countries </th></tr> <tr> <td>North America</td> <td>2863</td> <td>U.S., Canada, Mexico </td></tr> <tr> <td>China</td> <td>4389</td> <td><sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Russia</td> <td>2351</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Commonwealth_of_Independent_States" title="Commonwealth of Independent States">CIS</a>, Finland, Mongolia </td></tr> <tr> <td>India</td> <td>607</td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>European Union</td> <td>400</td> <td>27 member countries<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Brazil</td> <td>269</td> <td>includes Bolivia (1) </td></tr> <tr> <td>South Africa</td> <td>115</td> <td>includes Zimbabwe (1.6) </td></tr> <tr> <td>Australia</td> <td>64</td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Japan</td> <td>20</td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>South Korea</td> <td>10</td> <td> </td></tr></tbody></table> <p>In 2011, North American railroads operated 1,471,736 freight cars and 31,875 locomotives, with 215,985 employees, They originated 39.53 million carloads (averaging 63 tons each) and generated $81.7 billion in freight revenue. The largest (Class 1) U.S. railroads carried 10.17 million intermodal containers and 1.72 million trailers. Intermodal traffic was 6.2% of tonnage originated and 12.6% of revenue. The largest commodities were coal, chemicals, farm products, nonmetallic minerals and intermodal. Coal alone was 43.3% of tonnage and 24.7% of revenue. The average haul was 917 miles. Within the U.S. railroads carry 39.9% of freight by ton-mile, followed by trucks (33.4%), oil pipelines (14.3%), barges (12%) and air (0.3%).<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Railways carried 17.1% of EU freight in terms of tonne-km,<sup id="cite_ref-lewandIJEIT_35-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-lewandIJEIT-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> compared to road transport (76.4%) and inland waterways (6.5%).<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Named_freight_trains">Named freight trains</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Rail_freight_transport&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Named freight trains"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Unlike passenger trains, freight trains are rarely named.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (March 2022)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> Some, however, have gained names either officially or unofficially. </p> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Super_C_(freight_train)" title="Super C (freight train)">Super C</a></i></li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/Juice_Train" title="Juice Train">Juice Train</a>"</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coke_Express" class="mw-redirect" title="Coke Express">Coke Express</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/La_Bestia" title="La Bestia">La Bestia</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Condor_(train)" title="Condor (train)">Condor</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Gallery">Gallery</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Rail_freight_transport&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Gallery"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-traditional"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Trainyard.bradleygee.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="A typical U.S. classification yard in Denver, Colorado. Intermodal terminal is on the right"><img alt="A typical U.S. classification yard in Denver, Colorado. Intermodal terminal is on the right" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/Trainyard.bradleygee.jpg/120px-Trainyard.bradleygee.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="76" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/Trainyard.bradleygee.jpg/180px-Trainyard.bradleygee.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/Trainyard.bradleygee.jpg/240px-Trainyard.bradleygee.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3855" data-file-height="2426" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">A typical U.S. <a href="/wiki/Classification_yard" title="Classification yard">classification yard</a> in <a href="/wiki/Denver" title="Denver">Denver</a>, <a href="/wiki/Colorado" title="Colorado">Colorado</a>. Intermodal terminal is on the right</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Electric_locomotive_VL80T-831.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Freight train in Rostov Oblast, Russia"><img alt="Freight train in Rostov Oblast, Russia" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/Electric_locomotive_VL80T-831.jpg/120px-Electric_locomotive_VL80T-831.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="77" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/Electric_locomotive_VL80T-831.jpg/180px-Electric_locomotive_VL80T-831.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/Electric_locomotive_VL80T-831.jpg/240px-Electric_locomotive_VL80T-831.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="770" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Freight train in <a href="/wiki/Rostov_Oblast" title="Rostov Oblast">Rostov Oblast</a>, Russia</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Carnforth_wcml_geograph-2188751.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Old type of steam-hauled freight train in 1964"><img alt="Old type of steam-hauled freight train in 1964" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Carnforth_wcml_geograph-2188751.jpg/120px-Carnforth_wcml_geograph-2188751.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="68" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Carnforth_wcml_geograph-2188751.jpg/180px-Carnforth_wcml_geograph-2188751.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Carnforth_wcml_geograph-2188751.jpg/240px-Carnforth_wcml_geograph-2188751.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="582" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Old type of steam-hauled freight train in 1964</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Freight_train_in_Jacksonville,_FL.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="A container train passing through Jacksonville, Florida, with 53 ft (16.15 m) containers used for shipments within North America"><img alt="A container train passing through Jacksonville, Florida, with 53 ft (16.15 m) containers used for shipments within North America" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b6/Freight_train_in_Jacksonville%2C_FL.jpg/120px-Freight_train_in_Jacksonville%2C_FL.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="68" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b6/Freight_train_in_Jacksonville%2C_FL.jpg/180px-Freight_train_in_Jacksonville%2C_FL.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b6/Freight_train_in_Jacksonville%2C_FL.jpg/240px-Freight_train_in_Jacksonville%2C_FL.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3264" data-file-height="1840" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">A container train passing through <a href="/wiki/Jacksonville" class="mw-redirect" title="Jacksonville">Jacksonville</a>, Florida, with 53 ft (16.15 m) containers used for shipments within North America</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Mc250-3.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="A M250 series, multiple unit freight train running in Japan."><img alt="A M250 series, multiple unit freight train running in Japan." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/60/Mc250-3.jpg/120px-Mc250-3.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="80" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/60/Mc250-3.jpg/180px-Mc250-3.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/60/Mc250-3.jpg/240px-Mc250-3.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1500" data-file-height="1000" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">A <a href="/wiki/M250_series" title="M250 series">M250 series</a>, <a href="/wiki/Multiple_unit" title="Multiple unit">multiple unit freight train</a> running in <a href="/wiki/Japan" title="Japan">Japan</a>. </div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Rail_freight_transport&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239009302">.mw-parser-output .portalbox{padding:0;margin:0.5em 0;display:table;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:175px;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portalborder{border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa)}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-entry{display:table-row;font-size:85%;line-height:110%;height:1.9em;font-style:italic;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-image{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-link{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em 0.2em 0.2em 0.3em;vertical-align:middle}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .portalleft{clear:left;float:left;margin:0.5em 1em 0.5em 0}.mw-parser-output .portalright{clear:right;float:right;margin:0.5em 0 0.5em 1em}}</style><ul role="navigation" aria-label="Portals" class="noprint portalbox portalborder portalright"> <li class="portalbox-entry"><span class="portalbox-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:P_train.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e3/P_train.svg/31px-P_train.svg.png" decoding="async" width="31" height="28" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e3/P_train.svg/47px-P_train.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e3/P_train.svg/62px-P_train.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="400" data-file-height="360" /></a></span></span><span class="portalbox-link"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Trains" title="Portal:Trains">Trains portal</a></span></li></ul> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1184024115">.mw-parser-output .div-col{margin-top:0.3em;column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .div-col-small{font-size:90%}.mw-parser-output .div-col-rules{column-rule:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .div-col dl,.mw-parser-output .div-col ol,.mw-parser-output .div-col ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .div-col li,.mw-parser-output .div-col dd{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}</style><div class="div-col" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Demurrage#Railway_transport" title="Demurrage">Demurrage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Interchange_(freight_rail)" title="Interchange (freight rail)">Interchange</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intermodal_freight_transport" title="Intermodal freight transport">Intermodal freight transport</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Piggyback_(transportation)" title="Piggyback (transportation)">Piggyback (transportation)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rolling_highway" title="Rolling highway">Rolling highway</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unit_train" title="Unit train">Unit train</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wagonload_freight" title="Wagonload freight">Wagonload freight</a></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Rail_freight_transport&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width reflist-columns-2"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.packcrateandship.com/rail-freight-shipping/">"Rail Freight Shipping"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160220233522/http://www.packcrateandship.com/rail-freight-shipping/">Archived</a> from the original on 20 February 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Rail+Freight+Shipping&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.packcrateandship.com%2Frail-freight-shipping%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARail+freight+transport" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">18 December</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=How+To+Hop+a+Freight+Train%2C+by+Wes+Modes&rft.pub=modes.io&rft.aulast=Modes&rft.aufirst=Wes&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fmodes.io%2Fhow-to-hop-a-freight-train%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARail+freight+transport" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStopford1997" class="citation book cs1">Stopford, Martin (1997). <i>Maritime Economics</i>. London: Routledge. pp. 292–93.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Maritime+Economics&rft.place=London&rft.pages=292-93&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=1997&rft.aulast=Stopford&rft.aufirst=Martin&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARail+freight+transport" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_m0BQQ/is_8_49/ai_n32458308/">"Heavy-haul heavyweight: China's Daqin heavy-haul railway has undergone a major upgrade to enable it to carry more than three times its original design capacity. David Briginshaw reports from the Ninth International Heavy-Haul Conference in Shanghai on the innovative technology that made this possible | International Railway Journal | Find Articles at BNET"</a>. Findarticles.com. 2 June 2009<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">1 February</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Heavy-haul+heavyweight%3A+China%27s+Daqin+heavy-haul+railway+has+undergone+a+major+upgrade+to+enable+it+to+carry+more+than+three+times+its+original+design+capacity.+David+Briginshaw+reports+from+the+Ninth+International+Heavy-Haul+Conference+in+Shanghai+on+the+innovative+technology+that+made+this+possible+%26%23124%3B+International+Railway+Journal+%26%23124%3B+Find+Articles+at+BNET&rft.pub=Findarticles.com&rft.date=2009-06-02&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Ffindarticles.com%2Fp%2Farticles%2Fmi_m0BQQ%2Fis_8_49%2Fai_n32458308%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARail+freight+transport" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEbeling2009" class="citation journal cs1">Ebeling, C. E. (Winter 2009). "Evolution of a Box". <i>Invention and Technology</i>. <b>23</b> (4): 8–9. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/8756-7296">8756-7296</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Invention+and+Technology&rft.atitle=Evolution+of+a+Box&rft.ssn=winter&rft.volume=23&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=8-9&rft.date=2009&rft.issn=8756-7296&rft.aulast=Ebeling&rft.aufirst=C.+E.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARail+freight+transport" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://data.worldbank.org/indicator/IS.SHP.GOOD.TU">"Container port traffic (TEU: 20 foot equivalent units) | Data | Table"</a>. Data.worldbank.org. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20111127204913/http://data.worldbank.org/indicator/IS.SHP.GOOD.TU">Archived</a> from the original on 27 November 2011<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">28 November</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Container+port+traffic+%28TEU%3A+20+foot+equivalent+units%29+%26%23124%3B+Data+%26%23124%3B+Table&rft.pub=Data.worldbank.org&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fdata.worldbank.org%2Findicator%2FIS.SHP.GOOD.TU&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARail+freight+transport" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-forbes2016-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-forbes2016_13-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">See e.g. the description of container transfer process at <a href="/wiki/Alashankou_railway_station" title="Alashankou railway station">Alashankou railway station</a> in: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFShepard2016" class="citation web cs1">Shepard, Wade (28 January 2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.forbes.com/sites/wadeshepard/2016/01/28/why-china-europe-silk-road-rail-transport-is-growing-fast">"Why The China-Europe 'Silk Road' Rail Network Is Growing Fast"</a>. <i>Forbes</i> (Blog). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170827144645/https://www.forbes.com/sites/wadeshepard/2016/01/28/why-china-europe-silk-road-rail-transport-is-growing-fast/">Archived</a> from the original on 27 August 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Forbes&rft.atitle=Why+The+China-Europe+%27Silk+Road%27+Rail+Network+Is+Growing+Fast&rft.date=2016-01-28&rft.aulast=Shepard&rft.aufirst=Wade&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.forbes.com%2Fsites%2Fwadeshepard%2F2016%2F01%2F28%2Fwhy-china-europe-silk-road-rail-transport-is-growing-fast&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARail+freight+transport" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAnitra_Green2012" class="citation cs2">Anitra Green (20 September 2012), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.railjournal.com/index.php/freight/swiss-operators-optimise-short-haul-railfreight.html">"Swiss operators optimise short-haul railfreight"</a>, <i>International Railway Journal</i>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150605225755/http://www.railjournal.com/index.php/freight/swiss-operators-optimise-short-haul-railfreight.html">archived</a> from the original on 5 June 2015</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=International+Railway+Journal&rft.atitle=Swiss+operators+optimise+short-haul+railfreight&rft.date=2012-09-20&rft.au=Anitra+Green&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.railjournal.com%2Findex.php%2Ffreight%2Fswiss-operators-optimise-short-haul-railfreight.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARail+freight+transport" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-spotlight-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-spotlight_15-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-spotlight_15-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDas2007" class="citation web cs1">Das, Mamuni (15 October 2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.thehindubusinessline.com/2007/10/15/stories/2007101551550600.htm">"Spotlight on double-stack container movement"</a>. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">8 May</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=data.worldbank.org&rft.atitle=Railways%2C+goods+transported+%28million+ton-km%29+-+Data&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fdata.worldbank.org%2Findicator%2FIS.RRS.GOOD.MT.K6&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARail+freight+transport" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://www.mot.gov.cn/tongjishuju/tielu/202005/t20200511_3323807.htmlf">https://www.mot.gov.cn/tongjishuju/tielu/202005/t20200511_3323807.htmlf</a> <sup class="noprint Inline-Template"><span style="white-space: nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Link_rot" title="Wikipedia:Link rot"><span title=" Dead link tagged February 2022">dead link</span></a></i><span style="visibility:hidden; color:transparent; padding-left:2px">‍</span>]</span></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/statistics-explained/index.php?title=Railway_freight_transport_statistics">"Railway freight transport statistics"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Railway+freight+transport+statistics&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fec.europa.eu%2Feurostat%2Fstatistics-explained%2Findex.php%3Ftitle%3DRailway_freight_transport_statistics&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARail+freight+transport" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.aar.org/StatisticsAndPublications/Documents/AAR-Stats-2013-02-07.pdf">Class I Railroad Statistics</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20131103071634/https://www.aar.org/StatisticsAndPublications/Documents/AAR-Stats-2013-02-07.pdf">Archived</a> 3 November 2013 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, Association of American Railroads, 7 February 2013</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-lewandIJEIT-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-lewandIJEIT_35-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLewandowski2015" class="citation journal cs1">Lewandowski, Krzysztof (2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.researchgate.net/publication/294534165">"New coefficients of rail transport usage"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>International Journal of Engineering and Innovative Technology (IJEIT)</i>. <b>5</b> (6): 89–91. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/2277-3754">2277-3754</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20161006111248/https://www.researchgate.net/publication/294534165_New_coefficients_of_rail_transport_usage">Archived</a> from the original on 6 October 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=International+Journal+of+Engineering+and+Innovative+Technology+%28IJEIT%29&rft.atitle=New+coefficients+of+rail+transport+usage&rft.volume=5&rft.issue=6&rft.pages=89-91&rft.date=2015&rft.issn=2277-3754&rft.aulast=Lewandowski&rft.aufirst=Krzysztof&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.researchgate.net%2Fpublication%2F294534165&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARail+freight+transport" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-36">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://epp.eurostat.ec.europa.eu/tgm/refreshTableAction.do?tab=table&plugin=1&pcode=tsdtr220&language=en">"Error"</a>. <i>epp.eurostat.ec.europa.eu</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. 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class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Enclosed equipment</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Autorack" title="Autorack">Autorack</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boxcar" title="Boxcar">Boxcar</a> (US)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_railway_milk_tank_wagon" title="British railway milk tank wagon">British railway milk tank wagon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cattle_wagon" title="Cattle wagon">Cattle wagon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coil_car" title="Coil car">Coil car</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intermodal_container#Rail" title="Intermodal container">Intermodal car</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Covered_goods_wagon" title="Covered goods wagon">Covered goods wagon</a> (EU)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Covered_hopper" class="mw-redirect" title="Covered hopper">Covered hopper</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Livestock_wagon" class="mw-redirect" title="Livestock wagon">Livestock wagon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Milk_car" title="Milk car">Milk car</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Refrigerator_car" title="Refrigerator car">Refrigerator car</a> (US)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Refrigerated_van" title="Refrigerated van">Refrigerated van</a> (EU)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/RoadRailer" class="mw-redirect" title="RoadRailer">RoadRailer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stock_car_(rail)" title="Stock car (rail)">Stock car</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tank_car" title="Tank car">Tank car</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wagon_with_opening_roof" title="Wagon with opening roof">Wagon with opening roof</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Open equipment</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bogie_bolster_wagon" title="Bogie bolster wagon">Bogie bolster wagon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chaldron" title="Chaldron">Chauldron wagon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Class_U_special_wagon" title="Class U special wagon">Class U special wagon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conflat" title="Conflat">Conflat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Well_car" title="Well car">Double-stack car</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flatcar" title="Flatcar">Flatcar</a> (US)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flat_wagon" title="Flat wagon">Flat wagon</a> (EU)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gondola_(rail)" title="Gondola (rail)">Gondola</a> (US)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hopper_car" title="Hopper car">Hopper car</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kangourou_wagon" title="Kangourou wagon">Kangourou wagon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lowmac" title="Lowmac">Lowmac</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Minecart" title="Minecart">Minecart</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mineral_wagon" title="Mineral wagon">Mineral wagon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Modalohr" title="Modalohr">Modalohr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Open_wagon" title="Open wagon">Open wagon</a> (EU)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pocket_wagon" title="Pocket wagon">Pocket wagon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quarry_tub" title="Quarry tub">Quarry tub</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rollbock" title="Rollbock">Rollbock</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rotary_car_dumper" title="Rotary car dumper">Rotary car dumper</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Schnabel_car" title="Schnabel car">Schnabel car</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slate_wagon" class="mw-redirect" title="Slate wagon">Slate wagon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flatcar#Specialized_types" title="Flatcar">Specialized flatcars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transporter_wagon" title="Transporter wagon">Transporter wagon</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Non-revenue equipment</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ballast_cleaner" title="Ballast cleaner">Ballast cleaner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ballast_regulator" title="Ballast regulator">Ballast 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