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href="#Major_traditions"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Major traditions</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Major_traditions-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Major traditions subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Major_traditions-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Carnatic_music" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Carnatic_music"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>Carnatic music</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Carnatic_music-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Hindustani_music" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Hindustani_music"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>Hindustani music</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Hindustani_music-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Persian_and_Arab_influences" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Persian_and_Arab_influences"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2.1</span> <span>Persian and Arab influences</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Persian_and_Arab_influences-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Odissi_music" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Odissi_music"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3</span> <span>Odissi music</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Odissi_music-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Features" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Features"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Features</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Features-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Features subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Features-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Raga" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Raga"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>Raga</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Raga-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Tala" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Tala"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>Tala</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Tala-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Instruments" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Instruments"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3</span> <span>Instruments</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Instruments-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Note_system" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Note_system"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.4</span> <span>Note system</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Note_system-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Reception_outside_India" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Reception_outside_India"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Reception outside India</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Reception_outside_India-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Organizations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Organizations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Organizations</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Organizations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-References-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle References subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Bibliography" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bibliography"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.1</span> <span>Bibliography</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bibliography-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" title="Table of Contents" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Indian classical music</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 40 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-40" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">40 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D9%88%D8%B3%D9%8A%D9%82%D9%89_%D9%83%D9%84%D8%A7%D8%B3%D9%8A%D9%83%D9%8A%D8%A9_%D9%87%D9%86%D8%AF%D9%8A%D8%A9" title="موسيقى كلاسيكية هندية – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="موسيقى كلاسيكية هندية" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-as mw-list-item"><a href="https://as.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%AD%E0%A6%BE%E0%A7%B0%E0%A6%A4%E0%A7%80%E0%A6%AF%E0%A6%BC_%E0%A6%A7%E0%A7%8D%E0%A7%B0%E0%A7%81%E0%A6%AA%E0%A6%A6%E0%A7%80_%E0%A6%B8%E0%A6%82%E0%A6%97%E0%A7%80%E0%A6%A4" title="ভাৰতীয় ধ্ৰুপদী সংগীত – Assamese" lang="as" hreflang="as" data-title="ভাৰতীয় ধ্ৰুপদী সংগীত" data-language-autonym="অসমীয়া" data-language-local-name="Assamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>অসমীয়া</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%AD%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%A4%E0%A7%80%E0%A6%AF%E0%A6%BC_%E0%A6%B6%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B8%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%A4%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%B0%E0%A7%80%E0%A6%AF%E0%A6%BC_%E0%A6%B8%E0%A6%82%E0%A6%97%E0%A7%80%E0%A6%A4" title="ভারতীয় শাস্ত্রীয় সংগীত – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="ভারতীয় শাস্ত্রীয় সংগীত" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%8Cn-t%C5%8D%CD%98_k%C3%B3%CD%98-ti%C3%A1n_im-ga%CC%8Dk" title="Ìn-tō͘ kó͘-tián im-ga̍k – Minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Ìn-tō͘ kó͘-tián im-ga̍k" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Minnan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bh mw-list-item"><a href="https://bh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AD%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%AF_%E0%A4%B6%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%AF_%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%97%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%A4" title="भारतीय शास्त्रीय संगीत – Bhojpuri" lang="bh" hreflang="bh" data-title="भारतीय शास्त्रीय संगीत" data-language-autonym="भोजपुरी" data-language-local-name="Bhojpuri" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>भोजपुरी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/M%C3%BAsica_cl%C3%A0ssica_%C3%ADndia" title="Música clàssica índia – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Música clàssica índia" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indick%C3%A1_klasick%C3%A1_hudba" title="Indická klasická hudba – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Indická klasická hudba" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Klassische_indische_Musik" title="Klassische indische Musik – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Klassische indische Musik" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/India_klassikaline_muusika" title="India klassikaline muusika – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="India klassikaline muusika" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/M%C3%BAsica_cl%C3%A1sica_de_India" title="Música clásica de India – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Música clásica de India" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hindia_klasika_muziko" title="Hindia klasika muziko – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Hindia klasika muziko" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D9%88%D8%B3%DB%8C%D9%82%DB%8C_%D8%B3%D9%86%D8%AA%DB%8C_%D9%87%D9%86%D8%AF" title="موسیقی سنتی هند – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="موسیقی سنتی هند" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Musique_classique_indienne" title="Musique classique indienne – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Musique classique indienne" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%9D%B8%EB%8F%84_%EA%B3%A0%EC%A0%84_%EC%9D%8C%EC%95%85" title="인도 고전 음악 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="인도 고전 음악" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B6%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%AF_%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%97%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%A4" title="शास्त्रीय संगीत – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="शास्त्रीय संगीत" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Musik_tradisional_India" title="Musik tradisional India – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Musik tradisional India" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hef%C3%B0bundin_indversk_t%C3%B3nlist" title="Hefðbundin indversk tónlist – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Hefðbundin indversk tónlist" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Musica_classica_indiana" title="Musica classica indiana – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Musica classica indiana" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kn mw-list-item"><a href="https://kn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%AD%E0%B2%BE%E0%B2%B0%E0%B2%A4%E0%B3%80%E0%B2%AF_%E0%B2%B6%E0%B2%BE%E0%B2%B8%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%A4%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%B0%E0%B3%80%E0%B2%AF_%E0%B2%B8%E0%B2%82%E0%B2%97%E0%B3%80%E0%B2%A4" title="ಭಾರತೀಯ ಶಾಸ್ತ್ರೀಯ ಸಂಗೀತ – Kannada" lang="kn" hreflang="kn" data-title="ಭಾರತೀಯ ಶಾಸ್ತ್ರೀಯ ಸಂಗೀತ" data-language-autonym="ಕನ್ನಡ" data-language-local-name="Kannada" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ಕನ್ನಡ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D2%AE%D0%BD%D0%B4%D1%96_%D0%BC%D1%83%D0%B7%D1%8B%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%8B" title="Үнді музыкасы – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Үнді музыкасы" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indiai_klasszikus_zene" title="Indiai klasszikus zene – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Indiai klasszikus zene" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%BB%D0%B0%D1%81%D0%B8%D1%87%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B4%D0%B8%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D0%BC%D1%83%D0%B7%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Класична индиска музика – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Класична индиска музика" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%AD%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%B0%E0%B4%A4%E0%B5%80%E0%B4%AF_%E0%B4%B6%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%B8%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%A4%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B0%E0%B5%80%E0%B4%AF%E0%B4%B8%E0%B4%82%E0%B4%97%E0%B5%80%E0%B4%A4%E0%B4%82" title="ഭാരതീയ ശാസ്ത്രീയസംഗീതം – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="ഭാരതീയ ശാസ്ത്രീയസംഗീതം" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AD%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%AF_%E0%A4%85%E0%A4%AD%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A4_%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%97%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%A4" title="भारतीय अभिजात संगीत – Marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="भारतीय अभिजात संगीत" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="Marathi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>मराठी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ne mw-list-item"><a href="https://ne.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AD%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%AF_%E0%A4%B6%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%AF_%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%99%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%97%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%A4" title="भारतीय शास्त्रीय सङ्गीत – Nepali" lang="ne" hreflang="ne" data-title="भारतीय शास्त्रीय सङ्गीत" data-language-autonym="नेपाली" data-language-local-name="Nepali" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>नेपाली</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%A4%E3%83%B3%E3%83%89%E3%81%AE%E4%BC%9D%E7%B5%B1%E9%9F%B3%E6%A5%BD" title="インドの伝統音楽 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="インドの伝統音楽" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Klassisk_indisk_musikk" title="Klassisk indisk musikk – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Klassisk indisk musikk" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Klassisk_indisk_musikk" title="Klassisk indisk musikk – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Klassisk indisk musikk" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%AD%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%B0%E0%A8%A4%E0%A9%80_%E0%A8%B8%E0%A8%BC%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%B8%E0%A8%A4%E0%A8%B0%E0%A9%80_%E0%A8%B8%E0%A9%B0%E0%A8%97%E0%A9%80%E0%A8%A4" title="ਭਾਰਤੀ ਸ਼ਾਸਤਰੀ ਸੰਗੀਤ – Punjabi" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਭਾਰਤੀ ਸ਼ਾਸਤਰੀ ਸੰਗੀਤ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Klasyczna_muzyka_indyjska" title="Klasyczna muzyka indyjska – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Klasyczna muzyka indyjska" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/M%C3%BAsica_cl%C3%A1ssica_indiana" title="Música clássica indiana – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Música clássica indiana" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%98%D0%BD%D0%B4%D0%B8%D0%B9%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D0%BA%D0%BB%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%81%D0%B8%D1%87%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D0%BC%D1%83%D0%B7%D1%8B%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Индийская классическая музыка – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Индийская классическая музыка" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sd mw-list-item"><a href="https://sd.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D8%B4%D8%B1%D9%82%D9%8A_%DA%AA%D9%84%D8%A7%D8%B3%D9%8A%DA%AA%D9%8A_%D9%85%D9%88%D8%B3%D9%8A%D9%82%D9%8A" title="مشرقي ڪلاسيڪي موسيقي – Sindhi" lang="sd" hreflang="sd" data-title="مشرقي ڪلاسيڪي موسيقي" data-language-autonym="سنڌي" data-language-local-name="Sindhi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>سنڌي</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indijska_klasi%C4%8Dna_muzika" title="Indijska klasična muzika – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Indijska klasična muzika" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intialainen_taidemusiikki" title="Intialainen taidemusiikki – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Intialainen taidemusiikki" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Klassisk_indisk_musik" title="Klassisk indisk musik – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Klassisk indisk musik" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%87%E0%AE%A8%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%A4%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%AF%E0%AE%AA%E0%AF%8D_%E0%AE%AA%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%B0%E0%AE%AE%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%AA%E0%AE%B0%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%AF_%E0%AE%87%E0%AE%9A%E0%AF%88" title="இந்தியப் பாரம்பரிய இசை – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="இந்தியப் பாரம்பரிய இசை" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-te mw-list-item"><a href="https://te.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B0%AD%E0%B0%BE%E0%B0%B0%E0%B0%A4%E0%B1%80%E0%B0%AF_%E0%B0%B6%E0%B0%BE%E0%B0%B8%E0%B1%8D%E0%B0%A4%E0%B1%8D%E0%B0%B0%E0%B1%80%E0%B0%AF_%E0%B0%B8%E0%B0%82%E0%B0%97%E0%B1%80%E0%B0%A4%E0%B0%82" title="భారతీయ శాస్త్రీయ సంగీతం – Telugu" lang="te" hreflang="te" data-title="భారతీయ శాస్త్రీయ సంగీతం" data-language-autonym="తెలుగు" data-language-local-name="Telugu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>తెలుగు</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B4%D8%A7%D8%B3%D8%AA%D8%B1%DB%8C_%D8%B3%D9%86%DA%AF%DB%8C%D8%AA" title="شاستری سنگیت – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="شاستری سنگیت" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" 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searchaux" style="display:none">Classical music from the Indian subcontinent</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li::after{content:" · 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.sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:none!important}}</style><table class="sidebar nomobile nowraplinks hlist"><tbody><tr><th class="sidebar-title"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Indian classical music</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-image"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Murasu.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Murasu.svg/100px-Murasu.svg.png" decoding="async" width="100" height="100" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Murasu.svg/150px-Murasu.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Murasu.svg/200px-Murasu.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="64" data-file-height="64" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Carnatic_music" title="Carnatic music">Carnatic music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hindustani_classical_music" title="Hindustani classical music">Hindustani music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Odissi_music" title="Odissi music">Odissi music</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> Concepts</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Shruti_(music)" title="Shruti (music)">Shruti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Svara" title="Svara">Svara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alankara" class="mw-redirect" title="Alankara">Alankara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raga" title="Raga">Raga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rasa_(aesthetics)" title="Rasa (aesthetics)">Rasa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tala_(music)" title="Tala (music)">Tala</a></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sangita" title="Sangita">Sangita</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vadya" title="Vadya">Vadya</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Indian_classical_music" title="Template:Indian classical music"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Indian_classical_music" title="Template talk:Indian classical music"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Indian_classical_music" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Indian classical music"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1246091330"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1246091330"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1246091330"><table class="sidebar nomobile nowraplinks hlist collapsible collapsed" style="background-color: white"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-image"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Tyagaraja.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/Tyagaraja.jpg/140px-Tyagaraja.jpg" decoding="async" width="140" height="174" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/Tyagaraja.jpg/210px-Tyagaraja.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/c1/Tyagaraja.jpg 2x" data-file-width="280" data-file-height="348" /></a></span><div class="sidebar-caption"><a href="/wiki/Tyagaraja" title="Tyagaraja">Tyagaraja</a>, known for his extensive contributions to <a href="/wiki/Carnatic_music" title="Carnatic music">Carnatic music</a></div></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-above" style="font-size:100%"> <span style="font-size:125%"><a href="/wiki/Music_of_India" title="Music of India">Music of India</a></span></td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="background-color: #E5E4E2"> Genres</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <p><b>Traditional</b> </p> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Classical</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Carnatic_music" title="Carnatic music">Carnatic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Odissi_music" title="Odissi music">Odissi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hindustani_classical_music" title="Hindustani classical music">Hindustani</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_folk_music" title="Indian folk music">Folk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Borgeet" title="Borgeet">Borgeet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baul" title="Baul">Baul</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bhajan" title="Bhajan">Bhajan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kirtana" class="mw-redirect" title="Kirtana">Kirtana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shyama_Sangeet" title="Shyama Sangeet">Shyama Sangeet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ramprasadi" title="Ramprasadi">Ramprasadi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rabindra_Sangeet" title="Rabindra Sangeet">Rabindra Sangeet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nazrul_Geeti" title="Nazrul Geeti">Nazrul Geeti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dwijendralal_Ray" title="Dwijendralal Ray">Dwijendrageeti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atulprasad_Sen" class="mw-redirect" title="Atulprasad Sen">Atulprasadi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prabhat_Samgiita" title="Prabhat Samgiita">Prabhat Samgiita</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thumri" title="Thumri">Thumri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dadra_(music)" class="mw-redirect" title="Dadra (music)">Dadra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chaiti" title="Chaiti">Chaiti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kajari" title="Kajari">Kajari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sufi_music" title="Sufi music">Sufi</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ghazal" title="Ghazal">Ghazal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qawwali" title="Qawwali">Qawwali</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sikh_music" title="Sikh music">Sikh</a></li></ul> <p><b>Modern</b> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bhangra_(music)" title="Bhangra (music)">Bhangra</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bhangragga" class="mw-redirect" title="Bhangragga">Bhangragga</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Filmi" title="Filmi">Filmi</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Bollywood" class="mw-redirect" title="Music of Bollywood">Bollywood</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Filmi-ghazal" title="Filmi-ghazal">Ghazal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Filmi_qawwali" title="Filmi qawwali">Qawwali</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Goa_trance" title="Goa trance">Goa trance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hindi_Dance_Music" class="mw-redirect" title="Hindi Dance Music">Dance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_pop" title="Indian pop">Indi-pop</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Asian_Underground" title="Asian Underground">Asian Underground</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jazz_in_India" title="Jazz in India">Jazz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_rock" title="Indian rock">Rock</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Rock_music_of_West_Bengal" class="mw-redirect" title="Rock music of West Bengal">Bengali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raga_rock" title="Raga rock">Raga</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_hip_hop" class="mw-redirect" title="Indian hip hop">Hip hop</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="background-color: #E5E4E2"> Media and performance</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content-with-subgroup"> <table class="sidebar-subgroup"><tbody><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> Music awards</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Filmfare_Awards" title="Filmfare Awards">Filmfare Awards</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sangeet_Natak_Akademi_Award" title="Sangeet Natak Akademi Award">Sangeet Natak Akademi Award</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> Music festivals</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Saptak_Annual_Festival_of_Music" title="Saptak Annual Festival of Music">Saptak Festival of Music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Madras_Music_Season" title="Madras Music Season">Chennai Music Season</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dover_Lane_Music_Conference" title="Dover Lane Music Conference">Dover Lane music festival</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Purandaradasa_Aradhana" class="mw-redirect" title="Purandaradasa Aradhana">Purandaradasa Aradhana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tyagaraja_Aradhana" title="Tyagaraja Aradhana">Tyagaraja Aradhana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harballabh_Sangeet_Sammelan" title="Harballabh Sangeet Sammelan"> Harivallabh Sangeet Sammelan</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> Music media</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Sruti_(magazine)" title="Sruti (magazine)">Sruti</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Record_(music_magazine)" title="The Record (music magazine)">The Record</a></i></li></ul></td> </tr></tbody></table></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="background-color: #E5E4E2"> Nationalistic and patriotic songs</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content-with-subgroup"> <table class="sidebar-subgroup"><tbody><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> National anthem</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <a href="/wiki/Jana_Gana_Mana" title="Jana Gana Mana">Jana Gana Mana</a></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> Other</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <a href="/wiki/Vande_Mataram" title="Vande Mataram">Vande Mataram</a></td> </tr></tbody></table></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="background-color: #E5E4E2"> Regional music</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_the_Andaman_and_Nicobar_Islands" title="Music of the Andaman and Nicobar Islands">Andaman and Nicobar Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Andhra_Pradesh" title="Music of Andhra Pradesh">Andhra Pradesh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Arunachal_Pradesh" title="Music of Arunachal Pradesh">Arunachal Pradesh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Assam" title="Music of Assam">Assam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Bihar" title="Music of Bihar">Bihar</a> (<a href="/wiki/Maithili_music" title="Maithili music">Maithili</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Chhattisgarh" title="Music of Chhattisgarh">Chhattisgarh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Goa" title="Music of Goa">Goa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Gujarat" title="Music of Gujarat">Gujarat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Haryana" title="Music of Haryana">Haryana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Himachal_Pradesh" title="Music of Himachal Pradesh">Himachal Pradesh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Jammu_and_Kashmir" title="Music of Jammu and Kashmir">Jammu and Kashmir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Ladakh" title="Music of Ladakh">Ladakh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Jharkhand" title="Music of Jharkhand">Jharkhand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Development_of_Carnatic_music" title="Development of Carnatic music">Karnataka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Kerala" title="Music of Kerala">Kerala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Madhya_Pradesh" title="Music of Madhya Pradesh">Madhya Pradesh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Maharashtra" title="Music of Maharashtra">Maharashtra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Manipur" title="Music of Manipur">Manipur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Meghalaya" title="Music of Meghalaya">Meghalaya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mizo_music" title="Mizo music">Mizoram</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Nagaland" title="Music of Nagaland">Nagaland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Odisha" class="mw-redirect" title="Music of Odisha">Odisha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Punjab" title="Music of Punjab">Punjab</a> (<a href="/wiki/Folk_music_of_Punjab" title="Folk music of Punjab">Folk</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Rajasthan" title="Music of Rajasthan">Rajasthan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Sikkim" title="Music of Sikkim">Sikkim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Tamil_Nadu" title="Music of Tamil Nadu">Tamil Nadu</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Tamil_music" title="Ancient Tamil music">Ancient</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Tripura" title="Music of Tripura">Tripura</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Uttar_Pradesh" title="Music of Uttar Pradesh">Uttar Pradesh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Uttarakhand" title="Music of Uttarakhand">Uttarakhand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_West_Bengal" title="Music of West Bengal">West Bengal</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Music_of_India" title="Template:Music of India"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Music_of_India" title="Template talk:Music of India"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Music_of_India" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Music of India"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Indian classical music</b> is the <a href="/wiki/Art_music" title="Art music">classical music</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Indian_subcontinent" title="Indian subcontinent">Indian subcontinent</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTENettl_et_al.1998573–574_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENettl_et_al.1998573–574-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It is generally described using terms like <i>Shastriya Sangeet</i> and <i>Marg Sangeet</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It has two major traditions: the <a href="/wiki/North_India" title="North India">North Indian</a> classical music known as <i><a href="/wiki/Hindustani_classical_music" title="Hindustani classical music">Hindustani</a></i> and the <a href="/wiki/South_India" title="South India">South Indian</a> expression known as <i><a href="/wiki/Carnatic_classical_music" class="mw-redirect" title="Carnatic classical music">Carnatic</a></i>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESorrellNarayan19803–4_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESorrellNarayan19803–4-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> These traditions were not distinct until about the 15th century. During the period of <a href="/wiki/Mughal_Empire" title="Mughal Empire">Mughal rule</a> of the Indian subcontinent, the traditions separated and evolved into distinct forms. Hindustani music emphasizes improvisation and exploration of all aspects of a <a href="/wiki/Raga" title="Raga">raga</a>, while Carnatic performances tend to be short composition-based.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESorrellNarayan19803–4_4-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESorrellNarayan19803–4-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, the two systems continue to have more common features than differences.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESorrellNarayan19804–5_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESorrellNarayan19804–5-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Another unique classical music tradition from the eastern part of India is <i><a href="/wiki/Odissi_music" title="Odissi music">Odissi music</a></i>, which has evolved over the last two thousand years. </p><p>The roots of the classical music of India are found in the <a href="/wiki/Vedas" title="Vedas">Vedic</a> literature of <a href="/wiki/Hinduism" title="Hinduism">Hinduism</a> and the ancient <i><a href="/wiki/Natyashastra" class="mw-redirect" title="Natyashastra">Natyashastra</a></i>, the classic <a href="/wiki/Sanskrit" title="Sanskrit">Sanskrit</a> text on performing arts by <a href="/wiki/Bharata_Muni" class="mw-redirect" title="Bharata Muni">Bharata Muni</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERowell20159–10,_59–61_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERowell20159–10,_59–61-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Beck1995p107_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Beck1995p107-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The 13th century Sanskrit text <i>Sangeeta-Ratnakara</i> of <a href="/wiki/Sarangadeva" class="mw-redirect" title="Sarangadeva">Sarangadeva</a> is regarded as the definitive text by both the <a href="/wiki/Hindustani_music" class="mw-redirect" title="Hindustani music">Hindustani music</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Carnatic_music" title="Carnatic music">Carnatic music</a> traditions.<sup id="cite_ref-bod116_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-bod116-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-MasseyMassey1996_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-MasseyMassey1996-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Indian classical music has two foundational elements, <i>raga</i> and <i><a href="/wiki/Tala_(music)" title="Tala (music)">tala</a></i>. The <i>raga</i>, based on a varied repertoire of <i><a href="/wiki/Swara" class="mw-redirect" title="Swara">swara</a></i> (<a href="/wiki/Musical_note" title="Musical note">notes</a> including <a href="/wiki/Microtone_(music)" class="mw-redirect" title="Microtone (music)">microtones</a>), forms the fabric of a deeply intricate melodic structure, while the <i>tala</i> measures the <a href="/wiki/Calendar" title="Calendar">time cycle</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESorrellNarayan19801–3_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESorrellNarayan19801–3-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <i>raga</i> gives an artist a palette to build the melody from sounds, while the <i>tala</i> provides them with a creative framework for rhythmic improvisation using time.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTENettl2010_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENettl2010-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In Indian classical music the space between the notes is often more important than the notes themselves, and it traditionally eschews <a href="/wiki/Classical_music" title="Classical music">Western classical</a> concepts such as <a href="/wiki/Harmony" title="Harmony">harmony</a>, <a href="/wiki/Counterpoint" title="Counterpoint">counterpoint</a>, <a href="/wiki/Chord_(music)" title="Chord (music)">chords</a>, or <a href="/wiki/Modulation_(music)" title="Modulation (music)">modulation</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Indian_classical_music&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The root of <a href="/wiki/Music_in_ancient_India" title="Music in ancient India">music in ancient India</a> are found in the Vedic literature of Hinduism. The earliest Indian thought combined three arts, syllabic recital (<i>vadya</i>), melos (<i>gita</i>) and dance (<i>nrtta</i>).<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERowell20159_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERowell20159-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As these fields developed, <i>sangeeta</i> became a distinct genre of art, in a form equivalent to contemporary music. This likely occurred before the time of <a href="/wiki/Y%C4%81ska" title="Yāska">Yāska</a> (<abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 500 BCE</span>), since he includes these terms in his <a href="/wiki/Nirukta" title="Nirukta">nirukta</a> studies, one of the six <a href="/wiki/Vedanga" title="Vedanga">Vedanga</a> of ancient Indian tradition. Some of the ancient texts of Hinduism such as the <i><a href="/wiki/Samaveda" title="Samaveda">Samaveda</a></i> (<abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 1000 BCE</span>) are structured entirely to melodic themes,<sup id="cite_ref-Thompson1694_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Thompson1694-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBeck1993107–109,_Quote:_"it_is_generally_agreed_that_Indian_music_indeed_owes_its_beginnings_to_the_chanting_of_the_''Sama–Veda'',_the_vast_collection_of_verses_(Sama),_many_from_the_Rig–veda_itself,_set_to_melody_and_sung_by_singer–priests_known_as_udgata"._19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBeck1993107–109,_Quote:_"it_is_generally_agreed_that_Indian_music_indeed_owes_its_beginnings_to_the_chanting_of_the_''Sama–Veda'',_the_vast_collection_of_verses_(Sama),_many_from_the_Rig–veda_itself,_set_to_melody_and_sung_by_singer–priests_known_as_udgata".-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> it is sections of <i><a href="/wiki/Rigveda" title="Rigveda">Rigveda</a></i> set to music.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Samaveda">Samaveda</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Indian_classical_music&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Samaveda"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The <i>Samaveda</i> is organized into two formats. One part is based on the <a href="/wiki/Metre_(music)" title="Metre (music)">musical meter</a>, another by the aim of the rituals.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERowell201559–61_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERowell201559–61-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The text is written with embedded coding, where <i>swaras</i> (<a href="/wiki/Octave" title="Octave">octave</a> notes) are either shown above or within the text, or the verse is written into <i>parvans</i> (knot or member); in simple words, this embedded code of swaras is like the skeleton of the song. The swaras have about 12 different forms and different combinations of these swaras are made to sit under the names of different ragas. The specific code of a song clearly tells us what combination of swaras are present in a specific song. The lyrical part of the song is called "sahityam" and sahityam is just like singing the swaras altogether but using the lyrics of the song. The code in the form of swaras have even the notation of which note to be sung high and which one low. The hymns of <i>Samaveda</i> contain melodic content, form, rhythm and metric organization.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERowell201559–61_21-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERowell201559–61-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This structure is, however, not unique or limited to <i>Samaveda</i>. The <i>Rigveda</i> embeds the musical meter too, without the kind of elaboration found in the <i>Samaveda</i>. For example, the <a href="/wiki/Gayatri_mantra" class="mw-redirect" title="Gayatri mantra">Gayatri mantra</a> contains three metric lines of exactly eight syllables, with an embedded ternary rhythm.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERowell201562–63_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERowell201562–63-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Five_Celestial_Musicians_LACMA_AC1992.254.1-.5.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/44/Five_Celestial_Musicians_LACMA_AC1992.254.1-.5.jpg/260px-Five_Celestial_Musicians_LACMA_AC1992.254.1-.5.jpg" decoding="async" width="260" height="172" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/44/Five_Celestial_Musicians_LACMA_AC1992.254.1-.5.jpg/390px-Five_Celestial_Musicians_LACMA_AC1992.254.1-.5.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/44/Five_Celestial_Musicians_LACMA_AC1992.254.1-.5.jpg/520px-Five_Celestial_Musicians_LACMA_AC1992.254.1-.5.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1946" data-file-height="1289" /></a><figcaption>Five Gandharvas (celestial musicians) from 4th–5th century CE, northwest South Asia, carrying the four types of musical instruments. Gandharvas are discussed in Vedic era literature.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERowell201511–14_23-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERowell201511–14-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Origins">Origins</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Indian_classical_music&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Origins"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In the ancient traditions of Hinduism, two musical genre appeared, namely <i>Gandharva</i> (formal, composed, ceremonial music) and <i>Gana</i> (informal, improvised, entertainment music).<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERowell201511–12_24-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERowell201511–12-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <i>Gandharva</i> music also implied celestial, divine associations, while the <i>Gana</i> also implied singing.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERowell201511–12_24-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERowell201511–12-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Vedic <a href="/wiki/Sanskrit" title="Sanskrit">Sanskrit</a> musical tradition had spread widely in the Indian subcontinent, and according to Rowell, the ancient <a href="/wiki/Tamil_language" title="Tamil language">Tamil</a> classics make it "abundantly clear that a cultivated musical tradition existed in <a href="/wiki/South_India" title="South India">South India</a> as early as the last few pre-Christian centuries".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERowell201512–13_25-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERowell201512–13-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The classic Sanskrit text <i><a href="/wiki/Natya_Shastra" title="Natya Shastra">Natya Shastra</a></i> is at the foundation of the numerous classical music and dance traditions of India. Before <i>Natyashastra</i> was finalized, the <a href="/wiki/Outline_of_ancient_India" title="Outline of ancient India">ancient Indian</a> traditions had classified musical instruments into four groups based on their acoustic principle (how they work, rather than the material they are made of) for example <a href="/wiki/Flute" title="Flute">flute</a> which works with gracious in and out flow of air.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERowell201513–14_26-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERowell201513–14-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> These four categories are accepted as given and are four separate chapters in the <i>Natyashastra</i>, one each on stringed instruments <a href="/wiki/String_instrument" title="String instrument">(chordophones</a>), hollow instruments (<a href="/wiki/Aerophone" title="Aerophone">aerophones</a>), solid instruments (<a href="/wiki/Idiophone" title="Idiophone">idiophones</a>), and covered instruments (<a href="/wiki/Membranophone" title="Membranophone">membranophones</a>).<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERowell201513–14_26-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERowell201513–14-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Of these, states Levis Rowell, the idiophone in the form of "small bronze cymbals" were used for <i><a href="/wiki/Tala_(music)" title="Tala (music)">tala</a></i>. Almost the entire chapter of <i>Natyashastra</i> on idiophones, by Bharata, is a theoretical treatise on the system of <i>tala</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERowell201514_27-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERowell201514-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Time keeping with idiophones was considered a separate function than that of percussion (membranophones), in the early Indian thought on <a href="/wiki/Music_theory" title="Music theory">music theory</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERowell201514_27-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERowell201514-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The early 13th century Sanskrit text <i><a href="/wiki/Sangita_Ratnakara" title="Sangita Ratnakara">Sangitaratnakara</a></i> (literally, "Ocean of Music and Dance"), by Sarngadeva patronized by King Sighana of the Yadava dynasty in <a href="/wiki/Maharashtra" title="Maharashtra">Maharashtra</a>, mentions and discusses <i>ragas</i> and <i>talas</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He identifies seven <i>tala</i> families, then subdivides them into rhythmic ratios, presenting a methodology for improvization and composition that continues to inspire modern era Indian musicians.<sup id="cite_ref-Bod2013p116_29-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bod2013p116-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <i>Sangitaratnakara</i> is one of the most complete historic medieval era Hindu treatises on this subject that has survived into the modern era, that relates to the structure, technique and reasoning behind <i>ragas</i> and <i>talas</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERowell201512–14_30-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERowell201512–14-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Bod2013p116_29-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bod2013p116-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The centrality and significance of music in ancient and early medieval India is also expressed in numerous temple and shrine <a href="/wiki/Relief" title="Relief">reliefs</a>, in Buddhism, Hinduism and <a href="/wiki/Jainism" title="Jainism">Jainism</a>, such as through the carving of musicians with cymbals at the fifth century Pavaya temple sculpture near <a href="/wiki/Gwalior" title="Gwalior">Gwalior</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTENettl_et_al.1998299_31-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENettl_et_al.1998299-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and the <a href="/wiki/Ellora_Caves" title="Ellora Caves">Ellora Caves</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Texts">Texts</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Indian_classical_music&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Texts"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The post-Vedic era historical literature relating to Indian classical music has been extensive. The ancient and medieval texts are primarily in <a href="/wiki/Sanskrit" title="Sanskrit">Sanskrit</a> (Hinduism), but major reviews of music theory, instruments and practice were also composed in regional languages such as <a href="/wiki/Kannada" title="Kannada">Kannada</a>, <a href="/wiki/Odia_language" title="Odia language">Odia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pali" title="Pali">Pali</a> (Buddhism), <a href="/wiki/Prakrit" title="Prakrit">Prakrit</a> (Jainism), <a href="/wiki/Tamil_language" title="Tamil language">Tamil</a> and <a href="/wiki/Telugu_language" title="Telugu language">Telugu</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGautam19931–10_34-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGautam19931–10-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> While numerous manuscripts have survived into the modern era, many original works on Indian music are believed to be lost, and are known to have existed only because they are quoted and discussed in other manuscripts on classical Indian music.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGautam19931–10_34-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGautam19931–10-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTENettl_et_al.199837–46_35-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENettl_et_al.199837–46-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Many of the encyclopedic <a href="/wiki/Purana" class="mw-redirect" title="Purana">Puranas</a> contain large chapters on music theory and instruments, such as the <i>Bhagavata Purana</i>, the <i>Markandeya Purana</i>, the <i>Vayu Purana</i>, the <i>Linga Purana</i>, and the <i>Visnudharmottara Purana</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETe_Nijenhuis19743–4_36-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETe_Nijenhuis19743–4-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The most cited and influential among these texts are the <i>Sama Veda</i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Natya_shastra" class="mw-redirect" title="Natya shastra">Natya shastra</a></i> (classic treatise on music theory, Gandharva), <i><a href="/wiki/Dattilam" title="Dattilam">Dattilam</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Brihaddeshi" title="Brihaddeshi">Brihaddesi</a></i> (treatise on regional classical music forms), and <i><a href="/wiki/Sangita_Ratnakara" title="Sangita Ratnakara">Sangita Ratnakara</a></i> (definitive text for Carnatic and Hindustani traditions).<sup id="cite_ref-bod116_8-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-bod116-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGautam19931–10_34-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGautam19931–10-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERandel2003813_39-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERandel2003813-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Most historic music theory texts have been by Hindu scholars. Some classical music texts were also composed by Buddhists and Jain scholars, and in 16th century by Muslim scholars. These are listed in the attached table. </p> <table class="wikitable" align="center" style="background: transparent;"> <tbody><tr> <td colspan="5"> <table class="wikitable collapsible collapsed"> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="5" style="background: #ffcd66;">Classical Indian music texts<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGautam19931–10_34-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGautam19931–10-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </th></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <td style="background: #ffcd66;">Title </td> <td>Author </td> <td>Century </td> <td>Religion </td> <td>Notability<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGautam19931–10_34-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGautam19931–10-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td><i>Samaveda</i> </td> <td><b>-</b> </td> <td>c. 1000 BCE </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Hinduism" title="Hinduism">Hinduism</a> </td> <td>Scripture set to music </td></tr> <tr> <td><i>Dattilam</i> </td> <td>Dattila </td> <td>c. 4th century BCE-2nd century CE </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Hinduism" title="Hinduism">Hinduism</a> </td> <td>The text marks the transition from the sama-gayan (ritual chants), to gandharva music </td></tr> <tr> <td><i>Natyasastra</i> </td> <td>Bharata Muni </td> <td>c. 200 BCE–200 CE </td> <td>Hinduism </td> <td>Oldest surviving complete Hindu text on music theory and performance arts </td></tr> <tr> <td>(Lost texts) </td> <td>Vishakhila, Sardula, Visnudharmottara </td> <td>c. 300–500 CE </td> <td>Hinduism </td> <td>Cited by medieval authors </td></tr> <tr> <td>(Lost text) </td> <td>Rahul </td> <td>c. 5th century CE </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Buddhism" title="Buddhism">Buddhism</a> </td> <td>Cited by medieval authors </td></tr> <tr> <td><i>Brihaddesi</i> </td> <td>Matanga </td> <td>c. 800–900 CE </td> <td>Hinduism </td> <td>Survives in parts, theory of regional music forms (entertainment), Murchana system </td></tr> <tr> <td><i>Abhinavabharati</i> </td> <td>Abhinavagupta </td> <td>c. 900–1000 CE </td> <td>Hinduism </td> <td>Theory of rasa<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESchwartz2004_40-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESchwartz2004-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td><i>Sarasvati Hridyalankara</i> </td> <td>Nanyadeva </td> <td>c. 1080 CE </td> <td>Hinduism </td> <td>Music theory,<br />appendix on Natyashastra bhasya </td></tr> <tr> <td><i>Sangita Sudhakara</i> </td> <td>Haripala </td> <td>c. 1175 CE </td> <td>Hinduism </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><i>Abhilasitartha Cintamani</i> </td> <td>Somesvara </td> <td>c. 12th century CE </td> <td>Hinduism </td> <td>Survives in parts,<br />Murchana system, ragas </td></tr> <tr> <td><i>Sangita Ratnavali</i> </td> <td>Somabhupala </td> <td>c. 1180 CE </td> <td>Hinduism </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><i>Sangita Samayasara</i> </td> <td>Parsvadeva </td> <td>c. 1200 CE </td> <td>Hinduism </td> <td>Theory of gamakas </td></tr> <tr> <td><i>Sangita Ratnakara</i> </td> <td>Sarngadeva </td> <td>c. 1230 CE </td> <td>Hinduism </td> <td>Systematizes raga, prakirnaka, prabandha, tala, vadya and nritya;<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESastri1943_41-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESastri1943-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><br />Definitive text to Carnatic and Hindustani classical music </td></tr> <tr> <td><i>Sringarahara</i> </td> <td>Raja Sakambhari </td> <td>c. 1300 CE </td> <td>Hinduism </td> <td>Directory of ancient ragas, 89 derivative ragas and 120 talas </td></tr> <tr> <td><i>Rasatatvasamuccaya</i> </td> <td>Allaraja </td> <td>c. 1300 CE </td> <td>Hinduism </td> <td>Four chapters to classical music </td></tr> <tr> <td><i>Sangitopanisadasara</i> </td> <td>Suddhakalasa </td> <td>c. 1350 CE </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Jainism" title="Jainism">Jainism</a> </td> <td>Music theory, includes rare talas </td></tr> <tr> <td><i>Balabodhan</i> </td> <td>unknown </td> <td>c. 1350 CE </td> <td>Hinduism </td> <td>Review and quotes music texts believed to be lost </td></tr> <tr> <td><i>Visvapradip</i> </td> <td>Bhuvanananda </td> <td>c. 1350 CE </td> <td>Hinduism </td> <td>A major review on raga, tala, musical instruments </td></tr> <tr> <td><i>Sangitacandra</i> </td> <td>Allaraja </td> <td>c. 14th century CE </td> <td>Hinduism </td> <td>Commented by 17th century <a href="/wiki/Nepal" title="Nepal">Nepalese</a> king Jyotirmal </td></tr> <tr> <td><i>Sangita Dipika</i> </td> <td>Madhava Bhatta </td> <td>c. 1400 CE </td> <td>Hinduism </td> <td>Raga-ragini system </td></tr> <tr> <td><i>Sangita Raj</i> </td> <td>Kumbhakarna </td> <td>c. 1449 CE </td> <td>Hinduism </td> <td>A review </td></tr> <tr> <td><i>Svaramelakalanidhi</i> </td> <td>Ramamatya </td> <td>c. 16th century CE </td> <td>Hinduism </td> <td>Carnatic music, mela system </td></tr> <tr> <td><i>Raga Mala</i>,<br /><i>Raga Manjari</i>,<br /><i>Sadraga Candrodaya</i> </td> <td>Pundarika Vittala </td> <td>c. 16th century CE </td> <td>Hinduism </td> <td>Carnatic music, mentions <a href="/wiki/Persian_traditional_music" title="Persian traditional music">Persian</a> maqam </td></tr> <tr> <td><i>Lahjat-i Sikandar Shahi</i> </td> <td>Umar Sama Yahya </td> <td>c. 16th century CE </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Islam" title="Islam">Islam</a> </td> <td>Hindustani music, includes a review of Natya Shastra and Sangita Ratnakara<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETe_Nijenhuis19747_42-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETe_Nijenhuis19747-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td><i>Rasakaumudi</i> </td> <td>Srikantha </td> <td>c. 16th century CE </td> <td>Jainism </td> <td>A review of music systems </td></tr> <tr> <td><i>Sangita Sudha</i> </td> <td>Raghunatha Thanjavur </td> <td>c. 1620 CE </td> <td>Hinduism </td> <td>Carnatic, Three languages, musical instruments, 264 ragas, 50 popular ragas </td></tr> <tr> <td><i>Sangita Cudamani</i> </td> <td>Govinda </td> <td>c. 1680 CE </td> <td>Hinduism </td> <td>Carnatic, 72 melakartas, musical instruments innovations </td></tr></tbody></table> </td></tr> </tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Major_traditions">Major traditions</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Indian_classical_music&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Major traditions"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1273380762/mw-parser-output/.tmulti">.mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner{display:flex;flex-direction:column}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{display:flex;flex-direction:row;clear:left;flex-wrap:wrap;width:100%;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{margin:1px;float:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti 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class="thumbcaption">Indian classical music performances</div></div></div></div> <p>The classical music tradition of the ancient and medieval Indian subcontinent (modern Bangladesh, India, Pakistan) were a generally integrated system through the 14th century, after which the socio-political turmoil of the <a href="/wiki/Delhi_Sultanate" title="Delhi Sultanate">Delhi Sultanate</a> era isolated the north from the south. The music traditions of the North and South India were not considered distinct until about the 16th century, but after that the traditions acquired distinct forms.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESorrellNarayan19803–4_4-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESorrellNarayan19803–4-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> North Indian classical music is called <i>Hindustani</i>, while the South Indian expression is called <i>Carnatic</i> (sometimes spelled as <i>Karnatic</i>). According to <a href="/wiki/Nazir_Ali_Jairazbhoy" class="mw-redirect" title="Nazir Ali Jairazbhoy">Nazir Ali Jairazbhoy</a>, the North Indian tradition acquired its modern form after the 14th or the 15th century.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJairazbhoy199516–17_43-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJairazbhoy199516–17-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Indian classical music has historically adopted and evolved with many regional styles, such as the Bengali classical tradition . This openness to ideas led to assimilation of regional folk innovations, as well as influences that arrived from outside the subcontinent. For example, Hindustani music assimilated Arabian and Persian influences.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETe_Nijenhuis197480_44-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETe_Nijenhuis197480-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This assimilation of ideas was upon the ancient classical foundations such as <i>raga</i>, <i>tala</i>, <i>matras</i> as well as the musical instruments. For example, the Persian <i>Rāk</i> is probably a pronunciation of <i>Raga</i>. According to Hormoz Farhat, <i>Rāk</i> has no meaning in modern Persian language, and the concept of <i>raga</i> is unknown in Persia.<sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Carnatic_music">Carnatic music</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Indian_classical_music&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Carnatic music"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Carnatic_Music" class="mw-redirect" title="Carnatic Music">Carnatic Music</a></div> <p>If <a href="/wiki/Hindustani_classical_music" title="Hindustani classical music">Hindustani</a> music is taken in as an entirely new form of music created from Indian classical music and <a href="/wiki/Persian_traditional_music" title="Persian traditional music">Persian music</a>, then Carnatic music was a form from the south of the sub-continent that developed further natively after this divergence. Carnatic music is the ancient Indian classical music that became distinct after Hindustani music was established. It is dated back to ancient periods, but was only distinct after Hindustani music was established. <a href="/wiki/Purandara_Dasa" title="Purandara Dasa">Purandara Dasa</a> (1484–1564) was a Hindu composer and musicologist who lived in <a href="/wiki/Hampi" title="Hampi">Hampi</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Vijayanagara_Empire" title="Vijayanagara Empire">Vijayanagara Empire</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Rao2015p70_46-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Rao2015p70-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Swain2016p228_47-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Swain2016p228-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He is considered <i>Pithamaha</i> (literally, "great father or grandfather") of the Carnatic music. Purandara Dasa was a monk and a devotee of the Hindu god <a href="/wiki/Krishna" title="Krishna">Krishna</a> (Vishnu, <a href="/wiki/Vithoba" title="Vithoba">Vittal</a> avatar).<sup id="cite_ref-Rao2015p70_46-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Rao2015p70-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He systematised classical Indian music theory and developed exercises for musicians to learn and perfect their art. He travelled widely sharing and teaching his ideas, and influenced numerous South Indian and Maharashtra <a href="/wiki/Bhakti_movement" title="Bhakti movement">Bhakti movement</a> musicians.<sup id="cite_ref-Smith1982p153_48-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Smith1982p153-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> These exercises, his teachings about <i>raga</i>, and his systematic methodology called <i>Suladi Sapta Tala</i> (literally, "primordial seven talas") remains in use in contemporary times.<sup id="cite_ref-Swain2016p228_47-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Swain2016p228-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTENettl_et_al.1998139–141_49-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENettl_et_al.1998139–141-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The efforts of <a href="/wiki/Purandara_Dasa" title="Purandara Dasa">Purandara Dasa</a> in the 16th century began the Carnatic style of Indian classical music.<sup id="cite_ref-Smith1982p153_48-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Smith1982p153-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Raja_Ravi_Varma,_Goddess_Saraswati.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/Raja_Ravi_Varma%2C_Goddess_Saraswati.jpg/170px-Raja_Ravi_Varma%2C_Goddess_Saraswati.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="234" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/Raja_Ravi_Varma%2C_Goddess_Saraswati.jpg/255px-Raja_Ravi_Varma%2C_Goddess_Saraswati.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/Raja_Ravi_Varma%2C_Goddess_Saraswati.jpg/340px-Raja_Ravi_Varma%2C_Goddess_Saraswati.jpg 2x" data-file-width="7953" data-file-height="10936" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Saraswati" title="Saraswati">Saraswati</a> is the goddess of music and knowledge in the Indian tradition.</figcaption></figure> <p>Carnatic music, from <a href="/wiki/South_India" title="South India">South India</a>, tends to be more rhythmically intensive and structured than Hindustani music. Examples of this are the logical classification of ragas into <a href="/wiki/Melakarta" title="Melakarta">melakartas</a>, and the use of fixed compositions similar to Western classical music. Carnatic raga elaborations are generally much faster in tempo and shorter than their equivalents in Hindustani music. In addition, accompanists have a much larger role in Carnatic concerts than in Hindustani concerts. Today's typical concert structure was put in place by the vocalist <a href="/wiki/Ariyakudi_Ramanuja_Iyengar" title="Ariyakudi Ramanuja Iyengar">Ariyakudi Ramanuja Iyengar</a>. The opening piece is called a <a href="/wiki/Varnam" title="Varnam">varnam</a>, and is a warm-up for the musicians. A devotion and a request for a blessing follows, then a series of interchanges between <a href="/wiki/Ragam" class="mw-redirect" title="Ragam">ragams</a> (unmetered melody) and <a href="/wiki/Tanam" title="Tanam">Tanam</a> (the ornamentation within a melorhythmic cycle, equivalent to the <i><a href="/wiki/Jor_(music)" title="Jor (music)">jor</a></i>). This is intermixed with <a href="/wiki/Hymn" title="Hymn">hymns</a> called <a href="/wiki/Krithi" class="mw-redirect" title="Krithi">krithis</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Pallavi" title="Pallavi">pallavi</a> or theme from the raga then follows. Carnatic pieces also have notated lyrical poems that are reproduced as such, possibly with embellishments and treatments according to the performer's ideology, referred to as Manodharmam.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (December 2016)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>Primary themes include worship, descriptions of temples, philosophy, and nayaka-nayika (Sanskrit "hero-heroine") themes. <a href="/wiki/Tyagaraja" title="Tyagaraja">Tyagaraja</a> (1759–1847), <a href="/wiki/Muthuswami_Dikshitar" title="Muthuswami Dikshitar">Muthuswami Dikshitar</a> (1776–1827) and <a href="/wiki/Syama_Sastri" title="Syama Sastri">Syama Sastri</a> (1762–1827) have been the important historic scholars of Carnatic music. According to <a href="/wiki/Eleanor_Zelliot" title="Eleanor Zelliot">Eleanor Zelliot</a>, Tyagaraja is known in the Carnatic tradition as one of its greatest composers, and he reverentially acknowledged the influence of Purandara Dasa.<sup id="cite_ref-Smith1982p153_48-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Smith1982p153-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>A common belief is that Carnatic music represents a more ancient and refined approach to classical music, whereas Hindustani music has evolved by external influences.<sup id="cite_ref-50" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Hindustani_music">Hindustani music</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Indian_classical_music&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Hindustani music"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Hindustani_classical_music" title="Hindustani classical music">Hindustani classical music</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Tansen_of_Gwalior._(11.8x6.7cm)_Mughal._1585-90._National_Museum,_New_Delhi..jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/Tansen_of_Gwalior._%2811.8x6.7cm%29_Mughal._1585-90._National_Museum%2C_New_Delhi..jpg/170px-Tansen_of_Gwalior._%2811.8x6.7cm%29_Mughal._1585-90._National_Museum%2C_New_Delhi..jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="313" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/Tansen_of_Gwalior._%2811.8x6.7cm%29_Mughal._1585-90._National_Museum%2C_New_Delhi..jpg/255px-Tansen_of_Gwalior._%2811.8x6.7cm%29_Mughal._1585-90._National_Museum%2C_New_Delhi..jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/Tansen_of_Gwalior._%2811.8x6.7cm%29_Mughal._1585-90._National_Museum%2C_New_Delhi..jpg/340px-Tansen_of_Gwalior._%2811.8x6.7cm%29_Mughal._1585-90._National_Museum%2C_New_Delhi..jpg 2x" data-file-width="804" data-file-height="1482" /></a><figcaption>The 16th century musician <a href="/wiki/Tansen" title="Tansen">Tansen</a>, who about the age of 60 joined the Mughal <a href="/wiki/Akbar" title="Akbar">Akbar</a> court. For many Hindustani music gharanas (schools), he is their founder.</figcaption></figure> <p>It is unclear when the process of differentiation of Hindustani music started. The process may have started in the 14th century courts of the Delhi Sultans. However, according to Jairazbhoy, the North Indian tradition likely acquired its modern form after the 14th or after the 15th century.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJairazbhoy199515–17_51-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJairazbhoy199515–17-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The development of Hindustani music reached a peak during the reign of <a href="/wiki/Akbar" title="Akbar">Akbar</a>. During this 16th century period, <a href="/wiki/Tansen" title="Tansen">Tansen</a> studied music and introduced musical innovations, for about the first sixty years of his life with patronage of the Hindu king Ram Chand of <a href="/wiki/Gwalior" title="Gwalior">Gwalior</a>, and thereafter performed at the Muslim court of Akbar.<sup id="cite_ref-Wade1998p108_52-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Wade1998p108-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Babineau1979p54_53-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Babineau1979p54-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Many musicians consider Tansen as the founder of Hindustani music.<sup id="cite_ref-54" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Tansen's style and innovations inspired many, and many modern <i>gharanas</i> (Hindustani music teaching houses) link themselves to his lineage.<sup id="cite_ref-stanton125_55-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-stanton125-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Muslim courts discouraged Sanskrit, and encouraged technical music. Such constraints led Hindustani music to evolve in a different way than Carnatic music.<sup id="cite_ref-stanton125_55-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-stanton125-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Basham1975p212_56-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Basham1975p212-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Hindustani music style is mainly found in <a href="/wiki/North_India" title="North India">North India</a>, Pakistan and Bangladesh. Prior to the Taliban's ban on music, it also had a strong presence in Afghanistan. It exists in four major forms: <a href="/wiki/Dhrupad" title="Dhrupad">Dhrupad</a>, <a href="/wiki/Khyal" title="Khyal">Khyal</a> (or Khayal), <a href="/wiki/Tarana" title="Tarana">Tarana</a>, and the semi-classical <a href="/wiki/Thumri" title="Thumri">Thumri</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECaudhurī2000152_57-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECaudhurī2000152-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Dhrupad is ancient, Khyal evolved from it, Thumri evolved from Khyal.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETe_Nijenhuis197480–81_58-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETe_Nijenhuis197480–81-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> There are three major schools of Thumri: Lucknow gharana, Banaras gharana and Punjabi gharana. These weave in folk music innovations.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECaudhurī2000152_57-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECaudhurī2000152-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Tappa is the most folksy, one which likely existed in Rajasthan and Punjab region before it was systematized and integrated into classical music structure. It became popular, with the Bengali musicians developing their own Tappa.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECaudhurī2000146_59-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECaudhurī2000146-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Khyal is the modern form of Hindustani music, and the term literally means "imagination". It is significant because it was the template for <a href="/wiki/Sufi_music" title="Sufi music">Sufi musicians</a> among the <a href="/wiki/Islam_in_India" title="Islam in India">Islamic community of India</a>, and <i><a href="/wiki/Qawwal" class="mw-redirect" title="Qawwal">Qawwals</a></i> sang their folk songs in the Khyal format.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECaudhurī200054–55_60-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECaudhurī200054–55-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Dhrupad (or Dhruvapad), the ancient form described in the Hindu text <i>Natyashastra</i>,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETe_Nijenhuis197481–82_61-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETe_Nijenhuis197481–82-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> is one of the core forms of classical music found all over the Indian subcontinent. The word comes from <i>Dhruva</i> which means immovable and permanent.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECaudhurī200033–34_62-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECaudhurī200033–34-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETe_Nijenhuis197480–81_58-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETe_Nijenhuis197480–81-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>A Dhrupad has at least four stanzas, called Sthayi (or Asthayi), Antara, Sanchari and Abhoga. The Sthayi part is a melody that uses the middle octave's first tetrachord and the lower octave notes.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETe_Nijenhuis197480–81_58-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETe_Nijenhuis197480–81-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Antara part uses the middle octave's second tetrachord and the higher octave notes.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETe_Nijenhuis197480–81_58-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETe_Nijenhuis197480–81-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Sanchari part is the development phase, which builds using parts of Sthayi and Antara already played, and it uses melodic material built with all the three octave notes.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETe_Nijenhuis197480–81_58-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETe_Nijenhuis197480–81-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Abhoga is the concluding section, that brings the listener back to the familiar starting point of Sthayi, albeit with rhythmic variations, with diminished notes like a gentle goodbye, that are ideally mathematical fractions such as <i>dagun</i> (half), <i>tigun</i> (third) or <i>chaugun</i> (fourth).<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETe_Nijenhuis197480–82_63-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETe_Nijenhuis197480–82-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Sometimes a fifth stanza called Bhoga is included. Though usually related to philosophical or <a href="/wiki/Bhakti" title="Bhakti">Bhakti</a> (emotional devotion to a god or goddess) themes, some Dhrupads were composed to praise kings.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECaudhurī200033–34_62-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECaudhurī200033–34-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETe_Nijenhuis197480–82_63-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETe_Nijenhuis197480–82-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Improvisation is of central importance to Hindustani music, and each <i>gharana</i> (school tradition) has developed its own techniques. At its core, it starts with a standard composition (bandish), then expands it in a process called <i>vistar</i>. The improvisation methods have ancient roots, and one of the more common techniques is called <i><a href="/wiki/Alap" title="Alap">Alap</a></i>, which is followed by the <i><a href="/wiki/Jor_(music)" title="Jor (music)">Jor</a></i> and <i><a href="/wiki/Jhala" title="Jhala">Jhala</a></i>. The <i>Alap</i> explores possible tonal combinations among other things, <i>Jor</i> explores speed or tempo (faster), while <i>Jhala</i> explores complex combinations like a fishnet of strokes while keeping the beat patterns.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTENettl_et_al.1998198–199_64-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENettl_et_al.1998198–199-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As with Carnatic music, Hindustani music has assimilated various folk tunes. For example, ragas such as Kafi and Jaijaiwanti are based on folk tunes.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (December 2016)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Persian_and_Arab_influences">Persian and Arab influences</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Indian_classical_music&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Persian and Arab influences"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Hindustani music has had Arab and Persian music influences, including the creation of new ragas and the development of instruments such as the sitar and sarod.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETe_Nijenhuis197480_44-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETe_Nijenhuis197480-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The nature of these influences are unclear. Scholars have attempted to study Arabic <i><a href="/wiki/Arabic_maqam" title="Arabic maqam">maqam</a></i> (also spelled <i>makam</i>) of Arabian peninsula, Turkey and northern Africa, and <i><a href="/wiki/Dastgah" class="mw-redirect" title="Dastgah">dastgah</a></i> of Iran, to discern the nature and extent.<sup id="cite_ref-Lewis2016p176_65-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Lewis2016p176-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Hast1999p124_66-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hast1999p124-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Through the colonial era and until the 1960s, the attempt was to theoretically study <i>ragas</i> and <i>maqams</i> and suggested commonalities. Later comparative musicology studies, states Bruno Nettl – a professor of music, have found the similarities between classical Indian music and European music as well, raising the question about the point of similarities and of departures between the different world music systems.<sup id="cite_ref-Lewis2016p176_65-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Lewis2016p176-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Hast1999p124_66-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hast1999p124-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>One of the earliest known discussions of Persian <i>maqam</i> and Indian <i>ragas</i> is by the late 16th century scholar Pundarika Vittala. He states that Persian <i>maqams</i> in use in his times had been derived from older Indian <i>ragas</i> (or <i>mela</i>), and he specifically maps over a dozen <i>maqam</i>. For example, Vittala states that the <i>Hijaz maqam</i> was derived from the <i>Asaveri raga</i>, and <i>Jangula</i> was derived from the <i>Bangal</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGautam19938–9_67-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGautam19938–9-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJairazbhoy199594–95_68-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJairazbhoy199594–95-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1941, Haidar Rizvi questioned this and stated that influence was in the other direction, Middle Eastern <i>maqams</i> were turned into Indian <i>ragas</i>, such as <i>Zangulah maqam</i> becoming <i>Jangla raga</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-69" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> According to John Baily – a professor of ethnomusicology, there is evidence that the traffic of musical ideas were both ways, because Persian records confirm that Indian musicians were a part of the <a href="/wiki/Qajar_dynasty" title="Qajar dynasty">Qajar</a> court in <a href="/wiki/Tehran" title="Tehran">Tehran</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-70" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> an interaction that continued through the 20th century with import of Indian musical instruments in cities such as <a href="/wiki/Herat" title="Herat">Herat</a> near Afghanistan-Iran border.<sup id="cite_ref-71" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-71"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>71<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Odissi_music">Odissi music</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Indian_classical_music&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Odissi music"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Odissi_music" title="Odissi music">Odissi music</a></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Odissi_music" title="Odissi music">Odissi music</a> is a distinct type of Classical music of Eastern India. This music is sung during performance of classical <a href="/wiki/Odissi_dance" class="mw-redirect" title="Odissi dance">Odissi dance</a>. </p><p>The traditional ritual music for the service of <a href="/wiki/Lord_Jagannatha" class="mw-redirect" title="Lord Jagannatha">Lord Jagannatha</a>, Odissi music has a history spanning over two thousand years, authentic sangita-shastras or treatises, unique Ragas & Talas and a distinctive style of rendition. </p><p>The various aspects of Odissi music include odissi prabandha, chaupadi, chhānda, champu, chautisa, janāna, mālasri, bhajana, sarimāna, jhulā, kuduka, koili, poi, boli, and more. Presentation dynamics are roughly classified into four: raganga, bhabanga, natyanga and dhrubapadanga. Some great composer-poets of the Odissi tradition are the 12th-century poet <a href="/wiki/Jayadeva" title="Jayadeva">Jayadeva</a>, <a href="/wiki/Balarama_Dasa" title="Balarama Dasa">Balarama Dasa</a>, Atibadi <a href="/wiki/Jagannatha_Dasa_(Odia_poet)" title="Jagannatha Dasa (Odia poet)">Jagannatha Dasa</a>, Dinakrusna Dasa, <a href="/wiki/Upendra_Bhanja" title="Upendra Bhanja">Kabi Samrata Upendra Bhanja</a>, <a href="/wiki/Banamali_Dasa" title="Banamali Dasa">Banamali Dasa</a>, <a href="/wiki/Baladeba_Ratha" title="Baladeba Ratha">Kabisurjya Baladeba Ratha</a>, <a href="/wiki/Abhimanyu_Samanta_Singhara" title="Abhimanyu Samanta Singhara">Abhimanyu Samanta Singhara</a> and Kabikalahansa <a href="/wiki/Gopalakrusna_Pattanayaka" title="Gopalakrusna Pattanayaka">Gopalakrusna Pattanayaka</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Features">Features</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Indian_classical_music&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Features"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1273380762/mw-parser-output/.tmulti"><div class="thumb tmulti tright"><div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:224px;max-width:224px"><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:222px;max-width:222px"><div class="thumbimage"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:An_Indian_classical_music_performance.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6a/An_Indian_classical_music_performance.jpg/220px-An_Indian_classical_music_performance.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6a/An_Indian_classical_music_performance.jpg/330px-An_Indian_classical_music_performance.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6a/An_Indian_classical_music_performance.jpg/440px-An_Indian_classical_music_performance.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2330" data-file-height="1553" /></a></span></div></div></div><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:222px;max-width:222px"><div class="thumbimage"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:An_Indian_classical_music,_four_persons.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/15/An_Indian_classical_music%2C_four_persons.jpg/220px-An_Indian_classical_music%2C_four_persons.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="146" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/15/An_Indian_classical_music%2C_four_persons.jpg/330px-An_Indian_classical_music%2C_four_persons.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/15/An_Indian_classical_music%2C_four_persons.jpg/440px-An_Indian_classical_music%2C_four_persons.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="531" /></a></span></div></div></div><div class="trow" style="display:flex"><div class="thumbcaption">Indian classical music performances</div></div></div></div> <p>Classical Indian music is one genre of <a href="/wiki/South_Asia" title="South Asia">South Asian</a> music; others include film music, various varieties of pop, regional folk, religious and devotional music.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTENettl_et_al.1998573–574_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENettl_et_al.1998573–574-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In Indian classical music, the <i>raga</i> and the <i><a href="/wiki/Tala_(music)" title="Tala (music)">tala</a></i> are two foundational elements. The <i>raga</i> forms the fabric of a melodic structure, and the <i>tala</i> keeps the time cycle.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESorrellNarayan19801–3_10-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESorrellNarayan19801–3-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Both <i>raga</i> and <i>tala</i> are open frameworks for creativity and allow a very large number of possibilities, however, the tradition considers a few hundred <i>ragas</i> and <i>talas</i> as basic.<sup id="cite_ref-raorao26_72-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-raorao26-72"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>72<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <i>Raga</i> is intimately related to <i>tala</i> or guidance about "division of time", with each unit called a <i>matra</i> (beat, and duration between beats).<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEvan_der_Meer20126–8_73-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEvan_der_Meer20126–8-73"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>73<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Raga">Raga</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Indian_classical_music&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Raga"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Raga" title="Raga">Raga</a></div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/List_of_composers_who_created_ragas" title="List of composers who created ragas">List of composers who created ragas</a></div> <p>A <i>raga</i> is a central concept of Indian music, predominant in its expression. According to Walter Kaufmann, though a remarkable and prominent feature of Indian music, a definition of <i>raga</i> cannot be offered in one or two sentences.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKaufmann1968v_74-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKaufmann1968v-74"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>74<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <i>Raga</i> may be roughly described as a musical entity that includes note intonation, relative duration and order, in a manner similar to how words flexibly form phrases to create an atmosphere of expression.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEvan_der_Meer20123–5_75-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEvan_der_Meer20123–5-75"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>75<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In some cases, certain rules are considered obligatory, in others optional. The <i>raga</i> allows flexibility, where the artist may rely on simple expression, or may add ornamentations yet express the same essential message but evoke a different intensity of mood.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEvan_der_Meer20123–5_75-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEvan_der_Meer20123–5-75"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>75<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>A <i>raga</i> has a given set of notes, on a scale, ordered in melodies with musical motifs.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTENettl2010_11-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENettl2010-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A musician playing a <i>raga</i>, states <a href="/wiki/Bruno_Nettl" title="Bruno Nettl">Bruno Nettl</a>, may traditionally use just these notes, but is free to emphasize or improvise certain degrees of the scale.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTENettl2010_11-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENettl2010-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Indian tradition suggests a certain sequencing of how the musician moves from note to note for each <i>raga</i>, in order for the performance to create a <i>rasa</i> (mood, atmosphere, essence, inner feeling) that is unique to each <i>raga</i>. A <i>raga</i> can be written on a scale. Theoretically, thousands of <i>raga</i> are possible given 5 or more notes, but in practical use, the classical Indian tradition has refined and typically relies on several hundred.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTENettl2010_11-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENettl2010-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> For most artists, their basic perfected repertoire has some forty to fifty <i>ragas</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEvan_der_Meer20125_76-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEvan_der_Meer20125-76"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>76<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <i>Raga</i> in Indian classical music is intimately related to <i>tala</i> or guidance about "division of time", with each unit called a <i>matra</i> (beat, and duration between beats).<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEvan_der_Meer20126–8_73-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEvan_der_Meer20126–8-73"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>73<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>A <i>raga</i> is not a tune, because the same <i>raga</i> can yield a very large number of tunes.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTENettl_et_al.199867_77-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENettl_et_al.199867-77"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>77<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A <i>raga</i> is not a scale, because many <i>ragas</i> can be based on the same scale.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTENettl_et_al.199867_77-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENettl_et_al.199867-77"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>77<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMartinez200195–96_78-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMartinez200195–96-78"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>78<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A <i>raga</i>, states Bruno Nettl and other music scholars, is a concept similar to mode, something between the domains of tune and scale, and it is best conceptualized as a "unique array of melodic features, mapped to and organized for a unique aesthetic sentiment in the listener".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTENettl_et_al.199867_77-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENettl_et_al.199867-77"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>77<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The goal of a <i>raga</i> and its artist is to create <i>rasa</i> (essence, feeling, atmosphere) with music, as <a href="/wiki/Classical_Indian_dance" class="mw-redirect" title="Classical Indian dance">classical Indian dance</a> does with performance arts. In the Indian tradition, classical dances are performed with music set to various <i>ragas</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMehta1995xxix,_248_79-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMehta1995xxix,_248-79"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>79<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Tala">Tala</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Indian_classical_music&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Tala"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Tala_(music)" title="Tala (music)">Tala (music)</a></div> <p>According to David Nelson – an Ethnomusicology scholar specializing in Carnatic music, a <i>tala</i> in Indian music covers "the whole subject of musical meter".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTENettl_et_al.1998138–139_80-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENettl_et_al.1998138–139-80"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>80<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Indian music is composed and performed in a metrical framework, a structure of beats that is a <i>tala</i>. A <i>tala</i> measures musical time in Indian music. However, it does not imply a regular repeating accent pattern, instead its hierarchical arrangement depends on how the musical piece is supposed to be performed.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTENettl_et_al.1998138–139_80-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENettl_et_al.1998138–139-80"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>80<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <i>tala</i> forms the metrical structure that repeats, in a cyclical harmony, from the start to end of any particular song or dance segment, making it conceptually analogous to meters in Western music.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTENettl_et_al.1998138–139_80-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENettl_et_al.1998138–139-80"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>80<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, <i>talas</i> have certain qualitative features that classical European musical meters do not. For example, some <i>talas</i> are much longer than any classical Western meter, such as a framework based on 29 beats whose cycle takes about 45 seconds to complete when performed. Another sophistication in <i>talas</i> is the lack of "strong, weak" beat composition typical of the traditional European meter. In classical Indian traditions, the <i>tala</i> is not restricted to permutations of strong and weak beats, but its flexibility permits the accent of a beat to be decided by the shape of musical phrase.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTENettl_et_al.1998138–139_80-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENettl_et_al.1998138–139-80"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>80<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The most widely used <i>tala</i> in the South Indian system is <i><a href="/wiki/Adi_tala" title="Adi tala">adi tala</a></i>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERandel2003816–817_81-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERandel2003816–817-81"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>81<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the North Indian system, the most common <i>tala</i> is <i><a href="/wiki/Teental" title="Teental">teental</a></i>.<sup id="cite_ref-koskoff938_82-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-koskoff938-82"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>82<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the two major systems of classical Indian music, the first count of any <i>tala</i> is called <i>sam</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-koskoff938_82-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-koskoff938-82"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>82<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Instruments">Instruments</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Indian_classical_music&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Instruments"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Indian_musical_instruments" class="mw-redirect" title="Indian musical instruments">Indian musical instruments</a> and <a href="/wiki/Vadya" title="Vadya">Vadya</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1273380762/mw-parser-output/.tmulti"><div class="thumb tmulti tright"><div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:232px;max-width:232px"><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:150px;max-width:150px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:98px;overflow:hidden"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Veena.png" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Veena" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/35/Veena.png/148px-Veena.png" decoding="async" width="148" height="99" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/35/Veena.png/222px-Veena.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/35/Veena.png/296px-Veena.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="400" /></a></span></div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:78px;max-width:78px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:98px;overflow:hidden"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Banshri.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Flute" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4b/Banshri.jpg/76px-Banshri.jpg" decoding="async" width="76" height="99" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4b/Banshri.jpg/114px-Banshri.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4b/Banshri.jpg/152px-Banshri.jpg 2x" data-file-width="165" data-file-height="215" /></a></span></div></div></div><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:95px;max-width:95px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:87px;overflow:hidden"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Wiki-mridangam.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Tabla (drums)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/16/Wiki-mridangam.jpg/93px-Wiki-mridangam.jpg" decoding="async" width="93" height="88" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/16/Wiki-mridangam.jpg/140px-Wiki-mridangam.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/16/Wiki-mridangam.jpg/186px-Wiki-mridangam.jpg 2x" data-file-width="460" data-file-height="434" /></a></span></div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:133px;max-width:133px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:87px;overflow:hidden"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Khartal1.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Cymbals" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/Khartal1.jpg/131px-Khartal1.jpg" decoding="async" width="131" height="87" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/Khartal1.jpg/197px-Khartal1.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/Khartal1.jpg/262px-Khartal1.jpg 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="598" /></a></span></div></div></div><div class="trow" style="display:flex"><div class="thumbcaption">Musical instrument types mentioned in the <i>Natyashastra</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-BaumerBrandon1993p117_83-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-BaumerBrandon1993p117-83"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>83<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERowell201513–14_26-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERowell201513–14-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></div></div></div></div> <p>Instruments typically used in Hindustani music include the <a href="/wiki/Sitar" title="Sitar">sitar</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sarod" title="Sarod">sarod</a>, <a href="/wiki/Surbahar" title="Surbahar">surbahar</a>, <a href="/wiki/Esraj" title="Esraj">esraj</a>, <a href="/wiki/Rudra_veena" title="Rudra veena">veena</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tanpura" title="Tanpura">tanpura</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bansuri" title="Bansuri">bansuri</a>, <a href="/wiki/Shehnai" title="Shehnai">shehnai</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sarangi" title="Sarangi">sarangi</a>, <a href="/wiki/Violin" title="Violin">violin</a>, <a href="/wiki/Santoor" title="Santoor">santoor</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pakhavaj" title="Pakhavaj">pakhavaj</a> and <a href="/wiki/Tabla" title="Tabla">tabla</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_84-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-84"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>84<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Instruments typically used in Carnatic music include <a href="/wiki/Veena" title="Veena">veena</a>, <a href="/wiki/Venu" title="Venu">venu</a>, <a href="/wiki/Gottuvadyam" title="Gottuvadyam">gottuvadyam</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pump_organ" title="Pump organ">harmonium</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mridangam" title="Mridangam">mridangam</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kanjira" title="Kanjira">kanjira</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ghatam" title="Ghatam">ghatam</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nadaswaram" title="Nadaswaram">nadaswaram</a> and <a href="/wiki/Violin" title="Violin">violin</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-85" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-85"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>85<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Players of the <a href="/wiki/Tabla" title="Tabla">tabla</a>, a type of drum, usually keep the rhythm, an indicator of time in Hindustani music. Another common instrument is the <a href="/wiki/String_instrument" title="String instrument">stringed</a> <a href="/wiki/Tanpura" title="Tanpura">tanpura</a>, which is played at a steady tone (a drone) throughout the performance of the raga, and which provides both a point of reference for the musician and a background against which the music stands out. The tuning of the tanpura depends on the raga being performed. The task of playing the tanpura traditionally falls to a student of the soloist. Other instruments for accompaniment include the <a href="/wiki/Sarangi" title="Sarangi">sarangi</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Harmonium" class="mw-redirect" title="Harmonium">harmonium</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_84-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-84"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>84<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Note_system">Note system</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Indian_classical_music&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Note system"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Indian classical music is both elaborate and expressive. Like <a href="/wiki/Western_classical_music" class="mw-redirect" title="Western classical music">Western classical music</a>, it divides the octave into 12 <a href="/wiki/Semitone" title="Semitone">semitones</a> of which the 7 basic notes are, in ascending tonal order, <i>Sa Re Ga Ma Pa Dha Ni </i> for <a href="/wiki/Hindustani_music" class="mw-redirect" title="Hindustani music">Hindustani music</a> and <i>Sa Ri Ga Ma Pa Dha Ni </i> for Carnatic music, similar to Western music's <i>Do Re Mi Fa So La Ti</i>. However, Indian music uses <a href="/wiki/Just_intonation" title="Just intonation">just-intonation</a> tuning, unlike some modern Western classical music, which uses the <a href="/wiki/Equal_temperament" title="Equal temperament">equal-temperament</a> tuning system. Also, unlike modern Western classical music, Indian classical music places great emphasis on improvisation.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (December 2016)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>The underlying scale may have <a href="/wiki/Tetratonic_scale" title="Tetratonic scale">four</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pentatonic" class="mw-redirect" title="Pentatonic">five</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hexatonic" class="mw-redirect" title="Hexatonic">six</a> or <a href="/wiki/Heptatonic" class="mw-redirect" title="Heptatonic">seven tones</a>, called <i><a href="/wiki/Swara" class="mw-redirect" title="Swara">swaras</a></i> (sometimes spelled as <i>svaras</i>). The <i>swara</i> concept is found in the ancient <i>Natya Shastra</i> in Chapter 28. It calls the unit of tonal measurement or audible unit as <i>Śhruti</i>,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETe_Nijenhuis197414_86-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETe_Nijenhuis197414-86"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>86<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> with verse 28.21 introducing the musical scale as follows,<sup id="cite_ref-87" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-87"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>87<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style><blockquote class="templatequote"> <div class="poem"> <p>तत्र स्वराः –<br /> षड्‍जश्‍च ऋषभश्‍चैव गान्धारो मध्यमस्तथा ।<br /> पञ्‍चमो धैवतश्‍चैव सप्तमोऽथ निषादवान् ॥ २१॥ </p> </div> <div class="templatequotecite">— <cite><i>Natya Shastra</i>, 28.21<sup id="cite_ref-88" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-88"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>88<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETe_Nijenhuis197421–25_89-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETe_Nijenhuis197421–25-89"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>89<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></cite></div></blockquote> <p>These seven degrees are shared by both major <i>raga systems</i>, that is the North Indian (Hindustani) and South Indian (Carnatic) systems.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERandel2003814–815_90-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERandel2003814–815-90"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>90<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Solfege" class="mw-redirect" title="Solfege">solfege</a> (<i>sargam</i>) is learnt in abbreviated form: <i>sa, ri (Carnatic) or re (Hindustani), ga, ma, pa, dha, ni, sa</i>. Of these, the first that is <i>"sa"</i>, and the fifth that is <i>"pa"</i>, are considered anchors that are unalterable, while the remaining have flavors that differs between the two major systems.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERandel2003814–815_90-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERandel2003814–815-90"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>90<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Contemporary Indian music schools follow notations and classifications (see <a href="/wiki/Melakarta" title="Melakarta">melakarta</a> and <a href="/wiki/Thaat" title="Thaat">thaat</a>). Thaat, used in Hindustani, is generally based on a flawed but still useful notation system created by <a href="/wiki/Vishnu_Narayan_Bhatkhande" title="Vishnu Narayan Bhatkhande">Vishnu Narayan Bhatkhande</a>.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (December 2016)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Reception_outside_India">Reception outside India</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Indian_classical_music&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Reception outside India"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>According to Yukteshwar Kumar, elements of Indian music arrived in China in the 3rd century, such as in the works of Chinese lyricist <a href="/wiki/Li_Yannian_(musician)" title="Li Yannian (musician)">Li Yannian</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-91" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-91"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>91<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1958, <a href="/wiki/Ravi_Shankar" title="Ravi Shankar">Ravi Shankar</a> came to the US and started making albums. These started a 1960s penchant for Indian classical music in the States. By 1967 Shankar and other artists were performing at rock music festivals alongside Western rock, blues, and soul acts. This lasted until the mid-1970s. Ravi Shankar performed at Woodstock for an audience of over 500,000 in 1969. In the 1980s, 1990s and particularly the 2000s onwards, Indian Classical Music has seen rapid growth in reception and development around the globe, particularly in <a href="/wiki/North_America" title="North America">North America</a>, where immigrant communities have preserved and passed on classical music traditions to subsequent generations through the establishment of local festivals and music schools.<sup id="cite_ref-92" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-92"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>92<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Numerous musicians of American origin, including <a href="/wiki/Ramakrishnan_Murthy" title="Ramakrishnan Murthy">Ramakrishnan Murthy</a>, Sandeep Narayan, Pandit Vikash Maharaj, Abby V, and <a href="/wiki/Mahesh_Kale" title="Mahesh Kale">Mahesh Kale</a> have taken professionally to Indian Classical Music with great success. In his 2020 released video, Canadian singer Abby V demonstrated 73 different Indian Classical ragas in a live rendering, which went viral on the internet; further establishing the growing prominence of Indian Classical Music around the globe.<sup id="cite_ref-93" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-93"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>93<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Organizations">Organizations</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Indian_classical_music&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Organizations"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Sangeet_Natak_Akademi" title="Sangeet Natak Akademi">Sangeet Natak Akademi</a>, is an Indian national-level academy for <a href="/wiki/Performance_art" title="Performance art">performance arts</a>. It awards the <a href="/wiki/Sangeet_Natak_Akademi_Award" title="Sangeet Natak Akademi Award">Sangeet Natak Akademi Award</a>, the highest Indian recognition given to people in the field of performance arts. </p><p><a href="/wiki/SPIC_MACAY" title="SPIC MACAY">SPIC MACAY</a>, established in 1977, has more than 500 chapters in India and abroad. It claims to hold around 5000 events every year related to Indian classical music and dance.<sup id="cite_ref-94" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-94"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>94<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Organizations like <a href="/wiki/Prayag_Sangeet_Samiti" title="Prayag Sangeet Samiti">Prayag Sangeet Samiti</a>, among others, award certification and courses in Indian classical music.<sup id="cite_ref-95" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-95"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>95<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><b><a href="/wiki/Akhil_Bharatiya_Gandharva_Mahavidyalaya_Mandal" title="Akhil Bharatiya Gandharva Mahavidyalaya Mandal">Akhil Bharatiya Gandharva Mahavidyalaya Mandal</a></b> (<b>अखिल भारतीय गान्धर्व महाविद्यालय मंडल</b>) is an institution for the promotion and propagation of Indian classical music and dance. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Indian_classical_music&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1266661725">.mw-parser-output .portalbox{padding:0;margin:0.5em 0;display:table;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:175px;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portalborder{border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa)}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-entry{display:table-row;font-size:85%;line-height:110%;height:1.9em;font-style:italic;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-image{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-link{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em 0.2em 0.2em 0.3em;vertical-align:middle}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .portalleft{margin:0.5em 1em 0.5em 0}.mw-parser-output .portalright{clear:right;float:right;margin:0.5em 0 0.5em 1em}}</style><ul role="navigation" aria-label="Portals" class="noprint portalbox portalborder portalright"> <li class="portalbox-entry"><span class="portalbox-image"><span class="mw-image-border noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_India.svg/32px-Flag_of_India.svg.png" decoding="async" width="32" height="21" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_India.svg/48px-Flag_of_India.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_India.svg/64px-Flag_of_India.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span></span><span class="portalbox-link"><a href="/wiki/Portal:India" title="Portal:India">India portal</a></span></li><li class="portalbox-entry"><span class="portalbox-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/GClef.svg/10px-GClef.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="28" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/GClef.svg/15px-GClef.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/GClef.svg/20px-GClef.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="15" data-file-height="41" /></span></span></span><span class="portalbox-link"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Music" title="Portal:Music">Music portal</a></span></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Indian_classical_music_festivals" title="List of Indian classical music festivals">List of Indian classical music festivals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_r%C4%81gas_in_Indian_classical_music" class="mw-redirect" title="List of rāgas in Indian classical music">List of rāgas in Indian classical music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_composers_who_created_ragas" title="List of composers who created ragas">List of composers who created ragas</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Indian_classical_music&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTENettl_et_al.1998573–574-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTENettl_et_al.1998573–574_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTENettl_et_al.1998573–574_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFNettl_et_al.1998">Nettl et al. 1998</a>, pp. 573–574.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.shabdkosh.com/dictionary/hindi-english/%E0%A4%B6%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%AF%20%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%97%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%A4/%E0%A4%B6%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%AF%20%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%97%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%A4-meaning-in-english">"Definition"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Definition&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.shabdkosh.com%2Fdictionary%2Fhindi-english%2F%25E0%25A4%25B6%25E0%25A4%25BE%25E0%25A4%25B8%25E0%25A5%258D%25E0%25A4%25A4%25E0%25A5%258D%25E0%25A4%25B0%25E0%25A5%2580%25E0%25A4%25AF%2520%25E0%25A4%25B8%25E0%25A4%2582%25E0%25A4%2597%25E0%25A5%2580%25E0%25A4%25A4%2F%25E0%25A4%25B6%25E0%25A4%25BE%25E0%25A4%25B8%25E0%25A5%258D%25E0%25A4%25A4%25E0%25A5%258D%25E0%25A4%25B0%25E0%25A5%2580%25E0%25A4%25AF%2520%25E0%25A4%25B8%25E0%25A4%2582%25E0%25A4%2597%25E0%25A5%2580%25E0%25A4%25A4-meaning-in-english&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIndian+classical+music" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://swarsaad.org/indian-classical-music/">"Definition"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Definition&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fswarsaad.org%2Findian-classical-music%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIndian+classical+music" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESorrellNarayan19803–4-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESorrellNarayan19803–4_4-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESorrellNarayan19803–4_4-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESorrellNarayan19803–4_4-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSorrellNarayan1980">Sorrell & Narayan 1980</a>, pp. 3–4.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESorrellNarayan19804–5-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESorrellNarayan19804–5_5-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSorrellNarayan1980">Sorrell & Narayan 1980</a>, pp. 4–5.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERowell20159–10,_59–61-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERowell20159–10,_59–61_6-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFRowell2015">Rowell 2015</a>, pp. 9–10, 59–61.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Beck1995p107-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Beck1995p107_7-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBeck2012">Beck 2012</a>, pp. 107–108, Quote: "The tradition of Indian classical music and dance known as <i>Sangeeta</i> is fundamentally rooted in the sonic and musical dimensions of the Vedas (Sama veda), Upanishads and the Agamas, such that Indian music has been nearly always religious in character".</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-bod116-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-bod116_8-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-bod116_8-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRens_Bod2013" class="citation book cs1">Rens Bod (2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=321oAgAAQBAJ&pg=PA116"><i>A New History of the Humanities: The Search for Principles and Patterns from Antiquity to the Present</i></a>. Oxford University Press. p. 116. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-164294-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-164294-4"><bdi>978-0-19-164294-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+New+History+of+the+Humanities%3A+The+Search+for+Principles+and+Patterns+from+Antiquity+to+the+Present&rft.pages=116&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=978-0-19-164294-4&rft.au=Rens+Bod&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D321oAgAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA116&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIndian+classical+music" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-MasseyMassey1996-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-MasseyMassey1996_9-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFReginald_MasseyJamila_Massey1996" class="citation book cs1">Reginald Massey; <a href="/wiki/Jamila_Massey" title="Jamila Massey">Jamila Massey</a> (1996). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=yySNDP9XVggC&pg=PA42"><i>The Music of India</i></a>. Abhinav Publications. p. 42. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-81-7017-332-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-81-7017-332-8"><bdi>978-81-7017-332-8</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">23 July</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Music+of+India&rft.pages=42&rft.pub=Abhinav+Publications&rft.date=1996&rft.isbn=978-81-7017-332-8&rft.au=Reginald+Massey&rft.au=Jamila+Massey&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DyySNDP9XVggC%26pg%3DPA42&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIndian+classical+music" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESorrellNarayan19801–3-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESorrellNarayan19801–3_10-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESorrellNarayan19801–3_10-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSorrellNarayan1980">Sorrell & Narayan 1980</a>, pp. 1–3.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTENettl2010-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTENettl2010_11-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTENettl2010_11-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTENettl2010_11-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTENettl2010_11-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFNettl2010">Nettl 2010</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJames_B._Robinson2009" class="citation book cs1">James B. Robinson (2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=GmQ_yp4vVhsC&pg=PA104"><i>Hinduism</i></a>. Infobase Publishing. pp. <span class="nowrap">104–</span>106. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4381-0641-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4381-0641-0"><bdi>978-1-4381-0641-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Hinduism&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E104-%3C%2Fspan%3E106&rft.pub=Infobase+Publishing&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-1-4381-0641-0&rft.au=James+B.+Robinson&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DGmQ_yp4vVhsC%26pg%3DPA104&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIndian+classical+music" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFVijaya_Moorthy2001" class="citation book cs1">Vijaya Moorthy (2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=2s2xJetsy0wC"><i>Romance of the Raga</i></a>. Abhinav Publications. pp. <span class="nowrap">45–</span>48, 53, <span class="nowrap">56–</span>58. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-81-7017-382-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-81-7017-382-3"><bdi>978-81-7017-382-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Romance+of+the+Raga&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E45-%3C%2Fspan%3E48%2C+53%2C+%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E56-%3C%2Fspan%3E58&rft.pub=Abhinav+Publications&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=978-81-7017-382-3&rft.au=Vijaya+Moorthy&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D2s2xJetsy0wC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIndian+classical+music" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.austinifa.org/AboutIndianMusic/carnaticmusic.htm">"Austin IFA : Introduction to Carnatic Music"</a>. <i>austinifa.org</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">30 July</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=austinifa.org&rft.atitle=Austin+IFA+%3A+Introduction+to+Carnatic+Music&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.austinifa.org%2FAboutIndianMusic%2Fcarnaticmusic.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIndian+classical+music" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20191022054526/http://www.ravishankar.org/-music.html">"Music"</a>. <i>Ravi Shankar</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ravishankar.org/-music.html">the original</a> on 22 October 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">30 July</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Ravi+Shankar&rft.atitle=Music&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ravishankar.org%2F-music.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIndian+classical+music" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180730050531/https://www.trinity.nottingham.sch.uk/music/gcse/indianClassicalAndGamelan.aspx">"Music (GCSE – Indian music and Gamelan)"</a>. <i>trinity.nottingham.sch.uk</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.trinity.nottingham.sch.uk/music/gcse/indianClassicalAndGamelan.aspx">the original</a> on 30 July 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">30 July</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=trinity.nottingham.sch.uk&rft.atitle=Music+%28GCSE+%E2%80%93+Indian+music+and+Gamelan%29&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.trinity.nottingham.sch.uk%2Fmusic%2Fgcse%2FindianClassicalAndGamelan.aspx&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIndian+classical+music" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERowell20159-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERowell20159_17-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFRowell2015">Rowell 2015</a>, p. 9.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Thompson1694-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Thompson1694_18-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWilliam_Forde_Thompson2014" class="citation book cs1">William Forde Thompson (2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=kpmlBQAAQBAJ&pg=PT1694"><i>Music in the Social and Behavioral Sciences: An Encyclopedia</i></a>. Sage Publications. pp. <span class="nowrap">1693–</span>1694. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4833-6558-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4833-6558-9"><bdi>978-1-4833-6558-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Music+in+the+Social+and+Behavioral+Sciences%3A+An+Encyclopedia&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E1693-%3C%2Fspan%3E1694&rft.pub=Sage+Publications&rft.date=2014&rft.isbn=978-1-4833-6558-9&rft.au=William+Forde+Thompson&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DkpmlBQAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPT1694&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIndian+classical+music" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBeck1993107–109,_Quote:_"it_is_generally_agreed_that_Indian_music_indeed_owes_its_beginnings_to_the_chanting_of_the_''Sama–Veda'',_the_vast_collection_of_verses_(Sama),_many_from_the_Rig–veda_itself,_set_to_melody_and_sung_by_singer–priests_known_as_udgata".-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBeck1993107–109,_Quote:_"it_is_generally_agreed_that_Indian_music_indeed_owes_its_beginnings_to_the_chanting_of_the_''Sama–Veda'',_the_vast_collection_of_verses_(Sama),_many_from_the_Rig–veda_itself,_set_to_melody_and_sung_by_singer–priests_known_as_udgata"._19-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBeck1993">Beck 1993</a>, pp. 107–109, Quote: "it is generally agreed that Indian music indeed owes its beginnings to the chanting of the <i>Sama–Veda</i>, the vast collection of verses (Sama), many from the Rig–veda itself, set to melody and sung by singer–priests known as udgata"..</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Frits Staal (2009), Discovering the Vedas: Origins, Mantras, Rituals, Insights, Penguin, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-14-309986-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-14-309986-4">978-0-14-309986-4</a>, pp. 4–5</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERowell201559–61-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERowell201559–61_21-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERowell201559–61_21-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFRowell2015">Rowell 2015</a>, pp. 59–61.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERowell201562–63-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERowell201562–63_22-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFRowell2015">Rowell 2015</a>, pp. 62–63.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERowell201511–14-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERowell201511–14_23-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFRowell2015">Rowell 2015</a>, pp. 11–14.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERowell201511–12-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERowell201511–12_24-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERowell201511–12_24-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFRowell2015">Rowell 2015</a>, pp. 11–12.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERowell201512–13-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERowell201512–13_25-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFRowell2015">Rowell 2015</a>, pp. 12–13.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERowell201513–14-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERowell201513–14_26-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERowell201513–14_26-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERowell201513–14_26-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFRowell2015">Rowell 2015</a>, pp. 13–14.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERowell201514-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERowell201514_27-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERowell201514_27-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFRowell2015">Rowell 2015</a>, p. 14.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">S.S. Sastri (1943), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/stream/SangitaRatnakara/SangitaRatnakaraChapter1#page/n7/mode/2up">Sangitaratnakara of Sarngadeva</a>, Adyar Library Press, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8356-7330-8" title="Special:BookSources/0-8356-7330-8">0-8356-7330-8</a>, pp. v–vi, ix–x (English), for <i>talas</i> discussion see pp. 169–274 (Sanskrit)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Bod2013p116-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Bod2013p116_29-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Bod2013p116_29-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRens_Bod2013" class="citation book cs1">Rens Bod (2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=321oAgAAQBAJ&pg=PA116"><i>A New History of the Humanities: The Search for Principles and Patterns from Antiquity to the Present</i></a>. Oxford University Press. p. 116. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-164294-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-164294-4"><bdi>978-0-19-164294-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+New+History+of+the+Humanities%3A+The+Search+for+Principles+and+Patterns+from+Antiquity+to+the+Present&rft.pages=116&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=978-0-19-164294-4&rft.au=Rens+Bod&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D321oAgAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA116&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIndian+classical+music" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERowell201512–14-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERowell201512–14_30-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFRowell2015">Rowell 2015</a>, pp. 12–14.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTENettl_et_al.1998299-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTENettl_et_al.1998299_31-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFNettl_et_al.1998">Nettl et al. 1998</a>, p. 299.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLisa_Owen2012" class="citation book cs1">Lisa Owen (2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=vHK2WE8xAzYC&pg=PA76"><i>Carving Devotion in the Jain Caves at Ellora</i></a>. Brill Academic. pp. <span class="nowrap">76–</span>77. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-90-04-20629-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-90-04-20629-8"><bdi>978-90-04-20629-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Carving+Devotion+in+the+Jain+Caves+at+Ellora&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E76-%3C%2Fspan%3E77&rft.pub=Brill+Academic&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=978-90-04-20629-8&rft.au=Lisa+Owen&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DvHK2WE8xAzYC%26pg%3DPA76&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIndian+classical+music" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMadhukar_Keshav_Dhavalikar2003" class="citation book cs1">Madhukar Keshav Dhavalikar (2003). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/ellora0000dhav"><i>Ellora</i></a></span>. Oxford University Press. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/ellora0000dhav/page/35">35</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-565458-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-565458-5"><bdi>978-0-19-565458-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Ellora&rft.pages=35&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=978-0-19-565458-5&rft.au=Madhukar+Keshav+Dhavalikar&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fellora0000dhav&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIndian+classical+music" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGautam19931–10-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGautam19931–10_34-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGautam19931–10_34-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGautam19931–10_34-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGautam19931–10_34-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGautam19931–10_34-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFGautam1993">Gautam 1993</a>, pp. 1–10.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTENettl_et_al.199837–46-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTENettl_et_al.199837–46_35-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFNettl_et_al.1998">Nettl et al. 1998</a>, pp. 37–46.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTETe_Nijenhuis19743–4-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETe_Nijenhuis19743–4_36-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFTe_Nijenhuis1974">Te Nijenhuis 1974</a>, pp. 3–4.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-37">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLudo_Rocher1986" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Ludo_Rocher" title="Ludo Rocher">Ludo Rocher</a> (1986). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=n0-4RJh5FgoC&pg=PA151"><i>The kakkas Purāṇas</i></a>. Otto Harrassowitz Verlag. pp. <span class="nowrap">151–</span>152. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-447-02522-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-447-02522-5"><bdi>978-3-447-02522-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+kakkas+Pur%C4%81%E1%B9%87as&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E151-%3C%2Fspan%3E152&rft.pub=Otto+Harrassowitz+Verlag&rft.date=1986&rft.isbn=978-3-447-02522-5&rft.au=Ludo+Rocher&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dn0-4RJh5FgoC%26pg%3DPA151&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIndian+classical+music" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-38">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">A. A. Bake (1962), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/24646645">Review: Textes des Purāṇas sur la Théorie musicale by Alain Daniélou, N. R. Bhatt</a>, <i>Indo-Iranian Journal</i>, BRILL Academic, Volume 5, Number 2 (1961–62), pp. 157–160</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERandel2003813-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERandel2003813_39-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFRandel2003">Randel 2003</a>, p. 813.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESchwartz2004-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESchwartz2004_40-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSchwartz2004">Schwartz 2004</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESastri1943-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESastri1943_41-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSastri1943">Sastri 1943</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTETe_Nijenhuis19747-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETe_Nijenhuis19747_42-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFTe_Nijenhuis1974">Te Nijenhuis 1974</a>, p. 7.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEJairazbhoy199516–17-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJairazbhoy199516–17_43-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFJairazbhoy1995">Jairazbhoy 1995</a>, pp. 16–17.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTETe_Nijenhuis197480-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETe_Nijenhuis197480_44-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETe_Nijenhuis197480_44-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFTe_Nijenhuis1974">Te Nijenhuis 1974</a>, p. 80.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-45"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-45">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHormoz_Farhat2004" class="citation book cs1">Hormoz Farhat (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=NiMhWnYDuQMC&pg=PA97"><i>The Dastgah Concept in Persian Music</i></a>. Cambridge University Press. pp. <span class="nowrap">97–</span>99. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-54206-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-521-54206-7"><bdi>978-0-521-54206-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Dastgah+Concept+in+Persian+Music&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E97-%3C%2Fspan%3E99&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=978-0-521-54206-7&rft.au=Hormoz+Farhat&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DNiMhWnYDuQMC%26pg%3DPA97&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIndian+classical+music" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Rao2015p70-46"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Rao2015p70_46-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Rao2015p70_46-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRamesh_N._RaoAvinash_Thombre2015" class="citation book cs1">Ramesh N. Rao; Avinash Thombre (2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=yfCICwAAQBAJ&pg=PT70"><i>Intercultural Communication: The Indian Context</i></a>. Sage Publications. pp. <span class="nowrap">69–</span>70. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-93-5150-507-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-93-5150-507-5"><bdi>978-93-5150-507-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Intercultural+Communication%3A+The+Indian+Context&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E69-%3C%2Fspan%3E70&rft.pub=Sage+Publications&rft.date=2015&rft.isbn=978-93-5150-507-5&rft.au=Ramesh+N.+Rao&rft.au=Avinash+Thombre&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DyfCICwAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPT70&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIndian+classical+music" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Swain2016p228-47"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Swain2016p228_47-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Swain2016p228_47-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJoseph_P._Swain2016" class="citation book cs1">Joseph P. Swain (2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Ad7dDAAAQBAJ&pg=PA228"><i>Historical Dictionary of Sacred Music</i></a>. Rowman & Littlefield. pp. <span class="nowrap">228–</span>229. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4422-6463-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4422-6463-2"><bdi>978-1-4422-6463-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Historical+Dictionary+of+Sacred+Music&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E228-%3C%2Fspan%3E229&rft.pub=Rowman+%26+Littlefield&rft.date=2016&rft.isbn=978-1-4422-6463-2&rft.au=Joseph+P.+Swain&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DAd7dDAAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA228&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIndian+classical+music" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Smith1982p153-48"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Smith1982p153_48-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Smith1982p153_48-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Smith1982p153_48-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBardwell_L._Smith1982" class="citation book cs1">Bardwell L. Smith (1982). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=IY8fAAAAIAAJ&pg=PA153"><i>Hinduism: New Essays in the History of Religions</i></a>. Brill Academic. pp. <span class="nowrap">153–</span>154. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-90-04-06788-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-90-04-06788-2"><bdi>978-90-04-06788-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Hinduism%3A+New+Essays+in+the+History+of+Religions&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E153-%3C%2Fspan%3E154&rft.pub=Brill+Academic&rft.date=1982&rft.isbn=978-90-04-06788-2&rft.au=Bardwell+L.+Smith&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DIY8fAAAAIAAJ%26pg%3DPA153&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIndian+classical+music" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTENettl_et_al.1998139–141-49"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTENettl_et_al.1998139–141_49-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFNettl_et_al.1998">Nettl et al. 1998</a>, pp. 139–141.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-50"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-50">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDaniélou2014" class="citation book cs1">Daniélou, Alan (2014). <i>The rāgas of Northern Indian music</i>. New Delhi: Munshiram Manoharlal. p. 5. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-81-215-0225-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-81-215-0225-2"><bdi>978-81-215-0225-2</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/39028809">39028809</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+r%C4%81gas+of+Northern+Indian+music&rft.place=New+Delhi&rft.pages=5&rft.pub=Munshiram+Manoharlal&rft.date=2014&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F39028809&rft.isbn=978-81-215-0225-2&rft.aulast=Dani%C3%A9lou&rft.aufirst=Alan&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIndian+classical+music" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEJairazbhoy199515–17-51"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJairazbhoy199515–17_51-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFJairazbhoy1995">Jairazbhoy 1995</a>, pp. 15–17.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Wade1998p108-52"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Wade1998p108_52-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBonnie_C._Wade1998" class="citation book cs1">Bonnie C. Wade (1998). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/imagingsoundethn0000wade"><i>Imaging Sound: An Ethnomusicological Study of Music, Art, and Culture in Mughal India</i></a></span>. University of Chicago Press. pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/imagingsoundethn0000wade/page/108">108</a>–114. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-226-86841-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-226-86841-7"><bdi>978-0-226-86841-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Imaging+Sound%3A+An+Ethnomusicological+Study+of+Music%2C+Art%2C+and+Culture+in+Mughal+India&rft.pages=108-114&rft.pub=University+of+Chicago+Press&rft.date=1998&rft.isbn=978-0-226-86841-7&rft.au=Bonnie+C.+Wade&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fimagingsoundethn0000wade&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIndian+classical+music" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Babineau1979p54-53"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Babineau1979p54_53-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEdmour_J._Babineau1979" class="citation book cs1">Edmour J. Babineau (1979). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/loveofgodsociald0000babi"><i>Love of God and Social Duty in the Rāmcaritmānas</i></a></span>. Motilal Banarsidass. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/loveofgodsociald0000babi/page/54">54</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-89684-050-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-89684-050-8"><bdi>978-0-89684-050-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Love+of+God+and+Social+Duty+in+the+R%C4%81mcaritm%C4%81nas&rft.pages=54&rft.pub=Motilal+Banarsidass&rft.date=1979&rft.isbn=978-0-89684-050-8&rft.au=Edmour+J.+Babineau&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Floveofgodsociald0000babi&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIndian+classical+music" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-54"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-54">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBruno_Nettl1995" class="citation book cs1">Bruno Nettl (1995). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=wZZ1_pQJnKEC&pg=PA68"><i>Heartland Excursions: Ethnomusicological Reflections on Schools of Music</i></a>. University of Illinois Press. p. 68. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-252-06468-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-252-06468-5"><bdi>978-0-252-06468-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Heartland+Excursions%3A+Ethnomusicological+Reflections+on+Schools+of+Music&rft.pages=68&rft.pub=University+of+Illinois+Press&rft.date=1995&rft.isbn=978-0-252-06468-5&rft.au=Bruno+Nettl&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DwZZ1_pQJnKEC%26pg%3DPA68&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIndian+classical+music" class="Z3988"></span>, Quote: "This is a recital of the identities of their teachers, perhaps the teachers' own teachers and association with gharanas, or schools, of musicianship, and often an attempt to link the main performer of the day through student-teacher genealogies to one of the early great figures of music, such as the revered Tansen, the mythical culture hero and founder of Hindustani music".</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-stanton125-55"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-stanton125_55-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-stanton125_55-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAndrea_L._StantonEdward_RamsamyPeter_J._Seybolt2012" class="citation book cs1">Andrea L. Stanton; Edward Ramsamy; Peter J. Seybolt; et al. (2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=nVN2AwAAQBAJ"><i>Cultural Sociology of the Middle East, Asia, and Africa: An Encyclopedia</i></a>. Sage Publications. p. 125. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4522-6662-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4522-6662-6"><bdi>978-1-4522-6662-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Cultural+Sociology+of+the+Middle+East%2C+Asia%2C+and+Africa%3A+An+Encyclopedia&rft.pages=125&rft.pub=Sage+Publications&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=978-1-4522-6662-6&rft.au=Andrea+L.+Stanton&rft.au=Edward+Ramsamy&rft.au=Peter+J.+Seybolt&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DnVN2AwAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIndian+classical+music" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Basham1975p212-56"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Basham1975p212_56-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNazir_Ali_Jairazbhoy1975" class="citation book cs1">Nazir Ali Jairazbhoy (1975). Arthur Llewellyn Basham (ed.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=juU8AAAAMAAJ"><i>A Cultural History of India</i></a>. Oxford University Press. pp. <span class="nowrap">212–</span>215. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-821914-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-821914-9"><bdi>978-0-19-821914-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Cultural+History+of+India&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E212-%3C%2Fspan%3E215&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=1975&rft.isbn=978-0-19-821914-9&rft.au=Nazir+Ali+Jairazbhoy&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DjuU8AAAAMAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIndian+classical+music" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECaudhurī2000152-57"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECaudhurī2000152_57-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECaudhurī2000152_57-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCaudhurī2000">Caudhurī 2000</a>, p. 152.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTETe_Nijenhuis197480–81-58"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETe_Nijenhuis197480–81_58-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETe_Nijenhuis197480–81_58-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETe_Nijenhuis197480–81_58-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETe_Nijenhuis197480–81_58-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETe_Nijenhuis197480–81_58-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFTe_Nijenhuis1974">Te Nijenhuis 1974</a>, pp. 80–81.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECaudhurī2000146-59"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECaudhurī2000146_59-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCaudhurī2000">Caudhurī 2000</a>, p. 146.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECaudhurī200054–55-60"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECaudhurī200054–55_60-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCaudhurī2000">Caudhurī 2000</a>, pp. 54–55.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTETe_Nijenhuis197481–82-61"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETe_Nijenhuis197481–82_61-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFTe_Nijenhuis1974">Te Nijenhuis 1974</a>, pp. 81–82.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECaudhurī200033–34-62"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECaudhurī200033–34_62-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECaudhurī200033–34_62-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCaudhurī2000">Caudhurī 2000</a>, pp. 33–34.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTETe_Nijenhuis197480–82-63"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETe_Nijenhuis197480–82_63-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETe_Nijenhuis197480–82_63-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFTe_Nijenhuis1974">Te Nijenhuis 1974</a>, pp. 80–82.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTENettl_et_al.1998198–199-64"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTENettl_et_al.1998198–199_64-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFNettl_et_al.1998">Nettl et al. 1998</a>, pp. 198–199.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Lewis2016p176-65"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Lewis2016p176_65-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Lewis2016p176_65-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBruno_Nettl2016" class="citation book cs1">Bruno Nettl (2016). George E. Lewis and Benjamin Piekut (ed.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=1oTADAAAQBAJ&pg=PA176"><i>The Oxford Handbook of Critical Improvisation Studies</i></a>. Oxford University Press. pp. <span class="nowrap">176–</span>178. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-989292-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-989292-1"><bdi>978-0-19-989292-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Oxford+Handbook+of+Critical+Improvisation+Studies&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E176-%3C%2Fspan%3E178&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2016&rft.isbn=978-0-19-989292-1&rft.au=Bruno+Nettl&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D1oTADAAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA176&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIndian+classical+music" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Hast1999p124-66"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Hast1999p124_66-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Hast1999p124_66-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDorothea_E._HastJames_R._CowderyStanley_Arnold_Scott1999" class="citation book cs1">Dorothea E. Hast; James R. Cowdery; Stanley Arnold Scott (1999). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=00CwGRwv6XQC&pg=PA124"><i>Exploring the World of Music</i></a>. Kendall/Hunt. pp. <span class="nowrap">124–</span>126. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7872-7154-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7872-7154-1"><bdi>978-0-7872-7154-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Exploring+the+World+of+Music&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E124-%3C%2Fspan%3E126&rft.pub=Kendall%2FHunt&rft.date=1999&rft.isbn=978-0-7872-7154-1&rft.au=Dorothea+E.+Hast&rft.au=James+R.+Cowdery&rft.au=Stanley+Arnold+Scott&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D00CwGRwv6XQC%26pg%3DPA124&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIndian+classical+music" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGautam19938–9-67"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGautam19938–9_67-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFGautam1993">Gautam 1993</a>, pp. 8–9.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEJairazbhoy199594–95-68"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJairazbhoy199594–95_68-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFJairazbhoy1995">Jairazbhoy 1995</a>, pp. 94–95.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-69"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-69">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">S.N. Haidar Rizvi (1941), Music in Muslim India, <i>Islamic Culture</i>, Volume XV, Number 3, pp. 331–340</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-70"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-70">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJohn_Baily2011" class="citation book cs1">John Baily (2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=KFqz9gXwqbUC"><i>Songs from Kabul: The Spiritual Music of Ustad Amir Mohammad</i></a>. Ashgate Publishing. pp. <span class="nowrap">6–</span>7. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7546-5776-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7546-5776-7"><bdi>978-0-7546-5776-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Songs+from+Kabul%3A+The+Spiritual+Music+of+Ustad+Amir+Mohammad&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E6-%3C%2Fspan%3E7&rft.pub=Ashgate+Publishing&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=978-0-7546-5776-7&rft.au=John+Baily&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DKFqz9gXwqbUC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIndian+classical+music" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-71"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-71">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJohn_Baily1988" class="citation book cs1">John Baily (1988). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=uSE9AAAAIAAJ"><i>Music of Afghanistan: Professional Musicians in the City of Herat</i></a>. Cambridge University Press. pp. <span class="nowrap">18–</span>19. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-25000-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-521-25000-9"><bdi>978-0-521-25000-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Music+of+Afghanistan%3A+Professional+Musicians+in+the+City+of+Herat&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E18-%3C%2Fspan%3E19&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1988&rft.isbn=978-0-521-25000-9&rft.au=John+Baily&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DuSE9AAAAIAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIndian+classical+music" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-raorao26-72"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-raorao26_72-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRaoRao2014" class="citation journal cs1">Rao, Suvarnalata; Rao, Preeti (2014). "An Overview of Hindustani Music in the Context of Computational Musicology". <i>Journal of New Music Research</i>. <b>43</b> (1): <span class="nowrap">26–</span>28. <a href="/wiki/CiteSeerX_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="CiteSeerX (identifier)">CiteSeerX</a> <span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/summary?doi=10.1.1.645.9188">10.1.1.645.9188</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F09298215.2013.831109">10.1080/09298215.2013.831109</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:36631020">36631020</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+New+Music+Research&rft.atitle=An+Overview+of+Hindustani+Music+in+the+Context+of+Computational+Musicology&rft.volume=43&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E26-%3C%2Fspan%3E28&rft.date=2014&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fciteseerx.ist.psu.edu%2Fviewdoc%2Fsummary%3Fdoi%3D10.1.1.645.9188%23id-name%3DCiteSeerX&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A36631020%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1080%2F09298215.2013.831109&rft.aulast=Rao&rft.aufirst=Suvarnalata&rft.au=Rao%2C+Preeti&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIndian+classical+music" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEvan_der_Meer20126–8-73"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEvan_der_Meer20126–8_73-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEvan_der_Meer20126–8_73-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFvan_der_Meer2012">van der Meer 2012</a>, pp. 6–8.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKaufmann1968v-74"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKaufmann1968v_74-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFKaufmann1968">Kaufmann 1968</a>, p. v.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEvan_der_Meer20123–5-75"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEvan_der_Meer20123–5_75-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEvan_der_Meer20123–5_75-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFvan_der_Meer2012">van der Meer 2012</a>, pp. 3–5.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEvan_der_Meer20125-76"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEvan_der_Meer20125_76-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFvan_der_Meer2012">van der Meer 2012</a>, p. 5.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTENettl_et_al.199867-77"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTENettl_et_al.199867_77-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTENettl_et_al.199867_77-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTENettl_et_al.199867_77-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFNettl_et_al.1998">Nettl et al. 1998</a>, p. 67.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMartinez200195–96-78"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMartinez200195–96_78-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMartinez2001">Martinez 2001</a>, pp. 95–96.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMehta1995xxix,_248-79"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMehta1995xxix,_248_79-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMehta1995">Mehta 1995</a>, pp. xxix, 248.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTENettl_et_al.1998138–139-80"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTENettl_et_al.1998138–139_80-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTENettl_et_al.1998138–139_80-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTENettl_et_al.1998138–139_80-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTENettl_et_al.1998138–139_80-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFNettl_et_al.1998">Nettl et al. 1998</a>, pp. 138–139.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERandel2003816–817-81"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERandel2003816–817_81-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFRandel2003">Randel 2003</a>, pp. 816–817.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-koskoff938-82"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-koskoff938_82-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-koskoff938_82-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEllen_Koskoff2013" class="citation book cs1">Ellen Koskoff (2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=hzIt6ZL5lY0C"><i>The Concise Garland Encyclopedia of World Music, Volume 2</i></a>. Routledge. pp. <span class="nowrap">938–</span>939. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-136-09602-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-136-09602-0"><bdi>978-1-136-09602-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Concise+Garland+Encyclopedia+of+World+Music%2C+Volume+2&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E938-%3C%2Fspan%3E939&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=978-1-136-09602-0&rft.au=Ellen+Koskoff&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DhzIt6ZL5lY0C&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIndian+classical+music" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-BaumerBrandon1993p117-83"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-BaumerBrandon1993p117_83-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRachel_Van_M._BaumerJames_R._Brandon1993" class="citation book cs1">Rachel Van M. Baumer; James R. Brandon (1993). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Ix-RShGgZUAC"><i>Sanskrit Drama in Performance</i></a>. Motilal Banarsidass. pp. <span class="nowrap">117–</span>118. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-81-208-0772-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-81-208-0772-3"><bdi>978-81-208-0772-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Sanskrit+Drama+in+Performance&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E117-%3C%2Fspan%3E118&rft.pub=Motilal+Banarsidass&rft.date=1993&rft.isbn=978-81-208-0772-3&rft.au=Rachel+Van+M.+Baumer&rft.au=James+R.+Brandon&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DIx-RShGgZUAC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIndian+classical+music" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:0-84"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:0_84-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_84-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRoda2009" class="citation web cs1">Roda, Allen (April 2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.metmuseum.org/toah/hd/indi/hd_indi.htm">"Musical Instruments of the Indian Subcontinent"</a>. <i>Metropolitan Museum of Art</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Metropolitan+Museum+of+Art&rft.atitle=Musical+Instruments+of+the+Indian+Subcontinent&rft.date=2009-04&rft.aulast=Roda&rft.aufirst=Allen&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.metmuseum.org%2Ftoah%2Fhd%2Findi%2Fhd_indi.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIndian+classical+music" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-85"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-85">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.karnatakatourism.org/destinations/carnatic-music/">"Carnatic Music – Karnataka Sangeetha"</a>. <i>Karnataka Tourism</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">29 October</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Karnataka+Tourism&rft.atitle=Carnatic+Music+%E2%80%93+Karnataka+Sangeetha&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.karnatakatourism.org%2Fdestinations%2Fcarnatic-music%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIndian+classical+music" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTETe_Nijenhuis197414-86"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETe_Nijenhuis197414_86-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFTe_Nijenhuis1974">Te Nijenhuis 1974</a>, p. 14.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-87"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-87">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Nazir Ali Jairazbhoy (1985), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://ethnomusicologyreview.ucla.edu/sites/default/files/prevol2.pdf">Harmonic Implications of Consonance and Dissonance in Ancient Indian Music</a>, <i>Pacific Review of Ethnomusicology</i> 2:28–51. Citation on pp. 28–31.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-88"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-88">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Sanskrit: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://sanskritdocuments.org/doc_z_misc_major_works/natya28.html?lang=sa">Natyasastra Chapter 28</a>, नाट्यशास्त्रम् अध्याय २८, ॥ २१॥</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTETe_Nijenhuis197421–25-89"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETe_Nijenhuis197421–25_89-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFTe_Nijenhuis1974">Te Nijenhuis 1974</a>, pp. 21–25.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERandel2003814–815-90"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERandel2003814–815_90-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERandel2003814–815_90-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFRandel2003">Randel 2003</a>, pp. 814–815.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-91"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-91">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">A History of Sino-Indian Relations: 1st Century A.D. to 7th Century A.D. by Yukteshwar Kumar, APH Publishing, p. 76, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-8176487986" title="Special:BookSources/978-8176487986">978-8176487986</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-92"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-92">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBennett2010" class="citation news cs1">Bennett, Geetha Ramanathan (23 December 2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.thehindu.com/features/friday-review/music/Carnatic-music-in-America-then-and-now/article15605571.ece">"Carnatic music in America -then and now"</a>. <i>The Hindu</i>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0971-751X">0971-751X</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">5 February</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Hindu&rft.atitle=Carnatic+music+in+America+-then+and+now&rft.date=2010-12-23&rft.issn=0971-751X&rft.aulast=Bennett&rft.aufirst=Geetha+Ramanathan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.thehindu.com%2Ffeatures%2Ffriday-review%2Fmusic%2FCarnatic-music-in-America-then-and-now%2Farticle15605571.ece&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIndian+classical+music" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-93"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-93">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/music/carnatic-ragas-have-so-much-versatility-abby-v/articleshow/74243055.cms">"Carnatic ragas have so much versatility: Abby V"</a>. <i>The Times of India</i>. 22 February 2020. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0971-8257">0971-8257</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">31 July</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Times+of+India&rft.atitle=Carnatic+ragas+have+so+much+versatility%3A+Abby+V&rft.date=2020-02-22&rft.issn=0971-8257&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ftimesofindia.indiatimes.com%2Fentertainment%2Ftamil%2Fmusic%2Fcarnatic-ragas-have-so-much-versatility-abby-v%2Farticleshow%2F74243055.cms&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIndian+classical+music" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-94"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-94">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200129142954/http://www.spicmacay.com/about">"About Spic Macay and Indian classical music"</a>. SPIC MACAY. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.spicmacay.com/about">the original</a> on 29 January 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">31 January</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=About+Spic+Macay+and+Indian+classical+music&rft.pub=SPIC+MACAY&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.spicmacay.com%2Fabout&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIndian+classical+music" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-95"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-95">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKhanal2014" class="citation web cs1">Khanal, Vinod (9 June 2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/allahabad/prayag-sangeet-samiti-faces-shortage-of-bharatnatyam-kuchipudi-trainers/articleshow/36295438.cms">"Prayag Sangeet Samiti faces shortage of Bharatnatyam, Kuchipudi trainers"</a>. <i>The Times of India</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Times+of+India&rft.atitle=Prayag+Sangeet+Samiti+faces+shortage+of+Bharatnatyam%2C+Kuchipudi+trainers&rft.date=2014-06-09&rft.aulast=Khanal&rft.aufirst=Vinod&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ftimesofindia.indiatimes.com%2Fcity%2Fallahabad%2Fprayag-sangeet-samiti-faces-shortage-of-bharatnatyam-kuchipudi-trainers%2Farticleshow%2F36295438.cms&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIndian+classical+music" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Bibliography">Bibliography</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Indian_classical_music&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Bibliography"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBeck1993" class="citation book cs1">Beck, Guy (1993). <i>Sonic Theology: Hinduism and Sacred Sound</i>. Columbia: University of South Carolina Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-87249-855-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-87249-855-6"><bdi>978-0-87249-855-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Sonic+Theology%3A+Hinduism+and+Sacred+Sound&rft.place=Columbia&rft.pub=University+of+South+Carolina+Press&rft.date=1993&rft.isbn=978-0-87249-855-6&rft.aulast=Beck&rft.aufirst=Guy&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIndian+classical+music" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBeck2012" class="citation book cs1">Beck, Guy L. (2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=UzUMCAAAQBAJ"><i>Sonic Liturgy: Ritual and Music in Hindu Tradition</i></a>. Columbia: University of South Carolina Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-61117-108-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-61117-108-2"><bdi>978-1-61117-108-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Sonic+Liturgy%3A+Ritual+and+Music+in+Hindu+Tradition&rft.place=Columbia&rft.pub=University+of+South+Carolina+Press&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=978-1-61117-108-2&rft.aulast=Beck&rft.aufirst=Guy+L.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DUzUMCAAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIndian+classical+music" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBhatkhande1968–73" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-year-range-abbreviated"><a href="/wiki/Vishnu_Narayan_Bhatkhande" title="Vishnu Narayan Bhatkhande">Bhatkhande, Vishnu Narayan</a> (1968–73). <i>Kramika Pustaka Malika</i>. Hathras: Sangeet Karyalaya.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Kramika+Pustaka+Malika&rft.place=Hathras&rft.pub=Sangeet+Karyalaya&rft.date=1968%2F1973&rft.aulast=Bhatkhande&rft.aufirst=Vishnu+Narayan&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIndian+classical+music" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBor1999" class="citation book cs1">Bor, Joep (1999). <a href="/wiki/The_R%C4%81ga_Guide" class="mw-redirect" title="The Rāga Guide"><i>The Rāga Guide</i></a>. Charlottesville, VA: Nimbus Records.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+R%C4%81ga+Guide&rft.place=Charlottesville%2C+VA&rft.pub=Nimbus+Records&rft.date=1999&rft.aulast=Bor&rft.aufirst=Joep&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIndian+classical+music" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBrown2014" class="citation journal cs1">Brown, Sara Black (2014). "Krishna, Christians, and Colors: The Socially Binding Influence of Kirtan Singing at a Utah Hare Krishna Festival". <i>Ethnomusicology</i>. <b>58</b> (3): <span class="nowrap">454–</span>480. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.5406%2Fethnomusicology.58.3.0454">10.5406/ethnomusicology.58.3.0454</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Ethnomusicology&rft.atitle=Krishna%2C+Christians%2C+and+Colors%3A+The+Socially+Binding+Influence+of+Kirtan+Singing+at+a+Utah+Hare+Krishna+Festival&rft.volume=58&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E454-%3C%2Fspan%3E480&rft.date=2014&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.5406%2Fethnomusicology.58.3.0454&rft.aulast=Brown&rft.aufirst=Sara+Black&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIndian+classical+music" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCaudhurī2000" class="citation book cs1">Caudhurī, Vimalakānta Rôya (2000). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/dictionaryofhind00roya"><i>The Dictionary of Hindustani Classical Music</i></a></span>. Motilal Banarsidass. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-81-208-1708-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-81-208-1708-1"><bdi>978-81-208-1708-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Dictionary+of+Hindustani+Classical+Music&rft.pub=Motilal+Banarsidass&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=978-81-208-1708-1&rft.aulast=Caudhur%C4%AB&rft.aufirst=Vimalak%C4%81nta+R%C3%B4ya&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fdictionaryofhind00roya&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIndian+classical+music" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDace1963" class="citation journal cs1">Dace, Wallace (1963). "The Concept of "Rasa" in Sanskrit Dramatic Theory". <i>Educational Theatre Journal</i>. <b>15</b> (3): <span class="nowrap">249–</span>254. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F3204783">10.2307/3204783</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/3204783">3204783</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Educational+Theatre+Journal&rft.atitle=The+Concept+of+%22Rasa%22+in+Sanskrit+Dramatic+Theory&rft.volume=15&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E249-%3C%2Fspan%3E254&rft.date=1963&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F3204783&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F3204783%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Dace&rft.aufirst=Wallace&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIndian+classical+music" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDaniélou1949" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Alain_Dani%C3%A9lou" title="Alain Daniélou">Daniélou, Alain</a> (1949). <i>Northern Indian Music, Volume 1. Theory & technique; Volume 2. The main rāgǎs</i>. London: C. Johnson. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/851080">851080</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Northern+Indian+Music%2C+Volume+1.+Theory+%26+technique%3B+Volume+2.+The+main+r%C4%81g%C7%8Es&rft.place=London&rft.pub=C.+Johnson&rft.date=1949&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F851080&rft.aulast=Dani%C3%A9lou&rft.aufirst=Alain&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIndian+classical+music" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFForster2010" class="citation book cs1">Forster, Cris (2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=j_aERAAACAAJ"><i>Musical Mathematics: On the Art and Science of Acoustic Instruments</i></a>. Chronicle. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8118-7407-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8118-7407-6"><bdi>978-0-8118-7407-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Musical+Mathematics%3A+On+the+Art+and+Science+of+Acoustic+Instruments&rft.pub=Chronicle&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=978-0-8118-7407-6&rft.aulast=Forster&rft.aufirst=Cris&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dj_aERAAACAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIndian+classical+music" class="Z3988"></span> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.chrysalis-foundation.org/Bharata-s_Vina.htm">Indian Music: Ancient Beginnings – Natyashastra</a></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGautam1993" class="citation book cs1">Gautam, M.R. (1993). <i>Evolution of Raga and Tala in Indian Music</i>. Munshiram Manoharlal. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-81-215-0442-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-81-215-0442-3"><bdi>978-81-215-0442-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Evolution+of+Raga+and+Tala+in+Indian+Music&rft.pub=Munshiram+Manoharlal&rft.date=1993&rft.isbn=978-81-215-0442-3&rft.aulast=Gautam&rft.aufirst=M.R.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIndian+classical+music" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJairazbhoy1995" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Nazir_Jairazbhoy" title="Nazir Jairazbhoy">Jairazbhoy, Nazir Ali</a> (1995). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=hGLRqLscf78C"><i>The Rāgs of North Indian Music: Their Structure & Evolution</i></a> (first revised Indian ed.). Bombay: Popular Prakashan. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-81-7154-395-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-81-7154-395-3"><bdi>978-81-7154-395-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+R%C4%81gs+of+North+Indian+Music%3A+Their+Structure+%26+Evolution&rft.place=Bombay&rft.edition=first+revised+Indian&rft.pub=Popular+Prakashan&rft.date=1995&rft.isbn=978-81-7154-395-3&rft.aulast=Jairazbhoy&rft.aufirst=Nazir+Ali&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DhGLRqLscf78C&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIndian+classical+music" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKaufmann1968" class="citation cs2"><a href="/wiki/Walter_Kaufmann_(composer)" title="Walter Kaufmann (composer)">Kaufmann, Walter</a> (1968), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/ragasofnorthindi00kauf"><i>The Ragas of North India</i></a>, Oxford & Indiana University Press, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-253-34780-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-253-34780-0"><bdi>978-0-253-34780-0</bdi></a>, <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/11369">11369</a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Ragas+of+North+India&rft.pub=Oxford+%26+Indiana+University+Press&rft.date=1968&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F11369&rft.isbn=978-0-253-34780-0&rft.aulast=Kaufmann&rft.aufirst=Walter&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fragasofnorthindi00kauf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIndian+classical+music" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLal2004" class="citation book cs1">Lal, Ananda (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=DftkAAAAMAAJ"><i>The Oxford Companion to Indian Theatre</i></a>. Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-564446-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-564446-3"><bdi>978-0-19-564446-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Oxford+Companion+to+Indian+Theatre&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=978-0-19-564446-3&rft.aulast=Lal&rft.aufirst=Ananda&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DDftkAAAAMAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIndian+classical+music" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLavezzoli2006" class="citation book cs1">Lavezzoli, Peter (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=OSZKCXtx-wEC"><i>The Dawn of Indian Music in the West</i></a>. New York: Continuum. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8264-1815-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8264-1815-9"><bdi>978-0-8264-1815-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Dawn+of+Indian+Music+in+the+West&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Continuum&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=978-0-8264-1815-9&rft.aulast=Lavezzoli&rft.aufirst=Peter&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DOSZKCXtx-wEC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIndian+classical+music" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLidova2014" class="citation book cs1">Lidova, Natalia (2014). <i>Natyashastra</i>. Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1093%2Fobo%2F9780195399318-0071">10.1093/obo/9780195399318-0071</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Natyashastra&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2014&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1093%2Fobo%2F9780195399318-0071&rft.aulast=Lidova&rft.aufirst=Natalia&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIndian+classical+music" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMartinez2001" class="citation book cs1">Martinez, José Luiz (2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=OwJRnFIcM4cC"><i>Semiosis in Hindustani Music</i></a>. Motilal Banarsidass. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-81-208-1801-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-81-208-1801-9"><bdi>978-81-208-1801-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Semiosis+in+Hindustani+Music&rft.pub=Motilal+Banarsidass&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=978-81-208-1801-9&rft.aulast=Martinez&rft.aufirst=Jos%C3%A9+Luiz&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DOwJRnFIcM4cC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIndian+classical+music" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMehta1995" class="citation cs2">Mehta, Tarla (1995), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=l7naMj1UxIkC"><i>Sanskrit Play Production in Ancient India</i></a>, Motilal Banarsidass, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-81-208-1057-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-81-208-1057-0"><bdi>978-81-208-1057-0</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Sanskrit+Play+Production+in+Ancient+India&rft.pub=Motilal+Banarsidass&rft.date=1995&rft.isbn=978-81-208-1057-0&rft.aulast=Mehta&rft.aufirst=Tarla&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dl7naMj1UxIkC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIndian+classical+music" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMoutal2012" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Patrick_Moutal" title="Patrick Moutal">Moutal, Patrick</a> (2012). <i>Hindustani Raga Index. Major bibliographical references (descriptions, compositions, vistara-s) on North Indian Raga-s</i>. P. Moutal. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-2-9541244-3-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-2-9541244-3-8"><bdi>978-2-9541244-3-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Hindustani+Raga+Index.+Major+bibliographical+references+%28descriptions%2C+compositions%2C+vistara-s%29+on+North+Indian+Raga-s&rft.pub=P.+Moutal&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=978-2-9541244-3-8&rft.aulast=Moutal&rft.aufirst=Patrick&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIndian+classical+music" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMoutal2012" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Patrick_Moutal" title="Patrick Moutal">Moutal, Patrick</a> (2012). <i>Comparative Study of Selected Hindustani Ragas</i>. P. Moutal. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-2-9541244-2-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-2-9541244-2-1"><bdi>978-2-9541244-2-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Comparative+Study+of+Selected+Hindustani+Ragas&rft.pub=P.+Moutal&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=978-2-9541244-2-1&rft.aulast=Moutal&rft.aufirst=Patrick&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIndian+classical+music" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNettl2010" class="citation cs2">Nettl, Bruno (2010), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.britannica.com/art/raga">"Raga, Indian Musical Genre"</a>, <i>Encyclopædia Britannica</i></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Britannica&rft.atitle=Raga%2C+Indian+Musical+Genre&rft.date=2010&rft.aulast=Nettl&rft.aufirst=Bruno&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.britannica.com%2Fart%2Fraga&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIndian+classical+music" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNettl_et_al.1998" class="citation cs2">Nettl, Bruno; Ruth M. Stone; James Porter; Timothy Rice (1998), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=ZOlNv8MAXIEC"><i>The Garland Encyclopedia of World Music: South Asia : the Indian subcontinent</i></a>, Routledge, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8240-4946-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8240-4946-1"><bdi>978-0-8240-4946-1</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Garland+Encyclopedia+of+World+Music%3A+South+Asia+%3A+the+Indian+subcontinent&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=1998&rft.isbn=978-0-8240-4946-1&rft.aulast=Nettl&rft.aufirst=Bruno&rft.au=Ruth+M.+Stone&rft.au=James+Porter&rft.au=Timothy+Rice&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DZOlNv8MAXIEC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIndian+classical+music" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRandel2003" class="citation book cs1">Randel, Don Michael (2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=02rFSecPhEsC"><i>The Harvard Dictionary of Music</i></a> (fourth ed.). Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-674-01163-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-674-01163-2"><bdi>978-0-674-01163-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Harvard+Dictionary+of+Music&rft.place=Cambridge%2C+MA&rft.edition=fourth&rft.pub=Harvard+University+Press&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=978-0-674-01163-2&rft.aulast=Randel&rft.aufirst=Don+Michael&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D02rFSecPhEsC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIndian+classical+music" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRies1969" class="citation journal cs1">Ries, Raymond E. (1969). "The Cultural Setting of South Indian Music". <i>Asian Music</i>. <b>1</b> (2): <span class="nowrap">22–</span>31. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F833909">10.2307/833909</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/833909">833909</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Asian+Music&rft.atitle=The+Cultural+Setting+of+South+Indian+Music&rft.volume=1&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E22-%3C%2Fspan%3E31&rft.date=1969&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F833909&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F833909%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Ries&rft.aufirst=Raymond+E.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIndian+classical+music" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRowell2015" class="citation book cs1">Rowell, Lewis (2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=h5_UCgAAQBAJ"><i>Music and Musical Thought in Early India</i></a>. University of Chicago Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-226-73034-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-226-73034-9"><bdi>978-0-226-73034-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Music+and+Musical+Thought+in+Early+India&rft.pub=University+of+Chicago+Press&rft.date=2015&rft.isbn=978-0-226-73034-9&rft.aulast=Rowell&rft.aufirst=Lewis&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dh5_UCgAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIndian+classical+music" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSastri1943" class="citation book cs1">Sastri, S.S., ed. (1943). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/stream/SangitaRatnakara/SangitaRatnakaraChapter1#page/n7/mode/2up"><i>Sangitaratnakara of Sarngadeva</i></a>. Adyar: Adyar Library Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8356-7330-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8356-7330-3"><bdi>978-0-8356-7330-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Sangitaratnakara+of+Sarngadeva&rft.place=Adyar&rft.pub=Adyar+Library+Press&rft.date=1943&rft.isbn=978-0-8356-7330-3&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fstream%2FSangitaRatnakara%2FSangitaRatnakaraChapter1%23page%2Fn7%2Fmode%2F2up&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIndian+classical+music" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSchwartz2004" class="citation book cs1">Schwartz, Susan L. (2004). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/rasa00susa"><i>Rasa: Performing the Divine in India</i></a></span>. Columbia University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-231-13144-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-231-13144-5"><bdi>978-0-231-13144-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Rasa%3A+Performing+the+Divine+in+India&rft.pub=Columbia+University+Press&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=978-0-231-13144-5&rft.aulast=Schwartz&rft.aufirst=Susan+L.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Frasa00susa&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIndian+classical+music" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSorrellNarayan1980" class="citation book cs1">Sorrell, Neil; Narayan, Ram (1980). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=jNhRAQAAIAAJ"><i>Indian Music in Performance: A Practical Introduction</i></a>. Manchester University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7190-0756-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7190-0756-9"><bdi>978-0-7190-0756-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Indian+Music+in+Performance%3A+A+Practical+Introduction&rft.pub=Manchester+University+Press&rft.date=1980&rft.isbn=978-0-7190-0756-9&rft.aulast=Sorrell&rft.aufirst=Neil&rft.au=Narayan%2C+Ram&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DjNhRAQAAIAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIndian+classical+music" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTe_Nijenhuis1974" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Emmie_te_Nijenhuis" title="Emmie te Nijenhuis">Te Nijenhuis, Emmie</a> (1974). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=NrgfAAAAIAAJ"><i>Indian Music: History and Structure</i></a>. Brill Academic. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-90-04-03978-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-90-04-03978-0"><bdi>978-90-04-03978-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Indian+Music%3A+History+and+Structure&rft.pub=Brill+Academic&rft.date=1974&rft.isbn=978-90-04-03978-0&rft.aulast=Te+Nijenhuis&rft.aufirst=Emmie&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DNrgfAAAAIAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIndian+classical+music" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTenzer2006" class="citation book cs1">Tenzer, Michael (2006). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/analyticalstudie00tenz"><i>Analytical Studies in World Music</i></a></span>. Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-517789-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-517789-3"><bdi>978-0-19-517789-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Analytical+Studies+in+World+Music&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=978-0-19-517789-3&rft.aulast=Tenzer&rft.aufirst=Michael&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fanalyticalstudie00tenz&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIndian+classical+music" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFvan_der_Meer2012" class="citation book cs1">van der Meer, W. (2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=-jr6CAAAQBAJ"><i>Hindustani Music in the 20th Century</i></a>. Springer. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-94-009-8777-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-94-009-8777-7"><bdi>978-94-009-8777-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Hindustani+Music+in+the+20th+Century&rft.pub=Springer&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=978-94-009-8777-7&rft.aulast=van+der+Meer&rft.aufirst=W.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D-jr6CAAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIndian+classical+music" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFVatsyayan1977" class="citation book cs1">Vatsyayan, Kapila (1977). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://library.mpib-berlin.mpg.de/toc/z2008_2719.pdf"><i>Classical Indian dance in literature and the arts</i></a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. Sangeet Natak Akademi. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/233639306">233639306</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Classical+Indian+dance+in+literature+and+the+arts&rft.pub=Sangeet+Natak+Akademi&rft.date=1977&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F233639306&rft.aulast=Vatsyayan&rft.aufirst=Kapila&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Flibrary.mpib-berlin.mpg.de%2Ftoc%2Fz2008_2719.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIndian+classical+music" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFVatsyayan2008" class="citation book cs1">Vatsyayan, Kapila (2008). <i>Aesthetic theories and forms in Indian tradition</i>. Munshiram Manoharlal. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-81-87586-35-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-81-87586-35-7"><bdi>978-81-87586-35-7</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/286469807">286469807</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Aesthetic+theories+and+forms+in+Indian+tradition&rft.pub=Munshiram+Manoharlal&rft.date=2008&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F286469807&rft.isbn=978-81-87586-35-7&rft.aulast=Vatsyayan&rft.aufirst=Kapila&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIndian+classical+music" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWilkeMoebus2011" class="citation book cs1">Wilke, Annette; Moebus, Oliver (2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=9wmYz_OtZ_gC"><i>Sound and Communication: An Aesthetic Cultural History of Sanskrit Hinduism</i></a>. Walter de Gruyter. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-11-024003-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-11-024003-0"><bdi>978-3-11-024003-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Sound+and+Communication%3A+An+Aesthetic+Cultural+History+of+Sanskrit+Hinduism&rft.pub=Walter+de+Gruyter&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=978-3-11-024003-0&rft.aulast=Wilke&rft.aufirst=Annette&rft.au=Moebus%2C+Oliver&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D9wmYz_OtZ_gC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIndian+classical+music" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWinternitz2008" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Moriz_Winternitz" title="Moriz Winternitz">Winternitz, Maurice</a> (2008). <i>History of Indian Literature Vol 3 (Original in German published in 1922, translated into English by VS Sarma, 1981)</i>. New Delhi: Motilal Banarsidass. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-81-208-0056-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-81-208-0056-4"><bdi>978-81-208-0056-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=History+of+Indian+Literature+Vol+3+%28Original+in+German+published+in+1922%2C+translated+into+English+by+VS+Sarma%2C+1981%29&rft.place=New+Delhi&rft.pub=Motilal+Banarsidass&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-81-208-0056-4&rft.aulast=Winternitz&rft.aufirst=Maurice&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIndian+classical+music" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li>Ludwig Pesch, The Oxford Illustrated Companion to South Indian Classical Music, <a href="/wiki/Oxford_University_Press" title="Oxford University Press">Oxford University Press</a>.</li> <li>George E. Ruckert, <i>Music in North India: Experiencing Music, Expressing Culture</i>, <a href="/wiki/Oxford_University_Press" title="Oxford University Press">Oxford University Press</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/T._Viswanathan" title="T. Viswanathan">T. Viswanathan</a> and Matthew Harp Allen; <i>Music in South India: The Karnatak Concert Tradition and Beyond Experiencing Music, Expressing Culture</i>; <a href="/wiki/Oxford_University_Press" title="Oxford University Press">Oxford University Press</a>.</li> <li>Martin Clayton; Time in Indian Music: Rhythm, Metre, and Form in North Indian Rag Performance; <a href="/wiki/Oxford_University_Press" title="Oxford University Press">Oxford University Press</a>.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMoutal,_Patrick2012" class="citation book cs1">Moutal, Patrick (2012). <i>Comparative Study of Hindustani Raga-s – Volume I</i>. Patrick Moutal Publisher. Rouen. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-2-9541244-2-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-2-9541244-2-1"><bdi>978-2-9541244-2-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Comparative+Study+of+Hindustani+Raga-s+%E2%80%93+Volume+I&rft.pub=Patrick+Moutal+Publisher.+Rouen&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=978-2-9541244-2-1&rft.au=Moutal%2C+Patrick&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIndian+classical+music" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMoutal,_Patrick2012" class="citation book cs1">Moutal, Patrick (2012). <i>Hindustāni Rāga-s Index. Major bibliographical references (descriptions, compositions, vistara-s) on North Indian Raga-s</i>. Rouen: Patrick Moutal Publisher. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-2-9541244-3-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-2-9541244-3-8"><bdi>978-2-9541244-3-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Hindust%C4%81ni+R%C4%81ga-s+Index.+Major+bibliographical+references+%28descriptions%2C+compositions%2C+vistara-s%29+on+North+Indian+Raga-s&rft.place=Rouen&rft.pub=Patrick+Moutal+Publisher&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=978-2-9541244-3-8&rft.au=Moutal%2C+Patrick&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIndian+classical+music" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCharles_Russel_Day1891" class="citation book cs1">Charles Russel Day (1891). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/stream/musicmusicalinst00dayc#page/n7/mode/2up"><i>The Music and Musical Instruments of southern India and the Deccan</i></a>. William Gibb (lllus.). Novello, Ewer & Co., London.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Music+and+Musical+Instruments+of+southern+India+and+the+Deccan&rft.pub=Novello%2C+Ewer+%26+Co.%2C+London&rft.date=1891&rft.au=Charles+Russel+Day&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fstream%2Fmusicmusicalinst00dayc%23page%2Fn7%2Fmode%2F2up&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIndian+classical+music" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Indian_classical_music&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid 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href="http://www.parrikar.org/vpl/">Vijaya Parrikar Library of Indian Classical Music</a> Library contains recorded music of India's great music masters of yesteryear, excerpts of old, hard-to-find or unpublished recordings.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.moutal.eu/indian-music.html">Hindustani Rag Sangeet Online – more than 800 audio and video archives</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://raag-hindustani.com/">Raag Hindustani</a> – Explanations and examples of Indian Classical (Hindustani) music</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.spicmacay.com/about">Classical Indian music</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200129142954/http://www.spicmacay.com/about">Archived</a> 29 January 2020 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, SPIC MACAY</li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><link 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title="Template talk:Indian Music"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Indian_Music" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Indian Music"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Indian_music183" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Music_of_India" title="Music of India">Indian music</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Main</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Music_in_ancient_India" title="Music in ancient India">Music in ancient India</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Indian classical music</a></li> <li>Semi Classical music/Light classical music</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_folk_music" title="Indian folk music">Indian folk music</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Indian classical music</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Carnatic_music" title="Carnatic music">Carnatic music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hindustani_classical_music" title="Hindustani classical music">Hindustani music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Odissi_music" title="Odissi music">Odissi music</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Concepts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Shruti_(music)" title="Shruti (music)">Shruti (music)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swara" class="mw-redirect" title="Swara">Swara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alankara" class="mw-redirect" title="Alankara">Alankara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/R%C4%81ga" class="mw-redirect" title="Rāga">Rāga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/T%C4%81la" class="mw-redirect" title="Tāla">Tāla</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prahar" class="mw-redirect" title="Prahar">Prahar</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Hindustani_classical_music" title="Hindustani classical music">Hindustani classical music</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:4em;line-height:1.4em;">Types of compositions</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dhrupad" title="Dhrupad">Dhrupad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dhamar_(music)" title="Dhamar (music)">Dhamar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khyal" title="Khyal">Khyal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tarana" title="Tarana">Tarana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thumri" title="Thumri">Thumri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dadra_(music)" class="mw-redirect" title="Dadra (music)">Dadra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qawwali" title="Qawwali">Qawwali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ghazal" title="Ghazal">Ghazal</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:4em;line-height:1.4em;">Thaats</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bilaval" title="Bilaval">Bilaval</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khamaj" title="Khamaj">Khamaj</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kafi" title="Kafi">Kafi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Asavari" title="Asavari">Asavari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bhairav_(raga)" title="Bhairav (raga)">Bhairav</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bhairavi_(thaat)" title="Bhairavi (thaat)">Bhairavi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Todi" title="Todi">Todi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Purvi" title="Purvi">Purvi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marwa_(raga)" class="mw-redirect" title="Marwa (raga)">Marwa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kalyan" title="Kalyan">Kalyan</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:4em;line-height:1.4em;">Principles of Hindustani music</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Alap</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bandish" title="Bandish">Bandish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gat_(music)" class="mw-redirect" title="Gat (music)">Gat</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:4em;line-height:1.4em;">Types of Bandish</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sthaayi" class="mw-redirect" title="Sthaayi">Sthaayi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antara_(music)" title="Antara (music)">Antara</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sanchaari&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Sanchaari (page does not exist)">Sanchaari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aabhog" class="mw-redirect" title="Aabhog">Aabhog</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:4em;line-height:1.4em;">Variations of Bandish</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Vilambit" title="Vilambit">Vilambit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Madhyalaya" title="Madhyalaya">Madhyalaya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Drut" title="Drut">Drut</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Semi-classical_music" title="Semi-classical music">Semi-classical music</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Natya_Sangeet" class="mw-redirect" title="Natya Sangeet">Natya Sangeet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baithak_Gana" title="Baithak Gana">Baithak Gana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sikh_music" title="Sikh music">Sikh music</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Indian_folk_music" title="Indian folk music">Indian folk music</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Rabindra_Sangeet" title="Rabindra Sangeet">Rabindra Sangeet</a></li> <li>Bihu of Assam</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dandiya" class="mw-redirect" title="Dandiya">Dandiya</a></li> <li>Ganasangeet</li> <li>Uttarakhandi Music</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lavani" title="Lavani">Lavani</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Indian Light Music</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6.5em;line-height:1.4em;">Indian film music</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Bollywood" class="mw-redirect" title="Music of Bollywood">Music of Bollywood</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6.5em;line-height:1.4em;">Indian play music</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Natya_Sangeet" class="mw-redirect" title="Natya Sangeet">Natya Sangeet</a></li> <li>Light songs in the play</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sugama_Sangeetha" title="Sugama Sangeetha">Sugama Sangeetha</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6.5em;line-height:1.4em;">Region wise Indian Music</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bhojpuri_music" title="Bhojpuri music">Bhojpuri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Rajasthan" title="Music of Rajasthan">Rajasthani</a></li> <li>Karnataka Sugam sangeet</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Goa_trance_music" class="mw-redirect" title="Goa trance music">Goa trance music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_the_Andaman_and_Nicobar_Islands" title="Music of the Andaman and Nicobar Islands">Andaman and Nicobar Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Andhra_Pradesh" title="Music of Andhra Pradesh">Andhra Pradesh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Arunachal_Pradesh" title="Music of Arunachal Pradesh">Arunachal Pradesh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Assam" title="Music of Assam">Assam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Bihar" title="Music of Bihar">Bihar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Chhattisgarh" title="Music of Chhattisgarh">Chhattisgarh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Goa" title="Music of Goa">Goa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Gujarat" title="Music of Gujarat">Gujarat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Haryana" title="Music of Haryana">Haryana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Himachal_Pradesh" title="Music of Himachal Pradesh">Himachal Pradesh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Kashmir,_Jammu_and_Ladakh" class="mw-redirect" title="Music of Kashmir, Jammu and Ladakh">Kashmir, Jammu and Ladakh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Jharkhand" title="Music of Jharkhand">Jharkhand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Development_of_Carnatic_music" title="Development of Carnatic music">Karnataka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Kerala" title="Music of Kerala">Kerala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Madhya_Pradesh" title="Music of Madhya Pradesh">Madhya Pradesh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Maharashtra" title="Music of Maharashtra">Maharashtra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Manipur" title="Music of Manipur">Manipur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Meghalaya" title="Music of Meghalaya">Meghalaya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mizo_music" title="Mizo music">Mizoram</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Nagaland" title="Music of Nagaland">Nagaland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Odisha" class="mw-redirect" title="Music of Odisha">Odisha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Punjab" title="Music of Punjab">Punjab</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Rajasthan" title="Music of Rajasthan">Rajasthan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Sikkim" title="Music of Sikkim">Sikkim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Tamil_Nadu" title="Music of Tamil Nadu">Tamil Nadu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Tripura" title="Music of Tripura">Tripura</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Uttar_Pradesh" title="Music of Uttar Pradesh">Uttar Pradesh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Uttarakhand" title="Music of Uttarakhand">Uttarakhand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_West_Bengal" title="Music of West Bengal">West Bengal</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6.5em;line-height:1.4em;">Language wise Music</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Marathi Music</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hindi_music&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Hindi music (page does not exist)">Hindi music</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kannada_music&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kannada music (page does not exist)">Kannada music</a></li> <li>Telegu music</li> <li>Tamil music</li> <li>Assami music</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Maharashtra_music&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Maharashtra music (page does not exist)">Maharashtra music</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Powada</li> <li>Gan</li> <li>Gavlan</li> <li>Lavani</li> <li>Kirtan</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Indian_musical_instruments218" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Indian_musical_instruments" title="Template:Indian musical instruments"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Indian_musical_instruments" title="Template talk:Indian musical instruments"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Indian_musical_instruments" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Indian musical instruments"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Indian_musical_instruments218" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/List_of_Indian_musical_instruments" title="List of Indian musical instruments">Indian musical instruments</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Wind (Sushir)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bansuri" title="Bansuri">Bansuri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pump_organ#In_the_Indian_subcontinent" title="Pump organ">Harmonium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karnay" title="Karnay">Karnay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kombu_(instrument)" title="Kombu (instrument)">Kombu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kuzhal" title="Kuzhal">Kuzhal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nadaswaram" title="Nadaswaram">Nadaswaram</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nafir" title="Nafir">Nafir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pungi" title="Pungi">Pungi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shankha" title="Shankha">Shankha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shehnai" title="Shehnai">Shehnai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shruti_box" title="Shruti box">Shruti box</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sringa" title="Sringa">Sringa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tharai" title="Tharai">Tharai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Venu" title="Venu">Venu</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Plucked Stringed (Tat)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dotara" title="Dotara">Dotara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ektara" title="Ektara">Ektara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gottuvadhyam" class="mw-redirect" title="Gottuvadhyam">Gottuvadhyam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pena_(musical_instrument)" title="Pena (musical instrument)">Pena</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rudra_veena" title="Rudra veena">Rudra veena</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Santoor" title="Santoor">Santoor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saraswati_veena" title="Saraswati veena">Saraswati veena</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sarod" title="Sarod">Sarod</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seni_rebab" title="Seni rebab">Seni Rebab</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sitar" title="Sitar">Sitar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Surbahar" title="Surbahar">Surbahar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swarabat" title="Swarabat">Swarabat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swarmandal" title="Swarmandal">Swarmandal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tanpura" title="Tanpura">Tanpura</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Electronic_tanpura" title="Electronic tanpura">Electronic tanpura</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Veena" title="Veena">Veena</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vichitra_veena" title="Vichitra veena">Vichitra veena</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yazh" title="Yazh">Yazh</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Bowed Stringed (Vitat)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Esraj" title="Esraj">Dilruba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Esraj" title="Esraj">Esraj</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sarangi" title="Sarangi">Sarangi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sarinda_(instrument)" title="Sarinda (instrument)">Sarinda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taus_(instrument)" title="Taus (instrument)">Taus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Violin" title="Violin">Violin</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Membranous Percussion (Avanaddh)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anandalahari" title="Anandalahari">Anandalahari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chande" title="Chande">Chande</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chenda" title="Chenda">Chenda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Damaru" title="Damaru">Damaru</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dhak_(instrument)" title="Dhak (instrument)">Dhaak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Duggi_(drum)" title="Duggi (drum)">Duggi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dhol" title="Dhol">Dhol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dholak" title="Dholak">Dholak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dholki" class="mw-redirect" title="Dholki">Dholki</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Idakka" title="Idakka">Edakka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kanjira" title="Kanjira">Kanjira</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khamak" title="Khamak">Khamak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khol" title="Khol">Khol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Madal" title="Madal">Madal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mardala" title="Mardala">Mardala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mizhavu" title="Mizhavu">Mizhav</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mridangam" title="Mridangam">Mridangam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Naqareh" title="Naqareh">Nagada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pakhavaj" title="Pakhavaj">Pakhawaj</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parai" title="Parai">Parai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sambal_(drum)" title="Sambal (drum)">Sambal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tabla" title="Tabla">Tabla</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jori_(instrument)" title="Jori (instrument)">Jori (instrument)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thavil" title="Thavil">Tavil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Udukai" title="Udukai">Udukai</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Non-Membranous Percussion (Ghan)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chimta" title="Chimta">Chimta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ghatam" title="Ghatam">Ghatam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ghungroo" title="Ghungroo">Ghungroo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jal_tarang" title="Jal tarang">Jal tarang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taal_(instrument)" title="Taal (instrument)">Kartal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khanjani" title="Khanjani">Khanjani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khartal" title="Khartal">Khartal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taal_(instrument)" title="Taal (instrument)">Manjira</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Morsing" title="Morsing">Morsing</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bharatiya_Sangeet_Vadya" title="Bharatiya Sangeet Vadya">Bharatiya Sangeet Vadya</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Indian classical music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_India" title="Music of India">Music of India</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jivari" title="Jivari">Jivari</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Historical/possibly extinct</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%C4%80l%C4%81pi%E1%B9%87%C4%AB_v%C4%AB%E1%B9%87%C4%81" class="mw-redirect" title="Ālāpiṇī vīṇā">Ālāpiṇī vīṇā</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eka-tantri_vina" class="mw-redirect" title="Eka-tantri vina">Eka-tantri vina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kinnari_vina" class="mw-redirect" title="Kinnari vina">Kinnari vina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pinaka_vina" class="mw-redirect" title="Pinaka vina">Pinaka vina</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img 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