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<li id="toc-Kingdom_of_Poland" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Kingdom_of_Poland"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1</span> <span>Kingdom of Poland</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Kingdom_of_Poland-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Polish–Lithuanian_Commonwealth" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Polish–Lithuanian_Commonwealth"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2</span> <span>Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Polish–Lithuanian_Commonwealth-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Partitions" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Partitions"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.3</span> <span>Partitions</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Partitions-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Congress_Poland" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Congress_Poland"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.3.1</span> <span>Congress Poland</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Congress_Poland-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Germany_and_Austria-Hungary" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Germany_and_Austria-Hungary"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.3.2</span> <span>Germany and Austria-Hungary</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Germany_and_Austria-Hungary-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Second_Polish_Republic" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Second_Polish_Republic"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.4</span> <span>Second Polish Republic</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Second_Polish_Republic-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Polish_People's_Republic" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Polish_People's_Republic"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.5</span> <span>Polish People's Republic</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Polish_People's_Republic-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Third_Polish_Republic" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Third_Polish_Republic"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.6</span> <span>Third Polish Republic</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Third_Polish_Republic-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Historical_composition_of_the_Sejm" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Historical_composition_of_the_Sejm"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Historical composition of the Sejm</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Historical_composition_of_the_Sejm-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Historical composition of the Sejm subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Historical_composition_of_the_Sejm-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Second_Republic_(1918–1939)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Second_Republic_(1918–1939)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>Second Republic (1918–1939)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Second_Republic_(1918–1939)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-PRL_(1945–1989)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#PRL_(1945–1989)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>PRL (1945–1989)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-PRL_(1945–1989)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Third_republic_(since_1989)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Third_republic_(since_1989)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3</span> <span>Third republic (since 1989)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Third_republic_(since_1989)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Standing_committees" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Standing_committees"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Standing committees</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Standing_committees-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Current_standings" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Current_standings"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Current standings</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Current_standings-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-See_also-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle See also subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Types_of_sejm" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Types_of_sejm"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1</span> <span>Types of <i>sejm</i></span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Types_of_sejm-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notable_sejms" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notable_sejms"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.2</span> <span>Notable <i>sejm</i>s</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notable_sejms-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Notes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" title="Table of Contents" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Sejm</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 48 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-48" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">48 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sejm" title="Sejm – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Sejm" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B3%D9%8A%D9%85_(%D8%A8%D8%B1%D9%84%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%86_%D8%A8%D9%88%D9%84%D9%86%D8%AF%D9%8A)" title="سيم (برلمان بولندي) – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="سيم (برلمان بولندي)" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sejm" title="Sejm – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Sejm" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B5%D0%B9%D0%BC_%D0%A0%D1%8D%D1%81%D0%BF%D1%83%D0%B1%D0%BB%D1%96%D0%BA%D1%96_%D0%9F%D0%BE%D0%BB%D1%8C%D1%88%D1%87%D0%B0" title="Сейм Рэспублікі Польшча – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Сейм Рэспублікі Польшча" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%BE%D0%B9%D0%BC_%D0%9F%D0%BE%D0%BB%D1%8C%D1%88%D1%87%D1%8B" title="Сойм Польшчы – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Сойм Польшчы" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B5%D0%B9%D0%BC" title="Сейм – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Сейм" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sejm" title="Sejm – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Sejm" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Brezhoneg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sejm" title="Sejm – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Sejm" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sejm" title="Sejm – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Sejm" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sejm" title="Sejm – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Sejm" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sejm" title="Sejm – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Sejm" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seim_(Poola)" title="Seim (Poola) – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Seim (Poola)" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%A3%CE%AD%CE%B9%CE%BC" title="Σέιμ – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Σέιμ" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sejm" title="Sejm – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Sejm" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sejmo_(Pollando)" title="Sejmo (Pollando) – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Sejmo (Pollando)" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sejm" title="Sejm – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Sejm" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B3%DB%8C%D9%85_(%D9%85%D8%AC%D9%84%D8%B3_%D9%84%D9%87%D8%B3%D8%AA%D8%A7%D9%86)" title="سیم (مجلس لهستان) – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="سیم (مجلس لهستان)" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Di%C3%A8te_de_la_r%C3%A9publique_de_Pologne" title="Diète de la république de Pologne – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Diète de la république de Pologne" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sejm" title="Sejm – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Sejm" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%ED%8F%B4%EB%9E%80%EB%93%9C_%ED%95%98%EC%9B%90" title="폴란드 하원 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="폴란드 하원" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%BC%D5%A5%D5%B0%D5%A1%D5%BD%D5%BF%D5%A1%D5%B6%D5%AB_%D5%80%D5%A1%D5%B6%D6%80%D5%A1%D5%BA%D5%A5%D5%BF%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%A9%D5%B5%D5%A1%D5%B6_%D5%8D%D5%A5%D5%B5%D5%B4" title="Լեհաստանի Հանրապետության Սեյմ – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Լեհաստանի Հանրապետության Սեյմ" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sejm" title="Sejm – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Sejm" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sejm" title="Sejm – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Sejm" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sejm" title="Sejm – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Sejm" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A1%D7%99%D7%99%D7%9D" title="סיים – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="סיים" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%9E%E1%83%9D%E1%83%9A%E1%83%9D%E1%83%9C%E1%83%94%E1%83%97%E1%83%98%E1%83%A1_%E1%83%A0%E1%83%94%E1%83%A1%E1%83%9E%E1%83%A3%E1%83%91%E1%83%9A%E1%83%98%E1%83%99%E1%83%98%E1%83%A1_%E1%83%A1%E1%83%94%E1%83%98%E1%83%9B%E1%83%98" title="პოლონეთის რესპუბლიკის სეიმი – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="პოლონეთის რესპუბლიკის სეიმი" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polijas_Sejms" title="Polijas Sejms – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Polijas Sejms" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lenkijos_Seimas" title="Lenkijos Seimas – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Lenkijos Seimas" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Szejm_(Lengyelorsz%C3%A1g)" title="Szejm (Lengyelország) – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Szejm (Lengyelország)" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sejm" title="Sejm – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Sejm" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B5%D0%B9%D0%BC" title="Сейм – Mongolian" lang="mn" hreflang="mn" data-title="Сейм" data-language-autonym="Монгол" data-language-local-name="Mongolian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Монгол</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sejm_(Polen)" title="Sejm (Polen) – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Sejm (Polen)" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%9D%E3%83%BC%E3%83%A9%E3%83%B3%E3%83%89%E5%85%B1%E5%92%8C%E5%9B%BD%E4%B8%8B%E9%99%A2" title="ポーランド共和国下院 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="ポーランド共和国下院" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sejm" title="Sejm – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Sejm" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sejmen" title="Sejmen – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Sejmen" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sejm_Rzeczypospolitej_Polskiej" title="Sejm Rzeczypospolitej Polskiej – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Sejm Rzeczypospolitej Polskiej" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sejm" title="Sejm – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Sejm" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seimul_Poloniei" title="Seimul Poloniei – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Seimul Poloniei" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B5%D0%B9%D0%BC_%D0%A0%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%BF%D1%83%D0%B1%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B8_%D0%9F%D0%BE%D0%BB%D1%8C%D1%88%D0%B0" title="Сейм Республики Польша – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Сейм Республики Польша" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sejm" title="Sejm – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Sejm" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sejm" title="Sejm – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Sejm" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sejm" title="Sejm – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Sejm" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sejm" title="Sejm – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Sejm" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sejm" title="Sejm – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Sejm" 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class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> <div id="mw-indicator-coordinates" class="mw-indicator"><div class="mw-parser-output"><span id="coordinates"><a href="/wiki/Geographic_coordinate_system" title="Geographic coordinate system">Coordinates</a>: <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1156832818">.mw-parser-output .geo-default,.mw-parser-output .geo-dms,.mw-parser-output .geo-dec{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .geo-nondefault,.mw-parser-output .geo-multi-punct,.mw-parser-output .geo-inline-hidden{display:none}.mw-parser-output .longitude,.mw-parser-output .latitude{white-space:nowrap}</style><span class="plainlinks nourlexpansion"><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Sejm&params=52.2252_N_21.0280_E_source:wikidata"><span class="geo-nondefault"><span class="geo-dms" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location"><span class="latitude">52°13′31″N</span> <span class="longitude">21°01′41″E</span></span></span><span class="geo-multi-punct"> / </span><span class="geo-default"><span class="geo-dec" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location">52.2252°N 21.0280°E</span><span style="display:none"> / <span class="geo">52.2252; 21.0280</span></span></span></a></span></span></div></div> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Lower house of the parliament of Poland</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/Sejm_(disambiguation)" class="mw-redirect" title="Sejm (disambiguation)">Sejm (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="font-size: 125%; background-color: #ededed"><div style="display:inline" class="fn org">Sejm of the Republic of Poland</div> <br /><div style="display:inline" class="nickname"><small><span title="Polish-language text"><i lang="pl">Sejm Rzeczypospolitej Polskiej</i></span></small></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-subheader"><a href="/wiki/10th_term_Sejm_and_11th_term_Senate_of_Poland" title="10th term Sejm and 11th term Senate of Poland">10th term</a></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Sejm_RP_logo_and_wordmark.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Coat of arms or logo" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Sejm_RP_logo_and_wordmark.svg/200px-Sejm_RP_logo_and_wordmark.svg.png" decoding="async" width="200" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Sejm_RP_logo_and_wordmark.svg/300px-Sejm_RP_logo_and_wordmark.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Sejm_RP_logo_and_wordmark.svg/400px-Sejm_RP_logo_and_wordmark.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="257" data-file-height="193" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color: #ededed">Type</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Type</th><td class="infobox-data"><div style="padding:0.1em 0;line-height:1.3em;"><div style="display:inline" class="category"><a href="/wiki/Lower_house" title="Lower house">Lower house</a></div> of the <a href="/wiki/Polish_parliament" class="mw-redirect" title="Polish parliament">Polish parliament</a> </div></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color: #ededed">History</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Founded</th><td class="infobox-data">1493 (<a href="/wiki/Sejm_of_the_Kingdom_of_Poland" title="Sejm of the Kingdom of Poland">historical</a>)<br />1921 (<a href="/wiki/History_of_Poland_(1918%E2%80%931939)" title="History of Poland (1918–1939)">contemporary</a>)</td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color: #ededed">Leadership</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><a href="/wiki/Marshal_of_the_Sejm" title="Marshal of the Sejm">Marshal of the Sejm</a></div></th><td class="infobox-data"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0; line-height:1.3em"><a href="/wiki/Szymon_Ho%C5%82ownia" title="Szymon Hołownia">Szymon Hołownia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Poland_2050" title="Poland 2050">PL2050</a> <br />since 13 November 2023 </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0; line-height:1.3em"><a href="/wiki/Deputy_Marshal_of_the_Sejm_of_the_Republic_of_Poland" class="mw-redirect" title="Deputy Marshal of the Sejm of the Republic of Poland">Deputy Marshal of the Sejm</a></div></th><td class="infobox-data"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0; line-height:1.3em"><a href="/wiki/Monika_Wielichowska" title="Monika Wielichowska">Monika Wielichowska</a>, <a href="/wiki/Civic_Platform" title="Civic Platform">PO</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Dorota_Niedziela" title="Dorota Niedziela">Dorota Niedziela</a>, <a href="/wiki/Civic_Platform" title="Civic Platform">PO</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Piotr_Zgorzelski" title="Piotr Zgorzelski">Piotr Zgorzelski</a>, <a href="/wiki/Polish_People%27s_Party" title="Polish People's Party">PSL</a><br /><a href="/wiki/W%C5%82odzimierz_Czarzasty" title="Włodzimierz Czarzasty">Włodzimierz Czarzasty</a>, <a href="/wiki/New_Left_(Poland)" title="New Left (Poland)">NL</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Krzysztof_Bosak" title="Krzysztof Bosak">Krzysztof Bosak</a>, <a href="/wiki/National_Movement_(Poland)" title="National Movement (Poland)">RN</a> <br />since 13 November 2023 </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0; line-height:1.3em"><a href="/wiki/Senior_Marshal" title="Senior Marshal">Senior Marshal</a></div></th><td class="infobox-data"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0; line-height:1.3em"><a href="/wiki/Marek_Sawicki" title="Marek Sawicki">Marek Sawicki</a>, <a href="/wiki/Polish_People%27s_Party" title="Polish People's Party">PSL</a> <br />since 13 November 2023 </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0; line-height:1.3em"><a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_Poland" title="Prime Minister of Poland">Prime Minister</a></div></th><td class="infobox-data"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0; line-height:1.3em"><a href="/wiki/Donald_Tusk" title="Donald Tusk">Donald Tusk</a>, <a href="/wiki/Civic_Platform_(Poland)" class="mw-redirect" title="Civic Platform (Poland)">PO</a> <br />since 13 December 2023 </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0; line-height:1.3em"><a href="/wiki/Leader_of_the_Opposition" title="Leader of the Opposition">Leader of the Opposition</a><sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>a<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></div></th><td class="infobox-data"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0; line-height:1.3em"><a href="/wiki/Jaros%C5%82aw_Kaczy%C5%84ski" title="Jarosław Kaczyński">Jarosław Kaczyński</a>, <a href="/wiki/Law_and_Justice" title="Law and Justice">PiS</a> <br />since 13 December 2023 </div></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color: #ededed">Structure</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Seats</th><td class="infobox-data">460 deputies <i>(231 majority)</i></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:10th_Term_Sejm_of_Poland.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3d/10th_Term_Sejm_of_Poland.svg/250px-10th_Term_Sejm_of_Poland.svg.png" decoding="async" width="250" height="145" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3d/10th_Term_Sejm_of_Poland.svg/375px-10th_Term_Sejm_of_Poland.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3d/10th_Term_Sejm_of_Poland.svg/500px-10th_Term_Sejm_of_Poland.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1122" data-file-height="653" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Political groups</div></th><td class="infobox-data"><b><a href="/wiki/Third_Cabinet_of_Donald_Tusk" title="Third Cabinet of Donald Tusk">Government</a> (242)</b> <ul><li><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r981673959">.mw-parser-output .legend{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .legend-color{display:inline-block;min-width:1.25em;height:1.25em;line-height:1.25;margin:1px 0;text-align:center;border:1px solid black;background-color:transparent;color:black}.mw-parser-output .legend-text{}</style><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#F68F2D; color:black;"> </span> <a href="/wiki/Civic_Coalition_(Poland)" title="Civic Coalition (Poland)">KO</a> (157)<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>b<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959" /><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#1BB100; color:black;"> </span> <a href="/wiki/Polish_People%27s_Party" title="Polish People's Party">PSL</a> – <a href="/wiki/Third_Way_(Poland)" title="Third Way (Poland)">TD</a> (32)<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>d<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959" /><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#FAC300; color:black;"> </span> <a href="/wiki/Poland_2050" title="Poland 2050">PL2050</a> – <a href="/wiki/Third_Way_(Poland)" title="Third Way (Poland)">TD</a> (32)</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959" /><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#AC145A; color:white;"> </span> <a href="/wiki/The_Left_(Poland)" title="The Left (Poland)">The Left</a> (21)<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>f<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <p><b><a href="/wiki/Confidence_and_supply" title="Confidence and supply">Confidence and supply</a> (1)</b> </p> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959" /><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#DCDCDC; color:black;"> </span> <a href="/wiki/Independent_politician" title="Independent politician">Independent</a> (1)<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>g<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <p><b>Opposition (217)</b> </p> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959" /><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#263778; color:white;"> </span> <a href="/wiki/Law_and_Justice" title="Law and Justice">PiS</a> (190)<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>h<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959" /><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#122746; color:white;"> </span> <a href="/wiki/Confederation_Liberty_and_Independence" title="Confederation Liberty and Independence">KWiN</a> (16)<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>j<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959" /><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#870f57; color:white;"> </span> <a href="/wiki/Together_Party" class="mw-redirect" title="Together Party">Razem</a> (5)</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959" /><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#1B2D7F; color:white;"> </span> <a href="/wiki/Free_Republicans" title="Free Republicans">WR</a> (4)<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>k<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959" /><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#DCDCDC; color:black;"> </span> <a href="/wiki/Independent_politician" title="Independent politician">Independent</a> (2)<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>l<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> </td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Committees</th><td class="infobox-data"><div class="collapsible-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style="text-align: left;"> <div style="line-height: 1.6em; font-weight: bold; font-weight: normal"><div>29</div></div> <ul class="mw-collapsible-content" style="margin-top: 0; margin-bottom: 0; line-height: inherit;"><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"> Administration and Internal Affairs </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"> Agriculture and Rural Development </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"> Constitutional Accountability </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"> Culture and Media </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"> Deputies' Ethics </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"> Digitization, Innovation and Modern Technology </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"> Economy and Development </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"> Education, Science and Youth </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"> Energy, Climate and State Assets </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"> Environment Protection, Natural Resources and Forestry </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"> European Union Affairs </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"> Family and Women Rights </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"> Foreign Affairs </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"> Health </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"> Infrastructure </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"> Justice and Human Rights </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"> Legislative </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"> Liaison with Poles Abroad </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"> Local Self-Government and Regional Policy </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"> Maritime Economy and Inland Navigation </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"> National and Ethnic Minorities </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"> National Defense </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"> Physic Education and Sport </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"> Public Finances </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"> Rules and Deputies' Affairs </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"> Senior Policy </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"> Social Policy and Family </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"> Special Services </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"> State Control </li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color: #ededed">Elections</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><a href="/wiki/Electoral_system" title="Electoral system">Voting system</a></div></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Open_list" title="Open list">Open-list</a> <a href="/wiki/Proportional_representation" title="Proportional representation">proportional representation</a> in <a href="/wiki/Electoral_districts_of_Poland" title="Electoral districts of Poland">41 constituencies</a> (5% national <a href="/wiki/Election_threshold" class="mw-redirect" title="Election threshold">election threshold</a><sup>a</sup>)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Last election</div></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/2023_Polish_parliamentary_election" title="2023 Polish parliamentary election">15 October 2023</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Next election</div></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Next_Polish_parliamentary_election" title="Next Polish parliamentary election">On or before 11 November 2027</a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color: #ededed">Meeting place</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Zgromadzenie_Narodowe_4_czerwca_2014_Kancelaria_Senatu_01.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Zgromadzenie_Narodowe_4_czerwca_2014_Kancelaria_Senatu_01.JPG/240px-Zgromadzenie_Narodowe_4_czerwca_2014_Kancelaria_Senatu_01.JPG" decoding="async" width="240" height="160" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Zgromadzenie_Narodowe_4_czerwca_2014_Kancelaria_Senatu_01.JPG/360px-Zgromadzenie_Narodowe_4_czerwca_2014_Kancelaria_Senatu_01.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Zgromadzenie_Narodowe_4_czerwca_2014_Kancelaria_Senatu_01.JPG/480px-Zgromadzenie_Narodowe_4_czerwca_2014_Kancelaria_Senatu_01.JPG 2x" data-file-width="5616" data-file-height="3744" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data label">The <a href="/wiki/Sejm_and_Senate_Complex_of_Poland" class="mw-redirect" title="Sejm and Senate Complex of Poland">Sejm and Senate Complex</a>, <a href="/wiki/Warsaw" title="Warsaw">Warsaw</a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color: #ededed">Website</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><span class="url"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://sejm.gov.pl">sejm<wbr />.gov<wbr />.pl</a></span></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color: #ededed">Footnotes</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><sup>a</sup> 8% for coalitions, 0% for ethnic minority electoral committees</td></tr></tbody></table> <p>The <b>Sejm</b> (<style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1177148991">.mw-parser-output .IPA-label-small{font-size:85%}.mw-parser-output .references .IPA-label-small,.mw-parser-output .infobox .IPA-label-small,.mw-parser-output .navbox .IPA-label-small{font-size:100%}</style><span class="IPA-label IPA-label-small">Polish:</span> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="pl-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Polish" title="Help:IPA/Polish">[sɛjm]</a></span> <span class="ext-phonos"><span data-nosnippet="" id="ooui-php-1" class="noexcerpt ext-phonos-PhonosButton ext-phonos-PhonosButton-emptylabel oo-ui-widget oo-ui-widget-enabled oo-ui-buttonElement oo-ui-buttonElement-frameless oo-ui-iconElement oo-ui-buttonWidget" data-ooui="{"_":"mw.Phonos.PhonosButton","href":"\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/transcoded\/4\/4a\/Pl-Sejm-2.ogg\/Pl-Sejm-2.ogg.mp3","rel":["nofollow"],"framed":false,"icon":"volumeUp","data":{"ipa":"","text":"","lang":"en","wikibase":"","file":"Pl-Sejm-2.ogg"},"classes":["noexcerpt","ext-phonos-PhonosButton","ext-phonos-PhonosButton-emptylabel"]}"><a role="button" tabindex="0" href="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/4/4a/Pl-Sejm-2.ogg/Pl-Sejm-2.ogg.mp3" rel="nofollow" aria-label="Play audio" title="Play audio" class="oo-ui-buttonElement-button"><span class="oo-ui-iconElement-icon oo-ui-icon-volumeUp"></span><span class="oo-ui-labelElement-label"></span><span class="oo-ui-indicatorElement-indicator oo-ui-indicatorElement-noIndicator"></span></a></span><sup class="ext-phonos-attribution noexcerpt navigation-not-searchable"><a href="/wiki/File:Pl-Sejm-2.ogg" title="File:Pl-Sejm-2.ogg">ⓘ</a></sup></span>), officially known as the <b>Sejm of the Republic of Poland</b> (<a href="/wiki/Polish_language" title="Polish language">Polish</a>: <i lang="pl">Sejm Rzeczypospolitej Polskiej</i>), is the <a href="/wiki/Lower_house" title="Lower house">lower house</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Bicameralism" title="Bicameralism">bicameral</a> <a href="/wiki/Parliament_of_Poland" title="Parliament of Poland">parliament of Poland</a>. </p><p>The Sejm has been the highest governing body of the <a href="/wiki/Third_Polish_Republic" class="mw-redirect" title="Third Polish Republic">Third Polish Republic</a> since the <a href="/wiki/Polish_People%27s_Republic" title="Polish People's Republic">transition of government</a> in 1989. Along with the <a href="/wiki/Upper_house" title="Upper house">upper house</a> of parliament, the <a href="/wiki/Senate_of_Poland" title="Senate of Poland">Senate</a>, it forms the national <a href="/wiki/Legislature" title="Legislature">legislature</a> in <a href="/wiki/Poland" title="Poland">Poland</a> known as <a href="/wiki/Parliament_of_Poland#National_Assembly" title="Parliament of Poland">National Assembly</a> (Polish: <i lang="pl">Zgromadzenie Narodowe</i>). The Sejm comprises 460 <a href="/wiki/Member_of_parliament" title="Member of parliament">deputies</a> (singular <span title="Polish-language text"><i lang="pl">deputowany</i></span> or <span title="Polish-language text"><i lang="pl">poseł</i></span>) elected every four years by <a href="/wiki/Universal_suffrage" title="Universal suffrage">universal ballot</a>. The Sejm is presided over by a <a href="/wiki/Speaker_of_parliament" class="mw-redirect" title="Speaker of parliament">speaker</a>, the "Marshal of the Sejm" (<span title="Polish-language text"><i lang="pl">Marszałek Sejmu</i></span>). </p><p>In the <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Poland_(1385%E2%80%931569)" class="mw-redirect" title="Kingdom of Poland (1385–1569)">Kingdom of Poland</a>, the term <i>Sejm</i> referred to an entire two-<a href="/wiki/Chambers_of_parliament" class="mw-redirect" title="Chambers of parliament">chamber</a> parliament, comprising the Chamber of Deputies (<span title="Polish-language text"><i lang="pl">Izba Poselska</i></span>), the <a href="/wiki/Senate_of_Poland" title="Senate of Poland">Senate</a> and the King. It was thus a three-estate parliament. The 1573 <a href="/wiki/Henrician_Articles" title="Henrician Articles">Henrician Articles</a> strengthened the assembly's jurisdiction, making Poland a <a href="/wiki/Elective_monarchy" title="Elective monarchy">constitutional elective</a> <a href="/wiki/Monarchy" title="Monarchy">monarchy</a>. Since the <a href="/wiki/Second_Polish_Republic" title="Second Polish Republic">Second Polish Republic</a> (1918–1939), <i>Sejm</i> has referred only to the lower house of parliament. </p><p>During the existence of the <a href="/wiki/Polish_People%27s_Republic" title="Polish People's Republic">Polish People's Republic</a>, the Sejm, then a <a href="/wiki/Unicameralism" title="Unicameralism">unicameral</a> parliament, was the <a href="/wiki/Highest_organ_of_state_power" class="mw-redirect" title="Highest organ of state power">supreme organ of state power</a> in the country. It was the only government branch in the state, and per the principle of <a href="/wiki/Unified_power" title="Unified power">unified power</a>, all state organs were subservient to it. However, in practice it was widely considered to be a <a href="/wiki/Rubber_stamp_(politics)" title="Rubber stamp (politics)">rubber stamp</a> legislature which existed to approve decisions made by the ruling party, the <a href="/wiki/Polish_United_Workers%27_Party" title="Polish United Workers' Party">Polish United Workers' Party</a> (PZPR) as a formality, and which had little or no real power of its own. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sejm&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Kingdom_of_Poland">Kingdom of Poland</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sejm&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Kingdom of Poland"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Sejm_of_the_Kingdom_of_Poland" title="Sejm of the Kingdom of Poland">Sejm of the Kingdom of Poland</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:The_First_Sejm_1182.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/The_First_Sejm_1182.jpg/220px-The_First_Sejm_1182.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="148" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/The_First_Sejm_1182.jpg/330px-The_First_Sejm_1182.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/The_First_Sejm_1182.jpg/440px-The_First_Sejm_1182.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="539" /></a><figcaption>The first Sejm in Łęczyca. Recording of laws. A.D. 1180</figcaption></figure> <p><i>Sejm</i> (an ancient <a href="/wiki/Lechitic_languages" title="Lechitic languages">Proto-Lechitic</a> word meaning "gathering" or "meeting") traces its roots to the King's Councils – <i><a href="/wiki/Wiec" class="mw-redirect" title="Wiec">wiece</a></i> – which gained authority during the time of <a href="/wiki/Testament_of_Boles%C5%82aw_III_Wrymouth" title="Testament of Bolesław III Wrymouth">Poland's fragmentation</a> (1146-1295). The 1180 Sejm in <a href="/wiki/%C5%81%C4%99czyca" title="Łęczyca">Łęczyca</a> (known as the 'First Polish parliament') was the most notable, in that it established laws constraining the power of the ruler. It forbade arbitrary sequestration of supplies in the countryside and takeover of bishopric lands after the death of a bishop. These early <i>Sejm</i>s only convened at the King's behest. </p><p>Following the 1493 <i>Sejm</i> in <a href="/wiki/Piotrk%C3%B3w_Trybunalski" title="Piotrków Trybunalski">Piotrków</a>, it became a regularly convening body, to which indirect elections were held every two years. The <a href="/wiki/Bicameral_system" class="mw-redirect" title="Bicameral system">bicameral system</a> was also established; the <i>Sejm</i> then comprised two chambers: the <i>Senat</i> (Senate) of 81 bishops and <a href="/wiki/Offices_in_Polish-Lithuanian_Commonwealth#Senatorial_offices" class="mw-redirect" title="Offices in Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth">other dignitaries</a>; and the Chamber of Deputies, made up of 54 envoys elected by smaller local <i>sejmik</i> (<a href="/wiki/Sejmik" title="Sejmik">assemblies of landed nobility</a>) in each of the Kingdom's provinces. At the time, Poland's nobility, which accounted for around 10% of the state's population (then the highest amount in Europe), was becoming particularly influential, and with the eventual development of the <a href="/wiki/Golden_Liberty" title="Golden Liberty">Golden Liberty</a>, the <i>Sejm'</i>s powers increased dramatically.<sup id="cite_ref-autogenerated1_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-autogenerated1-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Polish–Lithuanian_Commonwealth"><span id="Polish.E2.80.93Lithuanian_Commonwealth"></span>Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sejm&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Sejm_of_the_Polish%E2%80%93Lithuanian_Commonwealth" title="Sejm of the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth">Sejm of the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Kazimierz_Wojniakowski,_Uchwalenie_Konstytucji_3_Maja.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/26/Kazimierz_Wojniakowski%2C_Uchwalenie_Konstytucji_3_Maja.jpg/250px-Kazimierz_Wojniakowski%2C_Uchwalenie_Konstytucji_3_Maja.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="153" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/26/Kazimierz_Wojniakowski%2C_Uchwalenie_Konstytucji_3_Maja.jpg/330px-Kazimierz_Wojniakowski%2C_Uchwalenie_Konstytucji_3_Maja.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/26/Kazimierz_Wojniakowski%2C_Uchwalenie_Konstytucji_3_Maja.jpg/500px-Kazimierz_Wojniakowski%2C_Uchwalenie_Konstytucji_3_Maja.jpg 2x" data-file-width="8277" data-file-height="5760" /></a><figcaption>In 1791, the "<a href="/wiki/Great_Sejm" title="Great Sejm">Great <i>Sejm</i></a>" or <a href="/wiki/Four-Year_Sejm" class="mw-redirect" title="Four-Year Sejm">Four-Year <i>Sejm</i></a> of 1788–1792 and Senate adopted the <a href="/wiki/May_3rd_Constitution" class="mw-redirect" title="May 3rd Constitution">May 3rd Constitution</a> at the <a href="/wiki/Royal_Castle,_Warsaw" title="Royal Castle, Warsaw">Royal Castle in Warsaw</a></figcaption></figure><p> Over time, the envoys in the <a href="/wiki/Lower_chamber" class="mw-redirect" title="Lower chamber">lower chamber</a> grew in number and power as they pressed the king for more privileges. The <i>Sejm</i> eventually became even more active in supporting the goals of the privileged classes when the King ordered that the landed nobility and their estates (peasants) be drafted into <a href="/wiki/Pospolite_ruszenie" title="Pospolite ruszenie">military service</a>. <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist 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.sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:none!important}}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /></p><table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile nowraplinks vcard hlist"><tbody><tr><th class="sidebar-title"><div class="adr"><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Poland" title="Politics of Poland">Politics of Poland</a></div></th></tr><tr><th><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Herb_Polski.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/Herb_Polski.svg/110px-Herb_Polski.svg.png" decoding="async" width="110" height="129" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/Herb_Polski.svg/165px-Herb_Polski.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/Herb_Polski.svg/220px-Herb_Polski.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="3158" data-file-height="3716" /></a></span></th></tr><tr><th style="border-bottom: #aaa 1px solid"></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="text-align:left; background:lavender;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Poland" title="Politics of Poland">Government</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="text-align:center; background:lavender; line-height:18px;"> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_Poland" title="Constitution of Poland">Constitution of Poland</a></b></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Law_of_Poland" title="Law of Poland">Law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_rights_in_Poland" title="Human rights in Poland">Human rights</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="text-align:left; background:lavender;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Poland#Legislative" title="Politics of Poland">Legislature</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="text-align:center; background:lavender; line-height:18px;"> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/Parliament_of_Poland" title="Parliament of Poland">Parliament of Poland</a></b></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/10th_term_Sejm_and_11th_term_Senate_of_Poland" title="10th term Sejm and 11th term Senate of Poland">Current Parliament</a></li></ul> <p><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:10th_Term_Sejm_of_Poland.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3d/10th_Term_Sejm_of_Poland.svg/50px-10th_Term_Sejm_of_Poland.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="29" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3d/10th_Term_Sejm_of_Poland.svg/75px-10th_Term_Sejm_of_Poland.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3d/10th_Term_Sejm_of_Poland.svg/100px-10th_Term_Sejm_of_Poland.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1122" data-file-height="653" /></a></span> <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:11th_term_Senate_of_Poland.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/11th_term_Senate_of_Poland.svg/50px-11th_term_Senate_of_Poland.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="23" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/11th_term_Senate_of_Poland.svg/75px-11th_term_Senate_of_Poland.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/11th_term_Senate_of_Poland.svg/100px-11th_term_Senate_of_Poland.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="704" data-file-height="327" /></a></span> </p> <hr /> <p><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Sejm_RP_logo_and_wordmark.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Sejm_RP_logo_and_wordmark.svg/30px-Sejm_RP_logo_and_wordmark.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="23" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Sejm_RP_logo_and_wordmark.svg/45px-Sejm_RP_logo_and_wordmark.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Sejm_RP_logo_and_wordmark.svg/60px-Sejm_RP_logo_and_wordmark.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="257" data-file-height="193" /></a></span> </p> <ul><li><b><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Sejm</a></b></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Marshal_of_the_Sejm" title="Marshal of the Sejm">Marshal</a> <a href="/wiki/Szymon_Ho%C5%82ownia" title="Szymon Hołownia">Szymon Hołownia</a> (<a href="/wiki/Poland_2050" title="Poland 2050">PL2050</a>)</li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Deputy_Marshal_of_the_Sejm" title="Deputy Marshal of the Sejm">Deputy Marshals</a></li></ul> <hr /> <p><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Emblem_of_the_Senate_of_Poland_with_text.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/Emblem_of_the_Senate_of_Poland_with_text.svg/30px-Emblem_of_the_Senate_of_Poland_with_text.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="43" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/Emblem_of_the_Senate_of_Poland_with_text.svg/45px-Emblem_of_the_Senate_of_Poland_with_text.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/Emblem_of_the_Senate_of_Poland_with_text.svg/60px-Emblem_of_the_Senate_of_Poland_with_text.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="7342" data-file-height="10509" /></a></span> </p> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/Senate_of_Poland" title="Senate of Poland">Senate</a></b></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Marshal_of_the_Senate_of_the_Republic_of_Poland" class="mw-redirect" title="Marshal of the Senate of the Republic of Poland">Marshal</a> <span data-sort-value="Kidawa- Błońska, Małgorzata Maria"><span class="vcard"><span class="fn"><a href="/wiki/Ma%C5%82gorzata_Kidawa-B%C5%82o%C5%84ska" title="Małgorzata Kidawa-Błońska">Małgorzata Maria Kidawa- Błońska</a></span></span></span> (<a href="/wiki/Civic_Platform" title="Civic Platform">PO</a>)</li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Deputy_Marshal_of_the_Senate_of_the_Republic_of_Poland" class="mw-redirect" title="Deputy Marshal of the Senate of the Republic of Poland">Deputy Marshals</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="text-align:left; background:lavender;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Poland#Executive" title="Politics of Poland">Executive</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="text-align:center; background:lavender; line-height:18px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Flag_of_the_President_of_Poland.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/Flag_of_the_President_of_Poland.svg/30px-Flag_of_the_President_of_Poland.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="25" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/Flag_of_the_President_of_Poland.svg/45px-Flag_of_the_President_of_Poland.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/Flag_of_the_President_of_Poland.svg/60px-Flag_of_the_President_of_Poland.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="3000" data-file-height="2481" /></a></span> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/President_of_Poland" title="President of Poland">President of Poland</a></b></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Andrzej_Duda" title="Andrzej Duda">Andrzej Duda</a> (<a href="/wiki/Independent_politician" title="Independent politician">I</a>)</li></ul> <p><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Kancelaria_Prezesa_Rady_Ministr%C3%B3w_logo_2022.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/55/Kancelaria_Prezesa_Rady_Ministr%C3%B3w_logo_2022.svg/70px-Kancelaria_Prezesa_Rady_Ministr%C3%B3w_logo_2022.svg.png" decoding="async" width="70" height="19" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/55/Kancelaria_Prezesa_Rady_Ministr%C3%B3w_logo_2022.svg/105px-Kancelaria_Prezesa_Rady_Ministr%C3%B3w_logo_2022.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/55/Kancelaria_Prezesa_Rady_Ministr%C3%B3w_logo_2022.svg/140px-Kancelaria_Prezesa_Rady_Ministr%C3%B3w_logo_2022.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="352" data-file-height="98" /></a></span> </p> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_Poland" title="Prime Minister of Poland">Prime Minister of Poland</a></b></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Donald_Tusk" title="Donald Tusk">Donald Tusk</a> (<a href="/wiki/Civic_Coalition_(Poland)" title="Civic Coalition (Poland)">PO</a>)</li></ul> <hr /> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cabinet_of_Poland" class="mw-redirect" title="Cabinet of Poland">Cabinet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ministries_of_Poland" title="Ministries of Poland">Ministries</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="text-align:left; background:lavender;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Judiciary_of_Poland" title="Judiciary of Poland">Judiciary</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="text-align:center; background:lavender; line-height:18px;"> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/Supreme_Court_of_Poland" title="Supreme Court of Poland">Supreme Court of Poland</a></b></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Supreme_Court_of_Poland#List_of_First_Presidents_of_the_Supreme_Court" title="Supreme Court of Poland">First President</a> <a href="/wiki/Ma%C5%82gorzata_Manowska" title="Małgorzata Manowska">Małgorzata Manowska</a></li></ul> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/Constitutional_Tribunal_(Poland)" title="Constitutional Tribunal (Poland)">Constitutional Tribunal</a></b></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Constitutional_Tribunal_(Poland)#Current_Justices" title="Constitutional Tribunal (Poland)">President</a> <a href="/wiki/Julia_Przy%C5%82%C4%99bska" title="Julia Przyłębska">Julia Przyłębska</a></li></ul> <hr /> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Supreme_Administrative_Court_of_Poland" title="Supreme Administrative Court of Poland">Supreme Administrative Court</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/State_Tribunal_(Poland)" title="State Tribunal (Poland)">State Tribunal</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="text-align:left; background:lavender;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Elections_in_Poland" title="Elections in Poland">Elections</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="text-align:center; background:lavender; line-height:18px;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/2020_Polish_presidential_election" title="2020 Polish presidential election">Presidential</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2023_Polish_parliamentary_election" title="2023 Polish parliamentary election">Parliamentary</a></li></ul> <hr /> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Local_elections_in_Poland" title="Local elections in Poland">Local</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Referendums_in_Poland" title="Referendums in Poland">Referendums</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="text-align:left; background:lavender;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/List_of_political_parties_in_Poland" title="List of political parties in Poland">Political parties</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="text-align:center; background:lavender; line-height:18px;"> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/List_of_political_parties_in_Poland" title="List of political parties in Poland">Major political parties</a></b></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Law_and_Justice" title="Law and Justice">Law and Justice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Civic_Platform" title="Civic Platform">Civic Platform</a></li></ul> <hr /> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_political_parties_in_Poland" title="List of political parties in Poland">Other parties</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed plainlist"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="text-align:left; background:lavender;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Administrative_divisions_of_Poland" title="Administrative divisions of Poland">Administrative divisions</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="text-align:center; background:lavender; line-height:18px;;text-align:center;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Voivodeship_(Poland)" class="mw-redirect" title="Voivodeship (Poland)">Voivodeship</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Voivodes_of_Poland_(since_1999)" title="Voivodes of Poland (since 1999)">voivodes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Voivodeship_marshal" title="Voivodeship marshal">marshals</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Powiat" title="Powiat">Counties <span style="font-size:85%;">(<i>powiat</i>)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gmina" title="Gmina">Communes <span style="font-size:85%;">(<i>gmina</i>)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_cities_and_towns_in_Poland" title="List of cities and towns in Poland">Cities and towns</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="text-align:left; background:lavender;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Foreign_relations_of_Poland" title="Foreign relations of Poland">Foreign relations</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="text-align:center; background:lavender; line-height:18px;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Foreign_Affairs_(Poland)" title="Ministry of Foreign Affairs (Poland)">Ministry of Foreign Affairs</a></li></ul> <ul><li>Minister: <a href="/wiki/Rados%C5%82aw_Sikorski" title="Radosław Sikorski">Radosław Sikorski</a></li></ul> <hr /> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_diplomatic_missions_of_Poland" title="List of diplomatic missions of Poland">Diplomatic missions of</a> / <a href="/wiki/List_of_diplomatic_missions_in_Poland" title="List of diplomatic missions in Poland">in Poland</a></li></ul> <hr /> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_current_ambassadors_of_Poland" class="mw-redirect" title="List of current ambassadors of Poland">Ambassadors</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed plainlist"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="text-align:left; background:lavender;;color: var(--color-base)">Related topics</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="text-align:center; background:lavender; line-height:18px;;text-align:center;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Poland" title="Economy of Poland">Economy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Poland" title="History of Poland">History</a> (<a href="/wiki/Category:Political_history_of_Poland" title="Category:Political history of Poland">political</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polish_Armed_Forces" title="Polish Armed Forces">Armed forces</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-below hlist"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><span class="nowrap"><span class="mw-image-border noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/12/Flag_of_Poland.svg/17px-Flag_of_Poland.svg.png" decoding="async" width="17" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/12/Flag_of_Poland.svg/26px-Flag_of_Poland.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/12/Flag_of_Poland.svg/34px-Flag_of_Poland.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1280" data-file-height="800" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Poland" title="Portal:Poland">Poland portal</a></span></li></ul> <div class="hlist" style="text-align:center;font-weight:normal;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_political_science#Politics_by_region" title="Outline of political science">Other countries</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Politics_of_Poland" title="Template:Politics of Poland"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Politics_of_Poland" title="Template talk:Politics of Poland"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Politics_of_Poland" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Politics of Poland"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Union_of_Lublin" title="Union of Lublin">Union of Lublin</a> in 1569, united the <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Poland_(1385-1569)" class="mw-redirect" title="Kingdom of Poland (1385-1569)">Kingdom of Poland</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Grand_Duchy_of_Lithuania" title="Grand Duchy of Lithuania">Grand Duchy of Lithuania</a> as one single state, the <a href="/wiki/Polish%E2%80%93Lithuanian_Commonwealth" title="Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth">Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth</a>, and thus the <i>Sejm</i> was supplemented with new envoys from among the <a href="/wiki/Lithuanian_nobility" title="Lithuanian nobility">Lithuanian nobility</a>. The Commonwealth ensured that the state of affairs surrounding the three-estates system continued, with the <i>Sejm</i>, Senate and King forming the estates and supreme deliberating body of the state. In the first few decades of the 16th century, the Senate had established its precedence over the <i>Sejm</i>; however, from the mid-1500s onwards, the <i>Sejm</i> became a very powerful representative body of the <i><a href="/wiki/Szlachta" title="Szlachta">szlachta</a></i> ("middle nobility"). Its chambers reserved the final decisions in legislation, taxation, <a href="/wiki/Budget" title="Budget">budget</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Treasury" title="Treasury">treasury</a> matters (including military funding), <a href="/wiki/Foreign_policy" title="Foreign policy">foreign policy</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Ennoblement" title="Ennoblement">confirment of nobility</a>. </p><p>The 1573 <a href="/wiki/Warsaw_Confederation" title="Warsaw Confederation">Warsaw Confederation</a> saw the nobles of the <i>Sejm</i> officially sanction and guarantee <a href="/wiki/Religious_tolerance" title="Religious tolerance">religious tolerance</a> in Commonwealth territory, ensuring a refuge for those fleeing the ongoing <a href="/wiki/Protestant_reformation" class="mw-redirect" title="Protestant reformation">Reformation</a> and <a href="/wiki/Counter-Reformation" title="Counter-Reformation">Counter-Reformation</a> wars in Europe. </p><p>Until the end of the 16th century, <a href="/wiki/Unanimity" title="Unanimity">unanimity</a> was not required, and the <a href="/wiki/Majority_voting" class="mw-redirect" title="Majority voting">majority-voting</a> process was the most commonly used system for voting. Later, with the rise of the <a href="/wiki/Polish_magnate" class="mw-redirect" title="Polish magnate">Polish magnates</a> and their increasing power, the <a href="/wiki/Unanimity" title="Unanimity">unanimity</a> principle was re-introduced with the institution of the nobility's right of <i><a href="/wiki/Liberum_veto" title="Liberum veto">liberum veto</a></i> (<a href="/wiki/Latin" title="Latin">Latin</a>: "free <a href="/wiki/Veto" title="Veto">veto</a>"). Additionally, if the envoys were unable to reach a unanimous decision within six weeks (the time limit of a single session), deliberations were declared void and all previous acts passed by that <i>Sejm</i> were annulled. From the mid-17th century onward, any objection to a <i>Sejm</i> resolution, by either an envoy or a senator, automatically caused the rejection of other, previously approved resolutions. This was because all resolutions passed by a given session of the <i>Sejm</i> formed a whole resolution, and, as such, was published as the annual "constituent act" of the <i>Sejm</i>, e.g. the "<i><a href="/wiki/Anno_Domini" title="Anno Domini">Anno Domini</a></i> 1667" act. In the 16th century, no single person or small group dared to hold up proceedings, but, from the second half of the 17th century, the <i>liberum veto</i> was used to virtually paralyze the <i>Sejm</i>, and brought the Commonwealth to the brink of collapse. </p><p>The <i>liberum veto</i> was abolished with the adoption of the <a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_3_May_1791" title="Constitution of 3 May 1791">Constitution of 3 May 1791</a>, a piece of legislation which was passed as the "Government Act", and for which the <i>Sejm</i> required <a href="/wiki/Great_Sejm" title="Great Sejm">four years to propagate and adopt</a>. The constitution's acceptance, and the possible long-term consequences it may have had, is arguably the reason that the powers of <a href="/wiki/Habsburg_monarchy" title="Habsburg monarchy">Habsburg Austria</a>, <a href="/wiki/Russian_Empire" title="Russian Empire">Russia</a> and <a href="/wiki/Prussia" title="Prussia">Prussia</a> then decided to <a href="/wiki/Partitions_of_Poland" title="Partitions of Poland">partition the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth</a>, thus putting an end to over 300 years of Polish parliamentary continuity. It is estimated that between 1493 and 1793, a <i>Sejm</i> was held 240 times, the total debate-time sum of which was 44 years.<sup id="cite_ref-autogenerated1_13-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-autogenerated1-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Partitions">Partitions</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sejm&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Partitions"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div><p> After the fall of the <a href="/wiki/Duchy_of_Warsaw" title="Duchy of Warsaw">Duchy of Warsaw</a>, which existed as a <a href="/wiki/Napoleon" title="Napoleon">Napoleonic</a> <a href="/wiki/Client_state" title="Client state">client state</a> between 1807 and 1815, and its short-lived <a href="/wiki/Sejm_of_the_Duchy_of_Warsaw" title="Sejm of the Duchy of Warsaw"><i>Sejm</i> of the Duchy of Warsaw</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Sejm_of_Congress_Poland" title="Sejm of Congress Poland"><i>Sejm</i> of Congress Poland</a> was established in <a href="/wiki/Congress_Poland" title="Congress Poland">Congress Poland</a> of the Russian Empire; it was composed of the king (the Russian emperor), the upper house (Senate), and the lower house (Chamber of Deputies). Overall, during the period from 1795 until the re-establishment of Poland's sovereignty in 1918, little power was actually held by any Polish legislative body and the occupying powers of Russia, Prussia (later united <a href="/wiki/German_Empire" title="German Empire">Germany</a>) and Austria propagated legislation for their own respective formerly-Polish territories at a national level.<sup id="cite_ref-autogenerated1_13-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-autogenerated1-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p><ul class="gallery mw-gallery-traditional"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 275px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 270px; height: 149px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Jan_Matejko_-_Upadek_Polski_(Reytan).jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Tadeusz Rejtan tries to prevent the legalisation of the first partition of Poland by preventing the members of the Sejm from leaving the chamber (1773). Painting by Jan Matejko"><img alt="Tadeusz Rejtan tries to prevent the legalisation of the first partition of Poland by preventing the members of the Sejm from leaving the chamber (1773). Painting by Jan Matejko" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/14/Jan_Matejko_-_Upadek_Polski_%28Reytan%29.jpg/206px-Jan_Matejko_-_Upadek_Polski_%28Reytan%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="206" height="119" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/14/Jan_Matejko_-_Upadek_Polski_%28Reytan%29.jpg/310px-Jan_Matejko_-_Upadek_Polski_%28Reytan%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/14/Jan_Matejko_-_Upadek_Polski_%28Reytan%29.jpg/412px-Jan_Matejko_-_Upadek_Polski_%28Reytan%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3543" data-file-height="2049" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Tadeusz_Rejtan" title="Tadeusz Rejtan">Tadeusz Rejtan</a> tries to prevent the legalisation of the <a href="/wiki/Partitions_of_Poland" title="Partitions of Poland">first partition of Poland</a> by preventing the members of the <i>Sejm</i> from leaving the chamber (1773). <a href="/wiki/Rejtan_(painting)" title="Rejtan (painting)">Painting</a> by <a href="/wiki/Jan_Matejko" title="Jan Matejko">Jan Matejko</a></div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Congress_Poland">Congress Poland</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sejm&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Congress Poland"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Sejm_of_Congress_Poland" title="Sejm of Congress Poland">Sejm of Congress Poland</a></div> <p>The Chamber of Deputies, despite its name, consisted not only of 77 envoys (sent by local assemblies) from the hereditary nobility, but also of 51 <a href="/wiki/Chamber_of_Deputies" title="Chamber of Deputies">deputies</a>, elected by the non-noble population. All deputies were covered by <a href="/wiki/Parliamentary_immunity" title="Parliamentary immunity">Parliamentary immunity</a>, with each individual serving for a term of office of six years, with third of the deputies being elected every two years. Candidates for deputy had to be able to <a href="/wiki/Literacy" title="Literacy">read and write</a>, and have a certain amount of wealth. The legal voting age was 21, except for those citizens serving in the military, the personnel of which were not allowed to vote. Parliamentary sessions were initially convened every two years, and lasted for (at least) 30 days. However, after many clashes between liberal deputies and conservative government officials, sessions were later called only four times (1818, 1820, 1826, and 1830, with the last two sessions being secret). The <i>Sejm</i> had the right to call for votes on <a href="/wiki/Common_law" title="Common law">civil</a> and <a href="/wiki/Administrative_law" title="Administrative law">administrative</a> legal issues, and, with permission from the king, it could also vote on matters related to the <a href="/wiki/Fiscal_policy" title="Fiscal policy">fiscal policy</a> and the military. It had the right to exercise control over government officials, and to file <a href="/wiki/Petition" title="Petition">petitions</a>. The 64-member Senate on the other hand, was composed of <i><a href="/wiki/Voivode" title="Voivode">voivodes</a></i> and <i><a href="/wiki/Castellan" title="Castellan">kasztelans</a></i> (both types of provincial governors), Russian envoys, diplomats or princes, and nine bishops. It acted as the Parliamentary Court, had the right to control "citizens' books", and had similar <a href="/wiki/Legislature" title="Legislature">legislative</a> rights as did the Chamber of Deputies.<sup id="cite_ref-autogenerated1_13-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-autogenerated1-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Germany_and_Austria-Hungary">Germany and Austria-Hungary</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sejm&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Germany and Austria-Hungary"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In the <a href="/wiki/Free_City_of_Cracow" title="Free City of Cracow">Free City of Cracow</a> (1815–1846), a unicameral Assembly of Representatives was established, and from 1827, a unicameral <a href="/wiki/Sejm_of_the_Grand_Duchy_of_Posen" title="Sejm of the Grand Duchy of Posen">provincial <i>sejm</i></a> existed in the <a href="/wiki/Grand_Duchy_of_Pozna%C5%84" class="mw-redirect" title="Grand Duchy of Poznań">Grand Duchy of Poznań</a>. Poles were elected to and represented the majority in both of these legislatures; however, they were largely powerless institutions and exercised only very limited power. After numerous failures in securing legislative sovereignty in the early 19th century, many Poles simply gave up trying to attain a degree of independence from their foreign master-states. In the <a href="/wiki/Austrian_partition" class="mw-redirect" title="Austrian partition">Austrian partition</a>, a relatively powerless <a href="/wiki/Sejm_of_the_Estates" title="Sejm of the Estates"><i>Sejm</i> of the Estates</a> operated until the time of the <a href="/wiki/Revolutions_of_1848" title="Revolutions of 1848">Spring of Nations</a>. After this, in the mid to late 19th century, only in autonomous <a href="/wiki/Galicia_(Eastern_Europe)" title="Galicia (Eastern Europe)">Galicia</a> (1861–1914) was there a unicameral and functional National <i>Sejm</i>, the <a href="/wiki/Sejm_of_the_Land" class="mw-redirect" title="Sejm of the Land"><i>Sejm</i> of the Land</a>. It is recognised today as having played a major and overwhelming positive role in the development of Polish national institutions. </p><p>In the second half of the 19th century, Poles were able to become members of the parliaments of Austria, Prussia and Russia, where they formed Polish Clubs. Deputies of Polish nationality were elected to the Prussian <i>Landtag</i> from 1848, and then to the <a href="/wiki/German_Empire" title="German Empire">German Empire</a>'s <i><a href="/wiki/Reichstag_(German_Empire)" title="Reichstag (German Empire)">Reichstag</a></i> from 1871. Polish Deputies were members of the Austrian State Council (from 1867), and from 1906 were also elected to the Russian Imperial State <i>Duma</i> (lower chamber) and to the State Council (upper chamber).<sup id="cite_ref-autogenerated1_13-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-autogenerated1-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Second_Polish_Republic">Second Polish Republic</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sejm&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Second Polish Republic"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>After the <a href="/wiki/First_World_War" class="mw-redirect" title="First World War">First World War</a> and re-establishment of Polish independence, the convocation of parliament, under the democratic electoral law of 1918, became an enduring symbol of the new state's wish to demonstrate and establish continuity with the 300-year Polish parliamentary traditions established before the time of the partitions. Maciej Rataj emphatically paid tribute to this with the phrase: "There is Poland there, and so is the <i>Sejm</i>". </p><p>During the <a href="/wiki/Interwar_period" title="Interwar period">interwar period</a> of Poland's independence, the first <a href="/wiki/1919_Polish_legislative_election" class="mw-redirect" title="1919 Polish legislative election">Legislative <i>Sejm</i> of 1919</a>, a Constituent Assembly, passed the <a href="/wiki/Small_Constitution_of_1919" title="Small Constitution of 1919">Small Constitution of 1919</a>, which introduced a <a href="/wiki/Parliamentary_republic" title="Parliamentary republic">parliamentary republic</a> and proclaimed the principle of the <i>Sejm'</i>s <a href="/wiki/Sovereignty" title="Sovereignty">sovereignty</a>. This was then strengthened, in 1921, by the <a href="/wiki/March_Constitution_of_Poland" class="mw-redirect" title="March Constitution of Poland">March Constitution</a>, one of the most democratic European constitutions enacted after the end of World War I. The constitution established a political system which was based on <a href="/wiki/Montesquieu" title="Montesquieu">Montesquieu</a>'s doctrine of separation of powers, and which restored the bicameral <i>Sejm</i> consisting of a chamber of deputies (to which alone the name of "<i>Sejm</i>" was from then on applied) and the Senate. In 1919, <a href="/wiki/Roza_Pomerantz-Meltzer" title="Roza Pomerantz-Meltzer">Roza Pomerantz-Meltzer</a>, a member of the <a href="/wiki/Zionism" title="Zionism">Zionist</a> party, became the first woman ever elected to the <i>Sejm</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The legal content of the March Constitution allowed for <i>Sejm</i> supremacy in the system of state institutions at the expense of the executive powers, thus creating a parliamentary republic out of the Polish state. An attempt to strengthen executive powers in 1926 (through the August Amendment) proved too limited and largely failed in helping avoid legislative grid-lock which had ensued as a result of too-great parliamentary power in a state which had numerous diametrically-opposed political parties sitting in its legislature. In 1935, the parliamentary republic was weakened further when, by way of, <a href="/wiki/J%C3%B3zef_Pi%C5%82sudski" title="Józef Piłsudski">Józef Piłsudski</a>'s <a href="/wiki/May_Coup_(Poland)" title="May Coup (Poland)">May Coup</a>, the president was forced to sign the <a href="/wiki/Polish_Constitution_of_1935" class="mw-redirect" title="Polish Constitution of 1935">April Constitution of 1935</a>, an act through which the head of state assumed the dominant position in legislating for the state and the Senate increased its power at the expense of the <i>Sejm</i>. </p><p> On 2 September 1939, the <i>Sejm</i> held its final pre-war session, during which it declared Poland's readiness to defend itself against invading German forces. On 2 November 1939, the President dissolved the <i>Sejm</i> and the Senate, which were then, according to plan, to resume their activity within two months after the end of the Second World War; this, however, never happened. During wartime, the National Council (1939–1945) was established to represent the legislature as part of the <a href="/wiki/Polish_Government_in_Exile" class="mw-redirect" title="Polish Government in Exile">Polish Government in Exile</a>. Meanwhile, in <a href="/wiki/Nazi-occupied_Poland" class="mw-redirect" title="Nazi-occupied Poland">Nazi-occupied Poland</a>, the Council of National Unity was set up; this body functioned from 1944 to 1945 as the parliament of the <a href="/wiki/Polish_Underground_State" title="Polish Underground State">Polish Underground State</a>. With the cessation of hostilities in 1945, and subsequent rise to power of the Communist-backed <a href="/wiki/Provisional_Government_of_National_Unity" title="Provisional Government of National Unity">Provisional Government of National Unity</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Second_Polish_Republic" title="Second Polish Republic">Second Polish Republic</a> legally ceased to exist.<sup id="cite_ref-autogenerated1_13-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-autogenerated1-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p><ul class="gallery mw-gallery-traditional"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 255px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 250px; height: 199px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Dubois_w_Sejmie._1-A-849-4.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Stanisław Dubois speaking to envoys and diplomats in the Sejm, 1931"><img alt="Stanisław Dubois speaking to envoys and diplomats in the Sejm, 1931" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/Dubois_w_Sejmie._1-A-849-4.jpg/220px-Dubois_w_Sejmie._1-A-849-4.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="169" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/Dubois_w_Sejmie._1-A-849-4.jpg/330px-Dubois_w_Sejmie._1-A-849-4.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/Dubois_w_Sejmie._1-A-849-4.jpg/440px-Dubois_w_Sejmie._1-A-849-4.jpg 2x" data-file-width="590" data-file-height="452" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Stanis%C5%82aw_Dubois" title="Stanisław Dubois">Stanisław Dubois</a> speaking to envoys and diplomats in the <i>Sejm</i>, 1931</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 255px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 250px; height: 199px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Beck_przem%C3%B3wienie.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Józef Beck, Minister of Foreign Affairs, delivers his famous Honour Speech in the Sejm, 5 May 1939."><img alt="Józef Beck, Minister of Foreign Affairs, delivers his famous Honour Speech in the Sejm, 5 May 1939." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3f/Beck_przem%C3%B3wienie.jpg/130px-Beck_przem%C3%B3wienie.jpg" decoding="async" width="130" height="169" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3f/Beck_przem%C3%B3wienie.jpg/195px-Beck_przem%C3%B3wienie.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3f/Beck_przem%C3%B3wienie.jpg/260px-Beck_przem%C3%B3wienie.jpg 2x" data-file-width="529" data-file-height="687" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/J%C3%B3zef_Beck" title="Józef Beck">Józef Beck</a>, Minister of Foreign Affairs, delivers his famous Honour Speech in the <i>Sejm</i>, 5 May 1939.</div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Polish_People's_Republic"><span id="Polish_People.27s_Republic"></span>Polish People's Republic</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sejm&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Polish People's Republic"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The <i>Sejm</i> in the <a href="/wiki/Polish_People%27s_Republic" title="Polish People's Republic">Polish People's Republic</a> had 460 deputies throughout most of its history. At first, this number was declared to represent one deputy per 60,000 citizens (425 were elected in 1952), but, in 1960, as the population grew, the declaration was changed: The constitution then stated that the deputies were representative <i>of</i> the people and could be recalled <i>by</i> the people, but this article was never used, and, instead of the "<a href="/wiki/Five-point_electoral_law" title="Five-point electoral law">five-point electoral law</a>", a non-proportional, "four-point" version was used. Legislation was passed with <a href="/wiki/Majority_voting" class="mw-redirect" title="Majority voting">majority voting</a>. </p><p>Under the <a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_the_Polish_People%27s_Republic" title="Constitution of the Polish People's Republic">1952 Constitution</a>, the Sejm was defined as "the highest organ of State authority" in Poland, as well as "the highest spokesman of the will of the people in town and country." On paper, it was vested with great lawmaking and oversight powers. For instance, it was empowered with control over "the functioning of other organs of State authority and administration," and ministers were required to answer questions posed by deputies within seven days.<sup id="cite_ref-PolandConstitutionChapter3_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-PolandConstitutionChapter3-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In practice, it did little more than rubber-stamp decisions already made by the Communist <a href="/wiki/Polish_United_Workers_Party" class="mw-redirect" title="Polish United Workers Party">Polish United Workers Party</a> and its executive bodies.<sup id="cite_ref-cs_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-cs-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This was standard practice in nearly all Communist regimes due to the principle of <a href="/wiki/Democratic_centralism" title="Democratic centralism">democratic centralism</a>. </p><p>The <i>Sejm</i> voted on the <a href="/wiki/Budget" title="Budget">budget</a> and on the periodic <a href="/wiki/Planned_economy" title="Planned economy">national plans</a> that were a fixture of communist economies. The <i>Sejm</i> deliberated in sessions that were ordered to convene by the <a href="/wiki/State_Council_of_Poland" class="mw-redirect" title="State Council of Poland">State Council</a>. </p><p>The <i>Sejm</i> also chose a <i><a href="/wiki/Presidium" title="Presidium">Prezydium</a></i> ("presiding body") from among its members. The <i>Prezydium</i> was headed by the speaker, or <a href="/wiki/Marshal_of_the_Sejm" title="Marshal of the Sejm">Marshal</a>, who was always a member of the <a href="/wiki/United_People%27s_Party_(Poland)" title="United People's Party (Poland)">United People's Party</a>. In its preliminary session, the <i>Sejm</i> also nominated the <a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_Poland" title="Prime Minister of Poland">Prime Minister</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Council_of_Ministers_of_Poland" class="mw-redirect" title="Council of Ministers of Poland">Council of Ministers of Poland</a>, and members of the State Council. It also chose many other government officials, including the head of the <a href="/wiki/Supreme_Audit_Office_(Poland)" title="Supreme Audit Office (Poland)">Supreme Chamber of Control</a> and members of the <a href="/wiki/State_Tribunal_of_Poland" class="mw-redirect" title="State Tribunal of Poland">State Tribunal</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Constitutional_Tribunal_of_Poland" class="mw-redirect" title="Constitutional Tribunal of Poland">Constitutional Tribunal</a>, as well as the <a href="/wiki/Polish_Ombudsman" class="mw-redirect" title="Polish Ombudsman">Ombudsman</a> (the last three bodies of which were created in the 1980s). </p><p>When the Sejm was not in session, the State Council had the power to issue decrees that had the force of law. However, those decrees had to be approved by the Sejm at its next session.<sup id="cite_ref-PolandConstitutionChapter3_16-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-PolandConstitutionChapter3-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In practice, the principles of democratic centralism meant that such approval was only a formality. </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Senate_of_Poland" title="Senate of Poland">Senate</a> was abolished by the <a href="/wiki/1946_Polish_people%27s_referendum" title="1946 Polish people's referendum">referendum</a> in 1946, after which the <i>Sejm</i> became the sole legislative body in Poland.<sup id="cite_ref-autogenerated1_13-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-autogenerated1-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Even though the <i>Sejm</i> was largely subservient to the Communist party, one deputy, Romuald Bukowski (an independent) voted against the imposition of martial law in 1982.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Third_Polish_Republic">Third Polish Republic</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sejm&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Third Polish Republic"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>After the <a href="/wiki/Revolutions_of_1989" title="Revolutions of 1989">end of communism</a> in 1989, the Senate was reinstated as the second house of a bicameral <a href="/wiki/National_Assembly_of_Poland" class="mw-redirect" title="National Assembly of Poland">national assembly</a>, while the <i>Sejm</i> remained the first house. The <i>Sejm</i> is now composed of 460 deputies elected by <a href="/wiki/Proportional_representation" title="Proportional representation">proportional representation</a> every four years. </p><p>Between 7 and 20 deputies are elected from each constituency using the <a href="/wiki/D%27Hondt_method" title="D'Hondt method">d'Hondt method</a> (with one exception, in 2001, when the <a href="/wiki/Sainte-Lagu%C3%AB_method" title="Sainte-Laguë method">Sainte-Laguë method</a> was used), their number being proportional to their constituency's population. Additionally, a threshold is used, so that candidates are chosen only from parties that gained at least 5% of the nationwide vote (candidates from ethnic-minority parties are exempt from this threshold).<sup id="cite_ref-autogenerated1_13-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-autogenerated1-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-traditional center"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Sejm_RP.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="The Sejm building in Warsaw"><img alt="The Sejm building in Warsaw" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b3/Sejm_RP.jpg/120px-Sejm_RP.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="90" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b3/Sejm_RP.jpg/180px-Sejm_RP.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b3/Sejm_RP.jpg/240px-Sejm_RP.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1600" data-file-height="1200" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">The <i>Sejm</i> building in <a href="/wiki/Warsaw" title="Warsaw">Warsaw</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:PolskiSejm007.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="The Sejm's main hall"><img alt="The Sejm's main hall" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/PolskiSejm007.jpg/120px-PolskiSejm007.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="90" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/PolskiSejm007.jpg/180px-PolskiSejm007.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/PolskiSejm007.jpg/240px-PolskiSejm007.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2400" data-file-height="1800" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">The <i>Sejm'</i>s main hall</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:PolskiSejm101.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Sessions chamber in the Sejm"><img alt="Sessions chamber in the Sejm" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c4/PolskiSejm101.jpg/120px-PolskiSejm101.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="90" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c4/PolskiSejm101.jpg/180px-PolskiSejm101.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c4/PolskiSejm101.jpg/240px-PolskiSejm101.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2400" data-file-height="1800" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Sessions chamber in the <i>Sejm</i></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Sejm_Plenary_Hall_viewed_from_the_rostrum.JPG" class="mw-file-description" title="Sessions chamber viewed from the rostrum"><img alt="Sessions chamber viewed from the rostrum" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/Sejm_Plenary_Hall_viewed_from_the_rostrum.JPG/80px-Sejm_Plenary_Hall_viewed_from_the_rostrum.JPG" decoding="async" width="80" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/Sejm_Plenary_Hall_viewed_from_the_rostrum.JPG/120px-Sejm_Plenary_Hall_viewed_from_the_rostrum.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/Sejm_Plenary_Hall_viewed_from_the_rostrum.JPG/160px-Sejm_Plenary_Hall_viewed_from_the_rostrum.JPG 2x" data-file-width="3161" data-file-height="4738" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Sessions chamber viewed from the rostrum</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Marshal%27s_chair_Sejm_Plenary_Hall.JPG" class="mw-file-description" title="Marshal's chair in the sessions chamber"><img alt="Marshal's chair in the sessions chamber" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4f/Marshal%27s_chair_Sejm_Plenary_Hall.JPG/120px-Marshal%27s_chair_Sejm_Plenary_Hall.JPG" decoding="async" width="120" height="79" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4f/Marshal%27s_chair_Sejm_Plenary_Hall.JPG/180px-Marshal%27s_chair_Sejm_Plenary_Hall.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4f/Marshal%27s_chair_Sejm_Plenary_Hall.JPG/240px-Marshal%27s_chair_Sejm_Plenary_Hall.JPG 2x" data-file-width="4889" data-file-height="3238" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Marshal's chair in the sessions chamber</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Sejm_cross.JPG" class="mw-file-description" title="Sejm cross"><img alt="Sejm cross" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/30/Sejm_cross.JPG/88px-Sejm_cross.JPG" decoding="async" width="88" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/30/Sejm_cross.JPG/131px-Sejm_cross.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/30/Sejm_cross.JPG/175px-Sejm_cross.JPG 2x" data-file-width="3060" data-file-height="4186" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Sejm_cross" title="Sejm cross"><i>Sejm</i> cross</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:PolskiSejm010.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Column hall in the Sejm"><img alt="Column hall in the Sejm" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/93/PolskiSejm010.jpg/120px-PolskiSejm010.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="90" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/93/PolskiSejm010.jpg/180px-PolskiSejm010.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/93/PolskiSejm010.jpg/240px-PolskiSejm010.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2400" data-file-height="1800" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Column hall in the <i>Sejm</i></div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Historical_composition_of_the_Sejm">Historical composition of the Sejm</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sejm&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Historical composition of the Sejm"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Second_Republic_(1918–1939)"><span id="Second_Republic_.281918.E2.80.931939.29"></span><a href="/wiki/Second_Polish_Republic" title="Second Polish Republic">Second Republic</a> (1918–1939)</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sejm&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Second Republic (1918–1939)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <table class="wikitable" width="100%" style="border:solid #000000 1px;font-size:95%;"> <tbody><tr> <td colspan="2"> <table width="100%" style="font-size:90%;"> <tbody><tr> <td width="40"> </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959" /><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#E20001; color:white;-webkit-print-color-adjust: exact; print-color-adjust: exact;"> </span> <a href="/wiki/Communist_Party_of_Poland" title="Communist Party of Poland">KPP</a></div> </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959" /><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#D62D32; color:white;-webkit-print-color-adjust: exact; print-color-adjust: exact;"> </span> <a href="/wiki/Polish_Socialist_Party" title="Polish Socialist Party">PPS</a></div> </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959" /><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#DA4740; color:black;-webkit-print-color-adjust: exact; print-color-adjust: exact;"> </span> <a href="/wiki/National_Workers%27_Union_(Poland)" title="National Workers' Union (Poland)">NZR</a></div> </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959" /><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#86041C; color:white;-webkit-print-color-adjust: exact; print-color-adjust: exact;"> </span> <a href="/wiki/National_Workers%27_Party" title="National Workers' Party">NPR</a></div> </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959" /><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#72AA6B; color:black;-webkit-print-color-adjust: exact; print-color-adjust: exact;"> </span> <a href="/wiki/Peasant_Party_(Poland)" title="Peasant Party (Poland)">SCh</a></div> </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959" /><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#BC235B; color:white;-webkit-print-color-adjust: exact; print-color-adjust: exact;"> </span> <a href="/wiki/Centrolew" title="Centrolew">Centrolew</a></div> </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959" /><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#5EAE4D; color:black;-webkit-print-color-adjust: exact; print-color-adjust: exact;"> </span> <a href="/wiki/Polish_People%27s_Party_%22Left%22" title="Polish People's Party "Left"">PSL "L"</a></div> </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959" /><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#2D8E47; color:black;-webkit-print-color-adjust: exact; print-color-adjust: exact;"> </span> <a href="/wiki/Polish_People%27s_Party_%22Wyzwolenie%22" title="Polish People's Party "Wyzwolenie"">PSL "W"</a></div> </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959" /><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#046834; color:white;-webkit-print-color-adjust: exact; print-color-adjust: exact;"> </span> <a href="/wiki/Polish_People%27s_Party_%22Piast%22_(1913%E2%80%931931)" title="Polish People's Party "Piast" (1913–1931)">PSL "P"</a></div> </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959" /><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#A03E33; color:white;-webkit-print-color-adjust: exact; print-color-adjust: exact;"> </span> <a href="/wiki/Polish_People%27s_Union" title="Polish People's Union">PZL</a></div> </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959" /><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#CE9135; color:black;-webkit-print-color-adjust: exact; print-color-adjust: exact;"> </span> <a href="/wiki/Bloc_of_National_Minorities" title="Bloc of National Minorities">Minorities</a></div> </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959" /><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#0038b8; color:white;-webkit-print-color-adjust: exact; print-color-adjust: exact;"> </span> Jews</div> </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959" /><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#237FC2; color:black;-webkit-print-color-adjust: exact; print-color-adjust: exact;"> </span> Germans</div> </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959" /><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#ffd700; color:black;-webkit-print-color-adjust: exact; print-color-adjust: exact;"> </span> Ukrainians</div> </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959" /><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#DCDCDC; color:black;-webkit-print-color-adjust: exact; print-color-adjust: exact;"> </span> Others/Independent</div> </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959" /><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#3346AD; color:white;-webkit-print-color-adjust: exact; print-color-adjust: exact;"> </span> Catholic Bloc</div> </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959" /><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#335B5B; color:white;-webkit-print-color-adjust: exact; print-color-adjust: exact;"> </span> <a href="/wiki/Catholic_People%27s_Party_(Poland)" title="Catholic People's Party (Poland)">SKL</a></div> </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959" /><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#2B3F3D; color:white;-webkit-print-color-adjust: exact; print-color-adjust: exact;"> </span> <a href="/wiki/Popular_National_Union" title="Popular National Union">ZLN</a>/<a href="/wiki/Christian_Union_of_National_Unity" title="Christian Union of National Unity">ChZJN</a></div> </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959" /><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#A9A9A9; color:black;-webkit-print-color-adjust: exact; print-color-adjust: exact;"> </span> <a href="/wiki/Nonpartisan_Bloc_for_Cooperation_with_the_Government" title="Nonpartisan Bloc for Cooperation with the Government">BBWR</a></div> </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959" /><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#00177C; color:white;-webkit-print-color-adjust: exact; print-color-adjust: exact;"> </span> <a href="/wiki/Camp_of_National_Unity" title="Camp of National Unity">OZN</a></div> </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959" /><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#5E5151; color:white;-webkit-print-color-adjust: exact; print-color-adjust: exact;"> </span> <a href="/wiki/National_Party_(Poland)" title="National Party (Poland)">SN</a></div> </td></tr></tbody></table> </td></tr> <tr> <td width="40"><a href="/wiki/1919_Polish_legislative_election" class="mw-redirect" title="1919 Polish legislative election">1919</a> </td> <td> <table style="width:100%; text-align:center; font-weight:bold; color:white; text-shadow: 1px 1px 1px #000000;"> <tbody><tr> <td style="background-color: #D62D32; width: 8.88%">35 </td> <td style="background-color: #DA4740; width: 8.12%">32 </td> <td style="background-color: #5EAE4D; width: 3.05%">12 </td> <td style="background-color: #2D8E47; width: 14.97%">59 </td> <td style="background-color: #046834; width: 11.68%">46 </td> <td style="background-color: #A03E33; width: 8.88%">35 </td> <td style="background-color: #0038b8; width: 2.79%">11 </td> <td style="background-color: #237FC2; width: 0.51%">2 </td> <td style="background-color: #DCDCDC; width: 1.02%">4 </td> <td style="background-color: #335B5B; width: 4.57%">18 </td> <td style="background-color: #2B3F3D; width: 35.53%">140 </td></tr></tbody></table> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/1922_Polish_legislative_election" class="mw-redirect" title="1922 Polish legislative election">1922</a> </td> <td> <table style="width:100%; text-align:center; font-weight:bold; color:white; text-shadow: 1px 1px 1px #000000;"> <tbody><tr> <td style="background-color: #E20001; width: 0.45%">2 </td> <td style="background-color: #D62D32; width: 9.23%">41 </td> <td style="background-color: #86041C; width: 4.05%">18 </td> <td style="background-color: #5EAE4D; width: 0.45%">2 </td> <td style="background-color: #2D8E47; width: 11.04%">49 </td> <td style="background-color: #046834; width: 15.77%">70 </td> <td style="background-color: #CE9135; width: 14.86%">66 </td> <td style="background-color: #0038b8; width: 4.05%">18 </td> <td style="background-color: #ffd700; width: 1.13%">5 </td> <td style="background-color: #DCDCDC; width: 2.25%">10 </td> <td style="background-color: #2B3F3D; width: 36.71%">163 </td></tr></tbody></table> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/1928_Polish_legislative_election" class="mw-redirect" title="1928 Polish legislative election">1928</a> </td> <td> <table style="width:100%; text-align:center; font-weight:bold; color:white; text-shadow: 1px 1px 1px #000000;"> <tbody><tr> <td style="background-color: #E20001; width: 1.13%">5 </td> <td style="background-color: #D62D32; width: 14.41%">64 </td> <td style="background-color: #86041C; width: 2.48%">11 </td> <td style="background-color: #72AA6B; width: 5.86%">26 </td> <td style="background-color: #2D8E47; width: 9.01%">40 </td> <td style="background-color: #CE9135; width: 12.39%">55 </td> <td style="background-color: #0038b8; width: 1.35%">6 </td> <td style="background-color: #ffd700; width: 3.83%">17 </td> <td style="background-color: #DCDCDC; width: 5.18%">23 </td> <td style="background-color: #3346AD; width: 7.66%">34 </td> <td style="background-color: #2B3F3D; width: 8.56%">38 </td> <td style="background-color: #A9A9A9; width: 28.15%">125 </td></tr></tbody></table> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/1930_Polish_legislative_election" class="mw-redirect" title="1930 Polish legislative election">1930</a> </td> <td> <table style="width:100%; text-align:center; font-weight:bold; color:white; text-shadow: 1px 1px 1px #000000;"> <tbody><tr> <td style="background-color: #BC235B; width: 17.79%">79 </td> <td style="background-color: #CE9135; width: 1.13%">5 </td> <td style="background-color: #0038b8; width: 1.58%">7 </td> <td style="background-color: #ffd700; width: 4.73%">21 </td> <td style="background-color: #DCDCDC; width: 1.35%">6 </td> <td style="background-color: #3346AD; width: 3.15%">14 </td> <td style="background-color: #A9A9A9; width: 56.08%">249 </td> <td style="background-color: #5E5151; width: 14.19%">63 </td></tr></tbody></table> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/1935_Polish_legislative_election" class="mw-redirect" title="1935 Polish legislative election">1935</a> </td> <td> <table style="width:100%; text-align:center; font-weight:bold; color:white; text-shadow: 1px 1px 1px #000000;"> <tbody><tr> <td style="background-color: #CE9135; width: 12.14%">25 </td> <td style="background-color: #A9A9A9; width: 87.86%">181 </td></tr></tbody></table> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/1938_Polish_legislative_election" class="mw-redirect" title="1938 Polish legislative election">1938</a> </td> <td> <table style="width:100%; text-align:center; font-weight:bold; color:white; text-shadow: 1px 1px 1px #000000;"> <tbody><tr> <td style="background-color: #0038b8; width: 2.40%">5 </td> <td style="background-color: #ffd700; width: 8.65%">18 </td> <td style="background-color: #DCDCDC; width: 10.10%">21 </td> <td style="background-color: #00177C; width: 78.85%">164 </td></tr></tbody></table> </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="PRL_(1945–1989)"><span id="PRL_.281945.E2.80.931989.29"></span><a href="/wiki/Polish_People%27s_Republic" title="Polish People's Republic">PRL</a> (1945–1989)</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sejm&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: PRL (1945–1989)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <table class="wikitable" width="100%" style="border:solid #000000 1px;font-size:95%;"> <tbody><tr> <td colspan="2"> <table width="100%" style="font-size:90%;"> <tbody><tr> <td width="40"> </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959" /><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#E3401B; color:black;-webkit-print-color-adjust: exact; print-color-adjust: exact;"> </span> <a href="/wiki/Polish_Workers%27_Party" title="Polish Workers' Party">PPR</a></div> </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959" /><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#E3401B; color:black;-webkit-print-color-adjust: exact; print-color-adjust: exact;"> </span> <a href="/wiki/Polish_United_Workers%27_Party" title="Polish United Workers' Party">PZPR</a></div> </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959" /><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#D62D32; color:white;-webkit-print-color-adjust: exact; print-color-adjust: exact;"> </span> <a href="/wiki/Polish_Socialist_Party" title="Polish Socialist Party">PPS</a></div> </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959" /><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#05764E; color:white;-webkit-print-color-adjust: exact; print-color-adjust: exact;"> </span> <a href="/wiki/United_People%27s_Party_(Poland)" title="United People's Party (Poland)">SL/ZSL</a></div> </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959" /><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#80461B; color:white;-webkit-print-color-adjust: exact; print-color-adjust: exact;"> </span> <a href="/wiki/Polish_People%27s_Party_%22Nowe_Wyzwolenie%22" title="Polish People's Party "Nowe Wyzwolenie"">PSL "NW"</a></div> </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959" /><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#475196; color:white;-webkit-print-color-adjust: exact; print-color-adjust: exact;"> </span> <a href="/wiki/Alliance_of_Democrats_(Poland)" title="Alliance of Democrats (Poland)">SD</a></div> </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959" /><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#255229; color:white;-webkit-print-color-adjust: exact; print-color-adjust: exact;"> </span> <a href="/wiki/Polish_People%27s_Party_(1945%E2%80%931949)" title="Polish People's Party (1945–1949)">PSL</a></div> </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959" /><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#DCDCDC; color:black;-webkit-print-color-adjust: exact; print-color-adjust: exact;"> </span> Independent</div> </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959" /><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#F56914; color:black;-webkit-print-color-adjust: exact; print-color-adjust: exact;"> </span> <a href="/wiki/Solidarity_Citizens%27_Committee" title="Solidarity Citizens' Committee">KO "S"</a></div> </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959" /><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#1693F4; color:black;-webkit-print-color-adjust: exact; print-color-adjust: exact;"> </span> <a href="/wiki/Labour_Faction_(1937)" title="Labour Faction (1937)">SP</a></div> </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959" /><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#223D2E; color:white;-webkit-print-color-adjust: exact; print-color-adjust: exact;"> </span> <a href="/wiki/PAX_Association" title="PAX Association">PAX</a></div> </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959" /><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#793415; color:white;-webkit-print-color-adjust: exact; print-color-adjust: exact;"> </span> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Christian-Social_Union&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Christian-Social Union (page does not exist)">ChSS</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chrze%C5%9Bcija%C5%84skie_Stowarzyszenie_Spo%C5%82eczne" class="extiw" title="pl:Chrześcijańskie Stowarzyszenie Społeczne">pl</a>]</span></div> </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959" /><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#4320DC; color:white;-webkit-print-color-adjust: exact; print-color-adjust: exact;"> </span> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Polish_Catholic-Social_Association&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Polish Catholic-Social Association (page does not exist)">PZKS</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polski_Zwi%C4%85zek_Katolicko-Spo%C5%82eczny" class="extiw" title="pl:Polski Związek Katolicko-Społeczny">pl</a>]</span></div> </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959" /><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#000000; color:white;-webkit-print-color-adjust: exact; print-color-adjust: exact;"> </span> <a href="/wiki/Znak_(association)" title="Znak (association)">Znak</a></div> </td></tr></tbody></table> </td></tr> <tr> <td width="40"><a href="/wiki/1947_Polish_legislative_election" class="mw-redirect" title="1947 Polish legislative election">1947</a> </td> <td> <table style="width:100%; text-align:center; font-weight:bold; color:white; text-shadow: 1px 1px 1px #000000;"> <tbody><tr> <td style="background-color: #E3401B; width: 25.68%">114 </td> <td style="background-color: #D62D32; width: 26.13%">116 </td> <td style="background-color: #05764E; width: 24.55%">109 </td> <td style="background-color: #80461B; width: 1.58%">7 </td> <td style="background-color: #475196; width: 9.23%">41 </td> <td style="background-color: #255229; width: 6.31%">28 </td> <td style="background-color: #DCDCDC; width: 0.68%">3 </td> <td style="background-color: #1693F4; width: 2.70%">12 </td></tr></tbody></table> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/1952_Polish_legislative_election" class="mw-redirect" title="1952 Polish legislative election">1952</a> </td> <td> <table style="width:100%; text-align:center; font-weight:bold; color:white; text-shadow: 1px 1px 1px #000000;"> <tbody><tr> <td style="background-color: #E3401B; width: 64.24%">273 </td> <td style="background-color: #05764E; width: 21.18%">90 </td> <td style="background-color: #475196; width: 5.88%">25 </td> <td style="background-color: #DCDCDC; width: 8.71%">37 </td></tr></tbody></table> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/1957_Polish_legislative_election" class="mw-redirect" title="1957 Polish legislative election">1957</a> </td> <td> <table style="width:100%; text-align:center; font-weight:bold; color:white; text-shadow: 1px 1px 1px #000000;"> <tbody><tr> <td style="background-color: #E3401B; width: 52.07%">239 </td> <td style="background-color: #05764E; width: 25.71%">118 </td> <td style="background-color: #475196; width: 8.50%">39 </td> <td style="background-color: #DCDCDC; width: 12.64%">58 </td> <td style="background-color: #000000; width: 1.09%">5 </td></tr></tbody></table> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/1961_Polish_legislative_election" class="mw-redirect" title="1961 Polish legislative election">1961</a> </td> <td> <table style="width:100%; text-align:center; font-weight:bold; color:white; text-shadow: 1px 1px 1px #000000;"> <tbody><tr> <td style="background-color: #E3401B; width: 55.65%">256 </td> <td style="background-color: #05764E; width: 25.43%">117 </td> <td style="background-color: #475196; width: 8.48%">39 </td> <td style="background-color: #DCDCDC; width: 8.04%">37 </td> <td style="background-color: #223D2E; width: 0.65%">3 </td> <td style="background-color: #793415; width: 0.65%">3 </td> <td style="background-color: #000000; width: 1.09%">5 </td></tr></tbody></table> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/1965_Polish_legislative_election" class="mw-redirect" title="1965 Polish legislative election">1965</a> </td> <td> <table style="width:100%; text-align:center; font-weight:bold; color:white; text-shadow: 1px 1px 1px #000000;"> <tbody><tr> <td style="background-color: #E3401B; width: 55.43%">255 </td> <td style="background-color: #05764E; width: 25.43%">117 </td> <td style="background-color: #475196; width: 8.48%">39 </td> <td style="background-color: #DCDCDC; width: 7.83%">36 </td> <td style="background-color: #223D2E; width: 1.09%">5 </td> <td style="background-color: #793415; width: 0.65%">3 </td> <td style="background-color: #000000; width: 1.09%">5 </td></tr></tbody></table> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/1969_Polish_legislative_election" class="mw-redirect" title="1969 Polish legislative election">1969</a> </td> <td> <table style="width:100%; text-align:center; font-weight:bold; color:white; text-shadow: 1px 1px 1px #000000;"> <tbody><tr> <td style="background-color: #E3401B; width: 55.43%">255 </td> <td style="background-color: #05764E; width: 25.43%">117 </td> <td style="background-color: #475196; width: 8.48%">39 </td> <td style="background-color: #DCDCDC; width: 8.04%">37 </td> <td style="background-color: #223D2E; width: 1.09%">5 </td> <td style="background-color: #793415; width: 0.43%">2 </td> <td style="background-color: #000000; width: 1.09%">5 </td></tr></tbody></table> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/1972_Polish_legislative_election" class="mw-redirect" title="1972 Polish legislative election">1972</a> </td> <td> <table style="width:100%; text-align:center; font-weight:bold; color:white; text-shadow: 1px 1px 1px #000000;"> <tbody><tr> <td style="background-color: #E3401B; width: 55.43%">255 </td> <td style="background-color: #05764E; width: 25.43%">117 </td> <td style="background-color: #475196; width: 8.48%">39 </td> <td style="background-color: #DCDCDC; width: 8.04%">37 </td> <td style="background-color: #223D2E; width: 1.09%">5 </td> <td style="background-color: #793415; width: 0.43%">2 </td> <td style="background-color: #000000; width: 1.09%">5 </td></tr></tbody></table> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/1976_Polish_legislative_election" class="mw-redirect" title="1976 Polish legislative election">1976</a> </td> <td> <table style="width:100%; text-align:center; font-weight:bold; color:white; text-shadow: 1px 1px 1px #000000;"> <tbody><tr> <td style="background-color: #E3401B; width: 56.74%">261 </td> <td style="background-color: #05764E; width: 24.57%">113 </td> <td style="background-color: #475196; width: 8.04%">37 </td> <td style="background-color: #DCDCDC; width: 8.04%">37 </td> <td style="background-color: #223D2E; width: 1.09%">5 </td> <td style="background-color: #793415; width: 0.43%">2 </td> <td style="background-color: #000000; width: 1.09%">5 </td></tr></tbody></table> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/1980_Polish_legislative_election" class="mw-redirect" title="1980 Polish legislative election">1980</a> </td> <td> <table style="width:100%; text-align:center; font-weight:bold; color:white; text-shadow: 1px 1px 1px #000000;"> <tbody><tr> <td style="background-color: #E3401B; width: 56.74%">261 </td> <td style="background-color: #05764E; width: 24.57%">113 </td> <td style="background-color: #475196; width: 8.04%">37 </td> <td style="background-color: #DCDCDC; width: 6.96%;">32 </td> <td style="background-color: #223D2E; width: 1.52%">7 </td> <td style="background-color: #793415; width: 1.09%">5 </td> <td style="background-color: #000000; width: 1.09%">5 </td></tr></tbody></table> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/1985_Polish_legislative_election" class="mw-redirect" title="1985 Polish legislative election">1985</a> </td> <td> <table style="width:100%; text-align:center; font-weight:bold; color:white; text-shadow: 1px 1px 1px #000000;"> <tbody><tr> <td style="background-color: #E3401B; width: 53.26%">245 </td> <td style="background-color: #05764E; width: 23.04%">106 </td> <td style="background-color: #475196; width: 7.61%">35 </td> <td style="background-color: #DCDCDC; width: 11.52%">53 </td> <td style="background-color: #223D2E; width: 1.96%">9 </td> <td style="background-color: #793415; width: 1.52%">7 </td> <td style="background-color: #4320DC; width: 1.09%">5 </td></tr></tbody></table> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/1989_Polish_legislative_election" class="mw-redirect" title="1989 Polish legislative election">1989</a> </td> <td> <table style="width:100%; text-align:center; font-weight:bold; color:white; text-shadow: 1px 1px 1px #000000;"> <tbody><tr> <td style="background-color: #E3401B; width: 37.61%">173 </td> <td style="background-color: #05764E; width: 16.52%">76 </td> <td style="background-color: #475196; width: 5.87%">27 </td> <td style="background-color: #F56914; width: 35.00%">161 </td> <td style="background-color: #223D2E; width: 2.17%">10 </td> <td style="background-color: #793415; width: 1.74%">8 </td> <td style="background-color: #4320DC; width: 1.09%">5 </td></tr></tbody></table> </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Third_republic_(since_1989)"><span id="Third_republic_.28since_1989.29"></span>Third republic (since 1989)</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sejm&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Third republic (since 1989)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <table class="wikitable" width="100%" style="border:solid #000000 1px;font-size:95%;"> <tbody><tr> <td colspan="2"> <table width="100%" style="font-size:90%;"> <tbody><tr> <td width="40"> </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959" /><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#FFCD1A; color:black;-webkit-print-color-adjust: exact; print-color-adjust: exact;"> </span> <a href="/wiki/Self-Defence_of_the_Republic_of_Poland" title="Self-Defence of the Republic of Poland">SRP</a></div> </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959" /><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#ED1C24; color:black;-webkit-print-color-adjust: exact; print-color-adjust: exact;"> </span> <a href="/wiki/Labour_Union_(Poland)" title="Labour Union (Poland)">UP</a></div> </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959" /><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#E2001A; color:white;-webkit-print-color-adjust: exact; print-color-adjust: exact;"> </span> <a href="/wiki/Democratic_Left_Alliance_(Poland)" title="Democratic Left Alliance (Poland)">SLD</a> / <a href="/wiki/New_Left_(Poland)" title="New Left (Poland)">NL</a></div> </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959" /><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#F89AB5; color:black;-webkit-print-color-adjust: exact; print-color-adjust: exact;"> </span> <a href="/wiki/Solidarity_(Polish_trade_union)" title="Solidarity (Polish trade union)">"S"</a></div> </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959" /><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#F08705; color:black;-webkit-print-color-adjust: exact; print-color-adjust: exact;"> </span> <a href="/wiki/Palikot%27s_Movement" class="mw-redirect" title="Palikot's Movement">RP</a></div> </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959" /><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#1BB100; color:black;-webkit-print-color-adjust: exact; print-color-adjust: exact;"> </span> <a href="/wiki/Polish_People%27s_Party" title="Polish People's Party">PSL</a><sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>m<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> / <a href="/wiki/Third_Way_(Poland)" title="Third Way (Poland)">TD</a></div> </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959" /><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#237FC2; color:black;-webkit-print-color-adjust: exact; print-color-adjust: exact;"> </span> <a href="/wiki/German_Minority_Electoral_Committee" title="German Minority Electoral Committee">Germans</a></div> </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959" /><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#A9A9A9; color:black;-webkit-print-color-adjust: exact; print-color-adjust: exact;"> </span> <a href="/wiki/Nonpartisan_Bloc_for_Support_of_Reforms" title="Nonpartisan Bloc for Support of Reforms">BBWR</a></div> </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959" /><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#F68F2D; color:black;-webkit-print-color-adjust: exact; print-color-adjust: exact;"> </span> <a href="/wiki/Civic_Platform" title="Civic Platform">PO</a> / <a href="/wiki/Civic_Coalition_(Poland)" title="Civic Coalition (Poland)">KO</a></div> </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959" /><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#DB812E; color:black;-webkit-print-color-adjust: exact; print-color-adjust: exact;"> </span> <a href="/wiki/Democratic_Union_(Poland)" title="Democratic Union (Poland)">UD</a></div> </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959" /><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#2666AE; color:white;-webkit-print-color-adjust: exact; print-color-adjust: exact;"> </span> <a href="/wiki/Freedom_Union_(Poland)" title="Freedom Union (Poland)">UW</a></div> </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959" /><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#808080; color:black;-webkit-print-color-adjust: exact; print-color-adjust: exact;"> </span> Others</div> </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959" /><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#005CA9; color:white;-webkit-print-color-adjust: exact; print-color-adjust: exact;"> </span> <a href="/wiki/Modern_(political_party)" title="Modern (political party)">.N</a></div> </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959" /><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#007FB2; color:black;-webkit-print-color-adjust: exact; print-color-adjust: exact;"> </span> <a href="/wiki/Liberal_Democratic_Congress" title="Liberal Democratic Congress">KLD</a></div> </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959" /><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#C1C1C1; color:black;-webkit-print-color-adjust: exact; print-color-adjust: exact;"> </span> <a href="/wiki/Solidarity_Electoral_Action" title="Solidarity Electoral Action">AWS</a></div> </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959" /><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#FAB43A; color:black;-webkit-print-color-adjust: exact; print-color-adjust: exact;"> </span> <a href="/wiki/Polish_Beer-Lovers%27_Party" title="Polish Beer-Lovers' Party">PPPP</a></div> </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959" /><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#7dad0b; color:black;-webkit-print-color-adjust: exact; print-color-adjust: exact;"> </span> <a href="/wiki/Peasants%27_Agreement" title="Peasants' Agreement">PL</a></div> </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959" /><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#dd1d1a; color:white;-webkit-print-color-adjust: exact; print-color-adjust: exact;"> </span> <a href="/wiki/Centre_Agreement" title="Centre Agreement">PC</a></div> </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959" /><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#007FFF; color:black;-webkit-print-color-adjust: exact; print-color-adjust: exact;"> </span> <a href="/wiki/Christian_National_Union" title="Christian National Union">ZChN</a></div> </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959" /><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#263778; color:white;-webkit-print-color-adjust: exact; print-color-adjust: exact;"> </span> <a href="/wiki/Law_and_Justice" title="Law and Justice">PiS</a></div> </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959" /><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#000000; color:white;-webkit-print-color-adjust: exact; print-color-adjust: exact;"> </span> <a href="/wiki/Kukiz%2715" title="Kukiz'15">K'15</a></div> </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959" /><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#333300; color:white;-webkit-print-color-adjust: exact; print-color-adjust: exact;"> </span> <a href="/wiki/Confederation_for_an_Independent_Poland" class="mw-redirect" title="Confederation for an Independent Poland">KPN</a></div> </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959" /><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#122746; color:white;-webkit-print-color-adjust: exact; print-color-adjust: exact;"> </span> <a href="/wiki/Confederation_Liberty_and_Independence" title="Confederation Liberty and Independence">Konf</a></div> </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959" /><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#2DA0D2; color:black;-webkit-print-color-adjust: exact; print-color-adjust: exact;"> </span> <a href="/wiki/League_of_Polish_Families" title="League of Polish Families">LPR</a></div> </td></tr></tbody></table> </td></tr> <tr> <td width="40"><a href="/wiki/1991_Polish_parliamentary_election" title="1991 Polish parliamentary election">1991</a> </td> <td> <table style="width:100%; text-align:center; font-weight:bold; color:white; text-shadow: 1px 1px 1px #000000;"> <tbody><tr> <td style="background-color: #E2001A; width: 13.04%">60 </td> <td style="background-color: #F89AB5; width: 5.87%">27 </td> <td style="background-color: #1BB100; width: 10.43%">48 </td> <td style="background-color: #237FC2; width: 1.52%">7 </td> <td style="background-color: #808080; width: 7.83%">36 </td> <td style="background-color: #DB812E; width: 13.49%">62 </td> <td style="background-color: #FAB43A; width: 3.48%">16 </td> <td style="background-color: #007FB2; width: 8.04%">37 </td> <td style="background-color: #7dad0b; width: 6.09%">28 </td> <td style="background-color: #dd1d1a; width: 9.57%">44 </td> <td style="background-color: #007FFF; width: 10.65%">49 </td> <td style="background-color: #333300; width: 10.00%">46 </td></tr></tbody></table> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/1993_Polish_parliamentary_election" title="1993 Polish parliamentary election">1993</a> </td> <td> <table style="width:100%; text-align:center; font-weight:bold; color:white; text-shadow: 1px 1px 1px #000000;"> <tbody><tr> <td style="background-color: #ED1C24; width: 8.91%">41 </td> <td style="background-color: #E2001A; width: 37.17%">171 </td> <td style="background-color: #1BB100; width: 28.70%">132 </td> <td style="background-color: #237FC2; width: 0.87%">4 </td> <td style="background-color: #A9A9A9; width: 3.48%">16 </td> <td style="background-color: #DB812E; width: 16.09%">74 </td> <td style="background-color: #333300; width: 4,78%">22 </td></tr></tbody></table> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/1997_Polish_parliamentary_election" title="1997 Polish parliamentary election">1997</a> </td> <td> <table style="width:100%; text-align:center; font-weight:bold; color:white; text-shadow: 1px 1px 1px #000000;"> <tbody><tr> <td style="background-color: #E2001A; width: 35.65%">164 </td> <td style="background-color: #1BB100; width: 5.87%">27 </td> <td style="background-color: #237FC2; width: 0.43%">2 </td> <td style="background-color: #808080; width: 1.30%">6 </td> <td style="background-color: #2666AE; width: 13.04%">60 </td> <td style="background-color: #C1C1C1; width: 43,70%">201 </td></tr></tbody></table> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/2001_Polish_parliamentary_election" title="2001 Polish parliamentary election">2001</a> </td> <td> <table style="width:100%; text-align:center; font-weight:bold; color:white; text-shadow: 1px 1px 1px #000000;"> <tbody><tr> <td style="background-color: #FFCD1A; width: 11.52%">53 </td> <td style="background-color: #E2001A; width: 46.96%">216 </td> <td style="background-color: #1BB100; width: 9.13%">42 </td> <td style="background-color: #237FC2; width: 0.43%">2 </td> <td style="background-color: #F68F2D; width: 14.13%">65 </td> <td style="background-color: #263778; width: 9.57%">44 </td> <td style="background-color: #2DA0D2; width: 8.26%">38 </td></tr></tbody></table> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/2005_Polish_parliamentary_election" title="2005 Polish parliamentary election">2005</a> </td> <td> <table style="width:100%; text-align:center; font-weight:bold; color:white; text-shadow: 1px 1px 1px #000000;"> <tbody><tr> <td style="background-color: #FFCD1A; width: 12.17%">56 </td> <td style="background-color: #E2001A; width: 11.96%">55 </td> <td style="background-color: #1BB100; width: 5.43%">25 </td> <td style="background-color: #237FC2; width: 0.43%">2 </td> <td style="background-color: #F68F2D; width: 28.91%">133 </td> <td style="background-color: #263778; width: 33.70%">155 </td> <td style="background-color: #2DA0D2; width: 7.39%">34 </td></tr></tbody></table> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/2007_Polish_parliamentary_election" title="2007 Polish parliamentary election">2007</a> </td> <td> <table style="width:100%; text-align:center; font-weight:bold; color:white; text-shadow: 1px 1px 1px #000000;"> <tbody><tr> <td style="background-color: #E2001A; width: 11.52%">53 </td> <td style="background-color: #1BB100; width: 6.74%">31 </td> <td style="background-color: #237FC2; width: 0.22%">1 </td> <td style="background-color: #F68F2D; width: 45.43%">209 </td> <td style="background-color: #263778; width: 36.09%">166 </td></tr></tbody></table> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/2011_Polish_parliamentary_election" title="2011 Polish parliamentary election">2011</a> </td> <td> <table style="width:100%; text-align:center; font-weight:bold; color:white; text-shadow: 1px 1px 1px #000000;"> <tbody><tr> <td style="background-color: #E2001A; width: 5.87%">27 </td> <td style="background-color: #F08705; width: 8.70%">40 </td> <td style="background-color: #237FC2; width: 0.22%">1 </td> <td style="background-color: #F68F2D; width: 45.00%">207 </td> <td style="background-color: #1BB100; width: 6.09%">28 </td> <td style="background-color: #263778; width: 34.13%">157 </td></tr></tbody></table> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/2015_Polish_parliamentary_election" title="2015 Polish parliamentary election">2015</a> </td> <td> <table style="width:100%; text-align:center; font-weight:bold; color:white; text-shadow: 1px 1px 1px #000000;"> <tbody><tr> <td style="background-color: #237FC2; width: 0.22%">1 </td> <td style="background-color: #F68F2D; width: 30.00%">138 </td> <td style="background-color: #1BB100; width: 3.48%">16 </td> <td style="background-color: #005CA9; width: 6.09%">28 </td> <td style="background-color: #263778; width: 51.09%">235 </td> <td style="background-color: #000000; width: 9.13%">42 </td></tr></tbody></table> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/2019_Polish_parliamentary_election" title="2019 Polish parliamentary election">2019</a> </td> <td> <table style="width:100%; text-align:center; font-weight:bold; color:white; text-shadow: 1px 1px 1px #000000;"> <tbody><tr> <td style="background-color: #E2001A; width: 10.65%">49 </td> <td style="background-color: #237FC2; width: 0.22%">1 </td> <td style="background-color: #F68F2D; width: 29.13%">134 </td> <td style="background-color: #1BB100; width: 6.52%">30 </td> <td style="background-color: #263778; width: 51.09%">235 </td> <td style="background-color: #122746; width: 2.39%">11 </td></tr></tbody></table> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/2023_Polish_parliamentary_election" title="2023 Polish parliamentary election">2023</a> </td> <td> <table style="width:100%; text-align:center; font-weight:bold; color:white; text-shadow: 1px 1px 1px #000000;"> <tbody><tr> <td style="background-color: #E2001A; width: 5.65%">26 </td> <td style="background-color: #F68F2D; width: 34.13%">157 </td> <td style="background-color: #1BB100; width: 14.13%">65 </td> <td style="background-color: #263778; width: 42.17%">194 </td> <td style="background-color: #122746; width: 3.91%">18 </td></tr></tbody></table> </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Standing_committees">Standing committees</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sejm&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Standing committees"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The Sejm has several <a href="/wiki/Standing_committees" class="mw-redirect" title="Standing committees">standing committees</a> with responsibilities in particular areas.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1184024115">.mw-parser-output .div-col{margin-top:0.3em;column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .div-col-small{font-size:90%}.mw-parser-output .div-col-rules{column-rule:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .div-col dl,.mw-parser-output .div-col ol,.mw-parser-output .div-col ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .div-col li,.mw-parser-output .div-col dd{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}</style><div class="div-col" style="column-width: 40em;"><b>Permanent committees</b> <ul><li>Administration and Internal Affairs</li> <li>Agriculture and Rural Development</li> <li>Constitutional Accountability</li> <li>Culture and Media</li> <li>Deputies' Ethics</li> <li>Digitization, Innovation and Modern Technology</li> <li>Economy and Development</li> <li>Education, Science and Youth</li> <li>Energy, Climate and State Assets</li> <li>Environment Protection, Natural Resources and Forestry</li> <li>European Union Affairs</li> <li>Foreign Affairs</li> <li>Health</li> <li>Infrastructure</li> <li>Justice and Human Rights</li> <li>Legislative</li> <li>Liaison with Poles Abroad</li> <li>Local Self-Government and Regional Policy</li> <li>Maritime Economy and Inland Navigation</li> <li>National and Ethnic Minorities</li> <li>National Defense</li> <li>Petition</li> <li>Physical Education and Sport</li> <li>Public Finances</li> <li>Rules and Deputies' Affairs</li> <li>Senior Policy</li> <li>Social Policy and Family</li> <li>Special Services</li> <li>State Control</li></ul> <p><br /> <b>Extraordinary committees</b> </p> <ul><li>For changes in codification</li> <li>To consider draft laws regarding the right to terminate pregnancy</li></ul> <p><br /> <b>Investigative committees</b> </p> <ul><li>To investigate the legality, correctness, and purposefulness of actions taken with the goal of preparing and holding the Polish Presidential Elections in 2020 in the form of postal voting</li> <li>To investigate the legality, correctness and purposefulness of actions, as well as the occurrence of abuse, neglect, and omissions regarding the legalisation of stay for foreigners within the territory of the Republic of Poland between 12 November 2019 and 20 November 2023</li> <li>To investigate the legality, correctness, and purposefulness of operational and reconnaissance activities taken among others with the use of the "Pegasus" software by the members of the council of ministers, special forces, police, tax control authorities and customs control authorities, bodies established to prosecute criminals, and the proscecutor's office between 16 November 2015 and 20 November 2023</li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Current_standings">Current standings</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sejm&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Current standings"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <table class="wikitable" style="text-align: center"> <caption><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231" /><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini" style="float:right;"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:10th_term_Sejm_and_11th_term_Senate_of_Poland" title="Template:10th term Sejm and 11th term Senate of Poland"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Template_talk:10th_term_Sejm_and_11th_term_Senate_of_Poland&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Template talk:10th term Sejm and 11th term Senate of Poland (page does not exist)"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:10th_term_Sejm_and_11th_term_Senate_of_Poland" title="Special:EditPage/Template:10th term Sejm and 11th term Senate of Poland"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><br />Standings in the 10th Sejm and the 11th Senate </caption> <tbody><tr> <th rowspan="2" colspan="2">Affiliation</th> <th colspan="3">Deputies (<a class="mw-selflink selflink">Sejm</a>)</th> <th colspan="3">Senators (<a href="/wiki/Senate_of_Poland" title="Senate of Poland">Senate</a>) </th></tr> <tr> <th>Results of the<br /><a href="/wiki/2023_Polish_parliamentary_election" title="2023 Polish parliamentary election">2023 election</a></th> <th>As of<br />15 March 2025 </th> <th>Change </th> <th>Results of the<br /><a href="/wiki/2023_Polish_parliamentary_election" title="2023 Polish parliamentary election">2023 election</a></th> <th>As of<br />15 March 2025 </th> <th>Change </th></tr> <tr> <td colspan="8"><b>Parliamentary clubs</b> </td></tr> <tr> <td bgcolor="#263778"></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Law_and_Justice_(Poland)" class="mw-redirect" title="Law and Justice (Poland)">Law and Justice</a></td> <td>194</td> <td>190</td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Decrease"><img alt="Decrease" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/11px-Decrease2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/17px-Decrease2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/22px-Decrease2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /></span></span> 4</td> <td>34</td> <td>34</td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Steady"><img alt="Steady" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Steady2.svg/11px-Steady2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Steady2.svg/17px-Steady2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Steady2.svg/22px-Steady2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /></span></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td bgcolor="#F68F2D"></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Civic_Coalition_(Poland)" title="Civic Coalition (Poland)">Civic Coalition</a></td> <td>157</td> <td>157</td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Steady"><img alt="Steady" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Steady2.svg/11px-Steady2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Steady2.svg/17px-Steady2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Steady2.svg/22px-Steady2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /></span></span></td> <td>41</td> <td>41</td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Steady"><img alt="Steady" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Steady2.svg/11px-Steady2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Steady2.svg/17px-Steady2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Steady2.svg/22px-Steady2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /></span></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td bgcolor="#FAC300"></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Poland_2050" title="Poland 2050">Poland 2050</a></td> <td>33</td> <td>32</td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Decrease"><img alt="Decrease" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/11px-Decrease2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/17px-Decrease2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/22px-Decrease2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /></span></span> 1</td> <td rowspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Third_Way_(Poland)" title="Third Way (Poland)">11</a></td> <td rowspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Third_Way_(Poland)" title="Third Way (Poland)">12</a></td> <td rowspan="2"><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Increase"><img alt="Increase" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/11px-Increase2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/17px-Increase2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/22px-Increase2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /></span></span> 1 </td></tr> <tr> <td bgcolor="#1BB100"></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Polish_People%27s_Party" title="Polish People's Party">Polish People's Party</a></td> <td>32</td> <td>32</td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Steady"><img alt="Steady" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Steady2.svg/11px-Steady2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Steady2.svg/17px-Steady2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Steady2.svg/22px-Steady2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /></span></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td bgcolor="#AC145A"></td> <td><a href="/wiki/The_Left_(Poland)" title="The Left (Poland)">The Left</a></td> <td>26</td> <td>21</td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Decrease"><img alt="Decrease" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/11px-Decrease2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/17px-Decrease2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/22px-Decrease2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /></span></span> 5</td> <td>9</td> <td>9</td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Steady"><img alt="Steady" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Steady2.svg/11px-Steady2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Steady2.svg/17px-Steady2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Steady2.svg/22px-Steady2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /></span></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="8"><b>Deputative circles</b> </td></tr> <tr> <td bgcolor="#122746"></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Confederation_Freedom_and_Independence" class="mw-redirect" title="Confederation Freedom and Independence">Confederation</a></td> <td>18</td> <td>16</td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Decrease"><img alt="Decrease" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/11px-Decrease2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/17px-Decrease2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/22px-Decrease2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /></span></span> 2</td> <td>—</td> <td>—</td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Steady"><img alt="Steady" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Steady2.svg/11px-Steady2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Steady2.svg/17px-Steady2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Steady2.svg/22px-Steady2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /></span></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td bgcolor="#870f57"></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Together_Party" class="mw-redirect" title="Together Party">Razem</a></td> <td>—</td> <td>5</td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Increase"><img alt="Increase" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/11px-Increase2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/17px-Increase2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/22px-Increase2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /></span></span> 5</td> <td>—</td> <td>—</td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Steady"><img alt="Steady" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Steady2.svg/11px-Steady2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Steady2.svg/17px-Steady2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Steady2.svg/22px-Steady2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /></span></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td bgcolor="#000000"></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Free_Republicans" title="Free Republicans">Free Republicans</a></td> <td>—</td> <td>4</td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Increase"><img alt="Increase" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/11px-Increase2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/17px-Increase2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/22px-Increase2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /></span></span> 4</td> <td>—</td> <td>—</td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Steady"><img alt="Steady" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Steady2.svg/11px-Steady2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Steady2.svg/17px-Steady2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Steady2.svg/22px-Steady2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /></span></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="8"><b>Senatorial circles</b> </td></tr> <tr> <td bgcolor="#DCDCDC"></td> <td>Independents and Locals</td> <td>—</td> <td>—</td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Steady"><img alt="Steady" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Steady2.svg/11px-Steady2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Steady2.svg/17px-Steady2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Steady2.svg/22px-Steady2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /></span></span></td> <td>—</td> <td>3</td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Increase"><img alt="Increase" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/11px-Increase2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/17px-Increase2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/22px-Increase2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /></span></span> 3 </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="8"><b>Independents</b> </td></tr> <tr> <td bgcolor="#DCDCDC"></td> <td>Independents</td> <td>—</td> <td>3</td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Increase"><img alt="Increase" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/11px-Increase2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/17px-Increase2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/22px-Increase2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /></span></span> 3</td> <td>5</td> <td>—</td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Decrease"><img alt="Decrease" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/11px-Decrease2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/17px-Decrease2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/22px-Decrease2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /></span></span> 5 </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2"><b>Total members</b></td> <td><b>460</b></td> <td><b>460</b></td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Steady"><img alt="Steady" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Steady2.svg/11px-Steady2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Steady2.svg/17px-Steady2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Steady2.svg/22px-Steady2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /></span></span></td> <td><b>100</b></td> <td><b>100</b></td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Steady"><img alt="Steady" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Steady2.svg/11px-Steady2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Steady2.svg/17px-Steady2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Steady2.svg/22px-Steady2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /></span></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td bgcolor="#FFFFFF"></td> <td>Vacant</td> <td>—</td> <td>0</td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Steady"><img alt="Steady" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Steady2.svg/11px-Steady2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Steady2.svg/17px-Steady2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Steady2.svg/22px-Steady2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /></span></span></td> <td>—</td> <td>1</td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Increase"><img alt="Increase" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/11px-Increase2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/17px-Increase2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/22px-Increase2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /></span></span> 1 </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2">Total seats</td> <td colspan="3">460</td> <td colspan="3">100 </td></tr></tbody></table> <p><br /> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sejm&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Electoral_districts_of_Poland_(1935%E2%80%9339)" class="mw-redirect" title="Electoral districts of Poland (1935–39)">Electoral districts of Poland (1935–39)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polish_constitutional_crisis,_2015" class="mw-redirect" title="Polish constitutional crisis, 2015">Polish constitutional crisis, 2015</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Types_of_sejm">Types of <i>sejm</i></h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sejm&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Types of sejm"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Confederated_sejm" title="Confederated sejm">Confederated <i>sejm</i></a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(<i>Sejm skonfederowany</i>)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Convocation_sejm" class="mw-redirect" title="Convocation sejm">Convocation <i>sejm</i></a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(<i>Sejm konwokacyjny</i>)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coronation_sejm" class="mw-redirect" title="Coronation sejm">Coronation <i>sejm</i></a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(<i>Sejm koronacyjny</i>)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Election_Sejm" class="mw-redirect" title="Election Sejm">Election <i>sejm</i></a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(<i>Sejm elekcyjny</i>)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Assembly_of_the_Republic_of_Poland" class="mw-redirect" title="National Assembly of the Republic of Poland">National Assembly of the Republic of Poland</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(<i>Zgromadzenie Narodowe</i>)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Sejmik" title="Sejmik">Sejmik</a></i> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Voivodeship_sejmik" title="Voivodeship sejmik">Voivodeship <i>sejmik</i></a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(<i>Sejmik wojewódzki</i>)</span></li></ul></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Notable_sejms">Notable <i>sejm</i>s</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sejm&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Notable sejms"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Silent_Sejm" title="Silent Sejm">Silent <i>Sejm</i></a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(<i>Sejm Niemy</i> 1717)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Convocation_Sejm_(1764)" class="mw-redirect" title="Convocation Sejm (1764)">Convocation <i>Sejm</i> (1764)</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(<i>Sejm konwokacyjny</i>)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Repnin_Sejm" title="Repnin Sejm">Repnin <i>Sejm</i></a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(<i>Sejm Repninowski</i> 1767–1768)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Partition_Sejm" title="Partition Sejm">Partition <i>Sejm</i></a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(<i>Sejm rozbiorowy</i> 1773–1776)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Sejm" title="Great Sejm">Great <i>Sejm</i></a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(<i>Sejm Wielki</i> 1788–1792)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grodno_Sejm" title="Grodno Sejm">Grodno <i>Sejm</i></a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(<i>Sejm grodzieński</i> 1791)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Silesian_Sejm" class="mw-redirect" title="Silesian Sejm">Silesian <i>Sejm</i></a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(<i>Sejm Śląski</i> 1920–1939)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Contract_Sejm" title="Contract Sejm">Contract <i>Sejm</i></a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(<i>Sejm Kontraktowy</i> 1989)</span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sejm&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Notes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-lower-alpha"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Though the by-laws of the Sejm do not mention such a position, the leader of the largest opposition party is called leader of the opposition by convention.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (March 2024)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959" /><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#F68F2D; color:black;"> </span> <a href="/wiki/Civic_Platform" title="Civic Platform">PO</a> (125)</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959" /><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#005CA9; color:white;"> </span> <a href="/wiki/Modern_(political_party)" title="Modern (political party)">.N</a> (10)</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959" /><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#006B54; color:white;"> </span> <a href="/wiki/The_Greens_(Poland)" title="The Greens (Poland)">Greens</a> (3)</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959" /><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#F02837; color:black;"> </span> <a href="/wiki/Polish_Initiative" title="Polish Initiative">iPL</a> (2)</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959" /><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#A42B3A; color:white;"> </span> <a href="/wiki/Yes!_For_Poland" title="Yes! For Poland">T!DPL</a> (2)</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959" /><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#BBCB15; color:black;"> </span> <a href="/wiki/AGROunia" title="AGROunia">Au</a> (1)</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959" /><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#DCDCDC; color:black;"> </span> <a href="/wiki/Independent_politician" title="Independent politician">Independent</a> (13)</li></ul> </span></li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Marek_Biernacki" title="Marek Biernacki">Marek Biernacki</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959" /><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#1BB100; color:black;"> </span> <a href="/wiki/Polish_People%27s_Party" title="Polish People's Party">PSL</a> (28)</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959" /><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#993333; color:white;"> </span> <a href="/wiki/Centre_for_Poland" title="Centre for Poland">CdP</a> (3)</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959" /><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#DCDCDC; color:black;"> </span> <a href="/wiki/Independent_politician" title="Independent politician">Independent</a> (1)<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>c<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> </span></li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Daria_Gosek-Popio%C5%82ek" title="Daria Gosek-Popiołek">Daria Gosek-Popiołek</a>, <a href="/wiki/Dorota_Olko" title="Dorota Olko">Dorota Olko</a>, <a href="/wiki/Joanna_Wicha" title="Joanna Wicha">Joanna Wicha</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959" /><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#ac145a; color:white;"> </span> <a href="/wiki/New_Left_(Poland)" title="New Left (Poland)">NL</a> (18)</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959" /><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#DCDCDC; color:black;"> </span> <a href="/wiki/Independent_politician" title="Independent politician">Independent</a> (3)<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>e<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> </span></li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Adam_Gomo%C5%82a&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Adam Gomoła (page does not exist)">Adam Gomoła</a> elected on <a href="/wiki/Third_Way_(Poland)" title="Third Way (Poland)">Third Way</a> list</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959" /><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#263778; color:white;"> </span> <a href="/wiki/Law_and_Justice" title="Law and Justice">PiS</a> (181)</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959" /><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#E0115F; color:white;"> </span> <a href="/wiki/Renewal_of_the_Republic_of_Poland" title="Renewal of the Republic of Poland">ONRP</a> (5)</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959" /><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#DCDCDC; color:black;"> </span> <a href="/wiki/Independent_politician" title="Independent politician">Independent</a> (4)</li></ul> </span></li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Andrzej_Zapa%C5%82owski" class="mw-redirect" title="Andrzej Zapałowski">Andrzej Zapałowski</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959" /><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#E8B909; color:black;"> </span> <a href="/wiki/New_Hope_(Poland)" title="New Hope (Poland)">NN</a> (8)</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959" /><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#C11D1E; color:white;"> </span> <a href="/wiki/National_Movement_(Poland)" title="National Movement (Poland)">RN</a> (7)</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959" /><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#DCDCDC; color:black;"> </span> <a href="/wiki/Independent_politician" title="Independent politician">Independent</a> (1)<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>i<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> </span></li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959" /><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#000000; color:white;"> </span> <a href="/wiki/Kukiz%2715" title="Kukiz'15">K'15</a> (3)</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959" /><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#1560BD; color:white;"> </span> <a href="/wiki/Freedom_and_Prosperity_(Poland)" title="Freedom and Prosperity (Poland)">WiD</a> (1)</li></ul> </span></li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959" /><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#D4AA00; color:black;"> </span> <a href="/wiki/Confederation_of_the_Polish_Crown" title="Confederation of the Polish Crown">KKP</a> (2)</li></ul> </span></li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">PSL was a left-wing party until about 2008,<sup id="cite_ref-gerber_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-gerber-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and shifted towards the centre-right afterwards.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sejm&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626" /><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 40em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-autogenerated1-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-autogenerated1_13-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-autogenerated1_13-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-autogenerated1_13-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-autogenerated1_13-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-autogenerated1_13-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-autogenerated1_13-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-autogenerated1_13-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-autogenerated1_13-7"><sup><i><b>h</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20191015145404/http://opis.sejm.gov.pl/en/historiasejmu.php">"Poznaj Sejm"</a>. <i>opis.sejm.gov.pl</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://opis.sejm.gov.pl/en/historiasejmu.php">the original</a> on 15 October 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">16 June</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=opis.sejm.gov.pl&rft.atitle=Poznaj+Sejm&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fopis.sejm.gov.pl%2Fen%2Fhistoriasejmu.php&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASejm" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFDavies1982" class="citation book cs1">Davies, Norman (1982). <i>God's Playground: A History of Poland</i>. Columbia University Press. p. 302.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=God%27s+Playground%3A+A+History+of+Poland&rft.pages=302&rft.pub=Columbia+University+Press&rft.date=1982&rft.aulast=Davies&rft.aufirst=Norman&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASejm" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFStrauss1993" class="citation book cs1">Strauss, Herbert Arthur (1993). <i>Hostages of Modernization: Studies on Modern Antisemitism, 1870-1933/39</i>. Walter de Gruyter. p. 985.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Hostages+of+Modernization%3A+Studies+on+Modern+Antisemitism%2C+1870-1933%2F39&rft.pages=985&rft.pub=Walter+de+Gruyter&rft.date=1993&rft.aulast=Strauss&rft.aufirst=Herbert+Arthur&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASejm" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-PolandConstitutionChapter3-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-PolandConstitutionChapter3_16-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-PolandConstitutionChapter3_16-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://libr.sejm.gov.pl/tek01/txt/kpol/e1952a-r3.html">Chapter 3</a> of 1952 Constitution</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-cs-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-cs_17-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://countrystudies.us/poland/80.htm">Poland: a country study</a>. <a href="/wiki/Library_of_Congress" title="Library of Congress">Library of Congress</a> Federal Research Division, December 1989.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFThe_Associated_Press1992" class="citation web cs1">The Associated Press (22 October 1992). <span class="id-lock-subscription" title="Paid subscription required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/1992/10/22/obituaries/romuald-bukowski-polish-legislator-64.html">"Romuald Bukowski; Polish Legislator, 64"</a></span>. <i>The New York Times</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=Romuald+Bukowski%3B+Polish+Legislator%2C+64&rft.date=1992-10-22&rft.au=The+Associated+Press&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F1992%2F10%2F22%2Fobituaries%2Fromuald-bukowski-polish-legislator-64.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASejm" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-gerber-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-gerber_19-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFGerber2011" class="citation thesis cs1">Gerber, Alexandra (2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://deepblue.lib.umich.edu/bitstream/handle/2027.42/86261/alexaz_1.pdf?sequence=1"><i>Being Polish/Becoming European: Gender and The Limits of Diffusion in Polish Accession to the European Union</i></a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> (Doctor of Philosophy (Sociology) thesis). Ann Arbor, Michigan: University of Michigan. p. 167.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Adissertation&rft.title=Being+Polish%2FBecoming+European%3A+Gender+and+The+Limits+of+Diffusion+in+Polish+Accession+to+the+European+Union&rft.degree=Doctor+of+Philosophy+%28Sociology%29&rft.inst=University+of+Michigan&rft.date=2011&rft.aulast=Gerber&rft.aufirst=Alexandra&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdeepblue.lib.umich.edu%2Fbitstream%2Fhandle%2F2027.42%2F86261%2Falexaz_1.pdf%3Fsequence%3D1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASejm" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFSzustakiewicz2010" class="citation journal cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Szustakiewicz, Przemysław (2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://cejsh.icm.edu.pl/cejsh/element/bwmeta1.element.desklight-bee53e15-34e1-4a69-8da4-4be1f7c9752e">"Ideologia Polskiego Stronnictwa Ludowego na początku XXI wieku"</a>. <i>Studia Politologiczne</i> (in Polish). <b>18</b> (1). Instytut Nauk Politycznych Uniwersytetu Warszawskiego: 232.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Studia+Politologiczne&rft.atitle=Ideologia+Polskiego+Stronnictwa+Ludowego+na+pocz%C4%85tku+XXI+wieku&rft.volume=18&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=232&rft.date=2010&rft.aulast=Szustakiewicz&rft.aufirst=Przemys%C5%82aw&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fcejsh.icm.edu.pl%2Fcejsh%2Felement%2Fbwmeta1.element.desklight-bee53e15-34e1-4a69-8da4-4be1f7c9752e&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASejm" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.sejm.gov.pl/sejm10.nsf/agent.xsp?symbol=KOMISJE_STALE&Nrkadencji=10">"Komisje stałe - Sejm Rzeczypospolitej Polskiej"</a>. <i>www.sejm.gov.pl</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">28 January</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.sejm.gov.pl&rft.atitle=Komisje+sta%C5%82e+-+Sejm+Rzeczypospolitej+Polskiej&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.sejm.gov.pl%2Fsejm10.nsf%2Fagent.xsp%3Fsymbol%3DKOMISJE_STALE%26Nrkadencji%3D10&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASejm" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.sejm.gov.pl/sejm10.nsf/agent.xsp?symbol=KOMISJE_NADZWYCZAJNE&NrKadencji=10">"Komisje nadzwyczajne - Sejm Rzeczypospolitej Polskiej"</a>. <i>www.sejm.gov.pl</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">28 January</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.sejm.gov.pl&rft.atitle=Komisje+nadzwyczajne+-+Sejm+Rzeczypospolitej+Polskiej&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.sejm.gov.pl%2Fsejm10.nsf%2Fagent.xsp%3Fsymbol%3DKOMISJE_NADZWYCZAJNE%26NrKadencji%3D10&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASejm" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.sejm.gov.pl/sejm10.nsf/agent.xsp?symbol=KOMISJE_SLEDCZE&Nrkadencji=10">"Komisje śledcze - Sejm Rzeczypospolitej Polskiej"</a>. <i>www.sejm.gov.pl</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">28 January</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.sejm.gov.pl&rft.atitle=Komisje+%C5%9Bledcze+-+Sejm+Rzeczypospolitej+Polskiej&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.sejm.gov.pl%2Fsejm10.nsf%2Fagent.xsp%3Fsymbol%3DKOMISJE_SLEDCZE%26Nrkadencji%3D10&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASejm" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sejm&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><span class="official-website"><span class="url"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://sejm.gov.pl/english.html">Official website</a></span></span></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.sejm.gov.pl/english/sejm/sejm.htm">Description of the modern Sejm's role in the Polish political system</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.cnn.com/WORLD/election.watch/europe/poland3.html">CNN Election Watch</a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-title,.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow{padding:0.25em 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rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231" /><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Sejms" title="Template:Sejms"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Sejms" title="Template talk:Sejms"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Sejms" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Sejms"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Sejms_of_Poland735" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Sejms</a> of <a href="/wiki/Poland" title="Poland">Poland</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Coat_of_Arms_of_the_Polish_Crown.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Coat of Arms of the Crown of the Polish Kingdom"><img alt="Coat of Arms of the Crown of the Polish Kingdom" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Coat_of_Arms_of_the_Polish_Crown.svg/35px-Coat_of_Arms_of_the_Polish_Crown.svg.png" decoding="async" width="35" height="41" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Coat_of_Arms_of_the_Polish_Crown.svg/53px-Coat_of_Arms_of_the_Polish_Crown.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Coat_of_Arms_of_the_Polish_Crown.svg/70px-Coat_of_Arms_of_the_Polish_Crown.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="628" data-file-height="739" /></a></span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Kingdom_of_Poland_(1385–1569)156" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:15.1em;height:45px; line-height:1.3em; text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Poland_(1385%E2%80%931569)" class="mw-redirect" title="Kingdom of Poland (1385–1569)">Kingdom of Poland</a> <br /><span class="nobold"><small>(1385–1569)</small></span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sejm_of_the_Kingdom_of_Poland" title="Sejm of the Kingdom of Poland">Sejm of the Kingdom of Poland</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Herb_Rzeczypospolitej_Obojga_Narodow_(Alex_K).svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Coat of arms of Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth"><img alt="Coat of arms of Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/Herb_Rzeczypospolitej_Obojga_Narodow_%28Alex_K%29.svg/35px-Herb_Rzeczypospolitej_Obojga_Narodow_%28Alex_K%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="35" height="43" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/Herb_Rzeczypospolitej_Obojga_Narodow_%28Alex_K%29.svg/53px-Herb_Rzeczypospolitej_Obojga_Narodow_%28Alex_K%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/Herb_Rzeczypospolitej_Obojga_Narodow_%28Alex_K%29.svg/70px-Herb_Rzeczypospolitej_Obojga_Narodow_%28Alex_K%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="909" data-file-height="1127" /></a></span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Polish–LithuanianCommonwealth_(1569–1795)172" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:15.1em;height:45px; line-height:1.3em; text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Polish%E2%80%93Lithuanian_Commonwealth" title="Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth">Polish–Lithuanian<br />Commonwealth</a> <span class="nobold"><small>(1569–1795)</small></span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><div class="center" style="width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;">Only a limited number of individual sejms of this era is listed here</div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Silent_Sejm" title="Silent Sejm">Silent Sejm <small>(1717)</small></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pacification_Sejm_(1736)" title="Pacification Sejm (1736)">Pacification Sejm <small>(1736)</small></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Convocation_Sejm_(1764)" class="mw-redirect" title="Convocation Sejm (1764)">Convocation Sejm <small>(1764)</small></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Repnin_Sejm" title="Repnin Sejm">Repnin Sejm <small>(1767–68)</small></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Partition_Sejm" title="Partition Sejm">Partition Sejm <small>(1773–75)</small></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Sejm" title="Great Sejm">Great Sejm <small>(1788–91)</small></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grodno_Sejm" title="Grodno Sejm">Grodno Sejm <small>(1793)</small></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"> </th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Partitioned_Poland_(1795–1918)147" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:15.1em;height:46px; line-height:1.3em;text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Partitions_of_Poland" title="Partitions of Poland">Partitioned Poland</a><br /> <span class="nobold"><small>(1795–1918)</small></span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <li><a href="/wiki/Sejm_of_the_Duchy_of_Warsaw" title="Sejm of the Duchy of Warsaw">Sejm of the Duchy of Warsaw <small>(1809–12)</small></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sejm_of_Congress_Poland" title="Sejm of Congress Poland">Sejm of Congress Poland <small>(1815–31)</small></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sejm_of_the_Grand_Duchy_of_Posen" title="Sejm of the Grand Duchy of Posen">Sejm of the Grand Duchy of Posen <small>(1823–1918)</small></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sejm_of_the_Estates" title="Sejm of the Estates">Sejm of the Estates <small>(1775–1845)</small></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sejm_of_the_Land" class="mw-redirect" title="Sejm of the Land">Sejm of the Land <small>(1861–1918)</small></a></li> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Coat_of_arms_of_Poland2_1919-1927.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Coat of arms of the Second Polish Republic"><img alt="Coat of arms of the Second Polish Republic" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/Coat_of_arms_of_Poland2_1919-1927.svg/35px-Coat_of_arms_of_Poland2_1919-1927.svg.png" decoding="async" width="35" height="44" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/Coat_of_arms_of_Poland2_1919-1927.svg/53px-Coat_of_arms_of_Poland2_1919-1927.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/Coat_of_arms_of_Poland2_1919-1927.svg/70px-Coat_of_arms_of_Poland2_1919-1927.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="461" data-file-height="578" /></a></span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Second_Polish_Republic_(1918–39)128" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:15.1em;height:46px; line-height:1.3em;text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Second_Polish_Republic" title="Second Polish Republic">Second Polish Republic</a><br /> <span class="nobold"><small>(1918–39)</small></span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Legislative_Sejm_(Second_Polish_Republic)" title="Legislative Sejm (Second Polish Republic)">Legislative Sejm <small>(1919–22)</small></a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=First_Term_Sejm_(Second_Polish_Republic)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="First Term Sejm (Second Polish Republic) (page does not exist)">First Term Sejm <small>(1922–27)</small></a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Second_Term_Sejm_(Second_Polish_Republic)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Second Term Sejm (Second Polish Republic) (page does not exist)">Second Term Sejm <small>(1928–30)</small></a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Third_Term_Sejm_(Second_Polish_Republic)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Third Term Sejm (Second Polish Republic) (page does not exist)">Third Term Sejm <small>(1930–35)</small></a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fourth_Term_Sejm_(Second_Polish_Republic)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Fourth Term Sejm (Second Polish Republic) (page does not exist)">Fourth Term Sejm <small>(1935–38)</small></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fifth_Term_Sejm_(Second_Polish_Republic)" title="Fifth Term Sejm (Second Polish Republic)">Fifth Term Sejm <small>(1938–39)</small></a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Flaga_PPP.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Polish flag with Kotwica"><img alt="Polish flag with Kotwica" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/44/Flaga_PPP.svg/35px-Flaga_PPP.svg.png" decoding="async" width="35" height="22" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/44/Flaga_PPP.svg/53px-Flaga_PPP.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/44/Flaga_PPP.svg/70px-Flaga_PPP.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1001" data-file-height="627" /></a></span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Polish_Underground_State_(1939–45)130" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:15.1em;height:46px; line-height:1.3em;text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Polish_Underground_State" title="Polish Underground State">Polish Underground State</a><br /> <span class="nobold"><small>(1939–45)</small></span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Home_Political_Representation" title="Home Political Representation">Home Political Representation <small>(1943–44)</small></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Council_of_National_Unity" title="Council of National Unity">Council of National Unity <small>(1944–45)</small></a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Coat_of_arms_of_Poland_(1955-1980).svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Coat of arms of People's Republic of Poland"><img alt="Coat of arms of People's Republic of Poland" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/Coat_of_arms_of_Poland_%281955-1980%29.svg/35px-Coat_of_arms_of_Poland_%281955-1980%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="35" height="41" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/Coat_of_arms_of_Poland_%281955-1980%29.svg/53px-Coat_of_arms_of_Poland_%281955-1980%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/Coat_of_arms_of_Poland_%281955-1980%29.svg/70px-Coat_of_arms_of_Poland_%281955-1980%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="602" /></a></span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="People&#039;s_Republic_of_Poland_(1945–89)133" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:15.1em;height:46px; line-height:1.3em;text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/People%27s_Republic_of_Poland" class="mw-redirect" title="People's Republic of Poland">People's Republic of Poland</a><br /> <span class="nobold"><small>(1945–89)</small></span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/State_National_Council" title="State National Council">State National Council <small>(1943–47)</small></a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Legislative_Sejm_(PRL)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Legislative Sejm (PRL) (page does not exist)">Legislative Sejm <small>(1947–52)</small></a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=First_Term_Sejm_(PRL)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="First Term Sejm (PRL) (page does not exist)">First Term Sejm <small>(1952–56)</small></a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Second_Term_Sejm_(PRL)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Second Term Sejm (PRL) (page does not exist)">Second Term Sejm <small>(1957–61)</small></a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Third_Term_Sejm_(PRL)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Third Term Sejm (PRL) (page does not exist)">Third Term Sejm <small>(1961–65)</small></a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fourth_Term_Sejm_(PRL)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Fourth Term Sejm (PRL) (page does not exist)">Fourth Term Sejm <small>(1965–69)</small></a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fifth_Term_Sejm_(PRL)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Fifth Term Sejm (PRL) (page does not exist)">Fifth Term Sejm <small>(1969–72)</small></a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sixth_Term_Sejm_(PRL)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Sixth Term Sejm (PRL) (page does not exist)">Sixth Term Sejm <small>(1972–76)</small></a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Seventh_Term_Sejm_(PRL)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Seventh Term Sejm (PRL) (page does not exist)">Seventh Term Sejm <small>(1976–80)</small></a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Eight_Term_Sejm_(PRL)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Eight Term Sejm (PRL) (page does not exist)">Eight Term Sejm <small>(1980–85)</small></a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ninth_Term_Sejm_(PRL)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ninth Term Sejm (PRL) (page does not exist)">Ninth Term Sejm <small>(1985–89)</small></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Contract_Sejm" title="Contract Sejm">Tenth Term (Contract) Sejm <small>(1989)</small></a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Herb_Polski.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Coat of arms of Poland"><img alt="Coat of arms of Poland" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/Herb_Polski.svg/35px-Herb_Polski.svg.png" decoding="async" width="35" height="41" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/Herb_Polski.svg/53px-Herb_Polski.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/Herb_Polski.svg/70px-Herb_Polski.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="3158" data-file-height="3716" /></a></span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Republic_of_Poland_(since_1990)131" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:15.1em;height:46px; line-height:1.3em;text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Poland" title="Poland">Republic of Poland</a> <br /><span class="nobold"><small>(since 1990)</small></span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=First_Term_Sejm&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="First Term Sejm (page does not exist)">First Term Sejm <small>(1991–93)</small></a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Second_Term_Sejm&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Second Term Sejm (page does not exist)">Second Term Sejm <small>(1993–97)</small></a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Third_Term_Sejm&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Third Term Sejm (page does not exist)">Third Term Sejm <small>(1997–2001)</small></a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fourth_Term_Sejm&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Fourth Term Sejm (page does not exist)">Fourth Term Sejm <small>(2001–05)</small></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Sejm_members_(2005%E2%80%932007)" title="List of Sejm members (2005–2007)">Fifth Term Sejm <small>(2005–07)</small></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Sejm_members_(2007%E2%80%932011)" title="List of Sejm members (2007–2011)">Sixth Term Sejm <small>(2007–11)</small></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Sejm_members_(2011%E2%80%932015)" title="List of Sejm members (2011–2015)">Seventh Term Sejm <small>(2011–15)</small></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Sejm_members_(2015%E2%80%932019)" title="List of Sejm members (2015–2019)">Eighth Term Sejm <small>(2015–19)</small></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/9th_term_Sejm_and_10th_term_Senate_of_Poland" title="9th term Sejm and 10th term Senate of Poland">Ninth Term Sejm <small>(2019–2023)</small></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/10th_term_Sejm_and_11th_term_Senate_of_Poland" title="10th term Sejm and 11th term Senate of Poland">Tenth Term Sejm <small>(2023–present)</small></a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <dl><dt>See also</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Members_of_Polish_Sejm_elected_from_Krak%C3%B3w_constituency" title="Members of Polish Sejm elected from Kraków constituency">Members from Kraków constituency</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sejmik" title="Sejmik">Sejmik</a>, <a href="/wiki/Seimas_of_Lithuania" class="mw-redirect" title="Seimas of Lithuania">Seimas of Lithuania</a>, <a href="/wiki/Template:Seimas_of_Lithuania" title="Template:Seimas of Lithuania">Seimas of Lithuania</a></dd></dl> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235" /></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Lower_houses_of_national_legislatures473" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231" /><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:National_lower_houses" title="Template:National lower houses"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:National_lower_houses" title="Template talk:National lower houses"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:National_lower_houses" title="Special:EditPage/Template:National lower houses"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Lower_houses_of_national_legislatures473" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Lower_house" title="Lower house">Lower houses</a> of national <a href="/wiki/Legislature" title="Legislature">legislatures</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Federation" title="Federation">Federal</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Argentine_Chamber_of_Deputies" title="Argentine Chamber of Deputies">Argentina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Australian_House_of_Representatives" title="Australian House of Representatives">Australia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Council_(Austria)" title="National Council (Austria)">Austria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chamber_of_Representatives_(Belgium)" title="Chamber of Representatives (Belgium)">Belgium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/House_of_Representatives_of_Bosnia_and_Herzegovina" title="House of Representatives of Bosnia and Herzegovina">Bosnia and Herzegovina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chamber_of_Deputies_(Brazil)" title="Chamber of Deputies (Brazil)">Brazil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/House_of_Commons_of_Canada" title="House of Commons of Canada">Canada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/House_of_Peoples%27_Representatives" title="House of Peoples' Representatives">Ethiopia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bundestag" title="Bundestag">Germany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lok_Sabha" title="Lok Sabha">India</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dewan_Rakyat" title="Dewan Rakyat">Malaysia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chamber_of_Deputies_(Mexico)" title="Chamber of Deputies (Mexico)">Mexico</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/House_of_Representatives_(Nepal)" title="House of Representatives (Nepal)">Nepal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/House_of_Representatives_(Nigeria)" title="House of Representatives (Nigeria)">Nigeria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Assembly_of_Pakistan" title="National Assembly of Pakistan">Pakistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/State_Duma" title="State Duma">Russia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Federal_Parliament_of_Somalia#House_of_the_People" title="Federal Parliament of Somalia">Somalia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Legislative_Assembly_(South_Sudan)" title="National Legislative Assembly (South Sudan)">South Sudan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Assembly_of_Sudan" title="National Assembly of Sudan">Sudan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Council_(Switzerland)" title="National Council (Switzerland)">Switzerland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_House_of_Representatives" title="United States House of Representatives">United States</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Unitary_state" title="Unitary state">Unitary</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/People%27s_National_Assembly" title="People's National Assembly">Algeria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/House_of_Representatives_(Antigua_and_Barbuda)" title="House of Representatives (Antigua and Barbuda)">Antigua and Barbuda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parliament_of_the_Bahamas#House_of_Assembly" title="Parliament of the Bahamas">Bahamas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Council_of_Representatives_(Bahrain)" title="Council of Representatives (Bahrain)">Bahrain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/House_of_Assembly_of_Barbados" title="House of Assembly of Barbados">Barbados</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/House_of_Representatives_(Belarus)" title="House of Representatives (Belarus)">Belarus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/House_of_Representatives_(Belize)" title="House of Representatives (Belize)">Belize</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Assembly_(Bhutan)" title="National Assembly (Bhutan)">Bhutan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chamber_of_Deputies_(Bolivia)" title="Chamber of Deputies (Bolivia)">Bolivia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Assembly_(Burundi)" title="National Assembly (Burundi)">Burundi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Assembly_(Cambodia)" title="National Assembly (Cambodia)">Cambodia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Assembly_(Cameroon)" title="National Assembly (Cameroon)">Cameroon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Assembly_(Central_African_Republic)" title="National Assembly (Central African Republic)">Central African Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chamber_of_Deputies_of_Chile" title="Chamber of Deputies of Chile">Chile</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chamber_of_Representatives_of_Colombia" title="Chamber of Representatives of Colombia">Colombia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Assembly_(Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo)" title="National Assembly (Democratic Republic of the Congo)">Democratic Republic of the Congo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Assembly_(Republic_of_the_Congo)" title="National Assembly (Republic of the Congo)">Republic of the Congo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chamber_of_Deputies_of_the_Czech_Republic" title="Chamber of Deputies of the Czech Republic">Czech Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chamber_of_Deputies_of_the_Dominican_Republic" title="Chamber of Deputies of the Dominican Republic">Dominican Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/House_of_Representatives_(Egypt)" title="House of Representatives (Egypt)">Egypt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chamber_of_Deputies_(Equatorial_Guinea)" title="Chamber of Deputies (Equatorial Guinea)">Equatorial Guinea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/House_of_Assembly_of_Eswatini" title="House of Assembly of Eswatini">Eswatini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Assembly_(France)" title="National Assembly (France)">France</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Assembly_of_Gabon" title="National Assembly of Gabon">Gabon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parliament_of_Grenada#House_of_Representatives" title="Parliament of Grenada">Grenada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chamber_of_Deputies_(Haiti)" title="Chamber of Deputies (Haiti)">Haiti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/House_of_Representatives_(Indonesia)" title="House of Representatives (Indonesia)">Indonesia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/D%C3%A1il_%C3%89ireann" title="Dáil Éireann">Ireland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chamber_of_Deputies_(Italy)" title="Chamber of Deputies (Italy)">Italy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Assembly_(Ivory_Coast)" title="National Assembly (Ivory Coast)">Ivory Coast</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parliament_of_Jamaica" title="Parliament of Jamaica">Jamaica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/House_of_Representatives_(Japan)" title="House of Representatives (Japan)">Japan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/House_of_Representatives_(Jordan)" title="House of Representatives (Jordan)">Jordan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/M%C3%A4jilis" title="Mäjilis">Kazakhstan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Assembly_(Kenya)" title="National Assembly (Kenya)">Kenya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Assembly_(Lesotho)" title="National Assembly (Lesotho)">Lesotho</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/House_of_Representatives_of_Liberia" title="House of Representatives of Liberia">Liberia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Assembly_(Madagascar)" title="National Assembly (Madagascar)">Madagascar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/House_of_Representatives_(Morocco)" title="House of Representatives (Morocco)">Morocco</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pyithu_Hluttaw" title="Pyithu Hluttaw">Myanmar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Assembly_(Namibia)" title="National Assembly (Namibia)">Namibia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/House_of_Representatives_(Netherlands)" title="House of Representatives (Netherlands)">Netherlands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Consultative_Assembly_(Oman)" title="Consultative Assembly (Oman)">Oman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/House_of_Delegates_of_Palau" title="House of Delegates of Palau">Palau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chamber_of_Deputies_of_Paraguay" title="Chamber of Deputies of Paraguay">Paraguay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/House_of_Representatives_of_the_Philippines" title="House of Representatives of the Philippines">Philippines</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Poland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chamber_of_Deputies_(Romania)" title="Chamber of Deputies (Romania)">Romania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chamber_of_Deputies_(Rwanda)" title="Chamber of Deputies (Rwanda)">Rwanda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/House_of_Assembly_of_Saint_Lucia" title="House of Assembly of Saint Lucia">Saint Lucia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Assembly_(Slovenia)" title="National Assembly (Slovenia)">Slovenia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Assembly_of_South_Africa" title="National Assembly of South Africa">South Africa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Congress_of_Deputies" title="Congress of Deputies">Spain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Assembly_of_Representatives_(Tajikistan)" title="Assembly of Representatives (Tajikistan)">Tajikistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/House_of_Representatives_(Thailand)" title="House of Representatives (Thailand)">Thailand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/House_of_Representatives_(Trinidad_and_Tobago)" title="House of Representatives (Trinidad and Tobago)">Trinidad and Tobago</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/House_of_Commons_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="House of Commons of the United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chamber_of_Representatives_of_Uruguay" title="Chamber of Representatives of Uruguay">Uruguay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Legislative_Chamber_of_Uzbekistan" title="Legislative Chamber of Uzbekistan">Uzbekistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/House_of_Representatives_(Yemen)" title="House of Representatives (Yemen)">Yemen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Assembly_of_Zimbabwe" title="National Assembly of Zimbabwe">Zimbabwe</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Dependent_territory" title="Dependent territory">Dependent and<br />other territories</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/American_Samoa_House_of_Representatives" title="American Samoa House of 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style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/1222742-0">Germany</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/n50070334">United States</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://nla.gov.au/anbd.aut-an35750643">Australia</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="Polsko. Sejm"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=kn20050425018&CON_LNG=ENG">Czech Republic</a></span></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nli.org.il/en/authorities/987007266641105171">Israel</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <p><span class="geo-inline-hidden noexcerpt"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1156832818">.mw-parser-output .geo-default,.mw-parser-output .geo-dms,.mw-parser-output .geo-dec{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .geo-nondefault,.mw-parser-output .geo-multi-punct,.mw-parser-output .geo-inline-hidden{display:none}.mw-parser-output .longitude,.mw-parser-output .latitude{white-space:nowrap}</style><span class="plainlinks nourlexpansion"><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Sejm&params=52.2252_N_21.0280_E_source:wikidata"><span class="geo-nondefault"><span class="geo-dms" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location"><span class="latitude">52°13′31″N</span> <span class="longitude">21°01′41″E</span></span></span><span class="geo-multi-punct"> / </span><span class="geo-default"><span class="geo-dec" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location">52.2252°N 21.0280°E</span><span style="display:none"> / <span class="geo">52.2252; 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