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[o]" accesskey="o"> Log in</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-user-menu-anon-editor" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-user-menu-anon-editor" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Pages for logged out editors <a href="/wiki/Help:Introduction" aria-label="Learn more about editing">learn more</a> </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-anoncontribs" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:MyContributions" title="A list of edits made from this IP address [y]" accesskey="y">Contributions</a></li><li id="pt-anontalk" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:MyTalk" title="Discussion about edits from this IP address [n]" accesskey="n">Talk</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </header> </div> <div class="mw-page-container"> <div class="mw-page-container-inner"> <div class="vector-sitenotice-container"> <div id="siteNotice"></div> </div> <div class="vector-column-start"> <div class="vector-main-menu-container"> <div id="mw-navigation"> <nav id="mw-panel" class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="Site"> <div id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav id="mw-panel-toc" aria-label="Contents" data-event-name="ui.sidebar-toc" class="mw-table-of-contents-container vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-toc-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-toc" class="vector-toc vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-toc-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="toc-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-toc" > <h2 class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Contents</h2> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.unpin">hide</button> </div> <ul class="vector-toc-contents" id="mw-panel-toc-list"> <li id="toc-mw-content-text" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a href="#" class="vector-toc-link"> <div class="vector-toc-text">(Top)</div> </a> </li> <li id="toc-About" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#About"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1 About </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-About-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle About subsection </button> <ul id="toc-About-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Founding" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Founding"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.1 Founding </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Founding-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Structure_of_the_organization" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Structure_of_the_organization"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.2 Structure of the organization </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Structure_of_the_organization-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Finance" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Finance"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.3 Finance </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Finance-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-History" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#History"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.4 History </div> </a> <ul id="toc-History-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Acquisition_by_Microsoft" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Acquisition_by_Microsoft"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.5 Acquisition by Microsoft </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Acquisition_by_Microsoft-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Mascot" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Mascot"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.6 Mascot </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Mascot-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Services" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Services"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2 Services </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Services-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Services subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Services-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Scope" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Scope"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.1 Scope </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Scope-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-GitHub_Enterprise" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#GitHub_Enterprise"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.2 GitHub Enterprise </div> </a> <ul id="toc-GitHub_Enterprise-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-GitHub_Pages" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#GitHub_Pages"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.3 GitHub Pages </div> </a> <ul id="toc-GitHub_Pages-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Gist" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Gist"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.4 Gist </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Gist-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Education_program" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Education_program"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.5 Education program </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Education_program-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-GitHub_Marketplace_service" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#GitHub_Marketplace_service"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.6 GitHub Marketplace service </div> </a> <ul id="toc-GitHub_Marketplace_service-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-GitHub_Sponsors" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#GitHub_Sponsors"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.7 GitHub Sponsors </div> </a> <ul id="toc-GitHub_Sponsors-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-GitHub_Archive_Program" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#GitHub_Archive_Program"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3 GitHub Archive Program </div> </a> <ul id="toc-GitHub_Archive_Program-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Controversies" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Controversies"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4 Controversies </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Controversies-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Controversies subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Controversies-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Harassment_allegations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Harassment_allegations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.1 Harassment allegations </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Harassment_allegations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sanctions" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sanctions"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.2 Sanctions </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sanctions-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Censorship" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Censorship"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.3 Censorship </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Censorship-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-ICE_contract" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#ICE_contract"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.4 ICE contract </div> </a> <ul id="toc-ICE_contract-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Capitol_riot_comments_and_employee_firing" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Capitol_riot_comments_and_employee_firing"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.5 Capitol riot comments and employee firing </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Capitol_riot_comments_and_employee_firing-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Twitter_source_code_leak" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Twitter_source_code_leak"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.6 Twitter source code leak </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Twitter_source_code_leak-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Reception" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Reception"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5 Reception </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Reception-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6 See also </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7 References </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8 External links </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" > Toggle the table of contents </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading">GitHub</h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 66 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-66" aria-hidden="true" > 66 languages </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%BA%D9%8A%D8%AA_%D9%87%D8%A7%D8%A8" title="غيت هاب – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="غيت هاب" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">العربية</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-an mw-list-item"><a href="https://an.wikipedia.org/wiki/GitHub" title="GitHub – Aragonese" lang="an" hreflang="an" data-title="GitHub" data-language-autonym="Aragonés" data-language-local-name="Aragonese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Aragonés</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hyw mw-list-item"><a href="https://hyw.wikipedia.org/wiki/GitHub" title="GitHub – Western Armenian" lang="hyw" hreflang="hyw" data-title="GitHub" data-language-autonym="Արեւմտահայերէն" data-language-local-name="Western Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Արեւմտահայերէն</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/GitHub" title="GitHub – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="GitHub" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target">Azərbaycanca</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%82%DB%8C%D8%AA%E2%80%8C%D9%87%D8%A7%D8%A8" title="قیت‌هاب – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="قیت‌هاب" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target">تۆرکجه</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%97%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%9F%E0%A6%B9%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%AC" title="গিটহাব – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="গিটহাব" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target">বাংলা</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/GitHub" title="GitHub – Minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="GitHub" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Minnan" class="interlanguage-link-target">閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/GitHub" title="GitHub – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="GitHub" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Беларуская</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/GitHub" title="GitHub – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="GitHub" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Български</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/GitHub" title="GitHub – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="GitHub" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Català</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/GitHub" title="GitHub – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="GitHub" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target">Čeština</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/GitHub" title="GitHub – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="GitHub" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target">Deutsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/GitHub" title="GitHub – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="GitHub" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Eesti</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/GitHub" title="GitHub – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="GitHub" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ελληνικά</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/GitHub" title="GitHub – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="GitHub" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Español</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/GitHub" title="GitHub – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="GitHub" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target">Esperanto</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/GitHub" title="GitHub – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="GitHub" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target">Euskara</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%AF%DB%8C%D8%AA%E2%80%8C%D9%87%D8%A7%D8%A8" title="گیت‌هاب – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="گیت‌هاب" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target">فارسی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/GitHub" title="GitHub – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="GitHub" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target">Français</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hak mw-list-item"><a href="https://hak.wikipedia.org/wiki/GitHub" title="GitHub – Hakka Chinese" lang="hak" hreflang="hak" data-title="GitHub" data-language-autonym="客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî" data-language-local-name="Hakka Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target">客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EA%B9%83%ED%97%88%EB%B8%8C" title="깃허브 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="깃허브" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target">한국어</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ha mw-list-item"><a href="https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Github" title="Github – Hausa" lang="ha" hreflang="ha" data-title="Github" data-language-autonym="Hausa" data-language-local-name="Hausa" class="interlanguage-link-target">Hausa</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/GitHub" title="GitHub – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="GitHub" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Հայերեն</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%97%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%9F%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%AC" title="गिटहब – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="गिटहब" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target">हिन्दी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/GitHub" title="GitHub – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="GitHub" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Indonesia</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/GitHub" title="GitHub – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="GitHub" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Íslenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/GitHub" title="GitHub – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="GitHub" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Italiano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/GitHub" title="GitHub – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="GitHub" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target">עברית</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/GitHub" title="GitHub – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="GitHub" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target">ქართული</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/GitHub" title="GitHub – Kyrgyz" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="GitHub" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="Kyrgyz" class="interlanguage-link-target">Кыргызча</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/GitHub" title="GitHub – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="GitHub" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latviešu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/GitHub" title="GitHub – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="GitHub" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Magyar</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%97%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%B1%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B1%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B9%E0%B4%AC%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%AC%E0%B5%8D" title="ഗിറ്റ്ഹബ്ബ് – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="ഗിറ്റ്ഹബ്ബ്" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target">മലയാളം</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/GitHub" title="GitHub – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="GitHub" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Melayu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cdo mw-list-item"><a href="https://cdo.wikipedia.org/wiki/GitHub" title="GitHub – Mindong" lang="cdo" hreflang="cdo" data-title="GitHub" data-language-autonym="閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄" data-language-local-name="Mindong" class="interlanguage-link-target">閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-my mw-list-item"><a href="https://my.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%82%E1%80%85%E1%80%BA%E1%80%90%E1%80%BA%E1%80%9F%E1%80%95%E1%80%BA%E1%80%98%E1%80%BA" title="ဂစ်တ်ဟပ်ဘ် – Burmese" lang="my" hreflang="my" data-title="ဂစ်တ်ဟပ်ဘ်" data-language-autonym="မြန်မာဘာသာ" data-language-local-name="Burmese" class="interlanguage-link-target">မြန်မာဘာသာ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/GitHub" title="GitHub – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="GitHub" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nederlands</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/GitHub" title="GitHub – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="GitHub" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">日本語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/GitHub" title="GitHub – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="GitHub" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk bokmål</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/GitHub" title="GitHub – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="GitHub" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target">Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/GitHub" title="GitHub – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="GitHub" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Polski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/GitHub" title="GitHub – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="GitHub" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Português</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kaa mw-list-item"><a href="https://kaa.wikipedia.org/wiki/GitHub" title="GitHub – Kara-Kalpak" lang="kaa" hreflang="kaa" data-title="GitHub" data-language-autonym="Qaraqalpaqsha" data-language-local-name="Kara-Kalpak" class="interlanguage-link-target">Qaraqalpaqsha</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/GitHub" title="GitHub – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="GitHub" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Română</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-qu mw-list-item"><a href="https://qu.wikipedia.org/wiki/GitHub" title="GitHub – Quechua" lang="qu" hreflang="qu" data-title="GitHub" data-language-autonym="Runa Simi" data-language-local-name="Quechua" class="interlanguage-link-target">Runa Simi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/GitHub" title="GitHub – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="GitHub" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Русский</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/GitHub" title="GitHub – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="GitHub" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Shqip</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/GitHub" title="GitHub – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="GitHub" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target">Simple English</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/GitHub" title="GitHub – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="GitHub" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target">Slovenčina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/GitHub" title="GitHub – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="GitHub" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Slovenščina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%AF%DB%8C%D8%AA%DA%BE%DB%95%D8%A8" title="گیتھەب – Central Kurdish" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="گیتھەب" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Central Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target">کوردی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/GitHub" title="GitHub – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="GitHub" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Српски / srpski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/GitHub" title="GitHub – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="GitHub" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Suomi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Github" title="Github – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Github" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Svenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%95%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%9F%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%B9%E0%AE%AA%E0%AF%8D" title="கிட்ஹப் – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="கிட்ஹப்" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target">தமிழ்</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tt mw-list-item"><a href="https://tt.wikipedia.org/wiki/GitHub" title="GitHub – Tatar" lang="tt" hreflang="tt" data-title="GitHub" data-language-autonym="Татарча / tatarça" data-language-local-name="Tatar" class="interlanguage-link-target">Татарча / tatarça</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%AE%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%9A" title="กิตฮับ – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="กิตฮับ" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target">ไทย</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tg mw-list-item"><a href="https://tg.wikipedia.org/wiki/GitHub" title="GitHub – Tajik" lang="tg" hreflang="tg" data-title="GitHub" data-language-autonym="Тоҷикӣ" data-language-local-name="Tajik" class="interlanguage-link-target">Тоҷикӣ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/GitHub" title="GitHub – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="GitHub" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Türkçe</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/GitHub" title="GitHub – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="GitHub" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" 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> <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Appearance</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.unpin">hide</button> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Hosting service for software projects</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Not to be confused with <a href="/wiki/Git" title="Git">Git</a> or <a href="/wiki/GitLab" title="GitLab">GitLab</a>.</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox vcard"><caption class="infobox-title fn org">GitHub.com</caption><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><a href="/wiki/File:GitHub_Invertocat_Logo.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c2/GitHub_Invertocat_Logo.svg/220px-GitHub_Invertocat_Logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="220" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c2/GitHub_Invertocat_Logo.svg/330px-GitHub_Invertocat_Logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c2/GitHub_Invertocat_Logo.svg/440px-GitHub_Invertocat_Logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /></a><div class="infobox-caption">GitHub Invertocat logo</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Type of business</th><td class="infobox-data category"><a href="/wiki/Subsidiary" title="Subsidiary">Subsidiary</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Type of site</div></th><td class="infobox-data">Collaborative <a href="/wiki/Version_control" title="Version control">version control</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Available in</th><td class="infobox-data">English</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Founded</th><td class="infobox-data">February 8, 2008 (16 years ago) (2008-02-08) (as Logical Awesome LLC)<a href="#cite_note-1">[1]</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Headquarters</th><td class="infobox-data label"><a href="/wiki/San_Francisco" title="San Francisco">San Francisco</a>, California, U.S.</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Area served</th><td class="infobox-data">Worldwide</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Organizational_founder" title="Organizational founder">Founder(s)</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tom_Preston-Werner" title="Tom Preston-Werner">Tom Preston-Werner</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Chris_Wanstrath" title="Chris Wanstrath">Chris Wanstrath</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/P._J._Hyett" title="P. J. Hyett">P. J. Hyett</a></li><li>Scott Chacon</li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Key people</th><td class="infobox-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"><ul><li>Thomas Dohmke (CEO)</li><li>Mike Taylor (CFO)</li><li>Kyle Daigle (COO)</li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Industry</th><td class="infobox-data category"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"><ul><li>Collaborative <a href="/wiki/Version_control" title="Version control">version control</a> (GitHub)</li><li>AI development tools (<a href="/wiki/GitHub_Copilot" title="GitHub Copilot">GitHub Copilot</a>)</li><li><a href="/wiki/Web_hosting_service" title="Web hosting service">Blog host</a> (GitHub Pages)</li><li><a href="/wiki/Package_repository" class="mw-redirect" title="Package repository">Package repository</a> (NPM)</li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Revenue" title="Revenue">Revenue</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><img alt="Increase" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/11px-Increase2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/17px-Increase2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/22px-Increase2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /> $1 billion (2022)<a href="#cite_note-techcrunch.com-2">[2]</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Employees</th><td class="infobox-data">5,595<a href="#cite_note-3">[3]</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Holding_company" title="Holding company">Parent</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Microsoft" title="Microsoft">Microsoft</a> (2018–present)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">URL</th><td class="infobox-data url"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://github.com/">github.com</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Registration</th><td class="infobox-data">Optional (required for creating and joining repositories)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Registered_user" title="Registered user">Users</a></th><td class="infobox-data">100 million (as of January 2023<a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=GitHub&action=edit">[update]</a>)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Launched</th><td class="infobox-data">April 10, 2008; 16 years ago (2008-04-10)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Current status</th><td class="infobox-data category">Active</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Written in</th><td class="infobox-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ruby_(programming_language)" title="Ruby (programming language)">Ruby</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/JavaScript" title="JavaScript">JavaScript</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Go_(programming_language)" title="Go (programming language)">Go</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/C_(programming_language)" title="C (programming language)">C</a><a href="#cite_note-4">[4]</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Rust_(programming_language)" title="Rust (programming language)">Rust</a><a href="#cite_note-5">[5]</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Autonomous_System_Number" class="mw-redirect" title="Autonomous System Number">ASN</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://bgp.tools/as/36459">36459</a> <a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q364#P3797" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr></tbody></table> GitHub (<a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/ˈɡɪthʌb/</a>) is a developer platform that allows developers to create, store, manage and share their code. It uses <a href="/wiki/Git" title="Git">Git</a> software, which provides <a href="/wiki/Distributed_version_control" title="Distributed version control">distributed version control</a> of <a href="/wiki/Access_control" title="Access control">access control</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bug_tracking_system" title="Bug tracking system">bug tracking</a>, <a href="/wiki/Software_feature" title="Software feature">software feature</a> requests, <a href="/wiki/Task_management" title="Task management">task management</a>, <a href="/wiki/Continuous_integration" title="Continuous integration">continuous integration</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Wiki" title="Wiki">wikis</a> for every project.<a href="#cite_note-hugeinvestment-6">[6]</a> Headquartered in <a href="/wiki/California" title="California">California</a>, it has been a subsidiary of <a href="/wiki/Microsoft" title="Microsoft">Microsoft</a> since 2018.<a href="#cite_note-techcrunch-7">[7]</a> It is commonly used to host <a href="/wiki/Open_source" title="Open source">open source</a> software development projects.<a href="#cite_note-8">[8]</a> As of January 2023<a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=GitHub&action=edit">[update]</a>, GitHub reported having over 100 million developers<a href="#cite_note-9">[9]</a> and more than 420 million <a href="/wiki/Repository_(version_control)" title="Repository (version control)">repositories</a>,<a href="#cite_note-10">[10]</a> including at least 28 million public repositories.<a href="#cite_note-11">[11]</a> It is the world's largest <a href="/wiki/Source_code" title="Source code">source code</a> host as of June 2023<a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=GitHub&action=edit">[update]</a>. Over five billion developer contributions were made to more than 500 million open source projects in 2024.<a href="#cite_note-12">[12]</a> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="About">About</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=GitHub&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: About">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Founding">Founding</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=GitHub&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Founding">edit</a>]</div> The development of the GitHub platform began on October 19, 2007.<a href="#cite_note-beginning-13">[13]</a><a href="#cite_note-githuboneyear-14">[14]</a><a href="#cite_note-githubfirstcommit-15">[15]</a> The site was launched in April 2008 by <a href="/wiki/Tom_Preston-Werner" title="Tom Preston-Werner">Tom Preston-Werner</a>, <a href="/wiki/Chris_Wanstrath" title="Chris Wanstrath">Chris Wanstrath</a>, <a href="/wiki/P._J._Hyett" title="P. J. Hyett">P. J. Hyett</a> and Scott Chacon after it had been available for a few months as a <a href="/wiki/Beta_release" class="mw-redirect" title="Beta release">beta release</a>.<a href="#cite_note-pastie-16">[16]</a> Its name was chosen as a compound of <a href="/wiki/Git" title="Git">Git</a> and hub.<a href="#cite_note-17">[17]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Structure_of_the_organization">Structure of the organization</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=GitHub&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Structure of the organization">edit</a>]</div> GitHub, Inc. was originally a <a href="/wiki/Flat_organization" title="Flat organization">flat organization</a> with no middle managers, instead relying on <a href="/wiki/Workers%27_self-management" title="Workers' self-management">self-management</a>.<a href="#cite_note-cto-mgmt-style-18">[18]</a> Employees could choose to work on projects that interested them (<a href="/wiki/Open_allocation" title="Open allocation">open allocation</a>), but the chief executive set salaries.<a href="#cite_note-nyt-19">[19]</a> In 2014, the company added a layer of <a href="/wiki/Middle_management" title="Middle management">middle management</a> in response to serious harassment allegations against its senior leadership. As a result of the scandal, <a href="/wiki/Tom_Preston-Werner" title="Tom Preston-Werner">Tom Preston-Werner</a> resigned from his position as CEO.<a href="#cite_note-wsj-2014-20">[20]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Finance">Finance</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=GitHub&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Finance">edit</a>]</div> GitHub was a <a href="/wiki/Entrepreneurship#Bootstrapping" title="Entrepreneurship">bootstrapped</a> <a href="/wiki/Startup_company" title="Startup company">start-up business</a>, which in its first years provided enough revenue to be funded solely by its three founders and start taking on employees.<a href="#cite_note-21">[21]</a> In July 2012, four years after the company was founded, <a href="/wiki/Andreessen_Horowitz" title="Andreessen Horowitz">Andreessen Horowitz</a> invested $100 million in <a href="/wiki/Venture_capital" title="Venture capital">venture capital</a><a href="#cite_note-hugeinvestment-6">[6]</a> with a $750 million valuation.<a href="#cite_note-22">[22]</a> In July 2015 GitHub raised another $250 million (~$314 million in 2023) of venture capital in a <a href="/wiki/Series_B" class="mw-redirect" title="Series B">series B round</a>. The lead investor was <a href="/wiki/Sequoia_Capital" title="Sequoia Capital">Sequoia Capital</a>, and other investors were <a href="/wiki/Andreessen_Horowitz" title="Andreessen Horowitz">Andreessen Horowitz</a>, <a href="/wiki/Thrive_Capital" title="Thrive Capital">Thrive Capital</a>, IVP (Institutional Venture Partners) and other venture capital funds.<a href="#cite_note-23">[23]</a><a href="#cite_note-24">[24]</a> The company was then valued at approximately $2 billion.<a href="#cite_note-25">[25]</a> As of 2023,<a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=GitHub&action=edit">[update]</a> GitHub was estimated to generate $1 billion in revenue.<a href="#cite_note-techcrunch.com-2">[2]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="History">History</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=GitHub&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: History">edit</a>]</div> The GitHub service was developed by <a href="/wiki/Chris_Wanstrath" title="Chris Wanstrath">Chris Wanstrath</a>, <a href="/wiki/P._J._Hyett" title="P. J. Hyett">P. J. Hyett</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tom_Preston-Werner" title="Tom Preston-Werner">Tom Preston-Werner</a>, and Scott Chacon using <a href="/wiki/Ruby_on_Rails" title="Ruby on Rails">Ruby on Rails</a>, and started in February 2008. The company, GitHub, Inc., was formed in 2007 and is located in San Francisco.<a href="#cite_note-26">[26]</a><figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:GithubAWSTorontoSummit.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/GithubAWSTorontoSummit.jpg/220px-GithubAWSTorontoSummit.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="146" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/GithubAWSTorontoSummit.jpg/330px-GithubAWSTorontoSummit.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/GithubAWSTorontoSummit.jpg/440px-GithubAWSTorontoSummit.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4928" data-file-height="3264" /></a><figcaption>GitHub at AWS Summit</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Mapping_collaborative_software_on_GitHub.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/57/Mapping_collaborative_software_on_GitHub.png/220px-Mapping_collaborative_software_on_GitHub.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="119" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/57/Mapping_collaborative_software_on_GitHub.png/330px-Mapping_collaborative_software_on_GitHub.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/57/Mapping_collaborative_software_on_GitHub.png/440px-Mapping_collaborative_software_on_GitHub.png 2x" data-file-width="3508" data-file-height="1890" /></a><figcaption>The shading of the map illustrates the number of users as a proportion of each country's <a href="/wiki/Internet_population" class="mw-redirect" title="Internet population">Internet population</a>. The circular charts surrounding the two hemispheres depict the total number of GitHub users (left) and commits (right) per country.</figcaption></figure> On February 24, 2009, GitHub announced that within the first year of being online, GitHub had accumulated over 46,000 public repositories, 17,000 of which were formed in the previous month. At that time, about 6,200 repositories had been <a href="/wiki/Fork_(software_development)" title="Fork (software development)">forked</a> at least once, and 4,600 had been merged. That same year, the site was used by over 100,000 users, according to GitHub,<a href="#cite_note-27">[27]</a> and had grown to host 90,000 unique public repositories, 12,000 having been forked at least once, for a total of 135,000 repositories.<a href="#cite_note-28">[28]</a> In 2010, GitHub was hosting 1 million repositories.<a href="#cite_note-29">[29]</a> A year later, this number doubled.<a href="#cite_note-30">[30]</a> <a href="/wiki/ReadWriteWeb" class="mw-redirect" title="ReadWriteWeb">ReadWriteWeb</a> reported that GitHub had surpassed <a href="/wiki/SourceForge" title="SourceForge">SourceForge</a> and <a href="/wiki/Google_Code" class="mw-redirect" title="Google Code">Google Code</a> in total number of commits for the period of January to May 2011.<a href="#cite_note-31">[31]</a> On January 16, 2013, GitHub passed the 3 million users mark and was then hosting more than 5 million repositories.<a href="#cite_note-32">[32]</a> By the end of the year, the number of repositories was twice as great, reaching 10 million repositories.<a href="#cite_note-33">[33]</a> In 2015, GitHub opened an office in Japan, its first outside of the U.S.<a href="#cite_note-34">[34]</a> On February 28, 2018, GitHub fell victim to the third-largest <a href="/wiki/Distributed_denial-of-service" class="mw-redirect" title="Distributed denial-of-service">distributed denial-of-service</a> (DDoS) attack in history, with incoming traffic reaching a peak of about 1.35 terabits per second.<a href="#cite_note-DDOS-35">[35]</a> On June 19, 2018, GitHub expanded its GitHub Education by offering free education bundles to all schools.<a href="#cite_note-36">[36]</a><a href="#cite_note-37">[37]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Acquisition_by_Microsoft">Acquisition by Microsoft</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=GitHub&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Acquisition by Microsoft">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Number_of_open_source_contributors_by_company.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/Number_of_open_source_contributors_by_company.png/220px-Number_of_open_source_contributors_by_company.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="243" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/Number_of_open_source_contributors_by_company.png/330px-Number_of_open_source_contributors_by_company.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/Number_of_open_source_contributors_by_company.png/440px-Number_of_open_source_contributors_by_company.png 2x" data-file-width="720" data-file-height="795" /></a><figcaption>Microsoft was on top of the list of the ten organizations with the most open-source contributors on GitHub in 2016.<a href="#cite_note-38">[38]</a></figcaption></figure> From 2012, <a href="/wiki/Microsoft" title="Microsoft">Microsoft</a> became a significant user of GitHub, using it to host open-source projects and development tools such as <a href="/wiki/.NET" title=".NET">.NET Core</a>, <a href="/wiki/Chakra_(JavaScript_engine)" title="Chakra (JavaScript engine)">Chakra Core</a>, <a href="/wiki/MSBuild" title="MSBuild">MSBuild</a>, <a href="/wiki/PowerShell" title="PowerShell">PowerShell</a>, <a href="/wiki/Microsoft_PowerToys" title="Microsoft PowerToys">PowerToys</a>, <a href="/wiki/Visual_Studio_Code" title="Visual Studio Code">Visual Studio Code</a>, <a href="/wiki/Windows_Calculator" title="Windows Calculator">Windows Calculator</a>, <a href="/wiki/Windows_Terminal" title="Windows Terminal">Windows Terminal</a> and the bulk of its product documentation (now to be found on <a href="/wiki/Microsoft_Learn" title="Microsoft Learn">Microsoft Docs</a>).<a href="#cite_note-venturebeat-39">[39]</a><a href="#cite_note-:1-40">[40]</a> On June 4, 2018, Microsoft announced its intent to acquire GitHub for US$7.5 billion (~$8.96 billion in 2023). The deal closed on October 26, 2018.<a href="#cite_note-41">[41]</a> GitHub continued to operate independently as a community, platform and business.<a href="#cite_note-42">[42]</a> Under Microsoft, the service was led by <a href="/wiki/Xamarin" title="Xamarin">Xamarin</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Nat_Friedman" title="Nat Friedman">Nat Friedman</a>, reporting to <a href="/wiki/Scott_Guthrie" title="Scott Guthrie">Scott Guthrie</a>, executive vice president of Microsoft Cloud and AI. <a href="/wiki/Nat_Friedman" title="Nat Friedman">Nat Friedman</a> resigned November 3, 2021; he was replaced by Thomas Dohmke.<a href="#cite_note-43">[43]</a> There have been concerns from developers Kyle Simpson, <a href="/wiki/JavaScript" title="JavaScript">JavaScript</a> trainer and author, and Rafael Laguna, CEO at <a href="/wiki/Open-Xchange" title="Open-Xchange">Open-Xchange</a> over Microsoft's purchase, citing uneasiness over Microsoft's handling of previous acquisitions, such as <a href="/wiki/Microsoft_Mobile" title="Microsoft Mobile">Nokia's mobile business</a> and <a href="/wiki/Skype" title="Skype">Skype</a>.<a href="#cite_note-44">[44]</a><a href="#cite_note-45">[45]</a> This acquisition was in line with Microsoft's business strategy under CEO <a href="/wiki/Satya_Nadella" title="Satya Nadella">Satya Nadella</a>, which has seen a larger focus on <a href="/wiki/Cloud_computing" title="Cloud computing">cloud computing</a> services, alongside the development of and contributions to open-source software.<a href="#cite_note-techcrunch-7">[7]</a><a href="#cite_note-:1-40">[40]</a><a href="#cite_note-46">[46]</a> <a href="/wiki/Harvard_Business_Review" title="Harvard Business Review">Harvard Business Review</a> argued that Microsoft was intending to acquire GitHub to get access to its user base, so it can be used as a <a href="/wiki/Loss_leader" title="Loss leader">loss leader</a> to encourage the use of its other development products and services.<a href="#cite_note-47">[47]</a> Concerns over the sale bolstered interest in competitors: <a href="/wiki/Bitbucket" title="Bitbucket">Bitbucket</a> (owned by <a href="/wiki/Atlassian" title="Atlassian">Atlassian</a>), <a href="/wiki/GitLab" title="GitLab">GitLab</a> and <a href="/wiki/SourceForge" title="SourceForge">SourceForge</a> (owned by BIZX, LLC) reported that they had seen spikes in new users intending to migrate projects from GitHub to their respective services.<a href="#cite_note-atlassian-10reasons-48">[48]</a><a href="#cite_note-zdnet-rivalsgain-49">[49]</a><a href="#cite_note-50">[50]</a><a href="#cite_note-51">[51]</a><a href="#cite_note-52">[52]</a> In September 2019, GitHub acquired <a href="/wiki/Semmle" title="Semmle">Semmle</a>, a code analysis tool.<a href="#cite_note-53">[53]</a> In February 2020, GitHub launched in India under the name GitHub India Private Limited.<a href="#cite_note-54">[54]</a> In March 2020, GitHub announced that it was acquiring <a href="/wiki/Npm_(software)" class="mw-redirect" title="Npm (software)">npm</a>, a JavaScript packaging vendor, for an undisclosed sum of money.<a href="#cite_note-55">[55]</a> The deal was closed on April 15, 2020.<a href="#cite_note-56">[56]</a> In early July 2020, the GitHub Archive Program was established to archive its open-source code in perpetuity.<a href="#cite_note-blog-57">[57]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Mascot">Mascot</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=GitHub&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Mascot">edit</a>]</div> GitHub's <a href="/wiki/Mascot" title="Mascot">mascot</a> is an <a href="/wiki/Anthropomorphized" class="mw-redirect" title="Anthropomorphized">anthropomorphized</a> "octocat" with five <a href="/wiki/Cephalopod_limb" title="Cephalopod limb">octopus-like arms</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Octodex_FAQ-58">[58]</a><a href="#cite_note-Jaramillo-59">[59]</a> The character was created by graphic designer <a href="/wiki/Simon_Oxley" title="Simon Oxley">Simon Oxley</a> as <a href="/wiki/Clip_art" title="Clip art">clip art</a> to sell on <a href="/wiki/IStock" title="IStock">iStock</a>,<a href="#cite_note-DeAmicis-60">[60]</a> a website that enables designers to market <a href="/wiki/Royalty-free" title="Royalty-free">royalty-free</a> <a href="/wiki/Digital_image" title="Digital image">digital images</a>. The illustration GitHub chose was a character that Oxley had named Octopuss.<a href="#cite_note-DeAmicis-60">[60]</a> Since GitHub wanted Octopuss for their logo (a use that the iStock license disallows), they negotiated with Oxley to buy exclusive rights to the image.<a href="#cite_note-DeAmicis-60">[60]</a> GitHub renamed Octopuss to Octocat,<a href="#cite_note-DeAmicis-60">[60]</a> and trademarked the character along with the new name.<a href="#cite_note-Octodex_FAQ-58">[58]</a> Later, GitHub hired illustrator Cameron McEfee to adapt Octocat for different purposes on the website and promotional materials; McEfee and various GitHub users have since created hundreds of variations of the character, which are available on <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://octodex.github.com/">The Octodex</a>.<a href="#cite_note-McEfee-61">[61]</a><a href="#cite_note-62">[62]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Services">Services</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=GitHub&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Services">edit</a>]</div> Projects on GitHub can be accessed and managed using the standard <a href="/wiki/Git" title="Git">Git</a> command-line interface; all standard Git commands work with it. GitHub also allows users to browse public <a href="/wiki/Content_repository" title="Content repository">repositories</a> on the site. Multiple desktop clients and Git <a href="/wiki/Plug-in_(computing)" title="Plug-in (computing)">plugins</a> are also available. In addition, the site provides <a href="/wiki/Social_networking" class="mw-redirect" title="Social networking">social networking</a>-like functions such as feeds, followers, wikis (using <a href="/wiki/Wiki_software" title="Wiki software">wiki software</a> called <a href="/wiki/Gollum_Wiki" class="mw-redirect" title="Gollum Wiki">Gollum</a>), and a <a href="/wiki/Collaboration_graph" title="Collaboration graph">social network graph</a> to display how developers work on their versions ("<a href="/wiki/Fork_(software_development)" title="Fork (software development)">forks</a>") of a repository and what fork (and branch within that fork) is newest. Anyone can browse and download public repositories, but only registered users can contribute content to repositories. With a registered user account, users can have discussions, manage repositories, submit contributions to others' repositories, and <a href="/wiki/Code_review" title="Code review">review changes to code</a>. GitHub began offering limited private repositories at no cost in January 2019 (limited to three contributors per project). Previously, only public repositories were free.<a href="#cite_note-63">[63]</a><a href="#cite_note-64">[64]</a><a href="#cite_note-:3-65">[65]</a> On April 14, 2020, GitHub made "all of the core GitHub features" free for everyone, including "private repositories with unlimited collaborators."<a href="#cite_note-66">[66]</a> The fundamental software that underpins GitHub is <a href="/wiki/Git" title="Git">Git</a> itself, written by <a href="/wiki/Linus_Torvalds" title="Linus Torvalds">Linus Torvalds</a>, creator of Linux. The additional software that provides the GitHub user interface was written using <a href="/wiki/Ruby_on_Rails" title="Ruby on Rails">Ruby on Rails</a> and <a href="/wiki/Erlang_(programming_language)" title="Erlang (programming language)">Erlang</a> by GitHub, Inc. developers Wanstrath,<a href="#cite_note-wanstrathinterview-67">[67]</a> Hyett, and Preston-Werner. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Scope">Scope</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=GitHub&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Scope">edit</a>]</div> The primary purpose of GitHub is to facilitate the <a href="/wiki/Version_control" title="Version control">version control</a> and <a href="/wiki/Issue_tracking_system" title="Issue tracking system">issue tracking</a> aspects of software development. Labels, milestones, responsibility assignment, and a search engine are available for issue tracking. For version control, Git (and, by extension, GitHub) allows <a href="/wiki/Pull_request" class="mw-redirect" title="Pull request">pull requests</a> to propose changes to the source code. Users who can review the proposed changes can see a diff between the requested changes and approve them. In Git terminology, this action is called "committing" and one instance of it is a "commit." A history of all commits is kept and can be viewed at a later time. In addition, GitHub supports the following formats and features: <ul><li>Documentation,<a href="#cite_note-68">[68]</a> including automatically rendered <a href="/wiki/README" title="README">README</a> files in a variety of <a href="/wiki/Markdown" title="Markdown">Markdown</a>-like file formats (see <a href="/wiki/README#On_GitHub" title="README">README § On GitHub</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikis" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikis">Wikis</a>,<a href="#cite_note-69">[69]</a> with some repositories consisting solely of wiki content. These include curated lists of recommended software which have become known as awesome lists.<a href="#cite_note-70">[70]</a><a href="#cite_note-71">[71]</a></li> <li>GitHub Actions,<a href="#cite_note-72">[72]</a> which allows building <a href="/wiki/Continuous_integration" title="Continuous integration">continuous integration</a> and <a href="/wiki/Continuous_deployment" title="Continuous deployment">continuous deployment</a> pipelines for testing, releasing and deploying software without the use of third-party websites/platforms</li> <li>GitHub Codespaces, an <a href="/wiki/Online_IDE" class="mw-redirect" title="Online IDE">online IDE</a> providing users with a virtual machine intended to be a work environment to build and test code<a href="#cite_note-73">[73]</a><a href="#cite_note-74">[74]</a><a href="#cite_note-75">[75]</a></li> <li>Graphs: pulse, contributors, commits, code frequency, punch card, network, members</li> <li>Integrations Directory<a href="#cite_note-76">[76]</a></li> <li>Email notifications<a href="#cite_note-77">[77]</a></li> <li>Discussions<a href="#cite_note-78">[78]</a></li> <li>Option to subscribe someone to notifications by <a href="/wiki/Mention_(blogging)" title="Mention (blogging)">@ mentioning</a> them.<a href="#cite_note-79">[79]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emoji" title="Emoji">Emojis</a><a href="#cite_note-80">[80]</a></li> <li>Nested <a href="/wiki/To_do_list" class="mw-redirect" title="To do list">task-lists</a> within files</li> <li>Visualization of <a href="/wiki/Geospatial_analysis" class="mw-redirect" title="Geospatial analysis">geospatial</a> data</li> <li>3D render files can be previewed using an integrated STL file viewer that displays the files on a "3D canvas."<a href="#cite_note-3d-81">[81]</a> The viewer is powered by <a href="/wiki/WebGL" title="WebGL">WebGL</a> and <a href="/wiki/Three.js" title="Three.js">Three.js</a>.</li> <li>Support for previewing many common image formats, including Photoshop's PSD files</li> <li>PDF document viewer</li> <li>Security Alerts of known <a href="/wiki/Common_Vulnerabilities_and_Exposures" title="Common Vulnerabilities and Exposures">Common Vulnerabilities and Exposures</a> in different packages</li></ul> GitHub's Terms of Service do not require public software projects hosted on GitHub to meet the <a href="/wiki/Open_Source_Definition" class="mw-redirect" title="Open Source Definition">Open Source Definition</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Terms_of_service" title="Terms of service">terms of service</a> state, "By setting your repositories to be viewed publicly, you agree to allow others to view and fork your repositories."<a href="#cite_note-82">[82]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="GitHub_Enterprise">GitHub Enterprise</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=GitHub&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: GitHub Enterprise">edit</a>]</div> GitHub Enterprise is a self-managed version of GitHub with similar functionality. It can be run on an organization's hardware or a cloud provider and has been available as of November 2011<a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=GitHub&action=edit">[update]</a>.<a href="#cite_note-83">[83]</a> In November 2020, source code for GitHub Enterprise Server was leaked online in an apparent protest against DMCA takedown of <a href="/wiki/Youtube-dl" title="Youtube-dl">youtube-dl</a>. According to GitHub, the source code came from GitHub accidentally sharing the code with Enterprise customers themselves, not from an attack on GitHub servers.<a href="#cite_note-84">[84]</a><a href="#cite_note-85">[85]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="GitHub_Pages">GitHub Pages</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=GitHub&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: GitHub Pages">edit</a>]</div> In 2008, GitHub introduced GitHub Pages, a <a href="/wiki/Static_web_page" title="Static web page">static</a> <a href="/wiki/Web_hosting_service" title="Web hosting service">web hosting service</a> for <a href="/wiki/Blog" title="Blog">blogs</a>, project documentation,<a href="#cite_note-86">[86]</a><a href="#cite_note-87">[87]</a> and books.<a href="#cite_note-88">[88]</a> All GitHub Pages content is stored in a Git repository as files served to visitors verbatim or in <a href="/wiki/GitHub_Flavored_Markdown" class="mw-redirect" title="GitHub Flavored Markdown">Markdown</a> format. GitHub is integrated with <a href="/wiki/Jekyll_(software)" title="Jekyll (software)">Jekyll</a> static website and blog generator and GitHub continuous integration pipelines. Each time the content source is updated, Jekyll regenerates the website and automatically serves it via GitHub Pages infrastructure.<a href="#cite_note-89">[89]</a> Like the rest of GitHub, it includes free and paid service tiers. Websites generated through this service are hosted either as <a href="/wiki/Subdomain" title="Subdomain">subdomains</a> of the github.io domain or can be connected to custom <a href="/wiki/Domain_name" title="Domain name">domains</a> bought through a third-party <a href="/wiki/Domain_name_registrar" title="Domain name registrar">domain name registrar</a>.<a href="#cite_note-90">[90]</a> GitHub Pages supports HTTPS encryption.<a href="#cite_note-91">[91]</a><a href="#cite_note-92">[92]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Gist">Gist</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=GitHub&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Gist">edit</a>]</div> GitHub also operates a <a href="/wiki/Pastebin" title="Pastebin">pastebin</a>-style site called Gist, which is for <a href="/wiki/Snippet_(programming)" title="Snippet (programming)">code snippets</a>, as opposed to GitHub proper, which is usually used for larger projects.<a href="#cite_note-pastie-16">[16]</a> Tom Preston-Werner débuted the feature at a Ruby conference in 2008.<a href="#cite_note-93">[93]</a> Gist builds on the traditional simple concept of a <a href="/wiki/Pastebin" title="Pastebin">pastebin</a> by adding version control for code snippets, easy forking, and <a href="/wiki/Transport_Layer_Security" title="Transport Layer Security">TLS encryption</a> for private pastes. Because each "gist" is its own Git repository, multiple code snippets can be contained in a single page, and they can be pushed and pulled using Git.<a href="#cite_note-94">[94]</a> Unregistered users could upload Gists until March 19, 2018, when uploading Gists was restricted to logged-in users, reportedly to mitigate <a href="/wiki/Spamming" title="Spamming">spamming</a> on the page of recent Gists.<a href="#cite_note-95">[95]</a> Gists' <a href="/wiki/URL" title="URL">URLs</a> use hexadecimal IDs, and edits to Gists are recorded in a <a href="/wiki/Version_control" title="Version control">revision history</a>, which can show the text difference of thirty revisions per page with an option between a "split" and "unified" view. Like repositories, Gists can be forked, "starred", i.e., publicly bookmarked, and commented on. The count of revisions, stars, and forks is indicated on the gist page.<a href="#cite_note-96">[96]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Education_program">Education program</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=GitHub&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Education program">edit</a>]</div> GitHub launched a new program called the GitHub Student Developer Pack to give students free access to more than a dozen popular development tools and services. GitHub partnered with <a href="/wiki/Bitnami" title="Bitnami">Bitnami</a>, <a href="/wiki/Crowdflower" class="mw-redirect" title="Crowdflower">Crowdflower</a>, <a href="/wiki/DigitalOcean" title="DigitalOcean">DigitalOcean</a>, DNSimple, <a href="/wiki/HackHands" title="HackHands">HackHands</a>, <a href="/wiki/Namecheap" title="Namecheap">Namecheap</a>, Orchestrate, Screenhero, <a href="/wiki/SendGrid" title="SendGrid">SendGrid</a>, <a href="/wiki/Stripe_(company)" class="mw-redirect" title="Stripe (company)">Stripe</a>, <a href="/wiki/Travis_CI" title="Travis CI">Travis CI</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Unreal_Engine" title="Unreal Engine">Unreal Engine</a> to launch the program.<a href="#cite_note-97">[97]</a> In 2016, GitHub announced the launch of the GitHub Campus Experts program<a href="#cite_note-98">[98]</a> to train and encourage students to grow technology communities at their universities. The Campus Experts program is open to university students 18 years and older worldwide.<a href="#cite_note-99">[99]</a> GitHub Campus Experts are one of the primary ways that GitHub funds student-oriented events and communities, Campus Experts are given access to training, funding, and additional resources to run events and grow their communities. To become a Campus Expert, applicants must complete an online training course with multiple modules to develop community leadership skills. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="GitHub_Marketplace_service">GitHub Marketplace service</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=GitHub&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: GitHub Marketplace service">edit</a>]</div> GitHub also provides some <a href="/wiki/Software_as_a_service" title="Software as a service">software as a service</a> (SaaS) integrations for adding extra features to projects. Those services include: <ul><li>Waffle.io: project management for software teams, which allows users to automatically see pull requests, automated builds, reviews, and deployments across repositories.<a href="#cite_note-100">[100]</a></li> <li>Rollbar: provides real-time debugging tools and full-stack exception reporting.<a href="#cite_note-101">[101]</a><a href="#cite_note-102">[102]</a></li> <li>Codebeat: automated code analysis for web and mobile developers.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>]</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Travis_CI" title="Travis CI">Travis CI</a>: <a href="/wiki/Continuous_integration" title="Continuous integration">continuous integration</a> service.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>]</li> <li>GitLocalize: provides utilities to manage project translation and internationalisation.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>]</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="GitHub_Sponsors">GitHub Sponsors</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=GitHub&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: GitHub Sponsors">edit</a>]</div> GitHub Sponsors allows users to make monthly money donations to projects hosted on GitHub.<a href="#cite_note-103">[103]</a> The public beta was announced on May 23, 2019, and the project accepts waitlist registrations. <a href="/wiki/The_Verge" title="The Verge">The Verge</a> said that GitHub Sponsors "works exactly like <a href="/wiki/Patreon" title="Patreon">Patreon</a>" because "developers can offer various funding tiers that come with different perks, and they'll receive recurring payments from supporters who want to access them and encourage their work" except with "zero fees to use the program." Furthermore, GitHub offers incentives for early adopters during the first year: it pledges to cover payment processing costs and match sponsorship payments up to $5,000 per developer. Furthermore, users can still use similar services like Patreon and Open Collective and link to their websites.<a href="#cite_note-104">[104]</a><a href="#cite_note-105">[105]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="GitHub_Archive_Program">GitHub Archive Program</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=GitHub&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: GitHub Archive Program">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/GitHub_Archive_Program" class="mw-redirect" title="GitHub Archive Program">GitHub Archive Program</a></div> In July 2020, GitHub stored a February archive of the site<a href="#cite_note-blog-57">[57]</a> in an abandoned mountain mine in <a href="/wiki/Svalbard" title="Svalbard">Svalbard</a>, Norway, part of the <a href="/wiki/Arctic_World_Archive" title="Arctic World Archive">Arctic World Archive</a> and not far from the <a href="/wiki/Svalbard_Global_Seed_Vault" title="Svalbard Global Seed Vault">Svalbard Global Seed Vault</a>. The archive contained the code of all active public repositories, as well as that of dormant but significant public repositories. The 21<a href="/wiki/Terabyte" class="mw-redirect" title="Terabyte">TB</a> of data was stored on piqlFilm archival film reels as <a href="/wiki/Barcode#Matrix_(2D)_barcodes" title="Barcode">matrix (2D) barcode</a> (<a href="/wiki/Boxing_barcode" title="Boxing barcode">Boxing barcode</a>), and is expected to last 500–1,000 years.<a href="#cite_note-106">[106]</a><a href="#cite_note-107">[107]</a><a href="#cite_note-108">[108]</a><a href="#cite_note-buried-109">[109]</a> The GitHub Archive Program is also working with partners on Project Silica, in an attempt to store all public repositories for 10,000 years. It aims to write archives into the molecular structure of <a href="/wiki/Quartz_glass" class="mw-redirect" title="Quartz glass">quartz glass</a> platters, using a high-precision <a href="/wiki/Petahertz" class="mw-redirect" title="Petahertz">petahertz</a> pulse laser, i.e. one that pulses a <a href="/wiki/Quadrillion" class="mw-redirect" title="Quadrillion">quadrillion</a> (1,000,000,000,000,000) times per second.<a href="#cite_note-buried-109">[109]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Controversies">Controversies</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=GitHub&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Controversies">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="box-Criticism_section plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-criticism" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Unbalanced_scales.svg/45px-Unbalanced_scales.svg.png" decoding="async" width="45" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Unbalanced_scales.svg/68px-Unbalanced_scales.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Unbalanced_scales.svg/90px-Unbalanced_scales.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="400" data-file-height="354" /></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This article's <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Criticism#Avoid_sections_and_articles_focusing_on_criticisms_or_controversies" title="Wikipedia:Criticism">"criticism" or "controversy" section</a> may compromise the article's <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Neutral_point_of_view#Article_structure" title="Wikipedia:Neutral point of view">neutrality</a>. Please help rewrite or integrate negative information to other sections <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Consensus" title="Wikipedia:Consensus">through discussion</a> on the <a href="/wiki/Talk:GitHub" title="Talk:GitHub">talk page</a>. (April 2021)</div></td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Harassment_allegations">Harassment allegations</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=GitHub&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Harassment allegations">edit</a>]</div> In March 2014, GitHub programmer Julie Ann Horvath alleged that founder and CEO Tom Preston-Werner and his wife, Theresa, engaged in a pattern of <a href="/wiki/Harassment" title="Harassment">harassment</a> against her that led to her leaving the company.<a href="#cite_note-Valleywag_March_2014-110">[110]</a> In April 2014, GitHub released a statement denying Horvath's allegations.<a href="#cite_note-111">[111]</a><a href="#cite_note-NYTResigns-112">[112]</a><a href="#cite_note-113">[113]</a> However, following an internal investigation, GitHub confirmed the claims. GitHub's CEO Chris Wanstrath wrote on the company blog, "The investigation found Tom Preston-Werner in his capacity as GitHub's CEO acted inappropriately, including confrontational conduct, disregard of workplace complaints, insensitivity to the impact of his spouse's presence in the workplace, and failure to enforce an agreement that his spouse should not work in the office."<a href="#cite_note-Follow_up_to_the_investigation_results-114">[114]</a> Preston-Werner subsequently resigned from the company.<a href="#cite_note-:0-115">[115]</a> The firm then announced it would implement new initiatives and trainings "to make sure employee concerns and conflicts are taken seriously and dealt with appropriately."<a href="#cite_note-:0-115">[115]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Sanctions">Sanctions</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=GitHub&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Sanctions">edit</a>]</div> On July 25, 2019, a developer based in Iran wrote on <a href="/wiki/Medium_(website)" title="Medium (website)">Medium</a> that GitHub had blocked his private repositories and prohibited access to GitHub pages.<a href="#cite_note-116">[116]</a> Soon after, GitHub confirmed that it was now blocking developers in <a href="/wiki/Iran" title="Iran">Iran</a>, <a href="/wiki/Crimea" title="Crimea">Crimea</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cuba" title="Cuba">Cuba</a>, <a href="/wiki/North_Korea" title="North Korea">North Korea</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Syria" title="Syria">Syria</a> from accessing private repositories.<a href="#cite_note-117">[117]</a> However, GitHub reopened access to GitHub Pages days later, for public repositories regardless of location. It was also revealed that using GitHub while visiting sanctioned countries could result in similar actions occurring on a user's account. GitHub responded to complaints and the media through a spokesperson, saying: <blockquote>GitHub is subject to US trade control laws, and is committed to full compliance with applicable law. At the same time, GitHub's vision is to be the global platform for <a href="/wiki/Developer_(software)" class="mw-redirect" title="Developer (software)">developer</a> collaboration, no matter where developers reside. As a result, we take seriously our responsibility to examine government mandates thoroughly to be certain that users and customers are not impacted beyond what is required by law. This includes keeping public repositories services, including those for open source projects, available and accessible to support personal communications involving developers in sanctioned regions.<a href="#cite_note-118">[118]</a><a href="#cite_note-119">[119]</a></blockquote> Developers who feel that they should not have restrictions can appeal for the removal of said restrictions, including those who only travel to, and do not reside in, those countries. GitHub has forbidden the use of <a href="/wiki/Virtual_private_network" title="Virtual private network">VPNs</a> and <a href="/wiki/Proxy_server" title="Proxy server">IP proxies</a> to access the site from sanctioned countries, as purchase history and IP addresses are how they flag users, among other sources.<a href="#cite_note-120">[120]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Censorship">Censorship</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=GitHub&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Censorship">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Censorship_of_GitHub" title="Censorship of GitHub">Censorship of GitHub</a></div>On December 4, 2014, Russia blacklisted GitHub.com because GitHub initially refused to take down user-posted suicide manuals.<a href="#cite_note-121">[121]</a> After a day, Russia withdrew its block,<a href="#cite_note-122">[122]</a> and GitHub began blocking specific content and pages in Russia.<a href="#cite_note-123">[123]</a> On December 31, 2014, India blocked GitHub.com along with 31 other websites over pro-<a href="/wiki/ISIS" class="mw-redirect" title="ISIS">ISIS</a> content posted by users;<a href="#cite_note-124">[124]</a> the block was lifted three days later.<a href="#cite_note-125">[125]</a> On October 8, 2016, Turkey blocked GitHub to prevent email leakage of a hacked account belonging to the country's energy minister.<a href="#cite_note-126">[126]</a> On March 26, 2015, a large-scale <a href="/wiki/DDoS" class="mw-redirect" title="DDoS">DDoS</a> attack was launched against GitHub.com that lasted for just under five days.<a href="#cite_note-127">[127]</a> The attack, which appeared to originate from China, primarily targeted GitHub-hosted user content describing methods of <a href="/wiki/Internet_censorship_circumvention" title="Internet censorship circumvention">circumventing Internet censorship</a>.<a href="#cite_note-128">[128]</a><a href="#cite_note-129">[129]</a><a href="#cite_note-130">[130]</a> On April 19, 2020, Chinese police detained Chen Mei and Cai Wei (volunteers for Terminus 2049, a project hosted on GitHub), and accused them of "picking quarrels and provoking trouble." Cai and Chen archived news articles, interviews, and other materials published on Chinese media outlets and social media platforms that have been removed by censors in China.<a href="#cite_note-131">[131]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="ICE_contract">ICE contract</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=GitHub&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: ICE contract">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Microsoft_and_unions#United_States" title="Microsoft and unions">Microsoft and unions § United States</a></div> GitHub has a $200,000 contract with <a href="/wiki/U.S._Immigration_and_Customs_Enforcement" title="U.S. Immigration and Customs Enforcement">U.S. Immigration and Customs Enforcement</a> (ICE) for the use of their on-site product GitHub Enterprise Server. This contract was renewed in 2019, despite internal opposition from many GitHub employees. In an email sent to employees, later posted to the GitHub blog on October 9, 2019, CEO <a href="/wiki/Nat_Friedman" title="Nat Friedman">Nat Friedman</a> stated, "The revenue from the purchase is less than $200,000 and not financially material for our company." He announced that GitHub had pledged to donate $500,000 to "nonprofit groups supporting immigrant communities targeted by <a href="/wiki/First_presidency_of_Donald_Trump" title="First presidency of Donald Trump">the current administration</a>."<a href="#cite_note-132">[132]</a> In response, at least 150 GitHub employees signed an open letter re-stating their opposition to the contract, and denouncing alleged human rights abuses by ICE. As of November 13, 2019, five workers had resigned over the contract.<a href="#cite_note-133">[133]</a><a href="#cite_note-134">[134]</a><a href="#cite_note-135">[135]</a> The ICE contract dispute came into focus again in June 2020 due to the company's decision <a href="/wiki/Master%E2%80%93slave_(technology)#Controversy" title="Master–slave (technology)">to abandon "master/slave" branch terminology</a>, spurred by the George Floyd protests and <a href="/wiki/Black_Lives_Matter" title="Black Lives Matter">Black Lives Matter</a> movement.<a href="#cite_note-136">[136]</a> Detractors of GitHub describe the branch renaming to be a form of <a href="/wiki/Performative_activism" title="Performative activism">performative activism</a> and have urged GitHub to cancel their ICE contract instead.<a href="#cite_note-137">[137]</a> An open letter from members of the open source community was shared on GitHub in December 2019, demanding that the company drop its contract with ICE and provide more transparency into how they conduct business and partnerships. The letter has been signed by more than 700 people.<a href="#cite_note-138">[138]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Capitol_riot_comments_and_employee_firing">Capitol riot comments and employee firing</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=GitHub&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Capitol riot comments and employee firing">edit</a>]</div> In January 2021, GitHub fired one of its employees after he expressed concern for colleagues following the <a href="/wiki/January_6_United_States_Capitol_attack" title="January 6 United States Capitol attack">January 6 United States Capitol attack</a>, calling some of the rioters "<a href="/wiki/Neo-Nazism" title="Neo-Nazism">Nazis</a>".<a href="#cite_note-139">[139]</a> After an investigation, GitHub's COO said there were "significant errors of judgment and procedure" with the company's decision to fire the employee. As a result of the investigation, GitHub reached out to the employee, and the company's head of human resources resigned.<a href="#cite_note-140">[140]</a><a href="#cite_note-141">[141]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Twitter_source_code_leak">Twitter source code leak</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=GitHub&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: Twitter source code leak">edit</a>]</div> In 2023, parts of the social media platform <a href="/wiki/Twitter" title="Twitter">Twitter</a> were uploaded onto GitHub. The leak was first reported by the New York Times and was part of a legal filing Twitter submitted to the <a href="/wiki/United_States_District_Court_for_the_Northern_District_of_California" title="United States District Court for the Northern District of California">United States District Court for the Northern District of California</a>. Twitter claimed that the postings infringed on copyright property owned by them, and asked the court for information to identify the user who posted the source code to GitHub, under the username "FreeSpeechEnthusiast".<a href="#cite_note-142">[142]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Reception">Reception</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=GitHub&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: Reception">edit</a>]</div> <a href="/wiki/Linus_Torvalds" title="Linus Torvalds">Linus Torvalds</a>, the original developer of the Git software, has highly praised GitHub by stating "The hosting of github [<a href="/wiki/Sic" title="Sic">sic</a>] is excellent. They've done a good job on that. I think GitHub should be commended enormously for making open source project hosting so easy." However, he also sharply criticized the implementation of GitHub's merging interface, stating that "Git comes with a nice pull-request generation module, but GitHub instead decided to replace it with their own totally inferior version. As a result, I consider GitHub useless for these kinds of things. It's fine for hosting, but the pull requests and the online commit editing, are just pure garbage."<a href="#cite_note-143">[143]</a><a href="#cite_note-144">[144]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=GitHub&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: See also">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239009302">.mw-parser-output .portalbox{padding:0;margin:0.5em 0;display:table;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:175px;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portalborder{border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa)}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-entry{display:table-row;font-size:85%;line-height:110%;height:1.9em;font-style:italic;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-image{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-link{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em 0.2em 0.2em 0.3em;vertical-align:middle}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .portalleft{clear:left;float:left;margin:0.5em 1em 0.5em 0}.mw-parser-output .portalright{clear:right;float:right;margin:0.5em 0 0.5em 1em}}</style><ul role="navigation" aria-label="Portals" class="noprint portalbox portalborder portalright"> <li class="portalbox-entry"><a href="/wiki/File:Octicons-terminal.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/Octicons-terminal.svg/24px-Octicons-terminal.svg.png" decoding="async" width="24" height="28" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/Octicons-terminal.svg/37px-Octicons-terminal.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/Octicons-terminal.svg/49px-Octicons-terminal.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="896" data-file-height="1024" /></a><a href="/wiki/Portal:Computer_programming" title="Portal:Computer programming">Computer programming portal</a></li><li class="portalbox-entry"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/31/Free_and_open-source_software_logo_%282009%29.svg/28px-Free_and_open-source_software_logo_%282009%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="28" height="28" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/31/Free_and_open-source_software_logo_%282009%29.svg/42px-Free_and_open-source_software_logo_%282009%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/31/Free_and_open-source_software_logo_%282009%29.svg/56px-Free_and_open-source_software_logo_%282009%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /><a href="/wiki/Portal:Free_and_open-source_software" title="Portal:Free and open-source software">Free and open-source software portal</a></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Collaborative_innovation_network" title="Collaborative innovation network">Collaborative innovation network</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Collaborative_intelligence" title="Collaborative intelligence">Collaborative intelligence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Commons-based_peer_production" title="Commons-based peer production">Commons-based peer production</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comparison_of_source_code_hosting_facilities" class="mw-redirect" title="Comparison of source code hosting facilities">Comparison of source code hosting facilities</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/DevOps" title="DevOps">DevOps</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gitea" title="Gitea">Gitea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GitLab" title="GitLab">GitLab</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Codeberg" title="Codeberg">Codeberg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_GitHub" title="Timeline of GitHub">Timeline of GitHub</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GitHub_Copilot" title="GitHub Copilot">GitHub Copilot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Replit" title="Replit">Replit</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=GitHub&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: References">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output 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Retrieved December 5, 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=GitHub+Terms+of+Service+-+User+Documentation&rft.pub=Help.github.com&rft.date=2016-02-11&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fhelp.github.com%2Farticles%2Fgithub-terms-of-service%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGitHub" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-83"><a href="#cite_ref-83">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://github.blog/2011-11-01-introducing-github-enterprise/">Introducing GitHub Enterprise</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210322042228/https://github.blog/2011-11-01-introducing-github-enterprise/">Archived</a> March 22, 2021, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> GitHub </li> <li id="cite_note-84"><a href="#cite_ref-84">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSalter2020" class="citation web cs1">Salter, Jim (November 5, 2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://arstechnica.com/information-technology/2020/11/githubs-source-code-was-leaked-on-github-last-night-sort-of/">"GitHub's source code was leaked on GitHub last night... sort of"</a>. Ars Technica. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210322042302/https://arstechnica.com/information-technology/2020/11/githubs-source-code-was-leaked-on-github-last-night-sort-of/">Archived</a> from the original on March 22, 2021. Retrieved November 6, 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Ars+Technica&rft.atitle=GitHub%27s+source+code+was+leaked+on+GitHub+last+night...+sort+of&rft.date=2020-11-05&rft.aulast=Salter&rft.aufirst=Jim&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farstechnica.com%2Finformation-technology%2F2020%2F11%2Fgithubs-source-code-was-leaked-on-github-last-night-sort-of%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGitHub" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-85"><a href="#cite_ref-85">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCimpanu" class="citation web cs1">Cimpanu, Catalin. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.zdnet.com/article/github-denies-getting-hacked/">"GitHub denies getting hacked"</a>. ZDNet. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210322042249/https://www.zdnet.com/article/github-denies-getting-hacked/">Archived</a> from the original on March 22, 2021. Retrieved November 6, 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=ZDNet&rft.atitle=GitHub+denies+getting+hacked&rft.aulast=Cimpanu&rft.aufirst=Catalin&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.zdnet.com%2Farticle%2Fgithub-denies-getting-hacked%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGitHub" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-86"><a href="#cite_ref-86">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBellBeer2014" class="citation book cs1">Bell, Peter; Beer, Brent (November 11, 2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=OhdOBQAAQBAJ&pg=PA66">Introducing GitHub: A Non-Technical Guide</a>. "O'Reilly Media, Inc.". <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781491949832" title="Special:BookSources/9781491949832"><bdi>9781491949832</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200801224627/https://books.google.com/books?id=OhdOBQAAQBAJ&pg=PA66">Archived</a> from the original on August 1, 2020. 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Packt Publishing Ltd. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781783553723" title="Special:BookSources/9781783553723"><bdi>9781783553723</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200801224635/https://books.google.com/books?id=E9dOCwAAQBAJ&pg=PA125">Archived</a> from the original on August 1, 2020. 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CRC Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781351792608" title="Special:BookSources/9781351792608"><bdi>9781351792608</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200801234724/https://books.google.com/books?id=8nm0DQAAQBAJ&pg=PA88">Archived</a> from the original on August 1, 2020. 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Packt Publishing Ltd. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781785887987" title="Special:BookSources/9781785887987"><bdi>9781785887987</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200801224628/https://books.google.com/books?id=WwJwDQAAQBAJ&pg=PA340">Archived</a> from the original on August 1, 2020. Retrieved June 15, 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Ubuntu+Server+Cookbook&rft.pub=Packt+Publishing+Ltd&rft.date=2016-06-30&rft.isbn=9781785887987&rft.aulast=Sawant&rft.aufirst=Uday+R.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DWwJwDQAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA340&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGitHub" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-91"><a href="#cite_ref-91">^</a> All GitHub Pages sites, including sites correctly configured with a custom domain, support HTTPS and HTTPS enforcement.<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://help.github.com/en/github/working-with-github-pages/securing-your-github-pages-site-with-https">"Securing your GitHub Pages site with HTTPS"</a>. help.github.com. GitHub. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210322042317/https://docs.github.com/en/github/working-with-github-pages/securing-your-github-pages-site-with-https">Archived</a> from the original on March 22, 2021. Retrieved June 1, 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=help.github.com&rft.atitle=Securing+your+GitHub+Pages+site+with+HTTPS&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fhelp.github.com%2Fen%2Fgithub%2Fworking-with-github-pages%2Fsecuring-your-github-pages-site-with-https&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGitHub" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-92"><a href="#cite_ref-92">^</a> Custom domains on GitHub Pages gain support for HTTPS.<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMoore2018" class="citation web cs1">Moore, Parker (May 1, 2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://github.blog/2018-05-01-github-pages-custom-domains-https">"Custom domains on GitHub Pages gain support for HTTPS"</a>. github.blog. 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Retrieved October 21, 2014. <q>He previewed the upcoming git feature gist</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=conference&rft.btitle=God%27s+memory+leak+-+a+scientific+treatment&rft.date=2008-07-20&rft.aulast=Preston-Werner&rft.aufirst=Tom&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fgroups.google.com%2Fforum%2F%23%21topic%2Fgod-rb%2FAcyit8SlgcI&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGitHub" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-94"><a href="#cite_ref-94">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://docs.github.com/en/github/writing-on-github/editing-and-sharing-content-with-gists/creating-gists">"Creating gists"</a>. 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TechCrunch. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210322042209/https://techcrunch.com/2014/10/07/github-partners-with-digital-ocean-unreal-engine-and-others-to-give-students-free-access-to-developer-tools/">Archived</a> from the original on March 22, 2021. 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Retrieved October 10, 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+GitHub+Blog&rft.atitle=GitHub+and+US+Government+developers&rft.date=2019-10-09&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fgithub.blog%2F2019-10-09-github-and-us-government-developers%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGitHub" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-133"><a href="#cite_ref-133">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.vice.com/en_us/article/evjwwp/as-githubs-conference-begins-five-employees-resign-over-protest-ice-contract">"As GitHub's Conference Begins, Five Employees Resign Over ICE Contract"</a>. Vice. 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Retrieved November 15, 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Vice&rft.atitle=As+GitHub%27s+Conference+Begins%2C+Five+Employees+Resign+Over+ICE+Contract&rft.date=2019-11-13&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.vice.com%2Fen_us%2Farticle%2Fevjwwp%2Fas-githubs-conference-begins-five-employees-resign-over-protest-ice-contract&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGitHub" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-134"><a href="#cite_ref-134">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGhaffary2019" class="citation web cs1">Ghaffary, Shirin (October 9, 2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.vox.com/recode/2019/10/9/20906605/github-ice-contract-immigration-ice-dan-friedman">"GitHub is the latest tech company to face controversy over its contracts with ICE"</a>. 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Retrieved November 15, 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Vox&rft.atitle=GitHub+is+the+latest+tech+company+to+face+controversy+over+its+contracts+with+ICE&rft.date=2019-10-09&rft.aulast=Ghaffary&rft.aufirst=Shirin&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.vox.com%2Frecode%2F2019%2F10%2F9%2F20906605%2Fgithub-ice-contract-immigration-ice-dan-friedman&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGitHub" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-135"><a href="#cite_ref-135">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.washingtonpost.com/context/letter-from-github-employees-to-ceo-about-the-company-s-ice-contract/fb280de9-2bc3-40d5-b1a5-e3b954bf0d25/">"Letter from GitHub employees to CEO about the company's ICE contract"</a>. The Washington Post. October 9, 2019. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210322043039/https://www.washingtonpost.com/context/letter-from-github-employees-to-ceo-about-the-company-s-ice-contract/fb280de9-2bc3-40d5-b1a5-e3b954bf0d25/">Archived</a> from the original on March 22, 2021. Retrieved November 15, 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Washington+Post&rft.atitle=Letter+from+GitHub+employees+to+CEO+about+the+company%27s+ICE+contract&rft.date=2019-10-09&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.washingtonpost.com%2Fcontext%2Fletter-from-github-employees-to-ceo-about-the-company-s-ice-contract%2Ffb280de9-2bc3-40d5-b1a5-e3b954bf0d25%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGitHub" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-136"><a href="#cite_ref-136">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.com/news/technology-53050955">"GitHub abandons 'master' term to avoid slavery row"</a>. BBC News. June 15, 2020. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210322043006/https://www.bbc.com/news/technology-53050955">Archived</a> from the original on March 22, 2021. 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Los Angeles Times. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210322043014/https://www.latimes.com/business/technology/story/2020-06-12/github-ceo-black-lives-matter-employees-demand-end-ice-contract">Archived</a> from the original on March 22, 2021. Retrieved July 1, 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Los+Angeles+Times&rft.atitle=After+GitHub+CEO+backs+Black+Lives+Matter%2C+workers+demand+an+end+to+ICE+contract&rft.date=2020-06-13&rft.aulast=Hussain&rft.aufirst=Suhauna&rft.au=Bhuiyan%2C+Johana&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.latimes.com%2Fbusiness%2Ftechnology%2Fstory%2F2020-06-12%2Fgithub-ceo-black-lives-matter-employees-demand-end-ice-contract&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGitHub" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-138"><a href="#cite_ref-138">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTruong2020" class="citation web cs1">Truong, Kevin (July 20, 2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.vice.com/en/article/m7jpgy/open-source-community-changing-github-avatars-drop-ice">"The Open Source Community Is Calling on Github to 'Drop ICE'"</a>. 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Business Insider. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210322043002/https://www.businessinsider.com/microsoft-github-backlash-jewish-employee-termination-2021-1">Archived</a> from the original on March 22, 2021. 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TechCrunch. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210322043026/https://techcrunch.com/2021/01/15/fired-github-employee-who-warned-coworkers-about-nazis-is-seeking-legal-counsel/">Archived</a> from the original on March 22, 2021. Retrieved January 18, 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=TechCrunch&rft.atitle=Fired+GitHub+employee+who+warned+co-workers+about+Nazis+is+seeking+legal+counsel&rft.date=2021-01-15&rft.aulast=Dickey&rft.aufirst=Megan+Rose&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ftechcrunch.com%2F2021%2F01%2F15%2Ffired-github-employee-who-warned-coworkers-about-nazis-is-seeking-legal-counsel%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGitHub" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-141"><a href="#cite_ref-141">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHiggins-Dunn2021" class="citation web cs1">Higgins-Dunn, Noah (January 17, 2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cnbc.com/2021/01/17/github-hr-head-resigns-after-investigation-of-firing-jewish-employee.html">"GitHub head of HR resigns after investigation into firing of Jewish employee over Capitol riot comments"</a>. 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Retrieved March 27, 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Twitter+hunts+Github+user+who+posted+source+code+online&rft.pub=AP+News&rft.date=2023-03-27&rft.aulast=D%27Innocenzio&rft.aufirst=Anne&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapnews.com%2Farticle%2Ftwitter-source-code-github-leak-3e79927806911f9ee112b0383b51102a&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGitHub" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-143"><a href="#cite_ref-143">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTim_Anderson" class="citation web cs1">Tim Anderson. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theregister.com/2021/09/06/github_merges_useless_garbage_says/">"GitHub merges 'useless garbage' says Linus Torvalds as new NTFS support added to Linux kernel 5.15"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_Register" title="The Register">The Register</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220127204556/https://www.theregister.com/2021/09/06/github_merges_useless_garbage_says/">Archived</a> from the original on January 27, 2022. Retrieved January 27, 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Register&rft.atitle=GitHub+merges+%27useless+garbage%27+says+Linus+Torvalds+as+new+NTFS+support+added+to+Linux+kernel+5.15&rft.au=Tim+Anderson&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theregister.com%2F2021%2F09%2F06%2Fgithub_merges_useless_garbage_says%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGitHub" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-144"><a href="#cite_ref-144">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMcMillan" class="citation magazine cs1">McMillan, Robert. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.wired.com/2012/05/torvalds-github/">"Linus Torvalds Invented Git, But He Pulls No Patches With GitHub"</a>. Wired. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1059-1028">1059-1028</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20211205182545/https://www.wired.com/2012/05/torvalds-github/">Archived</a> from the original on December 5, 2021. Retrieved January 27, 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Wired&rft.atitle=Linus+Torvalds+Invented+Git%2C+But+He+Pulls+No+Patches+With+GitHub&rft.issn=1059-1028&rft.aulast=McMillan&rft.aufirst=Robert&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.wired.com%2F2012%2F05%2Ftorvalds-github%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGitHub" class="Z3988"> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=GitHub&action=edit&section=27" title="Edit section: External links">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 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href="/wiki/Template:Microsoft" title="Template:Microsoft"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Microsoft" title="Template talk:Microsoft"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Microsoft" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Microsoft"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Microsoft_Corporation" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Microsoft" title="Microsoft">Microsoft Corporation</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Microsoft" title="History of Microsoft">History</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_Microsoft" title="Outline of Microsoft">Outline</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">People</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Founders</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bill_Gates" title="Bill Gates">Bill Gates</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_Allen" title="Paul Allen">Paul Allen</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Board of directors</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Satya_Nadella" title="Satya Nadella">Satya Nadella</a> (Chairman and CEO)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reid_Hoffman" title="Reid Hoffman">Reid Hoffman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sandi_Peterson" title="Sandi Peterson">Sandi Peterson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Penny_Pritzker" title="Penny Pritzker">Penny Pritzker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carlos_A._Rodriguez" title="Carlos A. Rodriguez">Carlos A. Rodriguez</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Scharf" title="Charles Scharf">Charles Scharf</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_W._Stanton" title="John W. Stanton">John W. Stanton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_W._Thompson" title="John W. Thompson">John W. Thompson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emma_Walmsley" title="Emma Walmsley">Emma Walmsley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Padmasree_Warrior" title="Padmasree Warrior">Padmasree Warrior</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Senior leadership team</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Satya_Nadella" title="Satya Nadella">Satya Nadella</a> (CEO)</li> <li>Takeshi Numoto (CMO)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scott_Guthrie" title="Scott Guthrie">Scott Guthrie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carolina_Dybeck_Happe" title="Carolina Dybeck Happe">Carolina Dybeck Happe</a> (COO)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amy_Hood" title="Amy Hood">Amy Hood</a> (CFO)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kevin_Scott_(computer_scientist)" title="Kevin Scott (computer scientist)">Kevin Scott</a> (CTO)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brad_Smith_(American_lawyer)" title="Brad Smith (American lawyer)">Brad Smith</a> (CLO)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harry_Shum" title="Harry Shum">Harry Shum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phil_Spencer_(business_executive)" title="Phil Spencer (business executive)">Phil Spencer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kathleen_Hogan" title="Kathleen Hogan">Kathleen Hogan</a> (CPO)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Corporate VPs</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Joe_Belfiore" title="Joe Belfiore">Joe Belfiore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Rashid" title="Richard Rashid">Richard Rashid</a> (SVP)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/C%C3%A9sar_Cernuda" title="César Cernuda">César Cernuda</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Employee groups</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Global_LGBTQIA%2B_Employee_%26_Allies_at_Microsoft" title="Global LGBTQIA+ Employee & Allies at Microsoft">Global LGBTQIA+ Employee & Allies at Microsoft</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Microsoft_and_unions" title="Microsoft and unions">Microsoft and unions</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Products</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Microsoft_hardware" title="Microsoft hardware">Hardware</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Azure_Kinect" title="Azure Kinect">Azure Kinect</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Microsoft_HoloLens" title="Microsoft HoloLens">HoloLens</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LifeCam" title="LifeCam">LifeCam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Microsoft_Surface" title="Microsoft Surface">Surface</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Surface_Duo" title="Surface Duo">Duo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Surface_Go" title="Surface Go">Go</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Surface_Hub" title="Surface Hub">Hub</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Surface_Laptop" title="Surface Laptop">Laptop</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Surface_Laptop_Go" title="Surface Laptop Go">Laptop Go</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Surface_Neo" title="Surface Neo">Neo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Surface_Pro" title="Surface Pro">Pro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Surface_Studio" title="Surface Studio">Studio</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xbox" title="Xbox">Xbox</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_Microsoft_software" title="List of Microsoft software">Software</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Clipchamp" title="Clipchamp">Clipchamp</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Microsoft_Dynamics_365" title="Microsoft Dynamics 365">Dynamics 365</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Havok_(software)" title="Havok (software)">Havok</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Microsoft_365" title="Microsoft 365">Microsoft 365</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Microsoft_Office" title="Microsoft Office">Office</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Microsoft_Teams" title="Microsoft Teams">Teams</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Microsoft_and_open_source" title="Microsoft and open source">Open source software</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Microsoft_Power_Platform" title="Microsoft Power Platform">Power Platform</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Microsoft_Servers" title="Microsoft Servers">Servers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Microsoft_Start" title="Microsoft Start">Start</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tay_(chatbot)" title="Tay (chatbot)">Tay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Visual_Studio" title="Visual Studio">Visual Studio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Visual_Studio_Code" title="Visual Studio Code">Visual Studio Code</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Microsoft_Windows" title="Microsoft Windows">Windows</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xbox_system_software" title="Xbox system software">Xbox OS</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Programming languages</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/BASIC" title="BASIC">BASIC</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Visual_Basic_(.NET)" title="Visual Basic (.NET)">VB.NET</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Visual_Basic_for_Applications" title="Visual Basic for Applications">VBA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/VBScript" title="VBScript">VBScript</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Visual_Basic_(classic)" title="Visual Basic (classic)">Visual Basic</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/C_Sharp_(programming_language)" title="C Sharp (programming language)">C#</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/C/AL" title="C/AL">C/AL a.k.a. Navision Attain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/F_Sharp_(programming_language)" title="F Sharp (programming language)">F#</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Microsoft_Visual_Programming_Language" title="Microsoft Visual Programming Language">MVPL</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Microsoft_Power_Fx" title="Microsoft Power Fx">Power Fx</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/PowerShell" title="PowerShell">PowerShell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Q_Sharp" title="Q Sharp">Q#</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transact-SQL" title="Transact-SQL">Transact-SQL</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/TypeScript" title="TypeScript">TypeScript</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Visual_J%2B%2B" title="Visual J++">Visual J++</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Visual_J_Sharp" title="Visual J Sharp">Visual J#</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Web properties</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Microsoft_Azure" title="Microsoft Azure">Azure</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Microsoft_Bing" title="Microsoft Bing">Bing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Microsoft_Copilot" title="Microsoft Copilot">Copilot</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">GitHub</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Microsoft_Learn" title="Microsoft Learn">Learn</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Channel_9_(Microsoft)" title="Channel 9 (Microsoft)">Channel 9</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Microsoft_Developer_Network" title="Microsoft Developer Network">Developer Network</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Microsoft_TechNet" title="Microsoft TechNet">TechNet</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LinkedIn" title="LinkedIn">LinkedIn</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/LinkedIn_Learning" title="LinkedIn Learning">LinkedIn Learning</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MSN" title="MSN">MSN</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Outlook.com" title="Outlook.com">Outlook.com</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Microsoft_Store" title="Microsoft Store">Store</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Microsoft_Translator" title="Microsoft Translator">Translator</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Company</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Conferences</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Microsoft_Build" title="Microsoft Build">Build</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Microsoft_Ignite" title="Microsoft Ignite">Ignite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Microsoft_Inspire" title="Microsoft Inspire">Inspire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MIX_(Microsoft)" title="MIX (Microsoft)">MIX</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Professional_Developers_Conference" title="Professional Developers Conference">PDC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Windows_Hardware_Engineering_Conference" title="Windows Hardware Engineering Conference">WinHEC</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Divisions</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/.NET_Foundation" title=".NET Foundation">.NET Foundation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Microsoft_Digital_Crimes_Unit" title="Microsoft Digital Crimes Unit">Digital Crimes Unit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Microsoft_engineering_groups" title="Microsoft engineering groups">Engineering groups</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Microsoft_Mobile" title="Microsoft Mobile">Mobile</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Skype_Technologies" title="Skype Technologies">Skype unit</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Microsoft_Gaming" title="Microsoft Gaming">Gaming</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Activision_Blizzard" title="Activision Blizzard">Activision Blizzard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xbox_Game_Studios" title="Xbox Game Studios">Xbox Game Studios</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ZeniMax_Media" title="ZeniMax Media">ZeniMax Media</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Microsoft_Garage" title="Microsoft Garage">Garage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Outercurve_Foundation" title="Outercurve Foundation">Outercurve Foundation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Microsoft_Press" title="Microsoft Press">Press</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Microsoft_Research" title="Microsoft Research">Research</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Microsoft_Store_(retail)" title="Microsoft Store (retail)">Retail stores</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Estates</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Microsoft_campus" title="Microsoft campus">Microsoft campus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Microsoft_Egypt" class="mw-redirect" title="Microsoft Egypt">Microsoft Egypt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Microsoft_India" title="Microsoft India">Microsoft India</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Microsoft_Japan" title="Microsoft Japan">Microsoft Japan</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Campaigns</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>"<a href="/wiki/Where_do_you_want_to_go_today%3F" title="Where do you want to go today?">Where do you want to go today?</a>" (1994)</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/Champagne_(advertisement)" title="Champagne (advertisement)">Champagne</a>" (2002)</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/Mojave_Experiment" title="Mojave Experiment">Mojave Experiment</a>" (2006)</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/I%27m_a_PC" title="I'm a PC">I'm a PC</a>" (2008)</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/Scroogled" title="Scroogled">Scroogled</a>" (2012)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Criticism_of_Microsoft" title="Criticism of Microsoft">Criticism</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bundling_of_Microsoft_Windows" title="Bundling of Microsoft Windows">Bundling of Microsoft Windows</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Office_Assistant" title="Office Assistant">Clippy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ILoo#Reaction" title="ILoo">iLoo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Internet_Explorer#Security_vulnerabilities" title="Internet Explorer">Internet Explorer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Microsoft_Bob" title="Microsoft Bob">Microsoft Bob</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/NSAKEY" title="NSAKEY">_NSAKEY</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Criticism_of_Microsoft_Windows" title="Criticism of Microsoft Windows">Windows</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Criticism_of_Windows_XP" title="Criticism of Windows XP">XP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Criticism_of_Windows_Vista" title="Criticism of Windows Vista">Vista</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Criticism_of_Windows_10" title="Criticism of Windows 10">10</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Microsoft_litigation" title="Microsoft litigation">Litigation</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alcatel-Lucent_v._Microsoft_Corp." title="Alcatel-Lucent v. Microsoft Corp.">Alcatel-Lucent v. Microsoft</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apple_Computer,_Inc._v._Microsoft_Corp." title="Apple Computer, Inc. v. Microsoft Corp.">Apple v. Microsoft</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Microsoft_Corp._v._Commission" title="Microsoft Corp. v. Commission">Microsoft v. Commission</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/FTC_v._Microsoft" title="FTC v. Microsoft">FTC v. Microsoft</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Microsoft_Corp._v._Lindows.com,_Inc." title="Microsoft Corp. v. Lindows.com, Inc.">Microsoft v. Lindows</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Microsoft_v._MikeRoweSoft" title="Microsoft v. MikeRoweSoft">Microsoft v. MikeRoweSoft</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Microsoft_Corp._v._Shah" title="Microsoft Corp. v. Shah">Microsoft v. Shah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_v._Microsoft_Corp." title="United States v. Microsoft Corp.">United States v. Microsoft</a> (2001 antitrust case)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Microsoft_Corp._v._United_States" title="Microsoft Corp. v. United States">Microsoft v. United States</a> (2018 data privacy case)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_mergers_and_acquisitions_by_Microsoft" title="List of mergers and acquisitions by Microsoft">Acquisitions</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Wunderlist" title="Wunderlist">6Wunderkinder</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Access_Software" title="Access Software">Access Software</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Acompli" title="Acompli">Acompli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Activision_Blizzard" title="Activision Blizzard">Activision Blizzard</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Acquisition_of_Activision_Blizzard_by_Microsoft" title="Acquisition of Activision Blizzard by Microsoft">acquisition</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Altamira_Software" title="Altamira Software">Altamira Software</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/AltspaceVR" title="AltspaceVR">AltspaceVR</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/AQuantive" title="AQuantive">aQuantive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Microsoft_Amalga" title="Microsoft Amalga">Azyxxi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mixer_(service)" title="Mixer (service)">Beam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Blue_Ribbon_SoundWorks" title="The Blue Ribbon SoundWorks">The Blue Ribbon SoundWorks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bungie" title="Bungie">Bungie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clipchamp" title="Clipchamp">Clipchamp</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colloquis" title="Colloquis">Colloquis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Compulsion_Games" title="Compulsion Games">Compulsion Games</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Connectix" title="Connectix">Connectix</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Consumers_Software" title="Consumers Software">Consumers Software</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Danger,_Inc." title="Danger, Inc.">Danger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Double_Fine" title="Double Fine">Double Fine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MSN_Travel" title="MSN Travel">Farecast</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/FASA_Studio" title="FASA Studio">FASA Studio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Microsoft_Development_Center_Norway" title="Microsoft Development Center Norway">Fast Search & Transfer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Firefly_(website)" title="Firefly (website)">Firefly</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Forethought,_Inc." title="Forethought, Inc.">Forethought</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Microsoft_Defender_Antivirus" title="Microsoft Defender Antivirus">GIANT Company Software</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">GitHub</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Plains_Software" title="Great Plains Software">Great Plains Software</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GreenButton" title="GreenButton">GreenButton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Groove_Networks" title="Groove Networks">Groove Networks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Havok_(company)" title="Havok (company)">Havok Group</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/High_Heat_Major_League_Baseball" title="High Heat Major League Baseball">High Heat Major League Baseball</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Outlook.com" title="Outlook.com">Hotmail</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/InXile_Entertainment" title="InXile Entertainment">inXile Entertainment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jellyfish.com" title="Jellyfish.com">Jellyfish.com</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LinkedIn" title="LinkedIn">LinkedIn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LinkExchange" title="LinkExchange">LinkExchange</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lionhead_Studios" title="Lionhead Studios">Lionhead Studios</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maluuba" title="Maluuba">Maluuba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Massive_Incorporated" title="Massive Incorporated">Massive Incorporated</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Metaswitch" title="Metaswitch">Metaswitch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MileIQ" title="MileIQ">Mobile Data Labs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mojang_Studios" title="Mojang Studios">Mojang Studios</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ninja_Theory" title="Ninja Theory">Ninja Theory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Microsoft_Mobile" title="Microsoft Mobile">Nokia Devices and Services</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Npm" title="Npm">npm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nuance_Communications" title="Nuance Communications">Nuance Communications</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Obsidian_Entertainment" title="Obsidian Entertainment">Obsidian Entertainment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Windows_Live_Toolbar#Onfolio" title="Windows Live Toolbar">Onfolio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pando_Networks" title="Pando Networks">Pando Networks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Perceptive_Pixel" title="Perceptive Pixel">Perceptive Pixel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/PlaceWare" title="PlaceWare">PlaceWare</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Playground_Games" title="Playground Games">Playground Games</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Powerset_(company)" title="Powerset (company)">Powerset</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Press_Play_(company)" title="Press Play (company)">Press Play</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ProClarity" title="ProClarity">ProClarity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rare_(company)" title="Rare (company)">Rare</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Revolution_Analytics" title="Revolution Analytics">Revolution Analytics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/RiskIQ" title="RiskIQ">RiskIQ</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ScreenTonic" class="mw-redirect" title="ScreenTonic">ScreenTonic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Secure_Islands" class="mw-redirect" title="Secure Islands">Secure Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Simplygon" title="Simplygon">Simplygon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Skype_Technologies" title="Skype Technologies">Skype</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sunrise_Calendar" title="Sunrise Calendar">Sunrise Atelier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Microsoft_SwiftKey" title="Microsoft SwiftKey">SwiftKey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/TakeLessons" title="TakeLessons">TakeLessons</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Teleo" title="Teleo">Teleo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tellme_Networks" title="Tellme Networks">Tellme Networks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Twisted_Pixel_Games" title="Twisted Pixel Games">Twisted Pixel Games</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Undead_Labs" title="Undead Labs">Undead Labs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vermeer_Technologies" title="Vermeer Technologies">Vermeer Technologies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Visio_Corporation" title="Visio Corporation">Visio Corporation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flux_(graphics_software)" title="Flux (graphics software)">Vivaty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/VoloMetrix" title="VoloMetrix">VoloMetrix</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/NetShow" title="NetShow">VXtreme</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MSN_TV" title="MSN TV">WebTV Networks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sysinternals" title="Sysinternals">Winternals Software</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xamarin" title="Xamarin">Xamarin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xandr" title="Xandr">Xandr</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/AppNexus" title="AppNexus">AppNexus</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yammer" class="mw-redirect" title="Yammer">Yammer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yupi" title="Yupi">Yupi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ZeniMax_Media" title="ZeniMax Media">ZeniMax Media</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /> <a href="/wiki/Category:Microsoft" title="Category:Microsoft">Category</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Microsoft_free_and_open-source_software_(FOSS)" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Microsoft_FOSS" title="Template:Microsoft FOSS"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Microsoft_FOSS" title="Template talk:Microsoft FOSS"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Microsoft_FOSS" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Microsoft FOSS"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Microsoft_free_and_open-source_software_(FOSS)" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Microsoft" title="Microsoft">Microsoft</a> <a href="/wiki/Free_and_open-source_software" title="Free and open-source software">free and open-source software (FOSS)</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Overview</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Microsoft_and_open_source" title="Microsoft and open source">Microsoft and open source</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shared_Source_Initiative" title="Shared Source Initiative">Shared Source Initiative</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Software</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Applications</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/3D_Movie_Maker" title="3D Movie Maker">3D Movie Maker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atom_(text_editor)" title="Atom (text editor)">Atom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conference_XP" title="Conference XP">Conference XP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Family.Show" title="Family.Show">Family.Show</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/File_Manager_(Windows)" class="mw-redirect" title="File Manager (Windows)">File Manager</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Open_Live_Writer" title="Open Live Writer">Open Live Writer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Microsoft_PowerToys" title="Microsoft PowerToys">Microsoft PowerToys</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Windows_Terminal" title="Windows Terminal">Terminal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Windows_Calculator" title="Windows Calculator">Windows Calculator</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Windows_Console" title="Windows Console">Windows Console</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Windows_Package_Manager" title="Windows Package Manager">Windows Package Manager</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/WorldWide_Telescope" title="WorldWide Telescope">WorldWide Telescope</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/XML_Notepad" title="XML Notepad">XML Notepad</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Video games</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Allegiance_(video_game)" title="Allegiance (video game)">Allegiance</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Programming languages</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bosque_(programming_language)" title="Bosque (programming language)">Bosque</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/C_Sharp_(programming_language)" title="C Sharp (programming language)">C#</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dafny" title="Dafny">Dafny</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/F_Sharp_(programming_language)" title="F Sharp (programming language)">F#</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/F*_(programming_language)" title="F* (programming language)">F*</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GW-BASIC" title="GW-BASIC">GW-BASIC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IronPython" title="IronPython">IronPython</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IronRuby" title="IronRuby">IronRuby</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lean_(proof_assistant)" title="Lean (proof assistant)">Lean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/P_(programming_language)" title="P (programming language)">P</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Microsoft_Power_Fx" title="Microsoft Power Fx">Power Fx</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/PowerShell" title="PowerShell">PowerShell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Project_Verona" title="Project Verona">Project Verona</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Q_Sharp" title="Q Sharp">Q#</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Microsoft_Small_Basic" title="Microsoft Small Basic">Small Basic Online</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/TypeScript" title="TypeScript">TypeScript</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Visual_Basic_.NET" class="mw-redirect" title="Visual Basic .NET">Visual Basic</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Frameworks, development tools</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/.NET" title=".NET">.NET</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/.NET_Framework" title=".NET Framework">.NET Framework</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/.NET_Gadgeteer" title=".NET Gadgeteer">.NET Gadgeteer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/.NET_MAUI" class="mw-redirect" title=".NET MAUI">.NET MAUI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/.NET_Micro_Framework" title=".NET Micro Framework">.NET Micro Framework</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/AirSim" title="AirSim">AirSim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ASP.NET" title="ASP.NET">ASP.NET</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ASP.NET_AJAX" title="ASP.NET AJAX">ASP.NET AJAX</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ASP.NET_Core" title="ASP.NET Core">ASP.NET Core</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ASP.NET_MVC" title="ASP.NET MVC">ASP.NET MVC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ASP.NET_Razor" title="ASP.NET Razor">ASP.NET Razor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ASP.NET_Web_Forms" title="ASP.NET Web Forms">ASP.NET Web Forms</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Avalonia_(software_framework)" title="Avalonia (software framework)">Avalonia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Babylon.js" title="Babylon.js">Babylon.js</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/BitFunnel" title="BitFunnel">BitFunnel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blazor" title="Blazor">Blazor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/C%2B%2B/WinRT" title="C++/WinRT">C++/WinRT</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Confidential_Consortium_Framework" title="Confidential Consortium Framework">CCF</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chakra_(JavaScript_engine)" title="Chakra (JavaScript engine)">ChakraCore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CLR_Profiler" title="CLR Profiler">CLR Profiler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dapr" title="Dapr">Dapr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/DeepSpeed" title="DeepSpeed">DeepSpeed</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/DiskSpd" title="DiskSpd">DiskSpd</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dryad_(programming)" title="Dryad (programming)">Dryad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dynamic_Language_Runtime" title="Dynamic Language Runtime">Dynamic Language Runtime</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/EBPF_on_Windows" class="mw-redirect" title="EBPF on Windows">eBPF on Windows</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Electron_(software_framework)" title="Electron (software framework)">Electron</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Entity_Framework" title="Entity Framework">Entity Framework</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fluent_Design_System" title="Fluent Design System">Fluent Design System</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fluid_Framework" title="Fluid Framework">Fluid Framework</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Infer.NET" title="Infer.NET">Infer.NET</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LightGBM" title="LightGBM">LightGBM</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Managed_Extensibility_Framework" title="Managed Extensibility Framework">Managed Extensibility Framework</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Microsoft_Automatic_Graph_Layout" title="Microsoft Automatic Graph Layout">Microsoft Automatic Graph Layout</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Microsoft_C%2B%2B_Standard_Library" class="mw-redirect" title="Microsoft C++ Standard Library">Microsoft C++ Standard Library</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Microsoft_Cognitive_Toolkit" title="Microsoft Cognitive Toolkit">Microsoft Cognitive Toolkit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Metro_(design_language)" title="Metro (design language)">Microsoft Design Language</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Microsoft_Detours" title="Microsoft Detours">Microsoft Detours</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Microsoft_Enterprise_Library" title="Microsoft Enterprise Library">Microsoft Enterprise Library</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Microsoft_SEAL" title="Microsoft SEAL">Microsoft SEAL</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mimalloc" title="Mimalloc">mimalloc</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mixed_Reality_Toolkit" title="Mixed Reality Toolkit">Mixed Reality Toolkit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ML.NET" title="ML.NET">ML.NET</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mod_mono" title="Mod mono">mod_mono</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mono_(software)" title="Mono (software)">Mono</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MonoDevelop" title="MonoDevelop">MonoDevelop</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MSBuild" title="MSBuild">MSBuild</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MsQuic" title="MsQuic">MsQuic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neural_Network_Intelligence" title="Neural Network Intelligence">Neural Network Intelligence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Npm" title="Npm">npm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/NuGet" title="NuGet">NuGet</a></li> <li><a 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title="Windows Forms">Windows Forms</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Windows_Presentation_Foundation" title="Windows Presentation Foundation">Windows Presentation Foundation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Windows_Template_Library" title="Windows Template Library">Windows Template Library</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Windows_UI_Library" title="Windows UI Library">Windows UI Library</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/WinJS" title="WinJS">WinJS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/WinObjC" class="mw-redirect" title="WinObjC">WinObjC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/WiX" title="WiX">WiX</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/XDP_for_Windows" class="mw-redirect" title="XDP for Windows">XDP for Windows</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/XSP_(software)" title="XSP (software)">XSP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/XUnit.net" title="XUnit.net">xUnit.net</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Z3_Theorem_Prover" title="Z3 Theorem Prover">Z3 Theorem Prover</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Operating systems</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/MS-DOS" title="MS-DOS">MS-DOS</a> (v1.25, v2.0 & v4.0)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barrelfish_(operating_system)" title="Barrelfish (operating system)">Barrelfish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SONiC_(operating_system)" title="SONiC (operating system)">SONiC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Azure_Linux" title="Azure Linux">Azure Linux</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/ChronoZoom" title="ChronoZoom">ChronoZoom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Extensible_Storage_Engine" title="Extensible Storage Engine">Extensible Storage Engine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/FlexWiki" class="mw-redirect" title="FlexWiki">FlexWiki</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/FourQ" title="FourQ">FourQ</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gollum_(software)" title="Gollum (software)">Gollum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Project_Mu" class="mw-redirect" title="Project Mu">Project Mu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ReactiveX" title="ReactiveX">ReactiveX</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SILK" title="SILK">SILK</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/TLAPS" class="mw-redirect" title="TLAPS">TLAPS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/TPM_2.0_Reference_Implementation" class="mw-redirect" title="TPM 2.0 Reference Implementation">TPM 2.0 Reference Implementation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/WikiBhasha" title="WikiBhasha">WikiBhasha</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Open-source_license" title="Open-source license">Licenses</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Microsoft_Public_License" class="mw-redirect" title="Microsoft Public License">Microsoft Public License</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Microsoft_Reciprocal_License" class="mw-redirect" title="Microsoft Reciprocal License">Microsoft Reciprocal License</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Forge_(software)" title="Forge (software)">Forges</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/CodePlex" title="CodePlex">CodePlex</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">GitHub</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/.NET_Foundation" title=".NET Foundation">.NET Foundation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/F_Sharp_Software_Foundation" title="F Sharp Software Foundation">F# Software Foundation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Microsoft_Open_Specification_Promise" title="Microsoft Open Specification Promise">Microsoft Open Specification Promise</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Open_Letter_to_Hobbyists" class="mw-redirect" title="Open Letter to Hobbyists">Open Letter to Hobbyists</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Open_Source_Security_Foundation" title="Open Source Security Foundation">Open Source Security Foundation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Outercurve_Foundation" title="Outercurve Foundation">Outercurve Foundation</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /> <a href="/wiki/Category:Microsoft_free_software" title="Category:Microsoft free software">Category</a></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Bug_tracking_systems" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Bug_tracking_systems" title="Template:Bug tracking systems"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Bug_tracking_systems" title="Template talk:Bug tracking systems"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Bug_tracking_systems" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Bug tracking systems"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Bug_tracking_systems" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Bug_tracking_system" title="Bug tracking system">Bug tracking systems</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div>Years indicate the date of first stable release.</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Client-server</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Free_software" title="Free software">Free software</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/GNATS" title="GNATS">GNATS</a> (<time>1992</time>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Debbugs" title="Debbugs">Debbugs</a> (<time>1994</time> / <time>1999</time>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bugzilla" title="Bugzilla">Bugzilla</a> (<time>1998</time>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Request_Tracker" title="Request Tracker">Request Tracker</a> (<time>1999</time>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mantis_Bug_Tracker" title="Mantis Bug Tracker">MantisBT</a> (<time>2000</time>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roundup_(issue_tracker)" title="Roundup (issue tracker)">Roundup</a> (<time>2001</time>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trac" title="Trac">Trac</a> (<time>2004</time>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Redmine" title="Redmine">Redmine</a> (<time>2006</time>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apache_Allura" title="Apache Allura">Apache Allura</a> (<time>2009</time>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phabricator" title="Phabricator">Maniphest</a> (<time>2010</time>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tuleap_(project_management)" class="mw-redirect" title="Tuleap (project management)">Tuleap</a> (<time>2011</time>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apache_Bloodhound" class="mw-redirect" title="Apache Bloodhound">Apache Bloodhound</a> (<time>2012</time>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gitea" title="Gitea">Gitea</a> (<time>2016</time>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Codeberg" title="Codeberg">Codeberg</a> (<time>2019</time>)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Open-core_model" title="Open-core model">Open-Core</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/GitLab" title="GitLab">GitLab</a> (<time>2011</time>)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Proprietary_software" title="Proprietary software">Proprietary</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Helix_ALM" title="Helix ALM">Helix ALM</a> (formerly TestTrack) (<time>1998</time>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Axosoft" class="mw-redirect" title="Axosoft">Axosoft</a> (<time>2002</time>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jira_(software)" title="Jira (software)">Jira</a> (<time>2002</time>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Azure_DevOps_Server" title="Azure DevOps Server">Azure DevOps Server</a> (<time>2005</time>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/YouTrack" title="YouTrack">YouTrack</a> (<time>2009</time>)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Distributed</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Free_software" title="Free software">Free software</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fossil_(software)" title="Fossil (software)">Fossil</a> (<time>2006</time>)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Proprietary_software" title="Proprietary software">Proprietary</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Azure_DevOps_Server" title="Azure DevOps Server">Azure DevOps Server</a> (<time>2013</time>)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Hosted</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/SourceForge" title="SourceForge">SourceForge</a> (<time>1999</time>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/GNU_Savannah" title="GNU Savannah">GNU Savannah</a> (<time>2000</time>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/OSDN" title="OSDN">OSDN</a> (<time>2002</time>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Launchpad_(website)" title="Launchpad (website)">Launchpad</a> (<time>2004</time>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Assembla" title="Assembla">Assembla</a> (<time>2005</time>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/CodePlex" title="CodePlex">CodePlex</a> (<time>2006</time>) discontinued</li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">GitHub</a> (<time>2008</time>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bitbucket" title="Bitbucket">Bitbucket</a> (<time>2008</time>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/YouTrack" title="YouTrack">YouTrack</a> (<time>2011</time>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Microsoft_Visual_Studio#Azure_DevOps_Services" class="mw-redirect" title="Microsoft Visual Studio">Azure DevOps Services</a> (<time>2012</time>)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /> <a href="/wiki/Category:Bug_and_issue_tracking_software" title="Category:Bug and issue tracking software">Category</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comparison_of_issue-tracking_systems" title="Comparison of issue-tracking 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