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id="toc-Young_Earth_creationism" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Young_Earth_creationism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.1 Young Earth creationism </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Young_Earth_creationism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Old_Earth_creationism" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Old_Earth_creationism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.2 Old Earth creationism </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Old_Earth_creationism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Gap_creationism" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Gap_creationism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.2.1 Gap creationism </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Gap_creationism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Day-age_creationism" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Day-age_creationism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.2.2 Day-age creationism </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Day-age_creationism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Progressive_creationism" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Progressive_creationism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.2.3 Progressive creationism </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Progressive_creationism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Philosophic_and_scientific_creationism" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Philosophic_and_scientific_creationism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.3 Philosophic and scientific creationism </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Philosophic_and_scientific_creationism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Creation_science" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Creation_science"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.3.1 Creation science </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Creation_science-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Neo-creationism" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Neo-creationism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.3.2 Neo-creationism </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Neo-creationism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Intelligent_design" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Intelligent_design"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.3.3 Intelligent design </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Intelligent_design-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Geocentrism" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Geocentrism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.4 Geocentrism </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Geocentrism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Omphalos_hypothesis" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Omphalos_hypothesis"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.5 Omphalos hypothesis </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Omphalos_hypothesis-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Theistic_evolution" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Theistic_evolution"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3 Theistic evolution </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Theistic_evolution-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Religious_views" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Religious_views"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4 Religious views </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Religious_views-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Religious views subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Religious_views-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Bahá'í_Faith" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bahá'í_Faith"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.1 Bahá'í Faith </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bahá'í_Faith-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Buddhism" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Buddhism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.2 Buddhism </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Buddhism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Christianity" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Christianity"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.3 Christianity </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Christianity-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Hinduism" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Hinduism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.4 Hinduism </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Hinduism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Islam" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Islam"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.5 Islam </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Islam-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Judaism" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Judaism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.6 Judaism </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Judaism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Prevalence" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Prevalence"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5 Prevalence </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Prevalence-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Prevalence subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Prevalence-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Australia" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Australia"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.1 Australia </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Australia-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Brazil" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Brazil"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.2 Brazil </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Brazil-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Canada" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Canada"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.3 Canada </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Canada-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Europe" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Europe"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.4 Europe </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Europe-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-South_Africa" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#South_Africa"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.5 South Africa </div> </a> <ul id="toc-South_Africa-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-South_Korea" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#South_Korea"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.6 South Korea </div> </a> <ul id="toc-South_Korea-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-United_States" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#United_States"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.7 United States </div> </a> <ul id="toc-United_States-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Education_controversies" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Education_controversies"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.7.1 Education controversies </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Education_controversies-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Criticism" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Criticism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6 Criticism </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Criticism-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Criticism subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Criticism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Christian_criticism" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Christian_criticism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.1 Christian criticism </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Christian_criticism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Teaching_of_creationism" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Teaching_of_creationism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.2 Teaching of creationism </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Teaching_of_creationism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Scientific_criticism" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Scientific_criticism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.3 Scientific criticism </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Scientific_criticism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Organizations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Organizations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7 Organizations </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Organizations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8 See also </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9 Notes </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 10 References </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-References-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle References subsection </button> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Citations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Citations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 10.1 Citations </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Citations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Works_cited" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Works_cited"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 10.2 Works cited </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Works_cited-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 11 Further reading </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 12 External links </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" title="Table of Contents" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" > Toggle the table of contents </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading">Creationism</h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 77 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-77" aria-hidden="true" > 77 languages </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kreasionisme" title="Kreasionisme – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Kreasionisme" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target">Afrikaans</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AE%D9%84%D9%82%D9%8A%D8%A9" title="خلقية – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="خلقية" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">العربية</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kreasionizm" title="Kreasionizm – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Kreasionizm" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target">Azərbaycanca</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%B8%E0%A7%83%E0%A6%B7%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%9F%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%A6" title="সৃষ্টিবাদ – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="সৃষ্টিবাদ" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target">বাংলা</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chh%C3%B2ng-ch%C5%8D-l%C5%ABn" title="Chhòng-chō-lūn – Minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Chhòng-chō-lūn" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Minnan" class="interlanguage-link-target">閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D1%80%D1%8D%D0%B0%D1%86%D1%8B%D1%8F%D0%BD%D1%96%D0%B7%D0%BC" title="Крэацыянізм – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Крэацыянізм" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Беларуская</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D1%80%D1%8D%D0%B0%D1%86%D1%8B%D1%8F%D0%BD%D1%96%D0%B7%D0%BC" title="Крэацыянізм – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Крэацыянізм" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target">Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B0%D1%86%D0%B8%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B7%D1%8A%D0%BC" title="Креационизъм – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Креационизъм" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Български</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Creacionisme" title="Creacionisme – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Creacionisme" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Català</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kreacionismus" title="Kreacionismus – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Kreacionismus" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target">Čeština</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Creadaeth" title="Creadaeth – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Creadaeth" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target">Cymraeg</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kreationisme" title="Kreationisme – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Kreationisme" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Dansk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kreationismus" title="Kreationismus – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Kreationismus" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target">Deutsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kreatsionism" title="Kreatsionism – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Kreatsionism" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Eesti</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%94%CE%B7%CE%BC%CE%B9%CE%BF%CF%85%CF%81%CE%B3%CE%B9%CF%83%CE%BC%CF%8C%CF%82" title="Δημιουργισμός – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Δημιουργισμός" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ελληνικά</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Creacionismo" title="Creacionismo – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Creacionismo" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Español</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kreismo" title="Kreismo – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Kreismo" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target">Esperanto</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kreazionismo" title="Kreazionismo – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Kreazionismo" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target">Euskara</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A2%D9%81%D8%B1%DB%8C%D9%86%D8%B4%E2%80%8C%DA%AF%D8%B1%D8%A7%DB%8C%DB%8C" title="آفرینش‌گرایی – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="آفرینش‌گرایی" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target">فارسی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fo mw-list-item"><a href="https://fo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Skapanarl%C3%A6ra" title="Skapanarlæra – Faroese" lang="fo" hreflang="fo" data-title="Skapanarlæra" data-language-autonym="Føroyskt" data-language-local-name="Faroese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Føroyskt</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cr%C3%A9ationnisme" title="Créationnisme – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Créationnisme" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target">Français</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crutha%C3%ADochtachas" title="Cruthaíochtachas – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Cruthaíochtachas" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gaeilge</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Creacionismo_(pseudociencia)" title="Creacionismo (pseudociencia) – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Creacionismo (pseudociencia)" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target">Galego</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%B0%BD%EC%A1%B0%EB%A1%A0" title="창조론 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="창조론" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target">한국어</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%BF%D6%80%D5%A5%D5%A1%D6%81%D5%AB%D5%B8%D5%B6%D5%AB%D5%A6%D5%B4" title="Կրեացիոնիզմ – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Կրեացիոնիզմ" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Հայերեն</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%83%E0%A4%B7%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9F%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A6" title="सृष्टिवाद – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="सृष्टिवाद" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target">हिन्दी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kreacionizam" title="Kreacionizam – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Kreacionizam" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Hrvatski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kreasionisme" title="Kreasionisme – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Kreasionisme" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Indonesia</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Creazionismo" title="Creazionismo – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Creazionismo" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Italiano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%91%D7%A8%D7%99%D7%90%D7%AA%D7%A0%D7%95%D7%AA" title="בריאתנות – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="בריאתנות" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target">עברית</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%99%E1%83%A0%E1%83%94%E1%83%90%E1%83%AA%E1%83%98%E1%83%9D%E1%83%9C%E1%83%98%E1%83%96%E1%83%9B%E1%83%98" title="კრეაციონიზმი – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="კრეაციონიზმი" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target">ქართული</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B0%D1%86%D0%B8%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%BC" title="Креационизм – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Креационизм" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target">Қазақша</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B0%D1%86%D0%B8%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%BC" title="Креационизм – Kyrgyz" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Креационизм" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="Kyrgyz" class="interlanguage-link-target">Кыргызча</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%BA%A5%E0%BA%B1%E0%BA%87%E0%BA%AA%E0%BA%B1%E0%BA%99%E0%BA%99%E0%BA%B4%E0%BA%8D%E0%BA%BB%E0%BA%A1" title="ລັງສັນນິຍົມ – Lao" lang="lo" hreflang="lo" data-title="ລັງສັນນິຍົມ" data-language-autonym="ລາວ" data-language-local-name="Lao" class="interlanguage-link-target">ລາວ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Creationismus" title="Creationismus – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Creationismus" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kreacionisms" title="Kreacionisms – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Kreacionisms" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latviešu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lb mw-list-item"><a href="https://lb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kreationismus" title="Kreationismus – Luxembourgish" lang="lb" hreflang="lb" data-title="Kreationismus" data-language-autonym="Lëtzebuergesch" data-language-local-name="Luxembourgish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lëtzebuergesch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kreacionizmas" title="Kreacionizmas – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Kreacionizmas" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lietuvių</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-li mw-list-item"><a href="https://li.wikipedia.org/wiki/Creationisme" title="Creationisme – Limburgish" lang="li" hreflang="li" data-title="Creationisme" data-language-autonym="Limburgs" data-language-local-name="Limburgish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Limburgs</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lfn mw-list-item"><a href="https://lfn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Creisme" title="Creisme – Lingua Franca Nova" lang="lfn" hreflang="lfn" data-title="Creisme" data-language-autonym="Lingua Franca Nova" data-language-local-name="Lingua Franca Nova" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lingua Franca Nova</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kreacionizmus" title="Kreacionizmus – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Kreacionizmus" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Magyar</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B0%D1%86%D0%B8%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%B0%D0%BC" title="Креационизам – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Креационизам" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Македонски</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AE%D9%84%D9%82%D9%8A%D9%87" title="خلقيه – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="خلقيه" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">مصرى</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ciptaanisme" title="Ciptaanisme – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Ciptaanisme" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Melayu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B0%D1%86%D0%B8%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%BC" title="Креационизм – Mongolian" lang="mn" hreflang="mn" data-title="Креационизм" data-language-autonym="Монгол" data-language-local-name="Mongolian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Монгол</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Creationisme" title="Creationisme – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Creationisme" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nederlands</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%89%B5%E9%80%A0%E8%AB%96" title="創造論 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="創造論" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">日本語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kreasjonisme" title="Kreasjonisme – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Kreasjonisme" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk bokmål</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kreasjonisme" title="Kreasjonisme – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Kreasjonisme" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk nynorsk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Creacionisme" title="Creacionisme – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Creacionisme" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Occitan</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kreatsionizm" title="Kreatsionizm – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Kreatsionizm" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target">Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ps mw-list-item"><a href="https://ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AE%D9%84%D9%82%D8%AA_%D9%BE%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%86%D9%87" title="خلقت پالنه – Pashto" lang="ps" hreflang="ps" data-title="خلقت پالنه" data-language-autonym="پښتو" data-language-local-name="Pashto" class="interlanguage-link-target">پښتو</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kreacjonizm_(pogl%C4%85d_religijny)" title="Kreacjonizm (pogląd religijny) – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Kreacjonizm (pogląd religijny)" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Polski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Criacionismo" title="Criacionismo – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Criacionismo" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Português</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crea%C8%9Bionism_(biologie)" title="Creaționism (biologie) – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Creaționism (biologie)" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Română</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B0%D1%86%D0%B8%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%BC" title="Креационизм – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Креационизм" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Русский</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-stq mw-list-item"><a href="https://stq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kreationismus" title="Kreationismus – Saterland Frisian" lang="stq" hreflang="stq" data-title="Kreationismus" data-language-autonym="Seeltersk" data-language-local-name="Saterland Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Seeltersk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-si mw-list-item"><a href="https://si.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B6%B8%E0%B7%90%E0%B7%80%E0%B7%94%E0%B6%B8%E0%B7%8A%E0%B7%80%E0%B7%8F%E0%B6%AF%E0%B6%BA" title="මැවුම්වාදය – Sinhala" lang="si" hreflang="si" data-title="මැවුම්වාදය" data-language-autonym="සිංහල" data-language-local-name="Sinhala" class="interlanguage-link-target">සිංහල</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Creationism" title="Creationism – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Creationism" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target">Simple English</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kreacionizmus" title="Kreacionizmus – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Kreacionizmus" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target">Slovenčina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kreacionizem" title="Kreacionizem – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Kreacionizem" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Slovenščina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kreacionizam" title="Kreacionizam – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Kreacionizam" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Српски / srpski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kreacionizam" title="Kreacionizam – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Kreacionizam" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kreationismi" title="Kreationismi – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Kreationismi" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Suomi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv badge-Q17559452 badge-recommendedarticle mw-list-item" title="recommended article"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kreationism" title="Kreationism – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Kreationism" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Svenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kreasyonismo" title="Kreasyonismo – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Kreasyonismo" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tagalog</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%AA%E0%AE%9F%E0%AF%88%E0%AE%AA%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%AA%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%B5%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%A4%E0%AE%AE%E0%AF%8D" title="படைப்புவாதம் – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="படைப்புவாதம்" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target">தமிழ்</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-te mw-list-item"><a href="https://te.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B0%B8%E0%B1%83%E0%B0%B7%E0%B1%8D%E0%B0%9F%E0%B0%BF%E0%B0%B5%E0%B0%BE%E0%B0%A6%E0%B0%82" title="సృష్టివాదం – Telugu" lang="te" hreflang="te" data-title="సృష్టివాదం" data-language-autonym="తెలుగు" data-language-local-name="Telugu" class="interlanguage-link-target">తెలుగు</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%87%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%84%E0%B9%8C%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%A2%E0%B8%A1" title="รังสรรค์นิยม – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="รังสรรค์นิยม" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target">ไทย</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yarat%C4%B1l%C4%B1%C5%9F%C3%A7%C4%B1l%C4%B1k" title="Yaratılışçılık – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Yaratılışçılık" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Türkçe</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B0%D1%86%D1%96%D0%BE%D0%BD%D1%96%D0%B7%D0%BC" title="Креаціонізм – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Креаціонізм" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Українська</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Th%E1%BA%A7n_t%E1%BA%A1o_lu%E1%BA%ADn" title="Thần tạo luận – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Thần tạo luận" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tiếng Việt</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kreasyonismo" title="Kreasyonismo – Waray" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="Kreasyonismo" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="Waray" class="interlanguage-link-target">Winaray</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%88%9B%E9%80%A0%E8%AE%BA" title="创造论 – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="创造论" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu" class="interlanguage-link-target">吴语</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yi mw-list-item"><a href="https://yi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A7%D7%A8%D7%A2%D7%90%D7%A6%D7%99%D7%90%D7%A0%D7%99%D7%96%D7%9D" title="קרעאציאניזם – Yiddish" lang="yi" hreflang="yi" data-title="קרעאציאניזם" data-language-autonym="ייִדיש" data-language-local-name="Yiddish" class="interlanguage-link-target">ייִדיש</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%89%B5%E9%80%A0%E8%AB%96" title="創造論 – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="創造論" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Cantonese" class="interlanguage-link-target">粵語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%89%B5%E9%80%A0%E8%AB%96" title="創造論 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="創造論" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target">中文</a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q130352#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div 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rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><table class="sidebar nomobile nowraplinks plainlist"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-pretitle">Part of <a href="/wiki/Category:Creationism" title="Category:Creationism">a series</a> on</td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle" style="font-size:200%;font-weight:normal;padding-bottom:0.15em;"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Creationism</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-image"><a href="/wiki/The_Creation_of_Adam" title="The Creation of Adam"><img alt="Michelangelo's "The Creation of Adam" on the Sistine Chapel ceiling" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/The_Creation_of_Adam.jpg/250px-The_Creation_of_Adam.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="115" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/The_Creation_of_Adam.jpg/375px-The_Creation_of_Adam.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/The_Creation_of_Adam.jpg/500px-The_Creation_of_Adam.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1614" data-file-height="741" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-above" style="border-top:#aab 1px solid; border-bottom:#aab 1px solid;"> <a href="/wiki/History_of_creationism" title="History of creationism">History</a></td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> <a class="mw-selflink-fragment" href="#Types_of_creationism">Types</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Young_Earth_creationism" title="Young Earth creationism">Young Earth</a></li></ul> <div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Old_Earth_creationism" title="Old Earth creationism">Old Earth</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Day-age_creationism" title="Day-age creationism">day-age</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gap_creationism" title="Gap creationism">gap</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Progressive_creationism" title="Progressive creationism">progressive</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Neo-creationism" title="Neo-creationism">Neo-creationism</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> <a href="/wiki/Biblical_cosmology" title="Biblical cosmology">Biblical cosmology</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Genesis" title="Book of Genesis">Book of Genesis</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Genesis_creation_narrative" title="Genesis creation narrative">creation narrative</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Allegorical_interpretations_of_Genesis" title="Allegorical interpretations of Genesis">as an allegory</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Omphalos_hypothesis" title="Omphalos hypothesis">Omphalos hypothesis</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> <a href="/wiki/Creation_science" title="Creation science">Creation science</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Created_kind" title="Created kind">Created kind</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flood_geology" title="Flood geology">Flood geology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Creation_science#Creationist_cosmologies" title="Creation science">Creationist cosmologies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intelligent_design" title="Intelligent design">Intelligent design</a></li></ul> </div></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> <a href="/wiki/Rejection_of_evolution_by_religious_groups" title="Rejection of evolution by religious groups">Rejection of evolution by religious groups</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_creation%E2%80%93evolution_controversy" title="History of the creation–evolution controversy">History</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Creation_and_evolution_in_public_education" title="Creation and evolution in public education">Public education</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Teach_the_Controversy" title="Teach the Controversy">"Teach the Controversy"</a></li></ul> </div></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> Religious views</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <table class="sidebar nomobile nowraplinks" style="background-color: transparent; color: var( --color-base, #202122 ); border-collapse:collapse; border-spacing:0px; border:none; width:100%; margin:0px; font-size:100%; clear:none; float:none"><tbody><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> Non-creation</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Creator_in_Buddhism" title="Creator in Buddhism">Creator in Buddhism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jainism_and_non-creationism" title="Jainism and non-creationism">Jainism and non-creationism</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> Evolution</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Theistic_evolution" title="Theistic evolution">Theistic evolution</a></li></ul> <div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_and_evolution" class="mw-redirect" title="Buddhism and evolution">Buddhist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Evolution_and_the_Catholic_Church" title="Evolution and the Catholic Church">Catholic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hindu_views_on_evolution" title="Hindu views on evolution">Hindu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_views_on_evolution" title="Islamic views on evolution">Islamic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_views_on_evolution" title="Jewish views on evolution">Jewish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mormon_views_on_evolution" title="Mormon views on evolution">Mormon</a></li></ul> </div></td> </tr></tbody></table></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar 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href="/wiki/Template:Creationism_sidebar" title="Template:Creationism sidebar"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Creationism_sidebar" title="Template talk:Creationism sidebar"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Creationism_sidebar" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Creationism sidebar"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1246091330"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><table class="sidebar nomobile nowraplinks plainlist"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-pretitle">Part of <a href="/wiki/Category:Intelligent_design" title="Category:Intelligent design">a series</a> on</td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle" style="font-size:150%;padding:0 0.2em 0.3em;"><a href="/wiki/Intelligent_design" title="Intelligent design">Intelligent design</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-image"><a href="/wiki/File:Watch_with_no_background.png" class="mw-file-description" title="Clockwork"><img alt="Clockwork" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/Watch_with_no_background.png/180px-Watch_with_no_background.png" decoding="async" width="180" height="133" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/Watch_with_no_background.png/270px-Watch_with_no_background.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/Watch_with_no_background.png/360px-Watch_with_no_background.png 2x" data-file-width="3645" data-file-height="2698" /></a><div class="sidebar-caption"><a href="/wiki/Watchmaker_analogy" title="Watchmaker analogy">Watchmaker analogy</a></div></td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> Concepts</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content plainlist" style="padding:0.15em 0.2em 0.55em;"> <div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Irreducible_complexity" title="Irreducible complexity">Irreducible complexity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Specified_complexity" title="Specified complexity">Specified complexity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fine-tuned_universe" title="Fine-tuned universe">Fine-tuned universe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intelligent_designer" title="Intelligent designer">Intelligent designer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theistic_science" title="Theistic science">Theistic science</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neo-creationism" title="Neo-creationism">Neo-creationism</a></li></ul> </div></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> <a href="/wiki/Intelligent_design_movement" title="Intelligent design movement">Movement</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content plainlist" style="padding:0.15em 0.2em 0.55em;"> <div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_intelligent_design" title="Timeline of intelligent design">Timeline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wedge_strategy" title="Wedge strategy">Wedge strategy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intelligent_design_in_politics" title="Intelligent design in politics">Politics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kitzmiller_v._Dover_Area_School_District" title="Kitzmiller v. Dover Area School District">Kitzmiller v. Dover</a></li></ul> </div></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> <a href="/wiki/Discovery_Institute_intelligent_design_campaigns" title="Discovery Institute intelligent design campaigns">Campaigns</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content plainlist" style="padding:0.15em 0.2em 0.55em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Discovery_Institute_intelligent_design_campaigns" title="Discovery Institute intelligent design campaigns">Discovery Institute campaigns</a></li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/Teach_the_Controversy" title="Teach the Controversy">Teach the controversy</a>"</li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> Authors</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content plainlist" style="padding:0.15em 0.2em 0.55em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jonathan_Wells_(intelligent_design_advocate)" title="Jonathan Wells (intelligent design advocate)">Jonathan Wells</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_A._Dembski" title="William A. Dembski">William A. Dembski</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phillip_E._Johnson" title="Phillip E. Johnson">Phillip E. Johnson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_Behe" title="Michael Behe">Michael Behe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stephen_C._Meyer" title="Stephen C. Meyer">Stephen C. Meyer</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> Organisations</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content plainlist" style="padding:0.15em 0.2em 0.55em;;line-height:1.6em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Discovery_Institute" title="Discovery Institute">Discovery Institute</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Center_for_Science_and_Culture" title="Center for Science and Culture">Center for Science and Culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Centre_for_Intelligent_Design" title="Centre for Intelligent Design">Centre for Intelligent Design</a></li> <li><div style="display:inline-block; padding:0.2em 0.4em; line-height:1.2em;"><a href="/wiki/International_Society_for_Complexity,_Information,_and_Design" title="International Society for Complexity, Information, and Design">International Society for Complexity, Information, and Design (ISCID)</a></div></li> <li><div style="display:inline-block; padding:0.2em 0.4em; line-height:1.2em;"><a href="/wiki/Intelligent_Design_and_Evolution_Awareness_Center" title="Intelligent Design and Evolution Awareness Center">Intelligent Design and Evolution Awareness Center</a></div></li> <li><div style="display:inline-block; padding:0.2em 0.4em; line-height:1.2em;"><a href="/wiki/Physicians_and_Surgeons_for_Scientific_Integrity" class="mw-redirect" title="Physicians and Surgeons for Scientific Integrity">Physicians and Surgeons for Scientific Integrity</a></div></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Truth_in_Science" title="Truth in Science">Truth in Science</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> Reactions</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content plainlist" style="padding:0.15em 0.2em 0.55em;"> <div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_reactions_to_intelligent_design" title="Jewish reactions to intelligent design">Jewish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Evolution_and_the_Catholic_Church" title="Evolution and the Catholic Church">Roman Catholic</a></li></ul> </div> <ul><li><div style="display:inline-block; padding:0.2em 0.4em; line-height:1.2em;"><a href="/wiki/List_of_scientific_bodies_explicitly_rejecting_intelligent_design" title="List of scientific bodies explicitly rejecting intelligent design">Scientific bodies that explicitly reject intelligent design</a></div></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="font-size:105%;padding:0.3em;"> <a class="mw-selflink selflink">Creationism</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-below" style="border-top:1px solid #aaa;padding-bottom:0.5em;font-weight:bold;"> <ul><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /> <a href="/wiki/Category:Intelligent_design" title="Category:Intelligent design">Category</a></li></ul></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Intelligent_Design" title="Template:Intelligent Design"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Intelligent_Design" title="Template talk:Intelligent Design"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Intelligent_Design" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Intelligent Design"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> Creationism is the <a href="/wiki/Faith" title="Faith">religious belief</a> that <a href="/wiki/Nature" title="Nature">nature</a>, and aspects such as the <a href="/wiki/Universe" title="Universe">universe</a>, <a href="/wiki/Earth" title="Earth">Earth</a>, <a href="/wiki/Life" title="Life">life</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Human" title="Human">humans</a>, originated with <a href="/wiki/Supernatural" title="Supernatural">supernatural</a> acts of <a href="/wiki/Creation_myth" title="Creation myth">divine creation</a>, and is often <a href="/wiki/Pseudoscience" title="Pseudoscience">pseudoscientific</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Gunn2004-1">[1]</a><a href="#cite_note-2">[2]</a> In its broadest sense, creationism includes various religious views,<a href="#cite_note-3">[3]</a><a href="#cite_note-Stewart2009-4">[4]</a> which differ in their acceptance or rejection of <a href="/wiki/Science" title="Science">modern scientific concepts</a> such as <a href="/wiki/Evolution" title="Evolution">evolution</a> that describe the origin and development of natural phenomena.<a href="#cite_note-Scott_quote-5">[5]</a><a href="#cite_note-OD_creationism-6">[6]</a> The term creationism most often refers to belief in <a href="/wiki/Special_creation" title="Special creation">special creation</a>: the claim that the universe and lifeforms were created as they exist today by divine action, and that the only true explanations are those which are compatible with a <a href="/wiki/Christian_fundamentalism" title="Christian fundamentalism">Christian fundamentalist</a> <a href="/wiki/Biblical_literalism" title="Biblical literalism">literal</a> interpretation of the <a href="/wiki/Creation_myth" title="Creation myth">creation myth</a> found in the <a href="/wiki/Bible" title="Bible">Bible</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Genesis_creation_narrative" title="Genesis creation narrative">Genesis creation narrative</a>.<a href="#cite_note-7">[7]</a> Since the 1970s, the most common form of this has been <a href="/wiki/Young_Earth_creationism" title="Young Earth creationism">Young Earth creationism</a> which posits special creation of the universe and lifeforms within the last 10,000 years on the basis of <a href="/wiki/Flood_geology" title="Flood geology">flood geology</a>, and promotes pseudoscientific <a href="/wiki/Creation_science" title="Creation science">creation science</a>. From the 18th century onward, <a href="/wiki/Old_Earth_creationism" title="Old Earth creationism">Old Earth creationism</a> accepted <a href="/wiki/Geologic_time_scale" title="Geologic time scale">geological time</a> harmonized with Genesis through <a href="/wiki/Gap_creationism" title="Gap creationism">gap</a> or <a href="/wiki/Day-age_creationism" title="Day-age creationism">day-age theory</a>, while supporting <a href="/wiki/Objections_to_evolution" title="Objections to evolution">anti-evolution</a>. Modern old-Earth creationists support <a href="/wiki/Progressive_creationism" title="Progressive creationism">progressive creationism</a> and continue to reject evolutionary explanations.<a href="#cite_note-Scott1999-8">[8]</a> Following <a href="/wiki/Rejection_of_evolution_by_religious_groups" title="Rejection of evolution by religious groups">political controversy</a>, creation science was reformulated as <a href="/wiki/Intelligent_design" title="Intelligent design">intelligent design</a> and <a href="/wiki/Neo-creationism" title="Neo-creationism">neo-creationism</a>.<a href="#cite_note-9">[9]</a><a href="#cite_note-Campbell_2006-10">[10]</a> <a href="/wiki/Mainline_Protestant" title="Mainline Protestant">Mainline Protestants</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church" title="Catholic Church">Catholic Church</a> reconcile modern science with their faith in Creation through forms of <a href="/wiki/Theistic_evolution" title="Theistic evolution">theistic evolution</a> which hold that God purposefully created through the <a href="/wiki/Scientific_law" title="Scientific law">laws of nature</a>, and accept evolution. Some groups call their belief <a href="/wiki/Evolutionary_creation" class="mw-redirect" title="Evolutionary creation">evolutionary creationism</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Scott_quote-5">[5]</a> Less prominently, there are also members of the <a href="/wiki/Islamic_views_on_evolution" title="Islamic views on evolution">Islamic</a><a href="#cite_note-nytimes.com-11">[11]</a><a href="#cite_note-Huffpo-12">[12]</a> and <a href="/wiki/Hindu_views_on_evolution" title="Hindu views on evolution">Hindu</a><a href="#cite_note-13">[13]</a> faiths who are creationists. Use of the term "creationist" in this context dates back to <a href="/wiki/Charles_Darwin" title="Charles Darwin">Charles Darwin</a>'s unpublished 1842 sketch draft for what became <a href="/wiki/On_the_Origin_of_Species" title="On the Origin of Species">On the Origin of Species</a>,<a href="#cite_note-CD_usage-14">[14]</a> and he used the term later in letters to colleagues.<a href="#cite_note-Darwin_letters_1856_1863-15">[15]</a> In 1873, <a href="/wiki/Asa_Gray" title="Asa Gray">Asa Gray</a> published an article in <a href="/wiki/The_Nation" title="The Nation">The Nation</a> saying a "special creationist" who held that species "were supernaturally originated just as they are, by the very terms of his doctrine places them out of the reach of scientific explanation."<a href="#cite_note-Asa_usage-16">[16]</a> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Biblical_basis">Biblical basis</h2></div> The basis for many creationists' beliefs is a <a href="/wiki/Biblical_literalism" title="Biblical literalism">literal</a> or quasi-literal interpretation of the <a href="/wiki/Book_of_Genesis" title="Book of Genesis">Book of Genesis</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Genesis_creation_narrative" title="Genesis creation narrative">Genesis creation narratives</a> (Genesis 1–2) describe how <a href="/wiki/God" title="God">God</a> brings the Universe into being in a series of creative acts over six days and places the first man and woman (<a href="/wiki/Adam_and_Eve" title="Adam and Eve">Adam and Eve</a>) in the <a href="/wiki/Garden_of_Eden" title="Garden of Eden">Garden of Eden</a>. This story is the basis of creationist cosmology and biology. The <a href="/wiki/Genesis_flood_narrative" title="Genesis flood narrative">Genesis flood narrative</a> (Genesis 6–9) tells how God destroys the world and all life through a great flood, saving representatives of each form of life by means of <a href="/wiki/Noah%27s_Ark" title="Noah's Ark">Noah's Ark</a>. This forms the basis of creationist geology, better known as <a href="/wiki/Flood_geology" title="Flood geology">flood geology</a>. Recent decades have seen attempts to de-link creationism from the Bible and recast it as science; these include <a href="/wiki/Creation_science" title="Creation science">creation science</a> and <a href="/wiki/Intelligent_design" title="Intelligent design">intelligent design</a>.<a href="#cite_note-17">[17]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Types">Types</h2></div> To counter the common misunderstanding that the <a href="/wiki/Creation%E2%80%93evolution_controversy" class="mw-redirect" title="Creation–evolution controversy">creation–evolution controversy</a> was a simple <a href="/wiki/Dichotomy" title="Dichotomy">dichotomy</a> of views, with "creationists" set against "evolutionists", <a href="/wiki/Eugenie_Scott" title="Eugenie Scott">Eugenie Scott</a> of the <a href="/wiki/National_Center_for_Science_Education" title="National Center for Science Education">National Center for Science Education</a> produced a diagram and description of a <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/continuum" class="extiw" title="wikt:continuum">continuum</a> of religious views as a spectrum ranging from extreme literal biblical creationism to materialist evolution, grouped under main headings. This was used in public presentations, then published in 1999 in Reports of the NCSE.<a href="#cite_note-Scott_orig._continuum-18">[18]</a> Other versions of a <a href="/wiki/Taxonomy_(general)" class="mw-redirect" title="Taxonomy (general)">taxonomy</a> of creationists were produced,<a href="#cite_note-Wise-p30-19">[19]</a> and comparisons made between the different groupings.<a href="#cite_note-nagt-pdf-Ross-20">[20]</a> In 2009 Scott produced a revised continuum taking account of these issues, emphasizing that intelligent design creationism overlaps other types, and each type is a grouping of various beliefs and positions. The revised diagram is labelled to shows a spectrum relating to positions on the <a href="/wiki/Age_of_the_Earth" class="mw-redirect" title="Age of the Earth">age of the Earth</a>, and the part played by <a href="/wiki/Special_creation" title="Special creation">special creation</a> as against evolution. This was published in the book Evolution Vs. Creationism: An Introduction,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEScott2009[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidFAAlDQAAQBAJpgPA63_63–75]-21">[21]</a> and the NCSE website rewritten on the basis of the book version.<a href="#cite_note-Scott1999-8">[8]</a> The main general types are listed below. <table class="wikitable"> <caption>Comparison of major creationist views </caption> <tbody><tr> <th> </th> <th>Humanity </th> <th>Biological species </th> <th>Earth </th> <th>Age of Universe </th></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Young_Earth_creationism" title="Young Earth creationism">Young Earth creationism</a> </th> <td rowspan="2">Directly created by God. </td> <td rowspan="2">Directly created by God. <a href="/wiki/Macroevolution" title="Macroevolution">Macroevolution</a> does not occur. </td> <td>Less than 10,000 years old. Reshaped by global flood. </td> <td>Less than 10,000 years old, but some hold this view only for the Solar System. </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Gap_creationism" title="Gap creationism">Gap creationism</a> </th> <td>Scientifically accepted age. Reshaped by global flood. </td> <td rowspan="4">Scientifically accepted age. </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Progressive_creationism" title="Progressive creationism">Progressive creationism</a> </th> <td>Directly created by God, based on <a href="/wiki/Primate" title="Primate">primate</a> anatomy. </td> <td>Direct creation + evolution. No single common ancestor. </td> <td>Scientifically accepted age. No global flood. </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Intelligent_design" title="Intelligent design">Intelligent design</a> </th> <td>Proponents hold various beliefs. (For example, <a href="/wiki/Michael_Behe" title="Michael Behe">Michael Behe</a> accepts evolution from primates.) </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Miracle" title="Miracle">Divine intervention</a> at some point in the past, as evidenced by what intelligent-design creationists call "<a href="/wiki/Irreducible_complexity" title="Irreducible complexity">irreducible complexity</a>." Some adherents accept <a href="/wiki/Common_descent" title="Common descent">common descent</a>, others do not. </td> <td>Some claim the existence of Earth is the result of divine intervention. </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Theistic_evolution" title="Theistic evolution">Theistic evolution</a> (<a href="/wiki/Evolutionary_creation" class="mw-redirect" title="Evolutionary creation">evolutionary creationism</a>) </th> <td>Evolution from primates. </td> <td>Evolution from single common ancestor. </td> <td>Scientifically accepted age. No global flood. </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Young_Earth_creationism">Young Earth creationism</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Young_Earth_creationism" title="Young Earth creationism">Young Earth creationism</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:AIG_museum.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/50/AIG_museum.jpg/220px-AIG_museum.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="136" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/50/AIG_museum.jpg/330px-AIG_museum.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/5/50/AIG_museum.jpg 2x" data-file-width="350" data-file-height="217" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Creation_Museum" title="Creation Museum">Creation Museum</a> is a young Earth creationism museum run by <a href="/wiki/Answers_in_Genesis" title="Answers in Genesis">Answers in Genesis</a> (AiG) in <a href="/wiki/Petersburg,_Boone_County,_Kentucky" title="Petersburg, Boone County, Kentucky">Petersburg, Kentucky</a>, United States.</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:ICR_Discovery_Center_-_Exterior.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/be/ICR_Discovery_Center_-_Exterior.jpg/220px-ICR_Discovery_Center_-_Exterior.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="135" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/be/ICR_Discovery_Center_-_Exterior.jpg/330px-ICR_Discovery_Center_-_Exterior.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/be/ICR_Discovery_Center_-_Exterior.jpg/440px-ICR_Discovery_Center_-_Exterior.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4032" data-file-height="2466" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/ICR_Discovery_Center_for_Science_%26_Earth_History" title="ICR Discovery Center for Science & Earth History">ICR Discovery Center for Science & Earth History</a> is a young Earth creationist museum run by <a href="/wiki/Institute_for_Creation_Research" title="Institute for Creation Research">Institute for Creation Research</a> (ICR) in Dallas, Texas, United States.</figcaption></figure> Young Earth creationists such as <a href="/wiki/Ken_Ham" title="Ken Ham">Ken Ham</a> and <a href="/wiki/Doug_Phillips_(speaker)" title="Doug Phillips (speaker)">Doug Phillips</a> believe that God created the Earth within the last ten thousand years, with a <a href="/wiki/Biblical_literalism" title="Biblical literalism">literalist</a> interpretation of the Genesis creation narrative, within the approximate time-frame of biblical genealogies. Most young Earth creationists believe that the universe has a similar age as the Earth. A few assign a much older age to the universe than to Earth. Young Earth creationism gives the universe an age consistent with the <a href="/wiki/Ussher_chronology" title="Ussher chronology">Ussher chronology</a> and other young Earth time frames. Other young Earth creationists believe that the Earth and the universe were <a href="/wiki/Omphalos_hypothesis" title="Omphalos hypothesis">created with the appearance of age</a>, so that the world appears to be much older than it is, and that this appearance is what gives the geological findings and other methods of dating the Earth and the universe their much longer <a href="/wiki/Timeline" title="Timeline">timelines</a>.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] The Christian organizations <a href="/wiki/Answers_in_Genesis" title="Answers in Genesis">Answers in Genesis</a> (AiG), <a href="/wiki/Institute_for_Creation_Research" title="Institute for Creation Research">Institute for Creation Research</a> (ICR) and the <a href="/wiki/Creation_Research_Society" title="Creation Research Society">Creation Research Society</a> (CRS) promote young Earth creationism in the United States. <a href="/wiki/Carl_Baugh" title="Carl Baugh">Carl Baugh</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Creation_Evidence_Museum" title="Creation Evidence Museum">Creation Evidence Museum</a> in <a href="/wiki/Texas" title="Texas">Texas</a>, United States AiG's <a href="/wiki/Creation_Museum" title="Creation Museum">Creation Museum</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ark_Encounter" title="Ark Encounter">Ark Encounter</a> in <a href="/wiki/Kentucky" title="Kentucky">Kentucky</a>, United States were opened to promote young Earth creationism. <a href="/wiki/Creation_Ministries_International" title="Creation Ministries International">Creation Ministries International</a> promotes young Earth views in Australia, Canada, South Africa, New Zealand, the United States, and the United Kingdom. Among <a href="/wiki/Catholicism" class="mw-redirect" title="Catholicism">Roman Catholics</a>, the <a href="/wiki/List_of_Catholic_creationist_organisations" title="List of Catholic creationist organisations">Kolbe Center</a> for the Study of Creation promotes similar ideas. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Old_Earth_creationism">Old Earth creationism</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Old_Earth_creationism" title="Old Earth creationism">Old Earth creationism</a></div> Old Earth creationism holds that the physical universe was created by God, but that the creation event described in the Book of Genesis is to be taken figuratively. This group generally believes that the <a href="/wiki/Age_of_the_universe" title="Age of the universe">age of the universe</a> and the age of the Earth are as described by <a href="/wiki/Astronomer" title="Astronomer">astronomers</a> and <a href="/wiki/Geologist" title="Geologist">geologists</a>, but that details of <a href="/wiki/Neo-Darwinism" title="Neo-Darwinism">modern evolutionary theory</a> are questionable.<a href="#cite_note-Scott1999-8">[8]</a> Old Earth creationism itself comes in at least three types:<a href="#cite_note-Scott1999-8">[8]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Gap_creationism">Gap creationism</h4></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Gap_creationism" title="Gap creationism">Gap creationism</a></div> Gap creationism (also known as ruin-restoration creationism, restoration creationism, or the Gap Theory) is a form of old Earth creationism that posits that the six-<a href="/wiki/Yom" title="Yom">yom</a> creation period, as described in the <a href="/wiki/Book_of_Genesis" title="Book of Genesis">Book of Genesis</a>, involved six literal 24-hour days, but that there was a gap of time between two distinct creations in the first and the second verses of Genesis, which the theory states explains many scientific observations, including the <a href="/wiki/Age_of_the_Earth" class="mw-redirect" title="Age of the Earth">age of the Earth</a>. Thus, the six days of creation (verse 3 onwards) start sometime after the Earth was "without form and void." This allows an indefinite gap of time to be inserted after the original creation of the universe, but prior to the <a href="/wiki/Genesis_creation_narrative" title="Genesis creation narrative">Genesis creation narrative</a>, (when present biological species and <a href="/wiki/Human" title="Human">humanity</a> were created). Gap theorists can therefore agree with the <a href="/wiki/Scientific_consensus" title="Scientific consensus">scientific consensus</a> regarding the age of the Earth and universe, while maintaining a literal interpretation of the biblical text.<a href="#cite_note-22">[22]</a><a href="#cite_note-23">[23]</a><a href="#cite_note-24">[24]</a> Some[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Avoid_weasel_words" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:Avoid weasel words">which?</a>] gap creationists expand the basic version of creationism by proposing a "primordial creation" of biological life within the "gap" of time. This is thought to be "the world that then was" mentioned in <a href="/wiki/2_Peter" class="mw-redirect" title="2 Peter">2 Peter</a> 3:3–6.<a href="#cite_note-25">[25]</a> Discoveries of fossils and archaeological ruins older than 10,000 years are generally ascribed to this "world that then was," which may also be associated with <a href="/wiki/War_in_Heaven" title="War in Heaven">Lucifer's rebellion</a>.<a href="#cite_note-26">[26]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Day-age_creationism">Day-age creationism</h4></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Day-age_creationism" title="Day-age creationism">Day-age creationism</a></div> Day-age creationism, a type of old Earth creationism, is a metaphorical <a href="/wiki/Biblical_exegesis" class="mw-redirect" title="Biblical exegesis">interpretation</a> of the creation accounts in <a href="/wiki/Book_of_Genesis" title="Book of Genesis">Genesis</a>. It holds that the six days referred to in the Genesis account of creation are not ordinary 24-hour days, but are much longer periods (from thousands to billions of years). The Genesis account is then reconciled with the <a href="/wiki/Age_of_the_Earth" class="mw-redirect" title="Age of the Earth">age of the Earth</a>. Proponents of the day-age theory can be found among both theistic evolutionists, who accept the <a href="/wiki/Scientific_consensus" title="Scientific consensus">scientific consensus</a> on <a href="/wiki/Evolution" title="Evolution">evolution</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Progressive_creationism" title="Progressive creationism">progressive creationists</a>, who reject it. The theories are said to be built on the understanding that the Hebrew word <a href="/wiki/Yom" title="Yom">yom</a> is also used to refer to a time period, with a beginning and an end and not necessarily that of a 24-hour day. The day-age theory attempts to reconcile the <a href="/wiki/Genesis_creation_narrative" title="Genesis creation narrative">Genesis creation narrative</a> and modern science by asserting that the creation "days" were not ordinary 24-hour days, but actually lasted for long periods of time (as day-age implies, the "days" each lasted an age). According to this view, the sequence and duration of the creation "days" may be paralleled to the scientific consensus for the age of the <a href="/wiki/Age_of_the_earth" class="mw-redirect" title="Age of the earth">earth</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Age_of_the_universe" title="Age of the universe">universe</a>. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Progressive_creationism">Progressive creationism</h4></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Progressive_creationism" title="Progressive creationism">Progressive creationism</a></div> Progressive creationism is the religious belief that <a href="/wiki/God" title="God">God</a> created new forms of life gradually over a period of hundreds of millions of years. As a form of old Earth creationism, it accepts mainstream <a href="/wiki/Geological" class="mw-redirect" title="Geological">geological</a> and <a href="/wiki/Cosmology" title="Cosmology">cosmological</a> estimates for the <a href="/wiki/Age_of_the_Earth" class="mw-redirect" title="Age of the Earth">age of the Earth</a>, some tenets of <a href="/wiki/Biology" title="Biology">biology</a> such as <a href="/wiki/Microevolution" title="Microevolution">microevolution</a> as well as <a href="/wiki/Archaeology" title="Archaeology">archaeology</a> to make its case. In this view creation occurred in rapid bursts in which all "kinds" of plants and animals appear in stages lasting millions of years. The bursts are followed by periods of stasis or equilibrium to accommodate new arrivals. These bursts represent instances of <a href="/wiki/God" title="God">God</a> creating new types of organisms by divine intervention. As viewed from the archaeological record, progressive creationism holds that "species do not gradually appear by the steady transformation of its ancestors; [but] appear all at once and "fully formed."<a href="#cite_note-27">[27]</a> The view rejects <a href="/wiki/Macroevolution" title="Macroevolution">macroevolution</a>, claiming it is biologically untenable and not supported by the <a href="/wiki/Fossil_record" class="mw-redirect" title="Fossil record">fossil record</a>,<a href="#cite_note-28">[28]</a> as well as rejects the concept of <a href="/wiki/Common_descent" title="Common descent">common descent</a> from a <a href="/wiki/Last_universal_common_ancestor" title="Last universal common ancestor">last universal common ancestor</a>. Thus the evidence for macroevolution is claimed to be false, but microevolution is accepted as a genetic parameter designed by the Creator into the fabric of genetics to allow for environmental adaptations and survival. Generally, it is viewed by proponents as a middle ground between literal creationism and evolution. Organizations such as <a href="/wiki/Reasons_To_Believe" class="mw-redirect" title="Reasons To Believe">Reasons To Believe</a>, founded by <a href="/wiki/Hugh_Ross_(creationist)" class="mw-redirect" title="Hugh Ross (creationist)">Hugh Ross</a>, promote this version of creationism. Progressive creationism can be held in conjunction with <a href="/wiki/Hermeneutic" class="mw-redirect" title="Hermeneutic">hermeneutic</a> approaches to the Genesis creation narrative such as the <a href="/wiki/Day-age_creationism" title="Day-age creationism">day-age creationism</a> or <a href="/wiki/Framework_interpretation_(Genesis)" class="mw-redirect" title="Framework interpretation (Genesis)">framework</a>/metaphoric/poetic views. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Philosophic_and_scientific_creationism">Philosophic and scientific creationism</h3></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Creation_science">Creation science</h4></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Creation_science" title="Creation science">Creation science</a></div> Creation science, or initially scientific creationism, is a <a href="/wiki/Pseudoscience" title="Pseudoscience">pseudoscience</a><a href="#cite_note-29">[29]</a><a href="#cite_note-30">[30]</a><a href="#cite_note-amicus-31">[31]</a><a href="#cite_note-philofscience-32">[32]</a><a href="#cite_note-33">[33]</a>[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources#Bundling_citations" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">excessive citations</a>] that emerged in the 1960s with proponents aiming to have young Earth creationist beliefs taught in school science classes as a counter to teaching of evolution. Common features of creation science argument include: creationist cosmologies which accommodate a universe on the order of thousands of years old, criticism of <a href="/wiki/Radiometric_dating" title="Radiometric dating">radiometric dating</a> through a technical argument about <a href="/wiki/Radiohalo" class="mw-redirect" title="Radiohalo">radiohalos</a>, explanations for the <a href="/wiki/Fossil#Dating" title="Fossil">fossil record</a> as a record of the <a href="/wiki/Genesis_flood_narrative" title="Genesis flood narrative">Genesis flood narrative</a> (see <a href="/wiki/Flood_geology" title="Flood geology">flood geology</a>), and explanations for the present diversity as a result of pre-designed genetic variability and partially due to the rapid degradation of the perfect <a href="/wiki/Genome" title="Genome">genomes</a> God placed in "<a href="/wiki/Created_kind" title="Created kind">created kinds</a>" or "<a href="/wiki/Baraminology" class="mw-redirect" title="Baraminology">baramins</a>" due to <a href="/wiki/Mutation" title="Mutation">mutations</a>. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Neo-creationism">Neo-creationism</h4></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Neo-creationism" title="Neo-creationism">Neo-creationism</a></div> Neo-creationism is a <a href="/wiki/Pseudoscientific" class="mw-redirect" title="Pseudoscientific">pseudoscientific</a> movement which aims to restate creationism in terms more likely to be well received by the public, by policy makers, by educators and by the <a href="/wiki/Scientific_community" title="Scientific community">scientific community</a>. It aims to <a href="/wiki/Framing_(social_sciences)" title="Framing (social sciences)">re-frame</a> the debate over the <a href="/wiki/Origins_of_life" class="mw-redirect" title="Origins of life">origins of life</a> in non-religious terms and without appeals to scripture. This comes in response to the 1987 ruling by the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Supreme_Court" class="mw-redirect" title="United States Supreme Court">United States Supreme Court</a> in <a href="/wiki/Edwards_v._Aguillard" title="Edwards v. Aguillard">Edwards v. Aguillard</a> that creationism is an inherently religious concept and that advocating it as correct or accurate in public-school curricula violates the <a href="/wiki/Establishment_Clause" title="Establishment Clause">Establishment Clause</a> of the First Amendment.<a href="#cite_note-morris_neo-34">[34]</a><a href="#cite_note-35">[35]</a><a href="#cite_note-Scott1996-36">[36]</a> One of the principal claims of neo-creationism propounds that ostensibly <a href="/wiki/Objectivity_(science)" title="Objectivity (science)">objective</a> orthodox science, with a foundation in <a href="/wiki/Naturalism_(philosophy)" title="Naturalism (philosophy)">naturalism</a>, is actually a dogmatically <a href="/wiki/Atheism" title="Atheism">atheistic</a> <a href="/wiki/Religion" title="Religion">religion</a>.<a href="#cite_note-37">[37]</a> Its proponents argue that the <a href="/wiki/Scientific_method" title="Scientific method">scientific method</a> excludes certain explanations of phenomena, particularly where they point towards <a href="/wiki/Supernatural" title="Supernatural">supernatural</a> elements, thus effectively excluding religious insight from contributing to understanding the <a href="/wiki/Universe" title="Universe">universe</a>. This leads to an open and often hostile opposition to what neo-creationists term "<a href="/wiki/Darwinism" title="Darwinism">Darwinism</a>", which they generally mean to refer to <a href="/wiki/Evolution" title="Evolution">evolution</a>, but which they may extend to include such concepts as <a href="/wiki/Abiogenesis" title="Abiogenesis">abiogenesis</a>, <a href="/wiki/Stellar_evolution" title="Stellar evolution">stellar evolution</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Big_Bang" title="Big Bang">Big Bang</a> theory. Unlike their philosophical forebears, neo-creationists largely do not believe in many of the traditional cornerstones of creationism such as a young Earth, or in a dogmatically <a href="/wiki/Biblical_inerrancy" title="Biblical inerrancy">literal interpretation of the Bible</a>. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Intelligent_design">Intelligent design</h4></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Intelligent_design" title="Intelligent design">Intelligent design</a></div> Intelligent design (ID) is the <a href="/wiki/Pseudoscientific" class="mw-redirect" title="Pseudoscientific">pseudoscientific</a> view<a href="#cite_note-Boudry_2010-38">[38]</a><a href="#cite_note-39">[39]</a> that "certain features of the universe and of living things are best explained by an intelligent cause, not an undirected process such as natural selection."<a href="#cite_note-DIposition-40">[40]</a> All of its leading proponents are associated with the <a href="/wiki/Discovery_Institute" title="Discovery Institute">Discovery Institute</a>,<a href="#cite_note-41">[41]</a> a think tank whose <a href="/wiki/Wedge_strategy" title="Wedge strategy">wedge strategy</a> aims to replace the <a href="/wiki/Scientific_method" title="Scientific method">scientific method</a> with "a science consonant with Christian and theistic convictions" which accepts supernatural explanations.<a href="#cite_note-ForrestMay2007Paper-42">[42]</a><a href="#cite_note-43">[43]</a> It is widely accepted in the scientific and academic communities that intelligent design is a form of creationism,<a href="#cite_note-Wise-p30-19">[19]</a><a href="#cite_note-nagt-pdf-Ross-20">[20]</a><a href="#cite_note-44">[44]</a><a href="#cite_note-Numbers_2006-45">[45]</a>[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources#Bundling_citations" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">excessive citations</a>] and is sometimes referred to as "intelligent design creationism."<a href="#cite_note-Scott1999-8">[8]</a><a href="#cite_note-ForrestMay2007Paper-42">[42]</a><a href="#cite_note-46">[46]</a><a href="#cite_note-47">[47]</a><a href="#cite_note-48">[48]</a><a href="#cite_note-49">[49]</a>[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources#Bundling_citations" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">excessive citations</a>] ID originated as a re-branding of creation science in an attempt to avoid a series of court decisions ruling out the teaching of creationism in American public schools, and the Discovery Institute has run <a href="/wiki/Discovery_Institute_intelligent_design_campaigns" title="Discovery Institute intelligent design campaigns">a series of campaigns</a> to change school curricula.<a href="#cite_note-Flank_April2006-50">[50]</a> In Australia, where curricula are under the control of state governments rather than local school boards, there was a public outcry when the notion of ID being taught in science classes was raised by the Federal Education Minister <a href="/wiki/Brendan_Nelson" title="Brendan Nelson">Brendan Nelson</a>; the minister quickly conceded that the correct forum for ID, if it were to be taught, is in religious or philosophy classes.<a href="#cite_note-51">[51]</a> In the US, teaching of intelligent design in public schools has been decisively ruled by a <a href="/wiki/United_States_district_court" title="United States district court">federal district court</a> to be in violation of the Establishment Clause of the First Amendment to the United States Constitution. In <a href="/wiki/Kitzmiller_v._Dover_Area_School_District" title="Kitzmiller v. Dover Area School District">Kitzmiller v. Dover</a>, the court found that intelligent design is not science and "cannot uncouple itself from its creationist, and thus religious, antecedents,"<a href="#cite_note-52">[52]</a> and hence cannot be taught as an alternative to evolution in public school science classrooms under the jurisdiction of that court. This sets a <a href="/wiki/Precedent#Persuasive_precedent" title="Precedent">persuasive precedent</a>, based on previous US <a href="/wiki/Supreme_Court_of_the_United_States" title="Supreme Court of the United States">Supreme Court</a> decisions in Edwards v. Aguillard and <a href="/wiki/Epperson_v._Arkansas" title="Epperson v. Arkansas">Epperson v. Arkansas</a> (1968), and by the application of the <a href="/wiki/Lemon_v._Kurtzman" title="Lemon v. Kurtzman">Lemon test</a>, that creates a legal hurdle to teaching intelligent design in public school districts in other federal court jurisdictions.<a href="#cite_note-ForrestMay2007Paper-42">[42]</a><a href="#cite_note-kitz-53">[53]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Geocentrism">Geocentrism</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Geocentric_model" title="Geocentric model">Geocentric model</a></div> In <a href="/wiki/Astronomy" title="Astronomy">astronomy</a>, the geocentric model (also known as geocentrism, or the Ptolemaic system), is a description of the <a href="/wiki/Cosmos" title="Cosmos">cosmos</a> where Earth is at the orbital center of all celestial bodies. This model served as the predominant cosmological system in many ancient civilizations such as <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greece" title="Ancient Greece">ancient Greece</a>. As such, they assumed that the Sun, Moon, stars, and <a href="/wiki/Classical_planet" title="Classical planet">naked eye planets</a> circled Earth, including the noteworthy systems of <a href="/wiki/Aristotle" title="Aristotle">Aristotle</a> (see <a href="/wiki/Aristotelian_physics" title="Aristotelian physics">Aristotelian physics</a>) and <a href="/wiki/Ptolemy" title="Ptolemy">Ptolemy</a>. Articles arguing that geocentrism was the biblical perspective appeared in some early creation science newsletters associated with the Creation Research Society pointing to some passages in the Bible, which, when taken literally, indicate that the daily apparent motions of the Sun and the Moon are due to their actual motions around the Earth rather than due to the rotation of the Earth about its axis. For example, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://mechon-mamre.org/p/pt/pt0610.htm#12">Joshua 10:12–13</a> where the Sun and Moon are said to stop in the sky, and <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://mechon-mamre.org/p/pt/pt2693.htm#1">Psalms 93:1</a> where the world is described as immobile.<a href="#cite_note-Numbers1993-54">[54]</a> Contemporary advocates for such <a href="/wiki/Religious_belief" class="mw-redirect" title="Religious belief">religious beliefs</a> include <a href="/wiki/Robert_Sungenis" title="Robert Sungenis">Robert Sungenis</a>, co-author of the self-published Galileo Was Wrong: The Church Was Right (2006).<a href="#cite_note-Sefton2006-55">[55]</a> These people subscribe to the view that a plain reading of the Bible contains an accurate account of the manner in which the universe was created and requires a geocentric worldview. Most contemporary creationist organizations reject such perspectives.<a href="#cite_note-57">[note 1]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Omphalos_hypothesis">Omphalos hypothesis</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Omphalos_hypothesis" title="Omphalos hypothesis">Omphalos hypothesis</a></div> The Omphalos hypothesis is one attempt to reconcile the scientific evidence that the universe is billions of years old with a literal interpretation of the Genesis creation narrative, which implies that the Earth is only a few thousand years old.<a href="#cite_note-:0-58">[57]</a> It is based on the religious belief that the universe was created by a divine being, within the past six to ten thousand years (in keeping with <a href="/wiki/Flood_geology" title="Flood geology">flood geology</a>), and that the presence of objective, verifiable evidence that the universe is older than approximately ten millennia is due to the creator introducing false evidence that makes the universe appear significantly older. The idea was named after the title of an 1857 book, <a href="/wiki/Omphalos_(book)" title="Omphalos (book)">Omphalos</a> by <a href="/wiki/Philip_Henry_Gosse" title="Philip Henry Gosse">Philip Henry Gosse</a>, in which Gosse argued that in order for the world to be functional <a href="/wiki/God" title="God">God</a> must have created the <a href="/wiki/Earth" title="Earth">Earth</a> with mountains and canyons, trees with growth rings, Adam and Eve with fully grown hair, fingernails, and <a href="/wiki/Navel" title="Navel">navels</a><a href="#cite_note-Gardner2000-59">[58]</a> (ὀμφαλός <a href="/wiki/Omphalos" title="Omphalos">omphalos</a> is <a href="/wiki/Greek_language" title="Greek language">Greek</a> for "navel"), and all living creatures with fully formed evolutionary features, etc..., and that, therefore, no <a href="/wiki/Empirical_evidence" title="Empirical evidence">empirical evidence</a> about the <a href="/wiki/Age_of_the_Earth" class="mw-redirect" title="Age of the Earth">age of the Earth</a> or <a href="/wiki/Age_of_the_universe" title="Age of the universe">universe</a> can be taken as reliable. Various supporters of Young Earth creationism have given different explanations for their belief that the universe is filled with false evidence of the universe's age, including a belief that some things needed to be created at a certain age for the ecosystems to function, or their belief that the creator was deliberately planting deceptive evidence. The idea has seen some revival in the 20th century by some modern creationists, who have extended the argument to address the <a href="/wiki/Creationist_cosmologies#Starlight_problem" class="mw-redirect" title="Creationist cosmologies">"starlight problem"</a>. The idea has been criticised as <a href="/wiki/Last_Thursdayism" title="Last Thursdayism">Last Thursdayism</a>, and on the grounds that it requires a deliberately deceptive creator. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Theistic_evolution">Theistic evolution</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Theistic_evolution" title="Theistic evolution">Theistic evolution</a></div> Theistic evolution, or evolutionary creation, is a belief that "the personal God of the Bible created the universe and life through evolutionary processes."<a href="#cite_note-60">[59]</a> According to the American Scientific Affiliation: <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style><blockquote class="templatequote">A theory of theistic evolution (TE) – also called evolutionary creation – proposes that God's method of creation was to cleverly design a universe in which everything would naturally evolve. Usually the "evolution" in "theistic evolution" means Total Evolution – astronomical evolution (to form galaxies, solar systems,...) and geological evolution (to form the earth's geology) plus chemical evolution (to form the first life) and biological evolution (for the development of life) – but it can refer only to biological evolution.<a href="#cite_note-61">[60]</a></blockquote> Through the 19th century the term creationism most commonly referred to <a href="/wiki/Creationism_(soul)" title="Creationism (soul)">direct creation of individual souls</a>, in contrast to <a href="/wiki/Traducianism" title="Traducianism">traducianism</a>. Following the publication of <a href="/wiki/Vestiges_of_the_Natural_History_of_Creation" title="Vestiges of the Natural History of Creation">Vestiges of the Natural History of Creation</a>, there was interest in ideas of Creation by <a href="/wiki/Divine_law" title="Divine law">divine law</a>. In particular, the <a href="/wiki/Liberal_Christianity" title="Liberal Christianity">liberal theologian</a> <a href="/wiki/Baden_Powell_(mathematician)" title="Baden Powell (mathematician)">Baden Powell</a> argued that this illustrated the Creator's power better than the idea of miraculous creation, which he thought ridiculous.<a href="#cite_note-62">[61]</a> When On the Origin of Species was published, the cleric <a href="/wiki/Charles_Kingsley" title="Charles Kingsley">Charles Kingsley</a> wrote of evolution as "just as noble a conception of Deity."<a href="#cite_note-Darwinanddesign-63">[62]</a><a href="#cite_note-64">[63]</a> Darwin's view at the time was of God creating life through the laws of nature,<a href="#cite_note-James_Moore-65">[64]</a><a href="#cite_note-66">[65]</a> and the book makes several references to "creation," though he later regretted using the term rather than calling it an unknown process.<a href="#cite_note-67">[66]</a> In America, <a href="/wiki/Asa_Gray" title="Asa Gray">Asa Gray</a> argued that evolution is the secondary effect, or modus operandi, of the first cause, design,<a href="#cite_note-68">[67]</a> and published a pamphlet defending the book in theistic terms, Natural Selection not inconsistent with Natural Theology.<a href="#cite_note-Darwinanddesign-63">[62]</a><a href="#cite_note-Miles_2001-69">[68]</a><a href="#cite_note-70">[69]</a> Theistic evolution, also called, evolutionary creation, became a popular compromise, and <a href="/wiki/St._George_Jackson_Mivart" title="St. George Jackson Mivart">St. George Jackson Mivart</a> was among those accepting evolution but attacking Darwin's naturalistic mechanism. Eventually it was realised that supernatural intervention could not be a scientific explanation, and naturalistic mechanisms such as <a href="/wiki/Lamarckism#Neo-Lamarckism" title="Lamarckism">neo-Lamarckism</a> were favoured as being more compatible with purpose than natural selection.<a href="#cite_note-bowl202-71">[70]</a> Some theists took the general view that, instead of faith being in opposition to biological evolution, some or all classical religious teachings about <a href="/wiki/God_in_Christianity" title="God in Christianity">Christian God</a> and creation are compatible with some or all of modern scientific theory, including specifically evolution; it is also known as "evolutionary creation." In Evolution versus Creationism, <a href="/wiki/Eugenie_Scott" title="Eugenie Scott">Eugenie Scott</a> and <a href="/wiki/Niles_Eldredge" title="Niles Eldredge">Niles Eldredge</a> state that it is in fact a type of evolution.<a href="#cite_note-72">[71]</a> It generally views evolution as a tool used by God, who is both the <a href="/wiki/Unmoved_mover#First_cause" title="Unmoved mover">first cause</a> and <a href="/wiki/Immanence" title="Immanence">immanent</a> sustainer/upholder of the universe; it is therefore well accepted by people of strong <a href="/wiki/Theism" title="Theism">theistic</a> (as opposed to <a href="/wiki/Deism" title="Deism">deistic</a>) convictions. Theistic evolution can synthesize with the day-age creationist interpretation of the Genesis creation narrative; however most adherents consider that the first chapters of the Book of Genesis should not be interpreted as a "literal" description, but rather as a <a href="/wiki/Framework_view" class="mw-redirect" title="Framework view">literary framework</a> or allegory. From a theistic viewpoint, the underlying laws of nature were designed by God for a purpose, and are so self-sufficient that the complexity of the entire physical universe evolved from fundamental particles in processes such as <a href="/wiki/Stellar_evolution" title="Stellar evolution">stellar evolution</a>, life forms developed in biological evolution, and in the same way the <a href="/wiki/Abiogenesis" title="Abiogenesis">origin of life by natural causes</a> has resulted from these laws.<a href="#cite_note-The_Origin_of_Life-73">[72]</a> In one form or another, theistic evolution is the view of creation taught at the majority of mainline <a href="/wiki/Protestantism" title="Protestantism">Protestant</a> seminaries.<a href="#cite_note-74">[73]</a> For Roman Catholics, human evolution is not a matter of religious teaching, and must stand or fall on its own scientific merits. <a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church_and_evolution" class="mw-redirect" title="Catholic Church and evolution">Evolution and the Roman Catholic Church</a> are not in conflict. The <a href="/wiki/Catechism_of_the_Catholic_Church" title="Catechism of the Catholic Church">Catechism of the Catholic Church</a> comments positively on the theory of evolution, which is neither precluded nor required by the sources of faith, stating that scientific studies "have splendidly enriched our knowledge of the age and dimensions of the cosmos, the development of life-forms and the appearance of man."<a href="#cite_note-75">[74]</a> <a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church" title="Catholic Church">Roman Catholic</a> schools teach evolution without controversy on the basis that scientific knowledge does not extend beyond the physical, and scientific truth and religious truth cannot be in conflict.<a href="#cite_note-76">[75]</a> Theistic evolution can be described as "creationism" in holding that <a href="/wiki/Miracle" title="Miracle">divine intervention</a> brought about the origin of life or that divine laws govern formation of species, though many creationists (in the strict sense) would deny that the position is creationism at all. In the <a href="/wiki/Creation%E2%80%93evolution_controversy" class="mw-redirect" title="Creation–evolution controversy">creation–evolution controversy</a>, its proponents generally take the "evolutionist" side. This sentiment was expressed by Fr. <a href="/wiki/George_Coyne" title="George Coyne">George Coyne</a>, (the <a href="/wiki/Vatican_City" title="Vatican City">Vatican</a>'s chief astronomer between 1978 and 2006):<blockquote>...in America, creationism has come to mean some fundamentalistic, literal, scientific interpretation of Genesis. Judaic-Christian faith is radically creationist, but in a totally different sense. It is rooted in a belief that everything depends upon God, or better, all is a gift from God.<a href="#cite_note-77">[76]</a></blockquote> While supporting the <a href="/wiki/Naturalism_(philosophy)" title="Naturalism (philosophy)">methodological naturalism</a> inherent in modern science, the proponents of theistic evolution reject the implication taken by some <a href="/wiki/Atheism" title="Atheism">atheists</a> that this gives credence to <a href="/wiki/Ontology" title="Ontology">ontological</a> <a href="/wiki/Materialism" title="Materialism">materialism</a>. In fact, many modern philosophers of science,<a href="#cite_note-78">[77]</a> including atheists,<a href="#cite_note-79">[78]</a> refer to the long-standing convention in the scientific method that <a href="/wiki/Observation" title="Observation">observable</a> events in nature should be explained by natural causes, with the distinction that it does not assume the actual existence or non-existence of the supernatural. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Religious_views">Religious views</h2></div> There are also non-Christian forms of creationism,<a href="#cite_note-80">[79]</a> notably <a href="/wiki/Islamic_creationism" class="mw-redirect" title="Islamic creationism">Islamic creationism</a><a href="#cite_note-81">[80]</a> and <a href="/wiki/Hindu_creationism" class="mw-redirect" title="Hindu creationism">Hindu creationism</a>.<a href="#cite_note-82">[81]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Bahá'í_Faith">Bahá'í Faith</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Bah%C3%A1%27%C3%AD_Faith_and_science#Creation" class="mw-redirect" title="Bahá'í Faith and science">Bahá'í Faith and science § Creation</a></div> In the creation myth taught by <a href="/wiki/Bah%C3%A1%27u%27ll%C3%A1h" class="mw-redirect" title="Bahá'u'lláh">Bahá'u'lláh</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Bah%C3%A1%27%C3%AD_Faith" class="mw-redirect" title="Bahá'í Faith">Bahá'í Faith</a> founder, the universe has "neither beginning nor ending," and that the component elements of the material world have always existed and will always exist.<a href="#cite_note-83">[82]</a> With regard to evolution and the origin of human beings, <a href="/wiki/%27Abdu%27l-Bah%C3%A1" class="mw-redirect" title="'Abdu'l-Bahá">'Abdu'l-Bahá</a> gave extensive comments on the subject when he addressed western audiences in the beginning of the 20th century. Transcripts of these comments can be found in <a href="/wiki/Some_Answered_Questions" title="Some Answered Questions">Some Answered Questions</a>, <a href="/wiki/Paris_Talks" title="Paris Talks">Paris Talks</a> and The Promulgation of Universal Peace. 'Abdu'l-Bahá described the human species as having evolved from a primitive form to modern man, but that the capacity to form human intelligence was always in existence. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Buddhism">Buddhism</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Creator_in_Buddhism" title="Creator in Buddhism">Creator in Buddhism</a></div> <a href="/wiki/Buddhism" title="Buddhism">Buddhism</a> denies a creator deity and posits that mundane deities such as <a href="/wiki/Buddhist_cosmology_of_the_Theravada_school#Brahm.C4.81_Planes" class="mw-redirect" title="Buddhist cosmology of the Theravada school">Mahabrahma</a> are sometimes misperceived to be a creator.<a href="#cite_note-84">[83]</a> While Buddhism includes belief in divine beings called <a href="/wiki/Deva_(Buddhism)" title="Deva (Buddhism)">devas</a>, it holds that they are mortal, limited in their power, and that none of them are creators of the universe.<a href="#cite_note-Harvey,_Peter_2019_p._1-85">[84]</a> In the <a href="/wiki/Sa%E1%B9%83yutta_Nik%C4%81ya" title="Saṃyutta Nikāya">Saṃyutta Nikāya</a>, the Buddha also states that the cycle of rebirths stretches back hundreds of thousands of eons, without discernible beginning.<a href="#cite_note-86">[85]</a> Major Buddhist Indian philosophers such as <a href="/wiki/Nagarjuna" title="Nagarjuna">Nagarjuna</a>, <a href="/wiki/Vasubandhu" title="Vasubandhu">Vasubandhu</a>, <a href="/wiki/Dharmakirti" title="Dharmakirti">Dharmakirti</a> and <a href="/wiki/Buddhaghosa" title="Buddhaghosa">Buddhaghosa</a>, consistently critiqued Creator God views put forth by Hindu thinkers.<a href="#cite_note-87">[86]</a><a href="#cite_note-88">[87]</a><a href="#cite_note-Harvey,_Peter_2019_p._1-85">[84]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Christianity">Christianity</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Genesis_creation_narrative" title="Genesis creation narrative">Genesis creation narrative</a> and <a href="/wiki/Creation%E2%80%93evolution_controversy" class="mw-redirect" title="Creation–evolution controversy">creation–evolution controversy</a></div> As of 2006<a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Creationism&action=edit">[update]</a>, most <a href="/wiki/Christians" title="Christians">Christians</a> around the world accepted evolution as the most likely explanation for the origins of species, and did not take a <a href="/wiki/Biblical_literalism" title="Biblical literalism">literal view</a> of the Genesis creation narrative. The United States is an exception where belief in religious <a href="/wiki/Fundamentalism" title="Fundamentalism">fundamentalism</a> is much more likely to affect attitudes towards evolution than it is for believers elsewhere. Political partisanship affecting religious belief may be a factor because political partisanship in the US is highly correlated with fundamentalist thinking, unlike in Europe.<a href="#cite_note-Science_survey-89">[88]</a> Most contemporary Christian leaders and scholars from mainstream churches,<a href="#cite_note-Denominational_Views-90">[89]</a> such as <a href="/wiki/Anglicanism" title="Anglicanism">Anglicans</a><a href="#cite_note-Episcopal_Church-91">[90]</a> and <a href="/wiki/Lutheranism" title="Lutheranism">Lutherans</a>,<a href="#cite_note-Lutheran-92">[91]</a> consider that there is no conflict between the spiritual meaning of creation and the science of evolution. According to the former <a href="/wiki/Archbishop_of_Canterbury" title="Archbishop of Canterbury">archbishop of Canterbury</a>, <a href="/wiki/Rowan_Williams" title="Rowan Williams">Rowan Williams</a>, "for most of the history of Christianity, and I think this is fair enough, most of the history of the Christianity there's been an awareness that a belief that everything depends on the creative act of God, is quite compatible with a degree of uncertainty or latitude about how precisely that unfolds in creative time."<a href="#cite_note-93">[92]</a> Leaders of the Anglican<a href="#cite_note-94">[93]</a> and Roman Catholic<a href="#cite_note-95">[94]</a><a href="#cite_note-96">[a]</a> churches have made statements in favor of evolutionary theory, as have scholars such as the physicist <a href="/wiki/John_Polkinghorne" title="John Polkinghorne">John Polkinghorne</a>, who argues that evolution is one of the principles through which God created living beings. Earlier supporters of evolutionary theory include <a href="/wiki/Frederick_Temple" title="Frederick Temple">Frederick Temple</a>, Asa Gray and Charles Kingsley who were enthusiastic supporters of Darwin's theories upon their publication,<a href="#cite_note-97">[95]</a> and the French Jesuit priest and geologist <a href="/wiki/Pierre_Teilhard_de_Chardin" title="Pierre Teilhard de Chardin">Pierre Teilhard de Chardin</a> saw evolution as confirmation of his Christian beliefs, despite condemnation from Church authorities for his more speculative theories. Another example is that of <a href="/wiki/Liberal_Christianity" title="Liberal Christianity">Liberal theology</a>, not providing any creation models, but instead focusing on the <a href="/wiki/Symbol" title="Symbol">symbolism</a> in beliefs of the time of authoring Genesis and the cultural environment. Many Christians and Jews had been considering the idea of the creation history as an allegory (instead of historical) long before the development of Darwin's theory of evolution. For example, <a href="/wiki/Philo" title="Philo">Philo</a>, whose works were taken up by early Church writers, wrote that it would be a mistake to think that creation happened in six days, or in any set amount of time.<a href="#cite_note-Philo_Chapter2-98">[96]</a><a href="#cite_note-www.earlychurch.org.uk-99">[97]</a> Augustine of the late fourth century who was also a former neoplatonist argued that everything in the universe was created by God at the same moment in time (and not in six days as a literal reading of the Book of Genesis would seem to require);<a href="#cite_note-Augustine-100">[98]</a> It appears that both Philo and Augustine felt uncomfortable with the idea of a seven-day creation because it detracted from the notion of God's omnipotence. In 1950, <a href="/wiki/Pope_Pius_XII" title="Pope Pius XII">Pope Pius XII</a> stated limited support for the idea in his <a href="/wiki/Encyclical#Catholic_usage" title="Encyclical">encyclical</a> <a href="/wiki/Humani_generis" title="Humani generis">Humani generis</a>.<a href="#cite_note-101">[99]</a> In 1996, <a href="/wiki/Pope_John_Paul_II" title="Pope John Paul II">Pope John Paul II</a> stated that "new knowledge has led to the recognition of the theory of evolution as more than a hypothesis," but, referring to previous papal writings, he concluded that "if the human body takes its origin from pre-existent living matter, the spiritual <a href="/wiki/Soul" title="Soul">soul</a> is immediately created by God."<a href="#cite_note-102">[100]</a> In the US, Evangelical Christians have continued to believe in a literal Genesis. As of 2008<a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Creationism&action=edit">[update]</a>, members of evangelical Protestant (70%), <a href="/wiki/Mormons" title="Mormons">Mormon</a> (76%) and <a href="/wiki/Jehovah%27s_Witnesses" title="Jehovah's Witnesses">Jehovah's Witnesses</a> (90%) denominations were the most likely to reject the evolutionary interpretation of the origins of life.<a href="#cite_note-103">[101]</a> Jehovah's Witnesses assert that scientific evidence about the age of the universe is compatible with the Bible, but that the 'days' after Genesis 1:1 were each thousands of years in length. They view this belief as an alternative to Creationism rather than a variation of Creationism.<a href="#cite_note-104">[102]</a> The historic Christian literal interpretation of creation requires the harmonization of the two creation stories, Genesis 1:1–2:3<a href="#cite_note-105">[103]</a> and Genesis 2:4–25,<a href="#cite_note-106">[104]</a> for there to be a consistent interpretation.<a href="#cite_note-107">[105]</a><a href="#cite_note-108">[106]</a> They sometimes seek to ensure that their belief is taught in science classes, mainly in American schools. Opponents reject the claim that the literalistic biblical view meets the criteria required to be considered scientific. Many religious groups teach that God created the Cosmos. From the days of the early Christian Church Fathers there were allegorical interpretations of the Book of Genesis as well as literal aspects.<a href="#cite_note-rsf-109">[107]</a> <a href="/wiki/Christian_Science" title="Christian Science">Christian Science</a>, a system of thought and practice derived from the writings of <a href="/wiki/Mary_Baker_Eddy" title="Mary Baker Eddy">Mary Baker Eddy</a>, interprets the Book of Genesis figuratively rather than literally. It holds that the material world is an illusion, and consequently not created by God: the only real creation is the spiritual realm, of which the material world is a distorted version. Christian Scientists regard the story of the creation in the Book of Genesis as having symbolic rather than literal meaning. According to Christian Science, both creationism and evolution are false from an absolute or "spiritual" point of view, as they both proceed from a (false) belief in the reality of a material universe. However, Christian Scientists do not oppose the teaching of evolution in schools, nor do they demand that alternative accounts be taught: they believe that both material science and literalist theology are concerned with the illusory, mortal and material, rather than the real, immortal and spiritual. With regard to material theories of creation, Eddy showed a preference for Darwin's theory of evolution over others.<a href="#cite_note-S&Hp547-110">[108]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Hinduism">Hinduism</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Hindu_views_on_evolution" title="Hindu views on evolution">Hindu views on evolution</a></div> Hindu creationists claim that species of <a href="/wiki/Plants" class="mw-redirect" title="Plants">plants</a> and <a href="/wiki/Animals" class="mw-redirect" title="Animals">animals</a> are material forms adopted by pure consciousness which live an endless cycle of births and rebirths.<a href="#cite_note-111">[109]</a> <a href="/wiki/Ronald_Numbers" title="Ronald Numbers">Ronald Numbers</a> says that: "Hindu Creationists have insisted on the antiquity of humans, who they believe appeared fully formed as long, perhaps, as trillions of years ago."<a href="#cite_note-112">[110]</a> Hindu creationism is a form of old Earth creationism, according to Hindu creationists the universe may even be older than billions of years. These views are based on the <a href="/wiki/Vedas" title="Vedas">Vedas</a>, the creation myths of which depict an extreme antiquity of the universe and history of the Earth.<a href="#cite_note-113">[111]</a><a href="#cite_note-114">[112]</a> In <a href="/wiki/Hindu_cosmology" title="Hindu cosmology">Hindu cosmology</a>, time cyclically repeats general events of creation and destruction, with many "first man", each known as <a href="/wiki/Manu_(Hinduism)" title="Manu (Hinduism)">Manu</a>, the progenitor of mankind. Each Manu successively reigns over a 306.72 million year period known as a <a href="/wiki/Manvantara" title="Manvantara">manvantara</a>, each ending with the destruction of mankind followed by a sandhya (period of non-activity) before the next manvantara. 120.53 million years have elapsed in the current manvantara (current mankind) according to calculations on <a href="/wiki/Hindu_units_of_time" title="Hindu units of time">Hindu units of time</a>.<a href="#cite_note-115">[113]</a><a href="#cite_note-116">[114]</a><a href="#cite_note-117">[115]</a> The universe is cyclically created at the start and destroyed at the end of a <a href="/wiki/Kalpa_(aeon)" class="mw-redirect" title="Kalpa (aeon)">kalpa</a> (day of <a href="/wiki/Brahma" title="Brahma">Brahma</a>), lasting for 4.32 billion years, which is followed by a <a href="/wiki/Pralaya" title="Pralaya">pralaya</a> (period of dissolution) of equal length. 1.97 billion years have elapsed in the current kalpa (current universe). The universal elements or building blocks (unmanifest matter) exists for a period known as a maha-kalpa, lasting for 311.04 trillion years, which is followed by a maha-pralaya (period of great dissolution) of equal length. 155.52 trillion years have elapsed in the current maha-kalpa.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGupta20107–8-118">[116]</a><a href="#cite_note-119">[117]</a><a href="#cite_note-120">[118]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Islam">Islam</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Islamic_views_on_evolution" title="Islamic views on evolution">Islamic views on evolution</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Predestination_in_Islam" title="Predestination in Islam">Predestination in Islam</a></div> The creation myths in the Quran are more vague and allow for a wider range of interpretations similar to those in other Abrahamic religions.<a href="#cite_note-nytimes.com-11">[11]</a> Islam also has its own school of theistic evolutionism, which holds that mainstream scientific analysis of the origin of the universe is supported by the Quran. Some <a href="/wiki/Muslims" title="Muslims">Muslims</a> believe in evolutionary creation, especially among <a href="/wiki/Liberal_movements_within_Islam" class="mw-redirect" title="Liberal movements within Islam">liberal movements within Islam</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Huffpo-12">[12]</a> Writing for <a href="/wiki/The_Boston_Globe" title="The Boston Globe">The Boston Globe</a>, Drake Bennett noted: "Without a Book of Genesis to account for [...] Muslim creationists have little interest in proving that the age of the Earth is measured in the thousands rather than the billions of years, nor do they show much interest in the problem of the dinosaurs. And the idea that animals might evolve into other animals also tends to be less controversial, in part because there are passages of the Koran that seem to support it. But the issue of whether human beings are the product of evolution is just as fraught among Muslims."<a href="#cite_note-Bennett_4-121">[119]</a> Khalid Anees, president of the <a href="/wiki/Islamic_Society_of_Britain" title="Islamic Society of Britain">Islamic Society of Britain</a>, states that Muslims do not agree that one species can develop from another.<a href="#cite_note-PrizeforFossil-122">[120]</a><a href="#cite_note-guardian0104-123">[121]</a> Ottoman-Lebanese Sunni scholar Hussein al-Jisr, declared that there is no contradiction between evolution and the Islamic scriptures. He stated that "there is no evidence in the Quran to suggest whether all species, each of which exists by the grace of God, were created all at once or gradually", and referred to the aforementioned story of creation in Sūrat al-Anbiyā.<a href="#cite_note-124">[122]</a><a href="#cite_note-125">[123]</a><a href="#cite_note-126">[124]</a><a href="#cite_note-127">[125]</a> In <a href="/wiki/One-party_period_of_the_Republic_of_Turkey" title="One-party period of the Republic of Turkey">Kemalist Turkey</a>, important scholars strove to accommodate the theory of evolution in Islamic scripture during the first decades of the Turkish Republic; their approach to the theory defended Islamic belief in the face of scientific theories of their times.<a href="#cite_note-Vkaya-128">[126]</a> The Saudi Arabian government, on the other hand, began funding and promoting denial of evolution in the 1970s in accordance to its <a href="/wiki/Salafi_movement" title="Salafi movement">Salafi</a>-<a href="/wiki/Wahhabism" title="Wahhabism">Wahhabi</a> interpretation of Islam.<a href="#cite_note-BurtonIRNKSA2-129">[127]</a> This stance garnered criticism from the governments and academics of mainline Muslim countries such as Turkey,<a href="#cite_note-130">[128]</a> Pakistan,<a href="#cite_note-131">[129]</a> Lebanon,<a href="#cite_note-132">[130]</a> and Iran,<a href="#cite_note-BurtonIRNKSA2-129">[127]</a> where evolution was initially taught and promoted. Since the 1980s, Turkey has been a site of strong advocacy for creationism, supported by American adherents.<a href="#cite_note-NCSE_Edis-133">[131]</a><a href="#cite_note-WaPo2009-134">[132]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Judaism">Judaism</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Jewish_views_on_evolution" title="Jewish views on evolution">Jewish views on evolution</a></div> For <a href="/wiki/Orthodox_Judaism" title="Orthodox Judaism">Orthodox Jews</a> who seek to reconcile discrepancies between science and the creation myths in the Bible, the notion that science and the Bible should even be reconciled through traditional scientific means is questioned. To these groups, science is as true as the <a href="/wiki/Torah" title="Torah">Torah</a> and if there seems to be a problem, <a href="/wiki/Epistemology" title="Epistemology">epistemological</a> limits are to blame for apparently irreconcilable points. They point to discrepancies between what is expected and what actually is to demonstrate that things are not always as they appear.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] They note that even the root word for 'world' in the <a href="/wiki/Hebrew_language" title="Hebrew language">Hebrew language</a>, עולם, Olam, means 'hidden' (נעלם, Neh-Eh-Lahm).[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] Just as they know from the Torah that God created man and trees and the light on its way from the stars in their observed state, so too can they know that the world was created in its over the six days of Creation that reflects progression to its currently-observed state, with the understanding that physical ways to verify this may eventually be identified.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] This knowledge has been advanced by Rabbi <a href="/wiki/Dovid_Gottlieb" title="Dovid Gottlieb">Dovid Gottlieb</a>, former philosophy professor at <a href="/wiki/Johns_Hopkins_University" title="Johns Hopkins University">Johns Hopkins University</a>.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] <a href="/wiki/Kabbalah" title="Kabbalah">Kabbalistic</a> sources from well before the scientifically apparent age of the universe was first determined are also in close concord with modern scientific estimates of the age of the universe, according to Rabbi <a href="/wiki/Aryeh_Kaplan" title="Aryeh Kaplan">Aryeh Kaplan</a>, and based on Sefer Temunah, an early kabbalistic work attributed to the first-century <a href="/wiki/Tannaim" title="Tannaim">Tanna</a> <a href="/wiki/Nehunya_ben_HaKanah" title="Nehunya ben HaKanah">Nehunya ben HaKanah</a>.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] Many kabbalists accepted the teachings of the <a href="/wiki/Sefer_HaTemunah" title="Sefer HaTemunah">Sefer HaTemunah</a>, including the medieval Jewish scholar <a href="/wiki/Nahmanides" class="mw-redirect" title="Nahmanides">Nahmanides</a>, his close student <a href="/wiki/Isaac_ben_Samuel_of_Acre" title="Isaac ben Samuel of Acre">Isaac ben Samuel of Acre</a>, and <a href="/wiki/David_ben_Solomon_ibn_Abi_Zimra" title="David ben Solomon ibn Abi Zimra">David ben Solomon ibn Abi Zimra</a>. Other parallels are derived, among other sources, from Nahmanides, who expounds that there was a <a href="/wiki/Neanderthal" title="Neanderthal">Neanderthal</a>-like species with which Adam mated (he did this long before Neanderthals had even been discovered scientifically).<a href="#cite_note-135">[133]</a><a href="#cite_note-136">[134]</a><a href="#cite_note-137">[135]</a><a href="#cite_note-138">[136]</a> <a href="/wiki/Reform_Judaism" title="Reform Judaism">Reform Judaism</a> does not take the Torah as a literal text, but rather as a symbolic or open-ended work. Some contemporary writers such as Rabbi Gedalyah Nadel have sought to reconcile the discrepancy between the account in the Torah, and scientific findings by arguing that each day referred to in the Bible was not 24 hours, but billions of years long.<a href="#cite_note-slifkin-139">[137]</a>: 129  Others claim that the Earth was created a few thousand years ago, but was deliberately made to look as if it was five billion years old, e.g. by being created with ready made fossils. The best known exponent of this approach being Rabbi Menachem Mendel Schneerson.<a href="#cite_note-slifkin-139">[137]</a>: 158  Others state that although the world was physically created in six 24-hour days, the Torah accounts can be interpreted to mean that there was a period of billions of years before the six days of creation.<a href="#cite_note-slifkin-139">[137]</a>: 169, 170  <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Prevalence">Prevalence</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Level_of_support_for_evolution" title="Level of support for evolution">Level of support for evolution</a> and <a href="/wiki/Creationism_by_country" title="Creationism by country">Creationism by country</a></div> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Views_on_Evolution.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Views_on_Evolution.svg/440px-Views_on_Evolution.svg.png" decoding="async" width="440" height="330" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Views_on_Evolution.svg/660px-Views_on_Evolution.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Views_on_Evolution.svg/880px-Views_on_Evolution.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="960" data-file-height="720" /></a><figcaption>Views on human evolution in various countries 2008<a href="#cite_note-140">[138]</a><a href="#cite_note-141">[139]</a></figcaption></figure> Most vocal literalist creationists are from the US, and strict creationist views are much less common in other developed countries. According to a study published in <a href="/wiki/Science_(journal)" title="Science (journal)">Science</a>, a survey of the US, Turkey, <a href="/wiki/Japan" title="Japan">Japan</a> and Europe showed that public acceptance of evolution is most prevalent in Iceland, Denmark and Sweden at 80% of the population.<a href="#cite_note-Science_survey-89">[88]</a> There seems to be no significant correlation between believing in evolution and understanding evolutionary science.<a href="#cite_note-142">[140]</a><a href="#cite_note-143">[141]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Australia">Australia</h3></div> A 2009 <a href="/wiki/Nielsen_Holdings" title="Nielsen Holdings">Nielsen</a> poll showed that 23% of Australians believe "the biblical account of human origins," 42% believe in a "wholly scientific" explanation for the origins of life, while 32% believe in an evolutionary process "guided by God".<a href="#cite_note-144">[142]</a><a href="#cite_note-145">[143]</a> A 2013 survey conducted by Auspoll and the <a href="/wiki/Australian_Academy_of_Science" title="Australian Academy of Science">Australian Academy of Science</a> found that 80% of Australians believe in evolution (70% believe it is currently occurring, 10% believe in evolution but do not think it is currently occurring), 12% were not sure and 9% stated they do not believe in evolution.<a href="#cite_note-146">[144]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Brazil">Brazil</h3></div> A 2011 <a href="/wiki/Ipsos" title="Ipsos">Ipsos</a> survey found that 47% of responders in <a href="/wiki/Brazil" title="Brazil">Brazil</a> identified themselves as "creationists and believe that human beings were in fact created by a spiritual force such as the God they believe in and do not believe that the origin of man came from evolving from other species such as apes".<a href="#cite_note-Ipsos_2011-147">[145]</a> In 2004, <a href="/wiki/Brazilian_Institute_of_Public_Opinion_and_Statistics" title="Brazilian Institute of Public Opinion and Statistics">IBOPE</a> conducted a poll in Brazil that asked questions about creationism and the teaching of creationism in schools. When asked if creationism should be taught in schools, 89% of people said that creationism should be taught in schools. When asked if the teaching of creationism should replace the teaching of evolution in schools, 75% of people said that the teaching of creationism should replace the teaching of evolution in schools.<a href="#cite_note-148">[146]</a><a href="#cite_note-149">[147]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Canada">Canada</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Big_Valley_Creation_Science_Museum.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Big_Valley_Creation_Science_Museum.jpg/220px-Big_Valley_Creation_Science_Museum.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Big_Valley_Creation_Science_Museum.jpg/330px-Big_Valley_Creation_Science_Museum.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Big_Valley_Creation_Science_Museum.jpg/440px-Big_Valley_Creation_Science_Museum.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="600" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Big_Valley_Creation_Science_Museum" title="Big Valley Creation Science Museum">Big Valley Creation Science Museum</a> in Big Valley, Alberta, Canada</figcaption></figure> A 2012 survey, by <a href="/wiki/Angus_Reid_Public_Opinion" class="mw-redirect" title="Angus Reid Public Opinion">Angus Reid Public Opinion</a> revealed that 61 percent of Canadians believe in evolution. The poll asked "Where did human beings come from – did we start as singular cells millions of year ago and evolve into our present form, or did God create us in his image 10,000 years ago?"<a href="#cite_note-150">[148]</a> In 2019, a Research Co. poll asked people in Canada if creationism "should be part of the school curriculum in their province". 38% of Canadians said that creationism should be part of the school curriculum, 39% of Canadians said that it should not be part of the school curriculum, and 23% of Canadians were undecided.<a href="#cite_note-151">[149]</a> In 2023, a Research Co. poll found that 21% of Canadians "believe God created human beings in their present form within the last 10,000 years". The poll also found that "More than two-in-five Canadians (43%) think creationism should be part of the school curriculum in their province."<a href="#cite_note-152">[150]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Europe">Europe</h3></div> In Europe, literalist creationism is more widely rejected, though regular opinion polls are not available. Most people accept that evolution is the most widely accepted scientific theory as taught in most schools. In countries with a Roman Catholic majority, <a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church_and_evolution" class="mw-redirect" title="Catholic Church and evolution">papal acceptance of evolutionary creationism</a> as worthy of study has essentially ended debate on the matter for many people. In the UK, a 2006 poll on the "origin and development of life", asked participants to choose between three different perspectives on the origin of life: 22% chose creationism, 17% opted for intelligent design, 48% selected evolutionary theory, and the rest did not know.<a href="#cite_note-153">[151]</a><a href="#cite_note-154">[152]</a> A subsequent 2010 <a href="/wiki/YouGov" title="YouGov">YouGov</a> poll on the correct explanation for the origin of humans found that 9% opted for creationism, 12% intelligent design, 65% evolutionary theory and 13% didn't know.<a href="#cite_note-YouGov-155">[153]</a> The former Archbishop of Canterbury Rowan Williams, head of the worldwide <a href="/wiki/Anglican_Communion" title="Anglican Communion">Anglican Communion</a>, views the idea of teaching creationism in schools as a mistake.<a href="#cite_note-Archbishop_2006-156">[154]</a> In 2009, an Ipsos Mori survey in the United Kingdom found that 54% of Britons agreed with the view: "Evolutionary theories should be taught in science lessons in schools together with other possible perspectives, such as intelligent design and creationism."<a href="#cite_note-157">[155]</a> In Italy, Education Minister <a href="/wiki/Letizia_Moratti" title="Letizia Moratti">Letizia Moratti</a> wanted to retire evolution from the secondary school level; after one week of massive protests, she reversed her opinion.<a href="#cite_note-158">[156]</a><a href="#cite_note-159">[157]</a> There continues to be scattered and possibly mounting efforts on the part of religious groups throughout Europe to introduce creationism into public education.<a href="#cite_note-Economist_2007-160">[158]</a> In response, the Parliamentary Assembly of the Council of Europe has released a draft report titled The dangers of creationism in education on June 8, 2007,<a href="#cite_note-Doc11297-161">[159]</a> reinforced by a further proposal of banning it in schools dated October 4, 2007.<a href="#cite_note-R1580-162">[160]</a> Serbia suspended the teaching of evolution for one week in September 2004, under education minister <a href="/wiki/Ljiljana_%C4%8Coli%C4%87" title="Ljiljana Čolić">Ljiljana Čolić</a>, only allowing schools to reintroduce evolution into the curriculum if they also taught creationism.<a href="#cite_note-Serbian_schools-163">[161]</a> "After a deluge of protest from scientists, teachers and opposition parties" says the BBC report, Čolić's deputy made the statement, "I have come here to confirm Charles Darwin is still alive" and announced that the decision was reversed.<a href="#cite_note-Serbia_Darwin-164">[162]</a> Čolić resigned after the government said that she had caused "problems that had started to reflect on the work of the entire government."<a href="#cite_note-165">[163]</a> Poland saw a major controversy over creationism in 2006, when the Deputy Education Minister, <a href="/wiki/Miros%C5%82aw_Orzechowski" title="Mirosław Orzechowski">Mirosław Orzechowski</a>, denounced evolution as "one of many lies" taught in Polish schools. His superior, Minister of Education <a href="/wiki/Roman_Giertych" title="Roman Giertych">Roman Giertych</a>, has stated that the theory of evolution would continue to be taught in Polish schools, "as long as most scientists in our country say that it is the right theory." Giertych's father, <a href="/wiki/Member_of_the_European_Parliament" title="Member of the European Parliament">Member of the European Parliament</a> <a href="/wiki/Maciej_Giertych" title="Maciej Giertych">Maciej Giertych</a>, has opposed the teaching of evolution and has claimed that <a href="/wiki/Dinosaur" title="Dinosaur">dinosaurs</a> and humans co-existed.<a href="#cite_note-166">[164]</a> A June 2015 – July 2016 Pew poll of Eastern European countries, found that 56% of people from <a href="/wiki/Armenia" title="Armenia">Armenia</a> say that humans and other living things have "Existed in present state since the beginning of time". Armenia is followed by 52% from <a href="/wiki/Bosnia_and_Herzegovina" title="Bosnia and Herzegovina">Bosnia</a>, 42% from <a href="/wiki/Moldova" title="Moldova">Moldova</a>, 37% from <a href="/wiki/Lithuania" title="Lithuania">Lithuania</a>, 34% from <a href="/wiki/Georgia_(country)" title="Georgia (country)">Georgia</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ukraine" title="Ukraine">Ukraine</a>, 33% from <a href="/wiki/Croatia" title="Croatia">Croatia</a> and <a href="/wiki/Romania" title="Romania">Romania</a>, 31% from <a href="/wiki/Bulgaria" title="Bulgaria">Bulgaria</a>, 29% from <a href="/wiki/Greece" title="Greece">Greece</a> and <a href="/wiki/Serbia" title="Serbia">Serbia</a>, 26% from <a href="/wiki/Russia" title="Russia">Russia</a>, 25% from <a href="/wiki/Latvia" title="Latvia">Latvia</a>, 23% from <a href="/wiki/Belarus" title="Belarus">Belarus</a> and <a href="/wiki/Poland" title="Poland">Poland</a>, 21% from <a href="/wiki/Estonia" title="Estonia">Estonia</a> and <a href="/wiki/Hungary" title="Hungary">Hungary</a>, and 16% from the <a href="/wiki/Czech_Republic" title="Czech Republic">Czech Republic</a>.<a href="#cite_note-167">[165]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="South_Africa">South Africa</h3></div> A 2011 Ipsos survey found that 56% of responders in <a href="/wiki/South_Africa" title="South Africa">South Africa</a> identified themselves as "creationists and believe that human beings were in fact created by a spiritual force such as the God they believe in and do not believe that the origin of man came from evolving from other species such as apes".<a href="#cite_note-Ipsos_2011-147">[145]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="South_Korea">South Korea</h3></div> In 2009, an <a href="/wiki/Educational_Broadcasting_System" title="Educational Broadcasting System">EBS</a> survey in South Korea found that 63% of people believed that creation and evolution should both be taught in schools simultaneously.<a href="#cite_note-168">[166]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="United_States">United States</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Ark_Encounter_006.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ab/Ark_Encounter_006.jpg/220px-Ark_Encounter_006.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ab/Ark_Encounter_006.jpg/330px-Ark_Encounter_006.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ab/Ark_Encounter_006.jpg/440px-Ark_Encounter_006.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4000" data-file-height="3000" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Ark_Encounter" title="Ark Encounter">Ark Encounter</a> theme park in Williamstown, Kentucky, United States</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Glendive_entrance.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Glendive_entrance.JPG/220px-Glendive_entrance.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Glendive_entrance.JPG/330px-Glendive_entrance.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Glendive_entrance.JPG/440px-Glendive_entrance.JPG 2x" data-file-width="1536" data-file-height="1152" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Glendive_Dinosaur_and_Fossil_Museum" title="Glendive Dinosaur and Fossil Museum">Glendive Dinosaur and Fossil Museum</a> in Glendive, Montana, United States</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Creationist_car.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Creationist_car.jpg/220px-Creationist_car.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Creationist_car.jpg/330px-Creationist_car.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Creationist_car.jpg/440px-Creationist_car.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2304" data-file-height="1728" /></a><figcaption>Anti-evolution car in <a href="/wiki/Athens,_Georgia" title="Athens, Georgia">Athens, Georgia</a> </figcaption></figure> A 2017 poll by <a href="/wiki/Pew_Research" class="mw-redirect" title="Pew Research">Pew Research</a> found that 62% of Americans believe humans have evolved over time and 34% of Americans believe humans and other living things have existed in their present form since the beginning of time.<a href="#cite_note-169">[167]</a> A 2019 <a href="/wiki/The_Gallup_Organization" class="mw-redirect" title="The Gallup Organization">Gallup</a> creationism survey found that 40% of adults in the United States inclined to the view that "God created humans in their present form at one time within the last 10,000 years" when asked for their views on the origin and development of human beings.<a href="#cite_note-170">[168]</a> According to a 2014 Gallup poll,<a href="#cite_note-Gallup2014-171">[169]</a> about 42% of Americans believe that "God created human beings pretty much in their present form at one time within the last 10,000 years or so."<a href="#cite_note-Gallup2014-171">[169]</a> Another 31% believe that "human beings have developed over millions of years from less advanced forms of life, but God guided this process,"and 19% believe that "human beings have developed over millions of years from less advanced forms of life, but God had no part in this process."<a href="#cite_note-Gallup2014-171">[169]</a> Belief in creationism is inversely correlated to education; of those with <a href="/wiki/Postgraduate_degree" class="mw-redirect" title="Postgraduate degree">postgraduate degrees</a>, 74% accept evolution.<a href="#cite_note-172">[170]</a><a href="#cite_note-Robinson_BA-173">[171]</a> In 1987, <a href="/wiki/Newsweek" title="Newsweek">Newsweek</a> reported: "By one count there are some 700 scientists with respectable academic credentials (out of a total of 480,000 U.S. earth and life scientists) who give credence to creation-science, the general theory that complex life forms did not evolve but appeared 'abruptly.'"<a href="#cite_note-Robinson_BA-173">[171]</a><a href="#cite_note-174">[172]</a> A 2000 poll for <a href="/wiki/People_for_the_American_Way" title="People for the American Way">People for the American Way</a> found 70% of the US public felt that evolution was compatible with a belief in God.<a href="#cite_note-pfaw-175">[173]</a> According to a study published in Science, between 1985 and 2005 the number of adult <a href="/wiki/North_America" title="North America">North Americans</a> who accept evolution declined from 45% to 40%, the number of adults who reject evolution declined from 48% to 39% and the number of people who were unsure increased from 7% to 21%. Besides the US the study also compared data from 32 European countries, Turkey, and Japan. The only country where acceptance of evolution was lower than in the US was Turkey (25%).<a href="#cite_note-Science_survey-89">[88]</a> According to a 2011 Fox News poll, 45% of Americans believe in creationism, down from 50% in a similar poll in 1999.<a href="#cite_note-Fox_Creationism_Poll-176">[174]</a> 21% believe in 'the theory of evolution as outlined by Darwin and other scientists' (up from 15% in 1999), and 27% answered that both are true (up from 26% in 1999).<a href="#cite_note-Fox_Creationism_Poll-176">[174]</a> In September 2012, educator and television personality Bill Nye spoke with the <a href="/wiki/Associated_Press" title="Associated Press">Associated Press</a> and aired his fears about acceptance of creationism, believing that teaching children that creationism is the only true answer without letting them understand the way science works will prevent any future innovation in the world of science.<a href="#cite_note-APNews-20120924-177">[175]</a><a href="#cite_note-Youtube-20120823-178">[176]</a><a href="#cite_note-NYT-20141103-JD-179">[177]</a> In February 2014, Nye defended <a href="/wiki/Creation%E2%80%93evolution_controversy" class="mw-redirect" title="Creation–evolution controversy">evolution in the classroom</a> in a <a href="/wiki/Bill_Nye%E2%80%93Ken_Ham_debate" title="Bill Nye–Ken Ham debate">debate</a> with creationist Ken Ham on the topic of whether creation is a viable model of origins in today's modern, <a href="/wiki/History_of_science#Modern_science" title="History of science">scientific era</a>.<a href="#cite_note-NBC-20140204-180">[178]</a><a href="#cite_note-TG-20140204-181">[179]</a><a href="#cite_note-Debate-20140204-182">[180]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Education_controversies">Education controversies</h4></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Rejection_of_evolution_by_religious_groups" title="Rejection of evolution by religious groups">Rejection of evolution by religious groups</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Truth_fish.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/b/b2/Truth_fish.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="61" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="200" data-file-height="61" /></a><figcaption>The Truth fish, one of the many creationist responses to the <a href="/wiki/Parodies_of_the_ichthys_symbol" class="mw-redirect" title="Parodies of the ichthys symbol">Darwin fish</a> </figcaption></figure> In the US, creationism has become centered in the political controversy over <a href="/wiki/Creation_and_evolution_in_public_education#United_States" title="Creation and evolution in public education">creation and evolution in public education</a>, and whether teaching creationism in science classes conflicts with the separation of church and state. Currently, the controversy comes in the form of whether advocates of the intelligent design movement who wish to "<a href="/wiki/Teach_the_Controversy" title="Teach the Controversy">Teach the Controversy</a>" in science classes have conflated <a href="/wiki/Relationship_between_religion_and_science" title="Relationship between religion and science">science with religion</a>.<a href="#cite_note-kitz-53">[53]</a> <a href="/wiki/People_for_the_American_Way" title="People for the American Way">People for the American Way</a> polled 1500 North Americans about the teaching of evolution and creationism in November and December 1999. They found that most North Americans were not familiar with creationism, and most North Americans had heard of evolution, but many did not fully understand the basics of the theory. The main findings were: <table style="margin:0; border:none;"><tbody><tr><td style="border:none; padding:0;"><div class="notheme barbox" style="overflow-x: auto;"> <div style="border:1px solid silver; font-size:88%; padding:0.4em; width:80%; background: white; color: black;"> <table style="text-align:left; border-collapse:collapse; width:100%;"> <tbody><tr style="background:none"><th style="text-align:center;" colspan="5">Americans believe that:<a href="#cite_note-pfaw-175">[173]</a></th></tr> <tr style="font-size:88%; height:4px;"> <td colspan="2" style="padding:0 4px; text-align:left;"></td> <td style="width:200px; text-align:left;"></td> <td colspan="2" style="padding:0 4px; width:1em; text-align:right;"></td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="padding-left: 0.4em; padding-right: 0.4em; min-width: 8em;"> <ul><li>Public schools should teach evolution only</li></ul></td> <td style="width: 100px; border-left: solid 1px silver; border-right: solid 1px silver;"><div style="background:silver; width:60%; overflow: hidden;"> </div></td> <td colspan="2" style="padding-left: 1.2em; padding-right: 0.4em; text-align: right;">20%</td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="padding-left: 0.4em; padding-right: 0.4em; min-width: 8em;"> <ul><li>Only evolution should be taught in science classes, religious explanations can be discussed in another class</li></ul></td> <td style="width: 100px; border-left: solid 1px silver; border-right: solid 1px silver;"><div style="background:gray; width:51%; overflow: hidden;"> </div></td> <td colspan="2" style="padding-left: 1.2em; padding-right: 0.4em; text-align: right;">17%</td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="padding-left: 0.4em; padding-right: 0.4em; min-width: 8em;"> <ul><li>Creationism can be discussed in science class as a 'belief,' not a scientific theory</li></ul></td> <td style="width: 100px; border-left: solid 1px silver; border-right: solid 1px silver;"><div style="background:silver; width:87%; overflow: hidden;"> </div></td> <td colspan="2" style="padding-left: 1.2em; padding-right: 0.4em; text-align: right;">29%</td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="padding-left: 0.4em; padding-right: 0.4em; min-width: 8em;"> <ul><li>Creationism and evolution should be taught as 'scientific theories' in science class</li></ul></td> <td style="width: 100px; border-left: solid 1px silver; border-right: solid 1px silver;"><div style="background:gray; width:39%; overflow: hidden;"> </div></td> <td colspan="2" style="padding-left: 1.2em; padding-right: 0.4em; text-align: right;">13%</td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="padding-left: 0.4em; padding-right: 0.4em; min-width: 8em;"> <ul><li>Only Creationism should be taught</li></ul></td> <td style="width: 100px; border-left: solid 1px silver; border-right: solid 1px silver;"><div style="background:silver; width:48%; overflow: hidden;"> </div></td> <td colspan="2" style="padding-left: 1.2em; padding-right: 0.4em; text-align: right;">16%</td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="padding-left: 0.4em; padding-right: 0.4em; min-width: 8em;"> <ul><li>Teach both evolution and Creationism, but unsure how to do so</li></ul></td> <td style="width: 100px; border-left: solid 1px silver; border-right: solid 1px silver;"><div style="background:gray; width:12%; overflow: hidden;"> </div></td> <td colspan="2" style="padding-left: 1.2em; padding-right: 0.4em; text-align: right;">4%</td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="padding-left: 0.4em; padding-right: 0.4em; min-width: 8em;"> <ul><li>No opinion</li></ul></td> <td style="width: 100px; border-left: solid 1px silver; border-right: solid 1px silver;"><div style="background:silver; width:3%; overflow: hidden;"> </div></td> <td colspan="2" style="padding-left: 1.2em; padding-right: 0.4em; text-align: right;">1%</td> </tr> </tbody></table> </div> </div></td></tr></tbody></table> In such political contexts, creationists argue that their particular religiously based origin belief is superior to those of other <a href="/wiki/Belief_system" class="mw-redirect" title="Belief system">belief systems</a>, in particular those made through secular or scientific rationale. Political creationists are opposed by many individuals and organizations who have made detailed critiques and given testimony in various court cases that the <a href="/wiki/Objections_to_evolution" title="Objections to evolution">alternatives to scientific reasoning offered by creationists</a> are opposed by the <a href="/wiki/Scientific_consensus" title="Scientific consensus">consensus</a> of the scientific community.<a href="#cite_note-aaas-183">[181]</a><a href="#cite_note-184">[182]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Criticism">Criticism</h2></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Christian_criticism">Christian criticism</h3></div> Most Christians disagree with the teaching of creationism as an alternative to evolution in schools.<a href="#cite_note-185">[183]</a><a href="#cite_note-186">[184]</a><a href="#cite_note-187">[185]</a> Several religious organizations, among them the <a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church" title="Catholic Church">Catholic Church</a>, hold that their faith does not conflict with the scientific consensus regarding evolution.<a href="#cite_note-188">[186]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Clergy_Letter_Project" title="Clergy Letter Project">Clergy Letter Project</a>, which has collected more than 13,000 signatures, is an "endeavor designed to demonstrate that religion and science can be compatible." In his 2002 article "Intelligent Design as a Theological Problem", George Murphy argues against the view that life on Earth, in all its forms, is direct evidence of God's act of creation (Murphy quotes <a href="/wiki/Phillip_E._Johnson" title="Phillip E. Johnson">Phillip E. Johnson</a>'s claim that he is speaking "of a God who acted openly and left his fingerprints on all the evidence."). Murphy argues that this view of God is incompatible with the Christian understanding of God as "the one revealed in the cross and resurrection of Christ." The basis of this theology is <a href="/wiki/Isaiah" title="Isaiah">Isaiah</a> 45:15, "Verily thou art a God that hidest thyself, O God of Israel, the Saviour." Murphy observes that the execution of a Jewish carpenter by <a href="/wiki/Roman_Empire" title="Roman Empire">Roman</a> authorities is in and of itself an ordinary event and did not require <a href="/wiki/Miracle" title="Miracle">divine action</a>. On the contrary, for the crucifixion to occur, God had to limit or "empty" himself. It was for this reason that <a href="/wiki/Paul_the_Apostle" title="Paul the Apostle">Paul the Apostle</a> wrote, in <a href="/wiki/Epistle_to_the_Philippians" title="Epistle to the Philippians">Philippians</a> 2:5-8: <blockquote>Let this mind be in you, which was also in Christ Jesus: Who, being in the form of God, thought it not robbery to be equal with God: But made himself of no reputation, and took upon him the form of a servant, and was made in the likeness of men: And being found in fashion as a man, he humbled himself, and became obedient unto death, even the death of the cross.</blockquote> Murphy concludes that,<blockquote>Just as the Son of God limited himself by taking human form and dying on a cross, God limits divine action in the world to be in accord with rational laws which God has chosen. This enables us to understand the world on its own terms, but it also means that natural processes hide God from scientific observation.</blockquote>For Murphy, a theology of the cross requires that Christians accept a <a href="/wiki/Naturalism_(philosophy)#Methodological_naturalism" title="Naturalism (philosophy)">methodological naturalism</a>, meaning that one cannot invoke God to explain natural phenomena, while recognizing that such acceptance does not require one to accept a <a href="/wiki/Metaphysical_naturalism" title="Metaphysical naturalism">metaphysical naturalism</a>, which proposes that nature is all that there is.<a href="#cite_note-189">[187]</a> The Jesuit priest <a href="/wiki/George_Coyne" title="George Coyne">George Coyne</a> has stated that it is "unfortunate that, especially here in America, creationism has come to mean...some literal interpretation of Genesis." He argues that "...Judaic-Christian faith is radically creationist, but in a totally different sense. It is rooted in belief that everything depends on God, or better, all is a gift from God."<a href="#cite_note-190">[188]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Teaching_of_creationism">Teaching of creationism</h3></div> Other Christians have expressed qualms about teaching creationism. In March 2006, then Archbishop of Canterbury Rowan Williams, the leader of the world's Anglicans, stated his discomfort about teaching creationism, saying that creationism was "a kind of <a href="/wiki/Category_mistake" title="Category mistake">category mistake</a>, as if the Bible were a theory like other theories." He also said: "My worry is creationism can end up reducing the doctrine of creation rather than enhancing it." The views of the <a href="/wiki/Episcopal_Church_(United_States)" title="Episcopal Church (United States)">Episcopal Church</a> – a major American-based branch of the Anglican Communion – on teaching creationism resemble those of Williams.<a href="#cite_note-Archbishop_2006-156">[154]</a> The National Science Teachers Association is opposed to teaching creationism as a science,<a href="#cite_note-191">[189]</a> as is the Association for Science Teacher Education,<a href="#cite_note-192">[190]</a> the National Association of Biology Teachers,<a href="#cite_note-193">[191]</a> the American Anthropological Association,<a href="#cite_note-194">[192]</a> the American Geosciences Institute,<a href="#cite_note-195">[193]</a> the Geological Society of America,<a href="#cite_note-196">[194]</a> the American Geophysical Union,<a href="#cite_note-197">[195]</a> and numerous other professional teaching and scientific societies. In April 2010, the <a href="/wiki/American_Academy_of_Religion" title="American Academy of Religion">American Academy of Religion</a> issued Guidelines for Teaching About Religion in K‐12 Public Schools in the United States, which included guidance that creation science or intelligent design should not be taught in science classes, as "Creation science and intelligent design represent worldviews that fall outside of the realm of science that is defined as (and limited to) a method of inquiry based on gathering observable and measurable evidence subject to specific principles of reasoning." However, they, as well as other "worldviews that focus on speculation regarding the origins of life represent another important and relevant form of human inquiry that is appropriately studied in literature or social sciences courses. Such study, however, must include a diversity of worldviews representing a variety of religious and philosophical perspectives and must avoid privileging one view as more legitimate than others."<a href="#cite_note-198">[196]</a> Randy Moore and Sehoya Cotner, from the biology program at the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Minnesota" title="University of Minnesota">University of Minnesota</a>, reflect on the relevance of teaching creationism in the article "The Creationist Down the Hall: Does It Matter When Teachers Teach Creationism?", in which they write: "Despite decades of science education reform, numerous legal decisions declaring the teaching of creationism in public-school science classes to be unconstitutional, overwhelming evidence supporting evolution, and the many denunciations of creationism as nonscientific by professional scientific societies, creationism remains popular throughout the United States."<a href="#cite_note-199">[197]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Scientific_criticism">Scientific criticism</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Rejection_of_evolution_by_religious_groups" title="Rejection of evolution by religious groups">Rejection of evolution by religious groups</a></div> Science is a system of knowledge based on observation, empirical evidence, and the development of theories that yield testable explanations and predictions of natural phenomena. By contrast, creationism is often based on literal interpretations of the narratives of particular religious texts.<a href="#cite_note-200">[198]</a> Creationist beliefs involve purported forces that lie outside of nature, such as supernatural intervention, and often do not allow predictions at all. Therefore, these can neither be confirmed nor disproved by scientists.<a href="#cite_note-SEaC-201">[199]</a> However, many creationist beliefs can be framed as testable predictions about phenomena such as the age of the Earth, its <a href="/wiki/Geological_history_of_Earth" title="Geological history of Earth">geological history</a> and the origins, <a href="/wiki/Biogeography" title="Biogeography">distributions</a> and <a href="/wiki/Phylogenetics" title="Phylogenetics">relationships</a> of living organisms found on it. <a href="/wiki/History_of_science" title="History of science">Early science</a> incorporated elements of these beliefs, but as science developed these beliefs were gradually <a href="/wiki/Falsifiability" title="Falsifiability">falsified</a> and were replaced with understandings based on accumulated and reproducible evidence that often allows the accurate prediction of future results.<a href="#cite_note-202">[200]</a><a href="#cite_note-203">[201]</a> Some scientists, such as <a href="/wiki/Stephen_Jay_Gould" title="Stephen Jay Gould">Stephen Jay Gould</a>,<a href="#cite_note-RoA-204">[202]</a> consider science and religion to be two compatible and complementary fields, with authorities in distinct areas of human experience, so-called <a href="/wiki/Non-overlapping_magisteria" title="Non-overlapping magisteria">non-overlapping magisteria</a>.<a href="#cite_note-205">[203]</a> This view is also held by many theologians, who believe that <a href="/wiki/Unmoved_mover" title="Unmoved mover">ultimate origins</a> and <a href="/wiki/Meaning_of_life" title="Meaning of life">meaning</a> are addressed by religion, but favor verifiable scientific explanations of natural phenomena over those of creationist beliefs. Other scientists, such as <a href="/wiki/Richard_Dawkins" title="Richard Dawkins">Richard Dawkins</a>,<a href="#cite_note-206">[204]</a> reject the non-overlapping magisteria and argue that, in disproving literal interpretations of creationists, the scientific method also undermines religious texts as a source of truth. Irrespective of this diversity in viewpoints, since creationist beliefs are not supported by empirical evidence, the scientific consensus is that any attempt to teach creationism as science should be rejected.<a href="#cite_note-RoyalSociety_2006-207">[205]</a><a href="#cite_note-208">[206]</a><a href="#cite_note-209">[207]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Organizations">Organizations</h2></div> <table style="width:100%;"> <tbody><tr style="vertical-align:top;"> <td width="47%"> <dl><dt>Creationism (in general)</dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/American_Scientific_Affiliation" title="American Scientific Affiliation">American Scientific Affiliation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christians_in_Science" title="Christians in Science">Christians in Science</a></li></ul> <dl><dt>Young Earth creationism</dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Answers_in_Genesis" title="Answers in Genesis">Answers in Genesis</a>, a group promoting young Earth creationism</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Creation_Ministries_International" title="Creation Ministries International">Creation Ministries International</a>, an organisation promoting biblical creation</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Creation_Research_Society" title="Creation Research Society">Creation Research Society</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Institute_for_Creation_Research" title="Institute for Creation Research">Institute for Creation Research</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Way_of_the_Master" title="The Way of the Master">The Way of the Master</a></li></ul> <dl><dt>Old Earth creationism</dt></dl> <ul><li>Old Earth Ministries (OEM), formerly Answers In Creation (AIC), led by Greg Neyman<a href="#cite_note-210">[208]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reasons_to_Believe" title="Reasons to Believe">Reasons to Believe</a>, led by <a href="/wiki/Hugh_Ross_(creationist)" class="mw-redirect" title="Hugh Ross (creationist)">Hugh Ross</a></li></ul> </td> <td width="6%"> </td> <td width="47%"> <dl><dt>Intelligent design</dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Access_Research_Network" title="Access Research Network">Access Research Network</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Centre_for_Intelligent_Design" title="Centre for Intelligent Design">Centre for Intelligent Design</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Center_for_Science_and_Culture" title="Center for Science and Culture">Center for Science and Culture</a>, a subsidiary of the <a href="/wiki/Discovery_Institute" title="Discovery Institute">Discovery Institute</a></li></ul> <dl><dt>Evolutionary creationism</dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/BioLogos_Foundation" class="mw-redirect" title="BioLogos Foundation">BioLogos Foundation</a></li></ul> </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1184024115">.mw-parser-output .div-col{margin-top:0.3em;column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .div-col-small{font-size:90%}.mw-parser-output .div-col-rules{column-rule:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .div-col dl,.mw-parser-output .div-col ol,.mw-parser-output .div-col ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .div-col li,.mw-parser-output .div-col dd{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}</style><div class="div-col"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Biblical_inerrancy" title="Biblical inerrancy">Biblical inerrancy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biogenesis" class="mw-redirect" title="Biogenesis">Biogenesis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dangers_of_creationism_in_education" class="mw-redirect" title="Dangers of creationism in education">Dangers of creationism in education</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Evolution_of_complexity" class="mw-redirect" title="Evolution of complexity">Evolution of complexity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flying_Spaghetti_Monster" title="Flying Spaghetti Monster">Flying Spaghetti Monster</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_creationism" title="History of creationism">History of creationism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religious_cosmology" title="Religious cosmology">Religious cosmology</a></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-lower-alpha"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-96"><a href="#cite_ref-96">^</a> See also the article <a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church_and_evolution" class="mw-redirect" title="Catholic Church and evolution">Catholic Church and evolution</a>. </li> </ol></div></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-57"><a href="#cite_ref-57">^</a> Donald B. DeYoung, for example, states that "Similar terminology is often used today when we speak of the sun's rising and setting, even though the earth, not the sun, is doing the moving. Bible writers used the 'language of appearance,' just as people always have. Without it, the intended message would be awkward at best and probably not understood clearly. When the Bible touches on scientific subjects, it is entirely accurate."<a href="#cite_note-56">[56]</a> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Citations">Citations</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-Gunn2004-1"><a href="#cite_ref-Gunn2004_1-0">^</a> <a href="#Gunn_2004">Gunn 2004</a>, p. 9, "The Concise Oxford Dictionary says that creationism is 'the belief that the universe and living organisms originated from specific acts of divine creation.'" </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFBrosseauSilberstein2015" class="citation book cs1">Brosseau, Olivier; Silberstein, Marc (2015). "Evolutionism(s) and Creationism(s)". In Heams, Thomas; Huneman, Philippe; Lecointre, Guillaume; Silberstein., Marc (eds.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=46aUBQAAQBAJ&q=Handbook+of+Evolutionary+Thinking+in+the+Sciences&pg=PA789">Handbook of Evolutionary Thinking in the Sciences</a>. Dordrecht: Springer. pp. 881–96. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9789401790147" title="Special:BookSources/9789401790147"><bdi>9789401790147</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Evolutionism%28s%29+and+Creationism%28s%29&rft.btitle=Handbook+of+Evolutionary+Thinking+in+the+Sciences&rft.place=Dordrecht&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E881-%3C%2Fspan%3E96&rft.pub=Springer&rft.date=2015&rft.isbn=9789401790147&rft.aulast=Brosseau&rft.aufirst=Olivier&rft.au=Silberstein%2C+Marc&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D46aUBQAAQBAJ%26q%3DHandbook%2Bof%2BEvolutionary%2BThinking%2Bin%2Bthe%2BSciences%26pg%3DPA789&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACreationism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBrosseauSilberstein2015" class="citation book cs1">Brosseau, Olivier; Silberstein, Marc (2015). "Evolutionism(s) and Creationism(s)". In Heams, Thomas; Huneman, Philippe; Lecointre, Guillaume; Silberstein., Marc (eds.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=46aUBQAAQBAJ&q=Handbook+of+Evolutionary+Thinking+in+the+Sciences&pg=PA789">Handbook of Evolutionary Thinking in the Sciences</a>. Dordrecht: Springer. pp. 881, 884. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9789401790147" title="Special:BookSources/9789401790147"><bdi>9789401790147</bdi></a>. <q>Creationism is not a single homogenous doctrine ... Evolution, as a process, is a tool God uses to continually create the world. Here we have arrived at another sub-category of creationism called 'evolutionist creationism'</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Evolutionism%28s%29+and+Creationism%28s%29&rft.btitle=Handbook+of+Evolutionary+Thinking+in+the+Sciences&rft.place=Dordrecht&rft.pages=881%2C+884&rft.pub=Springer&rft.date=2015&rft.isbn=9789401790147&rft.aulast=Brosseau&rft.aufirst=Olivier&rft.au=Silberstein%2C+Marc&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D46aUBQAAQBAJ%26q%3DHandbook%2Bof%2BEvolutionary%2BThinking%2Bin%2Bthe%2BSciences%26pg%3DPA789&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACreationism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Stewart2009-4"><a href="#cite_ref-Stewart2009_4-0">^</a> <a href="#Stewart_2010">Haarsma 2010</a>, p. 168, "Some Christians, often called 'Young Earth creationists,' reject evolution in order to maintain a semi-literal interpretation of certain biblical passages. Other Christians, called 'progressive creationists,' accept the scientific evidence for some evolution over a long history of the earth, but also insist that God must have performed some miracles during that history to create new life-forms. <a href="/wiki/Intelligent_design" title="Intelligent design">Intelligent design</a>, as it is promoted in North America is a form of progressive creation. Still other Christians, called theistic evolutionists' or 'evolutionary creationists,' assert that the scientific theory of evolution and the religious beliefs of Christianity can both be true." </li> <li id="cite_note-Scott_quote-5">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Scott_quote_5-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Scott_quote_5-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEugenie_Scott2018" class="citation web cs1"><a href="/wiki/Eugenie_Scott" title="Eugenie Scott">Eugenie Scott</a> (13 February 2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ncse.com/library-resource/creationevolution-continuum">"The Creation/Evolution Continuum"</a>. <a href="/wiki/National_Center_for_Science_Education" title="National Center for Science Education">NCSE</a>. Retrieved 6 May 2019. <q>creationism comes in many forms, and not all of them reject evolution</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=NCSE&rft.atitle=The+Creation%2FEvolution+Continuum&rft.date=2018-02-13&rft.au=Eugenie+Scott&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fncse.com%2Flibrary-resource%2Fcreationevolution-continuum&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACreationism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-OD_creationism-6"><a href="#cite_ref-OD_creationism_6-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140303163316/http://www.oxforddictionaries.com/us/definition/american_english/creationism?q=creationism">"creationism: definition of creationism in Oxford dictionary (American English) (US)"</a>. Oxford Dictionaries (Definition). Oxford: <a href="/wiki/Oxford_University_Press" title="Oxford University Press">Oxford University Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/656668849">656668849</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.oxforddictionaries.com/us/definition/american_english/creationism?q=creationism">the original</a> on March 3, 2014. Retrieved 2014-03-05. <q>The belief that the universe and living organisms originate from specific acts of divine creation, as in the biblical account, rather than by natural processes such as evolution.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Oxford+Dictionaries&rft.atitle=creationism%3A+definition+of+creationism+in+Oxford+dictionary+%28American+English%29+%28US%29&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F656668849&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.oxforddictionaries.com%2Fus%2Fdefinition%2Famerican_english%2Fcreationism%3Fq%3Dcreationism&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACreationism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a> (<a href="#CITEREFScott2009">Scott 2009</a>, pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=FAAlDQAAQBAJ&pg=PA57">57, 97–98</a>) </li> <li id="cite_note-Scott1999-8">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Scott1999_8-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Scott1999_8-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Scott1999_8-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Scott1999_8-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Scott1999_8-4">e</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEugenie_Scott2018" class="citation web cs1"><a href="/wiki/Eugenie_Scott" title="Eugenie Scott">Eugenie Scott</a> (13 February 2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ncse.com/library-resource/creationevolution-continuum">"The Creation/Evolution Continuum"</a>. <a href="/wiki/National_Center_for_Science_Education" title="National Center for Science Education">NCSE</a>. Retrieved 29 April 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=NCSE&rft.atitle=The+Creation%2FEvolution+Continuum&rft.date=2018-02-13&rft.au=Eugenie+Scott&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fncse.com%2Flibrary-resource%2Fcreationevolution-continuum&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACreationism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ncse.com/creationism/general/what-is-intelligent-design-creationism">"What is "Intelligent Design" Creationism?"</a>. NCSE. 2008-10-17. Retrieved 2019-04-23.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=NCSE&rft.atitle=What+is+%22Intelligent+Design%22+Creationism%3F&rft.date=2008-10-17&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fncse.com%2Fcreationism%2Fgeneral%2Fwhat-is-intelligent-design-creationism&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACreationism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Campbell_2006-10"><a href="#cite_ref-Campbell_2006_10-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCampbell2006" class="citation news cs1">Campbell, Duncan (February 20, 2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/world/2006/feb/21/religion.highereducation">"Academics fight rise of creationism at universities"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_Guardian" title="The Guardian">The Guardian</a>. London. Retrieved 2010-04-07.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Guardian&rft.atitle=Academics+fight+rise+of+creationism+at+universities&rft.date=2006-02-20&rft.aulast=Campbell&rft.aufirst=Duncan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theguardian.com%2Fworld%2F2006%2Ffeb%2F21%2Freligion.highereducation&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACreationism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-nytimes.com-11">^ <a href="#cite_ref-nytimes.com_11-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-nytimes.com_11-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChang2009" class="citation news cs1">Chang, Kenneth (November 2, 2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/2009/11/03/science/03islam.html?_r=0">"Creationism, Without a Young Earth, Emerges in the Islamic World"</a>. The New York Times.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=Creationism%2C+Without+a+Young+Earth%2C+Emerges+in+the+Islamic+World&rft.date=2009-11-02&rft.aulast=Chang&rft.aufirst=Kenneth&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F2009%2F11%2F03%2Fscience%2F03islam.html%3F_r%3D0&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACreationism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Huffpo-12">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Huffpo_12-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Huffpo_12-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFal-Azami2013" class="citation web cs1">al-Azami, Usaama (2013-02-14). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.huffingtonpost.com/usaama-alazami/muslims-and-evolution-in-the-21st-century-a-galileo-moment_b_2688895.html">"Muslims and Evolution in the 21st Century: A Galileo Moment?"</a>. Huffington Post Religion Blog. Retrieved 19 February 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Huffington+Post+Religion+Blog&rft.atitle=Muslims+and+Evolution+in+the+21st+Century%3A+A+Galileo+Moment%3F&rft.date=2013-02-14&rft.aulast=al-Azami&rft.aufirst=Usaama&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.huffingtonpost.com%2Fusaama-alazami%2Fmuslims-and-evolution-in-the-21st-century-a-galileo-moment_b_2688895.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACreationism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.talkorigins.org/faqs/mom/groves.html">"Creationism: The Hindu View"</a>. www.talkorigins.org. Retrieved 2019-04-23.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.talkorigins.org&rft.atitle=Creationism%3A+The+Hindu+View&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.talkorigins.org%2Ffaqs%2Fmom%2Fgroves.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACreationism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-CD_usage-14"><a href="#cite_ref-CD_usage_14-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFNumbers1998">Numbers 1998</a>, p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=drk3zykoEy4C&pg=PA50">50</a> "Since at least the early 1840s Darwin had occasionally referred to 'creationists' in his unpublished writings, but the epithet acquired little public currency." – <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://darwin-online.org.uk/content/frameset?pageseq=61&itemID=F1555&viewtype=text">sketch written in 1842</a> – "if this had happened on an island, whence could the new forms have come,—here the geologist calls in creationists." </li> <li id="cite_note-Darwin_letters_1856_1863-15"><a href="#cite_ref-Darwin_letters_1856_1863_15-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDarwin1856" class="citation web cs1"><a href="/wiki/Charles_Darwin" title="Charles Darwin">Darwin, Charles</a> (July 5, 1856). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.darwinproject.ac.uk/entry-1919">"Darwin, C. R. to Hooker, J. D."</a> <a href="/wiki/Correspondence_of_Charles_Darwin#Darwin_Correspondence_Project_website" title="Correspondence of Charles Darwin">Darwin Correspondence Project</a>. Cambridge, UK: <a href="/wiki/Cambridge_University_Library" title="Cambridge University Library">Cambridge University Library</a>. Letter 1919. Retrieved 2010-08-11.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Darwin+Correspondence+Project&rft.atitle=Darwin%2C+C.+R.+to+Hooker%2C+J.+D.&rft.date=1856-07-05&rft.aulast=Darwin&rft.aufirst=Charles&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.darwinproject.ac.uk%2Fentry-1919&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACreationism" class="Z3988"> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDarwin1863" class="citation web cs1">Darwin, Charles (May 31, 1863). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.darwinproject.ac.uk/entry-4196">"Darwin, C. R. to Gray, Asa"</a>. Darwin Correspondence Project. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Library. Letter 4196. Retrieved 2010-08-11.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Darwin+Correspondence+Project&rft.atitle=Darwin%2C+C.+R.+to+Gray%2C+Asa&rft.date=1863-05-31&rft.aulast=Darwin&rft.aufirst=Charles&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.darwinproject.ac.uk%2Fentry-4196&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACreationism" class="Z3988"></li></ul> </li> <li id="cite_note-Asa_usage-16"><a href="#cite_ref-Asa_usage_16-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFNumbers1998">Numbers 1998</a>, p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=drk3zykoEy4C&pg=PA50">50</a> "In 1873 Asa Gray described a 'special creationist' (a phrase he placed in quotation marks) as one who maintained that species 'were supernaturally originated just as they are'," – <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/nation04compgoog">The Nation</a>. J.H. Richards. October 16, 1873. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/nation04compgoog/page/n240">260</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Nation&rft.pages=260&rft.pub=J.H.+Richards&rft.date=1873-10-16&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fnation04compgoog&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACreationism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a> Richard F. Carlson, Tremper Longman III, Science, Creation and the Bible: Reconciling Rival Theories of Origins, p.25 </li> <li id="cite_note-Scott_orig._continuum-18"><a href="#cite_ref-Scott_orig._continuum_18-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFScott2000" class="citation journal cs1"><a href="/wiki/Eugenie_Scott" title="Eugenie Scott">Scott, Eugenie C.</a> (7 December 2000). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080509170526/http://www.natcenscied.org/resources/articles/1593_the_creationevolution_continu_12_7_2000.asp">"The Creation/Evolution Continuum"</a>. Reports of the National Center for Science Education, July–August 1999. 19 (4): 16–17, 23–25. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/2158-818X">2158-818X</a>. 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(January 2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://nagt.org/nagt/jge/abstracts/jan01.html">"Creationism's Propaganda Assault on Deep Time and Evolution"</a>. Journal of Geoscience Education. 49 (1): 30–35. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2001JGeEd..49...30W">2001JGeEd..49...30W</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.5408%2F1089-9995-49.1.30">10.5408/1089-9995-49.1.30</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1089-9995">1089-9995</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:152260926">152260926</a>. Retrieved 2014-03-09.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Geoscience+Education&rft.atitle=Creationism%27s+Propaganda+Assault+on+Deep+Time+and+Evolution&rft.volume=49&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E30-%3C%2Fspan%3E35&rft.date=2001-01&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.5408%2F1089-9995-49.1.30&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A152260926%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.issn=1089-9995&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2001JGeEd..49...30W&rft.aulast=Wise&rft.aufirst=Donald+U.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnagt.org%2Fnagt%2Fjge%2Fabstracts%2Fjan01.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACreationism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-nagt-pdf-Ross-20">^ <a href="#cite_ref-nagt-pdf-Ross_20-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-nagt-pdf-Ross_20-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRoss2005" class="citation journal cs1"><a href="/wiki/Marcus_R._Ross" title="Marcus R. 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Journal of Geoscience Education. 53 (3): 319–323. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2005JGeEd..53..319R">2005JGeEd..53..319R</a>. <a href="/wiki/CiteSeerX_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="CiteSeerX (identifier)">CiteSeerX</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/summary?doi=10.1.1.404.1340">10.1.1.404.1340</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.5408%2F1089-9995-53.3.319">10.5408/1089-9995-53.3.319</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1089-9995">1089-9995</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:14208021">14208021</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20221009/http://nagt.org/files/nagt/jge/abstracts/Ross_v53n3p319.pdf">Archived</a> (PDF) from the original on 2022-10-09. Retrieved 2014-03-09.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Geoscience+Education&rft.atitle=Who+Believes+What%3F+Clearing+up+Confusion+over+Intelligent+Design+and+Young-Earth+Creationism&rft.volume=53&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E319-%3C%2Fspan%3E323&rft.date=2005-05&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A14208021%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2005JGeEd..53..319R&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fciteseerx.ist.psu.edu%2Fviewdoc%2Fsummary%3Fdoi%3D10.1.1.404.1340%23id-name%3DCiteSeerX&rft.issn=1089-9995&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.5408%2F1089-9995-53.3.319&rft.aulast=Ross&rft.aufirst=Marcus+R.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnagt.org%2Ffiles%2Fnagt%2Fjge%2Fabstracts%2FRoss_v53n3p319.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACreationism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEScott2009[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidFAAlDQAAQBAJpgPA63_63–75]-21"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEScott2009[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidFAAlDQAAQBAJpgPA63_63–75]_21-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFScott2009">Scott 2009</a>, pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=FAAlDQAAQBAJ&pg=PA63">63–75</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a> Evolution vs. Creationism: An Introduction, <a href="/wiki/Eugenie_Scott" title="Eugenie Scott">Eugenie Scott</a>, pp61-62 </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a> The Scientific Case Against Scientific Creationism, Jon P. Alston, p24 </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.talkorigins.org/faqs/wic.html">"What is Creationism?"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=What+is+Creationism%3F&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.talkorigins.org%2Ffaqs%2Fwic.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACreationism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://bible.oremus.org/?passage=2%20Peter%203:3–7&version=nrsv">2 Peter 3:3–7</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ncse.ngo/formless-and-void-gap-theory-creationism">"Formless and Void: Gap Theory Creationism | National Center for Science Education"</a>. ncse.ngo. Retrieved 2021-10-30.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=ncse.ngo&rft.atitle=Formless+and+Void%3A+Gap+Theory+Creationism+%7C+National+Center+for+Science+Education&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fncse.ngo%2Fformless-and-void-gap-theory-creationism&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACreationism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a> Gould, Stephen J. The Panda's Thumb (New York: W.W. Norton & CO., 1982), page 182. </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a> Bocchino, Peter; Geisler, Norman "Unshakable Foundations" (Minneapolis: Bethany House., 2001). Pages 141–188 </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGreener2007" class="citation journal cs1">Greener, M (December 2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2267227">"Taking on creationism. Which arguments and evidence counter pseudoscience?"</a>. EMBO Rep. 8 (12): 1107–9. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1038%2Fsj.embor.7401131">10.1038/sj.embor.7401131</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1469-221X">1469-221X</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2267227">2267227</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/18059309">18059309</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=EMBO+Rep.&rft.atitle=Taking+on+creationism.+Which+arguments+and+evidence+counter+pseudoscience%3F&rft.volume=8&rft.issue=12&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E1107-%3C%2Fspan%3E9&rft.date=2007-12&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC2267227%23id-name%3DPMC&rft.issn=1469-221X&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F18059309&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1038%2Fsj.embor.7401131&rft.aulast=Greener&rft.aufirst=M&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC2267227&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACreationism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a> <a href="#NAS_1999">NAS 1999</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nap.edu/openbook.php?record_id=6024&page=R9">p. R9</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-amicus-31"><a href="#cite_ref-amicus_31-0">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/*/http://www.talkorigins.org/faqs/edwards-v-aguillard/amicus1.html">Amicus Curiae Brief Of 72 Nobel Laureates, 17 State Academies Of Science, And 7 Other Scientific Organizations</a> at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> (archive index), <a href="/wiki/Edwards_v._Aguillard" title="Edwards v. Aguillard">Edwards v. Aguillard</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-philofscience-32"><a href="#cite_ref-philofscience_32-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSahotra_SarkarJessica_Pfeifer2006" class="citation book cs1">Sahotra Sarkar; Jessica Pfeifer (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=od68ge7aF6wC">The Philosophy of science: an encyclopedia. A-M</a>. Psychology Press. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=od68ge7aF6wC&pg=PA194">194</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-415-93927-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-415-93927-0"><bdi>978-0-415-93927-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Philosophy+of+science%3A+an+encyclopedia.+A-M&rft.pages=194&rft.pub=Psychology+Press&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=978-0-415-93927-0&rft.au=Sahotra+Sarkar&rft.au=Jessica+Pfeifer&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dod68ge7aF6wC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACreationism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a> <a href="#Okasha_2002">Okasha 2002</a>, p. 127. Okasha's full statement is that "virtually all professional biologists regard creation science as a sham – a dishonest and misguided attempt to promote religious beliefs under the guise of science, with extremely harmful educational consequences." </li> <li id="cite_note-morris_neo-34"><a href="#cite_ref-morris_neo_34-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMorris" class="citation web cs1"><a href="/wiki/Henry_M._Morris" title="Henry M. Morris">Morris, Henry M.</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.icr.org/index.php?module=articles&action=view&ID=425">"Neocreationism"</a>. icr.org. <a href="/wiki/Institute_for_Creation_Research" title="Institute for Creation Research">Institute for Creation Research</a>. Retrieved Sep 29, 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=icr.org&rft.atitle=Neocreationism&rft.aulast=Morris&rft.aufirst=Henry+M.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.icr.org%2Findex.php%3Fmodule%3Darticles%26action%3Dview%26ID%3D425&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACreationism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-35"><a href="#cite_ref-35">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSafire2005" class="citation news cs1">Safire, William (August 21, 2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/2005/08/21/magazine/21ONLANGUAGE.html?ref=onlanguage">"On Language: Neo-Creo"</a>. The New York Times. Retrieved Sep 29, 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=On+Language%3A+Neo-Creo&rft.date=2005-08-21&rft.aulast=Safire&rft.aufirst=William&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F2005%2F08%2F21%2Fmagazine%2F21ONLANGUAGE.html%3Fref%3Donlanguage&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACreationism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Scott1996-36"><a href="#cite_ref-Scott1996_36-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFScott,_Eugenie_C.1996" class="citation conference cs1"><a href="/wiki/Eugenie_Scott" title="Eugenie Scott">Scott, Eugenie C.</a> (1996). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://ncse.com/creationism/general/creationism-ideology-science">"Creationism, ideology, and science"</a>. Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences. The Flight from Science and Reason. Vol. 775. pp. 505–22. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1995NYASA.775..505S">1995NYASA.775..505S</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1111%2Fj.1749-6632.1996.tb23167.x">10.1111/j.1749-6632.1996.tb23167.x</a>. Retrieved 2009-11-12.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=conference&rft.atitle=Creationism%2C+ideology%2C+and+science&rft.btitle=Annals+of+the+New+York+Academy+of+Sciences&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E505-%3C%2Fspan%3E22&rft.date=1996&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1111%2Fj.1749-6632.1996.tb23167.x&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F1995NYASA.775..505S&rft.au=Scott%2C+Eugenie+C.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fncse.com%2Fcreationism%2Fgeneral%2Fcreationism-ideology-science&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACreationism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-37"><a href="#cite_ref-37">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJohnson2004" class="citation web cs1">Johnson, Phillip E. 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Nonsense on Stilts: How to Tell Science from Bunk. Chicago, Illinois: University of Chicago Press. pp. 160–86. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-226-66786-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-226-66786-7"><bdi>978-0-226-66786-7</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/LCCN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="LCCN (identifier)">LCCN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://lccn.loc.gov/2009049778">2009049778</a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/457149439">457149439</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20221009/http://ncse.com/files/pub/evolution/Nonsenseonstilts.pdf">Archived</a> (PDF) from the original on 2022-10-09.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Science+in+the+Courtroom%3A+The+Case+against+Intelligent+Design&rft.btitle=Nonsense+on+Stilts%3A+How+to+Tell+Science+from+Bunk&rft.place=Chicago%2C+Illinois&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E160-%3C%2Fspan%3E86&rft.pub=University+of+Chicago+Press&rft.date=2010&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F457149439&rft_id=info%3Alccn%2F2009049778&rft.isbn=978-0-226-66786-7&rft.aulast=Pigliucci&rft.aufirst=Massimo&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fncse.com%2Ffiles%2Fpub%2Fevolution%2FNonsenseonstilts.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACreationism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-DIposition-40"><a href="#cite_ref-DIposition_40-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.discovery.org/csc/topQuestions.php#questionsAboutIntelligentDesign">"Top Questions: Questions About Intelligent Design: What is the theory of intelligent design?"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Center_for_Science_and_Culture" title="Center for Science and Culture">Center for Science and Culture</a>. 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Washington, D.C.: Center for Inquiry. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.centerforinquiry.net/uploads/attachments/intelligent-design.pdf">the original</a> (PDF) on 2011-05-19. 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Harvard Science Review. 19 (1): 22–25. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20221009/http://www.hcs.harvard.edu/~hsr/wp-content/themes/hsr/pdf/fall2005/mu.pdf">Archived</a> (PDF) from the original on 2022-10-09. Retrieved 2014-03-13. <q>...for most members of the mainstream scientific community, ID is not a scientific theory, but a creationist pseudoscience.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Harvard+Science+Review&rft.atitle=Trojan+Horse+or+Legitimate+Science%3A+Deconstructing+the+Debate+over+Intelligent+Design&rft.ssn=fall&rft.volume=19&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E22-%3C%2Fspan%3E25&rft.date=2005&rft.aulast=Mu&rft.aufirst=David&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.hcs.harvard.edu%2F~hsr%2Fwp-content%2Fthemes%2Fhsr%2Fpdf%2Ffall2005%2Fmu.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACreationism" class="Z3988"> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKlotzko2001" class="citation journal cs1">Klotzko, Arlene Judith (May 28, 2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.the-scientist.com/?articles.view/articleNo/13410/title/Cynical-Science-and-Stem-Cells/">"Cynical Science and Stem Cells"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_Scientist_(magazine)" title="The Scientist (magazine)">The Scientist</a>. 15 (11): 35. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0890-3670">0890-3670</a>. Retrieved 2014-03-13. <q>Creationists are repackaging their message as the pseudo-science of 'intelligent design theory.'</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Scientist&rft.atitle=Cynical+Science+and+Stem+Cells&rft.volume=15&rft.issue=11&rft.pages=35&rft.date=2001-05-28&rft.issn=0890-3670&rft.aulast=Klotzko&rft.aufirst=Arlene+Judith&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.the-scientist.com%2F%3Farticles.view%2FarticleNo%2F13410%2Ftitle%2FCynical-Science-and-Stem-Cells%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACreationism" class="Z3988"></li> <li><cite><a href="/wiki/Kitzmiller_v._Dover_Area_School_District" title="Kitzmiller v. Dover Area School District">Kitzmiller v. Dover Area School District</a></cite>, 04 cv 2688 (December 20, 2005)., <a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Kitzmiller_v._Dover_Area_School_District/6:Curriculum,_Conclusion#Page_136_of_139" class="extiw" title="s:Kitzmiller v. Dover Area School District/6:Curriculum, Conclusion">Curriculum, Conclusion, p. 136</a>.</li></ul> </li> <li id="cite_note-Numbers_2006-45"><a href="#cite_ref-Numbers_2006_45-0">^</a> <a href="#Numbers_2006">Numbers 2006</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-46"><a href="#cite_ref-46">^</a> <a href="#Forrest_&_Gross_2004">Forrest & Gross 2004</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-47"><a href="#cite_ref-47">^</a> <a href="#Pennock_2001">Pennock 2001</a>, "Wizards of ID: Reply to Dembski," pp. 645–667, "Dembski chides me for never using the term 'intelligent design' without conjoining it to 'creationism'. He implies (though never explicitly asserts) that he and others in his movement are not creationists and that it is incorrect to discuss them in such terms, suggesting that doing so is merely a rhetorical ploy to 'rally the troops'. (2) Am I (and the many others who see Dembski's movement in the same way) misrepresenting their position? The basic notion of creationism is the rejection of biological evolution in favor of special creation, where the latter is understood to be supernatural. Beyond this there is considerable variability..." <ul><li><a href="#Pennock_1999">Pennock 1999</a></li></ul> </li> <li id="cite_note-48"><a href="#cite_ref-48">^</a> <a href="#Scott_2005">Scott 2005</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-49"><a href="#cite_ref-49">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFYoungEdis2006" class="citation book cs1">Young, Matt; <a href="/wiki/Taner_Edis" title="Taner Edis">Edis, Taner</a> (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=hYLKdtlVeQgC&q=Why+Intelligent+Design+Fails:+A+Scientific+Critique+of+the+New+Creationism">Why Intelligent Design Fails: A Scientific Critique of the New Creationism</a>. Rutgers University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780813538723" title="Special:BookSources/9780813538723"><bdi>9780813538723</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Why+Intelligent+Design+Fails%3A+A+Scientific+Critique+of+the+New+Creationism&rft.pub=Rutgers+University+Press&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=9780813538723&rft.aulast=Young&rft.aufirst=Matt&rft.au=Edis%2C+Taner&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DhYLKdtlVeQgC%26q%3DWhy%2BIntelligent%2BDesign%2BFails%3A%2BA%2BScientific%2BCritique%2Bof%2Bthe%2BNew%2BCreationism&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACreationism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Flank_April2006-50"><a href="#cite_ref-Flank_April2006_50-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFlank2006" class="citation web cs1">Flank, Lenny (April 24, 2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140823063247/http://www.talkreason.org/articles/HistoryID.cfm">"Creationism/ID: A Short Legal History"</a>. Talk Reason. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.talkreason.org/articles/HistoryID.cfm">the original</a> on August 23, 2014. Retrieved 2014-03-09.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Talk+Reason&rft.atitle=Creationism%2FID%3A+A+Short+Legal+History&rft.date=2006-04-24&rft.aulast=Flank&rft.aufirst=Lenny&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.talkreason.org%2Farticles%2FHistoryID.cfm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACreationism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-51"><a href="#cite_ref-51">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSmith2005" class="citation news cs1">Smith, Deborah (October 21, 2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.smh.com.au/news/national/intelligent-design-not-science-experts/2005/10/20/1129775902661.html">"Intelligent design not science: experts"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_Sydney_Morning_Herald" title="The Sydney Morning Herald">The Sydney Morning Herald</a>. 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Dover Area School District/6:Curriculum, Conclusion">Curriculum, Conclusion, p. 136</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-kitz-53">^ <a href="#cite_ref-kitz_53-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-kitz_53-1">b</a> <a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Kitzmiller_v._Dover_Area_School_District_et_al." class="extiw" title="s:Kitzmiller v. Dover Area School District et al.">Full text of U.S. District Judge John E. Jones III's ruling in Kitzmiller v. Dover Area School District, dated December 20, 2005.</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-Numbers1993-54"><a href="#cite_ref-Numbers1993_54-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNumbers1993" class="citation book cs1">Numbers, Ronald L. (1993) [Originally published 1992; New York: <a href="/wiki/Alfred_A._Knopf" title="Alfred A. Knopf">Alfred A. 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Retrieved 2010-05-17.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Evolution&rft.btitle=The+Encyclopedia+of+the+Lutheran+Church&rft.place=Minneapolis%2C+MN&rft.pub=Augsburg+Publishing+House&rft.date=1965&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F947120&rft_id=info%3Alccn%2F64021500&rft.aulast=Schick&rft.aufirst=Edwin+A.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fncse.com%2Fmedia%2Fvoices%2Flutheran-world-federation&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACreationism" class="Z3988"> Edited for the <a href="/wiki/Lutheran_World_Federation" title="Lutheran World Federation">Lutheran World Federation</a>. <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHollabaugh2006" class="citation journal cs1">Hollabaugh, Mark (October 2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20131231072935/http://www.thelutheran.org/article/article.cfm?article_id=6093">"God allows the universe to create itself and evolve"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_Lutheran" class="mw-redirect" title="The Lutheran">The Lutheran</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0024-743X">0024-743X</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.thelutheran.org/article/article.cfm?article_id=6093">the original</a> on 2013-12-31. Retrieved 2014-03-16.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Lutheran&rft.atitle=God+allows+the+universe+to+create+itself+and+evolve&rft.date=2006-10&rft.issn=0024-743X&rft.aulast=Hollabaugh&rft.aufirst=Mark&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.thelutheran.org%2Farticle%2Farticle.cfm%3Farticle_id%3D6093&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACreationism" class="Z3988"></li></ul> </li> <li id="cite_note-93"><a href="#cite_ref-93">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/world/2006/mar/21/religion.uk">"Interview: Rowan Williams"</a>. The Guardian (Transcript). London. March 21, 2006. Retrieved 2014-03-16.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Guardian&rft.atitle=Interview%3A+Rowan+Williams&rft.date=2006-03-21&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theguardian.com%2Fworld%2F2006%2Fmar%2F21%2Freligion.uk&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACreationism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-94"><a href="#cite_ref-94">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWilliams2006" class="citation news cs1">Williams, Christopher (March 21, 2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theregister.co.uk/2006/03/21/archbishop_backs_evolution/">"Archbishop of Canterbury backs evolution"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_Register" title="The Register">The Register</a>. London: Situation Publishing Limited. Retrieved 2011-03-10.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Register&rft.atitle=Archbishop+of+Canterbury+backs+evolution&rft.date=2006-03-21&rft.aulast=Williams&rft.aufirst=Christopher&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theregister.co.uk%2F2006%2F03%2F21%2Farchbishop_backs_evolution%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACreationism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-95"><a href="#cite_ref-95">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMcDonell2005" class="citation journal cs1">McDonell, Keelin (July 12, 2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20050716003211/http://www.slate.com/id/2122506/">"What Catholics Think of Evolution"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Slate_(magazine)" title="Slate (magazine)">Slate</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.slate.com/id/2122506/">the original</a> on 2005-07-16. Retrieved 2014-03-16.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Slate&rft.atitle=What+Catholics+Think+of+Evolution&rft.date=2005-07-12&rft.aulast=McDonell&rft.aufirst=Keelin&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.slate.com%2Fid%2F2122506%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACreationism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-97"><a href="#cite_ref-97">^</a> <a href="#Polkinghorne_1998">Polkinghorne 1998</a>, pp. 7–8 </li> <li id="cite_note-Philo_Chapter2-98"><a href="#cite_ref-Philo_Chapter2_98-0">^</a> <a href="#Philo">Philo</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-www.earlychurch.org.uk-99"><a href="#cite_ref-www.earlychurch.org.uk_99-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBradshaw" class="citation web cs1">Bradshaw, Rob. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.earlychurch.org.uk/philo.php">"Philo of Alexandria (c. 20 BC – c. AD 50)"</a>. Early Church.org.uk. West Wickham, England: Steve Bradshaw. Retrieved December 21, 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Early+Church.org.uk&rft.atitle=Philo+of+Alexandria+%28c.+20+BC+%26ndash%3B%26%2332%3Bc.+AD+50%29&rft.aulast=Bradshaw&rft.aufirst=Rob&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.earlychurch.org.uk%2Fphilo.php&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACreationism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Augustine-100"><a href="#cite_ref-Augustine_100-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFYoung1988" class="citation journal cs1">Young, Davis A. (March 1988). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.asa3.org/ASA/PSCF/1988/PSCF3-88Young.html">"The Contemporary Relevance of Augustine's View of Creation"</a>. <a href="/wiki/American_Scientific_Affiliation" title="American Scientific Affiliation">Perspectives on Science and Christian Faith</a>. 40 (1): 42–45. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0892-2675">0892-2675</a>. Retrieved 2008-08-18.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Perspectives+on+Science+and+Christian+Faith&rft.atitle=The+Contemporary+Relevance+of+Augustine%27s+View+of+Creation&rft.volume=40&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E42-%3C%2Fspan%3E45&rft.date=1988-03&rft.issn=0892-2675&rft.aulast=Young&rft.aufirst=Davis+A.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.asa3.org%2FASA%2FPSCF%2F1988%2FPSCF3-88Young.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACreationism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-101"><a href="#cite_ref-101">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPope_Pius_XII1950" class="citation web cs1"><a href="/wiki/Pope_Pius_XII" title="Pope Pius XII">Pope Pius XII</a> (August 12, 1950). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120419021937/https://www.vatican.va/holy_father/pius_xii/encyclicals/documents/hf_p-xii_enc_12081950_humani-generis_en.html">"Humani Generis"</a>. Vatican: the Holy See (<a href="/wiki/Encyclical#Catholic_usage" title="Encyclical">Papal encyclical</a>). St. Peter's Basilica, Vatican City: <a href="/wiki/Holy_See" title="Holy See">Holy See</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.vatican.va/holy_father/pius_xii/encyclicals/documents/hf_p-xii_enc_12081950_humani-generis_en.html">the original</a> on April 19, 2012. Retrieved 2011-11-08.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Vatican%3A+the+Holy+See&rft.atitle=Humani+Generis&rft.date=1950-08-12&rft.au=Pope+Pius+XII&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.vatican.va%2Fholy_father%2Fpius_xii%2Fencyclicals%2Fdocuments%2Fhf_p-xii_enc_12081950_humani-generis_en.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACreationism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-102"><a href="#cite_ref-102">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPope_John_Paul_II1996" class="citation news cs1"><a href="/wiki/Pope_John_Paul_II" title="Pope John Paul II">Pope John Paul II</a> (October 30, 1996). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160321064939/http://www.its.caltech.edu/%7Enmcenter/sci-cp/evolution.html">"Magisterium is concerned with question of evolution, for it involves conception of man"</a>. <a href="/wiki/L%27Osservatore_Romano" title="L'Osservatore Romano">L'Osservatore Romano</a> (Message to the <a href="/wiki/Pontifical_Academy_of_Sciences" title="Pontifical Academy of Sciences">Pontifical Academy of Sciences</a>). No. 44 (Weekly English ed.). Tipografia Vaticana, Vatican City: Holy See. pp. 3, 7. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.its.caltech.edu/~nmcenter/sci-cp/evolution.html">the original</a> on March 21, 2016. Retrieved March 19, 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=L%27Osservatore+Romano&rft.atitle=Magisterium+is+concerned+with+question+of+evolution%2C+for+it+involves+conception+of+man&rft.issue=44&rft.pages=3%2C+7&rft.date=1996-10-30&rft.au=Pope+John+Paul+II&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.its.caltech.edu%2F~nmcenter%2Fsci-cp%2Fevolution.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACreationism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-103"><a href="#cite_ref-103">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation report cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://religions.pewforum.org/pdf/report2religious-landscape-study-chapter-2.pdf">"Social and Political Views"</a> (PDF). U.S. Religious Landscape Survey (Report). Washington, D.C.: <a href="/wiki/Pew_Research_Center" title="Pew Research Center">Pew Research Center</a>. 2008. p. 95. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20221009/http://religions.pewforum.org/pdf/report2religious-landscape-study-chapter-2.pdf">Archived</a> (PDF) from the original on 2022-10-09. Retrieved 2014-03-19.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=report&rft.btitle=U.S.+Religious+Landscape+Survey&rft.place=Washington%2C+D.C.&rft.pages=95&rft.pub=Pew+Research+Center&rft.date=2008&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Freligions.pewforum.org%2Fpdf%2Freport2religious-landscape-study-chapter-2.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACreationism" class="Z3988"> Report 2: Religious Beliefs & Practices, Chapter 2. </li> <li id="cite_note-104"><a href="#cite_ref-104">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChryssides2008" class="citation book cs1">Chryssides, George D. (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Xx6nUwZzeCsC&pg=PA37">Historical Dictionary of Jehovah's Witnesses</a>. Scarecrow Press. p. 37. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780810862692" title="Special:BookSources/9780810862692"><bdi>9780810862692</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Historical+Dictionary+of+Jehovah%27s+Witnesses&rft.pages=37&rft.pub=Scarecrow+Press&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=9780810862692&rft.aulast=Chryssides&rft.aufirst=George+D.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DXx6nUwZzeCsC%26pg%3DPA37&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACreationism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-105"><a href="#cite_ref-105">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://bible.oremus.org/?passage=Genesis%201–2&version=nrsv">Genesis 1–2:3</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-106"><a href="#cite_ref-106">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://bible.oremus.org/?passage=Genesis%202:4–25&version=nrsv">Genesis 2:4–25</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-107"><a href="#cite_ref-107">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJackson1990" class="citation web cs1">Jackson, Wayne (31 December 1990). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.apologeticspress.org/articles/2194">"Are There Two Creation Accounts in Genesis?"</a>. Apologetics Press. Montgomery, Al. Retrieved 2007-05-23.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Apologetics+Press&rft.atitle=Are+There+Two+Creation+Accounts+in+Genesis%3F&rft.date=1990-12-31&rft.aulast=Jackson&rft.aufirst=Wayne&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.apologeticspress.org%2Farticles%2F2194&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACreationism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-108"><a href="#cite_ref-108">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTobin2000" class="citation web cs1">Tobin, Paul N. (2000). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20141008175621/http://www.rejectionofpascalswager.net/creationint.html">"The Creation Myths: Internal Difficulties"</a>. The Rejection of Pascal's Wager: A Skeptic's Guide to Christianity. Singapore: Paul Tobin. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.rejectionofpascalswager.net/creationint.html">the original</a> on 2014-10-08. Retrieved 2014-03-19.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Rejection+of+Pascal%27s+Wager%3A+A+Skeptic%27s+Guide+to+Christianity&rft.atitle=The+Creation+Myths%3A+Internal+Difficulties&rft.date=2000&rft.aulast=Tobin&rft.aufirst=Paul+N.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.rejectionofpascalswager.net%2Fcreationint.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACreationism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-rsf-109"><a href="#cite_ref-rsf_109-0">^</a> <a href="#Forster_&_Marston_1999">Forster & Marston 1999</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-S&Hp547-110"><a href="#cite_ref-S&Hp547_110-0">^</a> <a href="#Eddy_1934">Eddy 1934</a>, p. 547 </li> <li id="cite_note-111"><a href="#cite_ref-111">^</a> <a href="#McGrath_2010">McGrath 2010</a>, p. 140 </li> <li id="cite_note-112"><a href="#cite_ref-112">^</a> <a href="#Numbers_2006">Numbers 2006</a>, p. 420 </li> <li id="cite_note-113"><a href="#cite_ref-113">^</a> <a href="#Carper_&_Hunt_2009">Carper & Hunt 2009</a>, p. 167 </li> <li id="cite_note-114"><a href="#cite_ref-114">^</a> <a href="#Dasgupta_1922">Dasgupta 1922</a>, p. 10 </li> <li id="cite_note-115"><a href="#cite_ref-115">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDonigerHawley1999" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a href="/wiki/Wendy_Doniger" title="Wendy Doniger">Doniger, Wendy</a>; Hawley, John Stratton, eds. (1999). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/isbn_9780877790440">"Merriam-Webster's Encyclopedia of World Religions"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Merriam-Webster" title="Merriam-Webster">Merriam-Webster</a>. <a href="/wiki/Merriam-Webster" title="Merriam-Webster">Merriam-Webster, Incorporated</a>. p. 691 (Manu). <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0877790442" title="Special:BookSources/0877790442"><bdi>0877790442</bdi></a>. <q>a day in the life of Brahma is divided into 14 periods called manvantaras ("Manu intervals"), each of which lasts for 306,720,000 years. In every second cycle [(new kalpa after pralaya)] the world is recreated, and a new Manu appears to become the father of the next human race. The present age is considered to be the seventh Manu cycle.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Merriam-Webster%27s+Encyclopedia+of+World+Religions&rft.btitle=Merriam-Webster&rft.pages=691+%28Manu%29&rft.pub=Merriam-Webster%2C+Incorporated&rft.date=1999&rft.isbn=0877790442&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fisbn_9780877790440&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACreationism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-116"><a href="#cite_ref-116">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKrishnamurthy2019" class="citation book cs1">Krishnamurthy, V. (2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=HF2NDwAAQBAJ&q=%227th+manvantara%22+%2228th%22&pg=PT407">"Ch. 20: The Cosmic Flow of Time as per Scriptures"</a>. Meet the Ancient Scriptures of Hinduism. Notion Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781684669387" title="Special:BookSources/9781684669387"><bdi>9781684669387</bdi></a>. <q>Each manvantara is preceded and followed by a period of 1,728,000 (= 4K) years when the entire earthly universe (bhu-loka) will submerge under water. The period of this deluge is known as manvantara-sandhya (sandhya meaning, twilight). [...] According to the traditional time-keeping [...] Thus in Brahma's calendar the present time may be coded as his 51st year – first month – first day – 7th manvantara – 28th maha-yuga – 4th yuga or kaliyuga.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Ch.+20%3A+The+Cosmic+Flow+of+Time+as+per+Scriptures&rft.btitle=Meet+the+Ancient+Scriptures+of+Hinduism&rft.pub=Notion+Press&rft.date=2019&rft.isbn=9781684669387&rft.aulast=Krishnamurthy&rft.aufirst=V.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DHF2NDwAAQBAJ%26q%3D%25227th%2Bmanvantara%2522%2B%252228th%2522%26pg%3DPT407&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACreationism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-117"><a href="#cite_ref-117">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGupta2010" class="citation book cs1">Gupta, S. V. (2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=pHiKycrLmEQC&pg=PA7">"Ch. 1.2.4 Time Measurements"</a>. In Hull, Robert; <a href="/wiki/Richard_M._Osgood_Jr." title="Richard M. Osgood Jr.">Osgood, Richard M. Jr.</a>; Parisi, Jurgen; Warlimont, Hans (eds.). Units of Measurement: Past, Present and Future. International System of Units. 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A&C Black. p. 44. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8192-8116-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8192-8116-6"><bdi>978-0-8192-8116-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Exploring+and+Proclaiming+the+Apostles%27+Creed&rft.pages=44&rft.pub=A%26C+Black&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=978-0-8192-8116-6&rft.aulast=van+Harn&rft.aufirst=Roger&rft.au=Ford%2C+David+F.&rft.au=Gunton%2C+Colin+E.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DGCXUAwAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA44&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACreationism" class="Z3988"> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=GCXUAwAAQBAJ">Extract of page 44</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-186"><a href="#cite_ref-186">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRa2016" class="citation book cs1">Ra, Aron (2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=F-rvDAAAQBAJ">Foundational Falsehoods of Creationism</a>. Pitchstone Publishing. p. 182. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-63431-079-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-63431-079-6"><bdi>978-1-63431-079-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Foundational+Falsehoods+of+Creationism&rft.pages=182&rft.pub=Pitchstone+Publishing&rft.date=2016&rft.isbn=978-1-63431-079-6&rft.aulast=Ra&rft.aufirst=Aron&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DF-rvDAAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACreationism" class="Z3988"> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=F-rvDAAAQBAJ&pg=PT182">Extract of page 182</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-187"><a href="#cite_ref-187">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMartin2010" class="citation journal cs1">Martin, Joel W. (September 2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1007%2Fs12052-010-0221-5">"Compatibility of Major U.S. Christian Denominations with Evolution"</a>. Evolution: Education and Outreach. 3 (3): 420–431. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1007%2Fs12052-010-0221-5">10.1007/s12052-010-0221-5</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:272665">272665</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Evolution%3A+Education+and+Outreach&rft.atitle=Compatibility+of+Major+U.S.+Christian+Denominations+with+Evolution&rft.volume=3&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E420-%3C%2Fspan%3E431&rft.date=2010-09&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1007%2Fs12052-010-0221-5&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A272665%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Martin&rft.aufirst=Joel+W.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1007%252Fs12052-010-0221-5&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACreationism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-188"><a href="#cite_ref-188">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://ncse.com/media/voices/religion">"Statements from Religious Organizations"</a>. National Center for Science Education. Berkeley, CA. 2008-09-08. Retrieved 2011-03-10.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=National+Center+for+Science+Education&rft.atitle=Statements+from+Religious+Organizations&rft.date=2008-09-08&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fncse.com%2Fmedia%2Fvoices%2Freligion&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACreationism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-189"><a href="#cite_ref-189">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMurphy2002" class="citation journal cs1">Murphy, George L. (2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160411004103/http://puffin.creighton.edu/NRCSE/IDTHG.html">"Intelligent Design as a Theological Problem"</a>. Covalence: The Bulletin of the Evangelical Lutheran Church in America Alliance for Faith, Science and Technology. IV (2). <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/52753579">52753579</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://puffin.creighton.edu/nrcse/IDTHG.html">the original</a> on 2016-04-11. Retrieved 2014-03-31.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Covalence%3A+The+Bulletin+of+the+Evangelical+Lutheran+Church+in+America+Alliance+for+Faith%2C+Science+and+Technology&rft.atitle=Intelligent+Design+as+a+Theological+Problem&rft.volume=IV&rft.issue=2&rft.date=2002&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F52753579&rft.aulast=Murphy&rft.aufirst=George+L.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fpuffin.creighton.edu%2Fnrcse%2FIDTHG.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACreationism" class="Z3988"> Reprinted with permission. </li> <li id="cite_note-190"><a href="#cite_ref-190">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPurcell2012" class="citation book cs1">Purcell, Brendan (2012). From Big Bang to Big Mystery: Human Origins in the Light of Creation and Evolution. 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Association for Science Teacher Education. 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=ASTE+Position+Statement+on+Teaching+Biological+Evolution&rft.pub=Association+for+Science+Teacher+Education&rft.date=2015&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ftheaste.org%2Fabout%2Faste-position-statement-on-teaching-biological-evolution%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACreationism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-193"><a href="#cite_ref-193">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150916020337/http://www.nabt.org/websites/institution/?p=92">"NABT Position Statement on Teaching Evolution"</a>. National Association of Biology Teachers. 2011. 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American Anthropological Association. 2000.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Statement+on+Evolution+and+Creationism&rft.pub=American+Anthropological+Association&rft.date=2000&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.americananthro.org%2FConnectWithAAA%2FContent.aspx%3FItemNumber%3D2599&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACreationism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-195"><a href="#cite_ref-195">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.agiweb.org/gapac/evolution_statement.html">"American Geological Institute Position on Teaching Evolution"</a>. 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London: Royal Society. April 11, 2006. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://royalsociety.org/news.asp?year=&id=4298">the original</a> on 2008-06-02. Retrieved 2014-03-09.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Royal+Society&rft.atitle=Royal+Society+statement+on+evolution%2C+creationism+and+intelligent+design&rft.date=2006-04-11&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Froyalsociety.org%2Fnews.asp%3Fyear%3D%26id%3D4298&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACreationism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-208"><a href="#cite_ref-208">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMatsumuraMead2001" class="citation web cs1">Matsumura, Molleen; Mead, Louise (February 14, 2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://ncse.com/taking-action/ten-major-court-cases-evolution-creationism">"Ten Major Court Cases about Evolution and Creationism"</a>. National Center for Science Education. Berkeley, CA. Retrieved 2008-11-04.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=National+Center+for+Science+Education&rft.atitle=Ten+Major+Court+Cases+about+Evolution+and+Creationism&rft.date=2001-02-14&rft.aulast=Matsumura&rft.aufirst=Molleen&rft.au=Mead%2C+Louise&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fncse.com%2Ftaking-action%2Ften-major-court-cases-evolution-creationism&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACreationism" class="Z3988"> Updated 2007-07-31. </li> <li id="cite_note-209"><a href="#cite_ref-209">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMyers2006" class="citation web cs1"><a href="/wiki/PZ_Myers" title="PZ Myers">Myers, PZ</a> (June 18, 2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070809011055/http://scienceblogs.com/pharyngula/2006/06/ann_coulter_no_evidence_for_ev.php">"Ann Coulter: No evidence for evolution?"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Pharyngula_(blog)" title="Pharyngula (blog)">Pharyngula</a> (Blog). <a href="/wiki/ScienceBlogs" title="ScienceBlogs">ScienceBlogs LLC</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://scienceblogs.com/pharyngula/2006/06/ann_coulter_no_evidence_for_ev.php">the original</a> on August 9, 2007. Retrieved 2007-09-12.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Pharyngula&rft.atitle=Ann+Coulter%3A+No+evidence+for+evolution%3F&rft.date=2006-06-18&rft.aulast=Myers&rft.aufirst=PZ&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fscienceblogs.com%2Fpharyngula%2F2006%2F06%2Fann_coulter_no_evidence_for_ev.php&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACreationism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-210"><a href="#cite_ref-210">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.oldearth.org/about_aic.htm">"About Old Earth Ministries?"</a>. Old Earth Ministries. Springfield, OH. Retrieved 2014-03-09.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Old+Earth+Ministries&rft.atitle=About+Old+Earth+Ministries%3F&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.oldearth.org%2Fabout_aic.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACreationism" class="Z3988"> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Works_cited">Works cited</h3></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239549316">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%}}</style><div class="refbegin refbegin-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em"> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="`Abdu'l-Bahá_1982" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/%60Abdu%27l-Bah%C3%A1" class="mw-redirect" title="`Abdu'l-Bahá">`Abdu'l-Bahá</a> (1982) [Originally published 1922–1925]. The Promulgation of Universal Peace: Talks Delivered by 'Abdu'l-Bahá during His Visit to the United States and Canada in 1912. Compiled by Howard MacNutt (2nd ed.). Wilmette, IL: Bahá'í Publishing Trust. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8774-3172-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8774-3172-5"><bdi>978-0-8774-3172-5</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/LCCN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="LCCN (identifier)">LCCN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://lccn.loc.gov/81021689">81021689</a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/853066452">853066452</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Promulgation+of+Universal+Peace%3A+Talks+Delivered+by+%27Abdu%27l-Bah%C3%A1+during+His+Visit+to+the+United+States+and+Canada+in+1912&rft.place=Wilmette%2C+IL&rft.edition=2nd&rft.pub=Bah%C3%A1%27%C3%AD+Publishing+Trust&rft.date=1982&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F853066452&rft_id=info%3Alccn%2F81021689&rft.isbn=978-0-8774-3172-5&rft.au=%60Abdu%27l-Bah%C3%A1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACreationism" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="Aviezer_1990" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Nathan_Aviezer" title="Nathan Aviezer">Aviezer, Nathan</a> (1990). In the Beginning—: Biblical Creation and Science. Hoboken, NJ: KTAV Publishing House. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-88125-328-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-88125-328-3"><bdi>978-0-88125-328-3</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/LCCN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="LCCN (identifier)">LCCN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://lccn.loc.gov/89049127">89049127</a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/20800545">20800545</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=In+the+Beginning%E2%80%94%3A+Biblical+Creation+and+Science&rft.place=Hoboken%2C+NJ&rft.pub=KTAV+Publishing+House&rft.date=1990&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F20800545&rft_id=info%3Alccn%2F89049127&rft.isbn=978-0-88125-328-3&rft.aulast=Aviezer&rft.aufirst=Nathan&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACreationism" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="Barlow_1963" class="citation journal cs1"><a href="/wiki/Nora_Barlow" title="Nora Barlow">Barlow, Nora</a>, ed. (1963). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://darwin-online.org.uk/content/frameset?pageseq=1&itemID=F1577&viewtype=side">"Darwin's Ornithological Notes"</a>. Bulletin of the British Museum (Natural History), Historical Series. 2 (7): 201–278. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.5962%2Fp.310422">10.5962/p.310422</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0068-2306">0068-2306</a>. Retrieved 2009-06-10.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Bulletin+of+the+British+Museum+%28Natural+History%29%2C+Historical+Series&rft.atitle=Darwin%27s+Ornithological+Notes&rft.volume=2&rft.issue=7&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E201-%3C%2Fspan%3E278&rft.date=1963&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.5962%2Fp.310422&rft.issn=0068-2306&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fdarwin-online.org.uk%2Fcontent%2Fframeset%3Fpageseq%3D1%26itemID%3DF1577%26viewtype%3Dside&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACreationism" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="Bowler_2003" class="citation book cs1">Bowler, Peter J. (2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/evolutionhistory0000bowl_n7y8">Evolution: The History of an Idea</a> (3rd ed.). Berkeley, CA: <a href="/wiki/University_of_California_Press" title="University of California Press">University of California Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-520-23693-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-520-23693-6"><bdi>978-0-520-23693-6</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/LCCN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="LCCN (identifier)">LCCN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://lccn.loc.gov/2002007569">2002007569</a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/49824702">49824702</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Evolution%3A+The+History+of+an+Idea&rft.place=Berkeley%2C+CA&rft.edition=3rd&rft.pub=University+of+California+Press&rft.date=2003&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F49824702&rft_id=info%3Alccn%2F2002007569&rft.isbn=978-0-520-23693-6&rft.aulast=Bowler&rft.aufirst=Peter+J.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fevolutionhistory0000bowl_n7y8&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACreationism" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="Bucaille_1977" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Maurice_Bucaille" title="Maurice Bucaille">Bucaille, Maurice</a> (1977) [Original French edition published 1976]. The Bible, The Qur'an and Science: The Holy Scriptures Examined in the Light of Modern Knowledge. translated from the French by Alastair D. Pannell and the author. Paris: Seghers. <a href="/wiki/LCCN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="LCCN (identifier)">LCCN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://lccn.loc.gov/76488005">76488005</a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/373529514">373529514</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Bible%2C+The+Qur%27an+and+Science%3A+The+Holy+Scriptures+Examined+in+the+Light+of+Modern+Knowledge&rft.place=Paris&rft.pub=Seghers&rft.date=1977&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F373529514&rft_id=info%3Alccn%2F76488005&rft.aulast=Bucaille&rft.aufirst=Maurice&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACreationism" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="Bucaille_1976" class="citation book cs1">Bucaille, Maurice (1976). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.sultan.org/articles/QScience.html">The Qur'an and Modern Science</a> (Booklet). Riyadh, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia: Cooperative Offices for Call & Guidance at Al-Badiah & Industrial Area. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/52246825">52246825</a>. Retrieved 2014-03-21.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Qur%27an+and+Modern+Science&rft.place=Riyadh%2C+Kingdom+of+Saudi+Arabia&rft.pub=Cooperative+Offices+for+Call+%26+Guidance+at+Al-Badiah+%26+Industrial+Area&rft.date=1976&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F52246825&rft.aulast=Bucaille&rft.aufirst=Maurice&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.sultan.org%2Farticles%2FQScience.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACreationism" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="Carmell_&_Domb_1976" class="citation book cs1">Carmell, Aryeh; Domb, Cyril, eds. (1976). Challenge: Torah Views on Science and its Problems. Jerusalem; New York: <a href="/wiki/Association_of_Orthodox_Jewish_Scientists" title="Association of Orthodox Jewish Scientists">Association of Orthodox Jewish Scientists</a>; <a href="/wiki/Feldheim_Publishers" title="Feldheim Publishers">Feldheim Publishers</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-87306-174-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-87306-174-2"><bdi>978-0-87306-174-2</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/LCCN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="LCCN (identifier)">LCCN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://lccn.loc.gov/77357516">77357516</a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/609518840">609518840</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Challenge%3A+Torah+Views+on+Science+and+its+Problems&rft.place=Jerusalem%3B+New+York&rft.pub=Association+of+Orthodox+Jewish+Scientists%3B+Feldheim+Publishers&rft.date=1976&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F609518840&rft_id=info%3Alccn%2F77357516&rft.isbn=978-0-87306-174-2&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACreationism" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="Carper_&_Hunt_2009" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-long-vol">Carper, James C.; Hunt, Thomas C., eds. (2009). The Praeger Handbook of Religion and Education in the United States. Vol. 1: A–L. Westport, CT: <a href="/wiki/Greenwood_Publishing_Group" title="Greenwood Publishing Group">Praeger Publishers</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-275-99228-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-275-99228-6"><bdi>978-0-275-99228-6</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/LCCN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="LCCN (identifier)">LCCN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://lccn.loc.gov/2008041156">2008041156</a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/246888936">246888936</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Praeger+Handbook+of+Religion+and+Education+in+the+United+States&rft.place=Westport%2C+CT&rft.pub=Praeger+Publishers&rft.date=2009&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F246888936&rft_id=info%3Alccn%2F2008041156&rft.isbn=978-0-275-99228-6&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACreationism" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="Collins_2006" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Francis_Collins" title="Francis Collins">Collins, Francis S.</a> (2006). <a href="/wiki/The_Language_of_God:_A_Scientist_Presents_Evidence_for_Belief" class="mw-redirect" title="The Language of God: A Scientist Presents Evidence for Belief">The Language of God: A Scientist Presents Evidence for Belief</a>. New York: <a href="/wiki/Free_Press_(publisher)" title="Free Press (publisher)">Free Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7432-8639-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7432-8639-8"><bdi>978-0-7432-8639-8</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/LCCN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="LCCN (identifier)">LCCN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://lccn.loc.gov/2006045316">2006045316</a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/65978711">65978711</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Language+of+God%3A+A+Scientist+Presents+Evidence+for+Belief&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Free+Press&rft.date=2006&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F65978711&rft_id=info%3Alccn%2F2006045316&rft.isbn=978-0-7432-8639-8&rft.aulast=Collins&rft.aufirst=Francis+S.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACreationism" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="Dasgupta_1922" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Surendranath_Dasgupta" title="Surendranath Dasgupta">Dasgupta, Surendranath</a> (1922). A History of Indian Philosophy. Vol. 1. 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London: <a href="/wiki/Bantam_Press" title="Bantam Press">Bantam Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-5930-5548-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-5930-5548-9"><bdi>978-0-5930-5548-9</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/LCCN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="LCCN (identifier)">LCCN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://lccn.loc.gov/2006015506">2006015506</a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/70671839">70671839</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+God+Delusion&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Bantam+Press&rft.date=2006&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F70671839&rft_id=info%3Alccn%2F2006015506&rft.isbn=978-0-5930-5548-9&rft.aulast=Dawkins&rft.aufirst=Richard&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACreationism" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="Desmond_1989" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Adrian_Desmond" title="Adrian Desmond">Desmond, Adrian</a> (1989). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/politicsofevolut00adri">The Politics of Evolution: Morphology, Medicine, and Reform in Radical London</a>. 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Chicago, Illinois: <a href="/wiki/University_of_Chicago_Press" title="University of Chicago Press">University of Chicago Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-226-14346-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-226-14346-0"><bdi>978-0-226-14346-0</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/LCCN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="LCCN (identifier)">LCCN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://lccn.loc.gov/89005137">89005137</a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/828159401">828159401</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Politics+of+Evolution%3A+Morphology%2C+Medicine%2C+and+Reform+in+Radical+London&rft.place=Chicago%2C+Illinois&rft.series=Science+and+its+Conceptual+Foundations&rft.pub=University+of+Chicago+Press&rft.date=1989&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F828159401&rft_id=info%3Alccn%2F89005137&rft.isbn=978-0-226-14346-0&rft.aulast=Desmond&rft.aufirst=Adrian&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fpoliticsofevolut00adri&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACreationism" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDesmondMoore1991" class="citation book cs1">Desmond, Adrian; <a href="/wiki/James_Moore_(biographer)" title="James Moore (biographer)">Moore, James</a> (1991). Darwin. 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"The Influence of Darwinism on Philosophy". In <a href="/wiki/Martin_Gardner" title="Martin Gardner">Martin Gardner</a> (ed.). Great Essays in Science. 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In Wainwright, William J. (ed.). The Oxford Handbook of Philosophy of Religion. Oxford; New York: <a href="/wiki/Oxford_University_Press" title="Oxford University Press">Oxford University Press</a>. pp. 272–303. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1093%2F0195138090.003.0012">10.1093/0195138090.003.0012</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-1951-3809-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-1951-3809-2"><bdi>978-0-1951-3809-2</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/LCCN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="LCCN (identifier)">LCCN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://lccn.loc.gov/2004043890">2004043890</a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/54542845">54542845</a>. 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Berkeley, CA: University of California Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-5200-5192-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-5200-5192-8"><bdi>978-0-5200-5192-8</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/LCCN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="LCCN (identifier)">LCCN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://lccn.loc.gov/83017921">83017921</a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/9944508">9944508</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Introduction&rft.btitle=Sacred+Narrative%3A+Readings+in+the+Theory+of+Myth&rft.place=Berkeley%2C+CA&rft.pub=University+of+California+Press&rft.date=1984&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F9944508&rft_id=info%3Alccn%2F83017921&rft.isbn=978-0-5200-5192-8&rft.aulast=Dundes&rft.aufirst=Alan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fsacrednarrativer00dund&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACreationism" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="Patton_&_Doniger_1996" class="citation book cs1">Dundes, Alan (1996). 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Oxford; New York: Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-515742-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-515742-0"><bdi>978-0-19-515742-0</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/LCCN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="LCCN (identifier)">LCCN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://lccn.loc.gov/2002192677">2002192677</a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/50913078">50913078</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Creationism%27s+Trojan+Horse%3A+The+Wedge+of+Intelligent+Design&rft.place=Oxford%3B+New+York&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2004&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F50913078&rft_id=info%3Alccn%2F2002192677&rft.isbn=978-0-19-515742-0&rft.aulast=Forrest&rft.aufirst=Barbara&rft.au=Gross%2C+Paul+R.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACreationism" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="Forster_&_Marston_1999" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Roger_T._Forster" title="Roger T. 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Crowborough, East Sussex: Monarch Books. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-85424-441-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-85424-441-3"><bdi>978-1-85424-441-3</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/LCCN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="LCCN (identifier)">LCCN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://lccn.loc.gov/99488551">99488551</a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/41159110">41159110</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Genesis+Through+History&rft.btitle=Reason%2C+Science%2C+and+Faith&rft.place=Crowborough%2C+East+Sussex&rft.pub=Monarch+Books&rft.date=1999&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F41159110&rft_id=info%3Alccn%2F99488551&rft.isbn=978-1-85424-441-3&rft.aulast=Forster&rft.aufirst=Roger&rft.au=Marston%2C+V.+Paul&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACreationism" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="Futuyma_2005" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Douglas_J._Futuyma" title="Douglas J. 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Sunderland, MA: <a href="/wiki/Sinauer_Associates" title="Sinauer Associates">Sinauer Associates</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-87893-187-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-87893-187-3"><bdi>978-0-87893-187-3</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/LCCN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="LCCN (identifier)">LCCN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://lccn.loc.gov/2004029808">2004029808</a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/57311264">57311264</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Evolutionary+Science%2C+Creationism%2C+and+Society&rft.btitle=Evolution&rft.place=Sunderland%2C+MA&rft.pub=Sinauer+Associates&rft.date=2005&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F57311264&rft_id=info%3Alccn%2F2004029808&rft.isbn=978-0-87893-187-3&rft.aulast=Futuyma&rft.aufirst=Douglas+J.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fevolution0000futu&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACreationism" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="Giberson_&_Yerxa_2002" class="citation book cs1">Giberson, Karl W.; Yerxa, Donald A. (2002). Species of Origins: America's Search for a Creation Story. Lanham, MD: <a href="/wiki/Rowman_%26_Littlefield" title="Rowman & Littlefield">Rowman & Littlefield</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7425-0764-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7425-0764-7"><bdi>978-0-7425-0764-7</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/LCCN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="LCCN (identifier)">LCCN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://lccn.loc.gov/2002002365">2002002365</a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/49031109">49031109</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Species+of+Origins%3A+America%27s+Search+for+a+Creation+Story&rft.place=Lanham%2C+MD&rft.pub=Rowman+%26+Littlefield&rft.date=2002&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F49031109&rft_id=info%3Alccn%2F2002002365&rft.isbn=978-0-7425-0764-7&rft.aulast=Giberson&rft.aufirst=Karl+W.&rft.au=Yerxa%2C+Donald+A.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACreationism" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="Gosse_1857" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Philip_Henry_Gosse" title="Philip Henry Gosse">Gosse, Philip Henry</a> (1857). <a href="/wiki/Omphalos_(book)" title="Omphalos (book)">Omphalos: An Attempt to Untie the Geological Knot</a>. London: <a href="/wiki/John_Van_Voorst" title="John Van Voorst">J. Van Voorst</a>. <a href="/wiki/LCCN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="LCCN (identifier)">LCCN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://lccn.loc.gov/11004351">11004351</a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/7631539">7631539</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Omphalos%3A+An+Attempt+to+Untie+the+Geological+Knot&rft.place=London&rft.pub=J.+Van+Voorst&rft.date=1857&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F7631539&rft_id=info%3Alccn%2F11004351&rft.aulast=Gosse&rft.aufirst=Philip+Henry&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACreationism" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="Gould_1999" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Stephen_Jay_Gould" title="Stephen Jay Gould">Gould, Stephen Jay</a> (1999). <a href="/wiki/Rocks_of_Ages" title="Rocks of Ages">Rocks of Ages: Science and Religion in the Fullness of Life</a>. Library of Contemporary Thought (1st ed.). New York: <a href="/wiki/Ballantine_Books" title="Ballantine Books">Ballantine Publishing Group</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-345-43009-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-345-43009-0"><bdi>978-0-345-43009-0</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/LCCN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="LCCN (identifier)">LCCN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://lccn.loc.gov/98031335">98031335</a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/39886951">39886951</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Rocks+of+Ages%3A+Science+and+Religion+in+the+Fullness+of+Life&rft.place=New+York&rft.series=Library+of+Contemporary+Thought&rft.edition=1st&rft.pub=Ballantine+Publishing+Group&rft.date=1999&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F39886951&rft_id=info%3Alccn%2F98031335&rft.isbn=978-0-345-43009-0&rft.aulast=Gould&rft.aufirst=Stephen+Jay&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACreationism" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="Gunn_2004" class="citation book cs1">Gunn, Angus M. (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/evolutioncreatio0000gunn">Evolution and Creationism in the Public Schools: A Handbook for Educators, Parents, and Community Leaders</a>. Jefferson, NC: <a href="/wiki/McFarland_%26_Company" title="McFarland & Company">McFarland & Company</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7864-2002-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7864-2002-5"><bdi>978-0-7864-2002-5</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/LCCN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="LCCN (identifier)">LCCN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://lccn.loc.gov/2004018788">2004018788</a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/56319812">56319812</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Evolution+and+Creationism+in+the+Public+Schools%3A+A+Handbook+for+Educators%2C+Parents%2C+and+Community+Leaders&rft.place=Jefferson%2C+NC&rft.pub=McFarland+%26+Company&rft.date=2004&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F56319812&rft_id=info%3Alccn%2F2004018788&rft.isbn=978-0-7864-2002-5&rft.aulast=Gunn&rft.aufirst=Angus+M.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fevolutioncreatio0000gunn&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACreationism" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="Hayward_1998" class="citation book cs1">Hayward, James L. (1998). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/creationevolutio0000hayw/page/253">The Creation/Evolution Controversy: An Annotated Bibliography</a>. Magill Bibliographies. Lanham, MD; Pasadena, CA: Scarecrow Press; Salem Press. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/creationevolutio0000hayw/page/253">253</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8108-3386-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8108-3386-9"><bdi>978-0-8108-3386-9</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/LCCN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="LCCN (identifier)">LCCN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://lccn.loc.gov/98003138">98003138</a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/38496519">38496519</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Creation%2FEvolution+Controversy%3A+An+Annotated+Bibliography&rft.place=Lanham%2C+MD%3B+Pasadena%2C+CA&rft.series=Magill+Bibliographies&rft.pages=253&rft.pub=Scarecrow+Press%3B+Salem+Press&rft.date=1998&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F38496519&rft_id=info%3Alccn%2F98003138&rft.isbn=978-0-8108-3386-9&rft.aulast=Hayward&rft.aufirst=James+L.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fcreationevolutio0000hayw%2Fpage%2F253&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACreationism" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="Lamoureux_1999" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Denis_Lamoureux" title="Denis Lamoureux">Lamoureux, Denis O.</a> (1999). "Evangelicals Inheriting the Wind: The Phillip E. Johnson Phenomenon". Darwinism Defeated?: The Johnson-Lamoureux Debate on Biological Origins. Foreword by <a href="/wiki/J._I._Packer" title="J. I. Packer">J. I. Packer</a>. Vancouver, B.C.: <a href="/wiki/Regent_College#Media" title="Regent College">Regent College Publishing</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-57383-133-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-57383-133-8"><bdi>978-1-57383-133-8</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/40892139">40892139</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Evangelicals+Inheriting+the+Wind%3A+The+Phillip+E.+Johnson+Phenomenon&rft.btitle=Darwinism+Defeated%3F%3A+The+Johnson-Lamoureux+Debate+on+Biological+Origins&rft.place=Vancouver%2C+B.C.&rft.pub=Regent+College+Publishing&rft.date=1999&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F40892139&rft.isbn=978-1-57383-133-8&rft.aulast=Lamoureux&rft.aufirst=Denis+O.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACreationism" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="Masood_1994" class="citation book cs1">Masood, Steven (1994) [Originally published 1986]. Jesus and the Indian Messiah. Oldham, England: Word of Life. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-898868-00-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-898868-00-2"><bdi>978-1-898868-00-2</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/LCCN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="LCCN (identifier)">LCCN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://lccn.loc.gov/94229476">94229476</a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/491161526">491161526</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Jesus+and+the+Indian+Messiah&rft.place=Oldham%2C+England&rft.pub=Word+of+Life&rft.date=1994&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F491161526&rft_id=info%3Alccn%2F94229476&rft.isbn=978-1-898868-00-2&rft.aulast=Masood&rft.aufirst=Steven&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACreationism" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="Shermer_2002" class="citation book cs1">McComas, William F. (2002). "Science and Its Myths". In <a href="/wiki/Michael_Shermer" title="Michael Shermer">Shermer, Michael</a> (ed.). <a href="/wiki/The_Skeptic_Encyclopedia_of_Pseudoscience" title="The Skeptic Encyclopedia of Pseudoscience">The Skeptic Encyclopedia of Pseudoscience</a>. Vol. 1. Santa Barbara, CA: <a href="/wiki/ABC-CLIO" class="mw-redirect" title="ABC-CLIO">ABC-CLIO</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-57607-653-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-57607-653-8"><bdi>978-1-57607-653-8</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/LCCN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="LCCN (identifier)">LCCN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://lccn.loc.gov/2002009653">2002009653</a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/50155642">50155642</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Science+and+Its+Myths&rft.btitle=The+Skeptic+Encyclopedia+of+Pseudoscience&rft.place=Santa+Barbara%2C+CA&rft.pub=ABC-CLIO&rft.date=2002&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F50155642&rft_id=info%3Alccn%2F2002009653&rft.isbn=978-1-57607-653-8&rft.aulast=McComas&rft.aufirst=William+F.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACreationism" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="McGrath_2010" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Alister_McGrath" title="Alister McGrath">McGrath, Alister E.</a> (2010). Science and Religion: A New Introduction (2nd ed.). Malden, MA: <a href="/wiki/Wiley-Blackwell" title="Wiley-Blackwell">Wiley-Blackwell</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4051-8790-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4051-8790-9"><bdi>978-1-4051-8790-9</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/LCCN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="LCCN (identifier)">LCCN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://lccn.loc.gov/2009020180">2009020180</a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/366494307">366494307</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Science+and+Religion%3A+A+New+Introduction&rft.place=Malden%2C+MA&rft.edition=2nd&rft.pub=Wiley-Blackwell&rft.date=2010&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F366494307&rft_id=info%3Alccn%2F2009020180&rft.isbn=978-1-4051-8790-9&rft.aulast=McGrath&rft.aufirst=Alister+E.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACreationism" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="NAS_1999" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/National_Academy_of_Sciences" title="National Academy of Sciences">National Academy of Sciences</a> (1999). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/sciencecreationi0000unse">Science and Creationism: A View from the National Academy of Sciences</a> (2nd ed.). Washington, D.C.: <a href="/wiki/National_Academies_Press" title="National Academies Press">National Academy Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-309-06406-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-309-06406-4"><bdi>978-0-309-06406-4</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/LCCN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="LCCN (identifier)">LCCN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://lccn.loc.gov/99006259">99006259</a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/43803228">43803228</a>. Retrieved 2014-11-22.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Science+and+Creationism%3A+A+View+from+the+National+Academy+of+Sciences&rft.place=Washington%2C+D.C.&rft.edition=2nd&rft.pub=National+Academy+Press&rft.date=1999&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F43803228&rft_id=info%3Alccn%2F99006259&rft.isbn=978-0-309-06406-4&rft.au=National+Academy+of+Sciences&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fsciencecreationi0000unse&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACreationism" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="NAS_2008" class="citation book cs1">National Academy of Sciences; <a href="/wiki/Institute_of_Medicine" class="mw-redirect" title="Institute of Medicine">Institute of Medicine</a> (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/isbn_9780309105866/page/3">Science, Evolution, and Creationism</a>. Vol. 105. Washington, D.C.: National Academy Press. pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/isbn_9780309105866/page/3">3–4</a>. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2008PNAS..105....3A">2008PNAS..105....3A</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1073%2Fpnas.0711608105">10.1073/pnas.0711608105</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-309-10586-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-309-10586-6"><bdi>978-0-309-10586-6</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/LCCN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="LCCN (identifier)">LCCN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://lccn.loc.gov/2007015904">2007015904</a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/123539346">123539346</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2224205">2224205</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/18178613">18178613</a>. Retrieved 2014-11-22.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Science%2C+Evolution%2C+and+Creationism&rft.place=Washington%2C+D.C.&rft.pages=3-4&rft.pub=National+Academy+Press&rft.date=2008&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC2224205%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1073%2Fpnas.0711608105&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2008PNAS..105....3A&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F123539346&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F18178613&rft_id=info%3Alccn%2F2007015904&rft.isbn=978-0-309-10586-6&rft.au=National+Academy+of+Sciences&rft.au=Institute+of+Medicine&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fisbn_9780309105866%2Fpage%2F3&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACreationism" class="Z3988"> <code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_book" title="Template:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: <code class="cs1-code">|journal=</code> ignored (<a href="/wiki/Help:CS1_errors#periodical_ignored" title="Help:CS1 errors">help</a>)</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNumbers1998" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Ronald_Numbers" title="Ronald Numbers">Numbers, Ronald L.</a> (1998). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/darwinismcomesto0000numb">Darwinism Comes to America</a>. Cambridge, Massachusetts: <a href="/wiki/Harvard_University_Press" title="Harvard University Press">Harvard University Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-674-19312-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-674-19312-3"><bdi>978-0-674-19312-3</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/LCCN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="LCCN (identifier)">LCCN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://lccn.loc.gov/98016212">98016212</a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/38747194">38747194</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Darwinism+Comes+to+America&rft.place=Cambridge%2C+Massachusetts&rft.pub=Harvard+University+Press&rft.date=1998&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F38747194&rft_id=info%3Alccn%2F98016212&rft.isbn=978-0-674-19312-3&rft.aulast=Numbers&rft.aufirst=Ronald+L.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fdarwinismcomesto0000numb&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACreationism" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="Numbers_2006" class="citation book cs1">Numbers, Ronald L. (2006) [Originally published 1992 as The Creationists: The Evolution of Scientific Creationism; New York: <a href="/wiki/Alfred_A._Knopf" title="Alfred A. Knopf">Alfred A. Knopf</a>]. <a href="/wiki/The_Creationists" title="The Creationists">The Creationists: From Scientific Creationism to Intelligent Design</a> (Expanded ed., 1st Harvard University Press pbk. ed.). Cambridge, Massachusetts: <a href="/wiki/Harvard_University_Press" title="Harvard University Press">Harvard University Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-674-02339-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-674-02339-0"><bdi>978-0-674-02339-0</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/LCCN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="LCCN (identifier)">LCCN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://lccn.loc.gov/2006043675">2006043675</a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/69734583">69734583</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Creationists%3A+From+Scientific+Creationism+to+Intelligent+Design&rft.place=Cambridge%2C+Massachusetts&rft.edition=Expanded+ed.%2C+1st+Harvard+University+Press+pbk.&rft.pub=Harvard+University+Press&rft.date=2006&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F69734583&rft_id=info%3Alccn%2F2006043675&rft.isbn=978-0-674-02339-0&rft.aulast=Numbers&rft.aufirst=Ronald+L.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACreationism" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="Okasha_2002" class="citation book cs1">Okasha, Samir (2002). Philosophy of Science: A Very Short Introduction. Very Short Introductions. Vol. 67. Oxford; New York: Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-280283-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-280283-5"><bdi>978-0-19-280283-5</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/LCCN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="LCCN (identifier)">LCCN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://lccn.loc.gov/2002510456">2002510456</a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/48932644">48932644</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Philosophy+of+Science%3A+A+Very+Short+Introduction&rft.place=Oxford%3B+New+York&rft.series=Very+Short+Introductions&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2002&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F48932644&rft_id=info%3Alccn%2F2002510456&rft.isbn=978-0-19-280283-5&rft.aulast=Okasha&rft.aufirst=Samir&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACreationism" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="Pennock_1999" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Robert_T._Pennock" title="Robert T. Pennock">Pennock, Robert T.</a> (1999). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/towerofbabelevid00penn">Tower of Babel: The Evidence Against the New Creationism</a>. Cambridge, Massachusetts: <a href="/wiki/MIT_Press" title="MIT Press">MIT Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-262-16180-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-262-16180-0"><bdi>978-0-262-16180-0</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/LCCN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="LCCN (identifier)">LCCN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://lccn.loc.gov/98027286">98027286</a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/44966044">44966044</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Tower+of+Babel%3A+The+Evidence+Against+the+New+Creationism&rft.place=Cambridge%2C+Massachusetts&rft.pub=MIT+Press&rft.date=1999&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F44966044&rft_id=info%3Alccn%2F98027286&rft.isbn=978-0-262-16180-0&rft.aulast=Pennock&rft.aufirst=Robert+T.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Ftowerofbabelevid00penn&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACreationism" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="Pennock_2001" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Robert_T._Pennock" title="Robert T. Pennock">Pennock, Robert T</a>, ed. (2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/intelligentdesig00robe">Intelligent Design Creationism and Its Critics: Philosophical, Theological, and Scientific Perspectives</a>. Cambridge, Massachusetts: <a href="/wiki/MIT_Press" title="MIT Press">MIT Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-262-66124-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-262-66124-9"><bdi>978-0-262-66124-9</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/LCCN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="LCCN (identifier)">LCCN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://lccn.loc.gov/2001031276">2001031276</a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/46729201">46729201</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Intelligent+Design+Creationism+and+Its+Critics%3A+Philosophical%2C+Theological%2C+and+Scientific+Perspectives&rft.place=Cambridge%2C+Massachusetts&rft.pub=MIT+Press&rft.date=2001&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F46729201&rft_id=info%3Alccn%2F2001031276&rft.isbn=978-0-262-66124-9&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fintelligentdesig00robe&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACreationism" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="Philo" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-year-range-abbreviated"><a href="/wiki/Philo" title="Philo">Philo, of Alexandria</a> (1854–55). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.earlychristianwritings.com/yonge/book2.html">"The First Book of the Treatise on The Allegories of the Sacred Laws, after the Work of the Six Days of Creation"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/worksofphilojuda01yonguoft">The Works of Philo Judaeus</a>. Bohn's Classical Library. Translated from the Greek, by <a href="/wiki/Charles_Duke_Yonge" title="Charles Duke Yonge">C. D. Yonge</a>. London: <a href="/wiki/Henry_George_Bohn" title="Henry George Bohn">H.G. Bohn</a>. <a href="/wiki/LCCN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="LCCN (identifier)">LCCN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://lccn.loc.gov/20007801">20007801</a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/1429769">1429769</a>. Retrieved 2014-03-09.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+First+Book+of+the+Treatise+on+The+Allegories+of+the+Sacred+Laws%2C+after+the+Work+of+the+Six+Days+of+Creation&rft.btitle=The+Works+of+Philo+Judaeus&rft.place=London&rft.series=Bohn%27s+Classical+Library&rft.pub=H.G.+Bohn&rft.date=1854%2F1855&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F1429769&rft_id=info%3Alccn%2F20007801&rft.au=Philo%2C+of+Alexandria&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.earlychristianwritings.com%2Fyonge%2Fbook2.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACreationism" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="Plimer_1994" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Ian_Plimer" title="Ian Plimer">Plimer, Ian</a> (1994). Telling Lies for God: Reason vs Creationism. Milsons Point, NSW: <a href="/wiki/Random_House" title="Random House">Random House Australia</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-09-182852-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-09-182852-3"><bdi>978-0-09-182852-3</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/LCCN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="LCCN (identifier)">LCCN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://lccn.loc.gov/94237744">94237744</a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/32608689">32608689</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Telling+Lies+for+God%3A+Reason+vs+Creationism&rft.place=Milsons+Point%2C+NSW&rft.pub=Random+House+Australia&rft.date=1994&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F32608689&rft_id=info%3Alccn%2F94237744&rft.isbn=978-0-09-182852-3&rft.aulast=Plimer&rft.aufirst=Ian&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACreationism" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="Polkinghorne_1998" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/John_Polkinghorne" title="John Polkinghorne">Polkinghorne, John</a> (1998). Science and Theology: An Introduction. Minneapolis, MN: <a href="/wiki/Fortress_Press" class="mw-redirect" title="Fortress Press">Fortress Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8006-3153-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8006-3153-6"><bdi>978-0-8006-3153-6</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/LCCN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="LCCN (identifier)">LCCN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://lccn.loc.gov/98229115">98229115</a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/40117376">40117376</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Science+and+Theology%3A+An+Introduction&rft.place=Minneapolis%2C+MN&rft.pub=Fortress+Press&rft.date=1998&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F40117376&rft_id=info%3Alccn%2F98229115&rft.isbn=978-0-8006-3153-6&rft.aulast=Polkinghorne&rft.aufirst=John&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACreationism" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="Quammen_2006" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/David_Quammen" title="David Quammen">Quammen, David</a> (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/reluctantmrdarwi00quam">The Reluctant Mr. Darwin: An Intimate Portrait of Charles Darwin and the Making of His Theory of Evolution</a>. Great Discoveries. New York: <a href="/wiki/James_Atlas" title="James Atlas">Atlas Books/W. W. 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Westport, CT: Libraries Unlimited. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-59158-602-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-59158-602-9"><bdi>978-1-59158-602-9</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/LCCN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="LCCN (identifier)">LCCN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://lccn.loc.gov/2008010352">2008010352</a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/213599217">213599217</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Faith+Reads%3A+A+Selective+Guide+to+Christian+Nonfiction&rft.place=Westport%2C+CT&rft.pub=Libraries+Unlimited&rft.date=2008&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F213599217&rft_id=info%3Alccn%2F2008010352&rft.isbn=978-1-59158-602-9&rft.aulast=Rainey&rft.aufirst=David&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Ffaithreadsselect0000rain&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACreationism" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="Schroeder_1998" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Gerald_Schroeder" title="Gerald Schroeder">Schroeder, Gerald L.</a> (1998) [Originally published 1997; New York: <a href="/wiki/Free_Press_(publisher)" title="Free Press (publisher)">Free Press</a>]. The Science of God: The Convergence of Scientific and Biblical Wisdom (1st Broadway Books trade paperback ed.). New York: <a href="/wiki/Broadway_Books" title="Broadway Books">Broadway Books</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7679-0303-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7679-0303-5"><bdi>978-0-7679-0303-5</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/LCCN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="LCCN (identifier)">LCCN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://lccn.loc.gov/97014978">97014978</a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/39162332">39162332</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Science+of+God%3A+The+Convergence+of+Scientific+and+Biblical+Wisdom&rft.place=New+York&rft.edition=1st+Broadway+Books+trade+paperback&rft.pub=Broadway+Books&rft.date=1998&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F39162332&rft_id=info%3Alccn%2F97014978&rft.isbn=978-0-7679-0303-5&rft.aulast=Schroeder&rft.aufirst=Gerald+L.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACreationism" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="Scott_1999" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Eugenie_Scott" title="Eugenie Scott">Scott, Eugenie C.</a> (1999). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20030628210954/http://www.ncseweb.org/resources/articles/528_science_religion_and_evoluti_6_19_2001.asp">"Science, Religion, and Evolution"</a>. In Springer, Dale A.; Scotchmoor, Judy (eds.). Evolution: Investigating the Evidence (Reprint). The Paleontological Society Special Publications. Vol. 9. Pittsburgh, PA: <a href="/wiki/Paleontological_Society" title="Paleontological Society">Paleontological Society</a>. <a href="/wiki/LCCN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="LCCN (identifier)">LCCN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://lccn.loc.gov/00274093">00274093</a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/42725350">42725350</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ncseweb.org/resources/articles/528_science_religion_and_evoluti_6_19_2001.asp">the original</a> on 2003-06-28.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Science%2C+Religion%2C+and+Evolution&rft.btitle=Evolution%3A+Investigating+the+Evidence&rft.place=Pittsburgh%2C+PA&rft.series=The+Paleontological+Society+Special+Publications&rft.pub=Paleontological+Society&rft.date=1999&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F42725350&rft_id=info%3Alccn%2F00274093&rft.aulast=Scott&rft.aufirst=Eugenie+C.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncseweb.org%2Fresources%2Farticles%2F528_science_religion_and_evoluti_6_19_2001.asp&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACreationism" class="Z3988"> "Presented as a Paleontological Society short course at the annual meeting of the Geological Society of America, Denver, Colorado, October 24, 1999."</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="Scott_2005" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Eugenie_Scott" title="Eugenie Scott">Scott, Eugenie C.</a> (2005) [Originally published 2004; Westport, CT: <a href="/wiki/Greenwood_Publishing_Group" title="Greenwood Publishing Group">Greenwood Press</a>]. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/evolutionvscreat00scot">Evolution vs. Creationism: An Introduction</a>. Foreword by <a href="/wiki/Niles_Eldredge" title="Niles Eldredge">Niles Eldredge</a> (1st paperback ed.). Berkeley, CA: University of California Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-520-24650-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-520-24650-8"><bdi>978-0-520-24650-8</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/LCCN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="LCCN (identifier)">LCCN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://lccn.loc.gov/2005048649">2005048649</a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/60420899">60420899</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Evolution+vs.+Creationism%3A+An+Introduction&rft.place=Berkeley%2C+CA&rft.edition=1st+paperback&rft.pub=University+of+California+Press&rft.date=2005&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F60420899&rft_id=info%3Alccn%2F2005048649&rft.isbn=978-0-520-24650-8&rft.aulast=Scott&rft.aufirst=Eugenie+C.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fevolutionvscreat00scot&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACreationism" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFScott2009" class="citation book cs1">Scott, Eugenie C. (3 August 2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=FAAlDQAAQBAJ&pg=PA1">Evolution Vs. Creationism: An Introduction</a> (2nd ed.). Univ of California Press. pp. i–331. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-520-26187-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-520-26187-7"><bdi>978-0-520-26187-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Evolution+Vs.+Creationism%3A+An+Introduction&rft.pages=i-331&rft.edition=2nd&rft.pub=Univ+of+California+Press&rft.date=2009-08-03&rft.isbn=978-0-520-26187-7&rft.aulast=Scott&rft.aufirst=Eugenie+C.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DFAAlDQAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACreationism" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="Secord_2000" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/James_A._Secord" title="James A. Secord">Secord, James A.</a> (2000). Victorian Sensation: The Extraordinary Publication, Reception, and Secret Authorship of Vestiges of the Natural History of Creation. Chicago, Illinois: University of Chicago Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-226-74410-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-226-74410-0"><bdi>978-0-226-74410-0</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/LCCN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="LCCN (identifier)">LCCN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://lccn.loc.gov/00009124">00009124</a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/43864195">43864195</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Victorian+Sensation%3A+The+Extraordinary+Publication%2C+Reception%2C+and+Secret+Authorship+of+Vestiges+of+the+Natural+History+of+Creation&rft.place=Chicago%2C+Illinois&rft.pub=University+of+Chicago+Press&rft.date=2000&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F43864195&rft_id=info%3Alccn%2F00009124&rft.isbn=978-0-226-74410-0&rft.aulast=Secord&rft.aufirst=James+A.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACreationism" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="Stewart_2010" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Melville_Y._Stewart" title="Melville Y. Stewart">Stewart, Melville Y.</a>, ed. (2010). Science and Religion in Dialogue. Malden, MA: Wiley-Blackwell. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4051-8921-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4051-8921-7"><bdi>978-1-4051-8921-7</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/LCCN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="LCCN (identifier)">LCCN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://lccn.loc.gov/2009032180">2009032180</a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/430678957">430678957</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Science+and+Religion+in+Dialogue&rft.place=Malden%2C+MA&rft.pub=Wiley-Blackwell&rft.date=2010&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F430678957&rft_id=info%3Alccn%2F2009032180&rft.isbn=978-1-4051-8921-7&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACreationism" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="Sweet_&_Feist_2007" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/William_Sweet" title="William Sweet">Sweet, William</a>; Feist, Richard, eds. (2007). Religion and the Challenges of Science. Aldershot, England; Burlington, VT: <a href="/wiki/Ashgate_Publishing" title="Ashgate Publishing">Ashgate Publishing, Ltd.</a> <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7546-5715-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7546-5715-6"><bdi>978-0-7546-5715-6</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/LCCN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="LCCN (identifier)">LCCN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://lccn.loc.gov/2006030598">2006030598</a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/71778930">71778930</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Religion+and+the+Challenges+of+Science&rft.place=Aldershot%2C+England%3B+Burlington%2C+VT&rft.pub=Ashgate+Publishing%2C+Ltd.&rft.date=2007&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F71778930&rft_id=info%3Alccn%2F2006030598&rft.isbn=978-0-7546-5715-6&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACreationism" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="Wilder-Smith_1978" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/A._E._Wilder-Smith" title="A. E. Wilder-Smith">Wilder-Smith, A. E.</a> (1978). Die Naturwissenschaften kennen keine Evolution: Empirische und theoretische Einwände gegen die Evolutionstheorie [The Natural Sciences Know Nothing of Evolution]. Basel, Switzerland: Schwabe Verlag. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-7965-0691-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-7965-0691-8"><bdi>978-3-7965-0691-8</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/LCCN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="LCCN (identifier)">LCCN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://lccn.loc.gov/80067425">80067425</a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/245955034">245955034</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Die+Naturwissenschaften+kennen+keine+Evolution%3A+Empirische+und+theoretische+Einw%C3%A4nde+gegen+die+Evolutionstheorie&rft.place=Basel%2C+Switzerland&rft.pub=Schwabe+Verlag&rft.date=1978&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F245955034&rft_id=info%3Alccn%2F80067425&rft.isbn=978-3-7965-0691-8&rft.aulast=Wilder-Smith&rft.aufirst=A.+E.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACreationism" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="Young_1995" class="citation book cs1">Young, Davis A. (1995). The Biblical Flood: A Case Study of the Church's Response to Extrabiblical Evidence. Grand Rapids, MI: <a href="/wiki/William_B._Eerdmans_Publishing_Company" title="William B. Eerdmans Publishing Company">Eerdmans</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8028-0719-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8028-0719-9"><bdi>978-0-8028-0719-9</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/LCCN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="LCCN (identifier)">LCCN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://lccn.loc.gov/95001899">95001899</a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/246813515">246813515</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Biblical+Flood%3A+A+Case+Study+of+the+Church%27s+Response+to+Extrabiblical+Evidence&rft.place=Grand+Rapids%2C+MI&rft.pub=Eerdmans&rft.date=1995&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F246813515&rft_id=info%3Alccn%2F95001899&rft.isbn=978-0-8028-0719-9&rft.aulast=Young&rft.aufirst=Davis+A.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACreationism" class="Z3988"></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239549316"><div class="refbegin refbegin-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em"> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="Anderson_1967" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Bernhard_Anderson" title="Bernhard Anderson">Anderson, Bernard W.</a> (1967). Creation versus Chaos: The Reinterpretation of Mythical Symbolism in the Bible. New York: Association Press. <a href="/wiki/LCCN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="LCCN (identifier)">LCCN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://lccn.loc.gov/67014578">67014578</a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/671184">671184</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Creation+versus+Chaos%3A+The+Reinterpretation+of+Mythical+Symbolism+in+the+Bible&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Association+Press&rft.date=1967&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F671184&rft_id=info%3Alccn%2F67014578&rft.aulast=Anderson&rft.aufirst=Bernard+W.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACreationism" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="Anderson_1984" class="citation book cs1">Anderson, Bernhard W., ed. (1984). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/creationinoldtes00unse">Creation in the Old Testament</a>. Issues in Religion and Theology. Vol. 6. Introduction by Bernhard W. Anderson. Philadelphia; London: Fortress Press; <a href="/wiki/Society_for_Promoting_Christian_Knowledge" title="Society for Promoting Christian Knowledge">Society for Promoting Christian Knowledge</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8006-1768-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8006-1768-4"><bdi>978-0-8006-1768-4</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/LCCN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="LCCN (identifier)">LCCN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://lccn.loc.gov/83048910">83048910</a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/10374840">10374840</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Creation+in+the+Old+Testament&rft.place=Philadelphia%3B+London&rft.series=Issues+in+Religion+and+Theology&rft.pub=Fortress+Press%3B+Society+for+Promoting+Christian+Knowledge&rft.date=1984&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F10374840&rft_id=info%3Alccn%2F83048910&rft.isbn=978-0-8006-1768-4&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fcreationinoldtes00unse&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACreationism" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="Barbour_1997" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Ian_Barbour" title="Ian Barbour">Barbour, Ian G.</a> (1997). Religion and Science: Historical and Contemporary Issues (1st HarperCollins revised ed.). San Francisco, CA: <a href="/wiki/HarperCollins" title="HarperCollins">HarperSanFrancisco</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-06-060938-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-06-060938-2"><bdi>978-0-06-060938-2</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/LCCN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="LCCN (identifier)">LCCN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://lccn.loc.gov/97006294">97006294</a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/36417827">36417827</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Religion+and+Science%3A+Historical+and+Contemporary+Issues&rft.place=San+Francisco%2C+CA&rft.edition=1st+HarperCollins+revised&rft.pub=HarperSanFrancisco&rft.date=1997&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F36417827&rft_id=info%3Alccn%2F97006294&rft.isbn=978-0-06-060938-2&rft.aulast=Barbour&rft.aufirst=Ian+G.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACreationism" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="Barbour_2000" class="citation book cs1">Barbour, Ian G. (2000). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/whensciencemeets00barb">When Science Meets Religion</a> (1st ed.). San Francisco, CA: HarperSanFrancisco. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-06-060381-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-06-060381-6"><bdi>978-0-06-060381-6</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/LCCN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="LCCN (identifier)">LCCN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://lccn.loc.gov/99055579">99055579</a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/42752713">42752713</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=When+Science+Meets+Religion&rft.place=San+Francisco%2C+CA&rft.edition=1st&rft.pub=HarperSanFrancisco&rft.date=2000&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F42752713&rft_id=info%3Alccn%2F99055579&rft.isbn=978-0-06-060381-6&rft.aulast=Barbour&rft.aufirst=Ian+G.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fwhensciencemeets00barb&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACreationism" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="Clark_2014" class="citation book cs1">Clark, Kelly James (2014). Religion and the Sciences of Origins: Historical and Contemporary Discussions (1st ed.). Basingstoke, UK: <a href="/wiki/Palgrave_Macmillan" title="Palgrave Macmillan">Palgrave Macmillan</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-137-41483-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-137-41483-0"><bdi>978-1-137-41483-0</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/LCCN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="LCCN (identifier)">LCCN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://lccn.loc.gov/2014466739">2014466739</a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/889777438">889777438</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Religion+and+the+Sciences+of+Origins%3A+Historical+and+Contemporary+Discussions&rft.place=Basingstoke%2C+UK&rft.edition=1st&rft.pub=Palgrave+Macmillan&rft.date=2014&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F889777438&rft_id=info%3Alccn%2F2014466739&rft.isbn=978-1-137-41483-0&rft.aulast=Clark&rft.aufirst=Kelly+James&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACreationism" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="Darwin_1958" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Charles_Darwin" title="Charles Darwin">Darwin, Charles</a> (1958). Barlow, Nora (ed.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://darwin-online.org.uk/content/frameset?itemID=F1497&viewtype=side&pageseq=1">The Autobiography of Charles Darwin, 1809-1882: With original omissions restored; Edited and with Appendix and Notes by his grand-daughter, Nora Barlow</a>. London: Collins. <a href="/wiki/LCCN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="LCCN (identifier)">LCCN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://lccn.loc.gov/93017940">93017940</a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/869541868">869541868</a>. Retrieved 2009-01-09.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Autobiography+of+Charles+Darwin%2C+1809-1882%3A+With+original+omissions+restored%3B+Edited+and+with+Appendix+and+Notes+by+his+grand-daughter%2C+Nora+Barlow&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Collins&rft.date=1958&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F869541868&rft_id=info%3Alccn%2F93017940&rft.aulast=Darwin&rft.aufirst=Charles&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fdarwin-online.org.uk%2Fcontent%2Fframeset%3FitemID%3DF1497%26viewtype%3Dside%26pageseq%3D1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACreationism" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="Kaplan_1993" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Aryeh_Kaplan" title="Aryeh Kaplan">Kaplan, Aryeh</a> (1993). Immortality, Resurrection, and the Age of the Universe: A Kabbalistic View. With an appendix Derush Or ha-Hayyim by Israel Lipschitz; translated and annotated by Yaakov Elman. Hoboken, NJ: KTAV Publishing House in association with the <a href="/wiki/Association_of_Orthodox_Jewish_Scientists" title="Association of Orthodox Jewish Scientists">Association of Orthodox Jewish Scientists</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-88125-345-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-88125-345-0"><bdi>978-0-88125-345-0</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/LCCN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="LCCN (identifier)">LCCN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://lccn.loc.gov/92036917">92036917</a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/26800167">26800167</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Immortality%2C+Resurrection%2C+and+the+Age+of+the+Universe%3A+A+Kabbalistic+View&rft.place=Hoboken%2C+NJ&rft.pub=KTAV+Publishing+House+in+association+with+the+Association+of+Orthodox+Jewish+Scientists&rft.date=1993&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F26800167&rft_id=info%3Alccn%2F92036917&rft.isbn=978-0-88125-345-0&rft.aulast=Kaplan&rft.aufirst=Aryeh&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACreationism" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="Kauffman_2008" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Stuart_Kauffman" title="Stuart Kauffman">Kauffman, Stuart A.</a> (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/reinventingsacre00kauf_0">Reinventing the Sacred: A New View of Science, Reason and Religion</a>. New York: <a href="/wiki/Basic_Books" title="Basic Books">Basic Books</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-465-00300-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-465-00300-6"><bdi>978-0-465-00300-6</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/LCCN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="LCCN (identifier)">LCCN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://lccn.loc.gov/2007052263">2007052263</a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/191023778">191023778</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Reinventing+the+Sacred%3A+A+New+View+of+Science%2C+Reason+and+Religion&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Basic+Books&rft.date=2008&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F191023778&rft_id=info%3Alccn%2F2007052263&rft.isbn=978-0-465-00300-6&rft.aulast=Kauffman&rft.aufirst=Stuart+A.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Freinventingsacre00kauf_0&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACreationism" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="Leeming_&_Leeming_1995" class="citation book cs1">Leeming, David Adams; Leeming, Margaret (1995). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/dictionaryofcrea00leem">A Dictionary of Creation Myths</a>. New York: Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-510275-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-510275-8"><bdi>978-0-19-510275-8</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/LCCN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="LCCN (identifier)">LCCN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://lccn.loc.gov/95039961">95039961</a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/33160980">33160980</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Dictionary+of+Creation+Myths&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=1995&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F33160980&rft_id=info%3Alccn%2F95039961&rft.isbn=978-0-19-510275-8&rft.aulast=Leeming&rft.aufirst=David+Adams&rft.au=Leeming%2C+Margaret&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fdictionaryofcrea00leem&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACreationism" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPrimackAbrams1995" class="citation journal cs1"><a href="/wiki/Joel_Primack" title="Joel Primack">Primack, Joel R.</a>; Abrams, Nancy Ellen (Jan–Feb 1995). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://physics.ucsc.edu/cosmo/primack_abrams/InABeginningTikkun1995.pdf">"In a Beginning...: Quantum Cosmology and Kabbalah"</a> (PDF). <a href="/wiki/Tikkun_(magazine)" title="Tikkun (magazine)">Tikkun</a>. 10 (1): 66–73. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0887-9982">0887-9982</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20221009/http://physics.ucsc.edu/cosmo/primack_abrams/InABeginningTikkun1995.pdf">Archived</a> (PDF) from the original on 2022-10-09. Retrieved 2014-04-24.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Tikkun&rft.atitle=In+a+Beginning...%3A+Quantum+Cosmology+and+Kabbalah&rft.volume=10&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E66-%3C%2Fspan%3E73&rft.date=1995-01%2F1995-02&rft.issn=0887-9982&rft.aulast=Primack&rft.aufirst=Joel+R.&rft.au=Abrams%2C+Nancy+Ellen&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fphysics.ucsc.edu%2Fcosmo%2Fprimack_abrams%2FInABeginningTikkun1995.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACreationism" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="Roberts_2008" class="citation book cs1">Roberts, Michael (2008). Evangelicals and Science. Greenwood Guides to Science and Religion. Westport, CT: Greenwood Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-313-33113-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-313-33113-8"><bdi>978-0-313-33113-8</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/LCCN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="LCCN (identifier)">LCCN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://lccn.loc.gov/2007041059">2007041059</a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/174138819">174138819</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Evangelicals+and+Science&rft.place=Westport%2C+CT&rft.series=Greenwood+Guides+to+Science+and+Religion&rft.pub=Greenwood+Press&rft.date=2008&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F174138819&rft_id=info%3Alccn%2F2007041059&rft.isbn=978-0-313-33113-8&rft.aulast=Roberts&rft.aufirst=Michael&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACreationism" class="Z3988"></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output 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href="http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/creationism/">"Creationism"</a> at the <a href="/wiki/Stanford_Encyclopedia_of_Philosophy" title="Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy">Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy</a> by <a href="/wiki/Michael_Ruse" title="Michael Ruse">Michael Ruse</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.howstuffworks.com/creationism.htm">"How Creationism Works"</a> at <a href="/wiki/HowStuffWorks" title="HowStuffWorks">HowStuffWorks</a> by Julia Layton</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160106153325/http://www.allviewpoints.org/RESOURCES/EVOLUTION/timeline.htm">"TIMELINE: Evolution, Creationism and Intelligent Design"</a> – Focuses on major historical and recent events in the scientific and political debate</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://images.derstandard.at/20051012/Evolution-and-Creationism.pdf">"Evolution and Creationism: A Guide for Museum Docents"</a> (PDF). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20221009/http://images.derstandard.at/20051012/Evolution-and-Creationism.pdf">Archived</a> (PDF) from the original on 2022-10-09.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Evolution+and+Creationism%3A+A+Guide+for+Museum+Docents&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fimages.derstandard.at%2F20051012%2FEvolution-and-Creationism.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACreationism" class="Z3988"> (204 KB) by Warren D. Allmon, Director of the <a href="/wiki/Museum_of_the_Earth" title="Museum of the Earth">Museum of the Earth</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.talkorigins.org/faqs/wic.html">"What is creationism?"</a> at <a href="/wiki/Talk.origins" title="Talk.origins">talk.origins</a> by Mark Isaak</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://ncse.com/creationism/general/creationevolution-continuum">"The Creation/Evolution Continuum"</a> by <a href="/wiki/Eugenie_Scott" title="Eugenie Scott">Eugenie Scott</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.scientificamerican.com/article/15-answers-to-creationist/">"15 Answers to Creationist Nonsense"</a> by <a href="/wiki/John_Rennie_(editor)" title="John Rennie (editor)">John Rennie</a>, editor in chief of <a href="/wiki/Scientific_American" title="Scientific American">Scientific American</a> magazine</li> <li>"<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.scientificamerican.com/article/race-evolution-and-the-science-of-human-origins/">Race, Evolution and the Science of Human Origins</a>" by Allison Hopper, <a href="/wiki/Scientific_American" title="Scientific American">Scientific American</a> (July 5, 2021).</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://humanorigins.si.edu/evidence/human-evolution-timeline-interactive">Human Timeline (Interactive)</a> – <a href="/wiki/Smithsonian_Institution" title="Smithsonian Institution">Smithsonian</a>, <a href="/wiki/National_Museum_of_Natural_History" title="National Museum of Natural History">National Museum of Natural History</a> (August 2016)</li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid 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.navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Creationism171" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Creationism_topics" title="Template:Creationism topics"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Creationism_topics" title="Template talk:Creationism topics"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Creationism_topics" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Creationism topics"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Creationism171" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Creationism</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">General</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Biblical_cosmology" title="Biblical cosmology">Biblical cosmology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Creation_myth" title="Creation myth">Creation myth</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Creationism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Creationist_museum" title="Creationist museum">Creationist museum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Genesis_creation_narrative" title="Genesis creation narrative">Genesis creation narrative</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_creationism" title="History of creationism">History of creationism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Genesis" title="Book of Genesis">Book of Genesis</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Adam_and_Eve" title="Adam and Eve">Adam and Eve</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Allegorical_interpretations_of_Genesis" title="Allegorical interpretations of Genesis">Allegorical interpretations of Genesis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flood_geology" title="Flood geology">Flood geology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Genesis_flood_narrative" title="Genesis flood narrative">Genesis flood narrative</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Noah" title="Noah">Noah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Noah%27s_Ark" title="Noah's Ark">Noah's Ark</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tower_of_Babel" title="Tower of Babel">Tower of Babel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ussher_chronology" title="Ussher chronology">Ussher chronology</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Types</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Creation_science" title="Creation science">Creation science</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gap_creationism" title="Gap creationism">Gap creationism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hindu_creationism" class="mw-redirect" title="Hindu creationism">Hindu creationism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intelligent_design" title="Intelligent design">Intelligent design</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_creationism" class="mw-redirect" title="Islamic creationism">Islamic creationism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neo-creationism" title="Neo-creationism">Neo-creationism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Old_Earth_creationism" title="Old Earth creationism">Old Earth creationism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Progressive_creationism" title="Progressive creationism">Progressive creationism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theistic_evolution" title="Theistic evolution">Theistic evolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Young_Earth_creationism" title="Young Earth creationism">Young Earth creationism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Controversies</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_the_creation%E2%80%93evolution_controversy" title="Outline of the creation–evolution controversy">Outline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Creation%E2%80%93evolution_controversy" class="mw-redirect" title="Creation–evolution controversy">Creation–evolution controversy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Creation_and_evolution_in_public_education" title="Creation and evolution in public education">Creation and evolution in public education</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edwards_v._Aguillard" title="Edwards v. Aguillard">Edwards v. Aguillard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kansas_evolution_hearings" title="Kansas evolution hearings">Kansas evolution hearings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kitzmiller_v._Dover_Area_School_District" title="Kitzmiller v. Dover Area School District">Kitzmiller v. Dover Area School District</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Teach_the_Controversy" title="Teach the Controversy">Teach the Controversy</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anthropic_principle" title="Anthropic principle">Anthropic principle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biblical_inerrancy" title="Biblical inerrancy">Biblical inerrancy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biblical_literalism" title="Biblical literalism">Biblical literalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Created_kind" title="Created kind">Created kind</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Creation_science" title="Creation science">Creation science</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nephilim" title="Nephilim">Nephilim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Omphalos_hypothesis" title="Omphalos hypothesis">Omphalos hypothesis</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /> <a href="/wiki/Category:Creationism" title="Category:Creationism">Category:Creationism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Philosophy_of_religion576" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Philosophy_of_religion" title="Template:Philosophy of religion"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Philosophy_of_religion" title="Template talk:Philosophy of religion"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Philosophy_of_religion" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Philosophy of religion"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Philosophy_of_religion576" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Philosophy_of_religion" title="Philosophy of religion">Philosophy of religion</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center;">Concepts in religion</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Afterlife" title="Afterlife">Afterlife</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Euthyphro_dilemma" title="Euthyphro dilemma">Euthyphro dilemma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Faith" title="Faith">Faith</a> <ul><li>or <a href="/wiki/Belief#Religion" title="Belief">religious belief</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intelligent_design" title="Intelligent design">Intelligent design</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Miracle" title="Miracle">Miracle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Problem_of_evil" title="Problem of evil">Problem of evil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soul" title="Soul">Soul</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vitalism" title="Vitalism">Spirit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theodicy" title="Theodicy">Theodicy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theological_veto" title="Theological veto">Theological veto</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Conceptions_of_God" title="Conceptions of God">Conceptions of God</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Brahman" title="Brahman">Brahman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Demiurge" title="Demiurge">Demiurge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Divine_simplicity" title="Divine simplicity">Divine simplicity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethical_egoism" title="Ethical egoism">Egoism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Holy_Spirit" title="Holy Spirit">Holy Spirit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Misotheism" title="Misotheism">Misotheism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pandeism" title="Pandeism">Pandeism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Personal_god" title="Personal god">Personal god</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Process_theology" title="Process theology">Process theology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/God" title="God">Supreme Being</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unmoved_mover" title="Unmoved mover">Unmoved mover</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:4em;font-weight:normal; text-align:center;">God in</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/God_in_Abrahamic_religions" title="God in Abrahamic religions">Abrahamic religions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Creator_in_Buddhism" title="Creator in Buddhism">Buddhism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/God_in_Christianity" title="God in Christianity">Christianity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/God_in_Hinduism" title="God in Hinduism">Hinduism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/God_in_Islam" title="God in Islam">Islam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/God_in_Jainism" title="God in Jainism">Jainism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/God_in_Judaism" title="God in Judaism">Judaism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/God_in_Mormonism" title="God in Mormonism">Mormonism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/God_in_Sikhism" title="God in Sikhism">Sikhism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/God_in_the_Bah%C3%A1%CA%BC%C3%AD_Faith" title="God in the Baháʼí Faith">Baháʼí Faith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wiccan_views_of_divinity" title="Wiccan views of divinity">Wicca</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Existence_of_God" title="Existence of God">Existence of God</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:4em;font-weight:normal; text-align:center;">For</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Argument_from_beauty" title="Argument from beauty">Beauty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christological_argument" title="Christological argument">Christological</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Argument_from_consciousness" title="Argument from consciousness">Consciousness</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cosmological_argument" title="Cosmological argument">Cosmological</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kalam_cosmological_argument" title="Kalam cosmological argument">Kalam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cosmological_argument#Argument_from_contingency" title="Cosmological argument">Contingency</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Argument_from_degree" title="Argument from degree">Degree</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Argument_from_desire" title="Argument from desire">Desire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Argument_from_religious_experience" title="Argument from religious experience">Experience</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fine-tuned_universe" title="Fine-tuned universe">Fine-tuning of the universe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Argument_from_love" title="Argument from love">Love</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Argument_from_miracles" title="Argument from miracles">Miracles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Argument_from_morality" title="Argument from morality">Morality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proof_of_the_Truthful" title="Proof of the Truthful">Necessary existent</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ontological_argument" title="Ontological argument">Ontological</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pascal%27s_wager" title="Pascal's wager">Pascal's wager</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reformed_epistemology" title="Reformed epistemology">Proper basis and Reformed epistemology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Argument_from_reason" title="Argument from reason">Reason</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Teleological_argument" title="Teleological argument">Teleological</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Natural-law_argument" title="Natural-law argument">Natural law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Watchmaker_analogy" title="Watchmaker analogy">Watchmaker analogy</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transcendental_argument_for_the_existence_of_God" title="Transcendental argument for the existence of God">Transcendental</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:4em;font-weight:normal; text-align:center;">Against</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ultimate_Boeing_747_gambit" title="Ultimate Boeing 747 gambit">747 gambit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atheist%27s_Wager" class="mw-redirect" title="Atheist's Wager">Atheist's Wager</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Problem_of_evil" title="Problem of evil">Evil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Argument_from_free_will" title="Argument from free will">Free will</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Problem_of_Hell" title="Problem of Hell">Hell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Argument_from_inconsistent_revelations" class="mw-redirect" title="Argument from inconsistent revelations">Inconsistent revelations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Argument_from_nonbelief" title="Argument from nonbelief">Nonbelief</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theological_noncognitivism" title="Theological noncognitivism">Noncognitivism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Occam%27s_razor" title="Occam's razor">Occam's razor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Omnipotence_paradox" title="Omnipotence paradox">Omnipotence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Argument_from_poor_design" title="Argument from poor design">Poor design</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russell%27s_teapot" title="Russell's teapot">Russell's teapot</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Theology" title="Theology">Theology</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Acosmism" title="Acosmism">Acosmism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Agnosticism" title="Agnosticism">Agnosticism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Animism" title="Animism">Animism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antireligion" title="Antireligion">Antireligion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atheism" title="Atheism">Atheism</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Creationism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dharma" title="Dharma">Dharmism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deism" title="Deism">Deism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Demonology" title="Demonology">Demonology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Divine_command_theory" title="Divine command theory">Divine command theory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dualism_in_cosmology" title="Dualism in cosmology">Dualism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_esotericism" title="Western esotericism">Esotericism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Exclusivism" title="Exclusivism">Exclusivism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Existentialism" title="Existentialism">Existentialism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Christian_existentialism" title="Christian existentialism">Christian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atheistic_existentialism" title="Atheistic existentialism">Atheistic</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminist_theology" title="Feminist theology">Feminist theology</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Thealogy" title="Thealogy">Thealogy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Womanist_theology" title="Womanist theology">Womanist theology</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fideism" title="Fideism">Fideism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fundamentalism" title="Fundamentalism">Fundamentalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gnosticism" title="Gnosticism">Gnosticism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henotheism" title="Henotheism">Henotheism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Humanism" title="Humanism">Humanism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Religious_humanism" title="Religious humanism">Religious</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Secular_humanism" title="Secular humanism">Secular</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_humanism" title="Christian humanism">Christian</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inclusivism" title="Inclusivism">Inclusivism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theories_about_religions" class="mw-redirect" title="Theories about religions">Theories about religions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monism" title="Monism">Monism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monotheism" title="Monotheism">Monotheism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mysticism" title="Mysticism">Mysticism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Naturalism_(philosophy)" title="Naturalism (philosophy)">Naturalism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Metaphysical_naturalism" title="Metaphysical naturalism">Metaphysical</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religious_naturalism" title="Religious naturalism">Religious</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Humanistic_naturalism" class="mw-redirect" title="Humanistic naturalism">Humanistic</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Age" title="New Age">New Age</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nondualism" title="Nondualism">Nondualism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nontheism" title="Nontheism">Nontheism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pandeism" title="Pandeism">Pandeism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Panentheism" title="Panentheism">Panentheism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pantheism" title="Pantheism">Pantheism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Perennial_philosophy" title="Perennial philosophy">Perennialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polytheism" title="Polytheism">Polytheism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Possibilianism" title="Possibilianism">Possibilianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Process_theology" title="Process theology">Process theology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religious_skepticism" title="Religious skepticism">Religious skepticism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spiritualism_(beliefs)" title="Spiritualism (beliefs)">Spiritualism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shamanism" title="Shamanism">Shamanism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/East_Asian_religions" title="East Asian religions">Taoic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theism" title="Theism">Theism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transcendentalism" title="Transcendentalism">Transcendentalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_philosophies" title="List of philosophies">more...</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Problem_of_religious_language" title="Problem of religious language">Religious language</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Eschatological_verification" title="Eschatological verification">Eschatological verification</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Language_game_(philosophy)" title="Language game (philosophy)">Language game</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Logical_positivism" title="Logical positivism">Logical positivism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apophatic_theology" title="Apophatic theology">Apophatic theology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Verificationism" title="Verificationism">Verificationism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Problem_of_evil" title="Problem of evil">Problem of evil</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Augustinian_theodicy" title="Augustinian theodicy">Augustinian theodicy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Best_of_all_possible_worlds" title="Best of all possible worlds">Best of all possible worlds</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Euthyphro_dilemma" title="Euthyphro dilemma">Euthyphro dilemma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inconsistent_triad" title="Inconsistent triad">Inconsistent triad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irenaean_theodicy" title="Irenaean theodicy">Irenaean theodicy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Natural_evil" title="Natural evil">Natural evil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theodicy" title="Theodicy">Theodicy</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><a href="/wiki/Category:Philosophers_of_religion" title="Category:Philosophers of religion">Philosophers of religion</a></div> (by date active)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:4em;font-weight:normal;text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek_philosophy" title="Ancient Greek philosophy">Ancient</a> and <a href="/wiki/Medieval_philosophy" title="Medieval philosophy">medieval</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anselm_of_Canterbury" title="Anselm of Canterbury">Anselm of Canterbury</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Augustine_of_Hippo" title="Augustine of Hippo">Augustine of Hippo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Avicenna" title="Avicenna">Avicenna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Averroes" title="Averroes">Averroes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boethius" title="Boethius">Boethius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gaudapada" title="Gaudapada">Gaudapada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gaunilo_of_Marmoutiers" title="Gaunilo of Marmoutiers">Gaunilo of Marmoutiers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Giovanni_Pico_della_Mirandola" title="Giovanni Pico della Mirandola">Pico della Mirandola</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heraclitus" title="Heraclitus">Heraclitus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_VI_and_I" title="James VI and I">King James VI and I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marcion_of_Sinope" title="Marcion of Sinope">Marcion of Sinope</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maimonides" title="Maimonides">Maimonides</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adi_Shankara" title="Adi Shankara">Adi Shankara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Aquinas" title="Thomas Aquinas">Thomas Aquinas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_of_Ockham" title="William of Ockham">William of Ockham</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:4em;font-weight:normal;text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Early_modern_philosophy" title="Early modern philosophy">Early modern</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Antoine_Augustin_Calmet" title="Antoine Augustin Calmet">Augustin Calmet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ren%C3%A9_Descartes" title="René Descartes">René Descartes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blaise_Pascal" title="Blaise Pascal">Blaise Pascal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Desiderius_Erasmus" class="mw-redirect" title="Desiderius Erasmus">Desiderius Erasmus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baruch_Spinoza" title="Baruch Spinoza">Baruch Spinoza</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nicolas_Malebranche" title="Nicolas Malebranche">Nicolas Malebranche</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gottfried_Wilhelm_Leibniz" title="Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz">Gottfried W Leibniz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Wollaston" title="William Wollaston">William Wollaston</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Chubb" title="Thomas Chubb">Thomas Chubb</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Hume" title="David Hume">David Hume</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baron_d%27Holbach" title="Baron d'Holbach">Baron d'Holbach</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Immanuel_Kant" title="Immanuel Kant">Immanuel Kant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Johann_Gottfried_Herder" title="Johann Gottfried Herder">Johann G Herder</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:4em;font-weight:normal;text-align:center;">1800 1850</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Friedrich_Schleiermacher" title="Friedrich Schleiermacher">Friedrich Schleiermacher</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karl_Christian_Friedrich_Krause" title="Karl Christian Friedrich Krause">Karl C F Krause</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georg_Wilhelm_Friedrich_Hegel" title="Georg Wilhelm Friedrich Hegel">Georg W F Hegel</a></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Carlyle" title="Thomas Carlyle">Thomas Carlyle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Whewell" title="William Whewell">William Whewell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ludwig_Feuerbach" title="Ludwig Feuerbach">Ludwig Feuerbach</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/S%C3%B8ren_Kierkegaard" title="Søren Kierkegaard">Søren Kierkegaard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karl_Marx" title="Karl Marx">Karl Marx</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Albrecht_Ritschl" title="Albrecht Ritschl">Albrecht Ritschl</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Afrikan_Spir" title="Afrikan Spir">Afrikan Spir</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:4em;font-weight:normal;text-align:center;">1880 1900</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ernst_Haeckel" title="Ernst Haeckel">Ernst Haeckel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Kingdon_Clifford" title="William Kingdon Clifford">W K Clifford</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Friedrich_Nietzsche" title="Friedrich Nietzsche">Friedrich Nietzsche</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harald_H%C3%B8ffding" title="Harald Høffding">Harald Høffding</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_James" title="William James">William James</a></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Vladimir_Solovyov_(philosopher)" title="Vladimir Solovyov (philosopher)">Vladimir Solovyov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ernst_Troeltsch" title="Ernst Troeltsch">Ernst Troeltsch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rudolf_Otto" title="Rudolf Otto">Rudolf Otto</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lev_Shestov" title="Lev Shestov">Lev Shestov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sergei_Bulgakov" title="Sergei Bulgakov">Sergei Bulgakov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pavel_Florensky" title="Pavel Florensky">Pavel Florensky</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ernst_Cassirer" title="Ernst Cassirer">Ernst Cassirer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Mar%C3%A9chal" title="Joseph Maréchal">Joseph Maréchal</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:4em;font-weight:normal;text-align:center;">1920 postwar</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/George_Santayana" title="George Santayana">George Santayana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bertrand_Russell" title="Bertrand Russell">Bertrand Russell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martin_Buber" title="Martin Buber">Martin Buber</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ren%C3%A9_Gu%C3%A9non" title="René Guénon">René Guénon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_Tillich" title="Paul Tillich">Paul Tillich</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karl_Barth" title="Karl Barth">Karl Barth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emil_Brunner" title="Emil Brunner">Emil Brunner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rudolf_Bultmann" title="Rudolf Bultmann">Rudolf Bultmann</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gabriel_Marcel" title="Gabriel Marcel">Gabriel Marcel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reinhold_Niebuhr" title="Reinhold Niebuhr">Reinhold Niebuhr</a></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Hartshorne" title="Charles Hartshorne">Charles Hartshorne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mircea_Eliade" title="Mircea Eliade">Mircea Eliade</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frithjof_Schuon" title="Frithjof Schuon">Frithjof Schuon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/J._L._Mackie" title="J. L. Mackie">J L Mackie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Walter_Kaufmann_(philosopher)" title="Walter Kaufmann (philosopher)">Walter Kaufmann</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martin_Lings" title="Martin Lings">Martin Lings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peter_Geach" title="Peter Geach">Peter Geach</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_I._Mavrodes" title="George I. Mavrodes">George I Mavrodes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Alston" title="William Alston">William Alston</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antony_Flew" title="Antony Flew">Antony Flew</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:4em;font-weight:normal;text-align:center;">1970 1990 2010</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/William_L._Rowe" title="William L. Rowe">William L Rowe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dewi_Zephaniah_Phillips" title="Dewi Zephaniah Phillips">Dewi Z Phillips</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alvin_Plantinga" title="Alvin Plantinga">Alvin Plantinga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anthony_Kenny" title="Anthony Kenny">Anthony Kenny</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nicholas_Wolterstorff" title="Nicholas Wolterstorff">Nicholas Wolterstorff</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Swinburne" title="Richard Swinburne">Richard Swinburne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Merrihew_Adams" title="Robert Merrihew Adams">Robert Merrihew Adams</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ravi_Zacharias" title="Ravi Zacharias">Ravi Zacharias</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peter_van_Inwagen" title="Peter van Inwagen">Peter van Inwagen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Daniel_Dennett" title="Daniel Dennett">Daniel Dennett</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Loyal_Rue" title="Loyal Rue">Loyal Rue</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean-Luc_Marion" title="Jean-Luc Marion">Jean-Luc Marion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Lane_Craig" title="William Lane Craig">William Lane Craig</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ali_Akbar_Rashad" title="Ali Akbar Rashad">Ali Akbar Rashad</a></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alexander_Pruss" title="Alexander Pruss">Alexander Pruss</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center;">Related topics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Criticism_of_religion" title="Criticism of religion">Criticism of religion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Desacralization_of_knowledge" title="Desacralization of knowledge">Desacralization of knowledge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethics_in_religion" title="Ethics in religion">Ethics in religion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Exegesis" title="Exegesis">Exegesis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_religion" title="History of religion">History of religion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion" title="Religion">Religion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Problem_of_religious_language" title="Problem of religious language">Religious language</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religious_philosophy" title="Religious philosophy">Religious philosophy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Relationship_between_religion_and_science" title="Relationship between religion and science">Relationship between religion and science</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Faith_and_rationality" title="Faith and rationality">Faith and rationality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Index_of_philosophy_of_religion_articles" title="Index of philosophy of religion articles">more...</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/File:Symbol_portal_class.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Portal"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/16px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/23px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/31px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Portal:Philosophy" title="Portal:Philosophy">Portal</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /> <a href="/wiki/Category:Philosophy_of_religion" title="Category:Philosophy of religion">Category</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Genesis_1118" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Genesis_1" title="Template:Genesis 1"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Genesis_1" title="Template talk:Genesis 1"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Genesis_1" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Genesis 1"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Genesis_1118" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Genesis" title="Book of Genesis">Genesis</a> 1</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Noted verses</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Genesis_1:1" title="Genesis 1:1">Genesis 1:1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Genesis_1:2" title="Genesis 1:2">2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Genesis_1:3" title="Genesis 1:3">3</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Genesis_1:4" title="Genesis 1:4">4</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Genesis_1:5" title="Genesis 1:5">5</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Divine figures</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/God" title="God">God</a> / <a href="/wiki/Elohim" title="Elohim">Elohim</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/God_in_Judaism" title="God in Judaism">Jewish conception</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/God_in_Christianity" title="God in Christianity">Christian conception</a></li></ul></li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/Holy_Spirit" title="Holy Spirit">Spirit of God</a>" <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Holy_Spirit_in_Judaism" title="Holy Spirit in Judaism">Jewish conception</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Holy_Spirit_in_Christianity" title="Holy Spirit in Christianity">Christian conception</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Genesis_creation_narrative" title="Genesis creation narrative">Creation</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Creationism15" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Creationism</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Young_Earth_creationism" title="Young Earth creationism">Young Earth creationism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Old_Earth_creationism" title="Old Earth creationism">Old Earth creationism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Day-age_creationism" title="Day-age creationism">Day-age creationism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gap_creationism" title="Gap creationism">Gap creationism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Progressive_creationism" title="Progressive creationism">Progressive creationism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Framework_interpretation_(Genesis)" class="mw-redirect" title="Framework interpretation (Genesis)">Framework interpretation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Creatio_ex_nihilo" title="Creatio ex nihilo">Creatio ex nihilo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Special_creation" title="Special creation">Special creation</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Heaven" title="Heaven">Heaven</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tehom" title="Tehom">Tehom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yom" title="Yom">Yom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Firmament" title="Firmament">Firmament</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Phrases</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <li>"<a href="/wiki/In_the_beginning_(phrase)" title="In the beginning (phrase)">In the beginning</a>"</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tohu_wa-bohu" title="Tohu wa-bohu">Tohu wa-bohu</a> (original translation)</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/Let_there_be_light" title="Let there be light">Let there be light</a>"</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/Created_kind" title="Created kind">According to its kind</a>"</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/Image_of_God" title="Image of God">Image of God</a>"</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/Be_fruitful_and_multiply" title="Be fruitful and multiply">Be fruitful and multiply</a>"</li> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Characters</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Adam_and_Eve" title="Adam and Eve">Adam and Eve</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Adam" title="Adam">Adam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eve" title="Eve">Eve</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Primeval_history" title="Primeval history">Primeval history</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bereshit_(parashah)" title="Bereshit (parashah)">Parashat Bereshit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cosmic_ocean" title="Cosmic ocean">Cosmic ocean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Creation_(Haydn)" title="The Creation (Haydn)">The Creation</a> (art)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apollo_8_Genesis_reading" title="Apollo 8 Genesis reading">Apollo 8 Genesis reading</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1038841319">.mw-parser-output .tooltip-dotted{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-label="Navbox949" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist navbox-inner" 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Template:Lang"]},"scribunto":{"limitreport-timeusage":{"value":"2.323","limit":"10.000"},"limitreport-memusage":{"value":27735274,"limit":52428800},"limitreport-logs":"anchor_id_list = table#1 {\n [\"Anderson_1967\"] = 1,\n [\"Anderson_1984\"] = 1,\n [\"Aviezer_1990\"] = 1,\n [\"Barbour_1997\"] = 1,\n [\"Barbour_2000\"] = 1,\n [\"Barlow_1963\"] = 1,\n [\"Bowler_2003\"] = 1,\n [\"Bucaille_1976\"] = 1,\n [\"Bucaille_1977\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFAdra\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFAkin2004\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBates2006\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBennett2009\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBoudryBlanckeBraeckman2010\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBoyle2014\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBradley2005\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBradshaw\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBrosseauSilberstein2015\"] = 2,\n [\"CITEREFBurgeson1997\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBurton2010\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFButt2009\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCampbell2006\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCanseco2012\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCanseco2019\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCanseco2023\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFChang2009\"] = 2,\n [\"CITEREFChryssides2008\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCoyne2006\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDarwin1856\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDarwin1863\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDeYoung1997\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDeiviscio2014\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDelgado2006\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDesmondMoore1991\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDonigerHawley1999\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFEdis1999\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFEugenie_Scott2018\"] = 2,\n [\"CITEREFFlank2006\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFForeman2014\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFForrest2007\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFFowlerRodd2012\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGardner2000\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGould1997\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGray1860\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGreener2007\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGuntzel2005\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGupta2010\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHecht2006\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHollabaugh2006\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFIAP_Member_Academies2006\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFIqbāl2007\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFIrvine2008\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFIsaak2006\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFJackson1990\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFJohnson2004\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFJohnson2009\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKahan2014\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKaufman2009\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKaya2012\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKingsley1859\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKlotzko2001\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKopplin2014\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKrishnamurthy2019\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLe_Page2008\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLeiter2004\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLorenzi2004\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLuvan2012\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMaley2009\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMarr2009\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMartin2002\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMartin2010\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMartzMcDaniel1987\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMasci2017\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMassarani\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMatsumuraMead2001\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMcDonell2005\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMiles2001\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMillerScottOkamoto2006\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMoore2007\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMooreCotner2009\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMoritz2006\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMorris\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMurphy2002\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMyers2006\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFNewport2004\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFNumbers1993\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFNumbers1998\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFParkCho2018\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPenprase2017\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPigliucci2005\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPigliucciBantaBossuCrouse2004\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPinholster2006\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPope_John_Paul_II1996\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPope_Pius_XII1950\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPrimackAbrams1995\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPurcell2012\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRa2016\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRobinson1995\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRoizen1982\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRoss2005\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRusbult1998\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSafire2005\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSahotra_SarkarJessica_Pfeifer2006\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSchafersman1997\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSchick1965\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFScott,_Eugenie_C.1996\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFScott2000\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFScott2009\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSefton2006\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFShepherd2009\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFShtulman2006\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSmith2005\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFTigay1987–1988\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFTobin2000\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFVlaardingerbroekHachem-el-Masri2006\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWilliams2006\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWise2001\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFYoung1988\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFYoungEdis2006\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFal-Azami2013\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFde_Quetteville2004\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFvan_HarnFordGunton2004\"] = 1,\n [\"Carmell_\u0026amp;_Domb_1976\"] = 1,\n [\"Carper_\u0026amp;_Hunt_2009\"] = 1,\n [\"Clark_2014\"] = 1,\n [\"Collins_2006\"] = 1,\n [\"Darwin_1958\"] = 1,\n [\"Dasgupta_1922\"] = 1,\n [\"Dawkins_2006\"] = 1,\n [\"Desmond_1989\"] = 1,\n [\"Dewey_1994\"] = 1,\n [\"Draper_2005\"] = 1,\n [\"Dundes_1984\"] = 1,\n [\"Eddy_1934\"] = 1,\n [\"Forrest_\u0026amp;_Gross_2004\"] = 1,\n [\"Forster_\u0026amp;_Marston_1999\"] = 1,\n [\"Futuyma_2005\"] = 1,\n [\"Giberson_\u0026amp;_Yerxa_2002\"] = 1,\n [\"Gosse_1857\"] = 1,\n [\"Gould_1999\"] = 1,\n [\"Gunn_2004\"] = 1,\n [\"Hayward_1998\"] = 1,\n [\"Kaplan_1993\"] = 1,\n [\"Kauffman_2008\"] = 1,\n [\"Lamoureux_1999\"] = 1,\n [\"Leeming_\u0026amp;_Leeming_1995\"] = 1,\n [\"Masood_1994\"] = 1,\n [\"McGrath_2010\"] = 1,\n [\"Mu_2005\"] = 1,\n [\"NAS_1999\"] = 1,\n [\"NAS_2008\"] = 1,\n [\"Numbers_2006\"] = 1,\n [\"Okasha_2002\"] = 1,\n [\"Patton_\u0026amp;_Doniger_1996\"] = 1,\n [\"Pennock_1999\"] = 1,\n [\"Pennock_2001\"] = 1,\n [\"Philo\"] = 1,\n [\"Pigliucci_2010\"] = 1,\n [\"Plimer_1994\"] = 1,\n [\"Polkinghorne_1998\"] = 1,\n [\"Quammen_2006\"] = 1,\n [\"Rainey_2012\"] = 1,\n [\"Roberts_2008\"] = 1,\n [\"Schroeder_1998\"] = 1,\n [\"Scott_1999\"] = 1,\n [\"Scott_2005\"] = 1,\n [\"Secord_2000\"] = 1,\n [\"Shermer_2002\"] = 1,\n [\"Stewart_2010\"] = 1,\n [\"Sweet_\u0026amp;_Feist_2007\"] = 1,\n [\"Wilder-Smith_1978\"] = 1,\n [\"Young_1995\"] = 1,\n [\"`Abdu\u0026#039;l-Bahá_1982\"] = 1,\n}\ntemplate_list = table#1 {\n [\"!\"] = 1,\n [\"As of\"] = 2,\n [\"Authority control\"] = 1,\n [\"Bar box\"] = 1,\n [\"Bar percent\"] = 7,\n [\"Bibleref2\"] = 1,\n [\"Bibleverse\"] = 4,\n [\"Blockquote\"] = 1,\n [\"Cbignore\"] = 5,\n [\"Citation needed\"] = 5,\n [\"Cite AV media\"] = 1,\n [\"Cite book\"] = 77,\n [\"Cite conference\"] = 1,\n [\"Cite court\"] = 2,\n [\"Cite encyclopedia\"] = 2,\n [\"Cite interview\"] = 1,\n [\"Cite journal\"] = 36,\n [\"Cite news\"] = 31,\n [\"Cite press release\"] = 2,\n [\"Cite report\"] = 1,\n [\"Cite video\"] = 1,\n [\"Cite web\"] = 73,\n [\"Cn\"] = 1,\n [\"Commons\"] = 1,\n [\"Creationism topics\"] = 1,\n [\"Creationism2\"] = 1,\n [\"Div col\"] = 1,\n [\"Div col end\"] = 1,\n [\"Efn\"] = 1,\n [\"Excessive citations inline\"] = 3,\n [\"For\"] = 1,\n [\"Further\"] = 1,\n [\"Genesis 1\"] = 1,\n [\"Harv\"] = 1,\n [\"Harvnb\"] = 2,\n [\"Hatnote\"] = 1,\n [\"Intelligent Design\"] = 1,\n [\"Lang\"] = 1,\n [\"Langx\"] = 2,\n [\"Main\"] = 18,\n [\"Nbsp\"] = 8,\n [\"Notelist\"] = 1,\n [\"Philosophy of religion\"] = 1,\n [\"Portal bar\"] = 1,\n [\"Pp-protect\"] = 1,\n [\"Refbegin\"] = 2,\n [\"Refend\"] = 2,\n [\"Reflist\"] = 2,\n [\"Refn\"] = 1,\n [\"Rp\"] = 3,\n [\"See\"] = 1,\n [\"See also\"] = 1,\n [\"Sfn\"] = 2,\n [\"Short description\"] = 1,\n [\"Small\"] = 1,\n [\"Snd\"] = 12,\n [\"Transliteration\"] = 10,\n [\"Webarchive\"] = 1,\n [\"Which\"] = 1,\n [\"Wikiquote\"] = 1,\n}\narticle_whitelist = table#1 {\n}\nciteref_patterns = table#1 {\n}\n","limitreport-profile":[["?","540","23.5"],["dataWrapper \u003Cmw.lua:672\u003E","180","7.8"],["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::callParserFunction","160","7.0"],["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::gsub","160","7.0"],["recursiveClone \u003CmwInit.lua:45\u003E","140","6.1"],["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::find","140","6.1"],["\u003Cmw.lua:694\u003E","80","3.5"],["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::getAllExpandedArguments","80","3.5"],["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::match","60","2.6"],["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::sub","60","2.6"],["[others]","700","30.4"]]},"cachereport":{"origin":"mw-api-int.codfw.main-5b65fffc7d-qwmjq","timestamp":"20250214040445","ttl":2592000,"transientcontent":false}}});});</script> <script type="application/ld+json">{"@context":"https:\/\/schema.org","@type":"Article","name":"Creationism","url":"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Creationism","sameAs":"http:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/entity\/Q130352","mainEntity":"http:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/entity\/Q130352","author":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Contributors to Wikimedia projects"},"publisher":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Wikimedia Foundation, Inc.","logo":{"@type":"ImageObject","url":"https:\/\/www.wikimedia.org\/static\/images\/wmf-hor-googpub.png"}},"datePublished":"2001-10-19T17:58:25Z","dateModified":"2025-01-13T09:44:40Z","headline":"religious belief that nature, and aspects such as the universe, Earth, life, and humans, originated with supernatural acts of divine creation"}</script> </body> </html>