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<span>Production</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Production-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Production subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Production-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Management" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Management"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>Management</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Management-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Systems" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Systems"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Systems</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Systems-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet 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<span>Rotational</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Rotational-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Ley_farming" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ley_farming"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.4</span> <span>Ley farming</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ley_farming-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Rest_rotation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Rest_rotation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.5</span> <span>Rest rotation</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Rest_rotation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Deferred_rotation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Deferred_rotation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.6</span> <span>Deferred rotation</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Deferred_rotation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Patch-burn" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Patch-burn"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.7</span> <span>Patch-burn</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Patch-burn-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Riparian_area_management" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Riparian_area_management"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.8</span> <span>Riparian area management</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Riparian_area_management-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Conservation_grazing" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Conservation_grazing"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.9</span> <span>Conservation grazing</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Conservation_grazing-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Cell_grazing" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Cell_grazing"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.10</span> <span>Cell grazing</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Cell_grazing-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Mob_grazing" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Mob_grazing"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.11</span> <span>Mob grazing</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Mob_grazing-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Environmental_considerations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Environmental_considerations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Environmental considerations</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Environmental_considerations-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Environmental considerations subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Environmental_considerations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Ecology" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ecology"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>Ecology</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ecology-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Conservation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Conservation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2</span> <span>Conservation</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Conservation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Agrivoltaics" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Agrivoltaics"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.3</span> <span>Agrivoltaics</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Agrivoltaics-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" title="Table of Contents" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Grazing</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 30 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-30" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">30 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B1%D8%B9%D9%8A" title="رعي – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="رعي" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pasturatge" title="Pasturatge – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Pasturatge" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pastva" title="Pastva – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Pastva" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pastoreo" title="Pastoreo – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Pastoreo" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pa%C5%9Dtado" title="Paŝtado – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Paŝtado" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ext mw-list-item"><a href="https://ext.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pastoreu" title="Pastoreu – Extremaduran" lang="ext" hreflang="ext" data-title="Pastoreu" data-language-autonym="Estremeñu" data-language-local-name="Extremaduran" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Estremeñu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%86%D8%B1%D8%A7" title="چرا – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="چرا" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/P%C3%A2turage_(alimentation)" title="Pâturage (alimentation) – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Pâturage (alimentation)" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy mw-list-item"><a href="https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beweiding" title="Beweiding – Western Frisian" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" data-title="Beweiding" data-language-autonym="Frysk" data-language-local-name="Western Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Frysk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EB%B0%A9%EB%AA%A9" title="방목 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="방목" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%BF%D5%A5%D5%B6%D5%A4%D5%A1%D5%B6%D5%AB%D5%B6%D5%A5%D6%80%D5%AB_%D5%A1%D6%80%D5%A1%D5%AE%D5%A5%D6%81%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%B4" title="Կենդանիների արածեցում – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Կենդանիների արածեցում" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%9A%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%BE" title="चरना – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="चरना" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ig mw-list-item"><a href="https://ig.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%BB%8Ata_nri" title="Ịta nri – Igbo" lang="ig" hreflang="ig" data-title="Ịta nri" data-language-autonym="Igbo" data-language-local-name="Igbo" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Igbo</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pemamahan" title="Pemamahan – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Pemamahan" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ganymas" title="Ganymas – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Ganymas" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%B0%D1%81%D0%B5%D1%9A%D0%B5" title="Пасење – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Пасење" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grazen_(biologie)" title="Grazen (biologie) – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Grazen (biologie)" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%94%BE%E7%89%A7" title="放牧 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="放牧" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%88%D9%86%DA%AF%D8%B1_%DA%86%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%86" title="ڈنگر چارن – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="ڈنگر چارن" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پنجابی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wypas" title="Wypas – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Wypas" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt badge-Q70894304 mw-list-item" title=""><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pastagem" title="Pastagem – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Pastagem" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru badge-Q70894304 mw-list-item" title=""><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D1%8B%D0%BF%D0%B0%D1%81_%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%B0" title="Выпас скота – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Выпас скота" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pasenie_(konzum%C3%A1cia)" title="Pasenie (konzumácia) – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Pasenie (konzumácia)" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laidunnus" title="Laidunnus – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Laidunnus" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Betande" title="Betande – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Betande" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%86%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%A7" title="چرانا – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="چرانا" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ch%C4%83n_th%E1%BA%A3" title="Chăn thả – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Chăn thả" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-guc mw-list-item"><a href="https://guc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ar%C3%BCleeja" title="Arüleeja – Wayuu" lang="guc" hreflang="guc" data-title="Arüleeja" data-language-autonym="Wayuunaiki" data-language-local-name="Wayuu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Wayuunaiki</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%94%BE%E7%89%A7" title="放牧 – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="放牧" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Cantonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%94%BE%E7%89%A7" title="放牧 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="放牧" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q3239189#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Namespaces"> <div 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.hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">This article is about a method of feeding in animal husbandry. For herbivory in animal behaviour, see <a href="/wiki/Grazing_(behaviour)" title="Grazing (behaviour)">Grazing (behaviour)</a>. For the human eating pattern, see <a href="/wiki/Grazing_(human_eating_pattern)" title="Grazing (human eating pattern)">Grazing (human eating pattern)</a>. For Christian hermits, see <a href="/wiki/Grazers_(Christianity)" title="Grazers (Christianity)">Grazers (Christianity)</a>.</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Nordrhein-Westfalen_weidende_Milchk%C3%BChe.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Nordrhein-Westfalen_weidende_Milchk%C3%BChe.JPG/220px-Nordrhein-Westfalen_weidende_Milchk%C3%BChe.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="178" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Nordrhein-Westfalen_weidende_Milchk%C3%BChe.JPG/330px-Nordrhein-Westfalen_weidende_Milchk%C3%BChe.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Nordrhein-Westfalen_weidende_Milchk%C3%BChe.JPG/440px-Nordrhein-Westfalen_weidende_Milchk%C3%BChe.JPG 2x" data-file-width="3210" data-file-height="2590" /></a><figcaption>Dairy cattle grazing in Germany</figcaption></figure> <p>In <a href="/wiki/Agriculture" title="Agriculture">agriculture</a>, <b>grazing</b> is a method of <a href="/wiki/Animal_husbandry" title="Animal husbandry">animal husbandry</a> whereby domestic <a href="/wiki/Livestock" title="Livestock">livestock</a> are allowed outdoors to <a href="/wiki/Free_range" title="Free range">free range</a> (roam around) and consume wild <a href="/wiki/Vegetation" title="Vegetation">vegetations</a> in order to <a href="/wiki/Feed_conversion_ratio" title="Feed conversion ratio">convert</a> the otherwise indigestible (by <a href="/wiki/Human_digestive_system" title="Human digestive system">human gut</a>) <a href="/wiki/Cellulose" title="Cellulose">cellulose</a> within <a href="/wiki/Grass" class="mw-redirect" title="Grass">grass</a> and other <a href="/wiki/Forage" title="Forage">forages</a> into <a href="/wiki/Meat" title="Meat">meat</a>, <a href="/wiki/Milk" title="Milk">milk</a>, <a href="/wiki/Wool" title="Wool">wool</a> and other <a href="/wiki/Animal_product" title="Animal product">animal products</a>, often on land that is unsuitable for <a href="/wiki/Arable_farming" class="mw-redirect" title="Arable farming">arable farming</a>. </p><p>Farmers may employ many different strategies of grazing for <a href="/wiki/Crop_yield" title="Crop yield">optimum production</a>: grazing may be continuous, seasonal, or <a href="/wiki/Rotational_grazing" title="Rotational grazing">rotational</a> within a grazing period. Longer rotations are found in <a href="/wiki/Ley_farming" class="mw-redirect" title="Ley farming">ley farming</a>, alternating arable and fodder crops; in rest rotation, deferred rotation, and mob grazing, giving grasses a longer time to recover or leaving land fallow. Patch-burn sets up a rotation of fresh grass after burning with two years of rest. <a href="/wiki/Conservation_grazing" title="Conservation grazing">Conservation grazing</a> proposes to use grazing animals to improve the biodiversity of a site. <sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Grazing has existed since the <a href="/wiki/History_of_agriculture" title="History of agriculture">beginning of agriculture</a>; <a href="/wiki/Sheep" title="Sheep">sheep</a> and <a href="/wiki/Goat" title="Goat">goats</a> were <a href="/wiki/Domesticated" class="mw-redirect" title="Domesticated">domesticated</a> by <a href="/wiki/Nomad" title="Nomad">nomads</a> before the first permanent settlements were constructed around 7000 BC, enabling <a href="/wiki/Cattle" title="Cattle">cattle</a> and <a href="/wiki/Pig" title="Pig">pigs</a> to be kept. </p><p>Livestock grazing contributes to many negative effects on the environment, including <a href="/wiki/Deforestation" title="Deforestation">deforestation</a>, <a href="/wiki/Extinction" title="Extinction">extinction</a> of native wildlife, pollution of streams and rivers, <a href="/wiki/Overgrazing" title="Overgrazing">overgrazing</a>, <a href="/wiki/Soil_degradation" class="mw-redirect" title="Soil degradation">soil degradation</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ecological_disturbance" class="mw-redirect" title="Ecological disturbance">ecological disturbance</a>, <a href="/wiki/Desertification" title="Desertification">desertification</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and <a href="/wiki/Ecosystem_stability" class="mw-redirect" title="Ecosystem stability">ecosystem stability</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Hautier-Plas-2022_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hautier-Plas-2022-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Grazing&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/History_of_agriculture" title="History of agriculture">History of agriculture</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Fat_tailed_sheep,_Afghanistan,_1976.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/15/Fat_tailed_sheep%2C_Afghanistan%2C_1976.jpg/220px-Fat_tailed_sheep%2C_Afghanistan%2C_1976.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="146" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/15/Fat_tailed_sheep%2C_Afghanistan%2C_1976.jpg/330px-Fat_tailed_sheep%2C_Afghanistan%2C_1976.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/15/Fat_tailed_sheep%2C_Afghanistan%2C_1976.jpg/440px-Fat_tailed_sheep%2C_Afghanistan%2C_1976.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1620" data-file-height="1076" /></a><figcaption>The domestication of ruminants by 7000 BC, like these <a href="/wiki/Fat-tailed_sheep" title="Fat-tailed sheep">fat-tailed sheep</a> in Afghanistan, provided <a href="/wiki/Pastoral_nomad" class="mw-redirect" title="Pastoral nomad">nomads</a> across the Middle East and central Asia with a reliable source of food.</figcaption></figure> <p>Sheep, goats, cattle, and pigs were domesticated early in the <a href="/wiki/History_of_agriculture" title="History of agriculture">history of agriculture</a>. Sheep were domesticated first, soon followed by goats; both species were suitable for <a href="/wiki/Nomadic" class="mw-redirect" title="Nomadic">nomadic</a> peoples. Cattle and pigs were domesticated somewhat later, around 7000 BC, once people started to live in fixed settlements.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In America, livestock were grazed on <a href="/wiki/Federal_lands" title="Federal lands">public land</a> from the <a href="/wiki/American_Civil_War" title="American Civil War">Civil War</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Taylor_Grazing_Act_of_1934" title="Taylor Grazing Act of 1934">Taylor Grazing Act of 1934</a> was enacted after the <a href="/wiki/Great_Depression" title="Great Depression">Great Depression</a> to regulate the use of public land for grazing purposes.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Production">Production</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Grazing&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Production"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>According to a report by the <a href="/wiki/Food_and_Agriculture_Organization" title="Food and Agriculture Organization">Food and Agriculture Organization</a>, about 60% of the world's grassland (just less than half of the world's usable surface) is covered by grazing systems. It states that "Grazing systems supply about 9 percent of the world's production of <a href="/wiki/Beef" title="Beef">beef</a> and about 30 percent of the world's production of <a href="/wiki/Sheep_meat" class="mw-redirect" title="Sheep meat">sheep</a> and <a href="/wiki/Goat_meat" title="Goat meat">goat meat</a>. For an estimated 100 million people in <a href="/wiki/Arid-zone_agriculture" class="mw-redirect" title="Arid-zone agriculture">arid areas</a>, and probably a similar number in other zones, grazing livestock is the only possible source of livelihood."<sup id="cite_ref-Haan1997_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Haan1997-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Management">Management</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Grazing&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Management"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Grazing_effect.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c5/Grazing_effect.jpg/220px-Grazing_effect.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c5/Grazing_effect.jpg/330px-Grazing_effect.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c5/Grazing_effect.jpg/440px-Grazing_effect.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2304" data-file-height="1728" /></a><figcaption>The dark green portion of this pasture in New Zealand is fenced off to allow the grass to regrow before it is grazed again.</figcaption></figure> <p>Grazing management has two overall goals: </p> <ol><li>Protecting the quality of the pasturage against deterioration by <a href="/wiki/Overgrazing" title="Overgrazing">overgrazing</a>: in other words, maintain the <a href="/wiki/Sustainability" title="Sustainability">sustainability</a> of the pasturage</li> <li>Protecting the <a href="/wiki/Health" title="Health">health</a> of the animals against <a href="/wiki/Acute_(medicine)" title="Acute (medicine)">acute</a> threats, such as: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Grass_tetany" title="Grass tetany">Grass tetany</a> and <a href="/wiki/Nitrate_poisoning" class="mw-redirect" title="Nitrate poisoning">nitrate poisoning</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trace_element" title="Trace element">Trace element</a> overdose, such as <a href="/wiki/Molybdenum" title="Molybdenum">molybdenum</a> and <a href="/wiki/Selenium" title="Selenium">selenium</a> poisoning</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grass_sickness" title="Grass sickness">Grass sickness</a> and <a href="/wiki/Laminitis" title="Laminitis">laminitis</a> in horses</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Milk_sickness" title="Milk sickness">Milk sickness</a> in calves</li></ul></li></ol> <p>A proper land use and grazing management technique balances </p> <ul><li>maintenance of forage and livestock production, with</li> <li>maintenance of <a href="/wiki/Biodiversity" title="Biodiversity">biodiversity</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ecosystem_services" class="mw-redirect" title="Ecosystem services">ecosystem services</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <p>It does this by allowing sufficient recovery periods for regrowth. Producers can keep a low density on a pasture, so as not to overgraze.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (October 2019)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> Controlled burning of the land can help in the regrowth of plants.<sup id="cite_ref-Fuhlendorf2004_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Fuhlendorf2004-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Although grazing can be problematic for the ecosystem, well-managed grazing techniques can reverse damage and improve the land.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (October 2019)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>On <a href="/wiki/Common_land" title="Common land">commons</a> in England and Wales, rights of <a href="/wiki/Pasture" title="Pasture">pasture</a> (grassland grazing) and <a href="/wiki/Pannage" title="Pannage">pannage</a> (forest grazing) for each commoner are tightly defined by number and type of animal, and by the time of year when certain rights can be exercised. For example, the occupier of a particular cottage might be allowed to graze fifteen cattle, four <a href="/wiki/Horse" title="Horse">horses</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pony" title="Pony">ponies</a> or <a href="/wiki/Donkey" title="Donkey">donkeys</a>, and fifty <a href="/wiki/Geese" class="mw-redirect" title="Geese">geese</a>, while the numbers allowed for their neighbours would probably be different. On some commons (such as the <a href="/wiki/New_Forest" title="New Forest">New Forest</a> and adjoining commons), the rights are not limited by numbers, and instead a 'marking fee' is paid each year for each animal 'turned out'.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, if excessive use was made of the common, for example, in overgrazing, a common would be 'stinted'; that is, a limit would be put on the number of animals each commoner was allowed to graze. These regulations were responsive to demographic and economic pressure. Thus, rather than let a common become degraded, access was restricted even further.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-center" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Maasai_man_with_cattle.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/10/Maasai_man_with_cattle.jpg/880px-Maasai_man_with_cattle.jpg" decoding="async" width="880" height="216" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/10/Maasai_man_with_cattle.jpg/1320px-Maasai_man_with_cattle.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/10/Maasai_man_with_cattle.jpg/1760px-Maasai_man_with_cattle.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4175" data-file-height="1023" /></a><figcaption><div class="center" style="width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;">A <a href="/wiki/Maasai_people" title="Maasai people">Maasai</a> herdsman grazing his cattle inside the <a href="/wiki/Ngorongoro_crater" class="mw-redirect" title="Ngorongoro crater">Ngorongoro crater</a></div></figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Systems">Systems</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Grazing&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Systems"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Ranchers and <a href="/wiki/Range_science" class="mw-redirect" title="Range science">range science</a> researchers have developed grazing systems to improve sustainable forage production for livestock. These can be contrasted with <a href="/wiki/Intensive_animal_farming" title="Intensive animal farming">intensive animal farming</a> on feedlots. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Continuous">Continuous</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Grazing&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Continuous"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Grazing,_continuous.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/Grazing%2C_continuous.svg/330px-Grazing%2C_continuous.svg.png" decoding="async" width="330" height="233" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/Grazing%2C_continuous.svg/495px-Grazing%2C_continuous.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/Grazing%2C_continuous.svg/660px-Grazing%2C_continuous.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1052" data-file-height="744" /></a><figcaption>Diagram of continuous grazing, a low-input, low-output system</figcaption></figure> <p>With continuous grazing, livestock is allowed access to the same grazing area throughout the year.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Seasonal">Seasonal</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Grazing&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Seasonal"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Seasonal grazing incorporates "grazing animals on a particular area for only part of the year". This allows the land that is not being grazed to rest and allow for new forage to grow.<sup id="cite_ref-GCC_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-GCC-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Rotational">Rotational</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Grazing&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Rotational"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Grazing,_rotational.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/Grazing%2C_rotational.svg/330px-Grazing%2C_rotational.svg.png" decoding="async" width="330" height="233" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/Grazing%2C_rotational.svg/495px-Grazing%2C_rotational.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/Grazing%2C_rotational.svg/660px-Grazing%2C_rotational.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1052" data-file-height="744" /></a><figcaption>Diagram of <a href="/wiki/Rotational_grazing" title="Rotational grazing">rotational grazing</a>, showing the use of <a href="/wiki/Paddock_(field)" class="mw-redirect" title="Paddock (field)">paddocks</a>, each providing food and water for the livestock for a chosen period. The grass is allowed to rest and puddling is reduced, possibly increasing yields. This can be contrasted with <a href="/wiki/Intensive_animal_farming#Cattle" title="Intensive animal farming">feedlot systems</a>.</figcaption></figure> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Rotational_grazing" title="Rotational grazing">Rotational grazing</a></div> <p>Rotational grazing "involves dividing the range into several pastures and then grazing each in sequence throughout the grazing period". Utilizing rotational grazing can improve livestock distribution while incorporating rest period for new forage.<sup id="cite_ref-GCC_14-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-GCC-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Ley_farming">Ley farming</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Grazing&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Ley farming"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Convertible_husbandry" title="Convertible husbandry">Convertible husbandry</a></div> <p>In ley farming, pastures are not permanently planted, but alternated between <a href="/wiki/Fodder" title="Fodder">fodder</a> crops and arable crops.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Rest_rotation">Rest rotation</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Grazing&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Rest rotation"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Rest rotation grazing "divides the range into at least four pastures. One pasture remains rested throughout the year and grazing is rotated amongst the residual pastures." This grazing system can be especially beneficial when using sensitive grass that requires time for rest and regrowth.<sup id="cite_ref-GCC_14-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-GCC-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Deferred_rotation">Deferred rotation</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Grazing&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Deferred rotation"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Deferred rotation "involves at least two pastures with one not grazed until after seed-set". By using deferred rotation, grasses can achieve maximum growth during the period when no grazing occurs.<sup id="cite_ref-GCC_14-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-GCC-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Patch-burn">Patch-burn</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Grazing&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Patch-burn"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Patch-burn grazing burns a third of a pasture each year, no matter the size of the pasture. This burned patch attracts grazers (cattle or <a href="/wiki/Bison" title="Bison">bison</a>) that graze the area heavily because of the fresh grasses that grow as a result. The other patches receive little to no grazing. During the next two years the next two patches are burned consecutively, then the cycle begins anew. In this way, patches receive two years of rest and recovery from the heavy grazing. This technique results in a diversity of habitats that different prairie plants and birds can utilize—mimicking the effects of the pre-historical relationship between bison and fire, whereby bison heavily graze one area and other areas have opportunity to rest, based on the concept of <a href="/w/index.php?title=Pyric_herbivory&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Pyric herbivory (page does not exist)">pyric herbivory</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Fuhlendorf2004_10-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Fuhlendorf2004-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Tallgrass_Prairie_Preserve" title="Tallgrass Prairie Preserve">Tallgrass Prairie Preserve</a> in northeastern Oklahoma has been patch-burn grazed with bison herds for over ten years. These efforts have effectively restored the bison–fire relationship on a large landscape scale of 30,000 acres (12,000 ha).<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the grazed <a href="/wiki/Heath#Anthropogenic_heaths" title="Heath">heathland</a> of <a href="/wiki/Devon" title="Devon">Devon</a>, the periodic burning is known as swailing.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Riparian_area_management">Riparian area management</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Grazing&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Riparian area management"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Riparian area grazing is intended to improve wildlife<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="margin-left:0.1em; white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Please_clarify" title="Wikipedia:Please clarify"><span title="What is meant by 'improve wildlife'? (July 2021)">clarification needed</span></a></i>]</sup> and their habitats. It uses fencing to keep livestock off ranges near streams or water areas until after wildlife or waterfowl periods, or to limit the amount of grazing to a short period of time.<sup id="cite_ref-GCC_14-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-GCC-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Conservation_grazing">Conservation grazing</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Grazing&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Conservation grazing"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Conservation_Grazing_Highland_Cattle_on_the_Wetland_Centre_Grazing_Marsh.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9b/Conservation_Grazing_Highland_Cattle_on_the_Wetland_Centre_Grazing_Marsh.jpg/220px-Conservation_Grazing_Highland_Cattle_on_the_Wetland_Centre_Grazing_Marsh.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9b/Conservation_Grazing_Highland_Cattle_on_the_Wetland_Centre_Grazing_Marsh.jpg/330px-Conservation_Grazing_Highland_Cattle_on_the_Wetland_Centre_Grazing_Marsh.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9b/Conservation_Grazing_Highland_Cattle_on_the_Wetland_Centre_Grazing_Marsh.jpg/440px-Conservation_Grazing_Highland_Cattle_on_the_Wetland_Centre_Grazing_Marsh.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3648" data-file-height="2736" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Conservation_grazing" title="Conservation grazing">Conservation grazing</a> by <a href="/wiki/Highland_Cattle" class="mw-redirect" title="Highland Cattle">Highland Cattle</a> at the <a href="/wiki/London_Wetland_Centre" class="mw-redirect" title="London Wetland Centre">London Wetland Centre</a> nature reserve</figcaption></figure> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Conservation_grazing" title="Conservation grazing">Conservation grazing</a></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Conservation_grazing" title="Conservation grazing">Conservation grazing</a> is the use of grazing animals to help improve the biodiversity of a site. Due to their hardy nature, <a href="/wiki/Rare_breed_(agriculture)" class="mw-redirect" title="Rare breed (agriculture)">rare</a> and native breeds are often used in conservation grazing.<sup id="cite_ref-RBST_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-RBST-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In some cases, to re-establish traditional <a href="/wiki/Hay" title="Hay">hay</a> meadows, cattle such as the <a href="/wiki/English_Longhorn" title="English Longhorn">English Longhorn</a> and <a href="/wiki/Highland_cattle" title="Highland cattle">Highland</a> are used to provide grazing.<sup id="cite_ref-Shapwick_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Shapwick-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Cell_grazing">Cell grazing</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Grazing&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Cell grazing"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>A form of rotational grazing using as many small paddocks as fencing allows, said to be more sustainable.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Mob_grazing">Mob grazing</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Grazing&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Mob grazing"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Mob grazing is a system, said to be more sustainable, invented in 2002; it uses very large herds on land left <a href="/wiki/Fallow" title="Fallow">fallow</a> longer than usual.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Environmental_considerations">Environmental considerations</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Grazing&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Environmental considerations"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Environmental_impact_of_agriculture" title="Environmental impact of agriculture">Environmental impact of agriculture</a>, <a href="/wiki/Environmental_impact_of_meat_production" class="mw-redirect" title="Environmental impact of meat production">Environmental impact of meat production</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Phosphorus_cycle#Human_influences" title="Phosphorus cycle">Phosphorus cycle § Human influences</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Cattle_at_Velika_Planina,_Slovenia.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cc/Cattle_at_Velika_Planina%2C_Slovenia.jpg/220px-Cattle_at_Velika_Planina%2C_Slovenia.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cc/Cattle_at_Velika_Planina%2C_Slovenia.jpg/330px-Cattle_at_Velika_Planina%2C_Slovenia.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cc/Cattle_at_Velika_Planina%2C_Slovenia.jpg/440px-Cattle_at_Velika_Planina%2C_Slovenia.jpg 2x" data-file-width="640" data-file-height="480" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Transhumance" title="Transhumance">Summer grazing</a> in a high-elevation environment at the <a href="/wiki/Big_Pasture_Plateau" title="Big Pasture Plateau">Big Pasture Plateau</a>, Slovenia</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Ecology">Ecology</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Grazing&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Ecology"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Old_Norwegian_Sheep_at_Prest%C3%B8ya,_Br%C3%B8nn%C3%B8y,_Norway.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/Old_Norwegian_Sheep_at_Prest%C3%B8ya%2C_Br%C3%B8nn%C3%B8y%2C_Norway.JPG/170px-Old_Norwegian_Sheep_at_Prest%C3%B8ya%2C_Br%C3%B8nn%C3%B8y%2C_Norway.JPG" decoding="async" width="170" height="255" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/Old_Norwegian_Sheep_at_Prest%C3%B8ya%2C_Br%C3%B8nn%C3%B8y%2C_Norway.JPG/255px-Old_Norwegian_Sheep_at_Prest%C3%B8ya%2C_Br%C3%B8nn%C3%B8y%2C_Norway.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/Old_Norwegian_Sheep_at_Prest%C3%B8ya%2C_Br%C3%B8nn%C3%B8y%2C_Norway.JPG/340px-Old_Norwegian_Sheep_at_Prest%C3%B8ya%2C_Br%C3%B8nn%C3%B8y%2C_Norway.JPG 2x" data-file-width="2336" data-file-height="3504" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Old_Norwegian_Sheep" title="Old Norwegian Sheep">Old Norwegian Sheep</a> grazing at an island on the coast of Norway. This is a vulnerable habitat where the sheep take part in a delicate ecological balance.</figcaption></figure> <p>Many <a href="/wiki/Ecological" class="mw-redirect" title="Ecological">ecological</a> effects derive from grazing, which may be positive or negative. Negative effects of grazing may include <a href="/wiki/Overgrazing" title="Overgrazing">overgrazing</a>, increased <a href="/wiki/Soil_erosion" title="Soil erosion">soil erosion</a>, <a href="/wiki/Soil_compaction_(agriculture)" title="Soil compaction (agriculture)">compaction</a> and degradation, <a href="/wiki/Deforestation" title="Deforestation">deforestation</a>, <a href="/wiki/Biodiversity_loss" title="Biodiversity loss">biodiversity loss</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-Haan1997_7-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Haan1997-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and adverse <a href="/wiki/Water_quality" title="Water quality">water quality</a> <a href="/wiki/Eutrophication" title="Eutrophication">impacts from run-off</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Nemecek_987–992_24-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Nemecek_987–992-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Sometimes grazers can have beneficial environmental effects such as improving the soil with nutrient redistribution and aerating the soil by trampling, and by controlling fire and increasing biodiversity by removing biomass, controlling shrub growth and dispersing seeds.<sup id="cite_ref-Haan1997_7-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Haan1997-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In some habitats, appropriate levels of grazing may be effective in restoring or maintaining native grass and herb diversity in <a href="/wiki/Rangeland" title="Rangeland">rangeland</a> that has been disturbed by overgrazing, lack of grazing (such as by the removal of wild grazing animals), or by other human disturbance.<sup id="cite_ref-Launchbaugh_2006_25-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Launchbaugh_2006-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-ref3_26-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ref3-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Conservation_grazing" title="Conservation grazing">Conservation grazing</a> is the use of grazers to manage such habitats, often to replicate the ecological effects of the wild relatives of domestic <a href="/wiki/Livestock" title="Livestock">livestock</a>, or those of other species now absent or extinct.<sup id="cite_ref-ref2_27-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ref2-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Grazer urine and faeces "recycle nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium and other plant nutrients and return them to the soil".<sup id="cite_ref-NHO_28-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NHO-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Grazing can reduce the accumulation of litter (<a href="/wiki/Organic_matter" title="Organic matter">organic matter</a>) in some seasons and areas,<sup id="cite_ref-Fergus_29-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Fergus-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> but can also increase it, which may help to combat <a href="/wiki/Soil_erosion" title="Soil erosion">soil erosion</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This acts as nutrition for insects and organisms found within the soil. These organisms "aid in <a href="/wiki/Carbon_sequestration" title="Carbon sequestration">carbon sequestration</a> and water filtration".<sup id="cite_ref-NHO_28-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NHO-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>When grass is grazed, dead grass and litter are reduced which is advantageous for birds such as <a href="/wiki/Waterfowl" class="mw-redirect" title="Waterfowl">waterfowl</a>. Grazing can increase <a href="/wiki/Biodiversity" title="Biodiversity">biodiversity</a>. Without grazing, many of the same grasses grow, for example <a href="/wiki/Bromus" title="Bromus">brome</a> and <a href="/wiki/Poa" title="Poa">bluegrass</a>, consequently producing a <a href="/wiki/Monoculture" title="Monoculture">monoculture</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Fergus_29-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Fergus-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The ecosystems of North American <a href="/wiki/Tallgrass_prairie" title="Tallgrass prairie">tallgrass prairies</a> are controlled to a large extent by nitrogen availability, which is itself controlled by interactions between fires and grazing by large herbivores. Fires in spring enhance growth of certain grasses, and herbivores preferentially graze these grasses, producing a system of checks and balances, and allowing higher plant biodiversity.<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In <a href="/wiki/Europe" title="Europe">Europe</a> <a href="/wiki/Heath#Anthropogenic_heaths" title="Heath">heathland</a> is a <a href="/wiki/Cultural_landscape" title="Cultural landscape">cultural landscape</a> which requires grazing by cattle, <a href="/wiki/Sheep" title="Sheep">sheep</a> or other grazers to be maintained.<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Conservation">Conservation</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Grazing&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Conservation"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>An author of the <a href="/wiki/Food_and_Agriculture_Organization" title="Food and Agriculture Organization">Food and Agriculture Organization</a> (FAO) report <i><a href="/wiki/Livestock%27s_Long_Shadow" title="Livestock's Long Shadow">Livestock's Long Shadow</a></i>,<sup id="cite_ref-FAO-Report_33-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FAO-Report-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> stated in an interview:<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>Grazing occupies 26 percent of Earth's terrestrial surface<span class="nowrap"> </span>... feed crop production requires about a third of all arable land<span class="nowrap"> </span>... Expansion of grazing land for livestock is also a leading cause of deforestation, especially in Latin America... In the Amazon basin alone, about 70 percent of previously forested land is used as pasture, while feed crops cover a large part of the remainder.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability"><span title="The quotation near this tag needs to be fact-checked with the cited source to ensure that it actually exists, is accurate, and is not taken out of context. (July 2021)">verify quote punctuation</span></a></i>]</sup></p></blockquote> <p>Much grazing land has resulted from a process of clearance or drainage of other habitats such as <a href="/wiki/Woodland" title="Woodland">woodland</a> or <a href="/wiki/Wetland" title="Wetland">wetland</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>According to the opinion of the <a href="/wiki/Center_for_Biological_Diversity" title="Center for Biological Diversity">Center for Biological Diversity</a>, <a href="/wiki/Extensive_farming" title="Extensive farming">extensive grazing</a> of livestock in the arid lands of the southwestern United States has many negative impacts on the local biodiversity there.<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>Cattle destroy native vegetation, damage soils and stream banks, and contaminate waterways with fecal waste. After decades of livestock grazing, once-lush streams and riparian forests have been reduced to flat, dry wastelands; once-rich <a href="/wiki/Topsoil" title="Topsoil">topsoil</a> has been turned to dust, causing soil erosion, stream sedimentation and wholesale elimination of some aquatic habitats</p></blockquote> <p>In arid climates such as the southwestern United States, livestock grazing has severely degraded <a href="/wiki/Riparian_areas" class="mw-redirect" title="Riparian areas">riparian areas</a>, the wetland environment adjacent to rivers or streams. The <a href="/wiki/Environmental_Protection_Agency" class="mw-redirect" title="Environmental Protection Agency">Environmental Protection Agency</a> states that agriculture has a greater impact on stream and river contamination than any other <a href="/wiki/Nonpoint_source" title="Nonpoint source">nonpoint source</a>. Improper grazing of riparian areas can contribute to <a href="/wiki/Nonpoint_source_pollution" title="Nonpoint source pollution">nonpoint source pollution</a> of riparian areas.<sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Riparian zones in arid and semiarid environments have been called <a href="/wiki/Biodiversity_hotspot" title="Biodiversity hotspot">biodiversity hotspots</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The water, higher <a href="/wiki/Biomass_(ecology)" title="Biomass (ecology)">biomass</a>, favorable <a href="/wiki/Microclimate" title="Microclimate">microclimate</a> and periodic flood events together produce higher biological diversity than in the surrounding uplands.<sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1990, "according to the <a href="/wiki/Arizona" title="Arizona">Arizona</a> state park department, over 90% of the original riparian zones of Arizona and <a href="/wiki/New_Mexico" title="New Mexico">New Mexico</a> are gone". A 1988 report of the <a href="/wiki/Government_Accountability_Office" title="Government Accountability Office">Government Accountability Office</a> estimated that 90% of the 5,300 miles of riparian habitat managed by the <a href="/wiki/Bureau_of_Land_Management" title="Bureau of Land Management">Bureau of Land Management</a> in <a href="/wiki/Colorado" title="Colorado">Colorado</a> was in an unsatisfactory condition, as was 80% of <a href="/wiki/Idaho" title="Idaho">Idaho</a>'s riparian zones, concluding that "poorly managed livestock grazing is the major cause of degraded riparian habitat on federal rangelands".<sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>A 2013 FAO report estimated livestock were responsible for 14.5% of <a href="/wiki/Anthropogenic_greenhouse_gases" class="mw-redirect" title="Anthropogenic greenhouse gases">anthropogenic greenhouse gas emissions</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Grazing is common in <a href="/wiki/New_Zealand" title="New Zealand">New Zealand</a>; in 2004, <a href="/wiki/Methane" title="Methane">methane</a> and <a href="/wiki/Nitrous_oxide" title="Nitrous oxide">nitrous oxide</a> from agriculture made up somewhat less than half of New Zealand's greenhouse gas emissions, of which most is attributable to <a href="/wiki/Livestock" title="Livestock">livestock</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A 2008 <a href="/wiki/United_States_Environmental_Protection_Agency" title="United States Environmental Protection Agency">United States Environmental Protection Agency</a> report on emissions found agriculture was responsible for 6% of total United States greenhouse gas emissions in 2006. This included <a href="/wiki/Rice" title="Rice">rice</a> production, <a href="/wiki/Enteric_fermentation" title="Enteric fermentation">enteric fermentation</a> in domestic livestock, livestock <a href="/wiki/Manure" title="Manure">manure</a> management, and agricultural <a href="/wiki/Soil_management" title="Soil management">soil management</a>, but omitted some things that might be attributable to agriculture.<sup id="cite_ref-epa.gov_44-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-epa.gov-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Studies comparing the <a href="/wiki/Methane_emissions" title="Methane emissions">methane emissions</a> from grazing and feedlot cattle concluded that grass-fed cattle produce much more methane than grain-fed cattle.<sup id="cite_ref-Harper1999_45-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Harper1999-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Capper2012_46-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Capper2012-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Pelletier2010_47-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Pelletier2010-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> One study in the <i><a href="/wiki/Journal_of_Animal_Science" title="Journal of Animal Science">Journal of Animal Science</a></i> found four times as much, and stated: "these measurements clearly document higher CH<sub>4</sub> production for cattle receiving low-quality, high-fiber diets than for cattle fed high-grain diets".<sup id="cite_ref-Harper1999_45-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Harper1999-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Agrivoltaics">Agrivoltaics</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Grazing&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Agrivoltaics"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Solar_array_over_grazing_field.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/Solar_array_over_grazing_field.jpg/220px-Solar_array_over_grazing_field.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="97" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/Solar_array_over_grazing_field.jpg/330px-Solar_array_over_grazing_field.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/Solar_array_over_grazing_field.jpg/440px-Solar_array_over_grazing_field.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1565" data-file-height="691" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Photovoltaic_system" title="Photovoltaic system">Solar array</a> over grazing field</figcaption></figure> <p><a href="/wiki/Agrivoltaics" title="Agrivoltaics">Agrivoltaics</a> for grazing would allow for shade for the animals as well as the <a href="/wiki/Vegetation" title="Vegetation">vegitation</a> so the soil retains a higher <a href="/wiki/Moisture_analysis" title="Moisture analysis">moisture</a> level.<sup id="cite_ref-48" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Grazing&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cattle_feeding" title="Cattle feeding">Cattle feeding</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grazing_rights" title="Grazing rights">Grazing rights</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Grazing&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFFilazzolaBrownDettlaffBatbaatar2020" class="citation journal cs1">Filazzola, A.; Brown, C.; Dettlaff, M. A.; Batbaatar, A.; Grenke, J.; Bao, T.; Peetoom Heida, I.; Cahill Jr, J. F. 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title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Agricultural+Systems&rft.atitle=Comparative+life+cycle+environmental+impacts+of+three+beef+production+strategies+in+the+Upper+Midwestern+United+States&rft.volume=103&rft.issue=6&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E380-%3C%2Fspan%3E389&rft.date=2010-07&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fj.agsy.2010.03.009&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2010AgSys.103..380P&rft.au=Pelletier+N&rft.au=Pirogb+R&rft.au=Rasmussen+R&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGrazing" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-48"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-48">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.smallfarmcanada.ca/news/Research%20Notes/agri-voltaics/">"Agri-voltaics - Small Farm Canada"</a>.</cite><span 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abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Feeding" title="Template:Feeding"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Feeding" title="Template talk:Feeding"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Feeding" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Feeding"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Feeding_behaviours235" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/List_of_feeding_behaviours" title="List of feeding behaviours">Feeding behaviours</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Carnivore" title="Carnivore">Carnivores</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">adult</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Avivore" title="Avivore">Avivore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Egg_predation" title="Egg predation">Egg predation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hematophagy" title="Hematophagy">Hematophagy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Insectivore" title="Insectivore">Insectivore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lepidophagy" title="Lepidophagy">Lepidophagy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Man-eating_animal" title="Man-eating animal">Man-eating animal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Molluscivore" title="Molluscivore">Molluscivore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mucophagy" title="Mucophagy">Mucophagy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Myrmecophagy" title="Myrmecophagy">Myrmecophagy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ophiophagy" title="Ophiophagy">Ophiophagy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Piscivore" title="Piscivore">Piscivore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spongivore" title="Spongivore">Spongivore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vermivore" title="Vermivore">Vermivore</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">reproductive</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Oophagy" title="Oophagy">Oophagy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paedophagy" title="Paedophagy">Paedophagy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Placentophagy" title="Placentophagy">Placentophagy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Breastfeeding" title="Breastfeeding">Breastfeeding</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Weaning" title="Weaning">Weaning</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Cannibalism" title="Cannibalism">cannibalistic</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Human_cannibalism" title="Human cannibalism">Human cannibalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Autocannibalism" title="Autocannibalism">Autocannibalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sexual_cannibalism" title="Sexual cannibalism">Sexual cannibalism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="5" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Starling_Feeding_Offspring.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/Starling_Feeding_Offspring.jpg/160px-Starling_Feeding_Offspring.jpg" decoding="async" width="160" height="102" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/Starling_Feeding_Offspring.jpg/240px-Starling_Feeding_Offspring.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/Starling_Feeding_Offspring.jpg/320px-Starling_Feeding_Offspring.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2048" data-file-height="1300" /></a></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Herbivore" title="Herbivore">Herbivores</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Folivore" title="Folivore">Folivore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Florivore" title="Florivore">Florivore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frugivore" title="Frugivore">Frugivore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Graminivore" title="Graminivore">Graminivore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seed_predation" title="Seed predation">Seed predation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nectarivore" title="Nectarivore">Nectarivore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mellivory" title="Mellivory">Mellivory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palynivore" title="Palynivore">Palynivore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xylophagy" title="Xylophagy">Xylophagy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Osteophagy" title="Osteophagy">Osteophagy</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Cellular</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Phagocytosis" title="Phagocytosis">Phagocytosis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Myzocytosis" title="Myzocytosis">Myzocytosis</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Others</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Microbivory" title="Microbivory">Microbivory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bacterivore" title="Bacterivore">Bacterivore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fungivore" title="Fungivore">Fungivore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coprophagia" title="Coprophagia">Coprophagia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Detritivore" title="Detritivore">Detritivore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geophagia" title="Geophagia">Geophagia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Omnivore" title="Omnivore">Omnivore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Planktivore" title="Planktivore">Planktivore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saprophagy" title="Saprophagy">Saprophagy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xenophagy" title="Xenophagy">Xenophagy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lithotroph" title="Lithotroph">Lithotroph</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plastivore" title="Plastivore">Plastivore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pica_(disorder)" title="Pica (disorder)">Pica</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Methods</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Predation" title="Predation">Predation</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ambush_predator" title="Ambush predator">Ambush predator</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apex_predator" title="Apex predator">Apex predator</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Egg_predator" class="mw-redirect" title="Egg predator">Egg predator</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intraguild_predator" class="mw-redirect" title="Intraguild predator">Intraguild predator</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pursuit_predator" class="mw-redirect" title="Pursuit predator">Pursuit predator</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aquatic_feeding_mechanisms" title="Aquatic feeding mechanisms">Aquatic predation</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aquatic_feeding_mechanisms#Lunge_feeding" title="Aquatic feeding mechanisms">Lunge feeder</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aquatic_feeding_mechanisms#Pivot_feeding" title="Aquatic feeding mechanisms">Pivot feeder</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aquatic_feeding_mechanisms#Ram_feeding" title="Aquatic feeding mechanisms">Ram feeder</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aquatic_feeding_mechanisms#Suction_feeding" title="Aquatic feeding mechanisms">Suction feeder</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bait_ball" title="Bait ball">Bait balls</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bottom_feeder" title="Bottom feeder">Bottom feeder</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feeding_frenzy" title="Feeding frenzy">Feeding frenzy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Filter_feeder" title="Filter feeder">Filter feeder</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Browsing_(herbivory)" title="Browsing (herbivory)">Browsing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cattle_feeding" title="Cattle feeding">Cattle feeding</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fodder" title="Fodder">Fodder</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Grazing</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Forage" title="Forage">Forage</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hypercarnivore" title="Hypercarnivore">Hypercarnivore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hypocarnivore" title="Hypocarnivore">Hypocarnivore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mesocarnivore" title="Mesocarnivore">Mesocarnivore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parasitism" title="Parasitism">Parasitism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scavenger" title="Scavenger">Scavenger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Surplus_killing" title="Surplus killing">Surplus killing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trophallaxis" title="Trophallaxis">Trophallaxis</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Antipredator_adaptation" class="mw-redirect" title="Antipredator adaptation">Antipredator adaptation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carnivorous_plant" title="Carnivorous plant">Carnivorous plant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carnivorous_fungus" title="Carnivorous fungus">Carnivorous fungus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carnivorous_protist" class="mw-redirect" title="Carnivorous protist">Carnivorous protist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Eating_behaviors" title="Category:Eating behaviors">Category:Eating behaviors</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1066933788">.mw-parser-output .excerpt-hat .mw-editsection-like{font-style:normal}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1066933788"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Agriculture767" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Agriculture_footer" title="Template:Agriculture footer"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Agriculture_footer" title="Template talk:Agriculture footer"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Agriculture_footer" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Agriculture footer"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Agriculture767" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Agriculture" title="Agriculture">Agriculture</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_agriculture" title="Outline of agriculture">Outline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_agriculture" title="History of agriculture">History</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Index_of_agriculture_articles" title="Index of agriculture articles">Index</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Occupations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Agriculturist" title="Agriculturist">Agriculturist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Agricultural_engineering" title="Agricultural engineering">Agricultural Engineer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Farmer" title="Farmer">Farmer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Farmworker" title="Farmworker">Farm worker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Herder" title="Herder">Herder</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="7" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><br /></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Food_system" title="Food system">General</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><div class="excerpt-block"><div class="excerpt"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Agribusiness" title="Agribusiness">Agribusiness</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Agricultural_cooperative" title="Agricultural cooperative">Agricultural cooperative</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Agricultural_supply_store" class="mw-redirect" title="Agricultural supply store">Agricultural supplies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Agricultural_science" title="Agricultural science">Agricultural science</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Agricultural_engineering" title="Agricultural engineering">Agricultural engineering</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Agricultural_technology" title="Agricultural technology">Agricultural technology</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Digital_Agriculture" class="mw-redirect" title="Digital Agriculture">Digital</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Agricultural_biotechnology" title="Agricultural biotechnology">Biotechnology</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Agroforestry" title="Agroforestry">Agroforestry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Agronomy" title="Agronomy">Agronomy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Animal_husbandry" title="Animal husbandry">Animal husbandry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Animal-free_agriculture" title="Animal-free agriculture">Animal-free agriculture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cash_crop" title="Cash crop">Cash crop</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cellular_agriculture" title="Cellular agriculture">Cellular agriculture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cultural_methods" title="Cultural methods">Cultural methods</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Contract_farming" title="Contract farming">Contract farming</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Extensive_farming" title="Extensive farming">Extensive farming</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Farm" title="Farm">Farm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Farmhouse" title="Farmhouse">Farmhouse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feed_ratio" title="Feed ratio">Feed ratio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Free_range" title="Free range">Free range</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Horticulture" title="Horticulture">Horticulture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intensive_farming" title="Intensive farming">Intensive farming</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Intensive_animal_farming" title="Intensive animal farming">animals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intensive_pig_farming" title="Intensive pig farming">pigs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intensive_crop_farming" title="Intensive crop farming">crops</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mechanised_agriculture" title="Mechanised agriculture">Mechanised agriculture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Organic_farming" title="Organic farming">Organic farming</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paludiculture" title="Paludiculture">Paludiculture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Permaculture" title="Permaculture">Permaculture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plantation" title="Plantation">Plantation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polyculture" title="Polyculture">Polyculture</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Rice-duck_farming" title="Rice-duck farming">Rice-duck farming</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rice-fish_system" title="Rice-fish system">Rice-fish system</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sustainable_agriculture" title="Sustainable agriculture">Sustainable agriculture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sustainable_food_system" title="Sustainable food system">Sustainable food system</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_agricultural_universities_and_colleges" title="List of agricultural universities and colleges">Universities and colleges</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Urban_agriculture" title="Urban agriculture">Urban agriculture</a></li></ul></div></div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/History_of_agriculture" title="History of agriculture">History</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Egyptian_agriculture" title="Ancient Egyptian agriculture">Ancient Egypt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Agriculture_in_ancient_Greece" title="Agriculture in ancient Greece">Ancient Greece</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Agriculture_in_ancient_Rome" title="Agriculture in ancient Rome">Ancient Rome</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Domesticated_plants_and_animals_of_Austronesia" title="Domesticated plants and animals of Austronesia">Austronesia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_agricultural_science" title="History of agricultural science">Agricultural science</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Agricultural_History_Review" title="Agricultural History Review">Agricultural History Review</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arab_Agricultural_Revolution" title="Arab Agricultural Revolution">Arab Agricultural Revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_agriculture_in_Argentina" title="History of agriculture in Argentina">Argentina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_agriculture_in_Canada" title="History of agriculture in Canada">Canada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_agriculture_in_China" title="History of agriculture in China">China</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_agriculture_in_Chile" title="History of agriculture in Chile">Chile</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Columbian_exchange" title="Columbian exchange">Columbian exchange</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Green_Revolution" title="Green Revolution">Green Revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_agriculture_in_the_Indian_subcontinent" title="History of agriculture in the Indian subcontinent">Indian subcontinent</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Agriculture_in_Mesoamerica" title="Agriculture in Mesoamerica">Mesoamerica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Agriculture_in_the_Middle_Ages" title="Agriculture in the Middle Ages">Middle Ages</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neolithic_Revolution" title="Neolithic Revolution">Neolithic Revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_organic_farming" title="History of organic farming">Organic farming</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_agriculture_in_Palestine" title="History of agriculture in Palestine">Palestine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Agricultural_history_of_Peru" title="Agricultural history of Peru">Peru</a></li> <li>United Kingdom <ul><li><a href="/wiki/British_Agricultural_Revolution" title="British Agricultural Revolution">British Agricultural Revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_agriculture_in_Cheshire" title="History of agriculture in Cheshire">Cheshire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_agriculture_in_Scotland" title="History of agriculture in Scotland">Scotland</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_agriculture_in_the_United_States" title="History of agriculture in the United States">United States</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_African-American_agriculture" title="History of African-American agriculture">African-American</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_agriculture_in_California" title="History of agriculture in California">California</a></li></ul></li> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Farm" title="Farm">Farming Types</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Agrivoltaics" title="Agrivoltaics">Agrivoltaic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aquaculture" title="Aquaculture">Aquaculture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cattle" title="Cattle">Cattle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cannabis_cultivation" title="Cannabis cultivation">Cannabis cultivation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dairy_farming" title="Dairy farming">Dairy farming</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Desert_farming" title="Desert farming">Desert farming</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dryland_farming" title="Dryland farming">Dryland farming</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fur_farming" title="Fur farming">Fur farming</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Goat_farming" title="Goat farming">Goat farming</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Grazing</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Convertible_husbandry" title="Convertible husbandry">Convertible husbandry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rotational_grazing" title="Rotational grazing">Rotational grazing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transhumance" title="Transhumance">Transhumance</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hydroponics" title="Hydroponics">Hydroponics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Insect_farming" title="Insect farming">Insect farming</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Livestock" title="Livestock">Livestock</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pasture" title="Pasture">Pasture</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mixed_farming" title="Mixed farming">Mixed</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monoculture" title="Monoculture">Monoculture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paddy_field" title="Paddy field">Paddy field</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pastoral_farming" class="mw-redirect" title="Pastoral farming">Pastoral</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bocage" title="Bocage">Bocage</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pig_farming" title="Pig farming">Pig farming</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Poultry_farming" title="Poultry farming">Poultry farming</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ranch" title="Ranch">Ranch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rainfed_agriculture" title="Rainfed agriculture">Rainfed agriculture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orchard" title="Orchard">Orchards</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Subsistence_agriculture" title="Subsistence agriculture">Subsistence agriculture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sheep_farming" title="Sheep farming">Sheep farming</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Terrace_(earthworks)" title="Terrace (earthworks)">Terrace</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wildlife_farming" title="Wildlife farming">Wildlife farming</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Environmental_impact_of_agriculture" title="Environmental impact of agriculture">Environmental<br />impact</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Agricultural_expansion" title="Agricultural expansion">Agricultural expansion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Agricultural_pollution" title="Agricultural pollution">Agricultural pollution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Agricultural_wastewater" class="mw-redirect" title="Agricultural wastewater">Agricultural wastewater</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Overgrazing" title="Overgrazing">Overgrazing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_impact_of_irrigation" title="Environmental impact of irrigation">Environmental impact of irrigation</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Overdrafting" title="Overdrafting">Overdrafting</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Effects_of_climate_change_on_agriculture" title="Effects of climate change on agriculture">Climate change and agriculture</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Multiple_breadbasket_failure" title="Multiple breadbasket failure">Multiple breadbasket failure</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Categories</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Agricultural_machinery" title="Category:Agricultural machinery">Agricultural machinery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Agriculture_by_country" title="Category:Agriculture by country">Agriculture by country</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Agriculture_companies" title="Category:Agriculture companies">Agriculture companies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Biotechnology" title="Category:Biotechnology">Biotechnology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Cannabis_cultivation" title="Category:Cannabis cultivation">Cannabis cultivation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:History_of_agriculture" title="Category:History of agriculture">History of agriculture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Livestock" title="Category:Livestock">Livestock</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Meat_industry" title="Category:Meat industry">Meat industry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Poultry_farming" title="Category:Poultry farming">Poultry farming</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Agriculture_and_the_environment" title="Category:Agriculture and the environment">Agriculture and the environment</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Lists</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><div class="excerpt-block"><div class="excerpt"> <li><a href="/wiki/Agriculturist" title="Agriculturist">Agriculturist profession</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_agricultural_machinery" title="List of agricultural machinery">Agricultural machinery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_food_origins" title="List of food origins">Food origins</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_agriculture_ministries" title="List of agriculture ministries">Government ministries</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_agricultural_universities_and_colleges" title="List of agricultural universities and colleges">Universities and colleges</a></li></div></div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3"><div> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <b><a href="/wiki/Category:Agriculture" title="Category:Agriculture">Category</a></b></li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Symbol_portal_class.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Portal"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/16px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/23px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/31px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></a></span> <b><a href="/wiki/Portal:Agriculture" title="Portal:Agriculture">Portal</a></b></li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Commons page"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/12px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/18px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/24px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></span></span> <b><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Agriculture" class="extiw" title="commons:Agriculture">Commons</a></b></li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="WikiProject"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/People_icon.svg/16px-People_icon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/People_icon.svg/24px-People_icon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/People_icon.svg/32px-People_icon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="100" data-file-height="100" /></span></span> <b><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:WikiProject_Agriculture" title="Wikipedia:WikiProject Agriculture">Wikiproject</a></b></li> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Ethology159" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Ethology" title="Template:Ethology"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Ethology" title="Template talk:Ethology"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Ethology" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Ethology"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Ethology159" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Ethology" title="Ethology">Ethology</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Branches</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Animal_cognition" title="Animal cognition">Animal cognition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Animal_communication" title="Animal communication">Animal communication</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Animal_consciousness" title="Animal consciousness">Animal consciousness</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Animal_culture" title="Animal culture">Animal culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Animal_sexual_behaviour" title="Animal sexual behaviour">Animal sexual behaviour</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Animal_welfare_science" title="Animal welfare science">Animal welfare science</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anthrozoology" title="Anthrozoology">Anthrozoology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bee_learning_and_communication" title="Bee learning and communication">Bee learning and communication</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Behavioral_ecology" title="Behavioral ecology">Behavioural ecology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Behavioral_endocrinology" title="Behavioral endocrinology">Behavioral endocrinology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Behavioural_genetics" title="Behavioural genetics">Behavioural genetics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Breed" title="Breed">Breed</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cognitive_ethology" title="Cognitive ethology">Cognitive ethology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comfort_behaviour_in_animals" title="Comfort behaviour in animals">Comfort behaviour</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Personal_grooming" title="Personal grooming">Grooming</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comparative_psychology" title="Comparative psychology">Comparative psychology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emotion_in_animals" title="Emotion in animals">Emotion in animals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethogram" title="Ethogram">Ethogram</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Evolutionary_neuroscience" title="Evolutionary neuroscience">Evolutionary neuroscience</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_feeding_behaviours" title="List of feeding behaviours">Feeding</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hover_(behaviour)" title="Hover (behaviour)">Hover</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_ethology" title="Human ethology">Human ethology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Instinct" title="Instinct">Instinct</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Learning" title="Learning">Learning</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neuroethology" title="Neuroethology">Neuroethology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pain_in_animals" title="Pain in animals">Pain in animals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philosophical_ethology" title="Philosophical ethology">Philosophical ethology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sociobiology" title="Sociobiology">Sociobiology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stereotypy_(non-human)" title="Stereotypy (non-human)">Stereotypy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Structures_built_by_animals" title="Structures built by animals">Structures</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Beehive" title="Beehive">Hive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Honeycomb_structure" title="Honeycomb structure">Honeycomb</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nest" title="Nest">Nest</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nesting_instinct" title="Nesting instinct">Instinct</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swarm_behaviour" title="Swarm behaviour">Swarm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tool_use_by_non-humans" title="Tool use by non-humans">Tool use by non-humans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zoosemiotics" title="Zoosemiotics">Zoosemiotics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zoomusicology" title="Zoomusicology">Zoomusicology</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Ethologists</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Patrick_Bateson" title="Patrick Bateson">Patrick Bateson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marc_Bekoff" title="Marc Bekoff">Marc Bekoff</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Donald_Broom" title="Donald Broom">Donald Broom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_B._Calhoun" title="John B. Calhoun">John B. Calhoun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Darwin" title="Charles Darwin">Charles Darwin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marian_Dawkins" title="Marian Dawkins">Marian Dawkins</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Dawkins" title="Richard Dawkins">Richard Dawkins</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iren%C3%A4us_Eibl-Eibesfeldt" title="Irenäus Eibl-Eibesfeldt">Irenäus Eibl-Eibesfeldt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dian_Fossey" title="Dian Fossey">Dian Fossey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karl_von_Frisch" title="Karl von Frisch">Karl von Frisch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jane_Goodall" title="Jane Goodall">Jane Goodall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heini_Hediger" title="Heini Hediger">Heini Hediger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Julian_Huxley" title="Julian Huxley">Julian Huxley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Konrad_Lorenz" title="Konrad Lorenz">Konrad Lorenz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Desmond_Morris" title="Desmond Morris">Desmond Morris</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Sebeok" title="Thomas Sebeok">Thomas Sebeok</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Homan_Thorpe" title="William Homan Thorpe">William Homan Thorpe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nikolaas_Tinbergen" title="Nikolaas Tinbergen">Nikolaas Tinbergen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jakob_von_Uexk%C3%BCll" class="mw-redirect" title="Jakob von Uexküll">Jakob von Uexküll</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wolfgang_Wickler" title="Wolfgang Wickler">Wolfgang Wickler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/E._O._Wilson" title="E. O. Wilson">E. O. Wilson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Solly_Zuckerman" class="mw-redirect" title="Solly Zuckerman">Solly Zuckerman</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Societies</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Association_for_the_Study_of_Animal_Behaviour" title="Association for the Study of Animal Behaviour">Association for the Study of Animal Behaviour</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Society_for_Applied_Ethology" title="International Society for Applied Ethology">International Society for Applied Ethology</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Journals</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Animal_Behaviour_(journal)" title="Animal Behaviour (journal)">Animal Behaviour</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Animal_Cognition" title="Animal Cognition">Animal Cognition</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Animal_Welfare_(journal)" title="Animal Welfare (journal)">Animal Welfare</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Behavioral_Ecology_(journal)" title="Behavioral Ecology (journal)">Behavioral Ecology</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Behaviour_(journal)" title="Behaviour (journal)">Behaviour</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, 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