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Tirado</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=G.%20Habert"> G. Habert</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=A.%20Mailhac"> A. Mailhac</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=S.%20Laurenceau"> S. Laurenceau</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> The rapid development of cities implies significant material inflows and outflows. The construction sector is one of the main consumers of raw materials and producers of waste. The waste from the building sector, for its quantity and potential for recovery, constitutes significant deposits requiring major efforts, by combining different actors, to achieve the circular economy's objectives. It is necessary to understand and know the current construction actors' knowledge of stocks, urban metabolism, deposits, and recovery practices in this context. This article aims to explore the role of local governments in planning strategies by facilitating a circular economy. In particular, the principal opportunities and challenges of communities for applying the principles of the circular economy in the building sector will be identified. The approach used for the study was to conduct semi-structured interviews with those responsible for circular economy projects within local administrations of some communities in France. The results show territories' involvement in the inclusion and application of the principles of the circular economy in the building sector. The main challenges encountered are numerous, hence the importance of having identified and described them so that the different actors can work to meet them. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=building%20stock" title="building stock">building stock</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=circular%20economy" title=" circular economy"> circular economy</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=interview" title=" interview"> interview</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=local%20authorities" title=" local authorities"> local authorities</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/134550/territories-challenges-and-opportunities-to-promote-circular-economy-in-the-building-sector" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/134550.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">131</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">11041</span> An Integrated Framework for Engaging Stakeholders in the Circular Economy Processes Using Building Information Modeling and Virtual Reality</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Erisasadat%20Sahebzamani">Erisasadat Sahebzamani</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=N%C3%BAria%20Forcada"> Núria Forcada</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Francisco%20Lendinez"> Francisco Lendinez</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Global climate change has become increasingly problematic over the past few decades. The construction industry has contributed to greenhouse gas emissions in recent decades. Considering these issues and the high demand for materials in the construction industry, Circular Economy (CE) is considered necessary to keep materials in the loop and extend their useful lives. By providing tangible benefits, Construction 4.0 facilitates the adoption of CE by reducing waste, updating standard work, sharing knowledge, and increasing transparency and stability. This study aims to present a framework for integrating CE and digital tools like Building Information Modeling (BIM) and Virtual Reality (VR) to examine the impact on the construction industry based on stakeholders' perspectives. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=circular%20economy" title="circular economy">circular economy</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=building%20information%20modeling" title=" building information modeling"> building information modeling</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=virtual%20reality" title=" virtual reality"> virtual reality</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=stakeholder%20engagement" title=" stakeholder engagement"> stakeholder engagement</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/160164/an-integrated-framework-for-engaging-stakeholders-in-the-circular-economy-processes-using-building-information-modeling-and-virtual-reality" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/160164.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">117</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">11040</span> Incorporating Circular Economy into Passive Design Strategies in Tropical Nigeria</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Noah%20G.%20Akhimien">Noah G. Akhimien</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Eshrar%20Latif"> Eshrar Latif</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> The natural environment is in need for an urgent rescue due to dilapidation and recession of resources. Passive design strategies have proven to be one of the effective ways to reduce CO<sub>2</sub> emissions and to improve building performance. On the other hand, there is a huge drop in material availability due to poor recycling culture. Consequently, building waste pose environmental hazard due to unrecycled building materials from construction and deconstruction. Buildings are seen to be material banks for a circular economy, therefore incorporating circular economy into passive housing will not only safe guide the climate but also improve resource efficiency. The study focuses on incorporating a circular economy in passive design strategies for an affordable energy and resource efficient residential building in Nigeria. Carbon dioxide (CO<sub>2</sub>) concentration is still on the increase as buildings are responsible for a significant amount of this emission globally. Therefore, prompt measures need to be taken to combat the effect of global warming and associated threats. Nigeria is rapidly growing in human population, resources on the other hand have receded greatly, and there is an abrupt need for recycling even in the built environment. It is necessary that Nigeria responds to these challenges effectively and efficiently considering building resource and energy. Passive design strategies were assessed using simulations to obtain qualitative and quantitative data which were inferred to case studies as it relates to the Nigeria climate. Building materials were analysed using the ReSOLVE model in order to explore possible recycling phase. This provided relevant information and strategies to illustrate the possibility of circular economy in passive buildings. The study offers an alternative approach, as it is the general principle for the reworking of an economy on ecological lines in passive housing and by closing material loops in circular economy. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=building" title="building">building</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=circular" title=" circular"> circular</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=efficiency" title=" efficiency"> efficiency</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=environment" title=" environment"> environment</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=sustainability" title=" sustainability"> sustainability</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/110657/incorporating-circular-economy-into-passive-design-strategies-in-tropical-nigeria" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/110657.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">260</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">11039</span> Valorization of the Waste Generated in Building Energy-Efficiency Rehabilitation Works as Raw Materials for Gypsum Composites</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Paola%20Villoria%20Saez">Paola Villoria Saez</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Mercedes%20Del%20Rio%20Merino"> Mercedes Del Rio Merino</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Jaime%20Santacruz%20Astorqui"> Jaime Santacruz Astorqui</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Cesar%20Porras%20Amores"> Cesar Porras Amores</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> In construction the Circular Economy covers the whole cycle of the building construction: from production and consumption to waste management and the market for secondary raw materials. The circular economy will definitely contribute to 'closing the loop' of construction product lifecycles through greater recycling and re-use, helping to build a market for reused construction materials salvaged from demolition sites, boosting global competitiveness and fostering sustainable economic growth. In this context, this paper presents the latest research of 'Waste to resources (W2R)' project funded by the Spanish Government, which seeks new solutions to improve energy efficiency in buildings by developing new building materials and products that are less expensive, more durable, with higher quality and more environmentally friendly. This project differs from others as its main objective is to reduce to almost zero the Construction and Demolition Waste (CDW) generated in building rehabilitation works. In order to achieve this objective, the group is looking for new ways of CDW recycling as raw materials for new conglomerate materials. With these new materials, construction elements reducing building energy consumption will be proposed. In this paper, the results obtained in the project are presented. Several tests were performed to gypsum samples containing different percentages of CDW waste generated in Spanish building retroffiting works. Results were further analyzed and one of the gypsum composites was highlighted and discussed. Acknowledgements: This research was supported by the Spanish State Secretariat for Research, Development and Innovation of the Ministry of Economy and Competitiveness under 'Waste 2 Resources' Project (BIA2013-43061-R). <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=building%20waste" title="building waste">building waste</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=CDW" title=" CDW"> CDW</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=gypsum" title=" gypsum"> gypsum</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=recycling" title=" recycling"> recycling</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=resources" title=" resources"> resources</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/52674/valorization-of-the-waste-generated-in-building-energy-efficiency-rehabilitation-works-as-raw-materials-for-gypsum-composites" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/52674.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">332</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">11038</span> Design of a CO₂-Reduced 3D Concrete Mixture Using Circular (Clay-Based) Building Materials</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=N.%20Z.%20van%20Hierden">N. Z. van Hierden</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Q.%20Yu"> Q. Yu</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=F.%20Gauvin"> F. Gauvin</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Cement manufacturing is, because of its production process, among the highest contributors to CO₂ emissions worldwide. As cement is one of the major components in 3D printed concrete, achieving sustainability and carbon neutrality can be particularly challenging. To improve the sustainability of 3D printed materials, different CO₂-reducing strategies can be used, each one with a distinct level of impact and complexity. In this work, we focus on the development of these sustainable mixtures and finding alternatives. Promising alternatives for cement and clinker replacement include the use of recycled building materials, amongst which (calcined) bricks and roof tiles. To study the potential of recycled clay-based building materials, the application of calcinated clay itself is studied as well. Compared to cement, the calcination temperature of clay-based materials is significantly lower, resulting in reduced CO₂ output. Reusing these materials is therefore a promising solution for utilizing waste streams while simultaneously reducing the cement content in 3D concrete mixtures. In addition, waste streams can be locally sourced, thereby reducing the emitted CO₂ during transportation. In this research, various alternative binders are examined, such as calcined clay blends (LC3) from recycled tiles and bricks, or locally obtained clay resources. Using various experiments, a high potential for mix designs including these resources has been shown with respect to material strength, while sustaining decent printability and buildability. Therefore, the defined strategies are promising and can lead to a more sustainable, low-CO₂ mixture suitable for 3D printing while using accessible materials. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=cement%20replacement" title="cement replacement">cement replacement</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=3DPC" title=" 3DPC"> 3DPC</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=circular%20building%20materials" title=" circular building materials"> circular building materials</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=calcined%20clay" title=" calcined clay"> calcined clay</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=CO%E2%82%82%20reduction" title=" CO₂ reduction"> CO₂ reduction</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/162171/design-of-a-co2-reduced-3d-concrete-mixture-using-circular-clay-based-building-materials" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/162171.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">90</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">11037</span> Circular Economy: An Overview of Principles, Strategies, and Case Studies</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Dina%20Mohamed%20Ahmed%20Mahmoud%20Bakr">Dina Mohamed Ahmed Mahmoud Bakr</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> The concept of a circular economy is gaining increasing attention as a way to promote sustainable economic growth and reduce the environmental impact of human activities. The circular economy is a systemic approach that aims to keep materials and resources in use for as long as possible, minimize waste and pollution, and regenerate natural systems. The purpose of this article is to present a summary of the principles and tactics employed in the circular economy, along with examples of prosperous circular economy projects implemented in different sectors across Japan, Austria, the Netherlands, South Africa, Germany, and the United States. The paper concludes with a discussion of the challenges and opportunities associated with the transition to a circular economy and the policy interventions that can support this transition. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=circular%20economy" title="circular economy">circular economy</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=waste%20reduction" title=" waste reduction"> waste reduction</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=sustainable%20development" title=" sustainable development"> sustainable development</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=recycling" title=" recycling"> recycling</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/165532/circular-economy-an-overview-of-principles-strategies-and-case-studies" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/165532.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">105</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">11036</span> Building Carbon Footprint Comparison between Building Permit, as Built, as Built with Circular Material Usage</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Kadri-Ann%20Kertsmik">Kadri-Ann Kertsmik</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Martin%20Talvik"> Martin Talvik</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Kimmo%20Lylykangas"> Kimmo Lylykangas</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Simo%20Ilomets"> Simo Ilomets</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Targo%20Kalamees"> Targo Kalamees</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> This study compares the building carbon footprint (CF) values for a case study of a private house located in a cold climate, using the Level(s) methodology. It provides a framework for measuring the environmental performance of buildings throughout their life cycle, taking into account various factors. The study presents the results of the three scenarios, comparing their carbon emissions and highlighting the benefits of circular material usage. The construction process was thoroughly documented, and all materials and components (including minuscule mechanical fasteners, each meter of cable, a kilogram of mortar, and the component of HVAC systems, among other things) delivered to the construction site were noted. Transportation distances of each delivery, the fuel consumption of construction machines, and electricity consumption for temporary heating and electrical tools were also monitored. Using the detailed data on material and energy resources, the CF was calculated for two scenarios: one where circular material usage was applied and another where virgin materials were used instead of reused ones. The results were compared with the CF calculated based on the building permit design model using the Level(s) methodology. To study the range of possible results in the early stage of CF assessment, the same building permit design was given to several experts. Results showed that embodied carbon values for a built scenario were significantly lower than the values predicted by the building permit stage as a result of more precise material quantities, as the calculation methodology is designed to overestimate the CF. Moreover, designers made an effort to reduce the building's CF by reusing certain materials such as ceramic tiles, lightweight concrete blocks, and timber during the construction process. However, in a cold climate context where operational energy (B6) continues to dominate, the total building CF value changes between the three scenarios were less significant. The calculation for the building permit project was performed by several experts, and CF results were in the same range. It alludes that, for the first estimation of preliminary building CF, using average values proves to be an appropriate method for the Estonian national carbon footprint estimation phase during building permit application. The study also identified several opportunities for reducing the carbon footprint of the building, such as reusing materials from other construction sites, preferring local material producers, and reducing wastage on site. The findings suggest that using circular materials can significantly reduce the carbon footprint of buildings. Overall, the study highlights the importance of using a comprehensive approach to measure the environmental performance of buildings, taking into account both the project and the actually built house. It also emphasises the need for ongoing monitoring for designing the building and construction site waste. The study also gives some examples of how to enable future circularity of building components and materials, e.g., building in layers, using wood as untreated, etc. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=carbon%20footprint" title="carbon footprint">carbon footprint</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=circular%20economy" title=" circular economy"> circular economy</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=sustainable%20construction" title=" sustainable construction"> sustainable construction</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=level%28s%29%20methodology" title=" level(s) methodology"> level(s) methodology</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/164565/building-carbon-footprint-comparison-between-building-permit-as-built-as-built-with-circular-material-usage" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/164565.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">94</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">11035</span> Enhancement of Recycled Concrete Aggregates Properties by Mechanical Treatment and Verification in Concrete Mixes with Replacement up to 100%</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Iveta%20Nov%C3%A1kov%C3%A1">Iveta Nováková</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Martin-Andr%C3%A8%20S.%20Husby"> Martin-Andrè S. Husby</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Boy-Arne%20Buyle"> Boy-Arne Buyle</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> The building industry has one of the most significant contributions to global warming due to the production of building materials, transportation, building activities, and demolition of structures when they reach the end of their life. Implementation of circular material flow and circular economy can significantly reduce greenhouse gasses and simultaneously reduce the need for natural resources. The use of recycled concrete aggregates (RCA) is one of the possibilities for reducing the depletion of raw materials for concrete production. Concrete is the most used building material worldwide, and aggregates constitute 70% of its volume. RCA can replace a certain amount of natural aggregates (NA), and concrete will still perform as required. The aim of this scientific paper is to evaluate RCA properties with and without mechanical treatment. Analysis of RCA itself will be followed by compressive strength of concrete containing various amounts of treated and non-treated RCA. Results showed improvement in compressive strength of the mix with mechanically treated RCA compared to standard RCA, and even the strength of concrete with mechanically treated RCA in dose 50% of coarse aggregates was higher than the reference mix by 4%. Based on obtained results, it can be concluded that integration of RCA in industrial concrete production is feasible, at a replacement ratio of 50% for mechanically treated RCA and 30% if untreated RCA is used, without affecting the compressive strength negatively. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=recycled%20concrete%20aggregates" title="recycled concrete aggregates">recycled concrete aggregates</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=mechanical%20treatment" title=" mechanical treatment"> mechanical treatment</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=aggregate%20properties" title=" aggregate properties"> aggregate properties</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=compression%20strength" title=" compression strength"> compression strength</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/141087/enhancement-of-recycled-concrete-aggregates-properties-by-mechanical-treatment-and-verification-in-concrete-mixes-with-replacement-up-to-100" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/141087.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">252</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">11034</span> A Comprehensive Approach to Sustainable Building Design: Bridging Design for Adaptability and Circular Economy with LCA</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Saba%20Baienat">Saba Baienat</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Ivanka%20Iordanova"> Ivanka Iordanova</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Bechara%20Helal"> Bechara Helal</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Incorporating the principles of Design for Adaptability (DfAd) and Circular Economy (CE) into the service life planning of buildings and construction engineering projects can significantly enhance sustainable development. By employing DfAd, both the service life and design process can be optimized, gradually postponing the building’s End of Life (EoL) and extending the service life of buildings, thereby closing material cycles and making them more circular. This paper presents a comprehensive framework that addresses adaptability strategies and considerations to objectively assess the role of DfAd in circularity. The framework aims to provide a streamlined approach for accessing DfAd strategies and identifying the most effective ones for enhancing a project's adaptability. Key strategies include anticipating changes in requirements, enabling adaptations and transformations of the building for better use and reuse, preparing for future lives of the building and its components, and contributing to the circular material life cycle. Furthermore, the framework seeks to enhance the awareness of stakeholders about the subject of Design for Adaptability through the lens of the Circular Economy. Additionally, this paper integrates Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) methodologies to evaluate the environmental impacts of implementing DfAd strategies within the context of the Circular Economy. By utilizing LCA, the framework provides a quantitative basis for assessing the sustainability benefits of adaptable building designs, offering insights into how these strategies can minimize resource consumption, reduce emissions, and enhance overall environmental performance. This holistic approach underscores the critical role of LCA in bridging DfAd and CE, ultimately fostering more resilient and sustainable construction practices. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=circular%20economy%20%28CE%29" title="circular economy (CE)">circular economy (CE)</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=design%20for%20adaptability%20%28DfAd%29" title=" design for adaptability (DfAd)"> design for adaptability (DfAd)</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=life%20cycle%20assessment%20%28LCA%29" title=" life cycle assessment (LCA)"> life cycle assessment (LCA)</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=sustainable%20development" title=" sustainable development"> sustainable development</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/188477/a-comprehensive-approach-to-sustainable-building-design-bridging-design-for-adaptability-and-circular-economy-with-lca" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/188477.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">38</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">11033</span> Prevalence of Plastic Use in Building and Construction: An Analysis of 250 Common Building Materials</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Teresa%20McGrath">Teresa McGrath</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Ryan%20Johnson"> Ryan Johnson</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Rebecca%20Stamm"> Rebecca Stamm</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Cassidy%20Clarity"> Cassidy Clarity</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Wei%20Yung%20Lui"> Wei Yung Lui</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Building and construction is the second largest plastic user behind packaging, accounting for 16% of plastic production. Building and construction is also by far the largest user of one of the most impactful plastics, polyvinyl chloride (aka vinyl or PVC), accounting for 69% of PVC production. Building materials also have an outsized contribution to plastic pollution, including microplastic pollution. Yet building materials are often overlooked in plastic waste and pollution reduction efforts. Habitable will present a plastics and petrochemical analysis of over 250 common building material types and demonstrate how changes to building material selection towards safer, renewable, and lower carbon materials can reduce global consumption of plastics and associated pollution. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=building%20materials" title="building materials">building materials</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=fenceline%20communities" title=" fenceline communities"> fenceline communities</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=microplastics" title=" microplastics"> microplastics</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=safer%20alternatives" title=" safer alternatives"> safer alternatives</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=embodied%20carbon" title=" embodied carbon"> embodied carbon</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=life%20cycle%20analysis" title=" life cycle analysis"> life cycle analysis</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=petrochemicals" title=" petrochemicals"> petrochemicals</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=green%20chemistry" title=" green chemistry"> green chemistry</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/190126/prevalence-of-plastic-use-in-building-and-construction-an-analysis-of-250-common-building-materials" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/190126.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">30</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">11032</span> Environmental Life Cycle Assessment of Circular, Bio-Based and Industrialized Building Envelope Systems</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=N.%20Cihan%20Kaya%C3%A7Etin">N. Cihan KayaçEtin</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Stijn%20Verdoodt"> Stijn Verdoodt</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Alexis%20Versele"> Alexis Versele</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> The construction industry is accounted for one-third of all waste generated in the European Union (EU) countries. The Circular Economy Action Plan of the EU aims to tackle this issue and aspires to enhance the sustainability of the construction industry by adopting more circular principles and bio-based material use. The Interreg Circular Bio-Based Construction Industry (CBCI) project was conceived to research how this adoption can be facilitated. For this purpose, an approach is developed that integrates technical, legal and social aspects and provides business models for circular designing and building with bio-based materials. In the scope of the project, the research outputs are to be displayed in a real-life setting by constructing a demo terraced single-family house, the living lab (LL) located in Ghent (Belgium). The realization of the LL is conducted in a step-wise approach that includes iterative processes for design, description, criteria definition and multi-criteria assessment of building components. The essence of the research lies within the exploratory approach to the state-of-art building envelope and technical systems options for achieving an optimum combination for a circular and bio-based construction. For this purpose, nine preliminary designs (PD) for building envelope are generated, which consist of three basic construction methods: masonry, lightweight steel construction and wood framing construction supplemented with bio-based construction methods like cross-laminated timber (CLT) and massive wood framing. A comparative analysis on the PDs was conducted by utilizing several complementary tools to assess the circularity. This paper focuses on the life cycle assessment (LCA) approach for evaluating the environmental impact of the LL Ghent. The adoption of an LCA methodology was considered critical for providing a comprehensive set of environmental indicators. The PDs were developed at the component level, in particular for the (i) inclined roof, (ii-iii) front and side façade, (iv) internal walls and (v-vi) floors. The assessment was conducted on two levels; component and building level. The options for each component were compared at the first iteration and then, the PDs as an assembly of components were further analyzed. The LCA was based on a functional unit of one square meter of each component and CEN indicators were utilized for impact assessment for a reference study period of 60 years. A total of 54 building components that are composed of 31 distinct materials were evaluated in the study. The results indicate that wood framing construction supplemented with bio-based construction methods performs environmentally better than the masonry or steel-construction options. An analysis on the correlation between the total weight of components and environmental impact was also conducted. It was seen that masonry structures display a high environmental impact and weight, steel structures display low weight but relatively high environmental impact and wooden framing construction display low weight and environmental impact. The study provided valuable outputs in two levels: (i) several improvement options at component level with substitution of materials with critical weight and/or impact per unit, (ii) feedback on environmental performance for the decision-making process during the design phase of a circular single family house. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=circular%20and%20bio-based%20materials" title="circular and bio-based materials">circular and bio-based materials</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=comparative%20analysis" title=" comparative analysis"> comparative analysis</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=life%20cycle%20assessment%20%28LCA%29" title=" life cycle assessment (LCA)"> life cycle assessment (LCA)</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=living%20lab" title=" living lab"> living lab</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/135601/environmental-life-cycle-assessment-of-circular-bio-based-and-industrialized-building-envelope-systems" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/135601.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">187</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">11031</span> Circular Economy: Development of Quantitative Material Wastage Management Plan for Effective Waste Reduction in Building Construction Industry</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Kwok%20Tak%20Kit">Kwok Tak Kit</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Combating climate change is becoming a hot topic in various sectors. Building construction and infrastructure sectors contributed a significant proportion of waste and GHGs emissions in the economy of different countries and cities. Many types of research had conducted and discussed the topic of waste management and waste management being a macro-level control is well developed in the building and construction industry. However, there is little research and studies on the micro-level of waste management, “building construction material wastage management,” and fewer reviews about regulatory control in the building construction sector. In this paper, we will focus on the potentialities and importance of material wastage management and review the deficiencies of the current standard to take into account the reduction of material wastage in a systematic and quantitative approach. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=quantitative%20measurement" title="quantitative measurement">quantitative measurement</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=material%20wastage%20management%20plan" title=" material wastage management plan"> material wastage management plan</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=waste%20management" title=" waste management"> waste management</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=uncalculated%20waste" title=" uncalculated waste"> uncalculated waste</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=circular%20economy" title=" circular economy"> circular economy</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/145718/circular-economy-development-of-quantitative-material-wastage-management-plan-for-effective-waste-reduction-in-building-construction-industry" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/145718.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">159</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">11030</span> Proposal for Sustainable Construction of a New College Hostel Building</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Reshma%20Raskar-Phule">Reshma Raskar-Phule</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Abhay%20Shinde"> Abhay Shinde</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Manesh%20Konkani"> Manesh Konkani</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Rohit%20Nighot"> Rohit Nighot</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Shrirang%20Mahajan"> Shrirang Mahajan</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Viraj%20Thorat"> Viraj Thorat</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Sustainability in construction projects can be considered from three dimensions - environment, economy and society. Key concepts of sustainable construction include the protection of the natural environment, choice of non-toxic materials, reduction and reuse of resources, waste minimization, and life cycle analysis. The present paper attempts to identify and analyze the use of sustainable construction materials for a new college hostel building in terms of sustainability development indices (SDIs). Low SDI materials, say as composite fiberglass reinforcement (SDI 4074.96), compressed earth blocks (SDI 0.47), and fiber-reinforced doors (SDI 0.13) are the proposed sustainable materials for the hostel building. Indian Green Building Certification (IGBC) is applied for the hostel building and it earns 5 points out of total 16 points for criterion 5 – Building Materials and Resources of IGBC. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=sustainable%20development" title="sustainable development">sustainable development</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=construction%20materials" title=" construction materials"> construction materials</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=IGBC" title=" IGBC"> IGBC</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=hostel%20building" title=" hostel building"> hostel building</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/152734/proposal-for-sustainable-construction-of-a-new-college-hostel-building" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/152734.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">126</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">11029</span> The Eco-Efficient Construction: A Review of Embodied Energy in Building Materials</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Francesca%20Scalisi">Francesca Scalisi</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Cesare%20Sposito"> Cesare Sposito</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> The building construction industry consumes a large amount of resources and energy, both during construction (embodied energy) and during the operational phase (operating energy). This paper presents a review of the literature on low carbon and low embodied energy materials in buildings. The embodied energy comprises the energy consumed during the extraction, processing, transportation, construction, and demolition of building materials. While designing a nearly zero energy building, it is necessary to choose and use materials, components, and technologies that allow to reduce the consumption of energy and also to reduce the emissions in the atmosphere during all the Life Cycle Assessment phases. The appropriate choice of building materials can contribute decisively to reduce the energy consumption of the building sector. The increasing worries for the environmental impact of construction materials are witnessed by a lot of studies. The mentioned worries have brought again the attention towards natural materials. The use of more sustainable construction materials and construction techniques represent a major contribution to the eco-efficiency of the construction industry and thus to a more sustainable development. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=embodied%20energy" title="embodied energy">embodied energy</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=embodied%20carbon" title=" embodied carbon"> embodied carbon</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=life%20cycle%20assessment" title=" life cycle assessment"> life cycle assessment</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=architecture" title=" architecture"> architecture</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=sustainability" title=" sustainability"> sustainability</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=material%20construction" title=" material construction"> material construction</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/77543/the-eco-efficient-construction-a-review-of-embodied-energy-in-building-materials" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/77543.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">349</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">11028</span> Radiological Hazard Assessments and Control of Radionuclides Emitted from Building Materials in Kuwait Using Expert Systems</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Abdulla%20Almulla">Abdulla Almulla</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Wafaa%20Mahdi"> Wafaa Mahdi</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Building materials can make a significant contribution to the level of natural radioactivity in closed dwelling areas. Therefore, developing an expert system for monitoring the activity concentrations (ACs) of naturally occurring radioactive materials (NORMs) existing in building materials is useful for limiting the population’s exposure to gamma radiation emitted from those materials. The present work not only is aimed at examining the indoor radon concentration emitted by the building materials that are originated from various countries but are commercially available in Kuwait, but also is aimed at developing an expert system for monitoring the radiation emitted from these materials and classifying it as normal (acceptable) or dangerous (unacceptable). This system makes it possible to always monitor any radiological risks to human health. When detecting high doses of radiation, the system gives warning messages. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=building%20materials" title="building materials">building materials</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=NORMs" title=" NORMs"> NORMs</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=HNBRA" title=" HNBRA"> HNBRA</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=radionuclides" title=" radionuclides"> radionuclides</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=activity%20concentrations" title=" activity concentrations"> activity concentrations</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=expert%20systems" title=" expert systems"> expert systems</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/154286/radiological-hazard-assessments-and-control-of-radionuclides-emitted-from-building-materials-in-kuwait-using-expert-systems" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/154286.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">176</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">11027</span> Harmonising the Circular Economy: An Analysis of 160 Papers</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=M.%20Novak">M. Novak</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=J.%20Dufourmount"> J. Dufourmount</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=D.%20Wildi"> D. Wildi</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=A.%20Sutherland"> A. Sutherland</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=L.%20Sosa"> L. Sosa</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=J.%20Zimmer"> J. Zimmer</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=E.%20Szabo"> E. Szabo</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> The circular economy has grounded itself amongst scholars and practitioners operating across governments and enterprises. The aim of this paper is to augment the circular economy concept by identifying common core and enabling circular business models. To this aim, we have analysed over 150 papers regarding circular activities and identified 8 clusters of business models and enablers. We have mapped and harmonised the most prominent frameworks conceptualising the circular economy. Our findings indicate that circular economy core business models include regenerative in addition to reduce, reuse and recycle activities. We further find enabling activities in design, digital technologies, knowledge development and sharing, multistakeholder collaborations, and extended corporate responsibility initiatives in various forms. We critically contrast the application of these business models across the European and African contexts. Overall, we find that seemingly varied circular economy definitions distill the same conceptual business models. We hope to contribute towards the coherence of the circular economy concept, and the continuous development of practical guidance to select and implement circular strategies. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Circular%20economy" title="Circular economy">Circular economy</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=content%20analysis" title="content analysis">content analysis</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=business%20models" title="business models">business models</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=definitions" title="definitions">definitions</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=enablers" title="enablers">enablers</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=frameworks" title="frameworks">frameworks</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/140970/harmonising-the-circular-economy-an-analysis-of-160-papers" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/140970.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">232</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">11026</span> A Review on the Use of Salt in Building Construction</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Vesna%20Pungercar">Vesna Pungercar</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Florian%20Musso"> Florian Musso</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Identifying materials that can substitute rare or expensive natural resources is one of the key challenges for improving resource efficiency in the building sector. With a growing world population and rising living standards, more and more salt is produced as waste through seawater desalination and potash mining processes. Unfortunately, most of the salt is directly disposed of into nature, where it causes environmental pollution. On the other hand, salt is affordable, is used therapeutically in various respiratory treatments, and can store humidity and heat. It was, therefore, necessary to determine salt materials already in use in building construction and their hygrothermal properties. This research aims to identify salt materials from different scientific branches and historically, to investigate their properties and prioritize the most promising salt materials for indoor applications in a thermal envelope. This was realized through literature review and classification of salt materials into three groups (raw salt materials, composite salt materials, and processed salt materials). The outcome of this research shows that salt has already been used as a building material for centuries and has a potential for future applications due to its hygrothermal properties in a thermal envelope. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=salt" title="salt">salt</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=building%20material" title=" building material"> building material</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=hygrothermal%20properties" title=" hygrothermal properties"> hygrothermal properties</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=environment" title=" environment"> environment</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/131197/a-review-on-the-use-of-salt-in-building-construction" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/131197.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">178</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">11025</span> The European Legislation on End-of-Waste</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Claudio%20D%27Alonzo">Claudio D'Alonzo</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> According to recent tendencies, progress on resource efficiency is possible and it will lead to economic, environmental, and social benefits. The passage to a circular economy system, in which all the materials and energy will maintain their value for as long as possible, waste is reduced and only a few resources are used, is one of the most relevant parts of the European Union's environmental policy to develop a sustainable, competitive and low-carbon economy. A definition of circular economy can be found in Decision 1386/2013/EU of the European Parliament and of the Council on a General Union Environment Action Programme to 2020 named “Living well, within the limits of our planet”. The purpose of renewing waste management systems in the UE and making the European model one of the most effective in the world, a revised waste legislative framework entered into force in July 2018. Regarding the Italian legislation, the laws to be modified are the Legislative Decree 3 April 2006, n. 152 and the laws ruling waste management, end-of-waste, by-products and, the regulatory principles regarding circular economy. European rules on end-of-waste are not fully harmonised and so there are legal challenges. The target to be achieved is full consistency between the laws implementing waste and chemicals policies. Only in this way, materials will be safe, fit-for-purpose and designed for durability; additionally, they will have a low environmental impact. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=circular%20economy" title="circular economy">circular economy</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=end-of-waste" title=" end-of-waste"> end-of-waste</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=legislation" title=" legislation"> legislation</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=secondary%20raw%20materials" title=" secondary raw materials"> secondary raw materials</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/168144/the-european-legislation-on-end-of-waste" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/168144.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">89</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">11024</span> A Review on the Outlook of the Circular Economy in the Automotive Industry</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=A.%20Buruzs">A. Buruzs</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=A.%20Torma"> A. Torma</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> The relationship of the automotive industry with raw material supply is a major challenge and presents obstacles. Automobiles are ones of the most complex products using a large variety of materials. Safety, eco-friendliness and comfort requirements, physical, chemical and economic limitations set the framework in which this industry continuously optimizes the efficient and responsible use of resources. The concept of circular economy covers the issues of waste generation, resource scarcity and economic advantages. However, circularity is already known for the automobile industry – several efforts are done to foster material reuse, product remanufacturing and recycling. The aim of this study is to give an overview on how the producers comply with the growing demands on one hand, and gain efficiency and increase profitability on the other hand from circular economy. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=automotive%20industry" title="automotive industry">automotive industry</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=circular%20economy" title=" circular economy"> circular economy</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=international%20requirements" title=" international requirements"> international requirements</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=natural%20resources" title=" natural resources"> natural resources</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/70333/a-review-on-the-outlook-of-the-circular-economy-in-the-automotive-industry" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/70333.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">330</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">11023</span> Assessment of Causes of Building Collapse in Nigeria</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Olufemi%20Oyedele">Olufemi Oyedele</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Building collapse (BC) in Nigeria is becoming a regular occurrence, each recording great casualties in the number of lives and materials lost. Building collapse is a situation where building which has been completed and occupied, completed but not occupied or under construction, collapses on its own due to action or inaction of man or due to natural event like earthquake, storm, flooding, tsunami or wildfire. It is different from building demolition. There are various causes of building collapse and each case requires expert judgment to decide the cause of its collapse. Rate of building collapse is a reflection of the level of organization and control of building activities and degree of sophistication of the construction professionals in a country. This study explored the use of case study by examining the causes of six (6) collapsed buildings (CB) across Nigeria. Samples of materials from the sites of the collapsed buildings were taken for testing and analysis, while critical observations were made at the sites to note the conditions of the ground (building base). The study found out that majority of the building collapses in Nigeria were due to poor workmanship, sub-standard building materials, followed by bad building base and poor design. The National Building Code 2006 is not effective due to lack of enforcement and the Physical Development Departments of states and Federal Capital Territory are just mere agents of corruption allowing all types of construction without building approvals. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=building%20collapse" title="building collapse">building collapse</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=concrete%20tests" title=" concrete tests"> concrete tests</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=differential%20settlement" title=" differential settlement"> differential settlement</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=integrity%20test" title=" integrity test"> integrity test</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=quality%20control" title=" quality control"> quality control</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/57378/assessment-of-causes-of-building-collapse-in-nigeria" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/57378.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">540</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">11022</span> An Approach towards Designing an Energy Efficient Building through Embodied Energy Assessment: A Case of Apartment Building in Composite Climate</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Ambalika%20Ekka">Ambalika Ekka</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> In today’s world, the growing demand for urban built forms has resulted in the production and consumption of building materials i.e. embodied energy in building construction, leading to pollution and greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions. Therefore, new buildings will offer a unique opportunity to implement more energy efficient building without compromising on building performance of the building. Embodied energy of building materials forms major contribution to embodied energy in buildings. The paper results in an approach towards designing an energy efficient apartment building through embodied energy assessment. This paper discusses the trend of residential development in Rourkela, which includes three case studies of the contemporary houses, followed by architectural elements, number of storeys, predominant material use and plot sizes using primary data. It results in identification of predominant material used and other characteristics in urban area. Further, the embodied energy coefficients of various dominant building materials and alternative materials manufactured in Indian Industry is taken in consideration from secondary source i.e. literature study. The paper analyses the embodied energy by estimating materials and operational energy of proposed building followed by altering the specifications of the materials based on the building components i.e. walls, flooring, windows, insulation and roof through res build India software and comparison of different options is assessed with consideration of sustainable parameters. This paper results that autoclaved aerated concrete block only reaches the energy performance Index benchmark i.e. 69.35 kWh/m<sup>2</sup> yr i.e. by saving 4% of operational energy and as embodied energy has no particular index, out of all materials it has the highest EE 23206202.43  MJ. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=energy%20efficient" title="energy efficient">energy efficient</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=embodied%20energy" title=" embodied energy"> embodied energy</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=EPI" title=" EPI"> EPI</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=building%20materials" title=" building materials"> building materials</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/100991/an-approach-towards-designing-an-energy-efficient-building-through-embodied-energy-assessment-a-case-of-apartment-building-in-composite-climate" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/100991.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">203</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">11021</span> BIM Data and Digital Twin Framework: Preserving the Past and Predicting the Future</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Mazharuddin%20Syed%20Ahmed">Mazharuddin Syed Ahmed</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> This research presents a framework used to develop The Ara Polytechnic College of Architecture Studies building “Kahukura” which is Green Building certified. This framework integrates the development of a smart building digital twin by utilizing Building Information Modelling (BIM) and its BIM maturity levels, including Levels of Development (LOD), eight dimensions of BIM, Heritage-BIM (H-BIM) and Facility Management BIM (FM BIM). The research also outlines a structured approach to building performance analysis and integration with the circular economy, encapsulated within a five-level digital twin framework. Starting with Level 1, the Descriptive Twin provides a live, editable visual replica of the built asset, allowing for specific data inclusion and extraction. Advancing to Level 2, the Informative Twin integrates operational and sensory data, enhancing data verification and system integration. At Level 3, the Predictive Twin utilizes operational data to generate insights and proactive management suggestions. Progressing to Level 4, the Comprehensive Twin simulates future scenarios, enabling robust “what-if” analyses. Finally, Level 5, the Autonomous Twin, represents the pinnacle of digital twin evolution, capable of learning and autonomously acting on behalf of users. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=building%20information%20modelling" title="building information modelling">building information modelling</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=circular%20economy%20integration" title=" circular economy integration"> circular economy integration</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=digital%20twin" title=" digital twin"> digital twin</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=predictive%20analytics" title=" predictive analytics"> predictive analytics</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/184569/bim-data-and-digital-twin-framework-preserving-the-past-and-predicting-the-future" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/184569.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">49</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">11020</span> Non-Circular Carbon Fiber Reinforced Polymers Chainring Failure Analysis</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=A.%20Elmikaty">A. Elmikaty</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Z.%20Thanawarothon"> Z. Thanawarothon</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=L.%20Mezeix"> L. Mezeix</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> This paper presents a finite element model to simulate the teeth failure of non-circular composite chainring. Model consists of the chainring and a part of the chain. To reduce the size of the model, only the first 11 rollers are simulated. In order to validate the model, it is firstly applied to a circular aluminum chainring and evolution of the stress in the teeth is compared with the literature. Then, effect of the non-circular shape is studied through three different loading positions. Strength of non-circular composite chainring and failure scenario is investigated. Moreover, two composite lay-ups are proposed to observe the influence of the stacking. Results show that composite material can be used but the lay-up has a large influence on the strength. Finally, loading position does not have influence on the first composite failure that always occurs in the first tooth. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=CFRP" title="CFRP">CFRP</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=composite%20failure" title=" composite failure"> composite failure</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=FEA" title=" FEA"> FEA</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=non-circular%20chainring" title=" non-circular chainring"> non-circular chainring</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/76708/non-circular-carbon-fiber-reinforced-polymers-chainring-failure-analysis" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/76708.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">300</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">11019</span> Evaluating of Turkish Earthquake Code (2007) for FRP Wrapped Circular Concrete Cylinders</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Guler%20S.">Guler S.</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Guzel%20E."> Guzel E.</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Gulen%20M."> Gulen M.</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Fiber Reinforced Polymer (FRP) materials are commonly used in construction sector to enhance the strength and ductility capacities of structural elements. The equations on confined compressive strength of FRP wrapped concrete cylinders is described in the 7th chapter of the Turkish Earthquake Code (TEC-07) that enter into force in 2007. This study aims to evaluate the applicability of TEC-07 on confined compressive strengths of circular FRP wrapped concrete cylinders. To this end, a large number of data on circular FRP wrapped concrete cylinders are collected from the literature. It is clearly seen that the predictions of TEC-07 on circular FRP wrapped the FRP wrapped columns is not same accuracy for different ranges of concrete strengths. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Fiber%20Reinforced%20Polymer%20%28FRP%29" title="Fiber Reinforced Polymer (FRP)">Fiber Reinforced Polymer (FRP)</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=concrete%20cylinders" title=" concrete cylinders"> concrete cylinders</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Turkish%20Earthquake%20Code" title=" Turkish Earthquake Code"> Turkish Earthquake Code</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=earthquake" title=" earthquake"> earthquake</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/21290/evaluating-of-turkish-earthquake-code-2007-for-frp-wrapped-circular-concrete-cylinders" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/21290.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">522</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">11018</span> A Review: Recycled Materials Used in Construction</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Oghenerukome%20Akponovo">Oghenerukome Akponovo</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Lynda%20I.%20Onyebuchukwu"> Lynda I. Onyebuchukwu</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Construction waste, along with that of many other industries, contributes significantly to the world's annual solid waste totals. Most of these materials, such as ash from rice hulls, slags, cement kiln dust, tire ash, plastic waste (PW), and silica fumes, end up in landfills or waterways. Some of them might even end up polluting the air from high in the atmosphere. It's sustainable, cheap, and environmentally friendly to recycle these items into new building supplies. When constructing a "Green" structure, the materials employed have the potential to either exacerbate environmental imbalance or maintain a stable ecosystem. The purpose of this research is to take stock of what is already known about recycling's potential in the construction industry and to identify its deficiencies. Therefore, this study systematically reviews the wide range of recycled materials that go into building construction. Recognizing that the construction industry's use of recycled materials has an influence on the environment and that investigating these materials may have a substantial economic impact if they were discovered <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=building" title="building">building</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=construction" title=" construction"> construction</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=recycled%20materials" title=" recycled materials"> recycled materials</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=waste%20management" title=" waste management"> waste management</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/159098/a-review-recycled-materials-used-in-construction" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/159098.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">114</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">11017</span> Circular Bio-economy of Copper and Gold from Electronic Wastes</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Sadia%20Ilyas">Sadia Ilyas</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Hyunjung%20Kim"> Hyunjung Kim</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Rajiv%20R.%20Srivastava"> Rajiv R. Srivastava</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Current work has attempted to establish the linkages between circular bio-economy and recycling of copper and gold from urban mine by applying microbial activities instead of the smelter and chemical technologies. Thereafter, based on the potential of microbial approaches and research hypothesis, the structural model has been tested for a significance level of 99%, which is supported by the corresponding standardization co-efficient values. A prediction model applied to determine the recycling impact on circular bio-economy indicates to re-circulate 51,833 tons of copper and 58 tons of gold by 2030 for the production of virgin metals/raw-materials, while recycling rate of the accumulated e-waste remains to be 20%. This restoration volume of copper and gold through the microbial activities corresponds to mitigate 174 million kg CO₂ emissions and 24 million m³ water consumption if compared with the primary production activities. The study potentially opens a new window for environmentally-friendly biotechnological recycling of e-waste urban mine under the umbrella concept of circular bio-economy. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=urban%20mining" title="urban mining">urban mining</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=biobleaching" title=" biobleaching"> biobleaching</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=circular%20bio-economy" title=" circular bio-economy"> circular bio-economy</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=environmental%20impact" title=" environmental impact"> environmental impact</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/135268/circular-bio-economy-of-copper-and-gold-from-electronic-wastes" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/135268.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">164</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">11016</span> Recycling Carbon Fibers/Epoxy Composites Wastes in Building Materials Based on Geopolymer Binders</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=A.%20Saccani">A. Saccani</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=I.%20Lancellotti"> I. Lancellotti</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=E.%20Bursi"> E. Bursi</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Scraps deriving from the production of epoxy-carbon fibers composites have been recycled as a reinforcement to produce building materials. Short chopped fibers (5-7 mm length) have been added at low volume content (max 10%) to produce mortars. The microstructure, mechanical properties (mainly flexural strength) and dimensional stability of the derived materials have been investigated. Two different types of matrix have been used: one based on conventional Portland Cement and the other containing geopolymers formed starting from activated metakaolin and fly ashes. In the second case the materials is almost completely made of recycled ingredients. This is an attempt to produce reliable materials solving waste disposal problems. The first collected results show promising results. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=building%20materials" title="building materials">building materials</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=carbon%20fibres" title=" carbon fibres"> carbon fibres</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=fly%20ashes" title=" fly ashes"> fly ashes</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=geopolymers" title=" geopolymers"> geopolymers</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/83019/recycling-carbon-fibersepoxy-composites-wastes-in-building-materials-based-on-geopolymer-binders" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/83019.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">173</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">11015</span> Behavior of Composite Reinforced Concrete Circular Columns with Glass Fiber Reinforced Polymer I-Section</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Hiba%20S.%20Ahmed">Hiba S. Ahmed</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Abbas%20A.%20Allawi"> Abbas A. Allawi</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Riyadh%20A.%20Hindi"> Riyadh A. Hindi</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Pultruded materials made of fiber-reinforced polymer (FRP) come in a broad range of shapes, such as bars, I-sections, C-sections, and other structural sections. These FRP materials are starting to compete with steel as structural materials because of their great resistance, low self-weight, and cheap maintenance costs-especially in corrosive conditions. This study aimed to evaluate the effectiveness of Glass Fiber Reinforced Polymer (GFRP) of the hybrid columns built by combining (GFRP) profiles with concrete columns because of their low cost and high structural efficiency. To achieve the aims of this study, nine circular columns with a diameter of (150 mm) and a height of (1000mm) were cast using normal concrete with compression strength equal to (35 MPa). The research involved three different types of reinforcement: hybrid circular columns type (IG) with GFRP I-section and 1% of the reinforcement ratio of steel bars, hybrid circular columns type (IS) with steel I-section and 1% of the reinforcement ratio of steel bars, (where the cross-section area of I-section for GFRP and steel was the same), compared with reference column (R) without I-section. To investigate the ultimate capacity, axial and lateral deformation, strain in longitudinal and transverse reinforcement, and failure mode of the circular column under different loading conditions (concentric and eccentric) with eccentricities of 25 mm and 50 mm, respectively. In the second part, an analytical finite element model will be performed using ABAQUS software to validate the experimental results. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=composite" title="composite">composite</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=columns" title=" columns"> columns</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=reinforced%20concrete" title=" reinforced concrete"> reinforced concrete</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=GFRP" title=" GFRP"> GFRP</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=axial%20load" title=" axial load"> axial load</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/182853/behavior-of-composite-reinforced-concrete-circular-columns-with-glass-fiber-reinforced-polymer-i-section" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/182853.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">64</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">11014</span> Resources and Strategies towards the Development of a Sustainable Construction Materials Industry in Botswana</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=G.%20Malumbela">G. Malumbela</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=E.%20U.%20Masuku"> E. U. Masuku</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> The economy of Botswana has increased extensively since its independence. In contrast to this increase, the construction industry which is one of the key indicators of a developing nation continues to be highly dependent on imported building material products from the neighbouring countries of South Africa, Namibia, Zimbabwe, and Zambia. Only two companies in the country currently blend cement. Even then, the overwhelming majority of raw materials used in the blends are imported. Furthermore, there are no glass manufacturers in Botswana. The ceramic industry is limited to the manufacture of clay bricks notwithstanding a few studios on crockery and sanitary ware which nonetheless use imported clay. This paper presents natural resources and industrial waste products in Botswana that can be used for the development of sustainable building materials. It also investigates at the distribution and cost of other widely used building materials in the country. Finally, the present paper looks at projects and national strategies aimed at a country-wide development of a sustainable building materials industry together with their successes and hitches. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Botswana%20construction%20industry" title="Botswana construction industry">Botswana construction industry</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=construction%20materials" title=" construction materials"> construction materials</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=natural%20resources" title=" natural resources"> natural resources</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=sustainable%20materials" title=" sustainable materials"> sustainable materials</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/57653/resources-and-strategies-towards-the-development-of-a-sustainable-construction-materials-industry-in-botswana" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/57653.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">307</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">11013</span> Agricultural Solid Wastes Generation in Nigeria and Their Recycling Potentials into Building Materials</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Usman%20Aliyu%20Jalam">Usman Aliyu Jalam</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Shuaibu%20Alolo%20Sumaila"> Shuaibu Alolo Sumaila</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Sa%E2%80%99adiya%20Iliyasu%20Muhammed"> Sa’adiya Iliyasu Muhammed </a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Modern building industry lays much emphasis on sophisticated materials that have high embodied energy with intrinsic distinctiveness for damaging the environment. But today, advances in solid waste management have resulted in alternative building materials as partial or complete replacement of the conventional materials like cement, aggregate etc particularly for low cost housing. Investigations carried out revealed that an estimated 18.0 million tonnes of agricultural solid wastes are being generated in Nigeria annually. This constitutes a problem not only to the natural environment but also to the built environment more particularly with the way the wastes are being dispose of. The paper has discussed the present status on the generation and utilisation of agricultural solid wastes, their recycling potentials and environmental implications. It further discovered that although considerable quantity of these wastes were found to have the potentials of being recycled as building materials, the availability of the appropriate technology remains a big challenge in the country. Moreover, majority of the wastes type have gained popularity as fuel. As such, the economic and environmental benefits of recycling the wastes and the use of the wastes as fuel need further investigation. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=agricultural%20waste" title="agricultural waste">agricultural waste</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=building" title=" building"> building</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=environment" title=" environment"> environment</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=materials" title=" materials"> materials</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Nigeria" title=" Nigeria"> Nigeria</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/6662/agricultural-solid-wastes-generation-in-nigeria-and-their-recycling-potentials-into-building-materials" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/6662.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">405</span> </span> </div> </div> <ul class="pagination"> <li class="page-item disabled"><span class="page-link">&lsaquo;</span></li> <li class="page-item active"><span class="page-link">1</span></li> <li class="page-item"><a class="page-link" href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=circular%20building%20materials&page=2">2</a></li> <li class="page-item"><a class="page-link" href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=circular%20building%20materials&page=3">3</a></li> <li class="page-item"><a class="page-link" href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=circular%20building%20materials&page=4">4</a></li> <li class="page-item"><a class="page-link" href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=circular%20building%20materials&page=5">5</a></li> <li class="page-item"><a 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