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</a> <ul id="toc-Ecology-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Semantics" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Semantics"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.4</span> <span>Semantics</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Semantics-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Key_concepts" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Key_concepts"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Key concepts</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Key_concepts-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Key concepts subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Key_concepts-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Gemeinschaft_and_Gesellschaft" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Gemeinschaft_and_Gesellschaft"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span><i>Gemeinschaft and Gesellschaft</i></span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Gemeinschaft_and_Gesellschaft-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sense_of_community" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sense_of_community"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>Sense of community</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sense_of_community-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Socialization" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Socialization"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2.1</span> <span>Socialization</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Socialization-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Development" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Development"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Development</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Development-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Development subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Development-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Building_and_organizing" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Building_and_organizing"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>Building and organizing</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Building_and_organizing-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Types" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Types"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Types</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Types-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Internet_communities" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Internet_communities"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Internet communities</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Internet_communities-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Notes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" title="Table of Contents" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Community</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 85 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-85" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">85 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Samelewing" title="Samelewing – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Samelewing" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AC%D9%85%D8%A7%D8%B9%D8%A9_%D9%85%D8%B4%D8%AA%D8%B1%D9%83%D8%A9" title="جماعة مشتركة – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="جماعة مشتركة" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-an mw-list-item"><a href="https://an.wikipedia.org/wiki/Comunidat" title="Comunidat – Aragonese" lang="an" hreflang="an" data-title="Comunidat" data-language-autonym="Aragonés" data-language-local-name="Aragonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Aragonés</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Comunid%C3%A1" title="Comunidá – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Comunidá" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%B0ctimaiyy%C9%99t" title="İctimaiyyət – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="İctimaiyyət" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%B8%E0%A6%AE%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AA%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%A6%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%AF%E0%A6%BC" title="সম্প্রদায় – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="সম্প্রদায়" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ki%C5%8Dng-t%C3%B4ng-th%C3%A9" title="Kiōng-tông-thé – Minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Kiōng-tông-thé" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Minnan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ba mw-list-item"><a href="https://ba.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BB%D3%99%D1%88%D0%BC%D3%99" title="Берләшмә – Bashkir" lang="ba" hreflang="ba" data-title="Берләшмә" data-language-autonym="Башҡортса" data-language-local-name="Bashkir" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Башҡортса</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%B0" title="Грамада – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Грамада" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%B0" title="Грамада – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Грамада" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bcl mw-list-item"><a href="https://bcl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Komunidad" title="Komunidad – Central Bikol" lang="bcl" hreflang="bcl" data-title="Komunidad" data-language-autonym="Bikol Central" data-language-local-name="Central Bikol" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bikol Central</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9E%D0%B1%D1%89%D0%BD%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%82" title="Общност – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Общност" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zajednica" title="Zajednica – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Zajednica" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Comunitat" title="Comunitat – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Comunitat" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cv mw-list-item"><a href="https://cv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%C4%95%D1%80%D0%BF%C4%95%D1%80%D0%BB%C4%95%D1%85" title="Пĕрпĕрлĕх – Chuvash" lang="cv" hreflang="cv" data-title="Пĕрпĕрлĕх" data-language-autonym="Чӑвашла" data-language-local-name="Chuvash" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Чӑвашла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Komunita" title="Komunita – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Komunita" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cymuned" title="Cymuned – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Cymuned" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/F%C3%A6llesskab" title="Fællesskab – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Fællesskab" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gemeinschaft" title="Gemeinschaft – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Gemeinschaft" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kogukond" title="Kogukond – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Kogukond" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%9A%CE%BF%CE%B9%CE%BD%CF%8C%CF%84%CE%B7%CF%84%CE%B1" title="Κοινότητα – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Κοινότητα" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Comunidad" title="Comunidad – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Comunidad" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Homa_komunumo" title="Homa komunumo – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Homa komunumo" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gizatalde" title="Gizatalde – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Gizatalde" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D8%AC%D8%AA%D9%85%D8%A7%D8%B9" title="اجتماع – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="اجتماع" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Communaut%C3%A9" title="Communauté – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Communauté" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Comunidade_(sociolox%C3%ADa)" title="Comunidade (socioloxía) – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Comunidade (socioloxía)" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EA%B3%B5%EB%8F%99%EC%B2%B4" title="공동체 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="공동체" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%80%D5%A1%D5%B4%D5%A1%D5%B5%D5%B6%D6%84_(%D5%A1%D5%BE%D5%A1%D5%B6%D5%A4%D5%A1%D5%AF%D5%A1%D5%B6)" title="Համայնք (ավանդական) – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Համայնք (ավանդական)" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%A6%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AF" title="समुदाय – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="समुदाय" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zajednica" title="Zajednica – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Zajednica" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Komunitas" title="Komunitas – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Komunitas" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zu mw-list-item"><a href="https://zu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Umphakathi" title="Umphakathi – Zulu" lang="zu" hreflang="zu" data-title="Umphakathi" data-language-autonym="IsiZulu" data-language-local-name="Zulu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>IsiZulu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Samf%C3%A9lag" title="Samfélag – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Samfélag" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Comunit%C3%A0" title="Comunità – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Comunità" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A7%D7%94%D7%99%D7%9C%D7%94" title="קהילה – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="קהילה" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%97%E1%83%94%E1%83%9B%E1%83%98" title="თემი – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="თემი" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D2%9A%D0%B0%D1%83%D1%8B%D0%BC" title="Қауым – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Қауым" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gcr mw-list-item"><a href="https://gcr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kominot%C3%A9" title="Kominoté – Guianan Creole" lang="gcr" hreflang="gcr" data-title="Kominoté" data-language-autonym="Kriyòl gwiyannen" data-language-local-name="Guianan Creole" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kriyòl gwiyannen</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ku mw-list-item"><a href="https://ku.wikipedia.org/wiki/Civat" title="Civat – Kurdish" lang="ku" hreflang="ku" data-title="Civat" data-language-autonym="Kurdî" data-language-local-name="Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kurdî</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Communitas" title="Communitas – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Communitas" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kopiena" title="Kopiena – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Kopiena" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bendruomen%C4%97" title="Bendruomenė – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Bendruomenė" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-li mw-list-item"><a href="https://li.wikipedia.org/wiki/Samelaeving" title="Samelaeving – Limburgish" lang="li" hreflang="li" data-title="Samelaeving" data-language-autonym="Limburgs" data-language-local-name="Limburgish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Limburgs</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/K%C3%B6z%C3%B6ss%C3%A9g" title="Közösség – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Közösség" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%B8%E0%B4%AE%E0%B5%81%E0%B4%A6%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%AF%E0%B4%82" title="സമുദായം – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="സമുദായം" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Samenleving" title="Samenleving – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Samenleving" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nds-nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saemenleving" title="Saemenleving – Low Saxon" lang="nds-NL" hreflang="nds-NL" data-title="Saemenleving" data-language-autonym="Nedersaksies" data-language-local-name="Low Saxon" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nedersaksies</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-new mw-list-item"><a href="https://new.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%A6%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AF" title="समुदाय – Newari" lang="new" hreflang="new" data-title="समुदाय" data-language-autonym="नेपाल भाषा" data-language-local-name="Newari" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>नेपाल भाषा</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%85%B1%E5%90%8C%E4%BD%93" title="共同体 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="共同体" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gemeinschaft" title="Gemeinschaft – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Gemeinschaft" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gemeinschaft" title="Gemeinschaft – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Gemeinschaft" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%AD%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%88%E0%A8%9A%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%B0%E0%A8%BE" title="ਭਾਈਚਾਰਾ – Punjabi" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਭਾਈਚਾਰਾ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ps mw-list-item"><a href="https://ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%BC%D9%88%D9%84%D9%86%D9%87_(%D8%AF_%DA%98%D9%88%D9%86%D8%AF%DB%8C%D9%88_%D9%85%D9%88%D8%AC%D9%88%D8%AF%D8%A7%D8%AA%D9%88_%DB%8C%D9%88%D9%87_%DA%89%D9%84%D9%87)" title="ټولنه (د ژوندیو موجوداتو یوه ډله) – Pashto" lang="ps" hreflang="ps" data-title="ټولنه (د ژوندیو موجوداتو یوه ډله)" data-language-autonym="پښتو" data-language-local-name="Pashto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پښتو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-km mw-list-item"><a href="https://km.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%9E%9F%E1%9E%A0%E1%9E%82%E1%9E%98%E1%9E%93%E1%9F%8D" title="សហគមន៍ – Khmer" lang="km" hreflang="km" data-title="សហគមន៍" data-language-autonym="ភាសាខ្មែរ" data-language-local-name="Khmer" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ភាសាខ្មែរ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wsp%C3%B3lnota" title="Wspólnota – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Wspólnota" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Comunidade" title="Comunidade – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Comunidade" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Comunitate" title="Comunitate – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Comunitate" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rue mw-list-item"><a href="https://rue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%B0" title="Громада – Rusyn" lang="rue" hreflang="rue" data-title="Громада" data-language-autonym="Русиньскый" data-language-local-name="Rusyn" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русиньскый</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%BE%D0%BE%D0%B1%D1%89%D0%B5%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B2%D0%BE" title="Сообщество – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Сообщество" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bashk%C3%ABsia" title="Bashkësia – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Bashkësia" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Community" title="Community – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Community" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sd mw-list-item"><a href="https://sd.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%AA%D9%85%D9%8A%D9%88%D9%86%D9%BD%D9%8A" title="ڪميونٽي – Sindhi" lang="sd" hreflang="sd" data-title="ڪميونٽي" data-language-autonym="سنڌي" data-language-local-name="Sindhi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>سنڌي</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Komunita_(sociol%C3%B3gia)" title="Komunita (sociológia) – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Komunita (sociológia)" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%A9%DB%86%D9%85%DB%95%DA%B5" title="کۆمەڵ – Central Kurdish" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="کۆمەڵ" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Central Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>کوردی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%97%D0%B0%D1%98%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%86%D0%B0" title="Заједница – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Заједница" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zajednica" title="Zajednica – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Zajednica" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-su mw-list-item"><a href="https://su.wikipedia.org/wiki/Komunitas" title="Komunitas – Sundanese" lang="su" hreflang="su" data-title="Komunitas" data-language-autonym="Sunda" data-language-local-name="Sundanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sunda</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yhteis%C3%B6" title="Yhteisö – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Yhteisö" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gemenskap" title="Gemenskap – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Gemenskap" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pamayanan" title="Pamayanan – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Pamayanan" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tagalog</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%95%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%AE%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%95%E0%AE%AE%E0%AF%8D" title="குமுகம் – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="குமுகம்" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-te badge-Q70893996 mw-list-item" title=""><a href="https://te.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B0%B8%E0%B0%82%E0%B0%98%E0%B0%82" title="సంఘం – Telugu" lang="te" hreflang="te" data-title="సంఘం" data-language-autonym="తెలుగు" data-language-local-name="Telugu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>తెలుగు</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%8A%E0%B8%B8%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%8A%E0%B8%99" title="ชุมชน – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="ชุมชน" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-chr mw-list-item"><a href="https://chr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%8E%BE%E1%8E%A5_%E1%8F%84%E1%8E%BE%E1%8F%93%E1%8E%B8" title="ᎾᎥ ᏄᎾᏓᎸ – Cherokee" lang="chr" hreflang="chr" data-title="ᎾᎥ ᏄᎾᏓᎸ" data-language-autonym="ᏣᎳᎩ" data-language-local-name="Cherokee" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ᏣᎳᎩ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Topluluk" title="Topluluk – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Topluluk" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bug mw-list-item"><a href="https://bug.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%A8%80%E1%A8%9A%E1%A8%86%E1%A8%98%E1%A8%8A%E1%A8%97%E1%A8%88%E1%A8%94" title="ᨀᨚᨆᨘᨊᨗᨈᨔ – Buginese" lang="bug" hreflang="bug" data-title="ᨀᨚᨆᨘᨊᨗᨈᨔ" data-language-autonym="Basa Ugi" data-language-local-name="Buginese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Basa Ugi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%BF%D1%96%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%BD%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%B0" title="Спільнота – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Спільнота" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/C%E1%BB%99ng_%C4%91%E1%BB%93ng" title="Cộng đồng – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Cộng đồng" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%BE%A3%E9%AB%94" title="羣體 – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="羣體" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yi mw-list-item"><a href="https://yi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%92%D7%A2%D7%9E%D7%99%D7%99%D7%A0%D7%93%D7%A2" title="געמיינדע – Yiddish" lang="yi" hreflang="yi" data-title="געמיינדע" data-language-autonym="ייִדיש" data-language-local-name="Yiddish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ייִדיש</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yo mw-list-item"><a href="https://yo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%80gb%C3%A0j%E1%BB%8D" title="Àgbàjọ – Yoruba" lang="yo" hreflang="yo" data-title="Àgbàjọ" data-language-autonym="Yorùbá" data-language-local-name="Yoruba" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Yorùbá</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%A4%BE%E7%BE%A4" title="社群 – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="社群" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Cantonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-diq mw-list-item"><a href="https://diq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cemat" title="Cemat – Zazaki" lang="diq" hreflang="diq" data-title="Cemat" data-language-autonym="Zazaki" data-language-local-name="Zazaki" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Zazaki</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%A4%BE%E5%8C%BA" title="社区 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="社区" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q177634#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit 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mw-portlet mw-portlet-cactions emptyPortlet vector-has-collapsible-items" title="More options" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Actions </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-more-view" class="selected vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Community"><span>Read</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-edit" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Community&action=edit" title="Edit this page [e]" accesskey="e"><span>Edit</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-history" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Community&action=history"><span>View history</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-tb" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-tb" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> General </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="t-whatlinkshere" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:WhatLinksHere/Community" title="List of all English Wikipedia pages containing links to this page [j]" accesskey="j"><span>What links here</span></a></li><li id="t-recentchangeslinked" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:RecentChangesLinked/Community" rel="nofollow" title="Recent changes in pages linked from this page [k]" accesskey="k"><span>Related changes</span></a></li><li id="t-upload" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:File_Upload_Wizard" title="Upload files [u]" accesskey="u"><span>Upload file</span></a></li><li id="t-specialpages" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:SpecialPages" title="A list of all special pages [q]" accesskey="q"><span>Special pages</span></a></li><li id="t-permalink" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Community&oldid=1264329664" title="Permanent link to this revision of this page"><span>Permanent link</span></a></li><li id="t-info" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Community&action=info" title="More information about this page"><span>Page information</span></a></li><li id="t-cite" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:CiteThisPage&page=Community&id=1264329664&wpFormIdentifier=titleform" title="Information on how to cite this page"><span>Cite this page</span></a></li><li id="t-urlshortener" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UrlShortener&url=https%3A%2F%2Fen.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FCommunity"><span>Get shortened URL</span></a></li><li id="t-urlshortener-qrcode" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:QrCode&url=https%3A%2F%2Fen.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FCommunity"><span>Download QR code</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-coll-print_export" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-coll-print_export" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Print/export </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="coll-download-as-rl" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:DownloadAsPdf&page=Community&action=show-download-screen" title="Download this page as a PDF file"><span>Download as PDF</span></a></li><li id="t-print" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Community&printable=yes" title="Printable version of this page [p]" accesskey="p"><span>Printable version</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-wikibase-otherprojects" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-wikibase-otherprojects" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> In other projects </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-commons mw-list-item"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Community" hreflang="en"><span>Wikimedia Commons</span></a></li><li class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-wikiquote mw-list-item"><a href="https://en.wikiquote.org/wiki/Community" hreflang="en"><span>Wikiquote</span></a></li><li id="t-wikibase" class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-wikibase-dataitem mw-list-item"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q177634" title="Structured data on this page hosted by Wikidata [g]" accesskey="g"><span>Wikidata item</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-column-end"> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Page tools"> <div id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Appearance"> <div id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-appearance" class="vector-appearance vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-appearance-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="appearance-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-appearance" data-pinned-container-id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Appearance</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.unpin">hide</button> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"><span class="mw-redirectedfrom">(Redirected from <a href="/w/index.php?title=Communities&redirect=no" class="mw-redirect" title="Communities">Communities</a>)</span></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Social unit which shares commonality</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/Community_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Community (disambiguation)">Community (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:A_community_townhall_at_Makoko_community.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/39/A_community_townhall_at_Makoko_community.jpg/220px-A_community_townhall_at_Makoko_community.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="101" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/39/A_community_townhall_at_Makoko_community.jpg/330px-A_community_townhall_at_Makoko_community.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/39/A_community_townhall_at_Makoko_community.jpg/440px-A_community_townhall_at_Makoko_community.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2576" data-file-height="1188" /></a><figcaption>Community townhall</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Stonehenge_Summer_Solstice_eve_02.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Stonehenge_Summer_Solstice_eve_02.jpg/260px-Stonehenge_Summer_Solstice_eve_02.jpg" decoding="async" width="260" height="195" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Stonehenge_Summer_Solstice_eve_02.jpg/390px-Stonehenge_Summer_Solstice_eve_02.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Stonehenge_Summer_Solstice_eve_02.jpg/520px-Stonehenge_Summer_Solstice_eve_02.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="768" /></a><figcaption>A <a href="/wiki/Community_of_interest" title="Community of interest">community of interest</a> gathers at <a href="/wiki/Stonehenge" title="Stonehenge">Stonehenge</a>, England, for the summer solstice.</figcaption></figure> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output 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("counter(listitem)"\a0 "}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1246091330">.mw-parser-output .sidebar{width:22em;float:right;clear:right;margin:0.5em 0 1em 1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa);border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.2em;text-align:center;line-height:1.4em;font-size:88%;border-collapse:collapse;display:table}body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:table!important;float:right!important;margin:0.5em 0 1em 1em!important}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-subgroup{width:100%;margin:0;border-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-left{float:left;clear:left;margin:0.5em 1em 1em 0}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-none{float:none;clear:both;margin:0.5em 1em 1em 0}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-outer-title{padding:0 0.4em 0.2em;font-size:125%;line-height:1.2em;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-top-image{padding:0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-top-caption,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-pretitle-with-top-image,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-caption{padding:0.2em 0.4em 0;line-height:1.2em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-pretitle{padding:0.4em 0.4em 0;line-height:1.2em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-title,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{padding:0.2em 0.8em;font-size:145%;line-height:1.2em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{padding:0.1em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-image{padding:0.2em 0.4em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-heading{padding:0.1em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-content{padding:0 0.5em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-content-with-subgroup{padding:0.1em 0.4em 0.2em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-above,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-below{padding:0.3em 0.8em;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-collapse .sidebar-above,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-collapse .sidebar-below{border-top:1px solid #aaa;border-bottom:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-navbar{text-align:right;font-size:115%;padding:0 0.4em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-list-title{padding:0 0.4em;text-align:left;font-weight:bold;line-height:1.6em;font-size:105%}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-list-title-c{padding:0 0.4em;text-align:center;margin:0 3.3em}@media(max-width:640px){body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .sidebar{width:100%!important;clear:both;float:none!important;margin-left:0!important;margin-right:0!important}}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .sidebar a>img{max-width:none!important}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:none!important}}</style><table class="sidebar nomobile nowraplinks hlist"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-pretitle">Part of <a href="/wiki/Category:Community" title="Category:Community">a series</a> on</td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle" style="background:#ccf;padding-top:0.2em;"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Community</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-image"><figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-center" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/Noun_Project_Community_icon_627732.svg/100px-Noun_Project_Community_icon_627732.svg.png" decoding="async" width="100" height="100" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/Noun_Project_Community_icon_627732.svg/150px-Noun_Project_Community_icon_627732.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/Noun_Project_Community_icon_627732.svg/200px-Noun_Project_Community_icon_627732.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="100" data-file-height="100" /></span><figcaption></figcaption></figure></td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="background:lavender"> Academic studies</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Social_sciences" class="mw-redirect" title="Social sciences">Social sciences</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Community_studies" title="Community studies">Community studies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Community_practice" title="Community practice">Community practice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Community_psychology" title="Community psychology">Community psychology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_work" title="Social work">Social work</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Computational_sociology" title="Computational sociology">Computational sociology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cultural_anthropology" title="Cultural anthropology">Cultural anthropology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Internet_studies" title="Internet studies">Internet studies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philosophy_of_social_science" title="Philosophy of social science">Philosophy of social science</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rural_sociology" title="Rural sociology">Rural sociology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_geography" title="Social geography">Social geography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_philosophy" title="Social philosophy">Social philosophy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sociocultural_evolution" title="Sociocultural evolution">Sociocultural evolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Urban_planning" title="Urban planning">Urban planning</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="background:lavender"> Key concepts</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Affinity_(sociology)" title="Affinity (sociology)">Affinity (sociology)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Collectivism_and_individualism" class="mw-redirect" title="Collectivism and individualism">Collectivism and individualism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Community_engagement" title="Community engagement">Community engagement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Community_education" title="Community education">Community education</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Community_cohesion" title="Community cohesion">Community cohesion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Community_of_interest" title="Community of interest">Community of interest</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Community_practice" title="Community practice">Community practice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Community_of_practice" title="Community of practice">Community of practice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Community_of_place" title="Community of place">Community of place</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Community_service" title="Community service">Community service</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Communitarianism" title="Communitarianism">Communitarianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Community_politics" title="Community politics">Community politics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Group_cohesiveness" title="Group cohesiveness">Group cohesiveness</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Group_(sociology)" class="mw-redirect" title="Group (sociology)">Group (sociology)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Group_dynamics" title="Group dynamics">Group dynamics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Imagined_community" title="Imagined community">Imagined community</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Organization" title="Organization">Organization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prosocial_behavior" title="Prosocial behavior">Prosocial behavior</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sense_of_community" title="Sense of community">Sense of community</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Small-group_communication" class="mw-redirect" title="Small-group communication">Small-group communication</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sobornost" title="Sobornost">Sobornost</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_alienation" title="Social alienation">Social alienation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_capital" title="Social capital">Social capital</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_death" title="Social death">Social death</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_exclusion" title="Social exclusion">Social exclusion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Socialization" title="Socialization">Socialization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_rejection" title="Social rejection">Social rejection</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_support" title="Social support">Social support</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Solidarity_(sociology)" class="mw-redirect" title="Solidarity (sociology)">Solidarity (sociology)</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="background:lavender"> <a href="/wiki/Community_development" title="Community development">Community development</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Community-based_management" title="Community-based management">Community-based management</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Community_building" title="Community building">Community building</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Community_economic_development" title="Community economic development">Community economic development</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Community_development_planning" title="Community development planning">Community development planning</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Community_organizing" title="Community organizing">Community organizing</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="background:lavender"> See also</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_community" title="Outline of community">Outline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Community_building" title="Category:Community building">Category:Community building</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Community_development" title="Category:Community development">Category:Community development</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Localism_(politics)" title="Category:Localism (politics)">Category:Localism (politics)</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Community" title="Template:Community"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Community" title="Template talk:Community"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Community" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Community"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>A <b>community</b> is a <a href="/wiki/Level_of_analysis" title="Level of analysis">social unit</a> (a group of people) with a shared socially-significant characteristic, such as <a href="/wiki/Place_(geography)" class="mw-redirect" title="Place (geography)">place</a>, set of <a href="/wiki/Norm_(social)" class="mw-redirect" title="Norm (social)">norms</a>, culture, <a href="/wiki/Religion" title="Religion">religion</a>, <a href="/wiki/Values" class="mw-redirect" title="Values">values</a>, <a href="/wiki/Convention_(norm)" title="Convention (norm)">customs</a>, or <a href="/wiki/Identity_(social_science)" title="Identity (social science)">identity</a>. Communities may share a sense of place situated in a given geographical area (e.g. a <a href="/wiki/Country" title="Country">country</a>, <a href="/wiki/Village" title="Village">village</a>, <a href="/wiki/Town" title="Town">town</a>, or <a href="/wiki/Neighbourhood" title="Neighbourhood">neighborhood</a>) or in virtual space through communication platforms. Durable good relations that extend beyond immediate genealogical ties also define a sense of community, important to people's identity, practice, and roles in social <a href="/wiki/Institution" title="Institution">institutions</a> such as <a href="/wiki/Family" title="Family">family</a>, home, work, <a href="/wiki/Government" title="Government">government</a>, TV network,<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="margin-left:0.1em; white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Please_clarify" title="Wikipedia:Please clarify"><span title="The text near this tag may need clarification or removal of jargon. (September 2024)">clarification needed</span></a></i>]</sup> <a href="/wiki/Society" title="Society">society</a>, or humanity at large.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Although communities are usually small relative to personal social ties, "community" may also refer to large-group affiliations such as <a href="/wiki/Nation" title="Nation">national communities</a>, <a href="/wiki/International_community" title="International community">international communities</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Virtual_community" title="Virtual community">virtual communities</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In terms of <a href="/wiki/Sociological" class="mw-redirect" title="Sociological">sociological</a> categories, a community can seem like a sub-set of a <a href="/w/index.php?title=Social_collectivity&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Social collectivity (page does not exist)">social collectivity</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In developmental views, a community can emerge out of a collectivity.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/English_language" title="English language">English-language</a> word "community" derives from the <a href="/wiki/Old_French" title="Old French">Old French</a> <span title="Old French (842-ca. 1400)-language text"><i lang="fro">comuneté</i></span> (<a href="/wiki/French_language" title="French language">Modern French</a>: <i><span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr">communauté</i></span></i>), which comes from the <a href="/wiki/Latin" title="Latin">Latin</a> <i><a href="/wiki/Communitas" title="Communitas">communitas</a></i> "community", "public spirit" (from Latin <i><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/communis" class="extiw" title="wikt:communis">communis</a></i>, "common").<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Human" title="Human">Human</a> communities may have <a href="/wiki/Intention" title="Intention">intent</a>, <a href="/wiki/Belief" title="Belief">belief</a>, <a href="/wiki/Natural_resource" title="Natural resource">resources</a>, <a href="/wiki/Preference" title="Preference">preferences</a>, <a href="/wiki/Need_assessment" class="mw-redirect" title="Need assessment">needs</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Risk" title="Risk">risks</a> in common, affecting the identity of the participants and their degree of <a href="/wiki/Group_cohesiveness" title="Group cohesiveness">cohesiveness.</a><sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Perspectives_of_various_disciplines">Perspectives of various disciplines</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Community&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Perspectives of various disciplines"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Archaeology">Archaeology</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Community&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Archaeology"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Archaeology" title="Archaeology">Archaeological studies</a> of social communities use the term "community" in two ways, mirroring usage in other areas. The first meaning is an informal definition of community as a place where people used to live. In this literal sense it is synonymous with the concept of an ancient <a href="/wiki/Human_settlement" title="Human settlement">settlement</a>—whether a <a href="/wiki/Hamlet_(place)" title="Hamlet (place)">hamlet</a>, <a href="/wiki/Village" title="Village">village</a>, <a href="/wiki/Town" title="Town">town</a>, or <a href="/wiki/City" title="City">city</a>. The second meaning resembles the usage of the term in other <a href="/wiki/Social_sciences" class="mw-redirect" title="Social sciences">social sciences</a>: a community is a group of people living near one another who interact socially. <a href="/wiki/Social_interaction" class="mw-redirect" title="Social interaction">Social interaction</a> on a small scale can be difficult to identify with archaeological data. Most reconstructions of social communities by archaeologists rely on the principle that social interaction in the past was conditioned by physical distance. Therefore, a small village settlement likely constituted a social community and spatial subdivisions of cities and other large settlements may have formed communities. <a href="/wiki/Archaeology" title="Archaeology">Archaeologists</a> typically use similarities in <a href="/wiki/Material_culture" title="Material culture">material culture</a>—from house types to styles of pottery—to reconstruct communities in the past. This classification method relies on the assumption that people or households will share more similarities in the types and styles of their material goods with other members of a social community than they will with outsiders.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Sociology">Sociology</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Community&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Sociology"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Early sociological studies identified communities as fringe groups at the behest of local power elites. Such early academic studies include <i><a href="/wiki/Who_Governs%3F" title="Who Governs?">Who Governs?</a></i> by <a href="/wiki/Robert_Dahl" title="Robert Dahl">Robert Dahl</a> as well as the papers by <a href="/w/index.php?title=Floyd_Hunter&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Floyd Hunter (page does not exist)">Floyd Hunter</a> on <a href="/wiki/Atlanta" title="Atlanta">Atlanta</a>. At the turn of the 21st century the concept of community was rediscovered by academics, politicians, and activists. Politicians hoping for a democratic election started to realign with community interests.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Ecology">Ecology</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Community&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Ecology"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Community_(ecology)" title="Community (ecology)">Community (ecology)</a></div> <p>In <a href="/wiki/Ecology" title="Ecology">ecology</a>, a community is an assemblage of populations—potentially of different species—interacting with one another. Community ecology is the branch of ecology that studies interactions between and among species. It considers how such interactions, along with interactions between species and the <a href="/wiki/Abiotic" class="mw-redirect" title="Abiotic">abiotic</a> environment, affect social structure and species richness, diversity and patterns of abundance.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Species interact in three ways: <a href="/wiki/Competition" title="Competition">competition</a>, <a href="/wiki/Predation" title="Predation">predation</a> and <a href="/wiki/Mutualism_(biology)" title="Mutualism (biology)">mutualism</a>: </p> <ul><li>Competition typically results in a double negative—that is both species lose in the interaction.</li> <li>Predation involves a win/lose situation, with one species winning.</li> <li>Mutualism sees both species co-operating in some way, with both winning.</li></ul> <p>The two main types of ecological communities are <b>major</b> communities, which are self-sustaining and self-regulating (such as a forest or a lake), and <b>minor</b> communities, which rely on other communities (like fungi decomposing a log) and are the building blocks of major communities. Moreover, we can establish other non-taxonomic subdivisions of biocenosis, such as <a href="/wiki/Guild_(ecology)" title="Guild (ecology)">guilds</a>. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:IB_Biology_Figure_Project_(1).svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/33/IB_Biology_Figure_Project_%281%29.svg/220px-IB_Biology_Figure_Project_%281%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="143" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/33/IB_Biology_Figure_Project_%281%29.svg/330px-IB_Biology_Figure_Project_%281%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/33/IB_Biology_Figure_Project_%281%29.svg/440px-IB_Biology_Figure_Project_%281%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="332" /></a><figcaption>A simplified example of a community. A community includes many populations and how they interact with each other. This example shows interaction between the zebra and the bush, and between the lion and the zebra, as well as between the bird and the organisms by the water, like the worms.</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Semantics">Semantics</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Community&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Semantics"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The concept of "community" often has a positive semantic connotation, exploited rhetorically by populist politicians and by advertisers<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> to promote feelings and associations of mutual well-being, happiness and togetherness<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>—veering towards an almost-achievable <a href="/wiki/Utopian_community" class="mw-redirect" title="Utopian community">utopian community</a>. </p><p>In contrast, the <a href="/wiki/Epidemiology" title="Epidemiology">epidemiological</a> term "<a href="/wiki/Community_transmission" class="mw-redirect" title="Community transmission">community transmission</a>" can have negative implications,<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and instead of a "criminal community"<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> one often speaks of a "<a href="/wiki/Criminal_underworld" class="mw-redirect" title="Criminal underworld">criminal underworld</a>" or of the "criminal fraternity". </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Key_concepts">Key concepts</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Community&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Key concepts"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Gemeinschaft_and_Gesellschaft"><i>Gemeinschaft and Gesellschaft</i></h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Community&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Gemeinschaft and Gesellschaft"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Gemeinschaft_and_Gesellschaft" title="Gemeinschaft and Gesellschaft">Gemeinschaft and Gesellschaft</a></div> <p>In <span title="German-language text"><i lang="de">Gemeinschaft und Gesellschaft</i></span> (1887), German sociologist <a href="/wiki/Ferdinand_T%C3%B6nnies" title="Ferdinand Tönnies">Ferdinand Tönnies</a> described two types of human association: <span title="German-language text"><i lang="de">Gemeinschaft</i></span> (usually translated as "community") and <span title="German-language text"><i lang="de">Gesellschaft</i></span> ("society" or "association"). Tönnies proposed the <i><span title="German-language text"><i lang="de">Gemeinschaft</i></span>–</i><span title="German-language text"><i lang="de">Gesellschaft</i></span> <a href="/wiki/Dichotomy" title="Dichotomy">dichotomy</a> as a way to think about social ties. No group is exclusively one or the other. <span title="German-language text"><i lang="de">Gemeinschaft</i></span> stress personal <a href="/wiki/Social_interaction" class="mw-redirect" title="Social interaction">social interactions</a>, and the roles, values, and beliefs based on such interactions. <span title="German-language text"><i lang="de">Gesellschaft</i></span> stress indirect interactions, impersonal roles, formal values, and beliefs based on such interactions.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Sense_of_community">Sense of community</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Community&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Sense of community"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Sense_of_community" title="Sense of community">Sense of community</a></div> <p>In a seminal 1986 study, McMillan and Chavis<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> identify four elements of "sense of community": </p> <ol><li>membership: feeling of belonging or of sharing a sense of personal relatedness,</li> <li>influence: mattering, making a difference to a group and of the group mattering to its members</li> <li>reinforcement: integration and fulfillment of needs,</li> <li>shared emotional connection.</li></ol> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Bigdayout_crowd2.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1d/Bigdayout_crowd2.jpg/220px-Bigdayout_crowd2.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1d/Bigdayout_crowd2.jpg/330px-Bigdayout_crowd2.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1d/Bigdayout_crowd2.jpg/440px-Bigdayout_crowd2.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="600" /></a><figcaption>To what extent do participants in joint activities experience a <a href="/wiki/Sense_of_community" title="Sense of community">sense of community</a>?</figcaption></figure> <p>A "sense of community index" (SCI) was developed by Chavis and colleagues, and revised and adapted by others. Although originally designed to assess sense of community in neighborhoods, the index has been adapted for use in schools, the workplace, and a variety of types of communities.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Studies conducted by the APPA<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Words_to_watch#Unsupported_attributions" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Words to watch"><span title="The material near this tag possibly uses too-vague attribution or weasel words. (October 2018)">who?</span></a></i>]</sup> indicate that young adults who feel a sense of belonging in a community, particularly small communities, develop fewer psychiatric and depressive disorders than those who do not have the feeling of love and belonging.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Socialization">Socialization</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Community&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Socialization"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Socialization" title="Socialization">Socialization</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Lewes_Bonfire,_Martyrs_Crosses.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/Lewes_Bonfire%2C_Martyrs_Crosses.jpg/220px-Lewes_Bonfire%2C_Martyrs_Crosses.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="161" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/Lewes_Bonfire%2C_Martyrs_Crosses.jpg/330px-Lewes_Bonfire%2C_Martyrs_Crosses.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/Lewes_Bonfire%2C_Martyrs_Crosses.jpg/440px-Lewes_Bonfire%2C_Martyrs_Crosses.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1056" data-file-height="771" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Lewes#Lewes_Bonfire" title="Lewes">Lewes Bonfire Night</a> procession commemorating 17 Protestant martyrs burnt at the stake from 1555 to 1557</figcaption></figure> <p>The process of learning to adopt the <a href="/wiki/Behavior" title="Behavior">behavior</a> patterns of the community is called <a href="/wiki/Socialization" title="Socialization">socialization</a>. The most fertile time of socialization is usually the early stages of life, during which <a href="/wiki/Individual" title="Individual">individuals</a> develop the skills and knowledge and learn the <a href="/wiki/Role" title="Role">roles</a> necessary to function within their <a href="/wiki/Culture" title="Culture">culture</a> and <a href="/wiki/Social_environment" title="Social environment">social environment</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Socialization_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Socialization-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> For some psychologists, especially those in the <a href="/wiki/Psychodynamic" class="mw-redirect" title="Psychodynamic">psychodynamic</a> tradition, the most important period of socialization is between the ages of one and ten. But socialization also includes adults moving into a significantly different environment where they must learn a new set of behaviors.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Socialization is influenced primarily by the family, through which children first learn community <a href="/wiki/Norm_(sociology)" class="mw-redirect" title="Norm (sociology)">norms</a>. Other important influences include schools, <a href="/wiki/Peer_group" title="Peer group">peer</a> groups, people, mass media, the <a href="/wiki/Workplace" title="Workplace">workplace</a>, and government. The degree to which the norms of a particular society or community are adopted determines one's willingness to engage with others. The norms of <a href="/wiki/Toleration" title="Toleration">tolerance</a>, <a href="/wiki/Reciprocity_(social_psychology)" title="Reciprocity (social psychology)">reciprocity</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Trust_(sociology)" class="mw-redirect" title="Trust (sociology)">trust</a> are important "habits of the heart", as <a href="/wiki/Alexis_de_Tocqueville" title="Alexis de Tocqueville">de Tocqueville</a> put it, in an individual's involvement in community.<sup id="cite_ref-Community_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Community-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Development">Development</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Community&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Development"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Community_development" title="Community development">Community development</a></div> <p>Community development is often linked with <a href="/wiki/Community_practice" title="Community practice">community work</a> or community planning, and may involve stakeholders, foundations, governments, or contracted entities including <a href="/wiki/Non-government_organisations" class="mw-redirect" title="Non-government organisations">non-government organisations</a> (NGOs), universities or government agencies to progress the social well-being of local, regional and, sometimes, national communities. More grassroots efforts, called <a href="/wiki/Community_building" title="Community building">community building</a> or <a href="/wiki/Community_organizing" title="Community organizing">community organizing</a>, seek to empower individuals and groups of people by providing them with the skills they need to effect change in their own communities.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> These skills often assist in building political power through the formation of large social groups working for a common agenda. Community development practitioners understand how to work with individuals and affect communities' positions within the context of larger social institutions. Public administrators, in contrast, understand community development in the context of rural and urban development, housing and economic development, and community, organizational and business development. </p><p>Formal accredited programs conducted by universities, as part of degree granting institutions, are often used to build a knowledge base to drive curricula in <a href="/wiki/Public_administration" title="Public administration">public administration</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sociology" title="Sociology">sociology</a> and <a href="/wiki/Community_studies" title="Community studies">community studies</a>. The <a href="/wiki/General_Social_Survey" title="General Social Survey">General Social Survey</a> from the <a href="/wiki/National_Opinion_Research_Center" class="mw-redirect" title="National Opinion Research Center">National Opinion Research Center</a> at the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Chicago" title="University of Chicago">University of Chicago</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Saguaro_Seminar" class="mw-redirect" title="Saguaro Seminar">Saguaro Seminar</a> at the <a href="/wiki/Harvard_Kennedy_School" title="Harvard Kennedy School">Harvard Kennedy School</a> are examples of national community development in the United States. The <a href="/wiki/Maxwell_School_of_Citizenship_and_Public_Affairs" title="Maxwell School of Citizenship and Public Affairs">Maxwell School of Citizenship and Public Affairs</a> at Syracuse University in New York State offers core courses in community and economic development, and in areas ranging from non-profit development to US budgeting (federal to local, community funds). In the United Kingdom, the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Oxford" title="University of Oxford">University of Oxford</a> has led in providing extensive research in the field through its <i>Community Development Journal,</i><sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> used worldwide by sociologists and community development practitioners. </p><p>At the intersection between community <i>development</i> and community <i>building</i> are a number of programs and organizations with community development tools. One example of this is the program of the <a href="/wiki/Asset-based_community_development" title="Asset-based community development">Asset Based Community Development</a> Institute of <a href="/wiki/Northwestern_University" title="Northwestern University">Northwestern University</a>. The institute makes available downloadable tools<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> to assess community assets and make connections between <a href="/wiki/Non-profit_organization" class="mw-redirect" title="Non-profit organization">non-profit groups</a> and other organizations that can help in community building. The Institute focuses on helping communities develop by "mobilizing neighborhood assets" – building from the inside out rather than the outside in.<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the disability field, community building was prevalent in the 1980s and 1990s with roots in John McKnight's approaches.<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Building_and_organizing">Building and organizing</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Community&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Building and organizing"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Affinity_group_collateral_damage.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Affinity_group_collateral_damage.jpg/170px-Affinity_group_collateral_damage.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="268" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Affinity_group_collateral_damage.jpg/255px-Affinity_group_collateral_damage.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Affinity_group_collateral_damage.jpg/340px-Affinity_group_collateral_damage.jpg 2x" data-file-width="540" data-file-height="850" /></a><figcaption>The anti-war <a href="/wiki/Affinity_group" title="Affinity group">affinity group</a> "Collateral Damage" <a href="/wiki/Activism" title="Activism">protesting</a> the <a href="/wiki/Iraq_War" title="Iraq War">Iraq War</a></figcaption></figure> <p>In <i>The Different Drum: Community-Making and Peace</i> (1987) <a href="/wiki/M._Scott_Peck" title="M. Scott Peck">Scott Peck</a> argues that the almost accidental sense of community that exists at times of crisis can be consciously built. Peck believes that conscious community building is a process of deliberate design based on the knowledge and application of certain rules.<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He states that this process goes through four stages:<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ol><li><b>Pseudocommunity</b>: When people first come together, they try to be "nice" and present what they feel are their most personable and friendly characteristics.</li> <li><b>Chaos</b>: People move beyond the inauthenticity of pseudo-community and feel safe enough to present their "shadow" selves.</li> <li><b>Emptiness</b>: Moves beyond the attempts to fix, heal and convert of the chaos stage, when all people become capable of acknowledging their own woundedness and brokenness, common to human beings.</li> <li><b>True community</b>: Deep respect and true listening for the needs of the other people in this community.</li></ol> <p>In 1991, Peck remarked that building a sense of community is easy but maintaining this sense of community is difficult in the modern world.<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> An interview with M. Scott Peck by Alan Atkisson. <i>In Context</i> #29, p. 26. The three basic types of community organizing are <a href="/wiki/Grassroots" title="Grassroots">grassroots</a> organizing, <a href="/wiki/Coalition" title="Coalition">coalition</a> building, and "institution-based community organizing", (also called "broad-based community organizing", an example of which is <a href="/wiki/Faith-based_community" class="mw-redirect" title="Faith-based community">faith-based community organizing</a>, or <a href="/wiki/Congregation-based_Community_Organizing" title="Congregation-based Community Organizing">Congregation-based Community Organizing</a>).<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Community building can use a wide variety of practices, ranging from simple events (e.g., <a href="/wiki/Potluck" title="Potluck">potlucks</a>, small <a href="/wiki/Book_discussion_club" title="Book discussion club">book clubs</a>) to larger-scale efforts (e.g., mass <a href="/wiki/Festival" title="Festival">festivals</a>, <a href="/wiki/Construction" title="Construction">construction</a> projects that involve local participants rather than outside contractors). </p><p>Community building that is geared toward citizen action is usually termed "community organizing".<sup id="cite_ref-organizing_31-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-organizing-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In these cases, organized community groups seek accountability from elected officials and increased direct representation within decision-making bodies. Where good-faith negotiations fail, these constituency-led organizations seek to pressure the decision-makers through a variety of means, including picketing, <a href="/wiki/Boycott" title="Boycott">boycotting</a>, sit-ins, petitioning, and electoral politics. </p><p>Community organizing can focus on more than just resolving specific issues. Organizing often means building a widely accessible power structure, often with the end goal of distributing power equally throughout the community. Community organizers generally seek to build groups that are open and democratic in governance. Such groups facilitate and encourage <a href="/wiki/Consensus_decision-making" title="Consensus decision-making">consensus decision-making</a> with a focus on the general health of the community rather than a specific interest group.<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>If communities are developed based on something they share in common, whether location or values, then one challenge for developing communities is how to incorporate individuality and differences. Rebekah Nathan suggests<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="margin-left:0.1em; white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Words_to_watch#Unsupported_attributions" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Words to watch"><span title="The material near this tag may use weasel words or too-vague attribution. (October 2018)">according to whom?</span></a></i>]</sup> in her book, <i>My Freshman Year</i>, we are drawn to developing communities totally based on sameness, despite stated commitments to diversity, such as those found on university websites. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Types">Types</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Community&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Types"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Community_Circle_at_OUR_Ecovillage.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/Community_Circle_at_OUR_Ecovillage.jpg/170px-Community_Circle_at_OUR_Ecovillage.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="227" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/Community_Circle_at_OUR_Ecovillage.jpg/255px-Community_Circle_at_OUR_Ecovillage.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/Community_Circle_at_OUR_Ecovillage.jpg/340px-Community_Circle_at_OUR_Ecovillage.jpg 2x" data-file-width="480" data-file-height="640" /></a><figcaption>Participants in Diana Leafe Christian's "Heart of a Healthy Community" seminar circle during an afternoon session at O.U.R. <a href="/wiki/Ecovillage" title="Ecovillage">Ecovillage</a></figcaption></figure> <p>A number of ways to categorize types of community have been proposed. One such breakdown is as follows: </p> <ol><li><b>Location-based</b>: range from the local <a href="/wiki/Neighbourhood" title="Neighbourhood">neighbourhood</a>, <a href="/wiki/Suburb" title="Suburb">suburb</a>, <a href="/wiki/Village" title="Village">village</a>, <a href="/wiki/Town" title="Town">town</a> or <a href="/wiki/City" title="City">city</a>, region, nation or even the planet as a whole. These are also called <b>communities of place</b>.</li> <li><b>Identity-based</b>: range from the local clique, sub-culture, <a href="/wiki/Ethnic_group" class="mw-redirect" title="Ethnic group">ethnic group</a>, <a href="/wiki/Religious" class="mw-redirect" title="Religious">religious</a>, <a href="/wiki/Multiculturalism" title="Multiculturalism">multicultural</a> or <a href="/wiki/Pluralism_(political_philosophy)" title="Pluralism (political philosophy)">pluralistic</a> <a href="/wiki/Civilisation" class="mw-redirect" title="Civilisation">civilisation</a>, or the <a href="/wiki/Globalisation" class="mw-redirect" title="Globalisation">global</a> community cultures of today. They may be included as <i>communities of need</i> or <i>identity</i>, such as <a href="/wiki/Disability" title="Disability">disabled persons</a>, or <a href="/wiki/Senior_Citizens" class="mw-redirect" title="Senior Citizens">frail aged</a> people.</li> <li><b>Organizationally-based</b>: range from communities organized informally around <a href="/wiki/Family" title="Family">family</a> or <a href="/wiki/Social_network" title="Social network">network</a>-based guilds and associations to more formal <a href="/wiki/Incorporation_(business)" title="Incorporation (business)">incorporated associations</a>, <a href="/wiki/Politics" title="Politics">political</a> <a href="/wiki/Decision-making" title="Decision-making">decision-making</a> structures, <a href="/wiki/Economics" title="Economics">economic</a> enterprises, or professional associations at a small, national or international scale.</li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Intentional_community" title="Intentional community">Intentional</a></b>: a mix of all three previous types, these are highly cohesive residential communities with a common social or spiritual purpose, ranging from <a href="/wiki/Monastery" title="Monastery">monasteries</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ashram" title="Ashram">ashrams</a> to modern <a href="/wiki/Ecovillage" title="Ecovillage">ecovillages</a> and <a href="/wiki/Housing_cooperative" title="Housing cooperative">housing cooperatives</a>.</li></ol> <p>The usual categorizations of community relations have a number of problems:<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> (1) they tend to give the impression that a particular community can be defined as just this kind or another; (2) they tend to conflate modern and customary community relations; (3) they tend to take sociological categories such as ethnicity or race as given, forgetting that different ethnically defined persons live in different kinds of communities—grounded, interest-based, diasporic, etc.<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In response to these problems, <a href="/wiki/Paul_James_(academic)" title="Paul James (academic)">Paul James</a> and his colleagues have developed a <a href="/wiki/Taxonomy" title="Taxonomy">taxonomy</a> that maps community relations, and recognizes that actual communities can be characterized by different kinds of relations at the same time:<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ol><li><b>Grounded community relations</b>. This involves enduring attachment to particular places and particular people. It is the dominant form taken by customary and <a href="/wiki/Tribal_communities" class="mw-redirect" title="Tribal communities">tribal communities</a>. In these kinds of communities, the land is fundamental to identity.</li> <li><b>Life-style community relations</b>. This involves giving primacy to communities coming together around particular chosen ways of life, such as morally charged or interest-based relations or just living or working in the same location. Hence the following sub-forms: <ol><li>community-life as morally bounded, a form taken by many traditional faith-based communities.</li> <li>community-life as interest-based, including sporting, leisure-based and business communities which come together for regular moments of engagement.</li> <li>community-life as proximately-related, where neighbourhood or commonality of association forms a community of convenience, or a <a href="/wiki/Community_of_place" title="Community of place">community of place</a> (see below).</li></ol></li> <li><b>Projected community relations</b>. This is where a community is self-consciously treated as an entity to be projected and re-created. It can be projected as through thin advertising slogan, for example <a href="/wiki/Gated_community" title="Gated community">gated community</a>, or can take the form of ongoing associations of people who seek political integration, <a href="/wiki/Communities_of_practice" class="mw-redirect" title="Communities of practice">communities of practice</a><sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> based on professional projects, associative communities which seek to enhance and support individual creativity, autonomy and mutuality. A <a href="/wiki/Nation" title="Nation">nation</a> is one of the largest forms of projected or <a href="/wiki/Imagined_community" title="Imagined community">imagined community</a>.</li></ol> <p>In these terms, communities can be nested and/or intersecting; one community can contain another—for example a location-based community may contain a number of <a href="/wiki/Ethnic_communities" class="mw-redirect" title="Ethnic communities">ethnic communities</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Both lists above can be used in a cross-cutting matrix in relation to each other. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Internet_communities">Internet communities</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Community&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Internet communities"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Virtual_community" title="Virtual community">Virtual community</a></div> <p>In general, <a href="/wiki/Virtual_community" title="Virtual community">virtual communities</a> value knowledge and information as <a href="/wiki/Social_currency" title="Social currency">currency</a> or social resource.<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> What differentiates virtual communities from their physical counterparts is the extent and impact of "weak ties", which are the relationships acquaintances or strangers form to acquire information through online networks.<sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Relationships among members in a <a href="/wiki/Virtual_community" title="Virtual community">virtual community</a> tend to focus on information exchange about specific topics.<sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A survey conducted by <a href="/wiki/Pew_Research_Centre" class="mw-redirect" title="Pew Research Centre">Pew Internet</a> and The American Life Project in 2001 found those involved in entertainment, professional, and sports virtual-groups focused their activities on obtaining information.<sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>An epidemic of <a href="/wiki/Cyberbullying" title="Cyberbullying">bullying</a> and harassment has arisen from the exchange of information between strangers, especially among teenagers,<sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> in virtual communities. Despite attempts to implement anti-bullying policies, Sheri Bauman, professor of counselling at the University of Arizona, claims the "most effective strategies to prevent bullying" may cost companies revenue.<sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Virtual Internet-mediated communities can interact with offline <a href="/wiki/Real-life" class="mw-redirect" title="Real-life">real-life</a> activity, potentially forming strong and tight-knit groups such as <a href="/wiki/QAnon" title="QAnon">QAnon</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-48" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Community&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Circles_of_Sustainability" title="Circles of Sustainability">Circles of Sustainability</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Communitarianism" title="Communitarianism">Communitarianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Community_theatre" title="Community theatre">Community theatre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Community_wind_energy" title="Community wind energy">Community wind energy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Engaged_theory" title="Engaged theory">Engaged theory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_community" title="Outline of community">Outline of community</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia_community" title="Wikipedia community">Wikipedia community</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Community&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Notes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFJamesNadarajahHaiveStead2012" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Paul_James_(academic)" title="Paul James (academic)">James, Paul</a>; Nadarajah, Yaso; Haive, Karen; Stead, Victoria (2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.academia.edu/3230875"><i>Sustainable Communities, Sustainable Development: Other Paths for Papua New Guinea</i></a>. Honolulu: University of Hawaii Press. p. 14. <q>[...] we define community very broadly as a group or network of persons who are connected (objectively) to each other by relatively durable social relations that extend beyond immediate genealogical ties and who mutually define that relationship (subjectively) as important to their social identity and social practice.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Sustainable+Communities%2C+Sustainable+Development%3A+Other+Paths+for+Papua+New+Guinea&rft.place=Honolulu&rft.pages=14&rft.pub=University+of+Hawaii+Press&rft.date=2012&rft.aulast=James&rft.aufirst=Paul&rft.au=Nadarajah%2C+Yaso&rft.au=Haive%2C+Karen&rft.au=Stead%2C+Victoria&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.academia.edu%2F3230875&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACommunity" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> See also: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJames2006" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Paul_James_(academic)" title="Paul James (academic)">James, Paul</a> (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.academia.edu/1642214"><i>Globalism, Nationalism, Tribalism: Bringing Theory Back In – Volume 2 of Towards a Theory of Abstract Community</i></a>. London: Sage Publications.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Globalism%2C+Nationalism%2C+Tribalism%3A+Bringing+Theory+Back+In+%E2%80%93+Volume+2+of+Towards+a+Theory+of+Abstract+Community&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Sage+Publications&rft.date=2006&rft.aulast=James&rft.aufirst=Paul&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.academia.edu%2F1642214&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACommunity" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRydin1999" class="citation book cs1">Rydin, Yvonne (1 October 1999). "Public participation in planning: Public participation and collective decision making". In Cullingworth, J. Barry (ed.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Gq6glh_ILtwC"><i>British Planning: 50 Years of Urban and Regional Policy</i></a>. London: The Athlone Press. p. 196. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780485006049" title="Special:BookSources/9780485006049"><bdi>9780485006049</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">6 September</span> 2024</span>. <q>[...] planning decisions are a form of collective decision making. This is not the same thing as decision making by the local community since that represents only a subset of the broader social collectivity.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Public+participation+in+planning%3A+Public+participation+and+collective+decision+making&rft.btitle=British+Planning%3A+50+Years+of+Urban+and+Regional+Policy&rft.place=London&rft.pages=196&rft.pub=The+Athlone+Press&rft.date=1999-10-01&rft.isbn=9780485006049&rft.aulast=Rydin&rft.aufirst=Yvonne&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DGq6glh_ILtwC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACommunity" class="Z3988"></span> </span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHowell2002" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Signe_Howell" title="Signe Howell">Howell, Signe</a> (2002). "Community beyond place: Adoptive families in Norway". In Amit, Vered (ed.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=wOIFSqxWCn4C"><i>Realizing Community: Concepts, Social Relationships and Sentiments</i></a>. European Association of Social Anthropologists. London: Psychology Press. p. 98. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780415229074" title="Special:BookSources/9780415229074"><bdi>9780415229074</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">6 September</span> 2024</span>. <q>[...] without [...] interaction [...], a category of collectivity is likely to remain a conceptual category rather than [...] become a community. It seems likely that some sort of social intimacy, particularly when this takes place at vulnerable times, must occur to serve as a paradigmatic vehicle for the wider sense of shared experience.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Community+beyond+place%3A+Adoptive+families+in+Norway&rft.btitle=Realizing+Community%3A+Concepts%2C+Social+Relationships+and+Sentiments&rft.place=London&rft.series=European+Association+of+Social+Anthropologists&rft.pages=98&rft.pub=Psychology+Press&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=9780415229074&rft.aulast=Howell&rft.aufirst=Signe&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DwOIFSqxWCn4C&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACommunity" class="Z3988"></span> </span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFReference-OED-community" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><span class="id-lock-subscription" title="Paid subscription required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1093/OED/1005093760">"community"</a></span>. <i><a href="/wiki/Oxford_English_Dictionary" title="Oxford English Dictionary">Oxford English Dictionary</a></i> (Online ed.). <a href="/wiki/Oxford_University_Press" title="Oxford University Press">Oxford University Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1093%2FOED%2F1005093760">10.1093/OED/1005093760</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=community&rft.btitle=Oxford+English+Dictionary&rft.edition=Online&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1093%2FOED%2F1005093760&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1093%2FOED%2F1005093760&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACommunity" class="Z3988"></span> <span style="font-size:0.95em; font-size:95%; color: var( --color-subtle, #555 )">(Subscription or <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.oed.com/public/login/loggingin#withyourlibrary">participating institution membership</a> required.)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMelih2011" class="citation book cs1">Melih, Bulu (2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=memeBQAAQBAJ&q=Human+communities+may+share+intent%2C+belief%2C+resources%2C+preferences%2C+needs%2C+and+risks+in+common%2C+affecting+the+identity+of+the+participants+and+their+degree+of+cohesiveness&pg=PA104"><i>City Competitiveness and Improving Urban Subsystems: Technologies and Applications: Technologies and Applications</i></a>. IGI Global. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-61350-175-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-61350-175-7"><bdi>978-1-61350-175-7</bdi></a>. <q>In human communities, intent, belief, resources, preferences, needs, risks, and a number of other conditions may be present and common, affecting the identity of the participants and their degree of cohesiveness.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=City+Competitiveness+and+Improving+Urban+Subsystems%3A+Technologies+and+Applications%3A+Technologies+and+Applications&rft.pub=IGI+Global&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=978-1-61350-175-7&rft.aulast=Melih&rft.aufirst=Bulu&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DmemeBQAAQBAJ%26q%3DHuman%2Bcommunities%2Bmay%2Bshare%2Bintent%252C%2Bbelief%252C%2Bresources%252C%2Bpreferences%252C%2Bneeds%252C%2Band%2Brisks%2Bin%2Bcommon%252C%2Baffecting%2Bthe%2Bidentity%2Bof%2Bthe%2Bparticipants%2Band%2Btheir%2Bdegree%2Bof%2Bcohesiveness%26pg%3DPA104&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACommunity" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Canuto, Marcello A. and Jason Yaeger (editors) (2000) <i>The Archaeology of Communities</i>. Routledge, New York. Hegmon, Michelle (2002) Concepts of Community in Archaeological Research. In <i>Seeking the Center: Archaeology and Ancient Communities in the Mesa Verde Region,</i> edited by Mark D. Varien and Richard H. Wilshusen, pp. 263–279. University of Utah Press, Salt Lake City.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStephen_Danley2018" class="citation book cs1">Stephen Danley (2018). <i>A Neighborhood Politics of Last Resort: Post-Katrina New Orleans and the Right to the City</i>. McGill-Queen's University Press. p. 3. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780773555891" title="Special:BookSources/9780773555891"><bdi>9780773555891</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Neighborhood+Politics+of+Last+Resort%3A+Post-Katrina+New+Orleans+and+the+Right+to+the+City&rft.pages=3&rft.pub=McGill-Queen%27s+University+Press&rft.date=2018&rft.isbn=9780773555891&rft.au=Stephen+Danley&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACommunity" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNicolson1993" class="citation journal cs1">Nicolson, Malcolm (March 1993). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0007087400030673">"L. A. Real and J. H. Brown (eds.), Foundations of Ecology: Classic Papers with Commentaries. Chicago and London: University of Chicago Press (with the Ecological Society of America), 1991. Pp. xiv + 905"</a>. <i>The British Journal for the History of Science</i>. <b>26</b> (1): <span class="nowrap">129–</span>130. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1017%2Fs0007087400030673">10.1017/s0007087400030673</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0007-0874">0007-0874</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+British+Journal+for+the+History+of+Science&rft.atitle=L.+A.+Real+and+J.+H.+Brown+%28eds.%29%2C+Foundations+of+Ecology%3A+Classic+Papers+with+Commentaries.+Chicago+and+London%3A+University+of+Chicago+Press+%28with+the+Ecological+Society+of+America%29%2C+1991.+Pp.+xiv+%2B+905.&rft.volume=26&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E129-%3C%2Fspan%3E130&rft.date=1993-03&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1017%2Fs0007087400030673&rft.issn=0007-0874&rft.aulast=Nicolson&rft.aufirst=Malcolm&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fdx.doi.org%2F10.1017%2Fs0007087400030673&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACommunity" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWilson1968" class="citation book cs1">Wilson, Alexander, ed. (1968). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=oOBRAQAAIAAJ"><i>Advertising and the Community</i></a>. Reprints of economic classes (reprint ed.). Manchester: Manchester University Press. p. 39. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0719003363" title="Special:BookSources/978-0719003363"><bdi>978-0719003363</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">6 June</span> 2021</span>. <q>In Britain, by far the more fashionable concern is that for advertising's value to the community.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Advertising+and+the+Community&rft.place=Manchester&rft.series=Reprints+of+economic+classes&rft.pages=39&rft.edition=reprint&rft.pub=Manchester+University+Press&rft.date=1968&rft.isbn=978-0719003363&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DoOBRAQAAIAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACommunity" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEveringham2003" class="citation book cs1">Everingham, Christine (2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=GVK5AAAAIAAJ"><i>Social Justice and the Politics of Community</i></a>. Welfare and society : studies in welfare policy, practice and theory (reprint ed.). Aldershot: Ashgate. p. 21. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0754633983" title="Special:BookSources/978-0754633983"><bdi>978-0754633983</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">6 June</span> 2021</span>. <q>Community is a very troublesome word then, having a wide range of meanings and connotations but little in the way of specific content. It is particularly useful as a rhetorical device because of its democratic and populist connotations, being associated with 'the people', as distinct from 'the government'.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Social+Justice+and+the+Politics+of+Community&rft.place=Aldershot&rft.series=Welfare+and+society+%3A+studies+in+welfare+policy%2C+practice+and+theory&rft.pages=21&rft.edition=reprint&rft.pub=Ashgate&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=978-0754633983&rft.aulast=Everingham&rft.aufirst=Christine&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DGVK5AAAAIAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACommunity" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> For example: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBasu2020" class="citation news cs1">Basu, Mohana (13 March 2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://theprint.in/health/what-is-community-transmission-how-one-can-contract-covid-19-without-travelling/380398/">"What is community transmission — how one can contract COVID-19 without travelling"</a>. <i>ThePrint</i>. Printline Media Pvt Ltd<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">6 June</span> 2021</span>. <q>[...] when the source of transmission for a large number of people is not traceable it is called a community transmission. [...]Most types of influenza and bird flu outbreaks in the past were known to have spread through community transmission. The outbreak of H1N1 in 2009, commonly known as swine flu, was primarily through community transmission. [...] In the case of community transmission, contact tracing is inadequate in containing the disease. [...] This is particularly worrisome for health officials because that means the virus is in the community but no one knows where it has come from or track its origins. This also means the virus can be widespread in a community.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=ThePrint&rft.atitle=What+is+community+transmission+%E2%80%94+how+one+can+contract+COVID-19+without+travelling&rft.date=2020-03-13&rft.aulast=Basu&rft.aufirst=Mohana&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ftheprint.in%2Fhealth%2Fwhat-is-community-transmission-how-one-can-contract-covid-19-without-travelling%2F380398%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACommunity" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFeinberg1988" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Joel_Feinberg" title="Joel Feinberg">Feinberg, Joel</a> (1988). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=yDQQAQAAMAAJ"><i>The Moral Limits of the Criminal Law: Harmless wrongdoing</i></a>. Volume 4 of The Moral Limits of the Criminal Law. Oxford: Oxford University Press. p. 103. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-504253-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-504253-5"><bdi>978-0-19-504253-5</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">6 June</span> 2021</span>. <q>There is, as I have said, a law enforcement community but not a criminal community. Why should that be?</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Moral+Limits+of+the+Criminal+Law%3A+Harmless+wrongdoing&rft.place=Oxford&rft.series=Volume+4+of+The+Moral+Limits+of+the+Criminal+Law&rft.pages=103&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=1988&rft.isbn=978-0-19-504253-5&rft.aulast=Feinberg&rft.aufirst=Joel&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DyDQQAQAAMAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACommunity" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Tönnies, Ferdinand (1887). <i>Gemeinschaft und Gesellschaft</i>, Leipzig: Fues's Verlag. An English translation of the 8th edition 1935 by Charles P. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">18 February</span> 2021</span>. <q>On the encrypted messaging app Telegram, however, which is currently serving as a bastion of far-right extremism, the QAnon community is not just thriving, but growing, according to data from the Center for Hate and Extremism.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Rolling+Stone&rft.atitle=The+QAnon+Community+Is+in+Crisis+%E2%80%94+But+On+Telegram%2C+It%27s+Also+Growing&rft.date=2021-01-22&rft.issn=0035-791X&rft.aulast=Dickson&rft.aufirst=E.J.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fshop.rollingstone.com%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACommunity" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Community&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Commons-logo.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/45px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/59px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></a></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <span style="font-weight: bold; font-style: italic;"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Community" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Community">Community</a></span>.</div></div> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1235681985"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237033735"><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg/40px-Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg/60px-Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg/80px-Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /></a></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Look up <i><b><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Special:Search/community" class="extiw" title="wiktionary:Special:Search/community">community</a></b></i> in Wiktionary, the free dictionary.</div></div> </div> <ul><li>Barzilai, Gad. 2003. <i>Communities and Law: Politics and Cultures of Legal Identities.</i> Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press.</li> <li>Beck, U. 1992. <i>Risk Society: Towards a New Modernity.</i> London: Sage: 2000. <i>What is globalization?</i> Cambridge: Polity Press.</li> <li>Chavis, D.M., Hogge, J.H., McMillan, D.W., & Wandersman, A. 1986. "Sense of community through Brunswick's lens: A first look." <i>Journal of Community Psychology</i>, 14(1), 24–40.</li> <li>Chipuer, H.M., & Pretty, G.M.H. (1999). A review of the Sense of Community Index: Current uses, factor structure, reliability, and further development. <i>Journal of Community Psychology</i>, 27(6), 643–658.</li> <li>Christensen, K., et al. (2003). <i>Encyclopedia of Community.</i> 4 volumes. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.</li> <li>Cohen, A. P. 1985. <i>The Symbolic Construction of Community.</i> Routledge: New York.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%89mile_Durkheim" title="Émile Durkheim">Durkheim, Émile</a>. 1950 [1895] <i>The Rules of Sociological Method</i>. Translated by S.A. Solovay and J.H. Mueller. New York: The Free Press.</li> <li>Cox, F., J. Erlich, J. Rothman, and J. Tropman. 1970. <i>Strategies of Community Organization: A Book of Readings.</i> Itasca, IL: F.E. Peacock Publishers.</li> <li>Effland, R. 1998. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://arquivo.pt/wayback/20160515120848/http://www.mc.maricopa.edu/dept/d10/asb/anthro2003/glues/model_complex.html">The Cultural Evolution of Civilizations</a> Mesa Community College.</li> <li>Giddens, A. 1999. "Risk and Responsibility" <i>Modern Law Review</i> 62(1): 1–10.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJames1996" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Paul_James_(academic)" title="Paul James (academic)">James, Paul</a> (1996). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/nationformationt00jame"><i>Nation Formation: Towards a Theory of Abstract Community</i></a></span>. London: Sage Publications.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Nation+Formation%3A+Towards+a+Theory+of+Abstract+Community&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Sage+Publications&rft.date=1996&rft.aulast=James&rft.aufirst=Paul&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fnationformationt00jame&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACommunity" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li>Lenski, G. 1974. <i>Human Societies: An Introduction to Macrosociology.</i> New York: McGraw-Hill, Inc.</li> <li>Long, D.A., & Perkins, D.D. (2003). Confirmatory Factor Analysis of the Sense of Community Index and Development of a Brief SCI. <i>Journal of Community Psychology</i>, 31, 279–296.</li> <li>Lyall, Scott, ed. (2016). <i>Community in Modern Scottish Literature</i>. Brill | Rodopi: Leiden | Boston.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean-Luc_Nancy" title="Jean-Luc Nancy">Nancy, Jean-Luc</a>. <i>La Communauté désœuvrée</i> – philosophical questioning of the concept of community and the possibility of encountering a non-<a href="/wiki/Subject_(philosophy)" class="mw-redirect" title="Subject (philosophy)">subjective</a> concept of it</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMuegge2013" class="citation journal cs1">Muegge, Steven (2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.22215%2Ftimreview%2F655">"Platforms, communities and business ecosystems: Lessons learned about entrepreneurship in an interconnected world"</a>. <i>Technology Innovation Management Review</i>. <b>3</b> (February): <span class="nowrap">5–</span>15. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.22215%2Ftimreview%2F655">10.22215/timreview/655</a></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Technology+Innovation+Management+Review&rft.atitle=Platforms%2C+communities+and+business+ecosystems%3A+Lessons+learned+about+entrepreneurship+in+an+interconnected+world&rft.volume=3&rft.issue=February&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E5-%3C%2Fspan%3E15&rft.date=2013&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.22215%2Ftimreview%2F655&rft.aulast=Muegge&rft.aufirst=Steven&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.22215%252Ftimreview%252F655&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACommunity" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li>Newman, D. 2005. <i>Sociology: Exploring the Architecture of Everyday Life,</i> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.pineforge.com/upm-data/9006_Chapter_5.pdf">Chapter 5. "Building Identity: Socialization"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120106033450/http://www.pineforge.com/upm-data/9006_Chapter_5.pdf">Archived</a> 2012-01-06 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> Pine Forge Press. Retrieved: 2006-08-05.</li> <li>Putnam, R.D. 2000. <i>Bowling Alone: The collapse and revival of American community.</i> New York: Simon & Schuster</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seymour_B._Sarason" class="mw-redirect" title="Seymour B. Sarason">Sarason, S.B.</a> 1974. <i>The psychological sense of community: Prospects for a community psychology.</i> San Francisco: Jossey-Bass. 1986. "Commentary: The emergence of a conceptual center." <i>Journal of Community Psychology</i>, 14, 405–407.</li> <li>Smith, M.K. 2001. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.infed.org/community/community.htm">Community</a>. <i>Encyclopedia of informal education</i>. Last updated: January 28, 2005. 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id="ca-viewsource-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="ve-edit-protected-sticky-header"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-editLock mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-wikimedia-editLock"></span> <span></span> </a> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-header-buttons"> <button class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet mw-interlanguage-selector" id="p-lang-btn-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn-sticky-header"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-wikimedia-language"></span> <span>85 languages</span> </button> <a href="#" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive" id="ca-addsection-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="addsection-sticky-header"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-speechBubbleAdd-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-speechBubbleAdd-progressive"></span> <span>Add topic</span> </a> </div> <div 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