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</div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Notes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown 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mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%B9%E0%A7%81%E0%A6%9C%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%A4%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%95%E0%A6%A4%E0%A6%BE" title="বহুজাতিকতা – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="বহুজাতিকতা" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="good article badge"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polietnicidad" title="Polietnicidad – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Polietnicidad" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Multiethnisme" title="Multiethnisme – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Multiethnisme" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EB%8B%A4%EB%AF%BC%EC%A1%B1" title="다민족 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="다민족" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polyetnisitet" title="Polyetnisitet – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Polyetnisitet" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polietnicidade" title="Polietnicidade – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Polietnicidade" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polietniciteti" title="Polietniciteti – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Polietniciteti" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B0%D0%B3%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%BD%D1%96%D1%87%D0%BD%D1%96%D1%81%D1%82%D1%8C" title="Багатоетнічність – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Багатоетнічність" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%A4%9A%E6%B0%91%E6%97%8F%E6%80%A7" title="多民族性 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" 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Click here for more information."><img alt="This is a good article. Click here for more information." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/94/Symbol_support_vote.svg/19px-Symbol_support_vote.svg.png" decoding="async" width="19" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/94/Symbol_support_vote.svg/29px-Symbol_support_vote.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/94/Symbol_support_vote.svg/39px-Symbol_support_vote.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></a></span></div></div> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Presence of multiple ethnicities in a society or an identification with multiple ethnicities</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:NewYorkStreetScene-People.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/NewYorkStreetScene-People.JPG/220px-NewYorkStreetScene-People.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="173" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/NewYorkStreetScene-People.JPG/330px-NewYorkStreetScene-People.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/NewYorkStreetScene-People.JPG/440px-NewYorkStreetScene-People.JPG 2x" data-file-width="454" data-file-height="357" /></a><figcaption>Polyethnicity in <a href="/wiki/New_York_City" title="New York City">New York City</a></figcaption></figure> <p><b>Polyethnicity</b>, also known as <b>pluri-ethnicity</b> or <b>multi-ethnicity</b>, refers to specific cultural <a href="/wiki/Phenomena" class="mw-redirect" title="Phenomena">phenomena</a> that are characterized by social proximity and mutual interaction of people from different <a href="/wiki/Ethnic_group" class="mw-redirect" title="Ethnic group">ethnic</a> backgrounds, within a <a href="/wiki/Country" title="Country">country</a> or other specific geographic region.<sup id="cite_ref-mcneil85_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-mcneil85-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Same terms may also relate to the ability and willingness of individuals to identify themselves with multiple <a href="/wiki/Ethnic_group" class="mw-redirect" title="Ethnic group">ethnicities</a>. It occurs when multiple ethnicities inhabit a given area, specifically through means of <a href="/wiki/Immigration" title="Immigration">immigration</a>, <a href="/wiki/Interracial_marriage" title="Interracial marriage">intermarriage</a>, <a href="/wiki/Trade" title="Trade">trade</a>, <a href="/wiki/Conquest_(military)" class="mw-redirect" title="Conquest (military)">conquest</a> and post-war land-divisions.<sup id="cite_ref-arabandi_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-arabandi-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-smith190_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-smith190-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-smith200_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-smith200-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This has had many political and social implications on countries and regions.<sup id="cite_ref-safranintro_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-safranintro-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-benhabib154-155_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-benhabib154-155-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Many, if not all, countries have some degree of polyethnicity, with countries like <a href="/wiki/Nigeria" title="Nigeria">Nigeria</a> and <a href="/wiki/Canada" title="Canada">Canada</a> having high levels and countries like <a href="/wiki/Japan" title="Japan">Japan</a> and <a href="/wiki/Poland" title="Poland">Poland</a> having very low levels (and more specifically, a sense of homogeneity).<sup id="cite_ref-usb_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-usb-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-thomson213-215_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-thomson213-215-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Burgess_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Burgess-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-safran1-2_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-safran1-2-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The amount of polyethnicity prevalent in some <a href="/wiki/Western_countries" class="mw-redirect" title="Western countries">Western countries</a> has spurred some arguments against it, which include a belief that it leads to the weakening of each society's strengths, and also a belief that political-ethnic issues in countries with polyethnic populations are better handled with different laws for certain ethnicities.<sup id="cite_ref-robertson1-10_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-robertson1-10-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-thomson214-215_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-thomson214-215-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Conceptual_history">Conceptual history</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Polyethnicity&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Conceptual history"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In 1985, Canadian historian <a href="/wiki/William_H._McNeill_(historian)" class="mw-redirect" title="William H. McNeill (historian)">William H. McNeill</a> gave a series of three lectures on polyethnicity in ancient and modern cultures at the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Toronto" title="University of Toronto">University of Toronto</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-ritzer141_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ritzer141-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The main <a href="/wiki/Thesis" title="Thesis">thesis</a> throughout his lectures was the argument that it has been the <a href="/wiki/Norm_(sociology)" class="mw-redirect" title="Norm (sociology)">cultural norm</a> for societies to be composed of different ethnic groups. McNeill argued that the ideal of homogeneous societies may have grown between 1750 and 1920 in <a href="/wiki/Western_Europe" title="Western Europe">Western Europe</a> because of the growth in the belief in a single <a href="/wiki/Nationalism" title="Nationalism">nationalistic</a> base for the political organization of society. McNeill believed that during <a href="/wiki/World_War_I" title="World War I">World War I</a>, the desire for homogeneous nations began to weaken.<sup id="cite_ref-dr_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-dr-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Impact_on_politics">Impact on politics</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Polyethnicity&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Impact on politics"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Polyethnicity divides nations, complicating the <a href="/wiki/Politics" title="Politics">politics</a> as local and national governments attempt to satisfy all <a href="/wiki/Ethnic_groups" class="mw-redirect" title="Ethnic groups">ethnic groups</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-safranintro_5-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-safranintro-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Many <a href="/wiki/Politician" title="Politician">politicians</a> in countries attempt to find the balance between <a href="/wiki/Ethnic_group" class="mw-redirect" title="Ethnic group">ethnic identities</a> within their country and the identity of the nation as a whole.<sup id="cite_ref-safranintro_5-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-safranintro-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Nationalism also plays a large part in these political debates, as <a href="/wiki/Cultural_pluralism" title="Cultural pluralism">cultural pluralism</a> and <a href="/wiki/Consociationalism" title="Consociationalism">consociationalism</a> are the <a href="/wiki/Democracy" title="Democracy">democratic</a> alternatives to nationalism for the polyethnic state.<sup id="cite_ref-kellas8_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-kellas8-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The idea of nationalism being social instead of ethnic entails a variety of culture, a shared sense of identity and a community not based on descent.<sup id="cite_ref-kellas65_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-kellas65-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Culturally-plural states vary constitutionally between a decentralized and unitary state (such as the <a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom" title="United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a>) and a federal state (such as Belgium, <a href="/wiki/Switzerland" title="Switzerland">Switzerland</a>, and Canada).<sup id="cite_ref-kellas180-183_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-kellas180-183-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Ethnic parties in these polyethnic regions are not anti-state but instead seek maximum power within this state.<sup id="cite_ref-robertson1-10_11-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-robertson1-10-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-kellas65_16-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-kellas65-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Many polyethnic countries face that dilemma with their policy decisions.<sup id="cite_ref-safran2-3_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-safran2-3-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The following nations and regions are just a few specific examples of this dilemma and its effects: </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="United_States">United States</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Polyethnicity&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: United States"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div style="font-size: 90%"> <table class="wikitable" border="1" style="border:1px black; float:right; margin-left:1em"> <tbody><tr> <th style="background:#f99;" colspan="2">U.S. languages (2006)<sup id="cite_ref-usb_7-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-usb-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </th></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/English_language" title="English language">English</a> (<i>only</i>)</td> <td>224.2 million </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Spanish_language" title="Spanish language">Spanish</a>, incl. <a href="/wiki/Spanish-based_creole_languages" title="Spanish-based creole languages">Creole</a></td> <td>34.0 million </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Chinese_language" title="Chinese language">Chinese</a></td> <td>2.5 million </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/French_language" title="French language">French</a>, incl. <a href="/wiki/French-based_creole_languages" title="French-based creole languages">Creole</a></td> <td>2.0 million </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Tagalog_language" title="Tagalog language">Tagalog</a></td> <td>1.4 million </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Vietnamese_language" title="Vietnamese language">Vietnamese</a></td> <td>1.2 million </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/German_language" title="German language">German</a></td> <td>1.1 million </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Korean_language" title="Korean language">Korean</a></td> <td>1.1 million </td></tr></tbody></table> </div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a> is a nation founded by different ethnicities frequently described as coming together in a "<a href="/wiki/Melting_pot" title="Melting pot">melting pot</a>," a term used to emphasize the degree to which constituent groups influence and are influenced by each other, or a "<a href="/wiki/Salad_bowl_(cultural_idea)" title="Salad bowl (cultural idea)">salad bowl</a>," a term more recently coined in contrast to the "melting pot" metaphor and emphasizing those groups' retention of fundamentally distinct identities despite their proximity to each other and their influence on the overall culture that all of those groups inhabit.<sup id="cite_ref-adams_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-adams-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>A controversial political issue in recent years has been the question of <a href="/wiki/Multilingualism" title="Multilingualism">bilingualism</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-oakland_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-oakland-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Many <a href="/wiki/Immigrants" class="mw-redirect" title="Immigrants">immigrants</a> have come from <a href="/wiki/Hispanic_America" title="Hispanic America">Hispanic America</a>, who are native <a href="/wiki/Spanish_language" title="Spanish language">Spanish</a> speakers, in the past centuries and have become a significant minority and even a majority in many areas of the <a href="/wiki/Southwestern_United_States" title="Southwestern United States">Southwest</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-usb_7-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-usb-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-languages_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-languages-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In <a href="/wiki/New_Mexico" title="New Mexico">New Mexico</a> the Spanish speaking population exceeds 40%.<sup id="cite_ref-usb_7-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-usb-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Disputes have emerged over language policy, since a sizeable part of the population, and in many areas the majority of the population, speak Spanish as a native language.<sup id="cite_ref-oakland_20-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-oakland-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The biggest debates are over bilingual education for language minority students, the availability of non-English ballots and election materials and whether or not English is the official language.<sup id="cite_ref-oakland_20-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-oakland-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It has evolved into an <a href="/wiki/Ethnic_conflict" title="Ethnic conflict">ethnic conflict</a> between the pluralists who support bilingualism and linguistic access and the assimilationists who strongly oppose this and lead the <a href="/wiki/English-only_movement" title="English-only movement">official English movement</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-young73_25-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-young73-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The United States does not have an <a href="/wiki/Official_language" title="Official language">official language</a>, but English is the <i><a href="/wiki/De_facto" title="De facto">de facto</a></i> national language and is spoken by the overwhelming majority of the country's population.<sup id="cite_ref-mcarthur38_26-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-mcarthur38-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Canada">Canada</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Polyethnicity&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Canada"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Canada" title="Canada">Canada</a> has had many political debates between the <a href="/wiki/French_language" title="French language">French</a> speakers and <a href="/wiki/English_language" title="English language">English</a> speakers, particularly in the <a href="/wiki/Provinces_and_territories_of_Canada" title="Provinces and territories of Canada">province</a> of <a href="/wiki/Quebec" title="Quebec">Quebec</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-belanger_27-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-belanger-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Canada holds both French and English as official languages.<sup id="cite_ref-tuohy325_28-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-tuohy325-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The politics in Quebec are largely defined by <a href="/wiki/Nationalism" title="Nationalism">nationalism</a> as French <a href="/wiki/French-speaking_Quebecer" class="mw-redirect" title="French-speaking Quebecer">Québécois</a> wish to gain independence from Canada as a whole, based on ethnic and linguistic boundaries.<sup id="cite_ref-mcneil86_29-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-mcneil86-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The main separatist party, <a href="/wiki/Parti_Qu%C3%A9b%C3%A9cois" title="Parti Québécois">Parti Québécois</a>, attempted to gain sovereignty twice (once in <a href="/wiki/1980_Quebec_independence_referendum" class="mw-redirect" title="1980 Quebec independence referendum">1980</a> and again in <a href="/wiki/1995_Quebec_independence_referendum" class="mw-redirect" title="1995 Quebec independence referendum">1995</a>) and failed by a narrow margin of 1.2% in 1995.<sup id="cite_ref-leyton_30-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-leyton-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Since then, in order to remain united, Canada granted Quebec <a href="/wiki/Quebec#Statut_particulier_.28.22special_status.22.29" title="Quebec"><i>statut particulier</i></a>, recognizing Quebec as a nation within the united nation of Canada.<sup id="cite_ref-calgary_31-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-calgary-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Belgium">Belgium</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Polyethnicity&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Belgium"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The divide between the <a href="/wiki/Dutch_language" title="Dutch language">Dutch</a>-speaking north (<a href="/wiki/Flanders" title="Flanders">Flanders</a>) and the <a href="/wiki/French_language" title="French language">French</a>-speaking South (<a href="/wiki/Wallonia" title="Wallonia">Wallonia</a>) has caused the <a href="/wiki/Parliamentary_democracy" class="mw-redirect" title="Parliamentary democracy">parliamentary democracy</a> to become ethnically polarized.<sup id="cite_ref-lj39_32-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-lj39-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Though an equal number of seats in the <a href="/wiki/Chamber_of_Representatives_of_Belgium" class="mw-redirect" title="Chamber of Representatives of Belgium">Chamber of Representatives</a> are prescribed to the Flemish and Walloons, Belgian <a href="/wiki/Political_parties" class="mw-redirect" title="Political parties">political parties</a> have all divided into two <a href="/wiki/Ideology" title="Ideology">ideologically</a> identical but linguistically and ethnically different parties.<sup id="cite_ref-lj39_32-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-lj39-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The political crisis has grown so bad in recent years that the <a href="/wiki/Partition_of_Belgium" class="mw-redirect" title="Partition of Belgium">partition of Belgium</a> has been feared.<sup id="cite_ref-sfchronicle_33-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-sfchronicle-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Ethiopia">Ethiopia</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Polyethnicity&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Ethiopia"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Ethiopia" title="Ethiopia">Ethiopia</a> is a polyethnic <a href="/wiki/Nation" title="Nation">nation</a> consisting of 80 different <a href="/wiki/Ethnic_group" class="mw-redirect" title="Ethnic group">ethnic groups</a> and 84 <a href="/wiki/Indigenous_language" title="Indigenous language">indigenous languages</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-levinson131_34-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-levinson131-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-ethnologue_35-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ethnologue-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The diverse population and the rural areas throughout the nation made it nearly impossible to create a strong centralized state, but it was eventually accomplished through political evolution.<sup id="cite_ref-young147_36-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-young147-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Prior to 1974, nationalism was discussed only within radical student groups, but by the late 20th century, the issue had come to the forefront of political debate.<sup id="cite_ref-tiruneh_37-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-tiruneh-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-young149_38-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-young149-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Ethiopia was forced to modernize their political system to properly handle nationalism debates.<sup id="cite_ref-young149_38-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-young149-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Derg" title="Derg">Derg</a> military government took control with a <a href="/wiki/Marxist%E2%80%93Leninist" class="mw-redirect" title="Marxist–Leninist">Marxist–Leninist</a> ideology, urging <a href="/wiki/Self-determination" title="Self-determination">self-determination</a> and rejecting compromise over any nationality issues.<sup id="cite_ref-young152_39-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-young152-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the 1980s, Ethiopia suffered a series of famines and, after the <a href="/wiki/Soviet_Union" title="Soviet Union">Soviet Union</a> broke apart, lost its aid from the Soviets; the Derg government later collapsed.<sup id="cite_ref-young152_39-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-young152-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Eventually, Ethiopia restabilized and adopted a modern political system that models a <a href="/wiki/Federal_parliamentary_republic" title="Federal parliamentary republic">federal parliamentary republic</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-kavalski_40-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-kavalski-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>It was still impossible to create a central government holding all power and so the central government was torn.<sup id="cite_ref-young159_41-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-young159-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It now presides over ethnically-based regional states, and each ethnic state is granted the right to establish its own government with <a href="/wiki/Democracy" title="Democracy">democracy</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-young209_42-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-young209-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Spain">Spain</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Polyethnicity&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Spain"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In <a href="/wiki/Spain" title="Spain">Spain</a> from 1808 to 1814, the <a href="/wiki/Peninsular_War#Guerrilla_war" title="Peninsular War">Spanish War of Independence</a> took place in a multicultural Spain.<sup id="cite_ref-baramendi_43-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-baramendi-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Spain, at the time, was then under the control of King <a href="/wiki/Joseph_Bonaparte" title="Joseph Bonaparte">Joseph Bonaparte</a>, who was <a href="/wiki/Napoleon_Bonaparte" class="mw-redirect" title="Napoleon Bonaparte">Napoleon Bonaparte</a>'s brother.<sup id="cite_ref-baramendi_43-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-baramendi-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Because they were under the control of French rule, the Spanish formed coalitions of ethnic groups to reclaim their own political representation to replace the French political system, which had lost power.<sup id="cite_ref-baramendi_43-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-baramendi-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Southeast_Asia">Southeast Asia</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Polyethnicity&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Southeast Asia"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Location_Southeast_Asia.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dc/Location_Southeast_Asia.svg/220px-Location_Southeast_Asia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="180" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dc/Location_Southeast_Asia.svg/330px-Location_Southeast_Asia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dc/Location_Southeast_Asia.svg/440px-Location_Southeast_Asia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1100" data-file-height="900" /></a><figcaption>Southeast Asia countries, 2009-10-10</figcaption></figure> <p>In <a href="/wiki/Southeast_Asia" title="Southeast Asia">Southeast Asia</a> the continental area (<a href="/wiki/Myanmar" title="Myanmar">Myanmar</a>, <a href="/wiki/Thailand" title="Thailand">Thailand</a>, <a href="/wiki/Laos" title="Laos">Laos</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cambodia" title="Cambodia">Cambodia</a> and <a href="/wiki/Vietnam" title="Vietnam">Vietnam</a>) generally practices <a href="/wiki/Theravada" title="Theravada">Theravada</a> or <a href="/wiki/Mahayana" title="Mahayana">Mahayana</a> Buddhism.<sup id="cite_ref-hirschman19_44-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-hirschman19-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Most of <a href="/wiki/Island" title="Island">insular</a> Southeast Asia (namely <a href="/wiki/Malaysia" title="Malaysia">Malaysia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Brunei" title="Brunei">Brunei</a> and <a href="/wiki/Indonesia" title="Indonesia">Indonesia</a>) practices mostly <a href="/wiki/Sunni_Islam" title="Sunni Islam">Sunni Islam</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-hirschman20_45-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-hirschman20-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The rest of the insular region (<a href="/wiki/Philippines" title="Philippines">Philippines</a> and <a href="/wiki/East_Timor" title="East Timor">East Timor</a>) practices mostly <a href="/wiki/Roman_Catholic" class="mw-redirect" title="Roman Catholic">Roman Catholic Christianity</a> and <a href="/wiki/Singapore" title="Singapore">Singapore</a> practises mostly <a href="/wiki/Mahayana" title="Mahayana">Mahayana Buddhism</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-hirschman20_45-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-hirschman20-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Significant long-distance labor migration that occurred during the late 19th century and the early 20th century provided many different types of ethnic diversity.<sup id="cite_ref-hirschman21_46-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-hirschman21-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Relations between the <a href="/wiki/Indigenous_peoples" title="Indigenous peoples">indigenous</a> population of the region arose from regional variations of cultural and linguistic groups.<sup id="cite_ref-hirschman21_46-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-hirschman21-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Immigrant minorities, especially the Chinese, then developed as well.<sup id="cite_ref-hirschman21_46-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-hirschman21-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Although there were extreme political differences for each minority and religion, they were still legitimate members of political communities, and there has been a significant amount of unity throughout history.<sup id="cite_ref-hirschman22_47-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-hirschman22-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This differs from both nearby <a href="/wiki/East_Asia" title="East Asia">East</a> and <a href="/wiki/South_Asia" title="South Asia">South Asia</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-hirschman22_47-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-hirschman22-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Impact_on_society">Impact on society</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Polyethnicity&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Impact on society"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Polyethnicity, over time, can change the way societies practice <a href="/wiki/Norm_(sociology)" class="mw-redirect" title="Norm (sociology)">cultural norms</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-benhabib154-155_6-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-benhabib154-155-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Marriage">Marriage</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Polyethnicity&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Marriage"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>An increase in intermarriage in the United States has led to the blurring of ethnic lines.<sup id="cite_ref-arabandi_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-arabandi-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Anti-miscegenation_laws" title="Anti-miscegenation laws">Anti-miscegenation laws</a> (laws banning interracial marriages) were abolished in the United States in 1967 and now it is estimated that one-fifth of the population in the United States by 2050 will be part of the polyethnic population.<sup id="cite_ref-lee221-245_48-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-lee221-245-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 2000, self-identified Multiracial Americans numbered 6.8 million or 2.4% of the population.<sup id="cite_ref-usb_7-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-usb-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-jonessmith_49-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-jonessmith-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p> While the number of interethnic marriages is on the rise, there are certain ethnic groups that have been found more likely to become polyethnic and recognize themselves with more than one ethnic background. Bhavani Arabandi states in his article on polyethnicity that:</p><blockquote> <p>Asians and Latinos have much higher rates of interethnic marriages than do blacks, and they are more likely to report polyethnicity than blacks who more often claim a single ethnicity and racial identity. This is the case, the authors [Lee, J & Bean, F.D] argue, because blacks have a "legacy of slavery," a history of discrimination, and have been victimized by the "<a href="/wiki/One-drop_rule" title="One-drop rule">one-drop rule</a>" (where having any black blood automatically labeled one as black) in the US.<sup id="cite_ref-arabandi_2-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-arabandi-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> </blockquote> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Military">Military</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Polyethnicity&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Military"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:US_ARMY_AFRICA_NF10_0016.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a2/US_ARMY_AFRICA_NF10_0016.jpg/220px-US_ARMY_AFRICA_NF10_0016.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a2/US_ARMY_AFRICA_NF10_0016.jpg/330px-US_ARMY_AFRICA_NF10_0016.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a2/US_ARMY_AFRICA_NF10_0016.jpg/440px-US_ARMY_AFRICA_NF10_0016.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3227" data-file-height="2160" /></a><figcaption>Maj. Gen. William B. Garrett III, commander of U.S. Army Africa, Gen. Nyakayirima Aronda, Chief of Defense Forces, Ugandan People's Defense Force and Gen. Jeremiah Kianga, Chief of General Staff, Kenya, render honors during the opening ceremony for Natural Fire 10, Kitgum, Uganda, Oct. 16, 2009.</figcaption></figure> <p>Presently, most armed forces are composed of people from different ethnic backgrounds.<sup id="cite_ref-dr_14-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-dr-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> They are considered to be polyethnic due to the differences in race, ethnicity, language or background.<sup id="cite_ref-dr2_50-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-dr2-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> While there are many examples of polyethnic forces, the most prominent are among the largest armed forces in the world, including those of the United States, the former Soviet Union, and <a href="/wiki/China" title="China">China</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-dr_14-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-dr-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Polyethnic armed forces are not a new phenomenon since multi-ethnic forces existed during the <a href="/wiki/Roman_Empire" title="Roman Empire">Roman Empire</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Middle_Eastern_Empires" class="mw-redirect" title="Middle Eastern Empires">Middle Eastern Empires</a>, and even the <a href="/wiki/List_of_Mongol_Khans" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Mongol Khans">Mongol Khans</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-dr2_50-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-dr2-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/US_military" class="mw-redirect" title="US military">US military</a> was one of the first modern militaries to begin ethnic integration, by order of President <a href="/wiki/Harry_Truman" class="mw-redirect" title="Harry Truman">Harry Truman</a> in 1945.<sup id="cite_ref-yang_51-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-yang-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Criticisms">Criticisms</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Polyethnicity&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Criticisms"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>There are also arguments against polyethnicity, as well as the assimilation of ethnicities in polyethnic regions. <a href="/w/index.php?title=Wilmot_Robertson&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Wilmot Robertson (page does not exist)">Wilmot Robertson</a> in <i>The Ethnostate</i> and <a href="/w/index.php?title=Dennis_L._Thomson&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Dennis L. Thomson (page does not exist)">Dennis L. Thomson</a> in <i>The Political Demands of Isolated Indian Bands in British Columbia</i>, argue for some level of <a href="/wiki/Separatism" title="Separatism">separatism</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-robertson1-10_11-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-robertson1-10-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-thomson214-215_12-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-thomson214-215-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In <i>The Ethnostate</i>, Robertson declares polyethnicity as an ideal that only lessens each culture.<sup id="cite_ref-robertson1-10_11-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-robertson1-10-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He believes that, within a polyethnic culture, the nation or region as a whole is less capable of cultural culmination than each of the individual ethnicities that make it up.<sup id="cite_ref-robertson10_52-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-robertson10-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Essentially, polyethnicity promotes the dilution of ethnicity and thus hinders each ethnicity in all aspects of culture.<sup id="cite_ref-robertson10_52-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-robertson10-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In <i>The Political Demands of Isolated Indian Bands in British Columbia</i>, Thomson points out the benefits in some level (albeit small) of separatist policies.<sup id="cite_ref-thomson214-215_12-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-thomson214-215-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He argues the benefits of allowing ethnic groups, like the <a href="/wiki/Amish" title="Amish">Amish</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Hutterite" class="mw-redirect" title="Hutterite">Hutterites</a> in the United States and Canada or the <a href="/wiki/Sami_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Sami people">Sami</a> in <a href="/wiki/Norway" title="Norway">Norway</a>, to live on the edges of governance.<sup id="cite_ref-thomson214-215_12-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-thomson214-215-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> These are ethnic groups that would prefer to retain their ethnic identity and thus prefer separatist policies for themselves, as they do not require them to conform to policies for all ethnicities of the nation.<sup id="cite_ref-thomson214-215_12-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-thomson214-215-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Polyethnicity&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1184024115">.mw-parser-output .div-col{margin-top:0.3em;column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .div-col-small{font-size:90%}.mw-parser-output .div-col-rules{column-rule:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .div-col dl,.mw-parser-output .div-col ol,.mw-parser-output .div-col ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .div-col li,.mw-parser-output .div-col dd{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}</style><div class="div-col" style="column-width: 25em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Diaspora_politics" title="Diaspora politics">Diaspora politics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethnic_group" class="mw-redirect" title="Ethnic group">Ethnic group</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethnopolitics" class="mw-redirect" title="Ethnopolitics">Ethnopolitics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Supraethnicity" title="Supraethnicity">Supraethnicity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Interculturalism" title="Interculturalism">Interculturalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Interracial_marriage" title="Interracial marriage">Interracial marriage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Millet_(Ottoman_Empire)" title="Millet (Ottoman Empire)">Millet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Multiculturalism" title="Multiculturalism">Multiculturalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Multilingualism" title="Multilingualism">Multilingualism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Multinational_state" title="Multinational state">Multinational state</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nationalism" title="Nationalism">Nationalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transnationalism" title="Transnationalism">Transnationalism</a></li></ul></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Polyethnicity&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Notes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-mcneil85-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-mcneil85_1-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">McNeil 1985, pages 85</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-arabandi-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-arabandi_2-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-arabandi_2-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-arabandi_2-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Arabandi 2000, Online</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-smith190-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-smith190_3-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Smith 1998, page 190</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-smith200-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-smith200_4-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Smith 1998, page 200</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-safranintro-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-safranintro_5-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-safranintro_5-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-safranintro_5-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Safran 2000, Introduction</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-benhabib154-155-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-benhabib154-155_6-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-benhabib154-155_6-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Benhabib 1996, pages 154–155</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-usb-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-usb_7-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-usb_7-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-usb_7-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-usb_7-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-usb_7-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">U.S. Census Bureau</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-thomson213-215-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-thomson213-215_8-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Thomson 2000, pages 213-215</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Burgess-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Burgess_9-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Burgess 2007, Online</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-safran1-2-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-safran1-2_10-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Safran 2000, pages 1-2</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-robertson1-10-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-robertson1-10_11-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-robertson1-10_11-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-robertson1-10_11-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-robertson1-10_11-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Robertson 1992, pages 1-10</span> </li> 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class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-leyton_30-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Leyton-Brown 2002, page 5</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-calgary-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-calgary_31-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">The Calgary Declaration</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-lj39-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-lj39_32-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-lj39_32-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Lijphart 199, page 39</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-sfchronicle-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-sfchronicle_33-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Bryant, Online</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-levinson131-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-levinson131_34-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Levinson 1998, page 131</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-ethnologue-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-ethnologue_35-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Grimes 1996</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-young147-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-young147_36-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Young 1993, page 147</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-tiruneh-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-tiruneh_37-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Tiruneh 1993, page 150</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-young149-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-young149_38-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-young149_38-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Young 1993, page 149</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-young152-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-young152_39-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-young152_39-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Young 1993, page 152</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-kavalski-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-kavalski_40-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Kavalski 2008, page 31</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-young159-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-young159_41-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Young 1993, page 159</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-young209-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-young209_42-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Young 1993, page 209</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-baramendi-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-baramendi_43-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-baramendi_43-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-baramendi_43-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Baramendi 2000, pages 80-84</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-hirschman19-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-hirschman19_44-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Hirschman 1995 page 19</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-hirschman20-45"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-hirschman20_45-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-hirschman20_45-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Hirschman 1995 page 20</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-hirschman21-46"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-hirschman21_46-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-hirschman21_46-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-hirschman21_46-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Hirschman 1995 page 21</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-hirschman22-47"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-hirschman22_47-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-hirschman22_47-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Hirschman 1995 page 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href="#cite_ref-robertson10_52-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Robertson 1992 p. 10</span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Polyethnicity&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239549316">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%}}</style><div class="refbegin refbegin-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em"> <ul><li><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFAdamsStrother-Adams,_Pearlie2001" class="citation book cs1">Adams, J.Q; Strother-Adams, Pearlie (2001). <i>Dealing with Diversity</i>. Chicago: Kendall/Hunt. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7872-8145-X" title="Special:BookSources/0-7872-8145-X"><bdi>0-7872-8145-X</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Dealing+with+Diversity&rft.place=Chicago&rft.pub=Kendall%2FHunt&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=0-7872-8145-X&rft.aulast=Adams&rft.aufirst=J.Q&rft.au=Strother-Adams%2C+Pearlie&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APolyethnicity" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFArabandi2007" class="citation book cs1">Arabandi, Bhavani (2007). George Ritzer (ed.). <i>Blackwell Encyclopedia of Sociology: Polyethnicity</i>. 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Princeton University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-691-04478-3" title="Special:BookSources/0-691-04478-3"><bdi>0-691-04478-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Democracy+and+difference%3A+contesting+the+boundaries+of+the+political&rft.pub=Princeton+University+Press&rft.date=1996&rft.isbn=0-691-04478-3&rft.aulast=Benhabib&rft.aufirst=Seyla&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fdemocracydiffere0000unse&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APolyethnicity" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBeramendi2000" class="citation book cs1">Beramendi, Justo G (2000). <i>Identity and Territorial Autonomy in Plural Societies: "Identity, Ethnicity, and the State in Spain: 19th and 20th Centuries"</i>. Routledge. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7146-5027-7" title="Special:BookSources/0-7146-5027-7"><bdi>0-7146-5027-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Identity+and+Territorial+Autonomy+in+Plural+Societies%3A+%22Identity%2C+Ethnicity%2C+and+the+State+in+Spain%3A+19th+and+20th+Centuries%22&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=0-7146-5027-7&rft.aulast=Beramendi&rft.aufirst=Justo+G&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APolyethnicity" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBrittinghamG._Patricia_de_la_Cruz2004" class="citation web cs1">Brittingham, Angela; G. 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Summer Institute of Linguistics. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-55671-028-3" title="Special:BookSources/1-55671-028-3"><bdi>1-55671-028-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Ethnologue%3A+language+family+index+to+the+thirteenth+edition+of+the+Ethnologue&rft.pub=Summer+Institute+of+Linguistics&rft.date=1996&rft.isbn=1-55671-028-3&rft.aulast=Grimes&rft.aufirst=Joseph+Evans&rft.au=Barbara+F.+Grimes&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APolyethnicity" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJonesAmy_Symens_Smith2001" class="citation web cs1">Jones, Nicholas A.; Amy Symens Smith (November 2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190729121559/https://www.census.gov/prod/2001pubs/c2kbr01-6.pdf">"The Two or More Races Population: 2000. 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University of Toronto Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8020-3673-2" title="Special:BookSources/0-8020-3673-2"><bdi>0-8020-3673-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Canadian+Annual+Review+of+Politics+and+Public+Affairs%3A+1995&rft.pub=University+of+Toronto+Press&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=0-8020-3673-2&rft.aulast=Leyton-Brown&rft.aufirst=David&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APolyethnicity" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLijphart1999" class="citation book cs1">Lijphart, Arend (1999). <i>Patterns of Democracy: Government Forms and Performance in Thirty-Six Countries</i>. Yale University. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-300-07893-5" title="Special:BookSources/0-300-07893-5"><bdi>0-300-07893-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Patterns+of+Democracy%3A+Government+Forms+and+Performance+in+Thirty-Six+Countries&rft.pub=Yale+University&rft.date=1999&rft.isbn=0-300-07893-5&rft.aulast=Lijphart&rft.aufirst=Arend&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APolyethnicity" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMcArthur1998" class="citation book cs1">McArthur, Thomas Burns (1998). <i>The English languages</i>. Cambridge University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-521-48130-9" title="Special:BookSources/0-521-48130-9"><bdi>0-521-48130-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+English+languages&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1998&rft.isbn=0-521-48130-9&rft.aulast=McArthur&rft.aufirst=Thomas+Burns&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APolyethnicity" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMcNeill1985" class="citation book cs1">McNeill, William H. (1985). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/polyethnicitynat0000mcne"><i>Polyethnicity and National Unity in World History</i></a></span>. Toronto: University of Toronto Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8020-6643-7" title="Special:BookSources/0-8020-6643-7"><bdi>0-8020-6643-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Polyethnicity+and+National+Unity+in+World+History&rft.place=Toronto&rft.pub=University+of+Toronto+Press&rft.date=1985&rft.isbn=0-8020-6643-7&rft.aulast=McNeill&rft.aufirst=William+H.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fpolyethnicitynat0000mcne&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APolyethnicity" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNavarrette2007" class="citation web cs1">Navarrette, Ruben (June 2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_qn4176/is_20070606/ai_n19203054/">"Language debate only divides us further"</a>. Oakland Tribune<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2009-11-22</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Language+debate+only+divides+us+further&rft.pub=Oakland+Tribune&rft.date=2007-06&rft.aulast=Navarrette&rft.aufirst=Ruben&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Ffindarticles.com%2Fp%2Farticles%2Fmi_qn4176%2Fis_20070606%2Fai_n19203054%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APolyethnicity" class="Z3988"></span> <sup class="noprint Inline-Template"><span style="white-space: nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Link_rot" title="Wikipedia:Link rot"><span title=" Dead link tagged October 2010">dead link</span></a></i><span style="visibility:hidden; color:transparent; padding-left:2px">‍</span>]</span></sup></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRajagopalan2000" class="citation book cs1">Rajagopalan, Swarna (2000). <i>Identity and Territorial Autonomy in Plural Societies: "Internal Unit Demarcation and National Identity: India, Pakistan, and Sri Lanka"</i>. Routledge. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7146-5027-7" title="Special:BookSources/0-7146-5027-7"><bdi>0-7146-5027-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Identity+and+Territorial+Autonomy+in+Plural+Societies%3A+%22Internal+Unit+Demarcation+and+National+Identity%3A+India%2C+Pakistan%2C+and+Sri+Lanka%22&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=0-7146-5027-7&rft.aulast=Rajagopalan&rft.aufirst=Swarna&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APolyethnicity" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRitzer2004" class="citation book cs1">Ritzer, George (2004). <i>Handbook of social problems: a comparative international perspective</i>. SAGE. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7619-2610-0" title="Special:BookSources/0-7619-2610-0"><bdi>0-7619-2610-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Handbook+of+social+problems%3A+a+comparative+international+perspective&rft.pub=SAGE&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=0-7619-2610-0&rft.aulast=Ritzer&rft.aufirst=George&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APolyethnicity" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRoache1996" class="citation web cs1">Roache, Mario (April 1996). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://news.google.com/newspapers?nizd=1347&dat=19960419&id=VtUSAAAAIBAJ&sjid=svwDAAAAIBAJ&pg=6838,5781233">"Panel opens debate on bilingual ballots"</a>. The Ledger<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2009-11-22</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Panel+opens+debate+on+bilingual+ballots&rft.pub=The+Ledger&rft.date=1996-04&rft.aulast=Roache&rft.aufirst=Mario&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fnews.google.com%2Fnewspapers%3Fnizd%3D1347%26dat%3D19960419%26id%3DVtUSAAAAIBAJ%26sjid%3DsvwDAAAAIBAJ%26pg%3D6838%2C5781233&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APolyethnicity" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRobertson1992" class="citation book cs1">Robertson, Wilmot (1992). <i>The Ethnostate</i>. Cape Canaveral, FL: Howard Allen Enterprises, Inc. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-914576-22-4" title="Special:BookSources/0-914576-22-4"><bdi>0-914576-22-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Ethnostate&rft.place=Cape+Canaveral%2C+FL&rft.pub=Howard+Allen+Enterprises%2C+Inc&rft.date=1992&rft.isbn=0-914576-22-4&rft.aulast=Robertson&rft.aufirst=Wilmot&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APolyethnicity" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFShaw2003" class="citation book cs1">Shaw, Ian (2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/chronicleofphara00clay"><i>The Oxford History of Ancient Egypt</i></a>. Oxford, England: Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-500-05074-0" title="Special:BookSources/0-500-05074-0"><bdi>0-500-05074-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Oxford+History+of+Ancient+Egypt&rft.place=Oxford%2C+England&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=0-500-05074-0&rft.aulast=Shaw&rft.aufirst=Ian&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fchronicleofphara00clay&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APolyethnicity" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSmith1998" class="citation book cs1">Smith, Anthony D. (1998). <i>Nationalism and modernism</i>. Routledge. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-415-06341-8" title="Special:BookSources/0-415-06341-8"><bdi>0-415-06341-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Nationalism+and+modernism&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=1998&rft.isbn=0-415-06341-8&rft.aulast=Smith&rft.aufirst=Anthony+D.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APolyethnicity" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090425163238/http://factfinder.census.gov/servlet/ADPTable?_bm=y&-geo_id=01000US&-qr_name=ACS_2007_1YR_G00_DP2&-context=adp&-ds_name=ACS_2007_1YR_G00_&-tree_id=306&-_lang=en&-redoLog=false&-format=">"Selected Social Characteristics in the United States: 2007"</a>. United States Census Bureau. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://factfinder.census.gov/servlet/ADPTable?_bm=y&-geo_id=01000US&-qr_name=ACS_2007_1YR_G00_DP2&-context=adp&-ds_name=ACS_2007_1YR_G00_&-tree_id=306&-_lang=en&-redoLog=false&-format=">the original</a> on 2009-04-25<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2008-10-09</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Selected+Social+Characteristics+in+the+United+States%3A+2007&rft.pub=United+States+Census+Bureau&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Ffactfinder.census.gov%2Fservlet%2FADPTable%3F_bm%3Dy%26-geo_id%3D01000US%26-qr_name%3DACS_2007_1YR_G00_DP2%26-context%3Dadp%26-ds_name%3DACS_2007_1YR_G00_%26-tree_id%3D306%26-_lang%3Den%26-redoLog%3Dfalse%26-format%3D&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APolyethnicity" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFThomson2000" class="citation book cs1">Thomson, Dennis L (2000). <i>Identity and Territorial Autonomy in Plural Societies: "The Political Demands of Isolated Indian Bands in British Columbia"</i>. Routledge. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7146-5027-7" title="Special:BookSources/0-7146-5027-7"><bdi>0-7146-5027-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Identity+and+Territorial+Autonomy+in+Plural+Societies%3A+%22The+Political+Demands+of+Isolated+Indian+Bands+in+British+Columbia%22&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=0-7146-5027-7&rft.aulast=Thomson&rft.aufirst=Dennis+L&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APolyethnicity" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTiruneh1993" class="citation book cs1">Tiruneh, Andargachew (1993). <i>The Ethiopian revolution, 1974-1987: a transformation from an aristocratic to a totalitarian autocracy</i>. Cambridge University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-521-43082-8" title="Special:BookSources/0-521-43082-8"><bdi>0-521-43082-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Ethiopian+revolution%2C+1974-1987%3A+a+transformation+from+an+aristocratic+to+a+totalitarian+autocracy&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1993&rft.isbn=0-521-43082-8&rft.aulast=Tiruneh&rft.aufirst=Andargachew&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APolyethnicity" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTuohy1992" class="citation book cs1">Tuohy, Carolyn J. (1992). <i>Policy and politics in Canada: institutionalized ambivalence</i>. Temple University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-87722-870-1" title="Special:BookSources/0-87722-870-1"><bdi>0-87722-870-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Policy+and+politics+in+Canada%3A+institutionalized+ambivalence&rft.pub=Temple+University+Press&rft.date=1992&rft.isbn=0-87722-870-1&rft.aulast=Tuohy&rft.aufirst=Carolyn+J.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APolyethnicity" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFYang2000" class="citation book cs1">Yang, Philip Q. (2000). <i>Ethnic studies: issues and approaches</i>. SUNY Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7914-4480-5" title="Special:BookSources/0-7914-4480-5"><bdi>0-7914-4480-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Ethnic+studies%3A+issues+and+approaches&rft.pub=SUNY+Press&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=0-7914-4480-5&rft.aulast=Yang&rft.aufirst=Philip+Q.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APolyethnicity" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFYoung1993" class="citation book cs1">Young, Crawford (1993). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/risingtideofcult00youn"><i>The Rising Tide of Cultural Pluralism</i></a></span>. Madison, WI: The University of Wisconsin Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-299-13880-1" title="Special:BookSources/0-299-13880-1"><bdi>0-299-13880-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Rising+Tide+of+Cultural+Pluralism&rft.place=Madison%2C+WI&rft.pub=The+University+of+Wisconsin+Press&rft.date=1993&rft.isbn=0-299-13880-1&rft.aulast=Young&rft.aufirst=Crawford&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Frisingtideofcult00youn&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APolyethnicity" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFUnited_States_Census_Bureau" class="citation web cs1">United States Census Bureau. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.census.gov/prod/2008pubs/09statab/pop.pdf">"Table 52—Languages Spoken at Home by Language: 2006"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>Statistical Abstract of the United States 2009</i>. U.S. Census Bureau<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2009-10-11</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Statistical+Abstract+of+the+United+States+2009&rft.atitle=Table+52%E2%80%94Languages+Spoken+at+Home+by+Language%3A+2006&rft.au=United+States+Census+Bureau&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.census.gov%2Fprod%2F2008pubs%2F09statab%2Fpop.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APolyethnicity" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFUnited_States_Census_Bureau" class="citation web cs1">United States Census Bureau. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.today/20200212042343/http://factfinder.census.gov/servlet/DatasetMainPageServlet?_program=ACS&_submenuId=&_lang=en&_ts=">"United States - Data Sets - American FactFinder"</a>. United States Census Bureau. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://factfinder.census.gov/servlet/DatasetMainPageServlet?_program=ACS&_submenuId=&_lang=en&_ts=">the original</a> on 2020-02-12<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2009-11-22</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=United+States+-+Data+Sets+-+American+FactFinder&rft.pub=United+States+Census+Bureau&rft.au=United+States+Census+Bureau&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Ffactfinder.census.gov%2Fservlet%2FDatasetMainPageServlet%3F_program%3DACS%26_submenuId%3D%26_lang%3Den%26_ts%3D&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APolyethnicity" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> </div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output 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.navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Ethnicity" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Ethnicity" title="Template:Ethnicity"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Ethnicity" title="Template talk:Ethnicity"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Ethnicity" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Ethnicity"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Ethnicity" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Ethnicity" title="Ethnicity">Ethnicity</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Concepts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Clan" title="Clan">Clan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethnic_group" class="mw-redirect" title="Ethnic group">Ethnic group</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ethnographic_group" title="Ethnographic group">Ethnographic group</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethnolinguistic_group" title="Ethnolinguistic group">Ethnolinguistic group</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethnonational_group" title="Ethnonational group">Ethnonational group</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethnoreligious_group" title="Ethnoreligious group">Ethnoreligious group</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethnographic_realism" title="Ethnographic realism">Ethnographic realism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diaspora" title="Diaspora">Diaspora</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Immigration" title="Immigration">Immigration</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hyphenated_ethnicity" title="Hyphenated ethnicity">Hyphenated ethnicity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indigenous_peoples" title="Indigenous peoples">Indigenous peoples</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/In-group_and_out-group" title="In-group and out-group">In-group and out-groups</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meta-ethnicity" title="Meta-ethnicity">Meta-ethnicity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Metroethnicity" title="Metroethnicity">Metroethnicity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Minority_group" title="Minority group">Minority group</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Minority_influence" title="Minority influence">Influence</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monoethnicity" title="Monoethnicity">Monoethnicity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nation" title="Nation">Nation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nationality" title="Nationality">Nationality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Panethnicity" title="Panethnicity">Panethnicity</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Polyethnicity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Population" title="Population">Population</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Race_(human_categorization)" title="Race (human categorization)">Race</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Supraethnicity" title="Supraethnicity">Supraethnicity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Symbolic_ethnicity" title="Symbolic ethnicity">Symbolic ethnicity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tribe" title="Tribe">Tribe</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Ethnology" title="Ethnology">Ethnology</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anthropology" title="Anthropology">Anthropology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethnic_studies" title="Ethnic studies">Ethnic studies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethnoarchaeology" title="Ethnoarchaeology">Ethnoarchaeology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethnobiology" title="Ethnobiology">Ethnobiology</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ethnobotany" title="Ethnobotany">Ethnobotany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethnoecology" title="Ethnoecology">Ethnoecology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethnomycology" title="Ethnomycology">Ethnomycology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethnozoology" title="Ethnozoology">Ethnozoology</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethnocinema" title="Ethnocinema">Ethnocinema</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethnogeology" title="Ethnogeology">Ethnogeology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethnography" title="Ethnography">Ethnography</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Autoethnography" title="Autoethnography">Autoethnography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clinical_ethnography" title="Clinical ethnography">Clinical</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Critical_ethnography" title="Critical ethnography">Critical</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Institutional_ethnography" title="Institutional ethnography">Institutional</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Netnography" title="Netnography">Netnography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Online_ethnography" title="Online ethnography">Online</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Person-centered_ethnography" title="Person-centered ethnography">Person-centered</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salvage_ethnography" title="Salvage ethnography">Salvage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transidioethnography" title="Transidioethnography">Transidioethnography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Video_ethnography" title="Video ethnography">Video</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethnohistory" title="Ethnohistory">Ethnohistory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethnolinguistics" title="Ethnolinguistics">Ethnolinguistics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethnology" title="Ethnology">Ethnology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethnomathematics" title="Ethnomathematics">Ethnomathematics</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ethnostatistics" title="Ethnostatistics">Ethnostatistics</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethnomedicine" title="Ethnomedicine">Ethnomedicine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethnomethodology" title="Ethnomethodology">Ethnomethodology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethnomuseology" title="Ethnomuseology">Ethnomuseology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethnomusicology" title="Ethnomusicology">Ethnomusicology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethnophilosophy" title="Ethnophilosophy">Ethnophilosophy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethnopoetics" title="Ethnopoetics">Ethnopoetics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethnopsychopharmacology" title="Ethnopsychopharmacology">Ethnopsychopharmacology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethnoscience" title="Ethnoscience">Ethnoscience</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethnosemiotics" title="Ethnosemiotics">Ethnosemiotics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethnotaxonomy" title="Ethnotaxonomy">Ethnotaxonomy</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_contemporary_ethnic_groups" title="List of contemporary ethnic groups">Groups by region</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><b>World</b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_contemporary_ethnic_groups" title="List of contemporary ethnic groups">Contemporary ethnic groups</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_by_ethnic_groups" title="List of countries by ethnic groups">Countries by ethnic groups</a></li></ul></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/List_of_ethnic_groups_of_Africa" title="List of ethnic groups of Africa">Africa</a></b></li> <li><b>Americas</b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Indigenous_peoples_of_the_Americas" title="Indigenous peoples of the Americas">Indigenous</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethnic_origins_of_people_in_Canada" title="Ethnic origins of people in Canada">Canada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Demographics_of_Greenland#Ethnic_groups" title="Demographics of Greenland">Greenland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Demographics_of_Mexico#Ethnic_groups" title="Demographics of Mexico">Mexico</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Race_and_ethnicity_in_the_United_States" title="Race and ethnicity in the United States">United States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indigenous_peoples_of_the_Caribbean" title="Indigenous peoples of the Caribbean">Caribbean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethnic_groups_in_Central_America" title="Ethnic groups in Central America">Central America</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethnic_groups_in_South_America" class="mw-redirect" title="Ethnic groups in South America">South America</a></li></ul></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Ethnic_groups_in_Asia" title="Ethnic groups in Asia">Asia</a></b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ethnic_groups_of_Central_Asia" class="mw-redirect" title="Ethnic groups of Central Asia">Central Asia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethnic_groups_of_East_Asia" class="mw-redirect" title="Ethnic groups of East Asia">East Asia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indigenous_peoples_of_Siberia" title="Indigenous peoples of Siberia">Northern Asia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethnic_groups_in_South_Asia" title="Ethnic groups in South Asia">South Asia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethnic_groups_in_Southeast_Asia" title="Ethnic groups in Southeast Asia">Southeast Asia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethnic_groups_in_the_Middle_East" title="Ethnic groups in the Middle East">West Asia</a></li></ul></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Ethnic_groups_in_Australia" class="mw-redirect" title="Ethnic groups in Australia">Australia</a></b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Australian_Aboriginal_group_names" title="List of Australian Aboriginal group names">Aboriginal groups</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Torres_Strait_Islanders" title="Torres Strait Islanders">Torres Strait Islanders</a></li></ul></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Ethnic_groups_in_Europe" title="Ethnic groups in Europe">Europe</a></b></li> <li><b>Oceania</b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Indigenous_peoples_of_Oceania" title="Indigenous peoples of Oceania">Indigenous</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Europeans_in_Oceania" title="Europeans in Oceania">European</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><a href="/wiki/Identity_(social_science)" title="Identity (social science)">Identity</a> and<br /> <a href="/wiki/Ethnogenesis" title="Ethnogenesis">ethnogenesis</a></div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cross-race_effect" title="Cross-race effect">Cross-race effect</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cultural_assimilation" title="Cultural assimilation">Cultural assimilation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cultural_identity" title="Cultural identity">Cultural identity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Demonym" title="Demonym">Demonym</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethnic_identity_development" title="Ethnic identity development">Development</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Endonym_and_exonym" title="Endonym and exonym">Endonym</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethnarch" title="Ethnarch">Ethnarch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethnic_flag" title="Ethnic flag">Ethnic flag</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethnic_option" title="Ethnic option">Ethnic option</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethnic_origin" class="mw-redirect" title="Ethnic origin">Ethnic origin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethnic_religion" title="Ethnic religion">Ethnic religion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Race_and_ethnicity_in_censuses" title="Race and ethnicity in censuses">Ethnicity in censuses</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethnofiction" title="Ethnofiction">Ethnofiction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethnonym" title="Ethnonym">Ethnonym</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Folk_religion" title="Folk religion">Folk religion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Historical_race_concepts" title="Historical race concepts">Historical</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Imagined_community" title="Imagined community">Imagined community</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kinship" title="Kinship">Kinship</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Legendary_progenitor" title="Legendary progenitor">Legendary progenitor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Linguistic_homeland" title="Linguistic homeland">Linguistic homeland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mores" title="Mores">Mores</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mythomoteur" title="Mythomoteur">Mythomoteur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nation-building" title="Nation-building">Nation-building</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nation_state" title="Nation state">Nation state</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_language" title="National language">National language</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_myth" title="National myth">National myth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Origin_myth" title="Origin myth">Origin myth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pantribal_sodality" title="Pantribal sodality">Pantribal sodality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Statistext" title="Statistext">Statistext</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tribal_name" title="Tribal name">Tribal name</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tribalism" title="Tribalism">Tribalism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Detribalization" title="Detribalization">Detribalization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neotribalism" title="Neotribalism">Neotribalism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/White_ethnic" title="White ethnic">White ethnic</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Multinational_state" title="Multinational state">Multiethnic society</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Consociationalism" title="Consociationalism">Consociationalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cultural_appropriation" title="Cultural appropriation">Cultural appropriation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diaspora_politics" title="Diaspora politics">Diaspora politics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dominant_minority" title="Dominant minority">Dominant minority</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethnic_democracy" title="Ethnic democracy">Ethnic democracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethnic_enclave" title="Ethnic enclave">Ethnic enclave</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethnic_interest_group" title="Ethnic interest group">Ethnic interest group</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethnic_majority" title="Ethnic majority">Ethnic majority</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethnic_media" title="Ethnic media">Ethnic media</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethnic_nationalism" title="Ethnic nationalism">Ethnic nationalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethnic_pornography" title="Ethnic pornography">Ethnic pornography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethnic_theme_park" title="Ethnic theme park">Ethnic theme park</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethnoburb" title="Ethnoburb">Ethnoburb</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethnocracy" title="Ethnocracy">Ethnocracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethnographic_film" title="Ethnographic film">Ethnographic film</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethnographic_village" title="Ethnographic village">Ethnographic village</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethnopluralism" title="Ethnopluralism">Ethnopluralism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indigenous_rights" title="Indigenous rights">Indigenous rights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Middleman_minority" title="Middleman minority">Middleman minority</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Minority_rights" title="Minority rights">Minority rights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Model_minority" title="Model minority">Model minority</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Model_minority_myth" title="Model minority myth">Model minority myth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Multinational_state" title="Multinational state">Multinational state</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Ideology and<br /><a href="/wiki/Ethnic_conflict" title="Ethnic conflict">ethnic conflict</a></div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Allophilia" title="Allophilia">Allophilia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethnic_bioweapon" title="Ethnic bioweapon">Ethnic bioweapon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethnic_cleansing" title="Ethnic cleansing">Ethnic cleansing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethnic_hatred" title="Ethnic hatred">Ethnic hatred</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethnic_joke" title="Ethnic joke">Ethnic joke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethnic_party" title="Ethnic party">Ethnic party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethnic_penalty" title="Ethnic penalty">Ethnic penalty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_ethnic_slurs" title="List of ethnic slurs">Ethnic slurs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethnic_stereotype" title="Ethnic stereotype">Ethnic stereotype</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethnic_violence" class="mw-redirect" title="Ethnic violence">Ethnic violence</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_ethnic_riots" title="List of ethnic riots">Ethnic riots</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethnocentrism" title="Ethnocentrism">Ethnocentrism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethnocide" title="Ethnocide">Ethnocide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethnofuturism" title="Ethnofuturism">Ethnofuturism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethnosymbolism" title="Ethnosymbolism">Ethnosymbolism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indigenism" title="Indigenism">Indigenism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indigenization" title="Indigenization">Indigenization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nativism_(politics)" title="Nativism (politics)">Nativism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lists_of_active_separatist_movements" title="Lists of active separatist movements">Separatist movements</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xenocentrism" title="Xenocentrism">Xenocentrism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xenophilia" title="Xenophilia">Xenophilia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xenophobia" title="Xenophobia">Xenophobia</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Minzu_(anthropology)" title="Minzu (anthropology)">Minzu (anthropology)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" 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