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[o]" accesskey="o"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-logIn mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-logIn"></span> <span>Meld aan</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-user-menu-anon-editor" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-user-menu-anon-editor" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Bladsye vir uitgemelde redakteurs <a href="/wiki/Hulp:Inleiding" aria-label="Leer meer oor redigering"><span>leer meer</span></a> </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-anoncontribs" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Spesiaal:Mybydrae" title="A list of edits made from this IP address [y]" accesskey="y"><span>Bydraes</span></a></li><li id="pt-anontalk" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Spesiaal:Mybespreking" title="Bespreking oor bydraes van hierdie IP-adres [n]" accesskey="n"><span>Bespreking</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </header> </div> <div class="mw-page-container"> <div class="mw-page-container-inner"> <div 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data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.pin">skuif na kantbalk</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.unpin">versteek</button> </div> <ul class="vector-toc-contents" id="mw-panel-toc-list"> <li id="toc-mw-content-text" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a href="#" class="vector-toc-link"> <div class="vector-toc-text">Inleiding</div> </a> </li> <li id="toc-Etimologie" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Etimologie"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1</span> <span>Etimologie</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Etimologie-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Geografie" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Geografie"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Geografie</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Geografie-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Wissel Geografie subafdeling</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Geografie-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Eiland_van_vuur_en_ys" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Eiland_van_vuur_en_ys"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>Eiland van vuur en ys</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Eiland_van_vuur_en_ys-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Vulkanisme" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Vulkanisme"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>Vulkanisme</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Vulkanisme-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sneeuvelde_en_gletsers" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sneeuvelde_en_gletsers"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3</span> <span>Sneeuvelde en gletsers</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sneeuvelde_en_gletsers-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Die_kusgebiede" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Die_kusgebiede"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.4</span> <span>Die kusgebiede</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Die_kusgebiede-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Klimaat" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Klimaat"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Klimaat</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Klimaat-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Fauna" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Fauna"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Fauna</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Fauna-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Wissel Fauna subafdeling</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Fauna-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Soogdiere" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Soogdiere"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>Soogdiere</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Soogdiere-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Voëllewe" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Voëllewe"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2</span> <span>Voëllewe</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Voëllewe-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Flora" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Flora"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Flora</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Flora-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Geskiedenis" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Geskiedenis"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Geskiedenis</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Geskiedenis-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Wissel Geskiedenis subafdeling</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Geskiedenis-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Die_vroeë_Middeleeue" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Die_vroeë_Middeleeue"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.1</span> <span>Die vroeë Middeleeue</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Die_vroeë_Middeleeue-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Die_Yslandse_regstelsel:_Die_Alþingi" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Die_Yslandse_regstelsel:_Die_Alþingi"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.2</span> <span>Die Yslandse regstelsel: Die <i>Alþingi</i></span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Die_Yslandse_regstelsel:_Die_Alþingi-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Kulturele_selfbewussyn_en_die_ontdekking_van_Amerika" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Kulturele_selfbewussyn_en_die_ontdekking_van_Amerika"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.3</span> <span>Kulturele selfbewussyn en die ontdekking van Amerika</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Kulturele_selfbewussyn_en_die_ontdekking_van_Amerika-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Die_13de_eeu:_Die_tydperk_van_die_Sagas" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Die_13de_eeu:_Die_tydperk_van_die_Sagas"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.4</span> <span>Die 13de eeu: Die tydperk van die Sagas</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Die_13de_eeu:_Die_tydperk_van_die_Sagas-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Die_15de_of_"Engelse"_eeu" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Die_15de_of_"Engelse"_eeu"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.5</span> <span>Die 15de of "Engelse" eeu</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Die_15de_of_"Engelse"_eeu-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Die_16de_en_17de_eeu_–_Reformasie,_boekdrukkuns_en_Deense_absolutisme" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Die_16de_en_17de_eeu_–_Reformasie,_boekdrukkuns_en_Deense_absolutisme"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.6</span> <span>Die 16de en 17de eeu – Reformasie, boekdrukkuns en Deense absolutisme</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Die_16de_en_17de_eeu_–_Reformasie,_boekdrukkuns_en_Deense_absolutisme-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Die_18de_en_19de_eeu" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Die_18de_en_19de_eeu"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.7</span> <span>Die 18de en 19de eeu</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Die_18de_en_19de_eeu-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Die_moderne_tydperk" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Die_moderne_tydperk"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.8</span> <span>Die moderne tydperk</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Die_moderne_tydperk-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Politiek" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Politiek"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Politiek</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Politiek-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Wissel Politiek subafdeling</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Politiek-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Staatsvorm" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Staatsvorm"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.1</span> <span>Staatsvorm</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Staatsvorm-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Administratiewe_geweste" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Administratiewe_geweste"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.2</span> <span>Administratiewe geweste</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Administratiewe_geweste-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Parlement" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Parlement"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.3</span> <span>Parlement</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Parlement-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Regering" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Regering"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.4</span> <span>Regering</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Regering-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Vakbonde" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Vakbonde"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.5</span> <span>Vakbonde</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Vakbonde-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Buitelandse_beleid" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Buitelandse_beleid"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.6</span> <span>Buitelandse beleid</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Buitelandse_beleid-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Demografie" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Demografie"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Demografie</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Demografie-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Taal_en_kultuur" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Taal_en_kultuur"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>Taal en kultuur</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Taal_en_kultuur-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Wissel Taal en kultuur subafdeling</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Taal_en_kultuur-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Taal" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Taal"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9.1</span> <span>Taal</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Taal-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Woordeskat" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Woordeskat"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9.2</span> <span>Woordeskat</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Woordeskat-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Taalbeleid" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Taalbeleid"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9.3</span> <span>Taalbeleid</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Taalbeleid-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Yslandse_naamgewing" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Yslandse_naamgewing"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9.4</span> <span>Yslandse naamgewing</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Yslandse_naamgewing-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Die_Yslandse_sagas" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Die_Yslandse_sagas"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9.5</span> <span>Die Yslandse sagas</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Die_Yslandse_sagas-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Die_Yslandse_boekbedryf" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Die_Yslandse_boekbedryf"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9.6</span> <span>Die Yslandse boekbedryf</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Die_Yslandse_boekbedryf-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Ekonomie" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ekonomie"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>Ekonomie</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Ekonomie-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Wissel Ekonomie subafdeling</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Ekonomie-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Ekonomiese_groei" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ekonomiese_groei"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10.1</span> <span>Ekonomiese groei</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ekonomiese_groei-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Geldeenheid" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Geldeenheid"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10.2</span> <span>Geldeenheid</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Geldeenheid-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Algemene_prysvlak" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Algemene_prysvlak"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10.3</span> <span>Algemene prysvlak</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Algemene_prysvlak-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Fiskale_en_monetêre_beleid" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Fiskale_en_monetêre_beleid"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10.4</span> <span>Fiskale en monetêre beleid</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Fiskale_en_monetêre_beleid-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Krisis_in_die_banksektor" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Krisis_in_die_banksektor"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10.5</span> <span>Krisis in die banksektor</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Krisis_in_die_banksektor-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Buitelandse_handel_en_regstreekse_buitelandse_beleggings" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Buitelandse_handel_en_regstreekse_buitelandse_beleggings"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10.6</span> <span>Buitelandse handel en regstreekse buitelandse beleggings</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Buitelandse_handel_en_regstreekse_buitelandse_beleggings-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Landbou" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Landbou"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10.7</span> <span>Landbou</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Landbou-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Toerisme" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Toerisme"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10.8</span> <span>Toerisme</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Toerisme-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Kookkuns" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Kookkuns"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span> <span>Kookkuns</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Kookkuns-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sport" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sport"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">12</span> <span>Sport</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sport-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Verwysings" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Verwysings"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">13</span> <span>Verwysings</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Verwysings-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Bronnelys" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bronnelys"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">14</span> <span>Bronnelys</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bronnelys-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Eksterne_skakels" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Eksterne_skakels"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">15</span> <span>Eksterne skakels</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Eksterne_skakels-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Inhoud" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" title="Inhoudsopgawe" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Wissel die inhoudsopgawe" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Wissel die inhoudsopgawe</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Ysland</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Gaan na 'n artikel in 'n ander taal. Beskikbaar in 276 tale" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-276" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">276 tale</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ab mw-list-item"><a href="https://ab.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%98%D1%81%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B4%D0%B8%D0%B0" title="Исландиа – Abkasies" lang="ab" hreflang="ab" data-title="Исландиа" data-language-autonym="Аԥсшәа" data-language-local-name="Abkasies" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Аԥсшәа</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ace mw-list-item"><a href="https://ace.wikipedia.org/wiki/Islandia" title="Islandia – Atsjenees" lang="ace" hreflang="ace" data-title="Islandia" data-language-autonym="Acèh" data-language-local-name="Atsjenees" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Acèh</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-als mw-list-item"><a href="https://als.wikipedia.org/wiki/Island" title="Island – Switserse Duits" lang="gsw" hreflang="gsw" data-title="Island" data-language-autonym="Alemannisch" data-language-local-name="Switserse Duits" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Alemannisch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-am mw-list-item"><a href="https://am.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%8A%A0%E1%8B%AD%E1%88%B5%E1%88%8B%E1%8A%95%E1%8B%B5" title="አይስላንድ – Amharies" lang="am" hreflang="am" data-title="አይስላንድ" data-language-autonym="አማርኛ" data-language-local-name="Amharies" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>አማርኛ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ami mw-list-item"><a href="https://ami.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iceland" title="Iceland – Amis" lang="ami" hreflang="ami" data-title="Iceland" data-language-autonym="Pangcah" data-language-local-name="Amis" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Pangcah</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-an mw-list-item"><a href="https://an.wikipedia.org/wiki/Islandia" title="Islandia – Aragonees" lang="an" hreflang="an" data-title="Islandia" data-language-autonym="Aragonés" data-language-local-name="Aragonees" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Aragonés</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ang mw-list-item"><a href="https://ang.wikipedia.org/wiki/Island" title="Island – Old English" lang="ang" hreflang="ang" data-title="Island" data-language-autonym="Ænglisc" data-language-local-name="Old English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ænglisc</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ann mw-list-item"><a href="https://ann.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aisilan" title="Aisilan – Obolo" lang="ann" hreflang="ann" data-title="Aisilan" data-language-autonym="Obolo" data-language-local-name="Obolo" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Obolo</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-anp mw-list-item"><a href="https://anp.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%86%E0%A4%87%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%88%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%A1" title="आइसलैंड – Angika" lang="anp" hreflang="anp" data-title="आइसलैंड" data-language-autonym="अंगिका" data-language-local-name="Angika" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>अंगिका</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="good article badge"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A2%D9%8A%D8%B3%D9%84%D9%86%D8%AF%D8%A7" title="آيسلندا – Arabies" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="آيسلندا" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabies" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ary mw-list-item"><a href="https://ary.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A5%D8%B3%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%AF%D8%A7" title="إسلاندا – Moroccan Arabic" lang="ary" hreflang="ary" data-title="إسلاندا" data-language-autonym="الدارجة" data-language-local-name="Moroccan Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>الدارجة</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%8A%D8%B3%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%AF%D8%A7" title="ايسلاندا – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="ايسلاندا" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-as mw-list-item"><a href="https://as.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%86%E0%A6%87%E0%A6%9A%E0%A6%B2%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%A3%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%A1" title="আইচলেণ্ড – Assamees" lang="as" hreflang="as" data-title="আইচলেণ্ড" data-language-autonym="অসমীয়া" data-language-local-name="Assamees" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>অসমীয়া</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Islandia" title="Islandia – Asturies" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Islandia" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturies" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-av mw-list-item"><a href="https://av.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%98%D1%81%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B4%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Исландия – Avaries" lang="av" hreflang="av" data-title="Исландия" data-language-autonym="Авар" data-language-local-name="Avaries" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Авар</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-avk mw-list-item"><a href="https://avk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Islanda" title="Islanda – Kotava" lang="avk" hreflang="avk" data-title="Islanda" data-language-autonym="Kotava" data-language-local-name="Kotava" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kotava</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-awa mw-list-item"><a href="https://awa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%86%E0%A4%87%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%88%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%A1" title="आइसलैंड – Awadhi" lang="awa" hreflang="awa" data-title="आइसलैंड" data-language-autonym="अवधी" data-language-local-name="Awadhi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>अवधी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ay mw-list-item"><a href="https://ay.wikipedia.org/wiki/Islandiya" title="Islandiya – Aymara" lang="ay" hreflang="ay" data-title="Islandiya" data-language-autonym="Aymar aru" data-language-local-name="Aymara" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Aymar aru</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%B0slandiya" title="İslandiya – Azerbeidjans" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="İslandiya" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbeidjans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%DB%8C%D8%B3%D9%84%D9%86%D8%AF" title="ایسلند – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="ایسلند" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>تۆرکجه</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ba mw-list-item"><a href="https://ba.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%98%D1%81%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B4%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Исландия – Baskir" lang="ba" hreflang="ba" data-title="Исландия" data-language-autonym="Башҡортса" data-language-local-name="Baskir" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Башҡортса</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ban mw-list-item"><a href="https://ban.wikipedia.org/wiki/Islandia" title="Islandia – Balinees" lang="ban" hreflang="ban" data-title="Islandia" data-language-autonym="Basa Bali" data-language-local-name="Balinees" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Basa Bali</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bar mw-list-item"><a href="https://bar.wikipedia.org/wiki/Island" title="Island – Bavarian" lang="bar" hreflang="bar" data-title="Island" data-language-autonym="Boarisch" data-language-local-name="Bavarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Boarisch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bat-smg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bat-smg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Island%C4%97j%C4%97" title="Islandėjė – Samogitian" lang="sgs" hreflang="sgs" data-title="Islandėjė" data-language-autonym="Žemaitėška" data-language-local-name="Samogitian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Žemaitėška</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bcl mw-list-item"><a href="https://bcl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Islandya" title="Islandya – Central Bikol" lang="bcl" hreflang="bcl" data-title="Islandya" data-language-autonym="Bikol Central" data-language-local-name="Central Bikol" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bikol Central</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%86%D1%81%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B4%D1%8B%D1%8F" title="Ісландыя – Belarussies" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Ісландыя" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarussies" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%86%D1%81%D1%8C%D0%BB%D1%8F%D0%BD%D0%B4%D1%8B%D1%8F" title="Ісьляндыя – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Ісьляндыя" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bew mw-list-item"><a href="https://bew.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%88slan" title="Èslan – Betawi" lang="bew" hreflang="bew" data-title="Èslan" data-language-autonym="Betawi" data-language-local-name="Betawi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Betawi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%98%D1%81%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B4%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Исландия – Bulgaars" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Исландия" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgaars" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bh mw-list-item"><a href="https://bh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%86%E0%A4%87%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%88%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%A1" title="आइसलैंड – Bhojpuri" lang="bh" hreflang="bh" data-title="आइसलैंड" data-language-autonym="भोजपुरी" data-language-local-name="Bhojpuri" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>भोजपुरी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bi mw-list-item"><a href="https://bi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aislan" title="Aislan – Bislama" lang="bi" hreflang="bi" data-title="Aislan" data-language-autonym="Bislama" data-language-local-name="Bislama" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bislama</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bm mw-list-item"><a href="https://bm.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aisland" title="Aisland – Bambara" lang="bm" hreflang="bm" data-title="Aisland" data-language-autonym="Bamanankan" data-language-local-name="Bambara" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bamanankan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%86%E0%A6%87%E0%A6%B8%E0%A6%B2%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AF%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%A8%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%A1" title="আইসল্যান্ড – Bengaals" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="আইসল্যান্ড" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bengaals" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bo mw-list-item"><a href="https://bo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%BD%A8%E0%BD%A1%E0%BD%B2%E0%BD%A6%E0%BD%B4%E0%BC%8B%E0%BD%A3%E0%BD%BA%E0%BD%93%E0%BC%8B%E0%BD%8C%E0%BC%8D" title="ཨཡིསུ་ལེན་ཌ། – Tibettaans" lang="bo" hreflang="bo" data-title="ཨཡིསུ་ལེན་ཌ།" data-language-autonym="བོད་ཡིག" data-language-local-name="Tibettaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>བོད་ཡིག</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bpy mw-list-item"><a href="https://bpy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%86%E0%A6%87%E0%A6%B8%E0%A6%B2%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AF%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%A8%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%A1" title="আইসল্যান্ড – Bishnupriya" lang="bpy" hreflang="bpy" data-title="আইসল্যান্ড" data-language-autonym="বিষ্ণুপ্রিয়া মণিপুরী" data-language-local-name="Bishnupriya" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বিষ্ণুপ্রিয়া মণিপুরী</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Island" title="Island – Bretons" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Island" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Bretons" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Brezhoneg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Island" title="Island – Bosnies" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Island" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnies" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bxr mw-list-item"><a href="https://bxr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%98%D1%81%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B4" title="Исланд – Russia Buriat" lang="bxr" hreflang="bxr" data-title="Исланд" data-language-autonym="Буряад" data-language-local-name="Russia Buriat" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Буряад</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isl%C3%A0ndia" title="Islàndia – Katalaans" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Islàndia" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Katalaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cbk-zam mw-list-item"><a href="https://cbk-zam.wikipedia.org/wiki/Islandia" title="Islandia – Chavacano" lang="cbk" hreflang="cbk" data-title="Islandia" data-language-autonym="Chavacano de Zamboanga" data-language-local-name="Chavacano" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Chavacano de Zamboanga</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cdo mw-list-item"><a href="https://cdo.wikipedia.org/wiki/B%C4%ADng-d%C5%8D%CC%A4" title="Bĭng-dō̤ – Mindong" lang="cdo" hreflang="cdo" data-title="Bĭng-dō̤" data-language-autonym="閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄" data-language-local-name="Mindong" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ce mw-list-item"><a href="https://ce.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%98%D1%81%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B4%D0%B8" title="Исланди – Tsjetsjeens" lang="ce" hreflang="ce" data-title="Исланди" data-language-autonym="Нохчийн" data-language-local-name="Tsjetsjeens" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Нохчийн</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ceb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ceb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Islandya" title="Islandya – Cebuano" lang="ceb" hreflang="ceb" data-title="Islandya" data-language-autonym="Cebuano" data-language-local-name="Cebuano" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cebuano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ch mw-list-item"><a href="https://ch.wikipedia.org/wiki/Islandia" title="Islandia – Chamorro" lang="ch" hreflang="ch" data-title="Islandia" data-language-autonym="Chamoru" data-language-local-name="Chamorro" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Chamoru</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-chr mw-list-item"><a href="https://chr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%8F%A7%E1%8F%81%E1%8F%8D%E1%8F%93%E1%8E%B8%E1%8E%AF" title="ᏧᏁᏍᏓᎸᎯ – Cherokees" lang="chr" hreflang="chr" data-title="ᏧᏁᏍᏓᎸᎯ" data-language-autonym="ᏣᎳᎩ" data-language-local-name="Cherokees" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ᏣᎳᎩ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A6%D8%A7%DB%8C%D8%B3%D9%84%DB%95%D9%86%D8%AF" title="ئایسلەند – Sorani" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="ئایسلەند" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Sorani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>کوردی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-co mw-list-item"><a href="https://co.wikipedia.org/wiki/Islanda" title="Islanda – Korsikaans" lang="co" hreflang="co" data-title="Islanda" data-language-autonym="Corsu" data-language-local-name="Korsikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Corsu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-crh mw-list-item"><a href="https://crh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%B0slandiya" title="İslandiya – Crimean Tatar" lang="crh" hreflang="crh" data-title="İslandiya" data-language-autonym="Qırımtatarca" data-language-local-name="Crimean Tatar" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Qırımtatarca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Island" title="Island – Tsjeggies" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Island" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Tsjeggies" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-csb mw-list-item"><a href="https://csb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Island%C3%ABj%C3%B4" title="Islandëjô – Kashubian" lang="csb" hreflang="csb" data-title="Islandëjô" data-language-autonym="Kaszëbsczi" data-language-local-name="Kashubian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kaszëbsczi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cu mw-list-item"><a href="https://cu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%98%D1%81%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B4%D1%8A" title="Исландъ – Kerkslawies" lang="cu" hreflang="cu" data-title="Исландъ" data-language-autonym="Словѣньскъ / ⰔⰎⰑⰂⰡⰐⰠⰔⰍⰟ" data-language-local-name="Kerkslawies" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Словѣньскъ / ⰔⰎⰑⰂⰡⰐⰠⰔⰍⰟ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cv mw-list-item"><a href="https://cv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%98%D1%81%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B4%D0%B8" title="Исланди – Chuvash" lang="cv" hreflang="cv" data-title="Исланди" data-language-autonym="Чӑвашла" data-language-local-name="Chuvash" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Чӑвашла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gwlad_yr_I%C3%A2" title="Gwlad yr Iâ – Wallies" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Gwlad yr Iâ" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Wallies" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="good article badge"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Island" title="Island – Deens" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Island" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Deens" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-dag mw-list-item"><a href="https://dag.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iceland" title="Iceland – Dagbani" lang="dag" hreflang="dag" data-title="Iceland" data-language-autonym="Dagbanli" data-language-local-name="Dagbani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dagbanli</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="good article badge"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Island" title="Island – Duits" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Island" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="Duits" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-diq mw-list-item"><a href="https://diq.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%B0slanda" title="İslanda – Dimli" lang="diq" hreflang="diq" data-title="İslanda" data-language-autonym="Zazaki" data-language-local-name="Dimli" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Zazaki</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-dsb mw-list-item"><a href="https://dsb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Islandska" title="Islandska – Nedersorbies" lang="dsb" hreflang="dsb" data-title="Islandska" data-language-autonym="Dolnoserbski" data-language-local-name="Nedersorbies" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dolnoserbski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-dty mw-list-item"><a href="https://dty.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%86%E0%A4%87%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A3%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A1" title="आइसल्याण्ड – Doteli" lang="dty" hreflang="dty" data-title="आइसल्याण्ड" data-language-autonym="डोटेली" data-language-local-name="Doteli" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>डोटेली</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-dv mw-list-item"><a href="https://dv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DE%87%DE%A6%DE%87%DE%A8%DE%90%DE%B0%DE%8D%DE%A6%DE%82%DE%B0%DE%91%DE%A6%DE%82%DE%B0" title="އައިސްލަންޑަން – Divehi" lang="dv" hreflang="dv" data-title="އައިސްލަންޑަން" data-language-autonym="ދިވެހިބަސް" data-language-local-name="Divehi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ދިވެހިބަސް</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-dz mw-list-item"><a href="https://dz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%BD%A8%E0%BD%A0%E0%BD%B2%E0%BD%A6%E0%BD%B2%E0%BC%8B%E0%BD%A3%E0%BD%BA%E0%BD%93%E0%BD%8C%E0%BC%8B" title="ཨའིསི་ལེནཌ་ – Dzongkha" lang="dz" hreflang="dz" data-title="ཨའིསི་ལེནཌ་" data-language-autonym="ཇོང་ཁ" data-language-local-name="Dzongkha" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ཇོང་ཁ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ee mw-list-item"><a href="https://ee.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iceland" title="Iceland – Ewe" lang="ee" hreflang="ee" data-title="Iceland" data-language-autonym="Eʋegbe" data-language-local-name="Ewe" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eʋegbe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%99%CF%83%CE%BB%CE%B1%CE%BD%CE%B4%CE%AF%CE%B1" title="Ισλανδία – Grieks" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Ισλανδία" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Grieks" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eml mw-list-item"><a href="https://eml.wikipedia.org/wiki/Islanda" title="Islanda – Emiliano-Romagnolo" lang="egl" hreflang="egl" data-title="Islanda" data-language-autonym="Emiliàn e rumagnòl" data-language-local-name="Emiliano-Romagnolo" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Emiliàn e rumagnòl</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-en mw-list-item"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iceland" title="Iceland – Engels" lang="en" hreflang="en" data-title="Iceland" data-language-autonym="English" data-language-local-name="Engels" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="good article badge"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Islando" title="Islando – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Islando" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="voorbladartikel"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Islandia" title="Islandia – Spaans" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Islandia" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Island" title="Island – Estnies" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Island" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estnies" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Islandia" title="Islandia – Baskies" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Islandia" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Baskies" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ext mw-list-item"><a href="https://ext.wikipedia.org/wiki/Islandia" title="Islandia – Extremaduran" lang="ext" hreflang="ext" data-title="Islandia" data-language-autonym="Estremeñu" data-language-local-name="Extremaduran" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Estremeñu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%DB%8C%D8%B3%D9%84%D9%86%D8%AF" title="ایسلند – Persies" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="ایسلند" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persies" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ff mw-list-item"><a href="https://ff.wikipedia.org/wiki/Islannda" title="Islannda – Fulah" lang="ff" hreflang="ff" data-title="Islannda" data-language-autonym="Fulfulde" data-language-local-name="Fulah" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Fulfulde</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="good article badge"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Islanti" title="Islanti – Fins" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Islanti" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Fins" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fiu-vro mw-list-item"><a href="https://fiu-vro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Island" title="Island – Võro" lang="vro" hreflang="vro" data-title="Island" data-language-autonym="Võro" data-language-local-name="Võro" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Võro</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fj mw-list-item"><a href="https://fj.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aisiladi" title="Aisiladi – Fidjiaans" lang="fj" hreflang="fj" data-title="Aisiladi" data-language-autonym="Na Vosa Vakaviti" data-language-local-name="Fidjiaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Na Vosa Vakaviti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fo mw-list-item"><a href="https://fo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%8Dsland" title="Ísland – Faroëes" lang="fo" hreflang="fo" data-title="Ísland" data-language-autonym="Føroyskt" data-language-local-name="Faroëes" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Føroyskt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Islande" title="Islande – Frans" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Islande" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="Frans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-frp mw-list-item"><a href="https://frp.wikipedia.org/wiki/Islanda" title="Islanda – Arpitan" lang="frp" hreflang="frp" data-title="Islanda" data-language-autonym="Arpetan" data-language-local-name="Arpitan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Arpetan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-frr mw-list-item"><a href="https://frr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Islun" title="Islun – Noord-Fries" lang="frr" hreflang="frr" data-title="Islun" data-language-autonym="Nordfriisk" data-language-local-name="Noord-Fries" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nordfriisk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fur mw-list-item"><a href="https://fur.wikipedia.org/wiki/Islande" title="Islande – Friuliaans" lang="fur" hreflang="fur" data-title="Islande" data-language-autonym="Furlan" data-language-local-name="Friuliaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Furlan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy mw-list-item"><a href="https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ysl%C3%A2n" title="Yslân – Fries" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" data-title="Yslân" data-language-autonym="Frysk" data-language-local-name="Fries" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Frysk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/An_%C3%8Doslainn" title="An Íoslainn – Iers" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="An Íoslainn" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Iers" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gag mw-list-item"><a href="https://gag.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%B0slandiya" title="İslandiya – Gagauz" lang="gag" hreflang="gag" data-title="İslandiya" data-language-autonym="Gagauz" data-language-local-name="Gagauz" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gagauz</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gcr mw-list-item"><a href="https://gcr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Islann" title="Islann – Guianan Creole" lang="gcr" hreflang="gcr" data-title="Islann" data-language-autonym="Kriyòl gwiyannen" data-language-local-name="Guianan Creole" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kriyòl gwiyannen</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gd mw-list-item"><a href="https://gd.wikipedia.org/wiki/Innis_T%C3%ACle" title="Innis Tìle – Skotse Gallies" lang="gd" hreflang="gd" data-title="Innis Tìle" data-language-autonym="Gàidhlig" data-language-local-name="Skotse Gallies" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gàidhlig</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Islandia" title="Islandia – Galisies" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Islandia" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galisies" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gn mw-list-item"><a href="https://gn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Il%C3%A1ndia" title="Ilándia – Guarani" lang="gn" hreflang="gn" data-title="Ilándia" data-language-autonym="Avañe'ẽ" data-language-local-name="Guarani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Avañe'ẽ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gom mw-list-item"><a href="https://gom.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%86%E0%A4%87%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%81%E0%A4%A1" title="आइसलँड – Goan Konkani" lang="gom" hreflang="gom" data-title="आइसलँड" data-language-autonym="गोंयची कोंकणी / Gõychi Konknni" data-language-local-name="Goan Konkani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>गोंयची कोंकणी / Gõychi Konknni</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-got mw-list-item"><a href="https://got.wikipedia.org/wiki/%F0%90%8C%B4%F0%90%8C%B9%F0%90%8D%83%F0%90%8C%B0%F0%90%8C%BB%F0%90%8C%B0%F0%90%8C%BD%F0%90%8C%B3" title="𐌴𐌹𐍃𐌰𐌻𐌰𐌽𐌳 – Goties" lang="got" hreflang="got" data-title="𐌴𐌹𐍃𐌰𐌻𐌰𐌽𐌳" data-language-autonym="𐌲𐌿𐍄𐌹𐍃𐌺" data-language-local-name="Goties" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>𐌲𐌿𐍄𐌹𐍃𐌺</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gu mw-list-item"><a href="https://gu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AA%86%E0%AA%88%E0%AA%B8%E0%AA%B2%E0%AB%87%E0%AA%82%E0%AA%A1" title="આઈસલેંડ – Goedjarati" lang="gu" hreflang="gu" data-title="આઈસલેંડ" data-language-autonym="ગુજરાતી" data-language-local-name="Goedjarati" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ગુજરાતી</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gv mw-list-item"><a href="https://gv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yn_Eeslynn" title="Yn Eeslynn – Manx" lang="gv" hreflang="gv" data-title="Yn Eeslynn" data-language-autonym="Gaelg" data-language-local-name="Manx" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaelg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ha mw-list-item"><a href="https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ayislan" title="Ayislan – Hausa" lang="ha" hreflang="ha" data-title="Ayislan" data-language-autonym="Hausa" data-language-local-name="Hausa" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hausa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hak mw-list-item"><a href="https://hak.wikipedia.org/wiki/P%C3%AAn-t%C3%B3" title="Pên-tó – Hakka-Sjinees" lang="hak" hreflang="hak" data-title="Pên-tó" data-language-autonym="客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî" data-language-local-name="Hakka-Sjinees" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-haw mw-list-item"><a href="https://haw.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CA%BB%C4%80ina_Hau" title="ʻĀina Hau – Hawais" lang="haw" hreflang="haw" data-title="ʻĀina Hau" data-language-autonym="Hawaiʻi" data-language-local-name="Hawais" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hawaiʻi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%90%D7%99%D7%A1%D7%9C%D7%A0%D7%93" title="איסלנד – Hebreeus" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="איסלנד" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebreeus" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%86%E0%A4%87%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%88%E0%A4%A3%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A1" title="आइसलैण्ड – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="आइसलैण्ड" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hif mw-list-item"><a href="https://hif.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iceland" title="Iceland – Fiji Hindi" lang="hif" hreflang="hif" data-title="Iceland" data-language-autonym="Fiji Hindi" data-language-local-name="Fiji Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Fiji Hindi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Island" title="Island – Kroaties" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Island" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Kroaties" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hsb mw-list-item"><a href="https://hsb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Islandska" title="Islandska – Oppersorbies" lang="hsb" hreflang="hsb" data-title="Islandska" data-language-autonym="Hornjoserbsce" data-language-local-name="Oppersorbies" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hornjoserbsce</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ht mw-list-item"><a href="https://ht.wikipedia.org/wiki/Islann" title="Islann – Haïtiaans" lang="ht" hreflang="ht" data-title="Islann" data-language-autonym="Kreyòl ayisyen" data-language-local-name="Haïtiaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kreyòl ayisyen</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Izland" title="Izland – Hongaars" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Izland" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hongaars" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%BB%D5%BD%D5%AC%D5%A1%D5%B6%D5%A4%D5%AB%D5%A1" title="Իսլանդիա – Armeens" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Իսլանդիա" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armeens" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ia mw-list-item"><a href="https://ia.wikipedia.org/wiki/Islanda" title="Islanda – Interlingua" lang="ia" hreflang="ia" data-title="Islanda" data-language-autonym="Interlingua" data-language-local-name="Interlingua" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Interlingua</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Islandia" title="Islandia – Indonesies" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Islandia" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesies" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ie mw-list-item"><a href="https://ie.wikipedia.org/wiki/Island" title="Island – Interlingue" lang="ie" hreflang="ie" data-title="Island" data-language-autonym="Interlingue" data-language-local-name="Interlingue" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Interlingue</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ig mw-list-item"><a href="https://ig.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iceland" title="Iceland – Igbo" lang="ig" hreflang="ig" data-title="Iceland" data-language-autonym="Igbo" data-language-local-name="Igbo" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Igbo</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ilo mw-list-item"><a href="https://ilo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Islandia" title="Islandia – Iloko" lang="ilo" hreflang="ilo" data-title="Islandia" data-language-autonym="Ilokano" data-language-local-name="Iloko" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ilokano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-inh mw-list-item"><a href="https://inh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%98%D1%81%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B4%D0%B8" title="Исланди – Ingush" lang="inh" hreflang="inh" data-title="Исланди" data-language-autonym="ГӀалгӀай" data-language-local-name="Ingush" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ГӀалгӀай</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Islando" title="Islando – Ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Islando" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="Ido" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ido</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%8Dsland" title="Ísland – Yslands" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Ísland" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Yslands" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Islanda" title="Islanda – Italiaans" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Islanda" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italiaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-iu mw-list-item"><a href="https://iu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%90%8A%E1%90%83%E1%94%85%E1%93%9A%E1%93%90%E1%91%A6" title="ᐊᐃᔅᓚᓐᑦ – Inoektitoet" lang="iu" hreflang="iu" data-title="ᐊᐃᔅᓚᓐᑦ" data-language-autonym="ᐃᓄᒃᑎᑐᑦ / inuktitut" data-language-local-name="Inoektitoet" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ᐃᓄᒃᑎᑐᑦ / inuktitut</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%A2%E3%82%A4%E3%82%B9%E3%83%A9%E3%83%B3%E3%83%89" title="アイスランド – Japannees" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="アイスランド" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japannees" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jam mw-list-item"><a href="https://jam.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aislan" title="Aislan – Jamaican Creole English" lang="jam" hreflang="jam" data-title="Aislan" data-language-autonym="Patois" data-language-local-name="Jamaican Creole English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Patois</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jbo mw-list-item"><a href="https://jbo.wikipedia.org/wiki/island" title="island – Lojban" lang="jbo" hreflang="jbo" data-title="island" data-language-autonym="La .lojban." data-language-local-name="Lojban" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>La .lojban.</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jv mw-list-item"><a href="https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%88slan" title="Èslan – Javaans" lang="jv" hreflang="jv" data-title="Èslan" data-language-autonym="Jawa" data-language-local-name="Javaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Jawa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%98%E1%83%A1%E1%83%9A%E1%83%90%E1%83%9C%E1%83%93%E1%83%98%E1%83%90" title="ისლანდია – Georgies" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="ისლანდია" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgies" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kaa mw-list-item"><a href="https://kaa.wikipedia.org/wiki/Islandiya" title="Islandiya – Kara-Kalpak" lang="kaa" hreflang="kaa" data-title="Islandiya" data-language-autonym="Qaraqalpaqsha" data-language-local-name="Kara-Kalpak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Qaraqalpaqsha</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kab mw-list-item"><a href="https://kab.wikipedia.org/wiki/Island" title="Island – Kabyle" lang="kab" hreflang="kab" data-title="Island" data-language-autonym="Taqbaylit" data-language-local-name="Kabyle" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Taqbaylit</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kbd mw-list-item"><a href="https://kbd.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%98%D1%81%D0%BB%D1%8D%D0%BD%D0%B4" title="Ислэнд – Kabardiaans" lang="kbd" hreflang="kbd" data-title="Ислэнд" data-language-autonym="Адыгэбзэ" data-language-local-name="Kabardiaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Адыгэбзэ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kbp mw-list-item"><a href="https://kbp.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isiland%C9%A9" title="Isilandɩ – Kabiye" lang="kbp" hreflang="kbp" data-title="Isilandɩ" data-language-autonym="Kabɩyɛ" data-language-local-name="Kabiye" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kabɩyɛ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kg mw-list-item"><a href="https://kg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Islande" title="Islande – Kongolees" lang="kg" hreflang="kg" data-title="Islande" data-language-autonym="Kongo" data-language-local-name="Kongolees" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kongo</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%98%D1%81%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B4%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Исландия – Kazaks" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Исландия" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazaks" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-km mw-list-item"><a href="https://km.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%9E%94%E1%9F%92%E1%9E%9A%E1%9E%91%E1%9F%81%E1%9E%9F%E1%9E%A2%E1%9F%8A%E1%9E%B8%E1%9E%9F%E1%9F%92%E1%9E%9B%E1%9E%84%E1%9F%8B" title="ប្រទេសអ៊ីស្លង់ – Khmer" lang="km" hreflang="km" data-title="ប្រទេសអ៊ីស្លង់" data-language-autonym="ភាសាខ្មែរ" data-language-local-name="Khmer" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ភាសាខ្មែរ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kn mw-list-item"><a href="https://kn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%90%E0%B2%B8%E0%B3%8D%E2%80%8D%E0%B2%B2%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%AF%E0%B2%BE%E0%B2%82%E0%B2%A1%E0%B3%8D" title="ಐಸ್‍ಲ್ಯಾಂಡ್ – Kannada" lang="kn" hreflang="kn" data-title="ಐಸ್‍ಲ್ಯಾಂಡ್" data-language-autonym="ಕನ್ನಡ" data-language-local-name="Kannada" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ಕನ್ನಡ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%95%84%EC%9D%B4%EC%8A%AC%EB%9E%80%EB%93%9C" title="아이슬란드 – Koreaans" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="아이슬란드" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Koreaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-koi mw-list-item"><a href="https://koi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%98%D1%81%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B4" title="Исланд – Komi-Permyaks" lang="koi" hreflang="koi" data-title="Исланд" data-language-autonym="Перем коми" data-language-local-name="Komi-Permyaks" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Перем коми</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-krc mw-list-item"><a href="https://krc.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%98%D1%81%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B4%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Исландия – Karachay-Balkar" lang="krc" hreflang="krc" data-title="Исландия" data-language-autonym="Къарачай-малкъар" data-language-local-name="Karachay-Balkar" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Къарачай-малкъар</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ksh mw-list-item"><a href="https://ksh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Island" title="Island – Keuls" lang="ksh" hreflang="ksh" data-title="Island" data-language-autonym="Ripoarisch" data-language-local-name="Keuls" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ripoarisch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ku mw-list-item"><a href="https://ku.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%8Eslenda" title="Îslenda – Koerdies" lang="ku" hreflang="ku" data-title="Îslenda" data-language-autonym="Kurdî" data-language-local-name="Koerdies" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kurdî</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kv mw-list-item"><a href="https://kv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%98%D1%81%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B4%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Исландия – Komi" lang="kv" hreflang="kv" data-title="Исландия" data-language-autonym="Коми" data-language-local-name="Komi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Коми</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kw mw-list-item"><a href="https://kw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Island" title="Island – Kornies" lang="kw" hreflang="kw" data-title="Island" data-language-autonym="Kernowek" data-language-local-name="Kornies" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kernowek</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%98%D1%81%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B4%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Исландия – Kirgisies" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Исландия" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="Kirgisies" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Кыргызча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Islandia" title="Islandia – Latyn" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Islandia" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latyn" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lad mw-list-item"><a href="https://lad.wikipedia.org/wiki/Islandia" title="Islandia – Ladino" lang="lad" hreflang="lad" data-title="Islandia" data-language-autonym="Ladino" data-language-local-name="Ladino" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ladino</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lb mw-list-item"><a href="https://lb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Island" title="Island – Luxemburgs" lang="lb" hreflang="lb" data-title="Island" data-language-autonym="Lëtzebuergesch" data-language-local-name="Luxemburgs" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lëtzebuergesch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lez mw-list-item"><a href="https://lez.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%98%D1%81%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B4%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Исландия – Lezghies" lang="lez" hreflang="lez" data-title="Исландия" data-language-autonym="Лезги" data-language-local-name="Lezghies" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Лезги</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lfn mw-list-item"><a href="https://lfn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Island" title="Island – Lingua Franca Nova" lang="lfn" hreflang="lfn" data-title="Island" data-language-autonym="Lingua Franca Nova" data-language-local-name="Lingua Franca Nova" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lingua Franca Nova</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lg mw-list-item"><a href="https://lg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isilandi" title="Isilandi – Ganda" lang="lg" hreflang="lg" data-title="Isilandi" data-language-autonym="Luganda" data-language-local-name="Ganda" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Luganda</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-li mw-list-item"><a href="https://li.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iesland" title="Iesland – Limburgs" lang="li" hreflang="li" data-title="Iesland" data-language-autonym="Limburgs" data-language-local-name="Limburgs" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Limburgs</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lij mw-list-item"><a href="https://lij.wikipedia.org/wiki/Islanda" title="Islanda – Liguries" lang="lij" hreflang="lij" data-title="Islanda" data-language-autonym="Ligure" data-language-local-name="Liguries" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ligure</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lld mw-list-item"><a href="https://lld.wikipedia.org/wiki/Islanda" title="Islanda – Ladin" lang="lld" hreflang="lld" data-title="Islanda" data-language-autonym="Ladin" data-language-local-name="Ladin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ladin</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lmo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lmo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Islanda" title="Islanda – Lombardies" lang="lmo" hreflang="lmo" data-title="Islanda" data-language-autonym="Lombard" data-language-local-name="Lombardies" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lombard</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ln mw-list-item"><a href="https://ln.wikipedia.org/wiki/Islandi" title="Islandi – Lingaals" lang="ln" hreflang="ln" data-title="Islandi" data-language-autonym="Lingála" data-language-local-name="Lingaals" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lingála</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%BA%9B%E0%BA%B0%E0%BB%80%E0%BA%97%E0%BA%94%E0%BA%AD%E0%BA%B4%E0%BA%94%E0%BA%AA%E0%BA%B0%E0%BA%A5%E0%BA%B1%E0%BA%87" title="ປະເທດອິດສະລັງ – Lao" lang="lo" hreflang="lo" data-title="ປະເທດອິດສະລັງ" data-language-autonym="ລາວ" data-language-local-name="Lao" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ລາວ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Islandija" title="Islandija – Litaus" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Islandija" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Litaus" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ltg mw-list-item"><a href="https://ltg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%AAslandeja" title="Īslandeja – Latgalian" lang="ltg" hreflang="ltg" data-title="Īslandeja" data-language-autonym="Latgaļu" data-language-local-name="Latgalian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latgaļu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="good article badge"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Islande" title="Islande – Letties" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Islande" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Letties" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mad mw-list-item"><a href="https://mad.wikipedia.org/wiki/Islandia" title="Islandia – Madurees" lang="mad" hreflang="mad" data-title="Islandia" data-language-autonym="Madhurâ" data-language-local-name="Madurees" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Madhurâ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mai mw-list-item"><a href="https://mai.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%86%E0%A4%87%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%88%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%A1" title="आइसलैंड – Maithili" lang="mai" hreflang="mai" data-title="आइसलैंड" data-language-autonym="मैथिली" data-language-local-name="Maithili" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>मैथिली</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-map-bms mw-list-item"><a href="https://map-bms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Islandia" title="Islandia – Banyumasan" lang="jv-x-bms" hreflang="jv-x-bms" data-title="Islandia" data-language-autonym="Basa Banyumasan" data-language-local-name="Banyumasan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Basa Banyumasan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mdf mw-list-item"><a href="https://mdf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%98%D1%81%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B4%D0%BC%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%80" title="Исландмастор – Moksha" lang="mdf" hreflang="mdf" data-title="Исландмастор" data-language-autonym="Мокшень" data-language-local-name="Moksha" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Мокшень</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mg mw-list-item"><a href="https://mg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Islandy" title="Islandy – Malgassies" lang="mg" hreflang="mg" data-title="Islandy" data-language-autonym="Malagasy" data-language-local-name="Malgassies" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Malagasy</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mhr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mhr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%98%D1%81%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B4%D0%B8%D0%B9" title="Исландий – Eastern Mari" lang="mhr" hreflang="mhr" data-title="Исландий" data-language-autonym="Олык марий" data-language-local-name="Eastern Mari" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Олык марий</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mi mw-list-item"><a href="https://mi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tiorangi" title="Tiorangi – Maori" lang="mi" hreflang="mi" data-title="Tiorangi" data-language-autonym="Māori" data-language-local-name="Maori" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Māori</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-min mw-list-item"><a href="https://min.wikipedia.org/wiki/Islandia" title="Islandia – Minangkabaus" lang="min" hreflang="min" data-title="Islandia" data-language-autonym="Minangkabau" data-language-local-name="Minangkabaus" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Minangkabau</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%98%D1%81%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B4" title="Исланд – Masedonies" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Исланд" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Masedonies" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%90%E0%B4%B8%E0%B5%8D%E2%80%8C%E0%B4%B2%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%A8%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B1%E0%B5%8D" title="ഐസ്‌ലാന്റ് – Malabaars" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="ഐസ്‌ലാന്റ്" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malabaars" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%98%D1%81%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B4" title="Исланд – Mongools" lang="mn" hreflang="mn" data-title="Исланд" data-language-autonym="Монгол" data-language-local-name="Mongools" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Монгол</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mni mw-list-item"><a href="https://mni.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EA%AF%91%EA%AF%A5%EA%AF%A2%EA%AF%81%EA%AF%AD%EA%AF%82%EA%AF%A6%EA%AF%9F" title="ꯑꯥꯢꯁ꯭ꯂꯦꯟ – Manipuri" lang="mni" hreflang="mni" data-title="ꯑꯥꯢꯁ꯭ꯂꯦꯟ" data-language-autonym="ꯃꯤꯇꯩ ꯂꯣꯟ" data-language-local-name="Manipuri" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ꯃꯤꯇꯩ ꯂꯣꯟ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%86%E0%A4%87%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%81%E0%A4%A1" title="आइसलँड – Marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="आइसलँड" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="Marathi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>मराठी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iceland" title="Iceland – Maleis" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Iceland" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Maleis" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mt mw-list-item"><a href="https://mt.wikipedia.org/wiki/I%C5%BClanda" title="Iżlanda – Maltees" lang="mt" hreflang="mt" data-title="Iżlanda" data-language-autonym="Malti" data-language-local-name="Maltees" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Malti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mwl mw-list-item"><a href="https://mwl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eisl%C3%A1ndia" title="Eislándia – Mirandees" lang="mwl" hreflang="mwl" data-title="Eislándia" data-language-autonym="Mirandés" data-language-local-name="Mirandees" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Mirandés</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-my mw-list-item"><a href="https://my.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%A1%E1%80%AD%E1%80%AF%E1%80%80%E1%80%BA%E1%80%85%E1%80%9C%E1%80%94%E1%80%BA%E1%80%94%E1%80%AD%E1%80%AF%E1%80%84%E1%80%BA%E1%80%84%E1%80%B6" title="အိုက်စလန်နိုင်ငံ – Birmaans" lang="my" hreflang="my" data-title="အိုက်စလန်နိုင်ငံ" data-language-autonym="မြန်မာဘာသာ" data-language-local-name="Birmaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>မြန်မာဘာသာ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-myv mw-list-item"><a href="https://myv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%98%D1%81%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B4%D0%B8%D1%8F_%D0%9C%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%80" title="Исландия Мастор – Erzya" lang="myv" hreflang="myv" data-title="Исландия Мастор" data-language-autonym="Эрзянь" data-language-local-name="Erzya" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Эрзянь</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mzn badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="good article badge"><a href="https://mzn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%DB%8C%D8%B3%D9%84%D9%86%D8%AF" title="ایسلند – Masanderani" lang="mzn" hreflang="mzn" data-title="ایسلند" data-language-autonym="مازِرونی" data-language-local-name="Masanderani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مازِرونی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds mw-list-item"><a href="https://nds.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iesland" title="Iesland – Nederduits" lang="nds" hreflang="nds" data-title="Iesland" data-language-autonym="Plattdüütsch" data-language-local-name="Nederduits" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Plattdüütsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nds-nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ieslaand" title="Ieslaand – Nedersaksies" lang="nds-NL" hreflang="nds-NL" data-title="Ieslaand" data-language-autonym="Nedersaksies" data-language-local-name="Nedersaksies" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nedersaksies</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ne mw-list-item"><a href="https://ne.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%86%E0%A4%87%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A1" title="आइसल्यान्ड – Nepalees" lang="ne" hreflang="ne" data-title="आइसल्यान्ड" data-language-autonym="नेपाली" data-language-local-name="Nepalees" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>नेपाली</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/IJsland" title="IJsland – Nederlands" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="IJsland" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Nederlands" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Island" title="Island – Nuwe Noors" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Island" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Nuwe Noors" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Island" title="Island – Boeknoors" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Island" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Boeknoors" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nov mw-list-item"><a href="https://nov.wikipedia.org/wiki/Islande" title="Islande – Novial" lang="nov" hreflang="nov" data-title="Islande" data-language-autonym="Novial" data-language-local-name="Novial" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Novial</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nrm mw-list-item"><a href="https://nrm.wikipedia.org/wiki/Islaunde" title="Islaunde – Norman" lang="nrf" hreflang="nrf" data-title="Islaunde" data-language-autonym="Nouormand" data-language-local-name="Norman" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nouormand</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nv mw-list-item"><a href="https://nv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tin_K%C3%A9yah" title="Tin Kéyah – Navajo" lang="nv" hreflang="nv" data-title="Tin Kéyah" data-language-autonym="Diné bizaad" data-language-local-name="Navajo" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Diné bizaad</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isl%C3%A0ndia" title="Islàndia – Oksitaans" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Islàndia" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Oksitaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Occitan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-olo mw-list-item"><a href="https://olo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Islandii" title="Islandii – Livvi-Karelian" lang="olo" hreflang="olo" data-title="Islandii" data-language-autonym="Livvinkarjala" data-language-local-name="Livvi-Karelian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Livvinkarjala</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-om mw-list-item"><a href="https://om.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aayislaandi" title="Aayislaandi – Oromo" lang="om" hreflang="om" data-title="Aayislaandi" data-language-autonym="Oromoo" data-language-local-name="Oromo" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oromoo</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-or mw-list-item"><a href="https://or.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AC%86%E0%AC%87%E0%AC%B8%E0%AC%B2%E0%AD%8D%E0%AD%9F%E0%AC%BE%E0%AC%A3%E0%AD%8D%E0%AC%A1" title="ଆଇସଲ୍ୟାଣ୍ଡ – Oriya" lang="or" hreflang="or" data-title="ଆଇସଲ୍ୟାଣ୍ଡ" data-language-autonym="ଓଡ଼ିଆ" data-language-local-name="Oriya" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ଓଡ଼ିଆ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-os mw-list-item"><a href="https://os.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%98%D1%81%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B4%D0%B8" title="Исланди – Osseties" lang="os" hreflang="os" data-title="Исланди" data-language-autonym="Ирон" data-language-local-name="Osseties" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ирон</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%86%E0%A8%88%E0%A8%B8%E0%A8%B2%E0%A9%88%E0%A8%82%E0%A8%A1" title="ਆਈਸਲੈਂਡ – Pandjabi" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਆਈਸਲੈਂਡ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="Pandjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pag mw-list-item"><a href="https://pag.wikipedia.org/wiki/Island" title="Island – Pangasinan" lang="pag" hreflang="pag" data-title="Island" data-language-autonym="Pangasinan" data-language-local-name="Pangasinan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Pangasinan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pam mw-list-item"><a href="https://pam.wikipedia.org/wiki/Islandya" title="Islandya – Pampanga" lang="pam" hreflang="pam" data-title="Islandya" data-language-autonym="Kapampangan" data-language-local-name="Pampanga" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kapampangan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pap mw-list-item"><a href="https://pap.wikipedia.org/wiki/Islandia" title="Islandia – Papiamento" lang="pap" hreflang="pap" data-title="Islandia" data-language-autonym="Papiamentu" data-language-local-name="Papiamento" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Papiamentu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pcd mw-list-item"><a href="https://pcd.wikipedia.org/wiki/Islinde" title="Islinde – Picard" lang="pcd" hreflang="pcd" data-title="Islinde" data-language-autonym="Picard" data-language-local-name="Picard" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Picard</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pi mw-list-item"><a href="https://pi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%86%E0%A4%87%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%88%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%A1" title="आइसलैंड – Pali" lang="pi" hreflang="pi" data-title="आइसलैंड" data-language-autonym="पालि" data-language-local-name="Pali" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>पालि</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Islandia" title="Islandia – Pools" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Islandia" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Pools" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pms mw-list-item"><a href="https://pms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Islanda" title="Islanda – Piedmontese" lang="pms" hreflang="pms" data-title="Islanda" data-language-autonym="Piemontèis" data-language-local-name="Piedmontese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Piemontèis</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A2%D8%A6%D8%B3_%D9%84%DB%8C%D9%86%DA%88" title="آئس لینڈ – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="آئس لینڈ" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پنجابی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%99%CF%83%CE%BB%CE%B1%CE%BD%CE%B4%CE%AF%CE%B1" title="Ισλανδία – Pontic" lang="pnt" hreflang="pnt" data-title="Ισλανδία" data-language-autonym="Ποντιακά" data-language-local-name="Pontic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ποντιακά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ps mw-list-item"><a href="https://ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A2%D9%8A%D8%B3%D9%84%D9%8A%D9%86%DA%89" title="آيسلينډ – Pasjtoe" lang="ps" hreflang="ps" data-title="آيسلينډ" data-language-autonym="پښتو" data-language-local-name="Pasjtoe" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پښتو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="voorbladartikel"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isl%C3%A2ndia" title="Islândia – Portugees" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Islândia" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portugees" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-qu mw-list-item"><a href="https://qu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Islanriya" title="Islanriya – Quechua" lang="qu" hreflang="qu" data-title="Islanriya" data-language-autonym="Runa Simi" data-language-local-name="Quechua" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Runa Simi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rm mw-list-item"><a href="https://rm.wikipedia.org/wiki/Islanda" title="Islanda – Reto-Romaans" lang="rm" hreflang="rm" data-title="Islanda" data-language-autonym="Rumantsch" data-language-local-name="Reto-Romaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Rumantsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="good article badge"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Islanda" title="Islanda – Roemeens" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Islanda" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Roemeens" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-roa-rup mw-list-item"><a href="https://roa-rup.wikipedia.org/wiki/Islanda" title="Islanda – Aromanies" lang="rup" hreflang="rup" data-title="Islanda" data-language-autonym="Armãneashti" data-language-local-name="Aromanies" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Armãneashti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-roa-tara mw-list-item"><a href="https://roa-tara.wikipedia.org/wiki/Islanne" title="Islanne – Tarantino" lang="nap-x-tara" hreflang="nap-x-tara" data-title="Islanne" data-language-autonym="Tarandíne" data-language-local-name="Tarantino" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tarandíne</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%98%D1%81%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B4%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Исландия – Russies" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Исландия" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russies" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rue mw-list-item"><a href="https://rue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%86%D1%81%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B4" title="Ісланд – Rusyn" lang="rue" hreflang="rue" data-title="Ісланд" data-language-autonym="Русиньскый" data-language-local-name="Rusyn" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русиньскый</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rw mw-list-item"><a href="https://rw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isilande" title="Isilande – Rwandees" lang="rw" hreflang="rw" data-title="Isilande" data-language-autonym="Ikinyarwanda" data-language-local-name="Rwandees" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ikinyarwanda</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sa mw-list-item"><a href="https://sa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%86%E0%A4%87%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%88%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%A1" title="आइसलैंड – Sanskrit" lang="sa" hreflang="sa" data-title="आइसलैंड" data-language-autonym="संस्कृतम्" data-language-local-name="Sanskrit" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>संस्कृतम्</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sah badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="good article badge"><a href="https://sah.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%98%D1%81%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B4%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Исландия – Jakoeties" lang="sah" hreflang="sah" data-title="Исландия" data-language-autonym="Саха тыла" data-language-local-name="Jakoeties" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Саха тыла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sat mw-list-item"><a href="https://sat.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%B1%9F%E1%B1%AD%E1%B1%A4%E1%B1%A5%E1%B1%9E%E1%B1%AE%E1%B1%B1%E1%B1%B0" title="ᱟᱭᱤᱥᱞᱮᱱᱰ – Santalies" lang="sat" hreflang="sat" data-title="ᱟᱭᱤᱥᱞᱮᱱᱰ" data-language-autonym="ᱥᱟᱱᱛᱟᱲᱤ" data-language-local-name="Santalies" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ᱥᱟᱱᱛᱟᱲᱤ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sc mw-list-item"><a href="https://sc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Islanda" title="Islanda – Sardinies" lang="sc" hreflang="sc" data-title="Islanda" data-language-autonym="Sardu" data-language-local-name="Sardinies" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sardu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-scn mw-list-item"><a href="https://scn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Islandia" title="Islandia – Sisiliaans" lang="scn" hreflang="scn" data-title="Islandia" data-language-autonym="Sicilianu" data-language-local-name="Sisiliaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sicilianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sco mw-list-item"><a href="https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iceland" title="Iceland – Skots" lang="sco" hreflang="sco" data-title="Iceland" data-language-autonym="Scots" data-language-local-name="Skots" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Scots</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sd mw-list-item"><a href="https://sd.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A2%D8%A6%D8%B3_%D9%84%D9%8A%D9%86%DA%8A" title="آئس لينڊ – Sindhi" lang="sd" hreflang="sd" data-title="آئس لينڊ" data-language-autonym="سنڌي" data-language-local-name="Sindhi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>سنڌي</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-se mw-list-item"><a href="https://se.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isl%C3%A1nda" title="Islánda – Noord-Sami" lang="se" hreflang="se" data-title="Islánda" data-language-autonym="Davvisámegiella" data-language-local-name="Noord-Sami" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Davvisámegiella</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sg mw-list-item"><a href="https://sg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isl%C3%A2nde" title="Islânde – Sango" lang="sg" hreflang="sg" data-title="Islânde" data-language-autonym="Sängö" data-language-local-name="Sango" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sängö</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Island" title="Island – Serwo-Kroaties" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Island" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serwo-Kroaties" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-shi mw-list-item"><a href="https://shi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ayslanda" title="Ayslanda – Tachelhit" lang="shi" hreflang="shi" data-title="Ayslanda" data-language-autonym="Taclḥit" data-language-local-name="Tachelhit" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Taclḥit</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-shn mw-list-item"><a href="https://shn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%99%E1%80%AD%E1%80%B0%E1%80%84%E1%80%BA%E1%80%B8%E1%80%A2%E1%81%A2%E1%82%86%E1%80%B8%E1%80%9E%E1%80%9C%E1%82%85%E1%81%BC%E1%80%BA%E1%82%87" title="မိူင်းဢၢႆးသလႅၼ်ႇ – Shan" lang="shn" hreflang="shn" data-title="မိူင်းဢၢႆးသလႅၼ်ႇ" data-language-autonym="တႆး" data-language-local-name="Shan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>တႆး</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-si mw-list-item"><a href="https://si.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B6%85%E0%B6%BA%E0%B7%92%E0%B7%83%E0%B7%8A%E0%B6%BD%E0%B6%B1%E0%B7%8A%E0%B6%AD%E0%B6%BA" title="අයිස්ලන්තය – Sinhala" lang="si" hreflang="si" data-title="අයිස්ලන්තය" data-language-autonym="සිංහල" data-language-local-name="Sinhala" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>සිංහල</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iceland" title="Iceland – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Iceland" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Island" title="Island – Slowaaks" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Island" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slowaaks" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-skr mw-list-item"><a href="https://skr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A2%D8%A6%D8%B3_%D9%84%DB%8C%D9%86%DA%88" title="آئس لینڈ – Saraiki" lang="skr" hreflang="skr" data-title="آئس لینڈ" data-language-autonym="سرائیکی" data-language-local-name="Saraiki" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>سرائیکی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Islandija" title="Islandija – Sloweens" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Islandija" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Sloweens" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sm mw-list-item"><a href="https://sm.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aiselani" title="Aiselani – Samoaans" lang="sm" hreflang="sm" data-title="Aiselani" data-language-autonym="Gagana Samoa" data-language-local-name="Samoaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gagana Samoa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-smn mw-list-item"><a href="https://smn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Island" title="Island – Inari Sami" lang="smn" hreflang="smn" data-title="Island" data-language-autonym="Anarâškielâ" data-language-local-name="Inari Sami" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Anarâškielâ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sn mw-list-item"><a href="https://sn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yisirandi" title="Yisirandi – Shona" lang="sn" hreflang="sn" data-title="Yisirandi" data-language-autonym="ChiShona" data-language-local-name="Shona" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ChiShona</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-so mw-list-item"><a href="https://so.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ayslaan" title="Ayslaan – Somalies" lang="so" hreflang="so" data-title="Ayslaan" data-language-autonym="Soomaaliga" data-language-local-name="Somalies" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Soomaaliga</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Islanda" title="Islanda – Albanees" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Islanda" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanees" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%98%D1%81%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B4" title="Исланд – Serwies" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Исланд" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serwies" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-srn mw-list-item"><a href="https://srn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Islenikondre" title="Islenikondre – Sranan Tongo" lang="srn" hreflang="srn" data-title="Islenikondre" data-language-autonym="Sranantongo" data-language-local-name="Sranan Tongo" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sranantongo</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ss mw-list-item"><a href="https://ss.wikipedia.org/wiki/Echweni" title="Echweni – Swazi" lang="ss" hreflang="ss" data-title="Echweni" data-language-autonym="SiSwati" data-language-local-name="Swazi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>SiSwati</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-st mw-list-item"><a href="https://st.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iceland" title="Iceland – Suid-Sotho" lang="st" hreflang="st" data-title="Iceland" data-language-autonym="Sesotho" data-language-local-name="Suid-Sotho" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sesotho</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-stq mw-list-item"><a href="https://stq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ieslound" title="Ieslound – Saterland Frisian" lang="stq" hreflang="stq" data-title="Ieslound" data-language-autonym="Seeltersk" data-language-local-name="Saterland Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Seeltersk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-su mw-list-item"><a href="https://su.wikipedia.org/wiki/Islandia" title="Islandia – Sundanees" lang="su" hreflang="su" data-title="Islandia" data-language-autonym="Sunda" data-language-local-name="Sundanees" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sunda</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Island" title="Island – Sweeds" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Island" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Sweeds" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isilandi" title="Isilandi – Swahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Isilandi" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="Swahili" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kiswahili</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-szl mw-list-item"><a href="https://szl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Islandyjo" title="Islandyjo – Silesies" lang="szl" hreflang="szl" data-title="Islandyjo" data-language-autonym="Ślůnski" data-language-local-name="Silesies" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ślůnski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-szy mw-list-item"><a href="https://szy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iceland" title="Iceland – Sakizaya" lang="szy" hreflang="szy" data-title="Iceland" data-language-autonym="Sakizaya" data-language-local-name="Sakizaya" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sakizaya</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%90%E0%AE%9A%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%B2%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%A8%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%A4%E0%AF%81" title="ஐசுலாந்து – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="ஐசுலாந்து" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tay mw-list-item"><a href="https://tay.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iceland" title="Iceland – Atayal" lang="tay" hreflang="tay" data-title="Iceland" data-language-autonym="Tayal" data-language-local-name="Atayal" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tayal</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-te mw-list-item"><a href="https://te.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B0%90%E0%B0%B8%E0%B1%8D%E2%80%8C%E0%B0%B2%E0%B0%BE%E0%B0%82%E0%B0%A1%E0%B1%8D" title="ఐస్‌లాండ్ – Teloegoe" lang="te" hreflang="te" data-title="ఐస్‌లాండ్" data-language-autonym="తెలుగు" data-language-local-name="Teloegoe" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>తెలుగు</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tet mw-list-item"><a href="https://tet.wikipedia.org/wiki/Izl%C3%A1ndia" title="Izlándia – Tetoem" lang="tet" hreflang="tet" data-title="Izlándia" data-language-autonym="Tetun" data-language-local-name="Tetoem" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tetun</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tg mw-list-item"><a href="https://tg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%98%D1%81%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B4%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Исландия – Tadjiks" lang="tg" hreflang="tg" data-title="Исландия" data-language-autonym="Тоҷикӣ" data-language-local-name="Tadjiks" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Тоҷикӣ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="good article badge"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%9B%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B0%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%97%E0%B8%A8%E0%B9%84%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%8B%E0%B9%8C%E0%B9%81%E0%B8%A5%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%94%E0%B9%8C" title="ประเทศไอซ์แลนด์ – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="ประเทศไอซ์แลนด์" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tk mw-list-item"><a href="https://tk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Islandi%C3%BDa" title="Islandiýa – Turkmeens" lang="tk" hreflang="tk" data-title="Islandiýa" data-language-autonym="Türkmençe" data-language-local-name="Turkmeens" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkmençe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iceland" title="Iceland – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Iceland" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tagalog</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tly mw-list-item"><a href="https://tly.wikipedia.org/wiki/Islandij%C9%99" title="Islandijə – Talysh" lang="tly" hreflang="tly" data-title="Islandijə" data-language-autonym="Tolışi" data-language-local-name="Talysh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tolışi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-to mw-list-item"><a href="https://to.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CA%BBAisilani" title="ʻAisilani – Tongaans" lang="to" hreflang="to" data-title="ʻAisilani" data-language-autonym="Lea faka-Tonga" data-language-local-name="Tongaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lea faka-Tonga</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tpi mw-list-item"><a href="https://tpi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aislan" title="Aislan – Tok Pisin" lang="tpi" hreflang="tpi" data-title="Aislan" data-language-autonym="Tok Pisin" data-language-local-name="Tok Pisin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tok Pisin</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%B0zlanda" title="İzlanda – Turks" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="İzlanda" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turks" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-trv mw-list-item"><a href="https://trv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iceland" title="Iceland – Taroko" lang="trv" hreflang="trv" data-title="Iceland" data-language-autonym="Seediq" data-language-local-name="Taroko" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Seediq</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ts mw-list-item"><a href="https://ts.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iceland" title="Iceland – Tsonga" lang="ts" hreflang="ts" data-title="Iceland" data-language-autonym="Xitsonga" data-language-local-name="Tsonga" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Xitsonga</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tt mw-list-item"><a href="https://tt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%98%D1%81%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B4%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Исландия – Tataars" lang="tt" hreflang="tt" data-title="Исландия" data-language-autonym="Татарча / tatarça" data-language-local-name="Tataars" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Татарча / tatarça</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tum mw-list-item"><a href="https://tum.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iceland" title="Iceland – Toemboeka" lang="tum" hreflang="tum" data-title="Iceland" data-language-autonym="ChiTumbuka" data-language-local-name="Toemboeka" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ChiTumbuka</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tyv mw-list-item"><a href="https://tyv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%98%D1%81%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B4%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Исландия – Tuvinees" lang="tyv" hreflang="tyv" data-title="Исландия" data-language-autonym="Тыва дыл" data-language-local-name="Tuvinees" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Тыва дыл</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-udm mw-list-item"><a href="https://udm.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%98%D1%81%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B4%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Исландия – Udmurt" lang="udm" hreflang="udm" data-title="Исландия" data-language-autonym="Удмурт" data-language-local-name="Udmurt" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Удмурт</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ug mw-list-item"><a href="https://ug.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A6%D9%89%D8%B3%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%AF%D9%89%D9%8A%DB%95" title="ئىسلاندىيە – Uighur" lang="ug" hreflang="ug" data-title="ئىسلاندىيە" data-language-autonym="ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche" data-language-local-name="Uighur" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%86%D1%81%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B4%D1%96%D1%8F" title="Ісландія – Oekraïens" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Ісландія" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Oekraïens" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A2%D8%A6%D8%B3_%D9%84%DB%8C%D9%86%DA%88" title="آئس لینڈ – Oerdoe" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="آئس لینڈ" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Oerdoe" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Islandiya" title="Islandiya – Oesbekies" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Islandiya" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Oesbekies" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vec mw-list-item"><a href="https://vec.wikipedia.org/wiki/Islanda" title="Islanda – Venesiaans" lang="vec" hreflang="vec" data-title="Islanda" data-language-autonym="Vèneto" data-language-local-name="Venesiaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Vèneto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vep mw-list-item"><a href="https://vep.wikipedia.org/wiki/Islandii" title="Islandii – Veps" lang="vep" hreflang="vep" data-title="Islandii" data-language-autonym="Vepsän kel’" data-language-local-name="Veps" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Vepsän kel’</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iceland" title="Iceland – Viëtnamees" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Iceland" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Viëtnamees" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vls badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="voorbladartikel"><a href="https://vls.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ysland" title="Ysland – West Flemish" lang="vls" hreflang="vls" data-title="Ysland" data-language-autonym="West-Vlams" data-language-local-name="West Flemish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>West-Vlams</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vo mw-list-item"><a href="https://vo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lislade%C3%A4n" title="Lisladeän – Volapük" lang="vo" hreflang="vo" data-title="Lisladeän" data-language-autonym="Volapük" data-language-local-name="Volapük" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Volapük</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wa mw-list-item"><a href="https://wa.wikipedia.org/wiki/Izlande" title="Izlande – Walloon" lang="wa" hreflang="wa" data-title="Izlande" data-language-autonym="Walon" data-language-local-name="Walloon" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Walon</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Islandya" title="Islandya – Waray" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="Islandya" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="Waray" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Winaray</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wo mw-list-item"><a href="https://wo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Islaand" title="Islaand – Wolof" lang="wo" hreflang="wo" data-title="Islaand" data-language-autonym="Wolof" data-language-local-name="Wolof" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Wolof</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%86%B0%E5%B2%9B" title="冰岛 – Wu-Sjinees" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="冰岛" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu-Sjinees" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xh mw-list-item"><a href="https://xh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ayisilend" title="Ayisilend – Xhosa" lang="xh" hreflang="xh" data-title="Ayisilend" data-language-autonym="IsiXhosa" data-language-local-name="Xhosa" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>IsiXhosa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xmf mw-list-item"><a href="https://xmf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%98%E1%83%A1%E1%83%9A%E1%83%90%E1%83%9C%E1%83%93%E1%83%98%E1%83%90" title="ისლანდია – Mingrelian" lang="xmf" hreflang="xmf" data-title="ისლანდია" data-language-autonym="მარგალური" data-language-local-name="Mingrelian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>მარგალური</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yi mw-list-item"><a href="https://yi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%90%D7%99%D7%A1%D7%9C%D7%90%D7%A0%D7%93" title="איסלאנד – Jiddisj" lang="yi" hreflang="yi" data-title="איסלאנד" data-language-autonym="ייִדיש" data-language-local-name="Jiddisj" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ייִדיש</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yo mw-list-item"><a href="https://yo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%8Dsl%C3%A1nd%C3%AC" title="Íslándì – Joroeba" lang="yo" hreflang="yo" data-title="Íslándì" data-language-autonym="Yorùbá" data-language-local-name="Joroeba" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Yorùbá</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-za mw-list-item"><a href="https://za.wikipedia.org/wiki/Binghdauj" title="Binghdauj – Zhuang" lang="za" hreflang="za" data-title="Binghdauj" data-language-autonym="Vahcuengh" data-language-local-name="Zhuang" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Vahcuengh</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zea mw-list-item"><a href="https://zea.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iesland" title="Iesland – Zeelandic" lang="zea" hreflang="zea" data-title="Iesland" data-language-autonym="Zeêuws" data-language-local-name="Zeelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Zeêuws</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zgh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zgh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E2%B5%89%E2%B5%99%E2%B5%8D%E2%B4%B0%E2%B5%8F%E2%B4%B7%E2%B4%B0" title="ⵉⵙⵍⴰⵏⴷⴰ – Standaard Marokkaanse Tamazight" lang="zgh" hreflang="zgh" data-title="ⵉⵙⵍⴰⵏⴷⴰ" data-language-autonym="ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵜ ⵜⴰⵏⴰⵡⴰⵢⵜ" data-language-local-name="Standaard Marokkaanse Tamazight" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵜ ⵜⴰⵏⴰⵡⴰⵢⵜ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%86%B0%E5%B2%9B" title="冰岛 – Chinees" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="冰岛" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinees" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-classical mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-classical.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%86%B0%E5%B3%B6" title="冰島 – Literary Chinese" lang="lzh" hreflang="lzh" data-title="冰島" data-language-autonym="文言" data-language-local-name="Literary Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>文言</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peng-t%C3%B3" title="Peng-tó – Min Nan-Sjinees" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Peng-tó" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Min Nan-Sjinees" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%86%B0%E5%B3%B6" title="冰島 – Kantonees" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="冰島" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Kantonees" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zu mw-list-item"><a href="https://zu.wikipedia.org/wiki/I-Ayisilandi" title="I-Ayisilandi – Zoeloe" lang="zu" hreflang="zu" data-title="I-Ayisilandi" data-language-autonym="IsiZulu" data-language-local-name="Zoeloe" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>IsiZulu</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q189#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Wysig skakels tussen tale" class="wbc-editpage">Wysig skakels</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Naamruimtes"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-nstab-main" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Ysland" title="Bekyk die inhoudbladsy [c]" accesskey="c"><span>Bladsy</span></a></li><li id="ca-talk" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Bespreking:Ysland" rel="discussion" title="Bespreking oor die inhoudbladsy [t]" accesskey="t"><span>Bespreking</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown emptyPortlet" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Verander taalvariant" > <label id="vector-variants-dropdown-label" for="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Afrikaans</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-variants" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-variants emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> <div id="right-navigation" class="vector-collapsible"> <nav aria-label="Weergawes"> <div id="p-views" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-views" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-view" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Ysland"><span>Lees</span></a></li><li id="ca-ve-edit" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ysland&veaction=edit" title="Redigeer hierdie bladsy [v]" accesskey="v"><span>Wysig</span></a></li><li id="ca-edit" class="collapsible vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ysland&action=edit" title="Wysig die bladsy se bonkode [e]" accesskey="e"><span>Wysig bron</span></a></li><li id="ca-history" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ysland&action=history" title="Ouer weergawes van hierdie bladsy [h]" accesskey="h"><span>Wys geskiedenis</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Page tools"> <div id="vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-tools-dropdown" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Gereedskap" > <label id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-label" for="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Gereedskap</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> <div id="vector-page-tools" class="vector-page-tools vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-page-tools-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-unpinned" data-feature-name="page-tools-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-page-tools" data-pinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Gereedskap</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.pin">skuif na kantbalk</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.unpin">versteek</button> </div> <div id="p-cactions" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-cactions emptyPortlet vector-has-collapsible-items" title="More options" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Actions </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-more-view" class="selected vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Ysland"><span>Lees</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-ve-edit" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ysland&veaction=edit" title="Redigeer hierdie bladsy [v]" accesskey="v"><span>Wysig</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-edit" class="collapsible vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ysland&action=edit" title="Wysig die bladsy se bonkode [e]" accesskey="e"><span>Wysig bron</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-history" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ysland&action=history"><span>Wys geskiedenis</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-tb" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-tb" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Algemeen </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="t-whatlinkshere" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Spesiaal:Skakels_hierheen/Ysland" title="'n Lys bladsye wat hierheen skakel [j]" accesskey="j"><span>Skakels hierheen</span></a></li><li id="t-recentchangeslinked" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Spesiaal:OnlangseVeranderingsMetSkakels/Ysland" rel="nofollow" title="Onlangse wysigings aan bladsye wat vanaf hierdie bladsy geskakel is [k]" accesskey="k"><span>Verwante veranderings</span></a></li><li id="t-permalink" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ysland&oldid=2740024" title="'n Permanente skakel na hierdie weergawe van die bladsy"><span>Permanente skakel</span></a></li><li id="t-info" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ysland&action=info" title="More information about this page"><span>Bladinligting</span></a></li><li id="t-cite" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Spesiaal:CiteThisPage&page=Ysland&id=2740024&wpFormIdentifier=titleform" title="Inligting oor hoe u hierdie bladsy kan verwys"><span>Haal dié blad aan</span></a></li><li id="t-urlshortener" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Spesiaal:UrlShortener&url=https%3A%2F%2Faf.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FYsland"><span>Kry verkorte URL</span></a></li><li id="t-urlshortener-qrcode" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Spesiaal:QrCode&url=https%3A%2F%2Faf.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FYsland"><span>Laai QR-kode af</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-coll-print_export" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-coll-print_export" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Druk/uitvoer </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="coll-create_a_book" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Spesiaal:Boek&bookcmd=book_creator&referer=Ysland"><span>Skep boek</span></a></li><li id="coll-download-as-rl" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Spesiaal:DownloadAsPdf&page=Ysland&action=show-download-screen"><span>Laai af as PDF</span></a></li><li id="t-print" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ysland&printable=yes" title="Drukbare weergawe van hierdie bladsy [p]" accesskey="p"><span>Drukbare weergawe</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-wikibase-otherprojects" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-wikibase-otherprojects" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Ander projekte </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-commons mw-list-item"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/%C3%8Dsland" hreflang="en"><span>Wikimedia Commons</span></a></li><li id="t-wikibase" class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-wikibase-dataitem mw-list-item"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q189" title="Skakel na gekonnekteerde databank item [g]" accesskey="g"><span>Wikidata-item</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-column-end"> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Page tools"> <div id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Voorkoms"> <div id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-appearance" class="vector-appearance vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-appearance-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="appearance-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-appearance" data-pinned-container-id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Voorkoms</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.pin">skuif na kantbalk</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.unpin">versteek</button> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">in Wikipedia, die vrye ensiklopedie</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="af" dir="ltr"><table class="infobox bordered" cellpadding="4" style="width: 250px; font-size: 88%;"> <caption style="margin-left: inherit; font-size: 120%;">Ysland<br /><small><i>Ísland</i> (<a href="/wiki/Yslands" title="Yslands">Yslands</a>)</small> </caption> <tbody><tr> <td colspan="2"> <table style="text-align: center; margin: 0 auto; background: none;"> <tbody><tr> <td style="border: 0; vertical-align: middle; font-size: 95%;"><span style="border: 1px solid #bbbbbb; display: table-cell;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/L%C3%AAer:Flag_of_Iceland.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Vlag van Ysland"><img alt="Vlag van Ysland" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/Flag_of_Iceland.svg/250px-Flag_of_Iceland.svg.png" decoding="async" width="125" height="90" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1250" data-file-height="900" /></a></span></span> </td> <td style="border: 0; vertical-align: middle;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/L%C3%AAer:Coat_of_arms_of_Iceland.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Wapen van Ysland"><img alt="Wapen van Ysland" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/90/Coat_of_arms_of_Iceland.svg/120px-Coat_of_arms_of_Iceland.svg.png" decoding="async" width="85" height="88" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/90/Coat_of_arms_of_Iceland.svg/250px-Coat_of_arms_of_Iceland.svg.png 1.5x" data-file-width="844" data-file-height="870" /></a></span> </td></tr> <tr style="font-size: 95%;"> <td style="border: 0;"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Vlag_van_Ysland&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Vlag van Ysland (bladsy bestaan nie)">Vlag</a> </td> <td style="border: 0;"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Wapen_van_Ysland&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Wapen van Ysland (bladsy bestaan nie)">Wapen</a> </td></tr></tbody></table> </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="font-size: 95%; text-align: center;"><a href="/wiki/Volkslied" title="Volkslied">Volkslied</a>: <i><a href="/wiki/Lofs%C3%B6ngur" title="Lofsöngur">Lofsöngur</a></i><br /><small>(<i><a href="/wiki/Yslands" title="Yslands">Yslands</a> vir: "Lofsang")</i></small><br /><center><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File"><span><audio id="mwe_player_0" controls="" preload="none" data-mw-tmh="" class="mw-file-element" width="220" style="width:220px;" data-durationhint="100" data-mwtitle="Lofsöngur.ogg" data-mwprovider="wikimediacommons"><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/4/4b/Lofs%C3%B6ngur.ogg/Lofs%C3%B6ngur.ogg.mp3" type="audio/mpeg" data-transcodekey="mp3" data-width="0" data-height="0" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4b/Lofs%C3%B6ngur.ogg" type="audio/ogg; codecs="vorbis"" data-width="0" data-height="0" /><track src="https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/api.php?action=timedtext&title=File%3ALofs%C3%B6ngur.ogg&lang=bbc-latn&trackformat=vtt&origin=%2A" kind="subtitles" type="text/vtt" srclang="bbc-Latn" label="Batak Toba ‪(bbc-latn)‬" data-dir="ltr" /><track src="https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/api.php?action=timedtext&title=File%3ALofs%C3%B6ngur.ogg&lang=de&trackformat=vtt&origin=%2A" kind="subtitles" type="text/vtt" srclang="de" label="Deutsch ‪(de)‬" data-dir="ltr" /><track src="https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/api.php?action=timedtext&title=File%3ALofs%C3%B6ngur.ogg&lang=en&trackformat=vtt&origin=%2A" kind="subtitles" type="text/vtt" srclang="en" label="English ‪(en)‬" data-dir="ltr" /><track src="https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/api.php?action=timedtext&title=File%3ALofs%C3%B6ngur.ogg&lang=fo&trackformat=vtt&origin=%2A" kind="subtitles" type="text/vtt" srclang="fo" label="føroyskt ‪(fo)‬" data-dir="ltr" /><track 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src="https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/api.php?action=timedtext&title=File%3ALofs%C3%B6ngur.ogg&lang=pt&trackformat=vtt&origin=%2A" kind="subtitles" type="text/vtt" srclang="pt" label="português ‪(pt)‬" data-dir="ltr" /><track src="https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/api.php?action=timedtext&title=File%3ALofs%C3%B6ngur.ogg&lang=uk&trackformat=vtt&origin=%2A" kind="subtitles" type="text/vtt" srclang="uk" label="українська ‪(uk)‬" data-dir="ltr" /><track src="https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/api.php?action=timedtext&title=File%3ALofs%C3%B6ngur.ogg&lang=vi&trackformat=vtt&origin=%2A" kind="subtitles" type="text/vtt" srclang="vi" label="Tiếng Việt ‪(vi)‬" data-dir="ltr" /><track src="https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/api.php?action=timedtext&title=File%3ALofs%C3%B6ngur.ogg&lang=zh-tw&trackformat=vtt&origin=%2A" kind="subtitles" type="text/vtt" srclang="zh-Hant-TW" label="中文（臺灣） ‪(zh-tw)‬" data-dir="ltr" /></audio></span></span></center> </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="text-align: center; background: white;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/L%C3%AAer:Europe-Iceland.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Ligging van Ysland"><img alt="Ligging van Ysland" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/Europe-Iceland.svg/250px-Europe-Iceland.svg.png" decoding="async" width="250" height="210" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/Europe-Iceland.svg/500px-Europe-Iceland.svg.png 1.5x" data-file-width="2045" data-file-height="1720" /></a></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td><b><a href="/wiki/Hoofstad" title="Hoofstad">Hoofstad</a></b> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Reykjavik" title="Reykjavik">Reykjavik</a> <p><span class="geo-inline"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r2670708">.mw-parser-output .geo-default,.mw-parser-output .geo-dms,.mw-parser-output .geo-dec{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .geo-nondefault,.mw-parser-output .geo-multi-punct,.mw-parser-output .geo-inline-hidden{display:none}.mw-parser-output .longitude,.mw-parser-output .latitude{white-space:nowrap}</style><span class="plainlinks nourlexpansion load-gadget" data-gadget="WikiMiniAtlas"><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Ysland&language=af&params=64_08_N_21_56_W_"><span class="geo-default"><span class="geo-dms" title="Kaarte, lugfoto's, en ander data vir hierdie plek"><span class="latitude">64°08′N</span> <span class="longitude">21°56′W</span></span></span><span class="geo-multi-punct"> / </span><span class="geo-nondefault"><span class="geo-dec" title="Kaarte, lugfoto's, en ander data vir hierdie plek">64.133°N 21.933°W</span><span style="display:none"> / <span class="geo">64.133; -21.933</span></span></span></a></span></span> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td><b>Grootste stad</b> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Reykjavik" title="Reykjavik">Reykjavik</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><b><a href="/wiki/Amptelike_taal" title="Amptelike taal">Amptelike tale</a></b> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Yslands" title="Yslands">Yslands</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="white-space: nowrap;"><b><a href="/wiki/Lys_van_lande_volgens_regeringstipe" title="Lys van lande volgens regeringstipe">Regering</a></b> <div style="text-align: left;"><br />• <a href="/wiki/President" title="President">President</a><br />• <a href="/wiki/Eerste_minister" title="Eerste minister">Eerste minister</a></div> </td> <td style="white-space: nowrap;">Unitêre parlementêre<br />grondwetlike <a href="/wiki/Republiek" title="Republiek">republiek</a><br /><a href="/w/index.php?title=Halla_T%C3%B3masd%C3%B3ttir&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Halla Tómasdóttir (bladsy bestaan nie)">Halla Tómasdóttir</a><br /><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kristr%C3%BAn_Frostad%C3%B3ttir&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kristrún Frostadóttir (bladsy bestaan nie)">Kristrún Frostadóttir</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="white-space: nowrap;"><b><a href="/wiki/Lys_van_lande_volgens_onafhanklikheidsdatum" title="Lys van lande volgens onafhanklikheidsdatum">Onafhanklikheid</a></b> <div style="text-align: left;">Vorming<br />• Vestiging<br />• Yslandse Statebond<br />• Unie met Noorweë<br />• <a href="/wiki/Kalmarunie" title="Kalmarunie">Kalmarunie</a><br />• <a href="/wiki/Denemarke" title="Denemarke">Denemarke</a>-<a href="/wiki/Noorwe%C3%AB" title="Noorweë">Noorweë</a><br />• Verdrag van Kiel<br />• Beperkte selfregering<br />• Uitgebreide selfregering<br />• Koninkryk<br />• Republiek</div> </td> <td style="white-space: nowrap;"><br /><br /><a href="/wiki/9de_eeu" title="9de eeu">9de eeu</a><br /><a href="/wiki/930" title="930">930</a>–<a href="/wiki/1262" title="1262">1262</a><br /><a href="/wiki/1262" title="1262">1262</a>–<a href="/wiki/1814" title="1814">1814</a><br /><a href="/wiki/1397" title="1397">1397</a>–<a href="/wiki/1523" title="1523">1523</a><br /><a href="/wiki/1523" title="1523">1523</a>–<a href="/wiki/1814" title="1814">1814</a><br /><a href="/wiki/14_Januarie" title="14 Januarie">14 Januarie</a> <a href="/wiki/1814" title="1814">1814</a><br /><a href="/wiki/5_Januarie" title="5 Januarie">5 Januarie</a> <a href="/wiki/1874" title="1874">1874</a><br /><a href="/wiki/1_Februarie" title="1 Februarie">1 Februarie</a> <a href="/wiki/1904" title="1904">1904</a><br /><a href="/wiki/1_Desember" title="1 Desember">1 Desember</a> <a href="/wiki/1918" title="1918">1918</a><br /><a href="/wiki/17_Junie" title="17 Junie">17 Junie</a> <a href="/wiki/1944" title="1944">1944</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><b><a href="/wiki/Oppervlakte" title="Oppervlakte">Oppervlakte</a></b><br /> - Totaal<br /> <br /> - Water (%) </td> <td> <br /> 102 775<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> km<sup>2</sup>  (<a href="/wiki/Lys_van_lande_volgens_oppervlak" title="Lys van lande volgens oppervlak">106<sup>de</sup></a>)<br />39 682 myl<sup>2</sup><br />2,07 (2015)<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="white-space: nowrap;"><b><a href="/wiki/Lys_van_lande_volgens_bevolking" title="Lys van lande volgens bevolking">Bevolking</a></b><br /> - 2024-skatting<br /> - 2024-sensus<br /> - <a href="/wiki/Bevolkingsdigtheid" title="Bevolkingsdigtheid">Digtheid</a> </td> <td> <br />383 726<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> (<a href="/wiki/Lys_van_lande_volgens_bevolking" title="Lys van lande volgens bevolking">171<sup>ste</sup></a>)<br />404 994<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><br />3,73 / km<sup>2</sup> (<a href="/wiki/Lys_van_lande_volgens_bevolkingsdigtheid" title="Lys van lande volgens bevolkingsdigtheid">240<sup>ste</sup></a>)<br />9,67 / myl<sup>2</sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="white-space: nowrap;"><b><a href="/wiki/Bruto_binnelandse_produk" title="Bruto binnelandse produk">BBP</a></b> (<a href="/wiki/Koopkragpariteit" title="Koopkragpariteit">KKP</a>)<br /> - Totaal<br /> - Per capita </td> <td><a href="/wiki/2024" title="2024">2024</a>-skatting<br /> <p>$30,241 miljard<sup id="cite_ref-imf2_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-imf2-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> (<a href="/wiki/Lys_van_lande_volgens_BBP_(Koopkragpariteit)" title="Lys van lande volgens BBP (Koopkragpariteit)">152<sup>ste</sup></a>)<br />$78 808<sup id="cite_ref-imf2_5-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-imf2-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Lys_van_lande_volgens_BBP_(Koopkragpariteit)_per_capita" class="mw-redirect" title="Lys van lande volgens BBP (Koopkragpariteit) per capita">(15<sup>de</sup>)</a> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="white-space: nowrap;"><b><a href="/wiki/Lys_van_lande_volgens_BBP_(nominaal)" title="Lys van lande volgens BBP (nominaal)">BBP</a></b> (nominaal)<br /> - Totaal<br /> - Per capita </td> <td><a href="/wiki/2024" title="2024">2024</a>-skatting<br /> <p>$32,919 miljard<sup id="cite_ref-imf2_5-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-imf2-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> (<a href="/wiki/Lys_van_lande_volgens_BBP_(nominaal)" title="Lys van lande volgens BBP (nominaal)">109<sup>de</sup></a>)<br />$85 787<sup id="cite_ref-imf2_5-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-imf2-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Lys_van_lande_volgens_BBP_(nominaal)_per_capita" title="Lys van lande volgens BBP (nominaal) per capita">(8<sup>ste</sup>)</a> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="white-space: nowrap;"><b><a href="/wiki/Menslike_ontwikkelingsindeks" class="mw-redirect" title="Menslike ontwikkelingsindeks">MOI</a></b> (<a href="/wiki/2022" title="2022">2022</a>) </td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/L%C3%AAer:Green_Arrow_Up_Darker.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8b/Green_Arrow_Up_Darker.svg/10px-Green_Arrow_Up_Darker.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8b/Green_Arrow_Up_Darker.svg/15px-Green_Arrow_Up_Darker.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8b/Green_Arrow_Up_Darker.svg/20px-Green_Arrow_Up_Darker.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="700" data-file-height="700" /></a></span> 0,959<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> (<a href="/wiki/Lys_van_lande_volgens_Menslike_Ontwikkelingsindeks" class="mw-redirect" title="Lys van lande volgens Menslike Ontwikkelingsindeks">3<sup>de</sup></a>)  –  <span style="color:#090">baie hoog</span> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="white-space: nowrap;"><b><a href="/wiki/Gini-ko%C3%ABffisi%C3%ABnt" title="Gini-koëffisiënt">Gini</a></b> (<a href="/wiki/2020" title="2020">2020</a>) </td> <td>24,0<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>(<a href="/w/index.php?title=Lys_van_lande_volgens_Gini&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Lys van lande volgens Gini (bladsy bestaan nie)">2<sup>de</sup></a>) –  <span style="color:#090">laag</span> </td></tr> <tr> <td><b><a href="/wiki/Geld" title="Geld">Geldeenheid</a></b> </td> <td style="white-space: nowrap;"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Yslandse_kr%C3%B3na&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Yslandse króna (bladsy bestaan nie)">Króna</a> (<code><a href="/wiki/ISO_4217" title="ISO 4217">ISK</a></code>) </td></tr> <tr> <td><b><a href="/wiki/Tydsone" title="Tydsone">Tydsone</a></b><br /> - <a href="/wiki/Somertyd" title="Somertyd">Somertyd</a> </td> <td>WET (<a href="/wiki/Geko%C3%B6rdineerde_Universele_Tyd" title="Gekoördineerde Universele Tyd">UTC</a><a href="/wiki/UTC%C2%B100:00" title="UTC±00:00">±00</a>)<br />nie toegepas nie (<a href="/wiki/Geko%C3%B6rdineerde_Universele_Tyd" title="Gekoördineerde Universele Tyd">UTC</a><a href="/wiki/UTC%C2%B100:00" title="UTC±00:00">±00</a>) </td></tr> <tr> <td><b><a href="/wiki/Lys_van_Internettopvlakdomeine" title="Lys van Internettopvlakdomeine">Internet-TLD</a></b> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/.is" title=".is">.is</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><b><a href="/wiki/Lys_van_landskakelkodes" title="Lys van landskakelkodes">Skakelkode</a></b> </td> <td>+354 </td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Ysland</b> (<a href="/wiki/Yslands" title="Yslands">Yslands</a>: <i>Ísland</i>, [ˈistlant], <span class="metadata"><span class="unicode audiolink"><a href="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/9/9f/Is-%C3%8Dsland.ogg" class="internal" title="Is-Ísland.ogg">luister</a></span> <span class="audiolinkinfo"><small>(<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Mediahulp" title="Wikipedia:Mediahulp">hulp</a>·<a href="/wiki/L%C3%AAer:Is-%C3%8Dsland.ogg" title="Lêer:Is-Ísland.ogg">inligting</a>)</small></span></span>) is 'n <a href="/wiki/Europa" title="Europa">Europese</a> <a href="/wiki/Eilandstaat" title="Eilandstaat">eilandstaat</a> tussen <a href="/wiki/Groenland" title="Groenland">Groenland</a> en die vasteland van Europa. Met 'n oppervlakte van 102 775 vierkante kilometer en 'n bevolking van omtrent 384 000 is Ysland die kleinste en, vanweë sy ligging in die Noord-<a href="/wiki/Atlantiese_Oseaan" title="Atlantiese Oseaan">Atlantiese Oseaan</a> ver van die Europese vasteland af, ook die mees geïsoleerde van die Nordiese of <a href="/wiki/Skandinawi%C3%AB" title="Skandinawië">Skandinawiese</a> lande. Sestig persent van die Yslandse bevolking is in die metropolitaanse gebied van die hoofstad <a href="/wiki/Reykjavik" title="Reykjavik">Reykjavik</a> in die suidweste van die land gekonsentreer. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/L%C3%AAer:Surtsey_eruption_1963.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/Surtsey_eruption_1963.jpg/220px-Surtsey_eruption_1963.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="146" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/Surtsey_eruption_1963.jpg/330px-Surtsey_eruption_1963.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/Surtsey_eruption_1963.jpg/440px-Surtsey_eruption_1963.jpg 2x" data-file-width="982" data-file-height="652" /></a><figcaption>Die nuwe eiland Surtsey in 1963, sestien dae nadat 'n seevulkaan uitgebars en die eiland uit die see begin opstyg het</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/L%C3%AAer:Thrihnukagigur_Iceland_2.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/30/Thrihnukagigur_Iceland_2.jpg/250px-Thrihnukagigur_Iceland_2.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/30/Thrihnukagigur_Iceland_2.jpg/330px-Thrihnukagigur_Iceland_2.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/30/Thrihnukagigur_Iceland_2.jpg/500px-Thrihnukagigur_Iceland_2.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4592" data-file-height="3448" /></a><figcaption>Die vulkaan Þríhnúkagígur se magmakamer is die enigste op aarde wat begaanbaar is. 'n Kabelkar neem besoekers na benede</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/L%C3%AAer:Thrihnukagigur_volcano,_surroundings_(7852402024).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d8/Thrihnukagigur_volcano%2C_surroundings_%287852402024%29.jpg/250px-Thrihnukagigur_volcano%2C_surroundings_%287852402024%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d8/Thrihnukagigur_volcano%2C_surroundings_%287852402024%29.jpg/330px-Thrihnukagigur_volcano%2C_surroundings_%287852402024%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d8/Thrihnukagigur_volcano%2C_surroundings_%287852402024%29.jpg/500px-Thrihnukagigur_volcano%2C_surroundings_%287852402024%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3648" data-file-height="2736" /></a><figcaption>Die omgewing van Þríhnúkagígur</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/L%C3%AAer:Sauetransport.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e3/Sauetransport.jpg/250px-Sauetransport.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e3/Sauetransport.jpg/330px-Sauetransport.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e3/Sauetransport.jpg/500px-Sauetransport.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5616" data-file-height="3744" /></a><figcaption>Wol op wiele</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/L%C3%AAer:Rescued_near_Dettifoss!_(16468770092).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/18/Rescued_near_Dettifoss%21_%2816468770092%29.jpg/220px-Rescued_near_Dettifoss%21_%2816468770092%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="135" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/18/Rescued_near_Dettifoss%21_%2816468770092%29.jpg/330px-Rescued_near_Dettifoss%21_%2816468770092%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/18/Rescued_near_Dettifoss%21_%2816468770092%29.jpg/440px-Rescued_near_Dettifoss%21_%2816468770092%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4512" data-file-height="2762" /></a><figcaption>Padnoodhulp naby Dettifoss</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/L%C3%AAer:Before_The_Storm_(184089703).jpeg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7c/Before_The_Storm_%28184089703%29.jpeg/220px-Before_The_Storm_%28184089703%29.jpeg" decoding="async" width="220" height="146" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7c/Before_The_Storm_%28184089703%29.jpeg/330px-Before_The_Storm_%28184089703%29.jpeg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7c/Before_The_Storm_%28184089703%29.jpeg/440px-Before_The_Storm_%28184089703%29.jpeg 2x" data-file-width="2000" data-file-height="1329" /></a><figcaption>Stormwolke begin saampak in November</figcaption></figure> <p>Ysland is die grootste <a href="/wiki/Vulkaan" title="Vulkaan">vulkaaneiland</a> ter wêreld, die tweede grootste eiland in Europa (ná <a href="/wiki/Groot-Brittanje" title="Groot-Brittanje">Groot-Brittanje</a>) en ook die mees ylbevolkte land van Europa.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Alhoewel Ysland in politieke opsig deel uitmaak van Europa, lê die eiland op die geologiese grenslyn tussen Europa en <a href="/wiki/Noord-Amerika" title="Noord-Amerika">Noord-Amerika</a>, die Mid-Atlantiese Rug (MAR). Ysland het sy ontstaan dan ook aan vulkaniese uitvloeisels van hierdie rif te danke. Die aardkors breek hier op en die rif groei nog steeds jaarliks met enkele sentimeters. </p><p>'n Gordel van onlangs aktiewe vulkane en <a href="/wiki/Geologiese_breuke" title="Geologiese breuke">breuke</a> in die aardkors loop dwarsdeur die eiland, van Axafjördur in die noorde tot by die eilandgroep Vestmannaeyjar in die suide. 'n Vertakking van hierdie gordel loop tot by Reykjanes, terwyl die skiereiland Snæfellsnes in Wes-Ysland deur 'n vulkaniese buitesone omring word. In die afgelope 1100 jaar sedert die Noorse volksplanting op die eiland was daar tussen 150 en 200 vulkaanuitbarstings in die aktiewe sones, en op sommige plekke het selfs aansienlike vulkaankeëls gevorm. </p><p>Die vulkaan <a href="/wiki/Hekla" title="Hekla">Hekla</a> in die suidweste het in die tydperk tussen 1100 en 1970 ten minste vyftien keer uitgebars. Gedurende argeologiese opgrawings is vroeë boerderye ontdek wat onder Hekla se aswolke begrawe was. 'n Hewige uitbarsting in die jaar 1783 het weiland en vee grootskaals verniel en in die hongersnood, wat op die natuurramp gevolg het, het sowat 'n kwart van die destydse Yslandse bevolking gesterf. Onlangse vulkaanuitbarstings het onder meer in 1963 'n nuwe eiland, Surtsey, langs die suidweskus laat ontstaan, terwyl die stad Vestmannaeyjar-Karpstadur op die nabygeleë eiland Heimaey net tien jaar later gedeeltelik verwoes is. </p><p>Ysland was onbewoon tot teen die 9de eeu, toe Kelties-Britanniese en Wiking-setlaars hulle as boere op die eiland gevestig het. Ysland het die langste demokratiese tradisie van alle lande ter wêreld met 'n vroeë parlement, die <i>Alþingi</i>, wat uit die jaar 930 dateer. </p><p>Ysland was aanvanklik 'n Noorse besitting en het later 'n deel van die Deense koninkryk gevorm. In 1918 het die land 'n selfregerende gebied geword en in 1944 'n onafhanklike republiek met 'n direk verkose president. Die land is lid van die Noord-Atlantiese Verdragsorganisasie (<a href="/wiki/NAVO" title="NAVO">NAVO</a>). </p><p>In ekonomiese opsig het die land van 'n geïsoleerde agrariese gemeenskap tot 'n hoëtegnologie-ekonomie ontwikkel wat vir sy burgers 'n baie hoë lewenstandaard verseker. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Etimologie">Etimologie</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ysland&veaction=edit&section=1" title="Wysig afdeling: Etimologie" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>wysig</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ysland&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section's source code: Etimologie"><span>wysig bron</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/L%C3%AAer:Norsemen_Landing_in_Iceland.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/Norsemen_Landing_in_Iceland.jpg/220px-Norsemen_Landing_in_Iceland.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/Norsemen_Landing_in_Iceland.jpg/330px-Norsemen_Landing_in_Iceland.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/Norsemen_Landing_in_Iceland.jpg/440px-Norsemen_Landing_in_Iceland.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2768" data-file-height="1887" /></a><figcaption>Noormanne sit voet aan wal in Ysland – 'n 19de-eeuse tekening deur <a href="/w/index.php?title=Oscar_Wergeland&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Oscar Wergeland (bladsy bestaan nie)">Oscar Wergeland</a></figcaption></figure> <p>Volgens die <a href="/wiki/Yslanders" title="Yslanders">Yslanders</a> se <a href="/wiki/Saga" title="Saga">sagas</a> was die <a href="/wiki/Noorwe%C3%ABrs" title="Noorweërs">Noorweër</a> Naddodd (of Naddador) in die negende eeu die eerste <a href="/wiki/Normandi%C3%ABrs" title="Normandiërs">Noorman</a> wat Ysland bereik het en hy het dit <i>Snæland</i> ("<a href="/wiki/Sneeu" title="Sneeu">sneeuland</a>") genoem omdat dit gesneeu het. Volgens Naddodd het die <a href="/wiki/Swede_(volk)" title="Swede (volk)">Sweed</a> Garðar Svavarsson aangekom en toe is die eiland <i>Garðarshólmur</i> genoem, wat "Garðar se eiland" beteken.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Daarna het die <a href="/wiki/Wikings" title="Wikings">Wiking</a> Flóki Vilgerðarson die eiland bereik; sy dogter het op pad verdrink, toe het sy vee aan honger gevrek. Volgens die sagas het die taamlik moedelose Flóki op 'n berg geklim en 'n fjord gesien (<i>Arnarfjörður</i>) vol van ysberge, wat hom die eiland se nuwe en huidige naam laat gee het. Die teorie dat Ysland se Wikingsetlaars daardie naam gekies het om die nedersetting van hul groen eiland te ontmoedig is 'n mite.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Geografie">Geografie</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ysland&veaction=edit&section=2" title="Wysig afdeling: Geografie" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>wysig</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ysland&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section's source code: Geografie"><span>wysig bron</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Eiland_van_vuur_en_ys">Eiland van vuur en ys</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ysland&veaction=edit&section=3" title="Wysig afdeling: Eiland van vuur en ys" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>wysig</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ysland&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section's source code: Eiland van vuur en ys"><span>wysig bron</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/L%C3%AAer:Map_of_Iceland.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/Map_of_Iceland.svg/250px-Map_of_Iceland.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="179" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/Map_of_Iceland.svg/330px-Map_of_Iceland.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/Map_of_Iceland.svg/500px-Map_of_Iceland.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1834" data-file-height="1489" /></a><figcaption>Topografiese kaart van Ysland</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/L%C3%AAer:Iceland_satellite.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/08/Iceland_satellite.jpg/250px-Iceland_satellite.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="169" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/08/Iceland_satellite.jpg/330px-Iceland_satellite.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/08/Iceland_satellite.jpg/500px-Iceland_satellite.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2600" data-file-height="2000" /></a><figcaption>Ysland in die winter. Die foto is op 28 Januarie 2004 deur die <a href="/wiki/Nasa" title="Nasa">Nasa</a>-satelliet <i>Aqua</i> geneem</figcaption></figure> <p>Ysland behoort tot die jongste grondgebiede ter wêreld en sy ontstaan is te danke aan sy ligging op die <a href="/wiki/Atlantiese_Oseaan#Mid-Atlantiese_Rif" title="Atlantiese Oseaan">Mid-Atlantiese Rif</a>. Die eiland het vermoedelik sowat twintig miljoen jaar gelede uit die <a href="/wiki/Atlantiese_Oseaan" title="Atlantiese Oseaan">Atlantiese Oseaan</a> begin verrys toe twee magmabronne gelyktydig begin het om vloeibare gesteentes opeen te hoop en hierdie geologiese "geboorte" duur nog steeds voort. Op baie plekke in Ysland is die jong landmassa nog besig om vuur en warm water te spu en bied uitstekende navorsingsgeleenthede vir geowetenskaplikes. </p><p>Die grootste deel van die eiland is gevorm tydens of ná die laaste <a href="/wiki/Ystydperk" title="Ystydperk">ystydperk</a>. Die oudste deel van die eiland lê in die noordweste en word in Yslands die "Wesfirdi" of "Wesfjorde" genoem. Die jongste deel is die eilandjie Surtsey wat ontstaan het tydens 'n vulkaanuitbarsting in 1963. </p><p>Langs die noorde van die eiland vloei die koue golfstroom en die warm <a href="/wiki/Golfstroom" title="Golfstroom">golfstroom</a> vloei langs die suide van die land. Gekoppel aan die wind wat meestal van suid na noord oor die eiland waai is die klimaat in <a href="/wiki/Reykjavik" title="Reykjavik">Reykjavik</a> (Suidwes-Ysland) kouer as in <a href="/wiki/Europa" title="Europa">Europa</a>, maar nog steeds gematig. In <a href="/wiki/Akureyri" title="Akureyri">Akureyri</a> daarenteen word as gevolg van bergwinde groot temperatuurskommelinge aangeteken. </p><p>Ysland word omring deur die Atlantiese Oseaan, die <a href="/wiki/Straat_van_Denemarke" title="Straat van Denemarke">Straat van Denemarke</a> (tussen Ysland en Groenland) en die <a href="/wiki/Arktiese_Oseaan" title="Arktiese Oseaan">Noordelike Yssee</a>. Die land se mees noordelike punt lê net effens suid van die Noordpoolsirkel en is geografies op ongeveer dieselfde breedtegraad as die middel van <a href="/wiki/Swede" title="Swede">Swede</a>. </p><p>Die hoofeiland beslaan 102 700 van die totale oppervlakte van 103 125 vierkante kilometer. Saam met sy visserysone beslaan Ysland sowat 758 000 vierkante kilometer.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Vulkanisme">Vulkanisme</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ysland&veaction=edit&section=4" title="Wysig afdeling: Vulkanisme" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>wysig</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ysland&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section's source code: Vulkanisme"><span>wysig bron</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/L%C3%AAer:Midatlantiese_rif_-_ysland.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/Midatlantiese_rif_-_ysland.png/220px-Midatlantiese_rif_-_ysland.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="228" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/Midatlantiese_rif_-_ysland.png/330px-Midatlantiese_rif_-_ysland.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/0/0a/Midatlantiese_rif_-_ysland.png 2x" data-file-width="377" data-file-height="390" /></a><figcaption>Ysland met betrekking tot die Mid-Atlantiese Rif</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/L%C3%AAer:Hvalfj%C3%B6r%C3%B0ur-Botnsdalur-Iceland-20030527.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/Hvalfj%C3%B6r%C3%B0ur-Botnsdalur-Iceland-20030527.jpg/250px-Hvalfj%C3%B6r%C3%B0ur-Botnsdalur-Iceland-20030527.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/Hvalfj%C3%B6r%C3%B0ur-Botnsdalur-Iceland-20030527.jpg/330px-Hvalfj%C3%B6r%C3%B0ur-Botnsdalur-Iceland-20030527.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/Hvalfj%C3%B6r%C3%B0ur-Botnsdalur-Iceland-20030527.jpg/500px-Hvalfj%C3%B6r%C3%B0ur-Botnsdalur-Iceland-20030527.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1600" data-file-height="1200" /></a><figcaption>Die Hvalfjörður-Botnsdalur</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/L%C3%AAer:Kalf%C3%A1rvellir-Sn%C3%A6fellsnes-Iceland-20030528.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ef/Kalf%C3%A1rvellir-Sn%C3%A6fellsnes-Iceland-20030528.jpg/250px-Kalf%C3%A1rvellir-Sn%C3%A6fellsnes-Iceland-20030528.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="156" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ef/Kalf%C3%A1rvellir-Sn%C3%A6fellsnes-Iceland-20030528.jpg/330px-Kalf%C3%A1rvellir-Sn%C3%A6fellsnes-Iceland-20030528.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ef/Kalf%C3%A1rvellir-Sn%C3%A6fellsnes-Iceland-20030528.jpg/500px-Kalf%C3%A1rvellir-Sn%C3%A6fellsnes-Iceland-20030528.jpg 2x" data-file-width="622" data-file-height="440" /></a><figcaption>Die Kalfárvellir-Snæfellsnes</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/L%C3%AAer:Iceland_Snaefellsnes.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b9/Iceland_Snaefellsnes.jpg/250px-Iceland_Snaefellsnes.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b9/Iceland_Snaefellsnes.jpg/330px-Iceland_Snaefellsnes.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b9/Iceland_Snaefellsnes.jpg/500px-Iceland_Snaefellsnes.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2048" data-file-height="1536" /></a><figcaption>Die skiereiland Snæfellsnes</figcaption></figure> <p>Ysland bestaan grotendeels uit lae- en mediumgrootte berge, tafelberge wissel af met aktiewe en slapende vulkane en kalderas, waartussen kronkelende riviere met baie watervalle 'n weg na die see baan. Die berge is selde bebos. </p><p>Die land staan bekend vir sy <a href="/wiki/Geiser_(bron)" title="Geiser (bron)">geisers</a> en sy <a href="/wiki/Vulkaan" title="Vulkaan">vulkane</a>, waarvan sommige nog aktief is soos byvoorbeeld Öræfajökull (tewens die hoogste berg), <a href="/wiki/Laki" title="Laki">Laki</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hekla" title="Hekla">Hekla</a>, die <a href="/wiki/Eldfell" title="Eldfell">Eldfell</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sn%C3%A6fellsj%C3%B6kull" title="Snæfellsjökull">Snæfellsjökull</a> en die eiland <a href="/w/index.php?title=Surtsey&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Surtsey (bladsy bestaan nie)">Surtsey</a>, wat eers in 1963 as gevolg van vulkaniese aktiwiteit ontstaan het. Minder bekende vulkane sluit in Dimmuborgir, Herfjall, Krafla en Námaskarð. Daar is sowat 200 vulkane wat in drie groot vulkaanstelsels oor die eiland verdeel is en sedert die Noorse volksplanting meer as 1 100 jaar gelede is daar tussen 250 en 500 uitbarstings aangeteken. Die grootste vulkaanstelsel strek van die suidooste van Ysland tot by die noordooste en loop langs die Mid-Atlantiese Rif waar die Eurasiese en Amerikaanse Plaat jaarliks sowat twee sentimeter van mekaar wegbeweeg. Die rif word egter met lawa, wat uit die binneste van die aarde opstyg, weer opgevul. Die Mid-Atlantiese Rif is in die noorde van Ysland sowat 40 kilometer en in die suide sowat 60 kilometer wyd en strek oor sowat 'n kwart van die land se oppervlakte. Die rif word gekenmerk deur 'n gordel van vulkaankraters, stomende warmwaterbronne, solfatare (gebiede met 'n hoë temperatuur) en gereelde aardbewings. </p><p>Die twee ander sentrums van vulkaniese aktiwiteit is die skiereiland Snæfellsnes en die hartland van Suid-Ysland. Baie valleie is in die verlede opgevul deur die <a href="/wiki/Lawa" title="Lawa">lawa</a> van groot vulkaanuitbarstings waardeur daar soms hele lawavlaktes ontstaan het. Naas die gloeiende lawa hou gletserlope die grootste bedreiging vir mense in Ysland in. Sommige vulkane word deur die yslaag van 'n gletser oordek wat tydens 'n uitbarsting afsmelt en in 'n magtige vloedgolf van water, modder en stene na die see toe stroom. Die mees gevreesde vulkane van hierdie soort is Grímsvötn, wat onder die yslaag van die <a href="/wiki/Vatnaj%C3%B6kull" title="Vatnajökull">Vatnajökull-gletser</a> lê, en Katla, wat ook die "Ou Heks" genoem word, onder die Mýrdalsjökull-gletser. Die laasgenoemde bars gereeld uit en het met sy lawa en gesteentes, wat na die see gestroom het, die eiland met enkele vierkante kilometers vergroot. </p><p>Naas dié natuurlike "<a href="/wiki/Landwinning" title="Landwinning">landwinning</a>" hou Ysland se vulkaniese vuur ook voordele vir die plaaslike bevolking in. Die land pronk met die grootste aantal warmwaterbronne wêreldwyd wat vir geotermiese kragopwekking ingespan word. Meer as 80 persent van die <a href="/wiki/Yslanders" title="Yslanders">Yslanders</a> beskik oor geotermiese verwarming. <a href="/wiki/Geotermiese_energie" title="Geotermiese energie">Geotermiese energie</a> verwarm ook 'n groot aantal klein swembaddens wat orals in Ysland aangelê is en die kweekhuise in die omgewing van Hverargerði waar blomme en groente (en selfs tropiese vrugte soos <a href="/wiki/Lemoen" title="Lemoen">lemoene</a> en <a href="/wiki/Piesang" title="Piesang">piesangs</a> vir navorsingsdoeleindes) gekweek word om Ysland meer onafhanklik van duur ingevoerde landbouprodukte te maak. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Sneeuvelde_en_gletsers">Sneeuvelde en gletsers</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ysland&veaction=edit&section=5" title="Wysig afdeling: Sneeuvelde en gletsers" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>wysig</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ysland&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section's source code: Sneeuvelde en gletsers"><span>wysig bron</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/L%C3%AAer:Eyjafjallaj%C3%B6kull.jpeg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/Eyjafjallaj%C3%B6kull.jpeg/220px-Eyjafjallaj%C3%B6kull.jpeg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/Eyjafjallaj%C3%B6kull.jpeg/330px-Eyjafjallaj%C3%B6kull.jpeg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/Eyjafjallaj%C3%B6kull.jpeg/440px-Eyjafjallaj%C3%B6kull.jpeg 2x" data-file-width="2960" data-file-height="1983" /></a><figcaption>Die <a href="/wiki/Eyjafjallaj%C3%B6kull" title="Eyjafjallajökull">Eyjafjallajökull</a>-gletser met sy gletsermeer</figcaption></figure> <p>Ysland, wat uit magmabronne in die binneste van die aarde ontstaan het, lyk soos 'n stoomketel wat steeds onder druk staan. Nogtans is die oppervlakte van die eiland grotendeels deur koue en ys gevorm. Tydens die laaste groot gletserperiode van die Ystydperk was die hele land met gletsers bedek, wat die fjorde langs die wes-, noord- en ooskus in die landmassa gesny en die steil rotswande en bergspitse gevorm het. </p><p>Sowat 10 000 jaar gelede het die Yslandse landmassa ná die afsmelting van die groot gletsers met hul reusegewig geleidelik begin verrys. Maar die eiland het tot vandag toe 'n wêreld van ys en gletsers gebly. Die huidige gletsers dateer nie uit die laaste groot gletsertydperk nie, maar het gedurende 'n koueperiode omtrent 500 v.C. ontstaan. Tans is meer as 13 persent van Ysland se oppervlak met sneeuvelde en gletsers bedek. Baie van die gletsers lê op vulkane, en vulkaanuitbarstings is vanweë die daarmee gepaardgaande gletserlope 'n groot bedreiging vir toeriste wat moontlik in die afgeleë gebiede bly. </p><p>Die binneland is grootliks onbewoon en is dikwels slegs toeganklik vir vierwielaangedrewe voertuie. Vroeër was die onherbergsame "Hoogland", soos dit dikwels genoem word (alhoewel dit nouliks hoër verrys as die kusgebiede), 'n toevlugsoord vir bannelinge. Ódáðahraun, die grootste lawaveld van Ysland met 'n oppervlakte van 4 500 vierkante kilometer, lê noord van die Vatnajökull en is deur die lawastrome van talle vulkaanuitbarstings gevorm. Die lawaveld dra die kenmerkende naam "Misdadigerswoestyn". Die bekendste uitgestotene, wat hier in die 18de eeu twee dekades lank oorleef het, was Fjalla-Eyvindur. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Die_kusgebiede">Die kusgebiede</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ysland&veaction=edit&section=6" title="Wysig afdeling: Die kusgebiede" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>wysig</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ysland&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section's source code: Die kusgebiede"><span>wysig bron</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/L%C3%AAer:Yslandkaart.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Yslandkaart.png/250px-Yslandkaart.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="237" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Yslandkaart.png/330px-Yslandkaart.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/b/b0/Yslandkaart.png 2x" data-file-width="440" data-file-height="473" /></a><figcaption>Kaart van Ysland</figcaption></figure> <p>Die meerderheid van die Yslandse bevolking is in die vrugbare kusgebiede gekonsentreer wat sowat sewe persent van die eiland beslaan. Die hoofstadgebied van Reykjavik is Ysland se enigste groot stedelike sentrum. </p><p>Van die Wesfirdi in die noordweste langs die noorde tot aan die ooste van die land word die kuslyn gekenmerk deur groot en klein <a href="/w/index.php?title=Fjord&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Fjord (bladsy bestaan nie)">fjorde</a> en <a href="/wiki/Baai" class="mw-redirect" title="Baai">baaie</a>. Baie fjorde is in die <a href="/wiki/Winter" title="Winter">wintermaande</a> slegs oor die water bereikbaar en is selfs in die <a href="/wiki/Somer" title="Somer">somer</a> slegs toeganklik met vierwielaangedrewe voertuie. Dit is dan ook nie verbasend dat daar sedert die <a href="/wiki/Tweede_W%C3%AAreldoorlog" title="Tweede Wêreldoorlog">Tweede Wêreldoorlog</a> 'n ontvolking van hierdie gebiede is nie. In die suide word die kuslyn gekenmerk deur 'n byna volkome afwesigheid van natuurlike inhamme, 'n resultaat van die oorspoeling van die streek deur die smeltwater van <a href="/wiki/Vatnaj%C3%B6kull" title="Vatnajökull">Vatnajökull</a>. Die weskus word weer gekenmerk deur breë fjorde en baaie. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Klimaat">Klimaat</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ysland&veaction=edit&section=7" title="Wysig afdeling: Klimaat" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>wysig</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ysland&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section's source code: Klimaat"><span>wysig bron</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/L%C3%AAer:Iceland_K%C3%B6ppen.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d5/Iceland_K%C3%B6ppen.svg/250px-Iceland_K%C3%B6ppen.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="220" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d5/Iceland_K%C3%B6ppen.svg/330px-Iceland_K%C3%B6ppen.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d5/Iceland_K%C3%B6ppen.svg/500px-Iceland_K%C3%B6ppen.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="765" data-file-height="765" /></a><figcaption>Klimaatsones in Ysland volgens die <a href="/wiki/K%C3%B6ppen-klimaatklassifikasie" title="Köppen-klimaatklassifikasie">Köppen-klimaatklassifikasie</a></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/L%C3%AAer:DyrholaeyWinter.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2a/DyrholaeyWinter.jpg/220px-DyrholaeyWinter.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="146" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2a/DyrholaeyWinter.jpg/330px-DyrholaeyWinter.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2a/DyrholaeyWinter.jpg/440px-DyrholaeyWinter.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2974" data-file-height="1978" /></a><figcaption>Die skiereiland Dyrhólaey (Suid-Ysland) in die winter</figcaption></figure> <p>Ysland het 'n koel-gematigde oseaniese klimaat wat deur die relatief warm Irminger-seestroming (5 °C) aan die suidkus en die koue Groenland-seestroming aan die noordoos- en suidweskus beïnvloed word. In baie dele van die eiland word hoë neerslae aangetref wat van jaarliks tot 2 000 mm in die suidelike vlaktes tot maksimaal 4 000 mm op die Vaatnajökull kan varieer. Die hoogplato's van Noord-Ysland is die droogste streek met 'n jaarlikse reënval van minder as 600 mm. Somerstorms belemmer soms motorvervoer op kuspaaie, terwyl <a href="/wiki/Sandstorm" title="Sandstorm">sandstorms</a> sig vir motorbestuurders in die hoogland kan beperk. </p><p>Die vroeë somermaande is die droogste tyd van die jaar, alhoewel neerslae in die algemeen sterk varieer. die noordoostelike landsdele is droër aangesien die wolke, wat vanuit suidelike rigting op hul baan oor Ysland beweeg, hul reën dikwels al oor die uitgestrekte Vatnajökull-gletser uitgiet. So het die gebied rondom die Mývatn-meer meer sonskynure as ander streke. Noordwind het die teenoorgestelde effek – die reën sak dan in die noorde uit, terwyl Suid-Ysland warm en sonnige weer het. </p><p>Danksy die matigende invloed van die warm Golfstroom het Ysland 'n geriefliker klimaat as ander streke op dieselfde noordelike breedtegraad. Matige winter en relatief koel somers is kenmerkend vir die eiland, waarby die hoogste temperature tussen die middel van Junie en laat Augustus of die middel van September aangeteken word. </p><p>Die gemiddelde daaglikse temperature wissel tussen 0 tot 3 °C in die winter en 12 tot 15 °C in die somer, met soms merkbaar laer temperature in die binneland. In enkele streke styg die kwik in die somermaande bo 20 °C. Vanweë die invloed van die Golfstroom kom sneeuvalle nie gereeld in Suid-Ysland voor nie. </p><p>In die laat 20ste en vroeë 21ste eeu is in Ysland ook hoër gemiddelde temperature aangeteken sodat enkele gletsers begin terugtrek het of – in die geval van kleiner gletsertonge soos Ok – selfs heeltemaal afgesmelt het. Hierdie effek het in 2007 – een van die warmste jare wat ooit in Ysland aangeteken is – 'n nuwe hoogtepunt bereik toe binne twaalf maande meer ys gesmelt het as in die hele laaste dekade. As gevolg van stygende temperature en merkbaar laer sneeuvalle het gebiede ysvry geword wat tevore sedert 1550 ononderbroke deur 'n yslaag bedek was.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Fauna">Fauna</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ysland&veaction=edit&section=8" title="Wysig afdeling: Fauna" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>wysig</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ysland&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section's source code: Fauna"><span>wysig bron</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Soogdiere">Soogdiere</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ysland&veaction=edit&section=9" title="Wysig afdeling: Soogdiere" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>wysig</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ysland&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section's source code: Soogdiere"><span>wysig bron</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/L%C3%AAer:IcelandicHorseInWinter.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/IcelandicHorseInWinter.jpg/220px-IcelandicHorseInWinter.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/IcelandicHorseInWinter.jpg/330px-IcelandicHorseInWinter.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/IcelandicHorseInWinter.jpg/440px-IcelandicHorseInWinter.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2980" data-file-height="1987" /></a><figcaption>'n Yslandperd in die winterlandskap</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/L%C3%AAer:Icelandic-Sheep-20030608.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e8/Icelandic-Sheep-20030608.JPG/220px-Icelandic-Sheep-20030608.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="154" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e8/Icelandic-Sheep-20030608.JPG/330px-Icelandic-Sheep-20030608.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e8/Icelandic-Sheep-20030608.JPG/440px-Icelandic-Sheep-20030608.JPG 2x" data-file-width="855" data-file-height="600" /></a><figcaption>Yslandse skape</figcaption></figure> <p>In die kort periode sedert die <a href="/wiki/Laaste_glasiale_tyd" title="Laaste glasiale tyd">laaste glasiale tyd</a>, wat sowat 10 000 jaar gelede geëindig het, was daar geen tyd vir die ontwikkeling van 'n groot verskeidenheid fauna nie. Tans is daar net sewe wilde soogdierspesies in Ysland: Poolvosse, rendiere, Amerikaanse nertse, bruinrotte, swartrotte, veldmuise en huismuise.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In die tydperk voor 1900 het soms ook Groenlandse <a href="/wiki/Ysbeer" title="Ysbeer">ysbere</a> op drywende ysskotse aan die Yslandse kus beland. </p><p>Die poolvos (<i>Alopex lagopus</i>) is die enigste inheemse soogdier wat in Ysland reeds voor die Noorse kolonisasie natuurlik voorgekom het. Poolvosse het waarskynlik teen die einde van die laaste Ystydperk oor die bevrore oseaan na Ysland gekom. Alle ander soogdierspesies is eers later opsetlik of per ongeluk ingevoer. </p><p>Die poolvosse se dieet bestaan hoofsaaklik uit <a href="/wiki/Vo%C3%ABl" title="Voël">voëls</a> en voëleiers; vroeg in die somer is kuikens wat uit hulle <a href="/wiki/Nes" title="Nes">neste</a> geval het maklike prooi. Poolvosse is daarnaas ook aasvreters wat die karkasse van dooie rendiere en <a href="/wiki/Skaap" title="Skaap">skape</a> eet. Boere het poolvosse vroeër daarvan verdink dat hulle ook jag op lewende skape sou maak en het hulle probeer uitroei. Die vosse is egter hoogstens in staat om siek diere aan te val.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Die sogenaamde Yslandperde se genetiese voorouers is deur die oorspronklike Wiking- en Keltiese setlaars na Ysland gebring en het sedertdien 'n suiwer inheemse ras gebly. Yslandperde mag uitgevoer word, maar die invoer van perde word nie toegelaat nie. Ook die dertien voorouers van die huidige sowat 3 000 rendiere is oorspronklik in 1773 uit Noorweë ingevoer, tog het die rendierteelt en -jag nooit tot 'n winsgewende bedryf ontwikkel nie. Die Yslandse rendiere kom tans as wilde diere in die oostelike hoogland voor. </p><p>'n Ander belangrike spesies vir plaaslike veetelers, wat met die Noorse volksplanting ingevoer is, is Yslandskape. Ysland se oorspronklike uitgestrekte berkebosse is deur die vroeë setlaars afgekap om die bestaande weivelde te vergroot. Skape mag tydens die kort Yslandse somer vry beweeg en word eers in die najaar weer na hulle stalle gedryf. </p><p>Die Yslandse skaaphond is die enigste inheemse honderas – en ook een van die oudste honderasse ter wêreld. Sy voorouers het uit Noorweë en ander Noord-Skandinawiese gebiede soos Finnmark en Norrbotten saam met die eerste setlaars na Ysland gekom. Die honde het op die geïsoleerde eiland tot 'n eie ras ontwikkel wat dwarsoor die land voorkom. Met slegs 3 300 diere wêreldwyd is hulle nogtans 'n baie seldsame honderas. </p><p>Seehonde of robbe is tipiese bewoners van die Yslandse kusgebiede, terwyl pesdiere soos rotte en muise op skepe ingevoer is. Amerikaanse nertse word deur die plaaslike pelsbedryf geteel, en diere wat daarin geslaag het om uit hul hokke te ontsnap het vanweë die gebrek aan natuurlike vyande tot 'n plaag en bedreiging vir ander dierspesies ontwikkel. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Voëllewe"><span id="Vo.C3.ABllewe"></span>Voëllewe</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ysland&veaction=edit&section=10" title="Wysig afdeling: Voëllewe" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>wysig</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ysland&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section's source code: Voëllewe"><span>wysig bron</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/L%C3%AAer:Puffin2.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/89/Puffin2.jpg/170px-Puffin2.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="238" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/89/Puffin2.jpg/255px-Puffin2.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/89/Puffin2.jpg/340px-Puffin2.jpg 2x" data-file-width="457" data-file-height="640" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Papegaaiduiker" title="Papegaaiduiker">Papegaaiduiker</a> op die skiereiland Látrabjarg</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/L%C3%AAer:Manuscript_Odinn.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b3/Manuscript_Odinn.jpg/220px-Manuscript_Odinn.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="279" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b3/Manuscript_Odinn.jpg/330px-Manuscript_Odinn.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b3/Manuscript_Odinn.jpg/440px-Manuscript_Odinn.jpg 2x" data-file-width="934" data-file-height="1184" /></a><figcaption>Twee troetelrawe, Huginn en Muginn, dien as die Nordiese god Odin se oë en ore. Yslandse illustrasie uit 'n 18de eeuse handskrif</figcaption></figure> <p>In teenstelling met ander dierspesies is Ysland 'n natuurlike habitat vir talle see- en landvoëls. Met sowat 78 voëlspesies wat op die eiland nes maak – waaronder eidereende, swane, seldsame <a href="/wiki/Karakaras_en_valke" title="Karakaras en valke">valke</a>, sneeuhoenders, <a href="/wiki/Arktiese_sterretjie" title="Arktiese sterretjie">Arktiese sterretjies</a>, <a href="/wiki/Papegaaiduiker" title="Papegaaiduiker">papegaaiduikers</a>, seldsame seearende en malgasse – en 300 spesies wat reeds hier waargeneem is, is Ysland 'n paradys vir voëlkykers. Sommige voëlspesies oorwinter op die eiland voordat hulle in die somer na hulle verder noordwaarts geleë nesplekke terugvlieg. Vir ander spesies is Ysland net 'n tussenstasie op hulle lang reis, en enkele voëls beland per ongeluk hier nadat hulle deur stormwinde na Ysland gewaai is. Die meeste Yslandse spesies kom ook in ander dele van Noord-Europa voor, terwyl ysduikers (<i>Gavia immer</i>), Yslandse brilduikers (<i>Bucephala islandica</i>) en harlekyn- of kraageende net in die noordelike en Arktiese gebiede van Ysland, Groenland en Noord-Amerika inheems is. </p><p>Daar is miljoene papegaaiduikers en watervoëls (26 spesies) wat hier 'n baie geskikte habitat vind. Maar in teenstelling met die res van die wêreld, waar sowat 60 persent van alle voëlspesies sangvoëls is, is hulle aandeel op die eiland beperk tot sowat 17 persent – veral vanweë die knypende tekort aan nesplekke op bome en geskikte voedsel soos insekte.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Die Arktiese roofmeeu se vleis en eiers was eeue lank 'n gewilde bestanddeel van die Yslanders se dieet – die tranige vleis het selfs as brandstof gedien.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Daarenteen is die raaf, wat dikwels ook <i>Krummi</i> genoem word, vroeër as die uitverkore voël van die Nordiese god Odin vereer. Later is profetiese eienskappe aan hierdie voël toegeskryf – rawe wat op 'n vensterbank gekras het, het sodoende die afsterwe van 'n familielid voorspel, terwyl 'n opgewonde raaf na dreigende gevaar op see verwys het. Die meeste Yslandse boereplase het ten minste een paar rawe en die gewildheid van die manlike voornaam Hrafn (letterlik "raaf") verwys na die besondere rol van hierdie voël. </p><p>Die arend (<i>Haliaeetus albicilla</i>), wat nou verwant is aan die gelyknamige <a href="/wiki/Amerikaanse_arend" title="Amerikaanse arend">Amerikaanse wapendier</a>, is naas valke die bekendste roofvoëlspesies in Ysland. Hy bereik 'n grootte van tot by 90 sentimeter en 'n spanwydte van tot by 2,5 meter. Die getal seearende het van sowat 200 tot 300 broeipare, wat in die 19de eeu voorgekom het, afgeneem tot net tien in 1920 nadat boere hierdie voëls as beweerde lam-, kuiken- en eierdiewe afgeskiet het. Die arende word sedert 1913 beskerm en tans is daar weer tussen 35 en 40 broeipare.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Flora">Flora</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ysland&veaction=edit&section=11" title="Wysig afdeling: Flora" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>wysig</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ysland&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section's source code: Flora"><span>wysig bron</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/L%C3%AAer:Skorradalsvatn_2004.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2a/Skorradalsvatn_2004.jpg/250px-Skorradalsvatn_2004.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="146" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2a/Skorradalsvatn_2004.jpg/330px-Skorradalsvatn_2004.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2a/Skorradalsvatn_2004.jpg/500px-Skorradalsvatn_2004.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1544" data-file-height="1024" /></a><figcaption>Bosaanplantings gee 'n Alpynse karakter aan die omgewing van die Skorradalsvatn-meer</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/L%C3%AAer:Lupins-in-Iceland-20030602.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Lupins-in-Iceland-20030602.jpg/250px-Lupins-in-Iceland-20030602.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="266" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Lupins-in-Iceland-20030602.jpg/330px-Lupins-in-Iceland-20030602.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Lupins-in-Iceland-20030602.jpg/500px-Lupins-in-Iceland-20030602.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1176" data-file-height="1422" /></a><figcaption>Lupiene naby Akureyri</figcaption></figure> <p>Die Arktiese klimaat en vulkaanaktiwiteite maak Ysland 'n minder geskikte habitat vir die meeste plante, en as gevolg van die ystydperke het baie plantspesies, waaronder ook mammoet- en esdoringbome, verdwyn. Die huidige Yslandse flora het sy oorsprong gedeeltelik in Noord-Amerika (tien Yslandse plantspesies kom nie in die res van Europa voor nie, maar wel in Groenland en Noord-Amerika), maar meer as tagtig persent van die plaaslike spesies kom daarnaas ook in Noorweë of op die Britse Eilande voor. </p><p>Die Noorse volksplanting het met grootskaalse ontbossing gepaard gegaan. Oorspronklik was sowat 'n vyfde van die eiland bebos, terwyl die huidige bosgebiede nog slegs sowat een persent van Ysland se oppervlakte beslaan. Die grootste bosgebiede lê by die Lögurinn-meer in die ooste van die land en in die Þórsmörk-vallei. Ander beboste gebiede het op plekke, wat goed teen die wind beskerm is, bewaar gebly, soos byvoorbeeld in Vaglaskógur naby Akureyri, in die Ásbýrgi-ravyn en in die Nasionale Skaftafellpark. Klein struikgewasse, erikas en ander plantspesies kom soms teen berghange voor wat vroeër deur skaaptelers ontbos is. </p><p>Net soos die inheemse is ook alle ingevoerde wilde plantspesies by die Arktiese klimaat aangepas. Lupiene, wat in Junie perskleurige bloeisels dra, is eers ná die Tweede Wêreldoorlog in Ysland ingevoer. Met hul digte wortels wat diep in die grond anker vorm hulle 'n natuurlike beskerming teen winderosie en verryk die grond daarnaas ook met stikstof. Naas lupiene word ook duingrasse soos strandhawer ingespan om winderosie teen te werk. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Geskiedenis">Geskiedenis</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ysland&veaction=edit&section=12" title="Wysig afdeling: Geskiedenis" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>wysig</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ysland&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section's source code: Geskiedenis"><span>wysig bron</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Die_vroeë_Middeleeue"><span id="Die_vroe.C3.AB_Middeleeue"></span>Die vroeë Middeleeue</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ysland&veaction=edit&section=13" title="Wysig afdeling: Die vroeë Middeleeue" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>wysig</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ysland&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section's source code: Die vroeë Middeleeue"><span>wysig bron</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/L%C3%AAer:St%C3%B6ng_Viking_Longhouse.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/St%C3%B6ng_Viking_Longhouse.jpg/220px-St%C3%B6ng_Viking_Longhouse.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/St%C3%B6ng_Viking_Longhouse.jpg/330px-St%C3%B6ng_Viking_Longhouse.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/St%C3%B6ng_Viking_Longhouse.jpg/440px-St%C3%B6ng_Viking_Longhouse.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3872" data-file-height="2592" /></a><figcaption>'n Gerekonstrueerde Wiking-langhuis</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/L%C3%AAer:Ingolf_by_Raadsig.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/25/Ingolf_by_Raadsig.jpg/250px-Ingolf_by_Raadsig.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="175" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/25/Ingolf_by_Raadsig.jpg/330px-Ingolf_by_Raadsig.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/25/Ingolf_by_Raadsig.jpg/500px-Ingolf_by_Raadsig.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1568" data-file-height="1244" /></a><figcaption>'n Moderne (1850) uitbeelding van die eerste Middeleeuse setlaars in Ysland</figcaption></figure> <p>Die Yslanders is nasate van <a href="/wiki/Wikings" title="Wikings">Wiking-</a> en <a href="/wiki/Kelt" class="mw-redirect" title="Kelt">Keltiese</a> setlaars; die eerste nie-permanente bewoners van die eiland was <a href="/wiki/Ierland" title="Ierland">Ierse</a> monnike wat in die 7de eeu tydelik as hermiete op die eiland gebly het. Vir hulle was Ysland 'n geskikte plek vir hul vlug uit die wêreld en meditasie-oefeninge. Die monnike se klein kluise is tydens die latere Noorse immigrasiegolwe verniel, en die monnike het die eiland verlaat. </p><p>Die Sweedse Wiking, Garðar Svavarsson, wat omtrent 870 in Húsavík in die noorde van Ysland oorwinter en die eiland na homself vernoem het (<i>Garðarsholmur</i>), word as die Skandinawiese ontdekker van Ysland beskou. Volgens historiese oorlewerings in die <i><a href="/wiki/Landn%C3%A1mab%C3%B3k" title="Landnámabók">Landnámabók</a></i> het die Wiking-seevaarder Flóki Vilgerðarson, 'n seerower uit Noorweë, later drie rawe as navigasie-instrumente ingespan om na die eiland Garðarsholmur te seil. Een van die rawe het verder suidwaarts na die <a href="/wiki/Faro%C3%ABreilande" title="Faroëreilande">Faroëreilande</a> gevlieg; die tweede, wat enkele dae later uitgestuur sou word, het geweier om die skip te verlaat; en die derde het in weswaartse rigting gevlieg. Flóki het hom gevolg en aan die Yslandse weskus voet aan wal gesit. Hy was die eerste Wiking-setlaar in die "Land van Vuur en Ys", soos dit later by die Wiking-setlaars bekend gestaan het, en het die bynaam "Rawe-Flóki" gekry.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Die vee, wat hy saamgebring het, het egter reeds in die eerste winter vanweë die tekort aan hooi verhonger, en Flóki het die eiland in die <a href="/wiki/Lente" title="Lente">lente</a> as 'n verbitterde man weer verlaat en dit "Ysland" genoem.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Ysland het nogtans feitlik onbewoon gebly totdat die Noorse Wiking Ingólfur Arnarson hom as die eerste Skandinawiese setlaar in 874 in die gebied van die huidige Reykjavik gevestig het. Ysland was sodoende die laaste gebied in Europa waar menslike nedersettings gevestig is. </p><p>Die belangrikste historiese bron vir die kolonisasie van Ysland is die <i>Landnámabók</i> of "Boek van Nedersetting" wat in die 12de eeu ontstaan het en 'n gedetailleerde verslag van die Skandinawiese immigrasie gee. Die boek beskryf hoe Skandinawiese seevaarders die eiland per ongeluk ontdek het. Volgens geskiedkundiges moet die kolonisasie van Ysland ook in die konteks van die destydse mags- en gebiedsuitbreiding van Wiking-gemeenskappe gesien word – moontlik as gevolg van 'n bevolkingsaanwas in Skandinawië en die gepaardgaande tekort aan landbougrond.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Volgens die Landnámabók het die eerste immigrasiegolf uit sowat 400 Wiking-mans, hul Keltiese vroue en slawe en hul vee bestaan; hulle het vermoedelik uit Ierland of <a href="/wiki/Skotland" title="Skotland">Skotland</a> gekom en is deur die eerste drie ontdekkers se berigte na Ysland gelok.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Die setlaars wat hulle veral in die periode tussen 874 en 930 op die eiland gevestig het, was merendeels heidense Wikings uit Noorweë, ander Skandinawiese gebiede en vanuit die Noorse nedersettings op die Britse Eilande wat naby die kus groot landgoedere gestig en hulle op veeteelt en graanboerdery toegespits het. Die plase wat op Ysland aangelê is, lyk baie op dié wat deur Wiking-emigrante in Skandinawië en op die <a href="/wiki/Shetland" title="Shetland">Shetland</a>- en <a href="/wiki/Orkney,_Skotland" title="Orkney, Skotland">Orkney</a>-eilande agtergelaat is. </p><p>Een van die vroeë plase wat in Hofstadir (Noord-Ysland) bewaar gebly het, bestaan uit 'n sentrale kamer, 'n klein gesinskamer aan een kant en 'n newevertrek. Gewoonlik het die Wikings hulle Ierse slawe voor die ploeg gespan.<sup id="cite_ref-Konstam_2007,_bl._105_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Konstam_2007,_bl._105-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Danksy die gewildheid van Ysland het die bevolking eksponensieel gegroei tot meer as 20 000 mense in 930 wat van Ysland een van die grootste destydse Wiking-nedersettings gemaak het.<sup id="cite_ref-Konstam_2007,_bl._105_22-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Konstam_2007,_bl._105-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Die mans wat Ysland toe gekom het, was grotendeels setlaars uit Noorweë wat die gesag van die plaaslike koning wou ontkom. Hulle het ondanks hulle lewe as boere op Ysland nogtans steeds seevaarders gebly en met hulle houtbote Groenland en <a href="/wiki/Kanada" title="Kanada">Kanada</a> in die weste bereik. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Die_Yslandse_regstelsel:_Die_Alþingi"><span id="Die_Yslandse_regstelsel:_Die_Al.C3.BEingi"></span>Die Yslandse regstelsel: Die <i>Alþingi</i></h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ysland&veaction=edit&section=14" title="Wysig afdeling: Die Yslandse regstelsel: Die Alþingi" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>wysig</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ysland&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section's source code: Die Yslandse regstelsel: Die Alþingi"><span>wysig bron</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/L%C3%AAer:Law_speaker.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/44/Law_speaker.jpg/250px-Law_speaker.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="284" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/44/Law_speaker.jpg/330px-Law_speaker.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/44/Law_speaker.jpg 2x" data-file-width="350" data-file-height="452" /></a><figcaption>'n Vergadering van die <i>Alþingi</i> (19de eeuse skildery deur W.G. Collingwood)</figcaption></figure> <p>Die setlaars was Noorse vryburgers wat hul tradisionele stelsel van selfregerende gemeenskappe ook in Ysland gevestig het. Demokratiese strukture van selfbestuur dateer terug na die begin van die 10de eeu en volgens historiese oorlewerings is in 1030 'n Yslandse gesant na Noorweë gestuur om meer kennis van die Noorse regstelsel te kry en dit later op Ysland by die plaaslike omstandighede aan te pas.<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Die jaarlikse vergadering van vryburgers het geleidelik tot die eiland se regsprekende en wetgewende gesag ontwikkel, terwyl die uitvoerende gesag nog steeds deur plaaslike hoofde uitgeoefen is. In die jaar 930 het vir die eerste keer 'n gemeenskaplike <a href="/wiki/%C3%9Eing" title="Þing">þing</a>, die sogenaamde <i>Alþingi</i> of "algemene volksvergadering" en eerste Yslandse parlement, op 'n sentraal geleë plek, die Þingvellir-vlakte wat destyds nog in gemeenskaplike besit was, plaasgevind. Die Yslandse <i>Alþingi</i> het jaarliks in die somer vergader om oor regsake en nuwe wette te beslis. Die laagste vlak van plaaslike owerhede was die <i>hreppar</i> of plaaslike distrikte waar die plattelandse bewoners hul gemeenskapsake gereël het. </p><p>Die vergadering van hoofde of <i>Alþingi</i> word as die oudste parlement in die Westerse wêreld beskou. Weens die gebrek aan 'n sentrale bewind het die plaaslike hoofde oor 'n groot magsbasis en invloed beskik, alhoewel Ysland formeel onder die gesag van die Noorse koningshuis gebly het. Baie belangrike historiese gebeurtenisse het tydens die <i>Alþingi</i> plaasgevind, soos die amptelike omskakeling na <a href="/wiki/Christendom" title="Christendom">Christendom</a> in die jaar 1000 of die eerste ooreenkoms wat met 'n ander land gesluit is: in 1022 het die Yslanders en die Noorse koning Olafur Haraldsson die regte van Yslanders in Noorweë en dié van Nore in Ysland gekodifiseer. </p><p>Die kerstening van Ysland is deur die Noorse konings bevorder, nadat Olaf Tryggvason in 996 reeds Christelike sendelinge na die eiland gestuur het wat voor die <i>Alþingi</i> gepredik het. </p><p>Die nuwe Christelike godsdiens is in 1000 amptelik ingevoer, maar net geleidelik deur die bevolking aangeneem. Die ou religieuse tradisies en praktyke is nog oor 'n lang tydperk in die geheim beoefen. 'n Plaaslike <a href="/wiki/Kerk_(organisasie)" title="Kerk (organisasie)">kerkorganisasie</a> het eers in die jaar 1056 ontstaan toe die Yslander Ísleif Gizurarson in <a href="/wiki/Sk%C3%A1lholt" title="Skálholt">Skálholt</a> (Suid-Ysland) tot biskop benoem is. Die eerste in 'n reeks <a href="/wiki/Klooster" title="Klooster">kloosters</a>, wat tot kulturele en opvoedkundige sentrums ontwikkel het, is in 1133 in Thingeyri gestig. </p><p>Die bevolkingsgroei en die ontstaan van 'n nuwe sosio-ekonomiese klas van welvarende landeienaars het 'n politieke hervorming noodsaaklik gemaak, en in 1065 is Ysland in vier gebiede verdeel wat elkeen oor sy eie vergadering en drie plaaslike hoofde (<i>gothar</i>) as uitvoerende gesag beskik het. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Kulturele_selfbewussyn_en_die_ontdekking_van_Amerika">Kulturele selfbewussyn en die ontdekking van Amerika</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ysland&veaction=edit&section=15" title="Wysig afdeling: Kulturele selfbewussyn en die ontdekking van Amerika" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>wysig</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ysland&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section's source code: Kulturele selfbewussyn en die ontdekking van Amerika"><span>wysig bron</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Die 11de eeu was 'n periode van groeiende kulturele selfbewussyn soos uit die Yslandse sagas blyk, en het tot die 13de eeu voortgeduur. In die 12de eeu is talle Latynse tekste in Ysland geskryf en die geskiedskrywer Ari die Wyse word as een van die uitstekendste kroniekskrywers van die Westerse wêreld beskou. </p><p>Reeds in die laat 10de eeu het Yslanders onder die bevel van Erik die Rooie Groenland ontdek en eerste nedersettings gestig. Yslanders was ook die eerste Europeërs wat om en by 1000 op die Noord-Amerikaanse vasteland voet aan wal gesit het. Pogings om 'n permanente nedersetting in Vínland, 'n gebied suid van die Wiking-basis in die noorde van die eiland Newfoundland, te stig het egter misluk. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Die_13de_eeu:_Die_tydperk_van_die_Sagas">Die 13de eeu: Die tydperk van die Sagas</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ysland&veaction=edit&section=16" title="Wysig afdeling: Die 13de eeu: Die tydperk van die Sagas" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>wysig</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ysland&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section's source code: Die 13de eeu: Die tydperk van die Sagas"><span>wysig bron</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/L%C3%AAer:A_page_of_Heimskringla.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e0/A_page_of_Heimskringla.jpg/250px-A_page_of_Heimskringla.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="307" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e0/A_page_of_Heimskringla.jpg/330px-A_page_of_Heimskringla.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/e/e0/A_page_of_Heimskringla.jpg 2x" data-file-width="339" data-file-height="473" /></a><figcaption>'n Bladsy uit Snorri Sturluson se <i>Heimskringla</i></figcaption></figure> <p>Tydens die laat Middeleeue het Ysland, wat in 1262 die oppergesag van die Noorse koning in 'n verdrag erken het, deel uitgemaak van die <a href="/wiki/Kalmarunie" title="Kalmarunie">Kalmarunie</a> waarin die Skandinawiese lande verenig het. </p><p>Die 13de eeu staan bekend as die Goue Tydperk van die Yslandse literatuur, en die plaaslike sagas behoort tot die klassieke literêre werke van die Europese Middeleeue. Snorri Sturluson (1178–1241), 'n Yslandse hoof wat hom ook as geskiedskrywer bekwaam het, was die bekendste sagaskrywer. Sy belangrikste werke sluit die <i>Heimskringla</i>, 'n geskiedenis van die Noorse konings, en die "Jonger Edda", 'n afhandeling oor digkuns en Nordiese mitologie, in. </p><p>Die periode tussen 1220 en 1262, wat ook as die "Tydperk van die Sturlungs" bekend staan, was nogtans ook deur politieke twiste en burgeroorloë gekenmerk. Uiteindelik was die Yslanders gedwing om hulle aan die gesag van die Noorse koning te onderwerp. </p><p>Terwyl die <i>Alþingi</i> sy status as wetgewende orgaan steeds kon handhaaf, is in 1281 'n nuwe monargiese regskode, die sogenaamde <i>Jónsbók</i>, deur die Yslandse volksvergadering aanvaar. Toe Noorweë, Denemarke en Swede in 1397 in die <a href="/wiki/Kalmarunie" title="Kalmarunie">Kalmarunie</a> saamgesluit het, het Ysland onder die gesag van die Deense Kroon gekom, maar kon sy oorspronklike grondwetlike status steeds handhaaf. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Die_15de_of_"Engelse"_eeu"><span id="Die_15de_of_.22Engelse.22_eeu"></span>Die 15de of "Engelse" eeu</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ysland&veaction=edit&section=17" title="Wysig afdeling: Die 15de of "Engelse" eeu" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>wysig</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ysland&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section's source code: Die 15de of "Engelse" eeu"><span>wysig bron</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Die 15de eeu staan in Ysland ook as die "Engelse eeu" bekend – dit was 'n periode waartydens die twee lande noue betrekkinge gehandhaaf het en waarin Engelse handelskepe gereeld by Yslandse hawens aangedoen het. Nogtans was dit ook 'n eeu wat deur 'n groot bevolkingsverlies gekenmerk is – tussen 1402 en 1404 het talle Yslanders aan die <a href="/wiki/Swart_Dood" title="Swart Dood">Swart Dood</a> beswyk. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Die_16de_en_17de_eeu_–_Reformasie,_boekdrukkuns_en_Deense_absolutisme"><span id="Die_16de_en_17de_eeu_.E2.80.93_Reformasie.2C_boekdrukkuns_en_Deense_absolutisme"></span>Die 16de en 17de eeu – Reformasie, boekdrukkuns en Deense absolutisme</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ysland&veaction=edit&section=18" title="Wysig afdeling: Die 16de en 17de eeu – Reformasie, boekdrukkuns en Deense absolutisme" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>wysig</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ysland&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section's source code: Die 16de en 17de eeu – Reformasie, boekdrukkuns en Deense absolutisme"><span>wysig bron</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/L%C3%AAer:Gerardi_Mercatoris_Atlas,_sive,_Cosmographicae_Meditationes_de_Fabrica_Mundi_et_Fabricati_Figura_(24696368309).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/18/Gerardi_Mercatoris_Atlas%2C_sive%2C_Cosmographicae_Meditationes_de_Fabrica_Mundi_et_Fabricati_Figura_%2824696368309%29.jpg/250px-Gerardi_Mercatoris_Atlas%2C_sive%2C_Cosmographicae_Meditationes_de_Fabrica_Mundi_et_Fabricati_Figura_%2824696368309%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="152" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/18/Gerardi_Mercatoris_Atlas%2C_sive%2C_Cosmographicae_Meditationes_de_Fabrica_Mundi_et_Fabricati_Figura_%2824696368309%29.jpg/330px-Gerardi_Mercatoris_Atlas%2C_sive%2C_Cosmographicae_Meditationes_de_Fabrica_Mundi_et_Fabricati_Figura_%2824696368309%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/18/Gerardi_Mercatoris_Atlas%2C_sive%2C_Cosmographicae_Meditationes_de_Fabrica_Mundi_et_Fabricati_Figura_%2824696368309%29.jpg/500px-Gerardi_Mercatoris_Atlas%2C_sive%2C_Cosmographicae_Meditationes_de_Fabrica_Mundi_et_Fabricati_Figura_%2824696368309%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4323" data-file-height="2986" /></a><figcaption>Kaart van Ysland omtrent 1621</figcaption></figure> <p>Jón Arason, die biskop van Holar, het in die 1530's die boekdrukkuns in Ysland ingevoer, en reeds in 1540 is die Nuwe Testament in 'n Yslandse vertaling gepubliseer. 'n Volledige Yslandse <a href="/wiki/Bybel" title="Bybel">Bybeluitgawe</a> is in 1584 deur die destydse biskop van Holar, Guðbrandur Þorláksson, uitgereik. </p><p>Die Reformasie is in 1550 deur die Deense koning deurgevoer, ondanks die felle weerstand van plaaslike Rooms-Katolieke. Die Lutherse protestantisme is – met die Deense koning as kerkhoof – tot amptelike godsdiens van Ysland verklaar. Die besittings van die <a href="/wiki/Rooms-Katolieke_Kerk" title="Rooms-Katolieke Kerk">Rooms-Katolieke Kerk</a> is deur die Deense staat gekonfiskeer en die Katolieke biskop en volksheld Jón Arason is op bevel van die koningshuis onthoof. Die Deense Kroon het sodoende sy gesag in Ysland verstewig. </p><p>Die Yslanders se vryehandel met die Hansestede en <a href="/wiki/Engeland" title="Engeland">Engeland</a> is in 1602 deur 'n Deense handelsmonopolie 'n nekslag toegedien, en in 1662 is die absolutistiese en erflike monargiese regeringstelsel van Denemark ook op Ysland toegepas. Die Deense beleid het vir Ysland net negatiewe gevolge ingehou: Op politieke gebied moes die <i>Alþingi</i> baie van sy grondwetlike regte aan die Deense koningshuis afstaan, terwyl die Yslandse ekonomie deur die Deense handelsmonopolie geknel is. Die klimaatsveranderinge van die 15de en 16de eeu met hul koue winters en koel somers het tot voedseltekorte gelei en Ysland se moeilikhede nog aansienlik verskerp. Tot teen die 17de eeu is duisende Yslanders dood van honger en koue en ook die vulkaanuitbarstings en aardbewings van die jare 1618, 1619, 1625, 1626, 1660 en 1693 het menselewens geëis.<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Die_18de_en_19de_eeu">Die 18de en 19de eeu</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ysland&veaction=edit&section=19" title="Wysig afdeling: Die 18de en 19de eeu" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>wysig</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ysland&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section's source code: Die 18de en 19de eeu"><span>wysig bron</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/L%C3%AAer:Sigur%C3%B0sson_by_%C3%9Eorl%C3%A1ksson.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Sigur%C3%B0sson_by_%C3%9Eorl%C3%A1ksson.jpg/250px-Sigur%C3%B0sson_by_%C3%9Eorl%C3%A1ksson.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="234" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Sigur%C3%B0sson_by_%C3%9Eorl%C3%A1ksson.jpg/330px-Sigur%C3%B0sson_by_%C3%9Eorl%C3%A1ksson.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Sigur%C3%B0sson_by_%C3%9Eorl%C3%A1ksson.jpg/340px-Sigur%C3%B0sson_by_%C3%9Eorl%C3%A1ksson.jpg 2x" data-file-width="385" data-file-height="530" /></a><figcaption>Jón Sigurðsson (1811–1879)</figcaption></figure> <p>As gevolg van 'n reeks natuurrampe en gepaardgaande hongersnode en epidemies word die 18de eeu as die mees tragiese in die Yslandse geskiedenis beskou en die bevolking het in hierdie tydperk duidelik afgeneem. In die jare tussen 1707 en 1709 het Ysland onder 'n <a href="/wiki/Pokke" title="Pokke">pokke</a>-epidemie deurgeloop wat 18 000 menselewens geëis het.<sup id="cite_ref-Polyglott_APA_Guide_2007_25-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Polyglott_APA_Guide_2007-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Vulkaanuitbarstings en aardbewings het in die 18de eeu voortgeduur en die uitbarsting van die vulkaan Laki in 1783 word as een van die ergste ooit in die geskiedenis van die aarde beskou.<sup id="cite_ref-Polyglott_APA_Guide_2007_25-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Polyglott_APA_Guide_2007-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Die vulkaanas het destyds dwarsdeur die aardbol se atmosfeer versprei en Ysland het sowat 'n derde van sy bevolking as gevolg van hongersnode verloor. </p><p>Teen die einde van die eeu is die <i>Alþingi</i> asook die ou biskopsetels in Skálholt en Holar ontbind en die hele land is in een bisdom met die hoofstad Reykjavik as setel verenig. </p><p>Die Deense owerhede het in 1787 die bepalings van die handelsmonopolie gewysig en aan alle onderdane die reg toegeken om in Ysland handel te dryf. Enkele dekades later, in 1845, is ook die Yslandse <i>Alþingi</i> danksy die inisiatief van 'n groep studente onder leiding van Jón Sigurðsson as 'n raadplegende vergadering herstel, terwyl die parlement na die hoofstad Reykjavik verskuif is. Sigurðsson word nog steeds as Ysland se nasionale held beskou en sy verjaardag op 17 Junie word as nasionale dag van Ysland gevier. Þingvellir het in 1928 die eerste nasionale park van Ysland geword. Die buitelandse handel is in 1855 volledig geliberaliseer. </p><p>Klimaatsveranderinge in Ysland en hul negatiewe uitwerkings op die plaaslike landbou het in die tydperk tussen 1870 en 1914 sowat 20 000 Yslanders gedwing om 'n nuwe heenkome in Noord-Amerika, veral <a href="/wiki/Kanada" title="Kanada">Kanada</a>, te vind. Yslandse nedersettings het onder meer in die Amerikaanse deelstate <a href="/wiki/Minnesota" title="Minnesota">Minnesota</a> en <a href="/wiki/Wisconsin" title="Wisconsin">Wisconsin</a> ontstaan. Volgens die sensus van 2000 is 42 000 Amerikaners nakomelinge van Yslandse immigrante.<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Ter geleentheid van sy millenniumfeesvierings in 1874 het die Deense owerhede 'n nuwe grondwet en die gesag oor sy finansiële sake aan Ysland toegestaan. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Die_moderne_tydperk">Die moderne tydperk</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ysland&veaction=edit&section=20" title="Wysig afdeling: Die moderne tydperk" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>wysig</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ysland&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section's source code: Die moderne tydperk"><span>wysig bron</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/L%C3%AAer:Myvatn_vom_Naturbad_Jardboedin-10-2018-gje.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Myvatn_vom_Naturbad_Jardboedin-10-2018-gje.jpg/220px-Myvatn_vom_Naturbad_Jardboedin-10-2018-gje.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="111" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Myvatn_vom_Naturbad_Jardboedin-10-2018-gje.jpg/330px-Myvatn_vom_Naturbad_Jardboedin-10-2018-gje.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Myvatn_vom_Naturbad_Jardboedin-10-2018-gje.jpg/440px-Myvatn_vom_Naturbad_Jardboedin-10-2018-gje.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5184" data-file-height="2624" /></a><figcaption>'n Vragmotor ry verby die meer Mývatn. Ysland beskik oor 'n uitstekende padinfrastruktuur. Behalwe vir afgeleë en onbewonde gebiede is paaie gewoonlik geteer.</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/L%C3%AAer:ThingvellirKirche.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/ThingvellirKirche.JPG/250px-ThingvellirKirche.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/ThingvellirKirche.JPG/330px-ThingvellirKirche.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/ThingvellirKirche.JPG/500px-ThingvellirKirche.JPG 2x" data-file-width="1600" data-file-height="1200" /></a><figcaption>'n Eensame kerk in Úlfarsvatn. Die onafhanklike Republiek Ysland is op 17 Junie 1944 in Þingvellir geproklameer</figcaption></figure> <p>Volgens die Ierse voorbeeld van <i>Home Rule</i> is in 1904 <i>Hjemmestyre</i>, 'n stelsel van selfregering, ingevoer. Die eerste Yslandse minister met 'n ampswoning op die eiland, wat vir die Alþingi verantwoordelik was, is benoem. </p><p>In 1918 het Ysland, wat tot dusver net 'n Deense besitting was, 'n soewereine gebied onder die Deense kroon geword. Volgens 'n ooreenkoms tussen Denemarke en Ysland was <a href="/wiki/Kopenhagen" title="Kopenhagen">Kopenhagen</a> verantwoordelik vir Ysland se buitelandse sake en sy kuswag, soos vasgelê deur die Yslandse regering. Met die Duitse besetting van Denemarke op 10 April 1940 het hierdie ooreenkoms tot 'n einde gekom. Ysland is op 10 Mei van dieselfde jaar ongeag sy neutraliteit deur Britse en vanaf 1941 tot by die einde van die oorlog in 1945 deur Amerikaanse troepe beset om 'n Duitse inval te voorkom. Alhoewel Ysland nie regstreeks by die oorlogshandelinge betrokke was nie, is 'n aantal Yslandse skepe deur die oorlogspartye gesink en talle Yslanders het hulle lewens verloor. </p><p>Aangesien die unie tussen Ysland en Denemarke in 1944 as gevolg van die <a href="/wiki/Tweede_W%C3%AAreldoorlog" title="Tweede Wêreldoorlog">Tweede Wêreldoorlog</a> nie verleng kon word nie, is die onafhanklike Republiek Ysland op 17 Junie 1944 in Þingvellir formeel geproklameer. Ysland, wat self nie oor 'n weermag beskik nie, het in 1951 'n tweesydige verdedigingsooreenkoms met die Verenigde State aangegaan en Amerikaanse troepe het na hulle Yslandse lugmagbasis in Keflavík teruggekeer. Alhoewel die basis in September 2006 gesluit en alle 650 Yslandse werknemers ontslaan is, word Ysland op militêre gebied nog steeds deur die Verenigde State beskerm. </p><p>Ysland het sy visserysone in 1952 van drie tot vier seemyl en in 1958 tot twaalf seemyl uitgebrei – 'n stap wat tot die eerste sogenaamde "Kabeljou-oorlog" met die Verenigde Koninkryk gelei het. Twee latere "Kabeljou-oorloë" het in 1972 en 1975 uitgebreek toe Ysland sy visserysone tot vyftig en tweehonderd seemyl uitgebrei het. </p><p>Ysland het in 1946 'n lidstaat van die <a href="/wiki/Verenigde_Nasies" title="Verenigde Nasies">Verenigde Nasies</a> en in 1949 'n stigtingslid van die <a href="/wiki/NAVO" title="NAVO">Noord-Atlantiese Verdragsorganisasie</a> geword. Op ekonomiese gebied het Ysland 'n stigtingslid van die Organisasie vir Europese Ekonomiese Samewerking (OEES, later OESO) geword, in 1964 by die GATT-ooreenkoms en in 1970 by die Europese Vryhandelsvereniging (EVHV) aangesluit. Ysland was daarnaas ook 'n stigtingslid van die Europese Ekonomiese Gebied wat in 1994 tot stand gekom het en die EVHV-lidstate (met uitsondering van <a href="/wiki/Switserland" title="Switserland">Switserland</a>) en die <a href="/wiki/Europese_Unie" title="Europese Unie">Europese Unie</a> insluit. </p><p>Met die toetrede van Finland en Swede tot die NAVO in onderskeidelik 2023 en 2024 is al die Skandinawiese lande vir die eerste keer sedert die ontbinding van die <a href="/wiki/Kalmarunie" title="Kalmarunie">Kalmarunie</a> in 1523 weer lede van een (en dieselfde) militêre alliansie.<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Politiek">Politiek</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ysland&veaction=edit&section=21" title="Wysig afdeling: Politiek" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>wysig</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ysland&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section's source code: Politiek"><span>wysig bron</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Staatsvorm">Staatsvorm</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ysland&veaction=edit&section=22" title="Wysig afdeling: Staatsvorm" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>wysig</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ysland&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section's source code: Staatsvorm"><span>wysig bron</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/L%C3%AAer:Johanna_sigurdardottir_official_portrait.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/89/Johanna_sigurdardottir_official_portrait.jpg/250px-Johanna_sigurdardottir_official_portrait.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="227" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/89/Johanna_sigurdardottir_official_portrait.jpg/330px-Johanna_sigurdardottir_official_portrait.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/89/Johanna_sigurdardottir_official_portrait.jpg/340px-Johanna_sigurdardottir_official_portrait.jpg 2x" data-file-width="384" data-file-height="512" /></a><figcaption>Die gewese eerste minister Jóhanna Sigurðardóttir was die leier van Ysland se eerste linkse regering</figcaption></figure> <p>Volgens die grondwet van 1944 is Ysland 'n republiek. Die staatspresident, wat vir 'n ampstermyn van vier jaar regstreeks verkies word, fungeer as staatshoof en hoof van die Evangelies-Lutherse staatskerk. Die huidige staatspresident is Halla Tómasdóttir (sedert 2024). </p><p>Die 63 lede van die parlement of Alþing word vir 'n termyn van vier jaar proporsioneel verkies. Die tweekamerstelsel is in 1991 afgeskaf en Ysland se parlement het tans net een kamer. Alle burgers vanaf 18-jarige ouderdom is stemgeregtig. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Administratiewe_geweste">Administratiewe geweste</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ysland&veaction=edit&section=23" title="Wysig afdeling: Administratiewe geweste" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>wysig</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ysland&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section's source code: Administratiewe geweste"><span>wysig bron</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In administratiewe opsig is Ysland verdeel in agt geweste (<a href="/wiki/Yslands" title="Yslands">Yslands</a>: <i>Landshlutar</i>) met altesaam 64 munisipaliteite (<i>Sveitarfélög</i>). </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/L%C3%AAer:Iceland,_administrative_divisions_-_Nmbrs.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/Iceland%2C_administrative_divisions_-_Nmbrs.svg/250px-Iceland%2C_administrative_divisions_-_Nmbrs.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="156" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/Iceland%2C_administrative_divisions_-_Nmbrs.svg/330px-Iceland%2C_administrative_divisions_-_Nmbrs.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/Iceland%2C_administrative_divisions_-_Nmbrs.svg/500px-Iceland%2C_administrative_divisions_-_Nmbrs.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1186" data-file-height="841" /></a><figcaption>Administratiewe streke van Ysland</figcaption></figure> <table class="sortable wikitable" style="text-align: right;"> <tbody><tr> <th>No. </th> <th>Afrikaans </th> <th>Yslands </th> <th style="width: 7.0em;">Grootste stad </th></tr> <tr> <td>1 </td> <td style="text-align: left;">Hoofstadstreek </td> <td style="text-align: left;">Höfuðborgarsvæðið </td> <td style="text-align: left;"><a href="/wiki/Reykjavik" title="Reykjavik">Reykjavik</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>2 </td> <td style="text-align: left;">Suidelike Skiereiland </td> <td style="text-align: left;">Suðurnes </td> <td style="text-align: left;"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Reykjanesb%C3%A6r&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Reykjanesbær (bladsy bestaan nie)">Reykjanesbær</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>3 </td> <td style="text-align: left;">Westelike streek </td> <td style="text-align: left;">Vesturland </td> <td style="text-align: left;"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Akranes&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Akranes (bladsy bestaan nie)">Akranes</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>4 </td> <td style="text-align: left;">Wes-Fjorde </td> <td style="text-align: left;">Vestfirðir </td> <td style="text-align: left;"><a href="/wiki/%C3%8Dsafj%C3%B6r%C3%B0ur" title="Ísafjörður">Ísafjörður</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>5 </td> <td style="text-align: left;">Noordwestelike streek </td> <td style="text-align: left;">Norðurland vestra </td> <td style="text-align: left;"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sau%C3%B0%C3%A1rkr%C3%B3kur&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Sauðárkrókur (bladsy bestaan nie)">Sauðárkrókur</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>6 </td> <td style="text-align: left;">Noordoostelike streek </td> <td style="text-align: left;">Norðurland eystra </td> <td style="text-align: left;"><a href="/wiki/Akureyri" title="Akureyri">Akureyri</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>7 </td> <td style="text-align: left;">Oostelike streek </td> <td style="text-align: left;">Austurland </td> <td style="text-align: left;"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Egilssta%C3%B0ir&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Egilsstaðir (bladsy bestaan nie)">Egilsstaðir</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>8 </td> <td style="text-align: left;">Suidelike streek </td> <td style="text-align: left;">Suðurland </td> <td style="text-align: left;"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Selfoss&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Selfoss (bladsy bestaan nie)">Selfoss</a> </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Parlement">Parlement</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ysland&veaction=edit&section=24" title="Wysig afdeling: Parlement" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>wysig</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ysland&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section's source code: Parlement"><span>wysig bron</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/L%C3%AAer:Iceland_Althing_2024.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Iceland_Althing_2024.svg/250px-Iceland_Althing_2024.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="113" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Iceland_Althing_2024.svg/330px-Iceland_Althing_2024.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Iceland_Althing_2024.svg/440px-Iceland_Althing_2024.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="360" data-file-height="185" /></a><figcaption>Setels in die Yslandse parlement sedert die laaste verkiesing in 2024</figcaption></figure> <p>In die laaste verkiesing op 30 November 2024 het ses partye setels in die parlement verower: </p> <ul><li>Sosiaaldemokratiese Alliansie (<i>Samfylkingin</i>, kort XS, sosiaaldemokraties, 15 (+9) setels),</li> <li>Onafhanklikheidsparty (<i>Sjálfstæðisflokkur</i>, kort D, liberaal-konserwatief, 14 (−2) setels),</li> <li>Reformparty (<i>Viðreisn</i>, pro-europees, 11 (+6) setels).</li> <li>Volksparty (<i>Flokkur fólksins</i>, euroskepties, 10 (+4) setels) en</li> <li>Sentrumparty (<i>Miðflokkurinn</i>, kort M, euroskepties, 8 (+5) setels),</li> <li>Progressiewe Party (<i>Framsóknarflokkur</i>, kort FSF, links-liberaal, 5 (−8) setels),</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Regering">Regering</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ysland&veaction=edit&section=25" title="Wysig afdeling: Regering" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>wysig</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ysland&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section's source code: Regering"><span>wysig bron</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/L%C3%AAer:Kristr%C3%BAn_Frostad%C3%B3ttir_2021.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/Kristr%C3%BAn_Frostad%C3%B3ttir_2021.jpg/170px-Kristr%C3%BAn_Frostad%C3%B3ttir_2021.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="235" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/Kristr%C3%BAn_Frostad%C3%B3ttir_2021.jpg/255px-Kristr%C3%BAn_Frostad%C3%B3ttir_2021.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/Kristr%C3%BAn_Frostad%C3%B3ttir_2021.jpg/340px-Kristr%C3%BAn_Frostad%C3%B3ttir_2021.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2502" data-file-height="3464" /></a><figcaption>Kristrún Frostadóttir, Ysland se huidige eerste minister</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/L%C3%AAer:Althingishusid.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fd/Althingishusid.jpg/250px-Althingishusid.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="146" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fd/Althingishusid.jpg/330px-Althingishusid.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fd/Althingishusid.jpg/500px-Althingishusid.jpg 2x" data-file-width="700" data-file-height="463" /></a><figcaption>Die Alþingishúsið in Reykjavik, setel van Ysland se parlement, die Alþingi</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/L%C3%AAer:Cabinet_building,_Reykjav%C3%ADk_2014-07-28.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e7/Cabinet_building%2C_Reykjav%C3%ADk_2014-07-28.jpg/250px-Cabinet_building%2C_Reykjav%C3%ADk_2014-07-28.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e7/Cabinet_building%2C_Reykjav%C3%ADk_2014-07-28.jpg/330px-Cabinet_building%2C_Reykjav%C3%ADk_2014-07-28.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e7/Cabinet_building%2C_Reykjav%C3%ADk_2014-07-28.jpg/500px-Cabinet_building%2C_Reykjav%C3%ADk_2014-07-28.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4752" data-file-height="3168" /></a><figcaption>Die kabinet van Ysland en die eerste minister se kantoor in Reykjavik</figcaption></figure> <p>Die Onafhanklikheidsparty en die Sosiaaldemokratiese Alliansie het op 23 Mei 2007 'n koalisieregering gevorm wat oor 'n tweederdemeerderheid in die parlement beskik het. Die Eerste Minister was Geir Hilmar Haarde, voorsitter van die Onafhanklikheidsparty, terwyl mevrou Ingibjörg Sólrún Gisladóttir (Sosiaaldemokratiese Alliansie) as Minister van Buitelandse Sake gedien het. </p><p>Die hoofoogmerke van die regeringsbeleid was: die konsolidasie van die ekonomiese groeikoers (met gepaardgaande lae inflasie), die regstelling van die nadelige handelsbalans, omgewingsbewaring as 'n prioriteit beskou, groot nywerheidsprojekte deur die parlement goedgekeur word en nie in natuurbewaringsgebiede opgerig word nie. </p><p>Ná betogings oor die finansiële krisis in die land het die regering op 26 Januarie 2009 bedank. Op 1 Februarie het Jóhanna Sigurðardóttir Eerste Minister van die tydelike koalisieregering van die Sosiaaldemokratiese Alliansie en die Linksgroen Party geword. Die regering het nie oor 'n meerderheid in die parlement beskik nie, tog het die Sosiaaldemokratiese Alliansie en die Linksgroen Party in die algemene verkiesing op 25 April 2009 'n volstrekte meerderheid setels in die parlement behaal. </p><p>In die algemene verkiesing, wat op 27 April 2013 gehou is, het die Onafhanklikheidsparty en die Progressiewe Party 'n volstrekte meerderheid setels in die parlement verower. Die konserwatiewe partyleier Bjarni Benediktsson het 'n koalisieregering met die Progressiewe Party gevorm en onderhandelinge met die Europese Unie oor Ysland se toetreding afgebreek. </p><p>Na die verkiesing op 28 Oktober 2017 is 'n koalisieregering uit 'n linksgroen, 'n liberale konserwatiewe en 'n agrariese party onder Katrín Jakobsdóttir gevorm. Dié koalisie is ná die 2021-verkiesing voortgesit. Op 5 April 2024 het Jakobsdóttir haar bedanking as eerste minister ingedien om in die opkomende presidentsverkiesing te staan. Vier dae later is sy deur Bjarni Benediktsson uit haar eie kabinet opgevolg.<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Benediktsson se regering het egter in Oktober dieselfde jaar in duie gestort en die Sosiaaldemokratiese Alliansie onder <a href="/w/index.php?title=Kristr%C3%BAn_Frostad%C3%B3ttir&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kristrún Frostadóttir (bladsy bestaan nie)">Kristrún Frostadóttir</a> het die verkiesing in November gewen.<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Vakbonde">Vakbonde</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ysland&veaction=edit&section=26" title="Wysig afdeling: Vakbonde" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>wysig</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ysland&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section's source code: Vakbonde"><span>wysig bron</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Meer as negentig persent van alle Yslandse werknemers is in vakbonde georganiseer.<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Die Yslandse Werkersfederasie met 65 000 lede is in 1916 gestig. Die grootste enkele vakbond, die Vereniging van munisipale en staatswerkers, bestaan sedert 1942. Die Yslandse Federasie van Werkgewers is in 1934 gestig, en ook ambagsmanne, industriële ondernemings en boere het hul eie federasies in die lewe geroep. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Buitelandse_beleid">Buitelandse beleid</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ysland&veaction=edit&section=27" title="Wysig afdeling: Buitelandse beleid" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>wysig</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ysland&action=edit&section=27" title="Edit section's source code: Buitelandse beleid"><span>wysig bron</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/L%C3%AAer:Flag_lowering_iceland.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/2/2d/Flag_lowering_iceland.jpg" decoding="async" width="144" height="180" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="144" data-file-height="180" /></a><figcaption>Die VSA het hul militêre basis in Keflavík in 2006 aan Ysland oorhandig</figcaption></figure> <p>Die buitelandse beleid van Ysland konsentreer veral op die samewerking met ander Nordiese lande, die NAVO-lidmaatskap en die militêre ooreenkoms met die Verenigde State, die Europese politiek (alhoewel Ysland tans nie lid van die Europese Unie is nie) en die solidariteit met ander kleiner lande in Europa soos byvoorbeeld die <a href="/wiki/Baltiese_lande" title="Baltiese lande">Baltiese republieke</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Die samewerking met ontwikkelende lande en Ysland se deelname aan internasionale vredesendings speel 'n steeds belangriker rol in die land se buitelandse beleid. </p><p>Die Nordiese samewerking, wat sy oorsprong in kulturele en historiese bande met die ander Skandinawiese lande het, bly die sentrale element in Ysland se buitelandse beleid. Om die Nordiese Paspoortunie ná die toetrede van Denemarke, Swede en <a href="/wiki/Finland" title="Finland">Finland</a> tot die Schengen-ooreenkoms te kan bewaar, het Ysland in 2001 saam met Noorweë die Schengen-deurvoeringsooreenkoms onderteken. </p><p>Ysland is daarnaas 'n aktiewe lid van die Oosseeraad, die Barentsseeraad en 'n leidende stigtingslid in die Arktiese Raad wat in September 1996 gestig is. Ysland is ook 'n stigtingslid van die Noord-Atlantiese Verdragsorganisasie, alhoewel die land nie oor sy eie weermag beskik nie. Die NAVO-verdrag en 'n militêre ooreenkoms met die VSA, wat in 1951 gesluit is, verseker Ysland se veiligheid. Alhoewel die Amerikaanse militêre basis in Keflavík op 30 September 2006 gesluit is, het die VSA en Ysland bykomende ooreenkomste onderteken wat die militêre beskerming deur die VSA reël. Volgens 'n ooreenkoms met Noorweë, wat in 2007 onderteken is, word die Yslandse lugruim in vredestye deur die Noorse lugmag beskerm wat ook reddings- en ander aksies in Ysland deurvoer. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Demografie">Demografie</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ysland&veaction=edit&section=28" title="Wysig afdeling: Demografie" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>wysig</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ysland&action=edit&section=28" title="Edit section's source code: Demografie"><span>wysig bron</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/L%C3%AAer:Bj%C3%B6rk_-_Hurricane_Festival.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/61/Bj%C3%B6rk_-_Hurricane_Festival.jpg/250px-Bj%C3%B6rk_-_Hurricane_Festival.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="162" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/61/Bj%C3%B6rk_-_Hurricane_Festival.jpg/330px-Bj%C3%B6rk_-_Hurricane_Festival.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/61/Bj%C3%B6rk_-_Hurricane_Festival.jpg/500px-Bj%C3%B6rk_-_Hurricane_Festival.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="756" /></a><figcaption>Die popsangeres <a href="/wiki/Bj%C3%B6rk" title="Björk">Björk</a> is een van die bekendste Yslandse persoonlikhede</figcaption></figure> <p>Met sowat 330 000 inwoners en 'n bevolkingsdigtheid van minder as drie mense per vierkante kilometer behoort Ysland tot die ylste bevolkte lande ter wêreld. Meer as twee derdes van die totale bevolking is in die metropolitaanse gebied van die hoofstad Reykjavik gekonsentreer, die enigste nedersetting met 'n bevolking van meer as 100 000. Die meeste ander klein stede en dorpe is in die vrugbare vlaktes van die suide en weste, in die noordelike valleie en die gebied van Egilsstaðir in Oos-Ysland geleë. In baie van die fjorde langs die kus het vissersdorpe ontstaan. Reykjavik en ander groter dorpe soos <a href="/wiki/Akureyri" title="Akureyri">Akureyri</a> trek voordeel uit verstedeliking, terwyl die plattelandse bevolking daal. </p><p>Yslanders verskil in etniese opsig duidelik van die bevolkings van ander Skandinawiese lande. Die eerste setlaars was Wiking-mans van Noorse afkoms, waarvan baie uit die Wiking-nedersettings op die Britse Eilande gekom het. Die setlaars se vroue en slawe was oorwegend van Keltiese afkoms, alhoewel die taal en kultuur van Ysland steeds suiwer Skandinawies gebly het. 'n Hoër aandeel donkerharige mense as in ander Nordiese lande, asook Keltiese name en invloede op literêre gebied, veral in sommige gedigte van die Edda, getuig van die Keltiese bydrae tot Ysland se etnogenese en kultuur.<sup id="cite_ref-icelandexport.is_34-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-icelandexport.is-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Immigrasie het eers in die laat 20ste eeu 'n noemenswaardige rol begin speel, maar word streng beheer. </p><p>Die bevolking van omtrent 1100 word op sowat 70 000 tot 80 000 beraam en het in die 18de eeu drie keer tot slegs 40 000 gedaal. Dit het later toegeneem tot 100 000 in 1925, 200 000 in 1967, en volgens amptelike statistiek is Ysland se 300 000ste burger in 2006 gebore.<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 2012 het 20 957 buitelanders in Ysland gebly, waaronder 'n sestigtal <a href="/wiki/Suid-Afrika" title="Suid-Afrika">Suid-Afrikaners</a>. Die meeste buitelanders (meer as 10 000) is van <a href="/wiki/Pole_(volk)" title="Pole (volk)">Poolse</a> afkoms, naas <a href="/wiki/Litauers" title="Litauers">Litauers</a> (meer as 1 500), <a href="/wiki/Duitsers" title="Duitsers">Duitsers</a> en <a href="/wiki/Dene" title="Dene">Dene</a> (sowat 900 elk) en <a href="/wiki/Lette" class="mw-redirect" title="Lette">Lette</a> en Britte (meer as 600 elk). </p><p>Danksy die baie hoë lewenstandaard in Ysland beloop die gemiddelde lewensverwagting 78 jaar vir mans en 82 jaar vir vroue – een van die hoogstes ter wêreld.<sup id="cite_ref-icelandexport.is_34-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-icelandexport.is-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Taal_en_kultuur">Taal en kultuur</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ysland&veaction=edit&section=29" title="Wysig afdeling: Taal en kultuur" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>wysig</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ysland&action=edit&section=29" title="Edit section's source code: Taal en kultuur"><span>wysig bron</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Taal">Taal</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ysland&veaction=edit&section=30" title="Wysig afdeling: Taal" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>wysig</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ysland&action=edit&section=30" title="Edit section's source code: Taal"><span>wysig bron</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/L%C3%AAer:Icelandic_Text_Extract.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/Icelandic_Text_Extract.jpg/220px-Icelandic_Text_Extract.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/Icelandic_Text_Extract.jpg/330px-Icelandic_Text_Extract.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/Icelandic_Text_Extract.jpg/440px-Icelandic_Text_Extract.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2388" data-file-height="1791" /></a><figcaption>'n Uittreksel uit 'n Yslandse teks</figcaption></figure> <p><a href="/wiki/Yslands" title="Yslands">Yslands</a> is die moedertaal van sowat 97 persent van die bevolking en die <i>de facto</i>-ampstaal van die land. Alhoewel Ysland yl bevolk is, is daar – afgesien van klein verskille in die uitspraakgewoontes – geen dialekte nie en min verskille tussen die skryf- en omgangstaal. Die Yslandse taal het sedert die Noorse volksplanting in die 9de eeu nouliks verander: ondanks die groot veranderings wat tussen die 12de en 16de eeu ten opsigte van die uitspraak plaasgevind het, het die oorspronklike skryftaal min of meer bewaar gebly sodat mense selfs Middeleeuse Yslandse tekste sonder moeite kan lees. Ysland is – net soos die Verenigde State – 'n uitstekende voorbeeld vir die konserwatisme wat baie tale kenmerk sodra hulle na 'n nuwe gebied oorgeplant word.<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Yslands maak deel uit van die Nordiese tak van die Germaanse tale en gevolglik ook van die Indo-Europese taalfamilie. Yslands is relatief nou verwant aan Faroees en enkele Wes-Noorse dialekte, maar is nie sondermeer verstaanbaar vir sprekers van Sweeds of Deens nie. </p><p>Yslands word met die Latynse alfabet geskryf, alhoewel die letters c, k en w nie voorkom nie. Die letter z word nouliks gebruik; dit kom byvoorbeeld in alternatiewe spellings soos <i>Íslenzka</i> ("die Yslandse taal", naas <i>Íslenska</i>) voor wat deesdae minder gebruiklik is.<sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Yslands maak gebruik van diakritiese tekens om tweeklanke (diftonge) aan te dui; terwyl <i>a</i> met die Afrikaanse klank [a] ooreenkom, word <i>á</i> byvoorbeeld as [au] uitgespreek. Die mees ongewone letters van die Yslandse alfabet is Þ/þ (<i>thorn</i>, wat soos <i>th</i> in die Engelse <i>think</i> uitgespreek word), en Ð/ð (<i>eth</i>, soos in Engels <i>they</i>). </p><p>Þ is reeds sedert die vroeë Middeleeue in Yslands gebruik en aan die oorspronklike Angel-Saksiese alfabet ontleen, alhoewel die letter ook in die Nordiese runeskrif voorgekom het wat voor die invoering van die Latynse alfabet gebruiklik was. Ook die letter Ð is aan die vroeë Oud-Engelse en Oud-Saksiese alfabet ontleen, maar kom eers sedert die 13de eeu in Yslandse tekste voor. </p> <table class="wikitable"> <caption><b>Die Yslandse alfabet</b> </caption> <tbody><tr> <td>A / a</td> <td>Á / á</td> <td>B / b</td> <td>D / d</td> <td>Ð / ð</td> <td>E / e</td> <td>É / é</td> <td>F / f </td></tr> <tr> <td>G / g</td> <td>H / h</td> <td>I / i</td> <td>Í / í</td> <td>J / j</td> <td>K / k</td> <td>L / l</td> <td>M / m </td></tr> <tr> <td>N / n</td> <td>O / o</td> <td>Ó / ó</td> <td>P / p</td> <td>R / r</td> <td>S / s</td> <td>T / t</td> <td>U / u </td></tr> <tr> <td>Ú / ú</td> <td>V / v</td> <td>X / x</td> <td>Y / y</td> <td>Ý / ý</td> <td>Þ / þ</td> <td>Æ / æ</td> <td>Ö / ö </td></tr></tbody></table> <p>Die grammatikale stelsel van Yslands word deur 'n groot aantal kategorieë van vervoegings van selfstandige naam- en werkwoorde gekenmerk. Selfstandige en byvoeglike naamwoorde, voornaamwoorde en die telwoorde van een tot vier het vier naamvalle. Selfstandige naamwoorde het vier grammatikale geslagte, en ook byvoeglike naamwoorde, die meeste voornaamwoorde en die telwoorde 1 – 4 word vervoeg. Werkwoorde word volgens tydvorm, persoon, aantal, modus en aktief of passief verbuig. </p><p>Alhoewel die gewone woordvolgorde as <i>selfstandige naamwoord – werkwoord – voorwerp</i> beskryf kan word, hang dit ook steeds van die betrokke werkwoord se verbuiging af. 'n Yslandse sin met die sinsdele <i>bróðir minn</i> ("my broeder"), <i>keypti</i> (verlede tydsvorm van <i>kaupa</i> "koop") en <i>bókina</i> ("die boek", vierde naamval) het – ongeag die woordvolgorde <i>Bróðir minn keypti bókina</i> of <i>Bókina keypti bróðir minn</i> – steeds dieselfde betekenis: "My broeder het die boek gekoop." </p><p>Dieselfde verskynsel kom – in teenstelling met Afrikaans wat gewoonlik 'n min of meer vaste woordvolgorde vereis – ook in ander Germaanse tale met 'n meer ingewikkelde grammatikale stelsel (sintetiese tale) soos Duits voor, waar <i>Mein Bruder kaufte das Buch</i> ook tot <i>Das Buch kaufte mein Bruder</i> omgevorm kan word. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Woordeskat">Woordeskat</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ysland&veaction=edit&section=31" title="Wysig afdeling: Woordeskat" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>wysig</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ysland&action=edit&section=31" title="Edit section's source code: Woordeskat"><span>wysig bron</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Alhoewel daar in die loop van die laaste 1 100 jaar baie nuwe terme by die woordeskat gevoeg is, het die basiese woordeskat in hierdie tydperk nouliks verander. Woorde soos <i>moðir</i> (moeder), <i>faðir</i> (vader), <i>þú</i> (jy), <i>himinn</i> (hemel) en <i>haf</i> (see) het selfs onveranderd gebly. Die groot aantal <a href="/wiki/Neologisme" title="Neologisme">neologismes</a> wat sedert die 19de eeu gevorm is baseer meestal op oorgeërfde woorde en woordbestanddele: <i>Veður</i> (weer) en <i>fræði</i> (wetenskap) vorm die basis van die samestelling <i>veðurfræði</i> (weerkunde, meteorologie), die voorsetsel <i>al-</i> en die woord <i>næmi</i> (openheid teenoor) is gebruik om die neologisme <i>alnæmi</i> (<a href="/wiki/Vigs" title="Vigs">Vigs</a>) te vorm. Die woorde <i>tölur</i> (getalle) en <i>völva</i> (waarsegster) vorm die basis van <i>tölva</i> (rekenaar). </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Taalbeleid">Taalbeleid</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ysland&veaction=edit&section=32" title="Wysig afdeling: Taalbeleid" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>wysig</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ysland&action=edit&section=32" title="Edit section's source code: Taalbeleid"><span>wysig bron</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Die huidige taalbeleid is gemik op die bewaring van die oorgeërfde grammatikale stelsel en woordeskat, asook die uitbou van die Yslandse taal en die aanmoediging van sy gebruik op alle gebiede. Taalpurisme is een van die opvallendste kenmerke van die Yslandse taalbeleid en nuwe wetenskaplike en tegnologiese terme word gewoonlik op die basis van bestaande woordmateriaal gevorm. Die Yslandse regering het 'n tegnologies-taalkundige veldtog van stapel gestuur wat die ontwikkeling van Yslandstalige sagte- en hardeware bevorder sodat die gebruik van Yslands ook in die inligtingsbedryf moontlik sal wees. </p><p>Terwyl die Yslandse Taalraad die gebruik van nuutgeskepte Yslandse vakterme nie aan die publiek voorskryf nie en liewer inligting oor neologismes verstrek, is talle Yslanders by aktiwiteite betrokke wat taalsuiwerheid verseker en stel ook self Yslandse woordskeppings vir nuwe onderwerpe en tegnologieë voor. Yslands word selfs as een van die oudste wetenskapstale beskou aangesien plaaslike geleerdes en wetenskaplikes in die Middeleeue by die skryf van hul werke Yslands bo Latyn verkies het. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Yslandse_naamgewing">Yslandse naamgewing</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ysland&veaction=edit&section=33" title="Wysig afdeling: Yslandse naamgewing" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>wysig</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ysland&action=edit&section=33" title="Edit section's source code: Yslandse naamgewing"><span>wysig bron</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/L%C3%AAer:Icelandic_Patronyms.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/98/Icelandic_Patronyms.svg/250px-Icelandic_Patronyms.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="92" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/98/Icelandic_Patronyms.svg/330px-Icelandic_Patronyms.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/98/Icelandic_Patronyms.svg/440px-Icelandic_Patronyms.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="479" data-file-height="201" /></a><figcaption>'n Eenvoudige familiestamboom verduidelik die Yslandse patrinomiale naamgewingstelsel</figcaption></figure> <p>Slegs tien persent van die Yslandse bevolking dra oorerflike vanne, terwyl die res nog steeds gebruik maak van 'n patrinomiale stelsel ten opsigte van naamgewing: Kinders identifiseer hulle gewoonlik deur hul vader en in plaas van 'n familienaam word die eerste voornaam van die vader gebruik en die agtervoegsel <i>-son</i> vir seuns en <i>-dóttir</i> vir meisies bygevoeg. </p><p>Matriargale naamgewing waar die moeder se voornaam gebruik word, speel slegs 'n baie klein rol. Die Yslandse naamstelsel lei daartoe dat daar dikwels in een gesin verskillende vanne voorkom. </p><p>Yslanders maak meestal gebruik van hul voorname wanneer hulle met mekaar gesels, en selfs die plaaslike telefoongids se alfabetiese indeks is op voorname gebaseer. </p><p>Immigrante moet vir hulself 'n nuwe inheemse naam kies sodra hulle ingeburger word. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Die_Yslandse_sagas">Die Yslandse sagas</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ysland&veaction=edit&section=34" title="Wysig afdeling: Die Yslandse sagas" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>wysig</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ysland&action=edit&section=34" title="Edit section's source code: Die Yslandse sagas"><span>wysig bron</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/L%C3%AAer:M%C3%B6%C3%B0ruvallab%C3%B3k_f13r.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/M%C3%B6%C3%B0ruvallab%C3%B3k_f13r.jpg/250px-M%C3%B6%C3%B0ruvallab%C3%B3k_f13r.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="211" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/M%C3%B6%C3%B0ruvallab%C3%B3k_f13r.jpg/330px-M%C3%B6%C3%B0ruvallab%C3%B3k_f13r.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/M%C3%B6%C3%B0ruvallab%C3%B3k_f13r.jpg/500px-M%C3%B6%C3%B0ruvallab%C3%B3k_f13r.jpg 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="491" /></a><figcaption>'n Bladsy van die <i>Njáls saga</i> uit die Yslandse handskrif <i>Möðruvallabók</i> (omstreeks 1350)</figcaption></figure> <p>Die Yslandse sagas het tussen die 12de en 14de eeu veral as kort verhale, romans, kronieke en sprokies ontstaan (die Yslandse term <i>saga</i> verwys na 'n verhaal, 'n gesegde of 'n roman). Slegs sommige van hul outeurs is bekend, en dit is dikwels nie duidelik of die sagas as fiksie of historiese dokumente beskou moet word nie. Hulle maak nogtans deel uit van die wêreldliteratuur en is die eerste Europese prosawerke wat in 'n inheemse taal en nie in Latyn geskryf is nie.<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Die sagas word gewoonlik volgens hul inhoud gekategoriseer as </p> <ul><li><i>Voortydsagas</i> (<i>Fornalda sögur</i>) wat heldeverhale en ander legendariese motiewe uit die Wiking-tydperk behandel.</li> <li><i>Yslander-sagas</i> (<i>Íslendinga sögur</i>) – hierdie kategorie bevat onder meer 36 prosawerke met fiktiewe verhale uit die tydperk van die Noorse volksplanting tussen 900 en 1050. Die werke word as die Yslandse pendant van Wes- en Sentraal-Europa se hoofse epiek beskou en is feitlik fiktiewe kronieke van vroeë setlaargesinne.</li> <li><i>Koningsagas</i> (<i>Konunga sögur</i>) – hierdie groep vorm die oudste deel van die saga-literatuur en behandel historiese Noorse en Deense monarge. Die outeurs – waaronder Snorri Sturluson – is soms bekend.</li> <li><i>Biskopsagas</i> (<i>Byskupa sögur</i>) wat die geskiedenis van die kerk en Christendom in Ysland behandel.</li></ul> <p>Naas suiwer Skandinawiese motiewe het ook die vastelandse, veral Franse, hoofse en ridderlike epiek 'n groot invloed op die Middeleeuse Yslandse literatuur uitgeoefen sodat daar ook vertalings en bewerkings van werke uit vreemde tale, die sogenaamde ridder-sagas ontstaan het. Die Yslandersagas het veral in die 19de eeu 'n beduidende invloed op die Skandinawiese historiese roman-genre uitgeoefen.<sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Die volksliteratuur is deurspek met elwe, kwelgeeste en ander mitologiese wesens. Baie Yslanders glo dat hulle die eiland steeds met verskuilde mense deel, naamlik die <i>Huldufolk</i>,<sup id="cite_ref-ap1_40-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ap1-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> van wie sommige Yslands sou praat, benewens elwe, wat stil, klein en goedmoedige wesens sou wees wat die vrye natuur bewoon. Tydens die beplanning van infrastruktuurprojekte word die welstand en lewensruimte van hierdie wesens selfs op regeringsvlak in aanmerking geneem.<sup id="cite_ref-scmp1_41-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-scmp1-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Die_Yslandse_boekbedryf">Die Yslandse boekbedryf</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ysland&veaction=edit&section=35" title="Wysig afdeling: Die Yslandse boekbedryf" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>wysig</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ysland&action=edit&section=35" title="Edit section's source code: Die Yslandse boekbedryf"><span>wysig bron</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/L%C3%AAer:Flatey-bokasafn.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7c/Flatey-bokasafn.jpg/250px-Flatey-bokasafn.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="131" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7c/Flatey-bokasafn.jpg/330px-Flatey-bokasafn.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7c/Flatey-bokasafn.jpg/500px-Flatey-bokasafn.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="713" /></a><figcaption>Die leeshonger van Yslanders word ook in kleiner nedersettings deur biblioteke gestil. Die foto is in Flatey geneem</figcaption></figure> <p>Ondanks sy relatief klein bevolking spog Ysland met 'n florerende boekbedryf – literatuur het selfs 'n vaste onderdeel van die klein nasie se alledaagse lewe geword. So koop elke Yslander per jaar 'n gemiddeld van agt boeke, en die openingstye van boekwinkels in Reykjavik is langer as dié van die meeste ander winkels.<sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Die meeste Yslandse huishoudings het hul eie klein biblioteek – so is dit nie verwonderlik dat daar tans sowat dertig onafhanklike uitgewerye in Ysland bestaan nie. </p><p>Daar is nouliks 'n ander land wat dieselfde persentasie skrywers voortbring en deur 'n gesamentlike taal, geskiedenis en literatuur tot 'n hegte eenheid saamgesnoer word soos Ysland. Die feit dat Yslands as taal oor die eeue amper onveranderd gebly het, maak selfs middeleeuse saga's maklik toeganklik vir die huidige leser. </p><p>Ook ander Europese volke deel die Yslanders se geesdrif vir geskiedenis, literatuur en spannende verhale. So is Ysland in 2011 as eregas na die wêreld se grootste boeke- en mediaskou, die <i>Frankfurter Buchmesse</i> in <a href="/wiki/Frankfurt" class="mw-redirect" title="Frankfurt">Frankfurt</a>, <a href="/wiki/Duitsland" title="Duitsland">Duitsland</a>, genooi. Duitse uitgewerye het ter geleentheid van die Frankfurtse Boekeskou in 2011 177 nuwe titels aangekondig wat uit Yslands vertaal is – waaronder 'n nuwe uitgawe van die Edda-saga in moderne Duits. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Ekonomie">Ekonomie</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ysland&veaction=edit&section=36" title="Wysig afdeling: Ekonomie" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>wysig</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ysland&action=edit&section=36" title="Edit section's source code: Ekonomie"><span>wysig bron</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Ysland is die kleinste ekonomie in die <a href="/wiki/OESO" title="OESO">Organisasie vir Ekonomiese Samewerking en Ontwikkeling</a> (OESO) met 'n bruto binnelandse produk (BBP) wat in 2011 10,1 miljard € beloop het, maar is een van die welvarendste lidstate in hierdie organisasie met 'n per capita-BBP van 31 750 € volgens OESO-statistieke van 2010. Die dienstesektor lewer twee derdes, nywerhede 'n vyfde en vissery 'n tiende van die land se BBP op. Ysland beskik oor ryk natuurlike energiebronne soos geotermiese en waterkrag, terwyl sy kuswaters ryk visgronde onderhou. </p><p>Ysland se ekonomie trek voordeel uit die tipiese eienskappe wat met Nordiese of Skandinawiese lande geassosieer word soos byvoorbeeld politieke en ekonomiese stabiliteit, 'n hoogs ontwikkelde infrastruktuur, die beskikbaarheid van hoogs gekwalifiseerde mannekrag, asook die afwesigheid van korrupsie en wanbestuur.<sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Ysland lok buitelandse beleggers, veral internasionale aluminiumvervaardigers, daarnaas ook met sy strategiese ligging tussen Noord-Amerika en Europa, sy doeanevrye toegang tot die Europese mark, bemoedigende regeringsbeleid ten opsigte van buitelandse beleggings, die grootskaalse beskikbaarheid van goedkoop elektrisiteit uit hernieubare energiebronne vir energie-intensiewe nywerhede en die mededingende korporatiewe belastingkoers van slegs 18 persent (in 2003).<sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Volgens amptelike <a href="/wiki/OESO" title="OESO">OESO</a>-statistieke behoort Ysland tot die Westerse nywerheidslande met die hoogste per-capita-inkomste op die grondslag van <a href="/wiki/Koopkragpariteit" title="Koopkragpariteit">koopkragpariteit</a>. Die werkloosheidsyfer het in 2011 sewe persent beloop. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Ekonomiese_groei">Ekonomiese groei</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ysland&veaction=edit&section=37" title="Wysig afdeling: Ekonomiese groei" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>wysig</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ysland&action=edit&section=37" title="Edit section's source code: Ekonomiese groei"><span>wysig bron</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/L%C3%AAer:Fjar%C3%B0ar%C3%A1l2_03092006.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/Fjar%C3%B0ar%C3%A1l2_03092006.jpg/250px-Fjar%C3%B0ar%C3%A1l2_03092006.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/Fjar%C3%B0ar%C3%A1l2_03092006.jpg/330px-Fjar%C3%B0ar%C3%A1l2_03092006.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/Fjar%C3%B0ar%C3%A1l2_03092006.jpg/500px-Fjar%C3%B0ar%C3%A1l2_03092006.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2272" data-file-height="1704" /></a><figcaption>Die Fjarðarál-aluminiumaanleg. Die krag vir dié fabriek word deur die Kárahnjúkadam se waterkragsentrale opgewek.</figcaption></figure> <p>Ysland word sedert die middel van die 1990's deur 'n stabiele ekonomiese situasie gekenmerk. Ná 'n ekonomiese opswaai wat ses jaar voortgeduur het, het die groeikoers in 2001 buitensporig groot geraak. Dit het in 2002 effens verstadig en in 2003 weer begin versnel. In 2006 het die Yslandse ekonomie met 2,6 persent gegroei.<sup id="cite_ref-auswaertiges-amt.de_45-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-auswaertiges-amt.de-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Die groei word veral aangedryf deur grootskaalse projekte in die energie- en aluminiumbedryf, asook die boubedryf wat voordeel trek uit baie lae rentekoerse. Die ekonomiese groeikoers sal na verwagting in die loop van 2007 weer verstadig, nadat onder meer beleggingsbanke na vraagstukke met betrekking tot die land se finansiële situasie verwys het: Die tekort op die lopende rekening van die betalingsbalans het in 2006 van 8 tot 19 persent van die bruto geografiese produk meer as verdubbel en die hoë buitelandse skuldlas is sorgwekkend. </p><p>Nogtans het die Yslandse regering vir sy strukturele en finansiële hervormings in Junie 2005 gunstige kommentaar van die Internasionale Monetêre Fonds (IMF) ontvang.<sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Onder meer is 'n aantal banke en ander oorspronklik staatsbeheerde maatskappye geprivatiseer.<sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Geldeenheid">Geldeenheid</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ysland&veaction=edit&section=38" title="Wysig afdeling: Geldeenheid" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>wysig</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ysland&action=edit&section=38" title="Edit section's source code: Geldeenheid"><span>wysig bron</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Die Yslandse Króna (ISK, meervoud: Krónur) dien as die amptelike geldeenheid. Daar is tans banknote ter waarde van 500, 1 000, 2 000 en 5 000 ISK en muntstukke ter waarde van 1, 5, 10, 50 en 100 ISK. Die Yslandse Króna is oorspronklik opgedeel in 100 Aurar, maar die vroeëre muntstukke ter waarde van 5, 10 en 50 Aurar is tans nie meer in omloop nie en bedrae word afgrond tot die naaste Króna. Op 28 November 2007 is die amptelike wisselkoers op 91,79 ISK per 1 € en 8,95 ISK per 1 ZAR vasgestel.<sup id="cite_ref-48" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-49" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>'n Nasionale Bank is reeds in 1885 gestig en met die ekonomiese opswaai (as gevolg van Ysland se selfregerende status) is aan die begin van die Eerste Wêreldoorlog ook 'n eie geldeenheid ingevoer. Sedert 1927 is banknote deur die Yslandse Landsbanki uitgereik, terwyl die Departement van Finansies die monopolie oor muntgeld gehad het. Eers met die stigting van die Yslandse Sentraalbank (<i>Seðlabanki Íslands</i>) in 1961 en die afkondiging van 'n wet op die nasionale geldeenheid in 1966 is die beheer oor die Yslandse Króna aan die Sentraalbank oorgedra. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Algemene_prysvlak">Algemene prysvlak</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ysland&veaction=edit&section=39" title="Wysig afdeling: Algemene prysvlak" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>wysig</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ysland&action=edit&section=39" title="Edit section's source code: Algemene prysvlak"><span>wysig bron</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Die algemene prysvlak in Ysland is ten opsigte van sommige produkte tot drie of vier keer hoër as dié van Noord-Amerika of die vasteland van Europa. Naas die <a href="/wiki/Belasting_op_toegevoegde_waarde" class="mw-redirect" title="Belasting op toegevoegde waarde">belasting op toegevoegde waarde</a>, wat tans 24,5 persent beloop, is die hoër pryse veral aan duur invoere te danke – behalwe vir 'n aantal vissery- en landbouprodukte soos vis, vleis, groente, aartappels en suiwelprodukte moet die meeste verbruiksgoedere ingevoer en deur middel van 'n netwerk van invoerders, groot-, tussen- en kleinhandelaars versprei word. Invoerheffings en middelmanne dra dus by tot die baie hoë prysvlak van die meeste goedere. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Fiskale_en_monetêre_beleid"><span id="Fiskale_en_monet.C3.AAre_beleid"></span>Fiskale en monetêre beleid</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ysland&veaction=edit&section=40" title="Wysig afdeling: Fiskale en monetêre beleid" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>wysig</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ysland&action=edit&section=40" title="Edit section's source code: Fiskale en monetêre beleid"><span>wysig bron</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Sedert sy stigting in 1961 bestuur die Yslandse Sentraalbank die geldvoorraad en formuleer ook die fiskale beleid van die land. Tot teen die 1980's is Ysland se ekonomie deur baie hoë inflasiekoerse geteister en in 1980 is selfs 'n nuwe geldeenheid ingevoer (die sogenaamde "Nuwe Króna) wat 100 "ou" Krónur vervang het. </p><p>Die Sentraalbank het egter ook in die volgende jare nie daarin geslaag om inflasie binne perke te hou nie en Yslanders moes met inflasiekoerse van tot 80 persent leef. Eers met die ekonomiese opswaai van die 1990's en die gepaardgaande verhoogde vraag na Yslandse Krónur het inflasie skerp gedaal tot minder as twee persent. </p><p>Tot teen die jaar 2001 was die Yslandse Króna se wisselkoers aan die geldeenhede van Ysland se agt belangrikste handelsvennote gekoppel – die <a href="/wiki/Euro" title="Euro">Euro</a>, die VSA-dollar, die Britse Pond, die Switserse Frank, die <a href="/wiki/Kanadese_Dollar" class="mw-redirect" title="Kanadese Dollar">Kanadese Dollar</a>, die Japanse Jen en twee Skandinawiese geldeenhede – en sy wisselkoers is slegs toegelaat om in 'n betreklik nou band van nege persent te fluktueer. </p><p>In die laat 1990's het die Yslandse Sentraalbank sy monetêre beleid op aanbeveling van die Internasionale Monetêre Fonds en die OESO herformuleer en die oorspronklike doelwit van 'n stabiele wisselkoers is deur 'n inflasieteiken vervang. Die Yslandse Króna se wisselkoers is gevolglik toegelaat om vry te sweef en het aanvanklik weer verswak en ook die inflasiekoers het gestyg aangesien Ysland die meeste verbruiksgoedere uit die buiteland moet invoer. </p><p>Ten opsigte van fiskale beleid het die regering 'n sterk stap in die rigting van anti-sikliese beleid geneem. Ysland se begrotingsbalans toon tans 'n klein oorskot. </p><p>As gevolg van sy vryswewende wisselkoers het die Yslandse króna in 2001 duidelik begin verswak. Danksy die stygende wisselkoers van die jare 2002 en 2003 het die Yslandse geldeenheid in 2004 weer sy gemiddelde waarde van die laaste jare bereik. Ná 'n sterk styging in 2005 en 'n daling in 2006 tot by die vlakke van die jaar 2001 het die króna se wisselkoers in 2007 84,00 ISK per € beloop. Die amptelike inflasiekoers het in 2007 op 3 persent gestaan. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Krisis_in_die_banksektor">Krisis in die banksektor</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ysland&veaction=edit&section=41" title="Wysig afdeling: Krisis in die banksektor" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>wysig</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ysland&action=edit&section=41" title="Edit section's source code: Krisis in die banksektor"><span>wysig bron</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/L%C3%AAer:Landsbankinn.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/Landsbankinn.jpg/220px-Landsbankinn.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/Landsbankinn.jpg/330px-Landsbankinn.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/Landsbankinn.jpg/440px-Landsbankinn.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2132" data-file-height="1420" /></a><figcaption>Die kantoor van <i>Landsbanki</i> in Akureyri</figcaption></figure> <p>As gevolg van die aggressiewe internasionale uitbreiding van Ysland se drie grootste banke – hul gesamentlike balanse staan gelyk aan Ysland se bruto binnelandse produk – is die land in Oktober 2008 ernstig deur die internasionale finansiële krisis geraak. Om die ineenstorting van die land se finansiële sektor en algehele staatsbankrotskrap te voorkom, het die Yslandse parlement 'n wetsontwerp aangeneem waarvolgens verreikende maatreëls ingestel is. Die tweede grootste bank van Ysland, <i>Landsbanki</i>, is deur die staat oorgeneem terwyl die <i>Kaupthing</i>-bank 'n staatslening ter waarde van 500 miljoen € ontvang het. Die Yslandse staat het ook 75 persent van die derde grootste bank <i>Glitnir</i> se aandele ter waarde van 600 miljoen € oorgeneem.<sup id="cite_ref-50" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Op 15 Oktober 2008 was die genasionaliseerde <i>Glitnir</i>-bank nie meer in staat om 'n paaiement van $750 miljoen op 'n lening te betaal nie.<sup id="cite_ref-51" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Nadat die Yslandse kroon in die twaalf maande voor Oktober 2008 70 persent van sy waarde teenoor die Euro ingeboet het, is 'n vaste wisselkoers vir die geldeenheid ingestel. Op 11 November 2008 het Ysland 'n lening van die Internasionale Monetêre Fonds (IMF) ter waarde van 2,1 miljard VSA-$ (1,7 miljard €) ontvang wat veral benodig is om die kroon-wisselkoers te stabiliseer en die inheemse banksektor te herstruktureer. Die IMF het sy lening aan bepaalde voorwaardes gekoppel, waaronder 'n omvangryke ekonomiese herstelprogram. Ná hierdie besluit deur die IMF het ook Finland, Denemarke, Noorweë en Swede bykomende lenings ter waarde van 2,5 miljard $ aan Ysland beskikbaar gestel. Verdere lenings ter waarde van sowat 500 miljoen $ is van die Russiese Federasie, Pole en die Faroëreilande ontvang.<sup id="cite_ref-52" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Die finansiële situasie waarin Ysland hom in 2008 en 2009 bevind het, het tot vinnig stygende werkloosheidsyfers, 'n diep resessie, hoë begrotingstekorte en 'n hoë openbare skuldlas gelei. Die ineenstorting van die inheemse wisselkoersmark het vir die land, wat besonder afhanklik is van invoere, verdere negatiewe uitwerkings soos 'n inflasiekoers van meer as 18 persent vroeg in 2009 gehad. Dit het tot 12 persent vir die hele jaar en tot 5,4 persent in 2010 afgeplat. </p><p>Die begrotingstekort het in 2010 6,2 persent beloop, terwyl die openbare skuldlas tot 120 persent van die bruto binnelandse produk sal styg (teenoor net 29 persent in laat 2007). Die Yslandse ekonomie het in 2009 met 6,9 en in 2010 met 3,5 persent gekrimp. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Buitelandse_handel_en_regstreekse_buitelandse_beleggings">Buitelandse handel en regstreekse buitelandse beleggings</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ysland&veaction=edit&section=42" title="Wysig afdeling: Buitelandse handel en regstreekse buitelandse beleggings" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>wysig</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ysland&action=edit&section=42" title="Edit section's source code: Buitelandse handel en regstreekse buitelandse beleggings"><span>wysig bron</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/L%C3%AAer:Grandi_fish_processing_conveyor_belt3_2011.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/Grandi_fish_processing_conveyor_belt3_2011.jpg/220px-Grandi_fish_processing_conveyor_belt3_2011.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="146" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/Grandi_fish_processing_conveyor_belt3_2011.jpg/330px-Grandi_fish_processing_conveyor_belt3_2011.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/Grandi_fish_processing_conveyor_belt3_2011.jpg/440px-Grandi_fish_processing_conveyor_belt3_2011.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4288" data-file-height="2848" /></a><figcaption>Viswerking in die HB Grandi-aanleg in Reykjavik</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/L%C3%AAer:NesjavellirPowerPlant_edit2.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/NesjavellirPowerPlant_edit2.jpg/250px-NesjavellirPowerPlant_edit2.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/NesjavellirPowerPlant_edit2.jpg/330px-NesjavellirPowerPlant_edit2.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/NesjavellirPowerPlant_edit2.jpg/500px-NesjavellirPowerPlant_edit2.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2400" data-file-height="1600" /></a><figcaption>Naas aluminiumsmeltery, lok veral Ysland se energiebedryf buitelandse beleggings: Die foto toon die geotermiese kragsentrale Nesjavellir wat in die hoofstad Reykjavik se warmwaterbehoeftes voorsien.</figcaption></figure> <p>In 2006 het Ysland goedere ter waarde van 3,07 miljard € (31,47 miljard ZAR) uitgevoer, terwyl sy invoere 5,35 miljard € (54,81 miljard ZAR) beloop het. Die buitelandse handel met die lidlande van die <a href="/wiki/Europese_Unie" title="Europese Unie">Europese Unie</a> het 72 persent van Ysland se uitvoere en 58 persent van sy invoere verteenwoordig. Die belangrikste bestemmings vir uitvoere was die Verenigde Koninkryk, Noorweë en Duitsland, terwyl die meeste invoere uit die Verenigde State en Duitsland gekom het. </p><p>Ysland het sy buitelandse handel reeds in 1995 met die ondertekening van ooreenkomste volgens die Verdrag oor die Europese Ekonomiese Sone en die WHO-verdrag geliberaliseer en die Yslandse staat het sy monopolie op die invoer van alkoholiese drank en beperkings op buitelandse aandeelhouers in Ysland se finansiële bedryf opgehef. </p><p>Met die uitsondering van vis, energie en sommige landbouprodukte wat teen hoë koste plaaslik geproduseer word, moet Ysland sy verbruiksgoedere merendeels uit die buiteland invoer. Vis en visseryprodukte verteenwoordig tans 57 persent van Ysland se uitvoere ('n skerp daling in vergelyking met die 1970's toe die visserybedryf nog sowat 90 persent van Ysland se uitvoere opgelewer het). Ander belangrike uitvoere is energie-intensiewe nywerheidsprodukte soos aluminium (26 persent) en <a href="/wiki/Geneesmiddel" title="Geneesmiddel">mediese produkte</a>. </p><p>Met die uitsondering van die vissery- en <a href="/wiki/Lugvaart" title="Lugvaart">lugvaartbedryf</a> is daar min beperkings vir buitelandse beleggers. Regstreekse buitelandse beleggings vloei veral in die energiebedryf en die uitbou van die aluminiumfabrieke. Ysland se potensiaal van geotermiese energie en waterkrag is nog lank nie uitgeput nie; die bou van 'n nuwe groot waterkragsentrale in die ooste van Ysland is in 2007 voltooi. Die kragsentrale sal onder meer die energie vir 'n nuwe aluminiumsmeltery oplewer wat in die nabyheid opgerig word. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Landbou">Landbou</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ysland&veaction=edit&section=43" title="Wysig afdeling: Landbou" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>wysig</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ysland&action=edit&section=43" title="Edit section's source code: Landbou"><span>wysig bron</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/L%C3%AAer:Grassodenh%C3%A4user.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Grassodenh%C3%A4user.jpg/220px-Grassodenh%C3%A4user.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="145" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Grassodenh%C3%A4user.jpg/330px-Grassodenh%C3%A4user.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Grassodenh%C3%A4user.jpg/440px-Grassodenh%C3%A4user.jpg 2x" data-file-width="975" data-file-height="642" /></a><figcaption>Turfdakhuise in Skógar</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/L%C3%AAer:Au%C3%B0sholt01.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/Au%C3%B0sholt01.jpg/250px-Au%C3%B0sholt01.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/Au%C3%B0sholt01.jpg/330px-Au%C3%B0sholt01.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/Au%C3%B0sholt01.jpg/500px-Au%C3%B0sholt01.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2304" data-file-height="1728" /></a><figcaption>Die historiese plaas Auðsholt naby Hvítá</figcaption></figure> <p>Vanweë sy koel klimaat en die skaarste aan landbougrond verskil Ysland se landbousektor sterk van dié van ander nywerheidslande. Yslandse boere het hulle tradisioneel op <a href="/wiki/Skaap" title="Skaap">skaapteelt</a> toegespits en gepekelde of gerookte <a href="/wiki/Skaapvleis" title="Skaapvleis">skaapvleis</a> was eeue lank 'n <a href="/wiki/Stapelvoedsel" title="Stapelvoedsel">stapelvoedsel</a>. <a href="/wiki/Wol" title="Wol">Skaapwol</a> en -huide is vir die vervaardiging van klere en skoene gebruik. </p><p>In die laat 19de en vroeë 20ste eeu het die meeste Yslandse boeregesinne nog dieselfde landelike lewe as hulle voorouers in die Wiking-tydperk gevoer en eers met die stigting van die eerste koöperatiewe boerevereniging in 1882 is 'n nuwe era vir die landbousektor ingelei. Die boere het nou begin om die Deense middelmanne uit te skakel wat landbouprodukte slegs teen baie lae pryse aangekoop het. </p><p>Groot koöperasies het geleidelik tot 'n beduidende faktor in die Yslandse ekonomie ontwikkel wat ook in ander sektore belê het. Die destydse Federasie van Yslandse Koöperatiewe (SIS) het tot en met die 1980's, toe dit in 'n finansiële krisis beland het en in kleiner ondernemings opgesplits is, oor 'n <a href="/wiki/Bank_(finansi%C3%ABle_instelling)" title="Bank (finansiële instelling)">bank</a>, 'n assuransiemaatskappy, winkels, fabrieke vir landboutoerusting, 'n <a href="/wiki/Redery" title="Redery">redery</a>, visverwerkingsfabrieke en 'n uitvoermaatskappy beskik. </p><p>Die verstedeliking van die begin van die 20ste eeu af het daartoe gelei dat minder belowende landbougebiede, soos die uiterste noordweste, binne enkele dekades feitlik ontvolk het. In ander landbougebiede het meganisasie, die bou van nuwe paaie en moderne kommunikasiemiddels die landelike lewe duidelik verander. </p><p>Die koel klimaat en die kort groeiperiode vereis die gebruik van moderne kunsmis vir die verbouing van geskikte graansoorte soos <a href="/wiki/Rog" title="Rog">rog</a> en <a href="/wiki/Gars" title="Gars">gars</a> wat as veevoer gebruik word en duur invoere vervang. Gars word ook vir menslike gebruik verbou. </p><p>Erosie bly die grootste vraagstuk vir Ysland se 3 800 boere. Meer as duisend jaar se menslike kolonisasie en landbou het die natuurlike ewewig van Ysland se labiele natuur uitermate versteur. Die los grond bevat min klei en bestaan hoofsaaklik uit onstabiele vulkaniese leem. Volgens die <a href="/wiki/Landn%C3%A1mab%C3%B3k" title="Landnámabók">Landnámabók</a> was Ysland nog 'n beboste gebied toe die Noorse volksplanting begin het. Die setlaars het groot hoeveelhede brandhout verbruik, terwyl hul vee groot skade aan die sensitiewe vegetasie berokken het. Slegs een persent van die oorspronklike bosgebiede, wat 'n oppervlakte van 25 000 vierkante kilometer beslaan het, het bewaar gebly, en 'n oppervlakte van 40 000 vk km het onvrugbaar geword.<sup id="cite_ref-53" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Tans is daar nog 1 500 vk km landbougrond, waarvan jaarliks sowat 30 vk km weens erosie verlore gaan. </p><p>Verbruikersgewoontes het in die afgelope dekades geleidelik verander en naas lamsvleis het ook <a href="/wiki/Beesvleis" title="Beesvleis">bees-</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hoendervleis" title="Hoendervleis">hoender-</a> en <a href="/wiki/Varkvleis" title="Varkvleis">varkvleis</a> in toenemende mate gewild geraak. Die Yslanders se jaarlikse verbruik van <a href="/wiki/Melk" title="Melk">melk</a> tel met 400 liter per capita onder die hoogstes ter wêreld en 'n groot verskeidenheid van melksoorte, <a href="/wiki/Room" title="Room">room</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kaas" title="Kaas">kaas</a>, <a href="/wiki/Botter" title="Botter">botter</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jogurt" title="Jogurt">jogurt</a> en Ysland se tradisionele kwarkspesialiteit <i>skýr</i> word plaaslik vervaardig. </p><p>Die vraag na groente en vrugte het in die afgelope dekades vinnig gegroei; Ysland is in sommige jare selfvoorsienend betreffend <a href="/wiki/Aartappel" title="Aartappel">aartappels</a>, terwyl groente soos <a href="/wiki/Tamatie" title="Tamatie">tamaties</a>, <a href="/wiki/Komkommer" title="Komkommer">komkommers</a>, <a href="/wiki/Geelwortel" class="mw-redirect" title="Geelwortel">geelwortels</a>, <a href="/wiki/Rissie" class="mw-redirect" title="Rissie">rissies</a>, slaai en verskillende koolsoorte danksy die beskikbaarheid van goedkoop geotermiese energie in kweekhuise gedy. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Toerisme">Toerisme</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ysland&veaction=edit&section=44" title="Wysig afdeling: Toerisme" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>wysig</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ysland&action=edit&section=44" title="Edit section's source code: Toerisme"><span>wysig bron</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Die toerismebedryf speel 'n beduidende rol en is die tweede belangrikste bron van buitelandse valuta. Die aantal buitelandse besoekers het in 2006 met 13 persent gestyg tot 422 000 en intussen die halfmiljoenkerf verbygesteek met sowat 570 000 buitelandse besoekers in 2011; die meeste toeriste het uit die Verenigde Koninkryk, Noord-Amerika en Duitsland gekom. Internasionale toeriste beskou Ysland nog steeds veral as 'n bestemming vir hul somervakansies, tog het die Yslandse toerismebedryf begin om die land as 'n reisbestemming vir alle seisoene te bemark.<sup id="cite_ref-auswaertiges-amt.de_45-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-auswaertiges-amt.de-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Kookkuns">Kookkuns</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ysland&veaction=edit&section=45" title="Wysig afdeling: Kookkuns" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>wysig</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ysland&action=edit&section=45" title="Edit section's source code: Kookkuns"><span>wysig bron</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/L%C3%AAer:Laufabrau%C3%B0.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/Laufabrau%C3%B0.jpg/250px-Laufabrau%C3%B0.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/Laufabrau%C3%B0.jpg/330px-Laufabrau%C3%B0.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/Laufabrau%C3%B0.jpg/500px-Laufabrau%C3%B0.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="533" /></a><figcaption>Laufabrauð, 'n versierde plat brood wat in olie gerooster word, is 'n gewilde spesialiteit gedurende Kerstyd</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/L%C3%AAer:Hakarl_near_Bjarnah%C3%B6fn_in_Iceland.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/42/Hakarl_near_Bjarnah%C3%B6fn_in_Iceland.JPG/250px-Hakarl_near_Bjarnah%C3%B6fn_in_Iceland.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/42/Hakarl_near_Bjarnah%C3%B6fn_in_Iceland.JPG/330px-Hakarl_near_Bjarnah%C3%B6fn_in_Iceland.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/42/Hakarl_near_Bjarnah%C3%B6fn_in_Iceland.JPG/500px-Hakarl_near_Bjarnah%C3%B6fn_in_Iceland.JPG 2x" data-file-width="2592" data-file-height="1944" /></a><figcaption><i>Hákarl</i> of gefermenteerde haaivleis is 'n spesialiteit wat tot so ver as die Noorse volksplanting in die 9de eeu terugdateer</figcaption></figure> <p>Oor 'n lang tydperk het die koel klimaat en die lang winters groot beperkings op die inheemse kookkuns geplaas. Yslanders was genoodsaak om alle beskikbare eetbare dinge te gebruik en het min speserye geken. <a href="/wiki/Afval" title="Afval">Afval</a> soos skaapkoppe het net soos <i>hákarl</i> (gefermenteerde Groenlandhaai) deel uitgemaak van die Yslandse dieet. Die stapelvoedsel het veral uit vis (hoofsaaklik stokvis), walvis-, robbe- en lamvleis, alle eetbare dele van 'n skaap en skyr – 'n soort kwark – bestaan. Skape was die enigste vee wat geteel kon word. </p><p>Sommige van die tradisionele geregte word nog steeds ter geleentheid van die winterfees <i>Þorrablót</i> bedien, waaronder <i>hangikjöt</i> (lamvleis wat eers besterf en daarna gerook word), <i>hákral</i>, <i>svið</i> (gekookte skaapskoppe) en <i>súr hrútspungar</i> (die skrotum van 'n ram wat in suurmelk gemarineer is). Hierdie geregte word saam met aartappels en worteltjiespap geniet. 'n Gewilde digestief is <i>brennivín</i>. </p><p>Skyr, 'n inheemse soort vars kaas of <a href="/wiki/Kwark_(suiwelproduk)" title="Kwark (suiwelproduk)">kwark</a>, het intussen ook op buitelandse markte soos Noord-Amerika gewild geraak. Wei, wat as 'n neweproduk by die kaasvervaardigng verkry is, het tradisioneel die basis vir 'n aantal dranke gevorm, maar is daarnaas ook gebruik om vleis en ander kos te preserveer. Preservering – hoofsaaklik deur middel van fermentasie – was veral met die oog op die lang winters lewensnoodsaaklik. </p><p>Vanweë die geografiese ligging was graanbou nouliks moontlik sodat brood en graankosse eeue lank geen noemenswaardige rol in die Yslandse kookkuns gespeel het nie. </p><p>Tans is koffie die gewildste drank in Ysland wat van soggens tot saans (<i>kvöldkaffi</i>) gedrink word. 'n Tipiese koffiespesialiteit is <i>molakaffi</i> – swart koffie wat saam met suikerblokkies bedien word. Net soos in die Midde-Ooste word 'n suikerblokkie in die mond geneem en die koffie daardeur gedrink. </p><p>Sedert die 1950's is ook in Ysland 'n groot verskeidenheid voedselsoorte in plaaslike supermarkte beskikbaar, en die Yslandse kookkuns is sodoende aan nuwe invloede blootgestel. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Sport">Sport</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ysland&veaction=edit&section=46" title="Wysig afdeling: Sport" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>wysig</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ysland&action=edit&section=46" title="Edit section's source code: Sport"><span>wysig bron</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/L%C3%AAer:Iceland%27s_Olympic_Handball_Team,_Beijing_2008.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/Iceland%27s_Olympic_Handball_Team%2C_Beijing_2008.jpg/220px-Iceland%27s_Olympic_Handball_Team%2C_Beijing_2008.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="126" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/Iceland%27s_Olympic_Handball_Team%2C_Beijing_2008.jpg/330px-Iceland%27s_Olympic_Handball_Team%2C_Beijing_2008.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/Iceland%27s_Olympic_Handball_Team%2C_Beijing_2008.jpg/440px-Iceland%27s_Olympic_Handball_Team%2C_Beijing_2008.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2203" data-file-height="1261" /></a><figcaption>Die Yslandse nasionale manshandbalspan het die silwermedalje tydens die <a href="/wiki/Olimpiese_Somerspele_2008" title="Olimpiese Somerspele 2008">Olimpiese Somerspele 2008</a> gewen. <a href="/w/index.php?title=Handball&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Handball (bladsy bestaan nie)">Handball</a> word as Ysland se nasionale sport beskou<sup id="cite_ref-handball_54-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-handball-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/L%C3%AAer:FWC_2018_-_Group_D_-_ARG_v_ISL_-_Photo_195.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/FWC_2018_-_Group_D_-_ARG_v_ISL_-_Photo_195.jpg/220px-FWC_2018_-_Group_D_-_ARG_v_ISL_-_Photo_195.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/FWC_2018_-_Group_D_-_ARG_v_ISL_-_Photo_195.jpg/330px-FWC_2018_-_Group_D_-_ARG_v_ISL_-_Photo_195.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/FWC_2018_-_Group_D_-_ARG_v_ISL_-_Photo_195.jpg/440px-FWC_2018_-_Group_D_-_ARG_v_ISL_-_Photo_195.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4608" data-file-height="3456" /></a><figcaption>Yslandse ondersteuners tydens die <a href="/wiki/FIFA_Sokker-W%C3%AAreldbekertoernooi_in_2018" title="FIFA Sokker-Wêreldbekertoernooi in 2018">FIFA Sokker-Wêreldbekertoernooi in 2018</a> in <a href="/wiki/Rusland" title="Rusland">Rusland</a></figcaption></figure> <p>Sport is 'n belangrike deel van die Yslandse kultuur, aangesien die bevolking redelik aktief is.<sup id="cite_ref-55" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Die tradisionele hoofsport in Ysland is <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Glima&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Glima (bladsy bestaan nie)">Glima</a></i>, 'n soort <a href="/wiki/Stoei" title="Stoei">stoei</a> wat glo in die <a href="/wiki/Middeleeue" title="Middeleeue">Middeleeue</a> ontstaan het. </p><p>Gewilde sportsoorte sluit in <a href="/wiki/Sokker" title="Sokker">sokker</a>, <a href="/wiki/Atletiek" title="Atletiek">atletiek</a>, <a href="/wiki/Handbal" title="Handbal">handbal</a> en <a href="/wiki/Basketbal" title="Basketbal">basketbal</a>. Handbal word dikwels as die nasionale sport beskou.<sup id="cite_ref-handball_54-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-handball-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Die Yslandse nasionale sokkerspan het tydens die <a href="/wiki/Europese_Sokkerkampioenskap_2016" title="Europese Sokkerkampioenskap 2016">Europese Sokkerkampioenskap 2016</a> sy debuut gemaak. Hulle het gelykop teen die latere kampioen Portugal in die groepfase gespeel en Engeland in die agtste eindrondte met 2–1 geklop, die doele is deur <a href="/w/index.php?title=Ragnar_Sigur%C3%B0sson&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ragnar Sigurðsson (bladsy bestaan nie)">Ragnar Sigurðsson</a> en <a href="/w/index.php?title=Kolbeinn_Sig%C3%BE%C3%B3rsson&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kolbeinn Sigþórsson (bladsy bestaan nie)">Kolbeinn Sigþórsson</a> aangeteken. Hulle is toe deur die gasheer en latere naaswenner Frankryk in die kwarteindrondte uitgeskakel.<sup id="cite_ref-56" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Daarna het Ysland vir die eerste keer vir die <a href="/wiki/FIFA_Sokker-W%C3%AAreldbekertoernooi_in_2018" title="FIFA Sokker-Wêreldbekertoernooi in 2018">FIFA Sokker-Wêreldbekertoernooi in 2018</a> gekwalifiseer. Vir beide die <a href="/wiki/UEFA_Europa-beker" title="UEFA Europa-beker">UEFA Europa-beker</a> en die <a href="/wiki/Sokker-W%C3%AAreldbeker" title="Sokker-Wêreldbeker">Sokker-Wêreldbeker</a> is Ysland volgens sy bevolking die kleinste land wat daarin geslaag het om te kwalifiseer. </p><p>Ysland is ook die kleinste land wat nog vir <a href="/w/index.php?title=EuroBasket&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="EuroBasket (bladsy bestaan nie)">EuroBasket</a> gekwalifiseer het, nadat hulle aan die toernooie in 2015 en 2017 deelgeneem het. Hulle kon egter nie 'n oorwinning aanteken nie. </p><p>Ysland bied uitstekende omstandighede vir <a href="/wiki/Ski" title="Ski">ski</a>, <a href="/wiki/Visvang" title="Visvang">visvang</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sneeuplankry" title="Sneeuplankry">sneeuplankry</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Ysklim&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ysklim (bladsy bestaan nie)">ysklim</a> en <a href="/wiki/Rotsklim" title="Rotsklim">rotsklim</a>, hoewel die bevolking voorkeur gee aan <a href="/wiki/Bergklim" title="Bergklim">bergklim</a> en <a href="/wiki/Stap" title="Stap">stap</a>. Ysland is ook 'n bestemming van wêreldklas vir <a href="/w/index.php?title=Alpeski&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Alpeski (bladsy bestaan nie)">alpe-</a> en <a href="/w/index.php?title=Telemarkski&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Telemarkski (bladsy bestaan nie)">telemarkski</a>, met die Troll-skiereiland in Noord-Ysland wat die sentrum van aktiwiteite is. Hoewel die land se omgewing nie baie geskik is vir <a href="/wiki/Gholf" title="Gholf">gholf</a> nie, is daar nogtans baie gholfbane in die eilandstaat en Ysland het 'n hoër persentasie aan gholfspelers met meer as 17 000 geregistreerde gholfspelers by 'n algehele bevolking van sowat 300 000 as Skotland.<sup id="cite_ref-57" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Ysland huisves 'n jaarlikse internasionale gholftoernooi, die Arktiese Ope, wat snags gedurende die <a href="/wiki/Midsomerfees" title="Midsomerfees">midsomer</a> op <a href="/w/index.php?title=Akureyri_Gholfklub&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Akureyri Gholfklub (bladsy bestaan nie)">Akureyri Gholfklub</a> beslis word.<sup id="cite_ref-58" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-w111_59-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-w111-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Yslanders het ook die naasmeeste <a href="/wiki/W%C3%AAreld_Sterkman-kompetisie" title="Wêreld Sterkman-kompetisie">Wêreld Sterkman-kompetisies</a> met nege titels gewen, waaronder vier deur beide <a href="/w/index.php?title=Magn%C3%BAs_Ver_Magn%C3%BAsson&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Magnús Ver Magnússon (bladsy bestaan nie)">Magnús Ver Magnússon</a> en <a href="/w/index.php?title=J%C3%B3n_P%C3%A1ll_Sigmarsson&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Jón Páll Sigmarsson (bladsy bestaan nie)">Jón Páll Sigmarsson</a> en mees onlangs <a href="/w/index.php?title=Haf%C3%BE%C3%B3r_J%C3%BAl%C3%ADus_Bj%C3%B6rnsson&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Hafþór Júlíus Björnsson (bladsy bestaan nie)">Hafþór Júlíus Björnsson</a> in 2018. </p><p>Ysland is ook een van die leidende lande in <a href="/w/index.php?title=Oseaanroei&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Oseaanroei (bladsy bestaan nie)">oseaanroei</a>. Die Yslandse ontdekkingsreisiger en uithou-atleet <a href="/w/index.php?title=Fiann_Paul&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Fiann Paul (bladsy bestaan nie)">Fiann Paul</a> hou die hoogste aantal aan prestasie-gebaseerde <i><a href="/wiki/Guinness_World_Records" title="Guinness World Records">Guinness World Records</a></i> in 'n enkele atletiese items. Teen 2020 was hy die enigste persoon wat die Oseaan-Verkenners-Grand-Slam behaal het (oopwaterkruisings op elk van die vyf oseane met behulp van mensaangedrewe vaartuie) en hy het ook algehele spoed-<i>Guinness World Records</i> opgestel vir die vinnigste roei op al die vier oseane (<a href="/wiki/Atlantiese_Oseaan" title="Atlantiese Oseaan">Atlantiese</a>, <a href="/wiki/Indiese_Oseaan" title="Indiese Oseaan">Indiese</a>, <a href="/wiki/Stille_Oseaan" title="Stille Oseaan">Stille</a> en die <a href="/wiki/Arktiese_Oseaan" title="Arktiese Oseaan">Arktiese Oseaan</a>) in 'n mensaangedrewe roeiboot. Teen 2020 het hy altesaam 41, waaronder 33 prestasie-gebaseerde, <i>Guinness World Records</i> opgestel.<sup id="cite_ref-60" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-61" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-62" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-63" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-64" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Swem" title="Swem">Swem</a> is ook gewild in Ysland. <a href="/wiki/Geotermiese_energie" title="Geotermiese energie">Geotermiese buitepoels</a> kom algemeen voor en swemkursusse is 'n verpligte deel van die nasionale kurrikulum.<sup id="cite_ref-w111_59-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-w111-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Ruitersport" title="Ruitersport">Perdry</a>, wat histories die belangrikste vervoermiddel op die eiland was, bly 'n algemene tydverdryf vir baie Yslanders. </p><p>Die oudste beheerliggaam in Ysland is die Reykjavík Skietvereniging wat in 1867 gestig is. <a href="/wiki/Geweer" title="Geweer">Geweerskiet</a> het in die 19de eeu baie gewildheid verwerf deur die aanmoediging van politici en nasionaliste wat hulle beywer het vir Yslandse onafhanklikheid. Deesdae bly dit 'n belangrike tydverdryf.<sup id="cite_ref-65" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Ysland het ook baie <a href="/wiki/Skaak" title="Skaak">skaakmeesters</a> opgelewer en die historiese Wêreldskaakkampioenskap 1972 in Reykjavík op die hoogtepunt van die <a href="/wiki/Koue_Oorlog" title="Koue Oorlog">Koue Oorlog</a> gehuisves. Teen 2008 was daar nege Yslandse skaakgrootmeesters, 'n aansienlike aantal as die klein bevolkingstal in ag geneem word.<sup id="cite_ref-66" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Die <a href="/wiki/Kaartspeletjie" title="Kaartspeletjie">kaartspeletjie</a> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Brug_(kaartspeletjie)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Brug (kaartspeletjie) (bladsy bestaan nie)">Brug</a> is ook gewild en Yslanders het al aan verskeie internationale toernooie deelgeneem. Ysland het die wêreldbrugkampioenskap (die Bermuda Bowl) in <a href="/wiki/Jokohama" title="Jokohama">Jokohama</a>, <a href="/wiki/Japan" title="Japan">Japan</a>, in 1991 gewen en in Hamilton, Bermuda, in 1950 as naaswenner (saam met Swede) geëindig.<sup id="cite_ref-67" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Verwysings">Verwysings</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ysland&veaction=edit&section=47" title="Wysig afdeling: Verwysings" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>wysig</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ysland&action=edit&section=47" title="Edit section's source code: Verwysings"><span>wysig bron</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="reflist columns references-column-count references-column-count-4" style="-moz-column-count: 4; -webkit-column-count: 4; column-count: 4; list-style-type: decimal;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-1">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><span style="font-family:sans-serif; font-weight:bold; font-size:85%; cursor:help; color:var(--color-subtle, #54595d);" title="Taal: Yslands">(<span style="border-bottom: 1px dotted var(--color-subtle, #54595d);">is</span>) </span> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r2205490">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-free a{background-image:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/9px-Lock-green.svg.png");background-image:linear-gradient(transparent,transparent),url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg");background-repeat:no-repeat;background-size:9px;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-registration a{background-image:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg/9px-Lock-gray-alt-2.svg.png");background-image:linear-gradient(transparent,transparent),url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg");background-repeat:no-repeat;background-size:9px;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-subscription a{background-image:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg/9px-Lock-red-alt-2.svg.png");background-image:linear-gradient(transparent,transparent),url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg");background-repeat:no-repeat;background-size:9px;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output .cs1-subscription,.mw-parser-output .cs1-registration{color:#555}.mw-parser-output .cs1-subscription span,.mw-parser-output .cs1-registration span{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-image:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/12px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png");background-image:linear-gradient(transparent,transparent),url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg");background-repeat:no-repeat;background-size:12px;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output code.cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:inherit;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#33aa33;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-subscription,.mw-parser-output .cs1-registration,.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left,.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-wl-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right,.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-wl-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ruv.is/frettir/innlent/island-er-minna-en-talid-var">"Ísland er minna en talið var"</a>. RÚV. 26 Februarie 2015<span class="reference-accessdate">. Besoek op <span class="nowrap">29 Desember</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=%C3%8Dsland+er+minna+en+tali%C3%B0+var&rft.pub=R%C3%9AV&rft.date=2015-02-26&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ruv.is%2Ffrettir%2Finnlent%2Fisland-er-minna-en-talid-var&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Faf.wikipedia.org%3AYsland" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-2">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><span style="font-family:sans-serif; font-weight:bold; font-size:85%; cursor:help; color:var(--color-subtle, #54595d);" title="Taal: Engels">(<span style="border-bottom: 1px dotted var(--color-subtle, #54595d);">en</span>) </span> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r2205490" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://stats.oecd.org/Index.aspx?DataSetCode=SURFACE_WATER#">"Surface water and surface water change"</a>. <a href="/wiki/OESO" title="OESO">OESO</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Besoek op <span class="nowrap">29 Desember</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Surface+water+and+surface+water+change&rft.pub=OESO&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fstats.oecd.org%2FIndex.aspx%3FDataSetCode%3DSURFACE_WATER%23&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Faf.wikipedia.org%3AYsland" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-3">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><span style="font-family:sans-serif; font-weight:bold; font-size:85%; cursor:help; color:var(--color-subtle, #54595d);" title="Taal: Yslands">(<span style="border-bottom: 1px dotted var(--color-subtle, #54595d);">is</span>) </span> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r2205490" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.hagstofa.is/talnaefni/ibuar/mannfjoldi/yfirlit/">"Yfirlit mannfjölda"</a>. Statistiek Ysland. 1 Januarie 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Besoek op <span class="nowrap">29 Desember</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Yfirlit+mannfj%C3%B6lda&rft.pub=Statistiek+Ysland&rft.date=2023-01-01&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.hagstofa.is%2Ftalnaefni%2Fibuar%2Fmannfjoldi%2Fyfirlit%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Faf.wikipedia.org%3AYsland" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-4">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><span style="font-family:sans-serif; font-weight:bold; font-size:85%; cursor:help; color:var(--color-subtle, #54595d);" title="Taal: Yslands">(<span style="border-bottom: 1px dotted var(--color-subtle, #54595d);">is</span>) </span> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r2205490" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.skra.is">"Fólkið í landinu"</a>. Statistiek Ysland<span class="reference-accessdate">. Besoek op <span class="nowrap">29 Desember</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=F%C3%B3lki%C3%B0+%C3%AD+landinu&rft.pub=Statistiek+Ysland&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.skra.is&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Faf.wikipedia.org%3AYsland" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-imf2-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">↑ <sup><a href="#cite_ref-imf2_5-0">5,0</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-imf2_5-1">5,1</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-imf2_5-2">5,2</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-imf2_5-3">5,3</a></sup></span> <span class="reference-text"><span style="font-family:sans-serif; font-weight:bold; font-size:85%; cursor:help; color:var(--color-subtle, #54595d);" title="Taal: Engels">(<span style="border-bottom: 1px dotted var(--color-subtle, #54595d);">en</span>) </span> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r2205490" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.imf.org/en/Publications/WEO/weo-database/2024/October/weo-report?c=176,&s=NGDPD,PPPGDP,NGDPDPC,PPPPC,&sy=2022&ey=2029&ssm=0&scsm=1&scc=0&ssd=1&ssc=0&sic=0&sort=country&ds=.&br=1">"Iceland"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Internasionale_Monet%C3%AAre_Fonds" title="Internasionale Monetêre Fonds">Internasionale Monetêre Fonds</a>. 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Besoek op <span class="nowrap">29 Desember</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Iceland&rft.pub=Internasionale+Monet%C3%AAre+Fonds&rft.date=2024-10&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.imf.org%2Fen%2FPublications%2FWEO%2Fweo-database%2F2024%2FOctober%2Fweo-report%3Fc%3D176%2C%26s%3DNGDPD%2CPPPGDP%2CNGDPDPC%2CPPPPC%2C%26sy%3D2022%26ey%3D2029%26ssm%3D0%26scsm%3D1%26scc%3D0%26ssd%3D1%26ssc%3D0%26sic%3D0%26sort%3Dcountry%26ds%3D.%26br%3D1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Faf.wikipedia.org%3AYsland" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-6">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><span style="font-family:sans-serif; font-weight:bold; font-size:85%; cursor:help; color:var(--color-subtle, #54595d);" title="Taal: Engels">(<span style="border-bottom: 1px dotted var(--color-subtle, #54595d);">en</span>) </span> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r2205490" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://hdr.undp.org/system/files/documents/global-report-document/hdr2023-24reporten.pdf">"Human Development Report 2023/2024"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. 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Besoek op <span class="nowrap">29 Desember</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Human+Development+Report+2023%2F2024&rft.pub=United+Nations+Development+Programme&rft.date=2024-03-13&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fhdr.undp.org%2Fsystem%2Ffiles%2Fdocuments%2Fglobal-report-document%2Fhdr2023-24reporten.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Faf.wikipedia.org%3AYsland" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-7">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><span style="font-family:sans-serif; font-weight:bold; font-size:85%; cursor:help; color:var(--color-subtle, #54595d);" title="Taal: Engels">(<span style="border-bottom: 1px dotted var(--color-subtle, #54595d);">en</span>) </span> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r2205490" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/databrowser/view/tessi190/default/table?lang=en">"Gini coefficient of equivalised disposable income – EU-SILC survey"</a>. 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Besoek op <span class="nowrap">29 Desember</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Is+Iceland+Really+Green+and+Greenland+Really+Icy%3F&rft.pub=National+Geographic+Society&rft.date=2016-06-30&rft.au=Andrew+Evans&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nationalgeographic.com%2Fscience%2Farticle%2Ficeland-greenland-name-swap&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Faf.wikipedia.org%3AYsland" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-11">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><span style="font-family:sans-serif; font-weight:bold; font-size:85%; cursor:help; color:var(--color-subtle, #54595d);" title="Taal: Duits">(<span style="border-bottom: 1px dotted var(--color-subtle, #54595d);">de</span>) </span> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.eldey.de/Geographie/Geographie/geographie.html">www.eldey.de: <i>Geografie</i></a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-12">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><span style="font-family:sans-serif; font-weight:bold; font-size:85%; cursor:help; color:var(--color-subtle, #54595d);" title="Taal: Duits">(<span style="border-bottom: 1px dotted var(--color-subtle, #54595d);">de</span>) </span> <i>Der Fischer Weltalmanach 2009</i>. 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Wene: tosa/Carl Ueberreuther 2007, bl. 104–105</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-19">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><span style="font-family:sans-serif; font-weight:bold; font-size:85%; cursor:help; color:var(--color-subtle, #54595d);" title="Taal: Duits">(<span style="border-bottom: 1px dotted var(--color-subtle, #54595d);">de</span>) </span> <i>Island. Polyglott APA Guide</i>. Berlyn en München: Langenscheidt 2007, bl.29</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-20">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><span style="font-family:sans-serif; font-weight:bold; font-size:85%; cursor:help; color:var(--color-subtle, #54595d);" title="Taal: Engels">(<span style="border-bottom: 1px dotted var(--color-subtle, #54595d);">en</span>) </span> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://wayback.vefsafn.is/wayback/20050301181233/www.iceland.is/history-and-culture/History/">www.iceland.is: <i>Geskiedenis – Bronne</i></a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-21">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><span style="font-family:sans-serif; font-weight:bold; font-size:85%; cursor:help; color:var(--color-subtle, #54595d);" title="Taal: Duits">(<span style="border-bottom: 1px dotted var(--color-subtle, #54595d);">de</span>) </span> Konstam (2007), bl. 104</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Konstam_2007,_bl._105-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">↑ <sup><a href="#cite_ref-Konstam_2007,_bl._105_22-0">22,0</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-Konstam_2007,_bl._105_22-1">22,1</a></sup></span> <span class="reference-text"><span style="font-family:sans-serif; font-weight:bold; font-size:85%; cursor:help; color:var(--color-subtle, #54595d);" title="Taal: Duits">(<span style="border-bottom: 1px dotted var(--color-subtle, #54595d);">de</span>) </span> Konstam (2007), bl. 105</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-23">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><span style="font-family:sans-serif; font-weight:bold; font-size:85%; cursor:help; color:var(--color-subtle, #54595d);" title="Taal: Duits">(<span style="border-bottom: 1px dotted var(--color-subtle, #54595d);">de</span>) </span> Grabois, Aryeh: <i>Enzyklopädie des Mittelalters</i>. 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Augsburg: Verlagsgruppe Weltbild 2007, bl. 37</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-28">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><span style="font-family:sans-serif; font-weight:bold; font-size:85%; cursor:help; color:var(--color-subtle, #54595d);" title="Taal: Duits">(<span style="border-bottom: 1px dotted var(--color-subtle, #54595d);">de</span>) </span> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r2205490" /><cite id="CITEREFRonald_D._Gerste2023" class="citation web cs1">Ronald D. Gerste (30 Mei 2023). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.zeit.de/2023/22/schweden-unabhaengigkeit-gustav-vasa-nato-beitritt">"Unabhängigkeit von Schweden – Alter Schwede"</a>. Die Zeit<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Besoek op <span class="nowrap">29 Desember</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Islands+Au%C3%9Fenminister+Benediktsson+%C3%BCbernimmt+Regierung&rft.pub=Frankfurter+Allgemeine+Zeitung&rft.date=2024-04-09&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.faz.net%2Fagenturmeldungen%2Fdpa%2Fislands-aussenminister-benediktsson-uebernimmt-regierung-19642543.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Faf.wikipedia.org%3AYsland" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-31">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><span style="font-family:sans-serif; font-weight:bold; font-size:85%; cursor:help; color:var(--color-subtle, #54595d);" title="Taal: Yslands">(<span style="border-bottom: 1px dotted var(--color-subtle, #54595d);">is</span>) </span> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r2205490" /><cite id="CITEREFRagnar_Jón_Hrólfsson_en_Þorgerður_Anna_Gunnarsdóttir2024" class="citation web cs1">Ragnar Jón Hrólfsson en Þorgerður Anna Gunnarsdóttir (21 Desember 2024). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ruv.is/frettir/innlent/2024-12-21-rikisstjorn-kristrunar-frostadottur-er-tekin-vid-voldum-431433">"Ríkisstjórn Kristrúnar Frostadóttur er tekin við völdum"</a>. RÚV<span class="reference-accessdate">. Besoek op <span class="nowrap">29 Desember</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=R%C3%ADkisstj%C3%B3rn+Kristr%C3%BAnar+Frostad%C3%B3ttur+er+tekin+vi%C3%B0+v%C3%B6ldum&rft.pub=R%C3%9AV&rft.date=2024-12-21&rft.au=Ragnar+J%C3%B3n+Hr%C3%B3lfsson+en+%C3%9Eorger%C3%B0ur+Anna+Gunnarsd%C3%B3ttir&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ruv.is%2Ffrettir%2Finnlent%2F2024-12-21-rikisstjorn-kristrunar-frostadottur-er-tekin-vid-voldum-431433&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Faf.wikipedia.org%3AYsland" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-32">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><span style="font-family:sans-serif; font-weight:bold; font-size:85%; cursor:help; color:var(--color-subtle, #54595d);" title="Taal: Duits">(<span style="border-bottom: 1px dotted var(--color-subtle, #54595d);">de</span>) </span> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.auswaertiges-amt.de/DE/Aussenpolitik/Laender/Laenderinfos/01-Nodes_Uebersichtsseiten/Island_node.html"><i>Duitse Departement van Buitelandse Sake: Ysland – Oorsig</i></a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-33">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><span style="font-family:sans-serif; font-weight:bold; font-size:85%; cursor:help; color:var(--color-subtle, #54595d);" title="Taal: Duits">(<span style="border-bottom: 1px dotted var(--color-subtle, #54595d);">de</span>) </span> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.auswaertiges-amt.de/diplo/de/Laenderinformationen/Island/Aussenpolitik.html"><i>Duitse Departement van Buitelandse Sake: Ysland – buitelandse beleid</i></a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080618081841/http://www.auswaertiges-amt.de/diplo/de/Laenderinformationen/Island/Aussenpolitik.html">Geargiveer</a> 18 Junie 2008 op <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-icelandexport.is-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">↑ <sup><a href="#cite_ref-icelandexport.is_34-0">34,0</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-icelandexport.is_34-1">34,1</a></sup></span> <span class="reference-text"><span style="font-family:sans-serif; font-weight:bold; font-size:85%; cursor:help; color:var(--color-subtle, #54595d);" title="Taal: Engels">(<span style="border-bottom: 1px dotted var(--color-subtle, #54595d);">en</span>) </span> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.icelandexport.is/icelandexport2/english/about_iceland/population_in_iceland/">Iceland Trade Directory – Population in Iceland</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-35">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><span style="font-family:sans-serif; font-weight:bold; font-size:85%; cursor:help; color:var(--color-subtle, #54595d);" title="Taal: Duits">(<span style="border-bottom: 1px dotted var(--color-subtle, #54595d);">de</span>) </span> Statistics Iceland, In: <i>Polyglott APA Guide: Island</i> (2007), bl. 15</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-36">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><span style="font-family:sans-serif; font-weight:bold; font-size:85%; cursor:help; color:var(--color-subtle, #54595d);" title="Taal: Engels">(<span style="border-bottom: 1px dotted var(--color-subtle, #54595d);">en</span>) </span> Vergelyk Baugh, Albert C. en Thomas Cable: <i>A History of the English Language.</i> Derde uitgawe. 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Besoek op <span class="nowrap">18 Oktober</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=World+%2F+Europe&rft.atitle=%E2%80%98No+doubt%E2%80%99+Iceland%E2%80%99s+elves+exist%3A+anthropologist+certain+the+creatures+live+alongside+regular+folks&rft.date=2016-05-14&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.scmp.com%2Fnews%2Fworld%2Feurope%2Farticle%2F1944583%2Fno-doubt-icelands-elves-exist-anthropologist-certain-creatures&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Faf.wikipedia.org%3AYsland" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-42">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><span style="font-family:sans-serif; font-weight:bold; font-size:85%; cursor:help; color:var(--color-subtle, #54595d);" title="Taal: Duits">(<span style="border-bottom: 1px dotted var(--color-subtle, #54595d);">de</span>) </span> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.schattenblick.de/infopool/buch/fakten/bfmes413.html"><i>www.schattenblick.de: Islands Kultur so präsent wie nie zuvor in Europa. Besoek op 8 Junie 2011</i></a><sup><i>[dooie skakel]</i></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-43">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><span style="font-family:sans-serif; font-weight:bold; font-size:85%; cursor:help; color:var(--color-subtle, #54595d);" title="Taal: Engels">(<span style="border-bottom: 1px dotted var(--color-subtle, #54595d);">en</span>) </span> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20030424141209/http://www.lv.is/files/2003_2_6_Platts.THi.doc">Platts Aluminium Symposium – Thorsteinn Hilmarsson: <i>Energy and aluminium in Iceland</i>. Phoenix (Arizona), 12–14 Januarie 2003</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-44">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><span style="font-family:sans-serif; font-weight:bold; font-size:85%; cursor:help; color:var(--color-subtle, #54595d);" title="Taal: Engels">(<span style="border-bottom: 1px dotted var(--color-subtle, #54595d);">en</span>) </span> Platts Aluminium Symposium</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-auswaertiges-amt.de-45"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">↑ <sup><a href="#cite_ref-auswaertiges-amt.de_45-0">45,0</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-auswaertiges-amt.de_45-1">45,1</a></sup></span> <span class="reference-text"><span style="font-family:sans-serif; font-weight:bold; font-size:85%; cursor:help; color:var(--color-subtle, #54595d);" title="Taal: Duits">(<span style="border-bottom: 1px dotted var(--color-subtle, #54595d);">de</span>) </span> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.auswaertiges-amt.de/diplo/de/Laenderinformationen/Island/Wirtschaft.html">Duitse Departement van Buitelandse Sake: <i>Ysland – Ekonomie</i></a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20071018030852/http://www.auswaertiges-amt.de/diplo/de/Laenderinformationen/Island/Wirtschaft.html">Geargiveer</a> 18 Oktober 2007 op <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-46"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-46">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><span style="font-family:sans-serif; font-weight:bold; font-size:85%; cursor:help; color:var(--color-subtle, #54595d);" title="Taal: Duits">(<span style="border-bottom: 1px dotted var(--color-subtle, #54595d);">de</span>) </span> <i>Der Fischer Weltalmanach 2006</i>. Frankfurt am Main: Fischer Taschenbuch Verlag 2005, bl. 236</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-47"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-47">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><span style="font-family:sans-serif; font-weight:bold; font-size:85%; cursor:help; color:var(--color-subtle, #54595d);" title="Taal: Engels">(<span style="border-bottom: 1px dotted var(--color-subtle, #54595d);">en</span>) </span> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.icelandinfocus.com/index.php?/article/reykjavik_economy/">www.icelandinfocus.com: <i>Reykjavik/Economy</i></a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-48"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-48">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><span style="font-family:sans-serif; font-weight:bold; font-size:85%; cursor:help; color:var(--color-subtle, #54595d);" title="Taal: Engels">(<span style="border-bottom: 1px dotted var(--color-subtle, #54595d);">en</span>) </span> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.xe.com/">xe.com</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-49"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-49">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><span style="font-family:sans-serif; font-weight:bold; font-size:85%; cursor:help; color:var(--color-subtle, #54595d);" title="Taal: Duits">(<span style="border-bottom: 1px dotted var(--color-subtle, #54595d);">de</span>) </span> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.eldey.de/Wirtschaft/Bargeld/bargeld.html">www.eldey.de: <i>Ysland se kontantgeld</i></a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-50"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-50">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><span style="font-family:sans-serif; font-weight:bold; font-size:85%; cursor:help; color:var(--color-subtle, #54595d);" title="Taal: Duits">(<span style="border-bottom: 1px dotted var(--color-subtle, #54595d);">de</span>) </span> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.faz.net/s/Rub58241E4DF1B149538ABC24D0E82A6266/Doc~E790D925720784F2E873844E37161F3E4~ATpl~Ecommon~Scontent.html"><i>www.faz.net: Island vor dem Staatsbankrott, 7 Oktober 2008</i></a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-51"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-51">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><span style="font-family:sans-serif; font-weight:bold; font-size:85%; cursor:help; color:var(--color-subtle, #54595d);" title="Taal: Duits">(<span style="border-bottom: 1px dotted var(--color-subtle, #54595d);">de</span>) </span> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.is/20120730191501/www.ftd.de/boersen_maerkte/aktien/marktberichte/:Die-Ereignisse-vom-16-Oktober-AIG-streicht-einem-Vorstand-die-Abfindung/426792.html?p=2"><i>Financial Times Duitsland: Die gebeure op 16 Oktober 2008</i></a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-52"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-52">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><span style="font-family:sans-serif; font-weight:bold; font-size:85%; cursor:help; color:var(--color-subtle, #54595d);" title="Taal: Duits">(<span style="border-bottom: 1px dotted var(--color-subtle, #54595d);">de</span>) </span> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.auswaertiges-amt.de/diplo/de/Laenderinformationen/Island/Wirtschaft.html"><i>Duitse Departement van Buitelandse Sake – Ysland: Ekonomie. Ekonomiese en finansiële beleid. Besoek op 16 April 2009</i></a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20071018030852/http://www.auswaertiges-amt.de/diplo/de/Laenderinformationen/Island/Wirtschaft.html">Geargiveer</a> 18 Oktober 2007 op <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-53"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-53">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><span style="font-family:sans-serif; font-weight:bold; font-size:85%; cursor:help; color:var(--color-subtle, #54595d);" title="Taal: Duits">(<span style="border-bottom: 1px dotted var(--color-subtle, #54595d);">de</span>) </span> Polyglott APA Guide (2007), bl. 117</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-handball-54"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">↑ <sup><a href="#cite_ref-handball_54-0">54,0</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-handball_54-1">54,1</a></sup></span> <span class="reference-text"><span style="font-family:sans-serif; font-weight:bold; font-size:85%; cursor:help; color:var(--color-subtle, #54595d);" title="Taal: Engels">(<span style="border-bottom: 1px dotted var(--color-subtle, #54595d);">en</span>) </span> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r2205490" /><cite id="CITEREFJonathan_Wilcox,_Zawiah_Abdul_Latif2007" class="citation book cs1">Jonathan Wilcox, Zawiah Abdul Latif (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=58ZHaTMk0j4C"><i>Cultures of the World: Iceland</i></a>. Marshall Cavendish. p. 110. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Spesiaal:Boekbronne/978-0-7614-2074-3" title="Spesiaal:Boekbronne/978-0-7614-2074-3"><bdi>978-0-7614-2074-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Cultures+of+the+World%3A+Iceland&rft.pages=110&rft.pub=Marshall+Cavendish&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-0-7614-2074-3&rft.au=Jonathan+Wilcox%2C+Zawiah+Abdul+Latif&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D58ZHaTMk0j4C&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Faf.wikipedia.org%3AYsland" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-55"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-55">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><span style="font-family:sans-serif; font-weight:bold; font-size:85%; cursor:help; color:var(--color-subtle, #54595d);" title="Taal: Engels">(<span style="border-bottom: 1px dotted var(--color-subtle, #54595d);">en</span>) </span> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r2205490" /><cite id="CITEREFJonathan_Wilcox,_Zawiah_Abdul_Latif2007" class="citation book cs1">Jonathan Wilcox, Zawiah Abdul Latif (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=58ZHaTMk0j4C"><i>Cultures of the World: Iceland</i></a>. Marshall Cavendish. p. 109. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Spesiaal:Boekbronne/978-0-7614-2074-3" title="Spesiaal:Boekbronne/978-0-7614-2074-3"><bdi>978-0-7614-2074-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Cultures+of+the+World%3A+Iceland&rft.pages=109&rft.pub=Marshall+Cavendish&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-0-7614-2074-3&rft.au=Jonathan+Wilcox%2C+Zawiah+Abdul+Latif&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D58ZHaTMk0j4C&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Faf.wikipedia.org%3AYsland" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-56"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-56">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><span style="font-family:sans-serif; font-weight:bold; font-size:85%; cursor:help; color:var(--color-subtle, #54595d);" title="Taal: Engels">(<span style="border-bottom: 1px dotted var(--color-subtle, #54595d);">en</span>) </span> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r2205490" /><cite id="CITEREFAmy_Lawrence2016" class="citation web cs1">Amy Lawrence (29 Desember 2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/football/2016/dec/29/2016-football-moment-to-remember-iceland-euro-2016">"A 2016 football moment to remember: Iceland light up Euro 2016"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_Guardian" title="The Guardian">The Guardian</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Besoek op <span class="nowrap">29 Desember</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=A+2016+football+moment+to+remember%3A+Iceland+light+up+Euro+2016&rft.pub=The+Guardian&rft.date=2016-12-29&rft.au=Amy+Lawrence&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theguardian.com%2Ffootball%2F2016%2Fdec%2F29%2F2016-football-moment-to-remember-iceland-euro-2016&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Faf.wikipedia.org%3AYsland" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-57"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-57">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><span style="font-family:sans-serif; font-weight:bold; font-size:85%; cursor:help; color:var(--color-subtle, #54595d);" title="Taal: Engels">(<span style="border-bottom: 1px dotted var(--color-subtle, #54595d);">en</span>) </span> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r2205490" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160614085549/http://www.thejournal.co.uk/sport/other-sport/golf/tee-midnight-sun-reykjavik-4449000">"Tee Off in the Midnight Sun of Reykjavík"</a>. The Journal. 25 Junie 2013. Geargiveer vanaf <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.thejournal.co.uk/sport/other-sport/golf/tee-midnight-sun-reykjavik-4449000">die oorspronklike</a> op 14 Junie 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Besoek op <span class="nowrap">14 Junie</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Tee+Off+in+the+Midnight+Sun+of+Reykjav%C3%ADk&rft.pub=The+Journal&rft.date=2013-06-25&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.thejournal.co.uk%2Fsport%2Fother-sport%2Fgolf%2Ftee-midnight-sun-reykjavik-4449000&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Faf.wikipedia.org%3AYsland" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-58"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-58">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><span style="font-family:sans-serif; font-weight:bold; font-size:85%; cursor:help; color:var(--color-subtle, #54595d);" title="Taal: Engels">(<span style="border-bottom: 1px dotted var(--color-subtle, #54595d);">en</span>) </span> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r2205490" /><cite id="CITEREFPaul_Daley2008" class="citation book cs1">Paul Daley (2008). <i>Golf Architecture: A Worldwide Perspective, Volume 4</i>. Pelican Publishing. p. 92. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Spesiaal:Boekbronne/978-1-58980-616-0" title="Spesiaal:Boekbronne/978-1-58980-616-0"><bdi>978-1-58980-616-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Golf+Architecture%3A+A+Worldwide+Perspective%2C+Volume+4&rft.pages=92&rft.pub=Pelican+Publishing&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-1-58980-616-0&rft.au=Paul+Daley&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Faf.wikipedia.org%3AYsland" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-w111-59"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">↑ <sup><a href="#cite_ref-w111_59-0">59,0</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-w111_59-1">59,1</a></sup></span> <span class="reference-text"><span style="font-family:sans-serif; font-weight:bold; font-size:85%; cursor:help; color:var(--color-subtle, #54595d);" title="Taal: Engels">(<span style="border-bottom: 1px dotted var(--color-subtle, #54595d);">en</span>) </span> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r2205490" /><cite id="CITEREFJonathan_Wilcox,_Zawiah_Abdul_Latif2007" class="citation book cs1">Jonathan Wilcox, Zawiah Abdul Latif (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=58ZHaTMk0j4C"><i>Cultures of the World: Iceland</i></a>. Marshall Cavendish. p. 111. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Spesiaal:Boekbronne/978-0-7614-2074-3" title="Spesiaal:Boekbronne/978-0-7614-2074-3"><bdi>978-0-7614-2074-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Cultures+of+the+World%3A+Iceland&rft.pages=111&rft.pub=Marshall+Cavendish&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-0-7614-2074-3&rft.au=Jonathan+Wilcox%2C+Zawiah+Abdul+Latif&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D58ZHaTMk0j4C&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Faf.wikipedia.org%3AYsland" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-60"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-60">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><span style="font-family:sans-serif; font-weight:bold; font-size:85%; cursor:help; color:var(--color-subtle, #54595d);" title="Taal: Engels">(<span style="border-bottom: 1px dotted var(--color-subtle, #54595d);">en</span>) </span> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r2205490" /><cite id="CITEREFMarc_Boyd2016" class="citation web cs1">Marc Boyd (12 Julie 2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.huffpost.com/entry/team-uniting-nations-on-p_b_10930774">"Team Uniting Nations On Pace To Shatter A World Record In Rowing"</a>. The Huffington Post<span class="reference-accessdate">. Besoek op <span class="nowrap">29 Desember</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Team+Uniting+Nations+On+Pace+To+Shatter+A+World+Record+In+Rowing&rft.pub=The+Huffington+Post&rft.date=2016-07-12&rft.au=Marc+Boyd&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.huffpost.com%2Fentry%2Fteam-uniting-nations-on-p_b_10930774&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Faf.wikipedia.org%3AYsland" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-61"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-61">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><span style="font-family:sans-serif; font-weight:bold; font-size:85%; cursor:help; color:var(--color-subtle, #54595d);" title="Taal: Engels">(<span style="border-bottom: 1px dotted var(--color-subtle, #54595d);">en</span>) </span> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r2205490" /><cite id="CITEREFAmanda_McCracken2019" class="citation web cs1">Amanda McCracken (13 Augustus 2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.mensjournal.com/adventure/speaking-with-the-men-of-the-record-breaking-polar-row-expedition-w501659">"Freezing Temps and Rotting Hands: Speaking With the Men of the Record-Breaking Polar Row Expedition"</a>. Men's Journal<span class="reference-accessdate">. Besoek op <span class="nowrap">29 Desember</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Freezing+Temps+and+Rotting+Hands%3A+Speaking+With+the+Men+of+the+Record-Breaking+Polar+Row+Expedition&rft.pub=Men%27s+Journal&rft.date=2019-08-13&rft.au=Amanda+McCracken&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.mensjournal.com%2Fadventure%2Fspeaking-with-the-men-of-the-record-breaking-polar-row-expedition-w501659&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Faf.wikipedia.org%3AYsland" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-62"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-62">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><span style="font-family:sans-serif; font-weight:bold; font-size:85%; cursor:help; color:var(--color-subtle, #54595d);" title="Taal: Engels">(<span style="border-bottom: 1px dotted var(--color-subtle, #54595d);">en</span>) </span> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r2205490" /><cite id="CITEREFNicole_Ault2017" class="citation web cs1">Nicole Ault (8 Augustus 2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.washingtontimes.com/news/2017/aug/8/polar-row-exploration-team-smashes-world-records-i/">"<span class="cs1-kern-left"></span>'Polar Row' exploration team smashes world records in icy north"</a>. The Washington Times<span class="reference-accessdate">. Besoek op <span class="nowrap">29 Desember</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=%E2%80%98Polar+Row%E2%80%99+exploration+team+smashes+world+records+in+icy+north&rft.pub=The+Washington+Times&rft.date=2017-08-08&rft.au=Nicole+Ault&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.washingtontimes.com%2Fnews%2F2017%2Faug%2F8%2Fpolar-row-exploration-team-smashes-world-records-i%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Faf.wikipedia.org%3AYsland" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-63"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-63">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><span style="font-family:sans-serif; font-weight:bold; font-size:85%; cursor:help; color:var(--color-subtle, #54595d);" title="Taal: Engels">(<span style="border-bottom: 1px dotted var(--color-subtle, #54595d);">en</span>) </span> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r2205490" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://guinnessworldrecords.com/search?term=">"Fiann%20Paul"&page=1&type=all&max=20&partial=_Results& "Search Results"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Guinness_World_Records" title="Guinness World Records">Guinness World Records</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Besoek op <span class="nowrap">29 Desember</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Search+Results&rft.pub=Guinness+World+Records&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fguinnessworldrecords.com%2Fsearch%3Fterm%3D%22Fiann%2520Paul%22%26page%3D1%26type%3Dall%26max%3D20%26partial%3D_Results%26&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Faf.wikipedia.org%3AYsland" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-64"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-64">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><span style="font-family:sans-serif; font-weight:bold; font-size:85%; cursor:help; color:var(--color-subtle, #54595d);" title="Taal: Engels">(<span style="border-bottom: 1px dotted var(--color-subtle, #54595d);">en</span>) </span> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r2205490" /><cite id="CITEREFCraig_Glenday2019" class="citation web cs1">Craig Glenday (27 Desember 2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.guinnessworldrecords.com/news/2019/12/impossible-row-team-achieve-first-ever-row-across-the-drake-passage-604720">"Impossible Row team achieve first ever row across the Drake Passage"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Guinness_World_Records" title="Guinness World Records">Guinness World Records</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Besoek op <span class="nowrap">29 Desember</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Impossible+Row+team+achieve+first+ever+row+across+the+Drake+Passage&rft.pub=Guinness+World+Records&rft.date=2019-12-27&rft.au=Craig+Glenday&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.guinnessworldrecords.com%2Fnews%2F2019%2F12%2Fimpossible-row-team-achieve-first-ever-row-across-the-drake-passage-604720&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Faf.wikipedia.org%3AYsland" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-65"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-65">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><span style="font-family:sans-serif; font-weight:bold; font-size:85%; cursor:help; color:var(--color-subtle, #54595d);" title="Taal: Yslands">(<span style="border-bottom: 1px dotted var(--color-subtle, #54595d);">is</span>) </span> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r2205490" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20071013013843/http://sr.is/Stofnun_og_saga_SR.htm">"Skotfélag Reykjavíkur"</a>. Geargiveer vanaf <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://sr.is/Stofnun_og_saga_SR.htm">die oorspronklike</a> op 13 Oktober 2007<span class="reference-accessdate">. Besoek op <span class="nowrap">13 Oktober</span> 2007</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Skotf%C3%A9lag+Reykjav%C3%ADkur&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fsr.is%2FStofnun_og_saga_SR.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Faf.wikipedia.org%3AYsland" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-66"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-66">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><span style="font-family:sans-serif; font-weight:bold; font-size:85%; cursor:help; color:var(--color-subtle, #54595d);" title="Taal: Engels">(<span style="border-bottom: 1px dotted var(--color-subtle, #54595d);">en</span>) </span> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r2205490" /><cite id="CITEREFJonathan_Wilcox,_Zawiah_Abdul_Latif2007" class="citation book cs1">Jonathan Wilcox, Zawiah Abdul Latif (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=58ZHaTMk0j4C"><i>Cultures of the World: Iceland</i></a>. Marshall Cavendish. p. 112. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Spesiaal:Boekbronne/978-0-7614-2074-3" title="Spesiaal:Boekbronne/978-0-7614-2074-3"><bdi>978-0-7614-2074-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Cultures+of+the+World%3A+Iceland&rft.pages=112&rft.pub=Marshall+Cavendish&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-0-7614-2074-3&rft.au=Jonathan+Wilcox%2C+Zawiah+Abdul+Latif&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D58ZHaTMk0j4C&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Faf.wikipedia.org%3AYsland" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-67"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-67">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><span style="font-family:sans-serif; font-weight:bold; font-size:85%; cursor:help; color:var(--color-subtle, #54595d);" title="Taal: Yslands">(<span style="border-bottom: 1px dotted var(--color-subtle, #54595d);">is</span>) </span> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r2205490" /><cite id="CITEREFKolbeinn_Tumi_Daðason2019" class="citation web cs1">Kolbeinn Tumi Daðason (24 Junie 2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.visir.is/g/2019190629385/bermudaskalarhetja-i-ellefu-manna-heidurshopi">"Bermúdaskálarhetja í ellefu manna heiðurshópi"</a>. Vísir<span class="reference-accessdate">. Besoek op <span class="nowrap">29 Desember</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Berm%C3%BAdask%C3%A1larhetja+%C3%AD+ellefu+manna+hei%C3%B0ursh%C3%B3pi&rft.pub=V%C3%ADsir&rft.date=2019-06-24&rft.au=Kolbeinn+Tumi+Da%C3%B0ason&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.visir.is%2Fg%2F2019190629385%2Fbermudaskalarhetja-i-ellefu-manna-heidurshopi&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Faf.wikipedia.org%3AYsland" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Bronnelys">Bronnelys</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ysland&veaction=edit&section=48" title="Wysig afdeling: Bronnelys" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>wysig</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ysland&action=edit&section=48" title="Edit section's source code: Bronnelys"><span>wysig bron</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <dl><dt>Algemeen</dt></dl> <hr /> <ul><li><span style="font-family:sans-serif; font-weight:bold; font-size:85%; cursor:help; color:var(--color-subtle, #54595d);" title="Taal: Engels">(<span style="border-bottom: 1px dotted var(--color-subtle, #54595d);">en</span>) </span> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r2205490" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.britannica.com/place/Iceland">"Iceland"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica" title="Encyclopædia Britannica">Encyclopædia Britannica</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Besoek op <span class="nowrap">29 Desember</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Iceland&rft.pub=Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Britannica&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.britannica.com%2Fplace%2FIceland&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Faf.wikipedia.org%3AYsland" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><span style="font-family:sans-serif; font-weight:bold; font-size:85%; cursor:help; color:var(--color-subtle, #54595d);" title="Taal: Engels">(<span style="border-bottom: 1px dotted var(--color-subtle, #54595d);">en</span>) </span> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r2205490" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/iceland/">"Iceland"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Central_Intelligence_Agency" title="Central Intelligence Agency">Central Intelligence Agency</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Besoek op <span class="nowrap">29 Desember</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Iceland&rft.pub=Central+Intelligence+Agency&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cia.gov%2Fthe-world-factbook%2Fcountries%2Ficeland%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Faf.wikipedia.org%3AYsland" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <dl><dt>Middeleeuse geskiedenis</dt></dl> <hr /> <ul><li><span style="font-family:sans-serif; font-weight:bold; font-size:85%; cursor:help; color:var(--color-subtle, #54595d);" title="Taal: Duits">(<span style="border-bottom: 1px dotted var(--color-subtle, #54595d);">de</span>) </span> Grabois, Aryeh: <i>Enzyklopädie des Mittelalters</i>. Zürich: Edition Atlantis 1988</li></ul> <dl><dt>Taal</dt></dl> <hr /> <ul><li><span style="font-family:sans-serif; font-weight:bold; font-size:85%; cursor:help; color:var(--color-subtle, #54595d);" title="Taal: Engels">(<span style="border-bottom: 1px dotted var(--color-subtle, #54595d);">en</span>) </span> Yslandse Taalinstituut: <i>Icelandic – at once ancient and modern</i>. Pamflet nommer 13 van die Departement van Onderwys, Wetenskap en Kultuur. Reykjavik 2001. Aanlyn beskikbaar: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://rafhladan.is/bitstream/handle/10802/7502/Icelandic.pdf?sequence=1"><i>Icelandic</i> (pdf-lêer)</a></li></ul> <dl><dt>Ekonomie</dt></dl> <hr /> <ul><li><span style="font-family:sans-serif; font-weight:bold; font-size:85%; cursor:help; color:var(--color-subtle, #54595d);" title="Taal: Duits">(<span style="border-bottom: 1px dotted var(--color-subtle, #54595d);">de</span>) </span> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.eldey.de/Wirtschaft/Geldpolitik/geldpolitik.html">www.eldey.de: <i>Ysland se monetêre beleid</i></a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Eksterne_skakels">Eksterne skakels</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ysland&veaction=edit&section=49" title="Wysig afdeling: Eksterne skakels" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>wysig</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ysland&action=edit&section=49" title="Edit section's source code: Eksterne skakels"><span>wysig bron</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <table role="presentation" class="mbox-small plainlinks sistersitebox" style="background-color:var(--background-color-base, #fff);border:1px solid var(--border-color-base, #a2a9b1);color:inherit;Susterprojek/styl.css"> <tbody><tr> <td class="mbox-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/40px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/60px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></span></span></td> <td class="mbox-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons bevat media in verband met <i><b><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Iceland" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Iceland">Ysland</a></b></i>.</td></tr></tbody></table> <dl><dt>Toerisme</dt></dl> <hr /> <table role="presentation" class="mbox-small plainlinks sistersitebox" style="background-color:var(--background-color-base, #fff);border:1px solid var(--border-color-base, #a2a9b1);color:inherit;Susterprojek/styl.css"> <tbody><tr> <td class="mbox-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg/40px-Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg/60px-Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg/120px-Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /></span></span></td> <td class="mbox-text plainlist">Sien <i><b><a href="https://af.wiktionary.org/wiki/Ysland" class="extiw" title="wikt:Ysland">Ysland</a></b></i> in Wiktionary, die vrye woordeboek.</td></tr></tbody></table> <ul><li><span style="font-family:sans-serif; font-weight:bold; font-size:85%; cursor:help; color:var(--color-subtle, #54595d);" title="Taal: Engels">(<span style="border-bottom: 1px dotted var(--color-subtle, #54595d);">en</span>) </span> Toerisme-inligting oor <a class="external text" href="https://en.wikivoyage.org/wiki/Iceland">Ysland</a> op <a href="/wiki/Wikivoyage" title="Wikivoyage">Wikivoyage</a></li></ul> <dl><dt>Regering van Ysland</dt></dl> <hr /> <ul><li><span style="font-family:sans-serif; font-weight:bold; font-size:85%; cursor:help; color:var(--color-subtle, #54595d);" title="Taal: Engels">(<span style="border-bottom: 1px dotted var(--color-subtle, #54595d);">en</span>) </span> <span style="font-family:sans-serif; font-weight:bold; font-size:85%; cursor:help; color:var(--color-subtle, #54595d);" title="Taal: Yslands">(<span style="border-bottom: 1px dotted var(--color-subtle, #54595d);">is</span>) </span> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.government.is/"><i>Amptelike webwerf van die Yslandse regering</i></a></li></ul> <dl><dt>Foto- en videokuns</dt></dl> <hr /> <ul><li><span style="font-family:sans-serif; font-weight:bold; font-size:85%; cursor:help; color:var(--color-subtle, #54595d);" title="Taal: Engels">(<span style="border-bottom: 1px dotted var(--color-subtle, #54595d);">en</span>) </span> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.icelandinfocus.com/index.php?/category/C4/"><i>Fokus op Ysland</i></a></li> <li><span style="font-family:sans-serif; font-weight:bold; font-size:85%; cursor:help; color:var(--color-subtle, #54595d);" title="Taal: Engels">(<span style="border-bottom: 1px dotted var(--color-subtle, #54595d);">en</span>) </span> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://icelandphotoimages.com/"><i>Rafn Sig se foto- en videokunsateljee </i></a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200604173540/https://icelandphotoimages.com/">Geargiveer</a> 4 Junie 2020 op <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></li></ul> <table class="navbox" style="text-align: center; width:80%; font-size:95%; margin:0.5em auto"> <caption> </caption> <tbody><tr> <td width="5%" style="text-align: center" rowspan="5"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/8/8b/Compass_rose_pale-50x50.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="50" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="50" data-file-height="50" /></span></span> </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/L%C3%AAer:Flag_of_Greenland.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Vlag van Groenland"><img alt="Vlag van Groenland" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/Flag_of_Greenland.svg/22px-Flag_of_Greenland.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/Flag_of_Greenland.svg/33px-Flag_of_Greenland.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/Flag_of_Greenland.svg/44px-Flag_of_Greenland.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/Groenland" title="Groenland">Groenland</a> • <a href="/wiki/Groenlandsee" title="Groenlandsee">Groenlandsee</a> </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/L%C3%AAer:Flag_of_Greenland.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Vlag van Groenland"><img alt="Vlag van Groenland" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/Flag_of_Greenland.svg/22px-Flag_of_Greenland.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/Flag_of_Greenland.svg/33px-Flag_of_Greenland.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/Flag_of_Greenland.svg/44px-Flag_of_Greenland.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/Groenland" title="Groenland">Groenland</a> • <a href="/wiki/Groenlandsee" title="Groenlandsee">Groenlandsee</a> </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center"><a href="/wiki/Noorse_See" title="Noorse See">Noorse See</a> • <a href="/wiki/Jan_Mayen" title="Jan Mayen">Jan Mayen</a> (<span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/L%C3%AAer:Flag_of_Norway.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Vlag van Noorweë"><img alt="Vlag van Noorweë" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Flag_of_Norway.svg/40px-Flag_of_Norway.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Flag_of_Norway.svg/60px-Flag_of_Norway.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="372" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/Noorwe%C3%AB" title="Noorweë">Noorweë</a>) • <a href="/wiki/Svalbard" title="Svalbard">Svalbard</a> (<span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/L%C3%AAer:Flag_of_Norway.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Vlag van Noorweë"><img alt="Vlag van Noorweë" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Flag_of_Norway.svg/40px-Flag_of_Norway.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Flag_of_Norway.svg/60px-Flag_of_Norway.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="372" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/Noorwe%C3%AB" title="Noorweë">Noorweë</a>) </td> <td width="5%" style="text-align: center; padding: 0" rowspan="5"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/8/8b/Compass_rose_pale-50x50.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="50" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="50" data-file-height="50" /></span></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center" rowspan="3"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/L%C3%AAer:Flag_of_Greenland.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Vlag van Groenland"><img alt="Vlag van Groenland" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/Flag_of_Greenland.svg/22px-Flag_of_Greenland.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/Flag_of_Greenland.svg/33px-Flag_of_Greenland.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/Flag_of_Greenland.svg/44px-Flag_of_Greenland.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/Groenland" title="Groenland">Groenland</a> • <a href="/wiki/Groenlandsee" title="Groenlandsee">Groenlandsee</a> </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File"><span title="North"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/44/North.svg/17px-North.svg.png" decoding="async" width="17" height="17" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/44/North.svg/26px-North.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/44/North.svg/34px-North.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="17" data-file-height="17" /></span></span> </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center" rowspan="3"><a href="/wiki/Noorse_See" title="Noorse See">Noorse See</a> • <span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/L%C3%AAer:Flag_of_Norway.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Vlag van Noorweë"><img alt="Vlag van Noorweë" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Flag_of_Norway.svg/40px-Flag_of_Norway.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Flag_of_Norway.svg/60px-Flag_of_Norway.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="372" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/Noorwe%C3%AB" title="Noorweë">Noorweë</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center" nowrap="nowrap"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File"><span title="West"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/West.svg/17px-West.svg.png" decoding="async" width="17" height="17" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/West.svg/26px-West.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/West.svg/34px-West.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="17" data-file-height="17" /></span></span>   <b><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/L%C3%AAer:Flag_of_Iceland.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Vlag van Ysland"><img alt="Vlag van Ysland" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/Flag_of_Iceland.svg/40px-Flag_of_Iceland.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/Flag_of_Iceland.svg/60px-Flag_of_Iceland.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1250" data-file-height="900" /></a></span> <a class="mw-selflink selflink">Ysland</a></b>    <span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File"><span title="East"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/Boxed_East_arrow.svg/17px-Boxed_East_arrow.svg.png" decoding="async" width="17" height="17" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/Boxed_East_arrow.svg/26px-Boxed_East_arrow.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/Boxed_East_arrow.svg/34px-Boxed_East_arrow.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="17" data-file-height="17" /></span></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File"><span title="South"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/South.svg/17px-South.svg.png" decoding="async" width="17" height="17" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/South.svg/26px-South.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/South.svg/34px-South.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="17" data-file-height="17" /></span></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center"><a href="/wiki/Atlantiese_Oseaan" title="Atlantiese Oseaan">Atlantiese Oseaan</a> </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center"><a href="/wiki/Atlantiese_Oseaan" title="Atlantiese Oseaan">Atlantiese Oseaan</a> • <span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/L%C3%AAer:Flag_of_Ireland.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Flag of Ireland"><img alt="Flag of Ireland" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/Flag_of_Ireland.svg/40px-Flag_of_Ireland.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/Flag_of_Ireland.svg/60px-Flag_of_Ireland.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/Republiek_Ierland" title="Republiek Ierland">Ierland</a> • <span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/L%C3%AAer:Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom_(3-5).svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Vlag van Verenigde Koninkryk"><img alt="Vlag van Verenigde Koninkryk" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom_%283-5%29.svg/40px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom_%283-5%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom_%283-5%29.svg/60px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom_%283-5%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/Verenigde_Koninkryk" title="Verenigde Koninkryk">Verenigde Koninkryk</a> </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center"><a href="/wiki/Noorse_See" title="Noorse See">Noorse See</a> • <span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/L%C3%AAer:Flag_of_the_Faroe_Islands.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Flag of the Faroe Islands"><img alt="Flag of the Faroe Islands" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3c/Flag_of_the_Faroe_Islands.svg/40px-Flag_of_the_Faroe_Islands.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3c/Flag_of_the_Faroe_Islands.svg/60px-Flag_of_the_Faroe_Islands.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1100" data-file-height="800" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/Faro%C3%ABreilande" title="Faroëreilande">Faroëreilande</a> </td></tr></tbody></table> <div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Lande_en_gebiede_in_Europa" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><div class="plainlinks hlist navbar mini"><ul><li class="nv-lees"><a href="/wiki/Sjabloon:Lande_van_Europa" title="Sjabloon:Lande van Europa"><abbr title="Lees hierdie sjabloon" style=";;background:none transparent;color:inherit;border:none;-moz-box-shadow:none;-webkit-box-shadow:none;box-shadow:none; padding:0;">l</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-bespreek"><a href="/wiki/Sjabloonbespreking:Lande_van_Europa" title="Sjabloonbespreking:Lande van Europa"><abbr title="Bespreek hierdie sjabloon" style=";;background:none transparent;color:inherit;border:none;-moz-box-shadow:none;-webkit-box-shadow:none;box-shadow:none; padding:0;">b</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-wysig"><a class="external text" href="https://af.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Sjabloon:Lande_van_Europa&action=edit"><abbr title="Wysig hierdie sjabloon" style=";;background:none transparent;color:inherit;border:none;-moz-box-shadow:none;-webkit-box-shadow:none;box-shadow:none; padding:0;">w</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Lande_en_gebiede_in_Europa" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Lande en gebiede in <a href="/wiki/Europa" title="Europa">Europa</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Lys_van_lande" title="Lys van lande">Lande</a></th><td class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"><a href="/wiki/Albani%C3%AB" title="Albanië">Albanië</a> • <a href="/wiki/Andorra" title="Andorra">Andorra</a> • <a href="/wiki/Armeni%C3%AB" title="Armenië">Armenië</a><sup>2</sup> • <a href="/wiki/Azerbeidjan" title="Azerbeidjan">Azerbeidjan</a><sup>1</sup> • <a href="/wiki/Belarus" title="Belarus">Belarus</a> • <a href="/wiki/Belgi%C3%AB" title="België">België</a> • <a href="/wiki/Bosni%C3%AB_en_Herzegowina" title="Bosnië en Herzegowina">Bosnië en Herzegowina</a> • <a href="/wiki/Bulgarye" title="Bulgarye">Bulgarye</a> • <a href="/wiki/Denemarke" title="Denemarke">Denemarke</a> • <a href="/wiki/Duitsland" title="Duitsland">Duitsland</a> • <a href="/wiki/Estland" title="Estland">Estland</a> • <a href="/wiki/Finland" title="Finland">Finland</a> • <a href="/wiki/Frankryk" title="Frankryk">Frankryk</a> • <a href="/wiki/Georgi%C3%AB" title="Georgië">Georgië</a><sup>1</sup> • <a href="/wiki/Griekeland" title="Griekeland">Griekeland</a> • <a href="/wiki/Hongarye" title="Hongarye">Hongarye</a> • <a href="/wiki/Republiek_Ierland" title="Republiek Ierland">Ierland</a> • <a href="/wiki/Itali%C3%AB" title="Italië">Italië</a> • <a href="/wiki/Kasakstan" title="Kasakstan">Kasakstan</a><sup>1</sup> • <a href="/wiki/Kroasi%C3%AB" title="Kroasië">Kroasië</a> • <a href="/wiki/Letland" title="Letland">Letland</a> • <a href="/wiki/Liechtenstein" title="Liechtenstein">Liechtenstein</a> • <a href="/wiki/Litaue" title="Litaue">Litaue</a> • <a href="/wiki/Luxemburg" title="Luxemburg">Luxemburg</a> • <a href="/wiki/Malta" title="Malta">Malta</a> • <a href="/wiki/Moldowa" title="Moldowa">Moldowa</a> • <a href="/wiki/Monaco" title="Monaco">Monaco</a> • <a href="/wiki/Montenegro" title="Montenegro">Montenegro</a> • <a href="/wiki/Nederland" title="Nederland">Nederland</a> • <a href="/wiki/Noord-Masedoni%C3%AB" title="Noord-Masedonië">Noord-Masedonië</a> • <a href="/wiki/Noorwe%C3%AB" title="Noorweë">Noorweë</a> • <a href="/wiki/Oekra%C3%AFne" title="Oekraïne">Oekraïne</a> • <a href="/wiki/Oostenryk" title="Oostenryk">Oostenryk</a> • <a href="/wiki/Pole" title="Pole">Pole</a> • <a href="/wiki/Portugal" title="Portugal">Portugal</a> • <a href="/wiki/Roemeni%C3%AB" title="Roemenië">Roemenië</a> • <a href="/wiki/Rusland" title="Rusland">Rusland</a><sup>1</sup> • <a href="/wiki/San_Marino" title="San Marino">San Marino</a> • <a href="/wiki/Serwi%C3%AB" title="Serwië">Serwië</a> • <a href="/wiki/Siprus" title="Siprus">Siprus</a><sup>2</sup> • <a href="/wiki/Slowakye" title="Slowakye">Slowakye</a> • <a href="/wiki/Sloweni%C3%AB" title="Slowenië">Slowenië</a> • <a href="/wiki/Spanje" title="Spanje">Spanje</a> • <a href="/wiki/Swede" title="Swede">Swede</a> • <a href="/wiki/Switserland" title="Switserland">Switserland</a> • <a href="/wiki/Tsjeggi%C3%AB" title="Tsjeggië">Tsjeggië</a> • <a href="/wiki/Turkye" title="Turkye">Turkye</a><sup>1</sup> • <a href="/wiki/Vatikaanstad" title="Vatikaanstad">Vatikaanstad</a> • <a href="/wiki/Verenigde_Koninkryk" title="Verenigde Koninkryk">Verenigde Koninkryk</a> • <a class="mw-selflink selflink">Ysland</a></div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="4" style="width:1px;padding:0px 0px 0px 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/L%C3%AAer:Europe_(orthographic_projection).svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c6/Europe_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg/120px-Europe_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="100" height="100" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c6/Europe_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg/250px-Europe_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg.png 1.5x" data-file-width="541" data-file-height="541" /></a></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Lys_van_omstrede_gebiede" title="Lys van omstrede gebiede">Omstrede gebiede</a></th><td class="navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"><a href="/wiki/Abchasi%C3%AB" title="Abchasië">Abchasië</a><sup>1</sup> • <a href="/wiki/Republiek_Artsach" title="Republiek Artsach">Artsach</a><sup>2</sup> • <a href="/wiki/Volksrepubliek_Donetsk" title="Volksrepubliek Donetsk">Donetsk</a> • <a href="/wiki/Kosovo" title="Kosovo">Kosovo</a> • <a href="/wiki/Volksrepubliek_Loehansk" title="Volksrepubliek Loehansk">Loehansk</a> • <a href="/wiki/Turkse_Republiek_van_Noord-Siprus" title="Turkse Republiek van Noord-Siprus">Noord-Siprus</a><sup>2</sup> • <a href="/wiki/Suid-Osseti%C3%AB" title="Suid-Ossetië">Suid-Ossetië</a><sup>1</sup> • <a href="/wiki/Transnistri%C3%AB" title="Transnistrië">Transnistrië</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Lys_van_afhanklike_gebiede" title="Lys van afhanklike gebiede">Afhanklike gebiede</a></th><td class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Finland" title="Finland">Finland</a></th><td class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"><a href="/wiki/%C3%85land" title="Åland">Åland</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Koninkryk_van_Denemarke" title="Koninkryk van Denemarke">Koninkryk van Denemarke</a></th><td class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"><a href="/wiki/Faro%C3%ABreilande" title="Faroëreilande">Faroëreilande</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Noorwe%C3%AB" title="Noorweë">Noorweë</a></th><td class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"><a href="/wiki/Jan_Mayen" title="Jan Mayen">Jan Mayen</a> • <a href="/wiki/Svalbard" title="Svalbard">Svalbard</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Portugal" title="Portugal">Portugal</a></th><td class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"><a href="/wiki/Asore" title="Asore">Asore</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Verenigde_Koninkryk" title="Verenigde Koninkryk">Verenigde Koninkryk</a></th><td class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"><a href="/wiki/Akrotiri_en_Dhekeli%C3%AB" title="Akrotiri en Dhekelië">Akrotiri en Dhekelië</a><sup>2</sup> • <a href="/wiki/Gibraltar" title="Gibraltar">Gibraltar</a> • <a href="/wiki/Guernsey" title="Guernsey">Guernsey</a><sup>3</sup> • <a href="/wiki/Jersey" title="Jersey">Jersey</a><sup>3</sup> • <a href="/wiki/Man_(eiland)" title="Man (eiland)">Man</a></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Lande van</th><td class="navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"><a href="/wiki/Sjabloon:Lande_van_Afrika" title="Sjabloon:Lande van Afrika">Afrika</a> • <a href="/wiki/Sjabloon:Lande_van_Asi%C3%AB" title="Sjabloon:Lande van Asië">Asië</a> • <a href="/wiki/Sjabloon:Lande_van_Noord-Amerika" title="Sjabloon:Lande van Noord-Amerika">Noord-Amerika</a> • <a href="/wiki/Sjabloon:Lande_van_Oseani%C3%AB" title="Sjabloon:Lande van Oseanië">Oseanië</a> • <a href="/wiki/Sjabloon:Lande_van_Suid-Amerika" title="Sjabloon:Lande van Suid-Amerika">Suid-Amerika</a></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3"><div><small>1. Land <a href="/wiki/Transkontinentale_land" title="Transkontinentale land">deels</a> in <a href="/wiki/Asi%C3%AB" title="Asië">Asië</a>. 2. Geografies in <a href="/wiki/Asi%C3%AB" title="Asië">Asië</a>, maar gereeld beskou as deel van <a href="/wiki/Europa" title="Europa">Europa</a> a.g.v. kulturele en historiese oorwegings. 3. Aangedui as die <a href="/wiki/Kanaaleilande" title="Kanaaleilande">Kanaaleilande</a>.</small></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Europese_Vryhandelsvereniging_(EVHV)" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div class="plainlinks hlist navbar mini"><ul><li class="nv-lees"><a href="/wiki/Sjabloon:EVA" title="Sjabloon:EVA"><abbr title="Lees hierdie sjabloon" style=";;background:none transparent;color:inherit;border:none;-moz-box-shadow:none;-webkit-box-shadow:none;box-shadow:none; padding:0;">l</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-bespreek"><a href="/wiki/Sjabloonbespreking:EVA" title="Sjabloonbespreking:EVA"><abbr title="Bespreek hierdie sjabloon" style=";;background:none transparent;color:inherit;border:none;-moz-box-shadow:none;-webkit-box-shadow:none;box-shadow:none; padding:0;">b</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-wysig"><a class="external text" href="https://af.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Sjabloon:EVA&action=edit"><abbr title="Wysig hierdie sjabloon" style=";;background:none transparent;color:inherit;border:none;-moz-box-shadow:none;-webkit-box-shadow:none;box-shadow:none; padding:0;">w</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Europese_Vryhandelsvereniging_(EVHV)" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Europese_Vryhandelsvereniging" title="Europese Vryhandelsvereniging">Europese Vryhandelsvereniging</a> (EVHV)</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Liechtenstein" title="Liechtenstein">Liechtenstein</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Noorwe%C3%AB" title="Noorweë">Noorweë</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Switserland" title="Switserland">Switserland</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Ysland</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="23px_Noord-Atlantiese_Verdragsorganisasie_(NAVO)" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div class="plainlinks hlist navbar mini"><ul><li class="nv-lees"><a href="/wiki/Sjabloon:NAVO-lande" title="Sjabloon:NAVO-lande"><abbr title="Lees hierdie sjabloon" style=";;background:none transparent;color:inherit;border:none;-moz-box-shadow:none;-webkit-box-shadow:none;box-shadow:none; padding:0;">l</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-bespreek"><a href="/wiki/Sjabloonbespreking:NAVO-lande" title="Sjabloonbespreking:NAVO-lande"><abbr title="Bespreek hierdie sjabloon" style=";;background:none transparent;color:inherit;border:none;-moz-box-shadow:none;-webkit-box-shadow:none;box-shadow:none; padding:0;">b</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-wysig"><a class="external text" href="https://af.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Sjabloon:NAVO-lande&action=edit"><abbr title="Wysig hierdie sjabloon" style=";;background:none transparent;color:inherit;border:none;-moz-box-shadow:none;-webkit-box-shadow:none;box-shadow:none; padding:0;">w</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="23px_Noord-Atlantiese_Verdragsorganisasie_(NAVO)" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/L%C3%AAer:Flag_of_NATO.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/Flag_of_NATO.svg/40px-Flag_of_NATO.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="17" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/Flag_of_NATO.svg/60px-Flag_of_NATO.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="768" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/NAVO" title="NAVO">Noord-Atlantiese Verdragsorganisasie</a> (NAVO)</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Albani%C3%AB" title="Albanië">Albanië</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Belgi%C3%AB" title="België">België</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bulgarye" title="Bulgarye">Bulgarye</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Denemarke" title="Denemarke">Denemarke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Duitsland" title="Duitsland">Duitsland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Estland" title="Estland">Estland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Finland" title="Finland">Finland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frankryk" title="Frankryk">Frankryk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Griekeland" title="Griekeland">Griekeland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hongarye" title="Hongarye">Hongarye</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Itali%C3%AB" title="Italië">Italië</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kanada" title="Kanada">Kanada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kroasi%C3%AB" title="Kroasië">Kroasië</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Letland" title="Letland">Letland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Litaue" title="Litaue">Litaue</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luxemburg" title="Luxemburg">Luxemburg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Montenegro" title="Montenegro">Montenegro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nederland" title="Nederland">Nederland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Noord-Masedoni%C3%AB" title="Noord-Masedonië">Noord-Masedonië</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Noorwe%C3%AB" title="Noorweë">Noorweë</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pole" title="Pole">Pole</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portugal" title="Portugal">Portugal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roemeni%C3%AB" title="Roemenië">Roemenië</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slowakye" title="Slowakye">Slowakye</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sloweni%C3%AB" title="Slowenië">Slowenië</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanje" title="Spanje">Spanje</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swede" title="Swede">Swede</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tsjeggi%C3%AB" title="Tsjeggië">Tsjeggië</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turkye" title="Turkye">Turkye</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Verenigde_Koninkryk" title="Verenigde Koninkryk">Verenigde Koninkryk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Verenigde_State_van_Amerika" title="Verenigde State van Amerika">Verenigde State</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Ysland</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="24px&#124;link=_Nordiese_lande" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><div class="plainlinks hlist navbar mini"><ul><li class="nv-lees"><a href="/wiki/Sjabloon:Nordiese_lande" title="Sjabloon:Nordiese lande"><abbr title="Lees hierdie sjabloon" style=";;background:none transparent;color:inherit;border:none;-moz-box-shadow:none;-webkit-box-shadow:none;box-shadow:none; padding:0;">l</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-bespreek"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sjabloonbespreking:Nordiese_lande&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Sjabloonbespreking:Nordiese lande (bladsy bestaan nie)"><abbr title="Bespreek hierdie sjabloon" style=";;background:none transparent;color:inherit;border:none;-moz-box-shadow:none;-webkit-box-shadow:none;box-shadow:none; padding:0;">b</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-wysig"><a class="external text" href="https://af.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Sjabloon:Nordiese_lande&action=edit"><abbr title="Wysig hierdie sjabloon" style=";;background:none transparent;color:inherit;border:none;-moz-box-shadow:none;-webkit-box-shadow:none;box-shadow:none; padding:0;">w</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="24px&#124;link=_Nordiese_lande" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/Generic_Nordic_Cross.svg/24px-Generic_Nordic_Cross.svg.png" decoding="async" width="24" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/Generic_Nordic_Cross.svg/36px-Generic_Nordic_Cross.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/Generic_Nordic_Cross.svg/48px-Generic_Nordic_Cross.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="777" data-file-height="480" /></span></span> Nordiese lande</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">State</th><td class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/L%C3%AAer:Flag_of_Denmark.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Vlag van Denemarke"><img alt="Vlag van Denemarke" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/Flag_of_Denmark.svg/22px-Flag_of_Denmark.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="17" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/Flag_of_Denmark.svg/33px-Flag_of_Denmark.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/Flag_of_Denmark.svg/44px-Flag_of_Denmark.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="387" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/Denemarke" title="Denemarke">Denemarke</a></li> <li><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/L%C3%AAer:Flag_of_Finland.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Vlag van Finland"><img alt="Vlag van Finland" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Flag_of_Finland.svg/40px-Flag_of_Finland.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Flag_of_Finland.svg/60px-Flag_of_Finland.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1800" data-file-height="1100" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/Finland" title="Finland">Finland</a></li> <li><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/L%C3%AAer:Flag_of_Norway.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Vlag van Noorweë"><img alt="Vlag van Noorweë" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Flag_of_Norway.svg/40px-Flag_of_Norway.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Flag_of_Norway.svg/60px-Flag_of_Norway.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="372" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/Noorwe%C3%AB" title="Noorweë">Noorweë</a></li> <li><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/L%C3%AAer:Flag_of_Sweden.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Vlag van Swede"><img alt="Vlag van Swede" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Flag_of_Sweden.svg/40px-Flag_of_Sweden.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Flag_of_Sweden.svg/60px-Flag_of_Sweden.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1600" data-file-height="1000" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/Swede" title="Swede">Swede</a></li> <li><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/L%C3%AAer:Flag_of_Iceland.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Vlag van Ysland"><img alt="Vlag van Ysland" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/Flag_of_Iceland.svg/40px-Flag_of_Iceland.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/Flag_of_Iceland.svg/60px-Flag_of_Iceland.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1250" data-file-height="900" /></a></span> <a class="mw-selflink selflink">Ysland</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="5" style="width:1px;padding:0px 0px 0px 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Nordiese_lande" title="Nordiese lande"><img alt="Kaard van die Nordiese lande" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/Nordic_countries_orthographic.svg/120px-Nordic_countries_orthographic.svg.png" decoding="async" width="120" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/Nordic_countries_orthographic.svg/250px-Nordic_countries_orthographic.svg.png 1.5x" data-file-width="553" data-file-height="553" /></a></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Outonome lande</th><td class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/L%C3%AAer:Flag_of_%C3%85land.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Vlag van Åland"><img alt="Vlag van Åland" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/52/Flag_of_%C3%85land.svg/40px-Flag_of_%C3%85land.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/52/Flag_of_%C3%85land.svg/60px-Flag_of_%C3%85land.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="520" data-file-height="340" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/%C3%85land" title="Åland">Åland</a></li> <li><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/L%C3%AAer:Flag_of_the_Faroe_Islands.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Vlag van Faroëreilande"><img alt="Vlag van Faroëreilande" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3c/Flag_of_the_Faroe_Islands.svg/40px-Flag_of_the_Faroe_Islands.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3c/Flag_of_the_Faroe_Islands.svg/60px-Flag_of_the_Faroe_Islands.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1100" data-file-height="800" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/Faro%C3%ABreilande" title="Faroëreilande">Faroëreilande</a></li> <li><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/L%C3%AAer:Flag_of_Greenland.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Vlag van Groenland"><img alt="Vlag van Groenland" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/Flag_of_Greenland.svg/22px-Flag_of_Greenland.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/Flag_of_Greenland.svg/33px-Flag_of_Greenland.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/Flag_of_Greenland.svg/44px-Flag_of_Greenland.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/Groenland" title="Groenland">Groenland</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Spesiale status/kulturele area</th><td class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/L%C3%AAer:Flag_of_Norway.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Vlag van Svalbard"><img alt="Vlag van Svalbard" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Flag_of_Norway.svg/40px-Flag_of_Norway.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Flag_of_Norway.svg/60px-Flag_of_Norway.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="372" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/Svalbard" title="Svalbard">Svalbard</a></li> <li><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/L%C3%AAer:Sami_flag.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Vlag van Sápmi"><img alt="Vlag van Sápmi" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Sami_flag.svg/40px-Sami_flag.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Sami_flag.svg/60px-Sami_flag.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="808" data-file-height="600" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/S%C3%A1pmi" title="Sápmi">Sápmi</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Verwant</th><td class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nordiese_Raad" title="Nordiese Raad">Nordiese Raad</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Sien ook</th><td class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Oudnoors" title="Oudnoors">Oudnoors</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Skandinawi%C3%AB" title="Skandinawië">Skandinawië</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Nordiese_Raad" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><div class="plainlinks hlist navbar mini"><ul><li class="nv-lees"><a href="/wiki/Sjabloon:Nordiese_Raad" title="Sjabloon:Nordiese Raad"><abbr title="Lees hierdie sjabloon" style=";;background:none transparent;color:inherit;border:none;-moz-box-shadow:none;-webkit-box-shadow:none;box-shadow:none; padding:0;">l</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-bespreek"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sjabloonbespreking:Nordiese_Raad&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Sjabloonbespreking:Nordiese Raad (bladsy bestaan nie)"><abbr title="Bespreek hierdie sjabloon" style=";;background:none transparent;color:inherit;border:none;-moz-box-shadow:none;-webkit-box-shadow:none;box-shadow:none; padding:0;">b</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-wysig"><a class="external text" href="https://af.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Sjabloon:Nordiese_Raad&action=edit"><abbr title="Wysig hierdie sjabloon" style=";;background:none transparent;color:inherit;border:none;-moz-box-shadow:none;-webkit-box-shadow:none;box-shadow:none; padding:0;">w</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Nordiese_Raad" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Nordiese_Raad" title="Nordiese Raad">Nordiese Raad</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Volle lede</th><td class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/L%C3%AAer:Flag_of_Denmark.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Vlag van Denemarke"><img alt="Vlag van Denemarke" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/Flag_of_Denmark.svg/22px-Flag_of_Denmark.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="17" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/Flag_of_Denmark.svg/33px-Flag_of_Denmark.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/Flag_of_Denmark.svg/44px-Flag_of_Denmark.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="387" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/Denemarke" title="Denemarke">Denemarke</a></li> <li><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/L%C3%AAer:Flag_of_Finland.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Vlag van Finland"><img alt="Vlag van Finland" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Flag_of_Finland.svg/40px-Flag_of_Finland.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Flag_of_Finland.svg/60px-Flag_of_Finland.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1800" data-file-height="1100" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/Finland" title="Finland">Finland</a></li> <li><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/L%C3%AAer:Flag_of_Norway.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Vlag van Noorweë"><img alt="Vlag van Noorweë" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Flag_of_Norway.svg/40px-Flag_of_Norway.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Flag_of_Norway.svg/60px-Flag_of_Norway.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="372" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/Noorwe%C3%AB" title="Noorweë">Noorweë</a></li> <li><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/L%C3%AAer:Flag_of_Sweden.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Vlag van Swede"><img alt="Vlag van Swede" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Flag_of_Sweden.svg/40px-Flag_of_Sweden.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Flag_of_Sweden.svg/60px-Flag_of_Sweden.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1600" data-file-height="1000" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/Swede" title="Swede">Swede</a></li> <li><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/L%C3%AAer:Flag_of_Iceland.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Vlag van Ysland"><img alt="Vlag van Ysland" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/Flag_of_Iceland.svg/40px-Flag_of_Iceland.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/Flag_of_Iceland.svg/60px-Flag_of_Iceland.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1250" data-file-height="900" /></a></span> <a class="mw-selflink selflink">Ysland</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="3" style="width:1px;padding:0px 0px 0px 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/L%C3%AAer:Flag_of_the_Nordic_Council_2016.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Vlag van die Nordiese Raadl"><img alt="Vlag van die Nordiese Raadl" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/eb/Flag_of_the_Nordic_Council_2016.svg/120px-Flag_of_the_Nordic_Council_2016.svg.png" decoding="async" width="100" height="75" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/eb/Flag_of_the_Nordic_Council_2016.svg/250px-Flag_of_the_Nordic_Council_2016.svg.png 1.5x" data-file-width="400" data-file-height="300" /></a></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Geassosieerde lede</th><td class="navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/L%C3%AAer:Flag_of_%C3%85land.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Vlag van Åland"><img alt="Vlag van Åland" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/52/Flag_of_%C3%85land.svg/40px-Flag_of_%C3%85land.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/52/Flag_of_%C3%85land.svg/60px-Flag_of_%C3%85land.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="520" data-file-height="340" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/%C3%85land" title="Åland">Åland</a></li> <li><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/L%C3%AAer:Flag_of_the_Faroe_Islands.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Vlag van Faroëreilande"><img alt="Vlag van Faroëreilande" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3c/Flag_of_the_Faroe_Islands.svg/40px-Flag_of_the_Faroe_Islands.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3c/Flag_of_the_Faroe_Islands.svg/60px-Flag_of_the_Faroe_Islands.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1100" data-file-height="800" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/Faro%C3%ABreilande" title="Faroëreilande">Faroëreilande</a></li> <li><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/L%C3%AAer:Flag_of_Greenland.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Vlag van Groenland"><img alt="Vlag van Groenland" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/Flag_of_Greenland.svg/22px-Flag_of_Greenland.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/Flag_of_Greenland.svg/33px-Flag_of_Greenland.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/Flag_of_Greenland.svg/44px-Flag_of_Greenland.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/Groenland" title="Groenland">Groenland</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Waarnemers/kantore</th><td class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/L%C3%AAer:Sami_flag.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Vlag van Sápmi"><img alt="Vlag van Sápmi" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Sami_flag.svg/40px-Sami_flag.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Sami_flag.svg/60px-Sami_flag.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="808" data-file-height="600" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/S%C3%A1pmi" title="Sápmi">Sápmi</a></li> <li><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/L%C3%AAer:Flag_of_Estonia.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Vlag van Estland"><img alt="Vlag van Estland" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8f/Flag_of_Estonia.svg/22px-Flag_of_Estonia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8f/Flag_of_Estonia.svg/33px-Flag_of_Estonia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8f/Flag_of_Estonia.svg/44px-Flag_of_Estonia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="990" data-file-height="630" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/Estland" title="Estland">Estland</a> <small>(identiteit)</small></li> <li><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/L%C3%AAer:Flag_of_Latvia.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Vlag van Letland"><img alt="Vlag van Letland" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/Flag_of_Latvia.svg/40px-Flag_of_Latvia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/Flag_of_Latvia.svg/60px-Flag_of_Latvia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/Letland" title="Letland">Letland</a></li> <li><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/L%C3%AAer:Flag_of_Lithuania.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Vlag van Litaue"><img alt="Vlag van Litaue" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/Flag_of_Lithuania.svg/40px-Flag_of_Lithuania.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/Flag_of_Lithuania.svg/60px-Flag_of_Lithuania.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/Litaue" title="Litaue">Litaue</a></li> <li><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/L%C3%AAer:Flag_of_Karelia.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Vlag van Republiek van Karelië"><img alt="Vlag van Republiek van Karelië" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/69/Flag_of_Karelia.svg/22px-Flag_of_Karelia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/69/Flag_of_Karelia.svg/33px-Flag_of_Karelia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/69/Flag_of_Karelia.svg/44px-Flag_of_Karelia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/Republiek_van_Kareli%C3%AB" title="Republiek van Karelië">Karelië</a></li> <li><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/L%C3%AAer:Flag_of_Schleswig-Holstein.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Vlag van Sleeswyk-Holstein"><img alt="Vlag van Sleeswyk-Holstein" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Flag_of_Schleswig-Holstein.svg/40px-Flag_of_Schleswig-Holstein.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Flag_of_Schleswig-Holstein.svg/60px-Flag_of_Schleswig-Holstein.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/Sleeswyk-Holstein" title="Sleeswyk-Holstein">Sleeswyk-Holstein</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-labelledby="Normdata_frameless_&#124;text-top_&#124;10px_&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata_&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q189&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th id="Normdata_frameless_&#124;text-top_&#124;10px_&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata_&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q189&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Hulp:Normdata" title="Hulp:Normdata">Normdata</a> <span class="mw-valign-text-top" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q189" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Blue_pencil.svg/20px-Blue_pencil.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></th><td class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Biblioteca_Nacional_de_Espa%C3%B1a" class="mw-redirect" title="Biblioteca Nacional de España">BNE</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://catalogo.bne.es/uhtbin/authoritybrowse.cgi?action=display&authority_id=XX451947">XX451947</a></span></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Biblioth%C3%A8que_nationale_de_France" title="Bibliothèque nationale de France">BNF</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb12423872b">cb12423872b</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb12423872b">(data)</a></span></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Gemeinsame_Normdatei" title="Gemeinsame Normdatei">GND</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/4027754-9">4027754-9</a></span></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Historical_Dictionary_of_Switzerland" class="mw-redirect" title="Historical Dictionary of Switzerland">HDS</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://hls-dhs-dss.ch/fr/articles/003358">003358</a></span></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Name_Identifier" class="mw-redirect" title="International Standard Name Identifier">ISNI</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://isni.org/isni/0000000121893811">0000 0001 2189 3811</a></span></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/w/index.php?title=KulturNav&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="KulturNav (bladsy bestaan nie)">KulturNav</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://kulturnav.org/78653e46-33f1-46b5-81cb-1af5f63d8b45">78653e46-33f1-46b5-81cb-1af5f63d8b45</a></span></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Library_of_Congress_Control_Number" title="Library of Congress Control Number">LCCN</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/names/n80140759">n80140759</a></span></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/MusicBrainz" title="MusicBrainz">MusicBrainz</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://musicbrainz.org/area/48802a32-075a-3805-a183-277c66047693">48802a32-075a-3805-a183-277c66047693</a></span></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/National_Archives_and_Records_Administration" title="National Archives and Records Administration">NARA</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalog.archives.gov/id/10035800">10035800</a></span></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/National_Diet_Library" class="mw-redirect" title="National Diet Library">NDL</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.ndl.go.jp/auth/ndlna/00560122">00560122</a></span></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/National_Library_of_the_Czech_Republic" class="mw-redirect" title="National Library of the Czech Republic">NKC</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=ge129393&CON_LNG=ENG">ge129393</a></span></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/National_Library_of_Korea" class="mw-redirect" title="National Library of Korea">NLK</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://nl.go.kr/authorities/resource/KAB202015129">KAB202015129</a></span></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Syst%C3%A8me_universitaire_de_documentation" title="Système universitaire de documentation">SUDOC</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.idref.fr/033365652">033365652</a></span></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Virtual_International_Authority_File" title="Virtual International Authority File">VIAF</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://viaf.org/viaf/133608068">133608068</a></span></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"> <a href="/wiki/WorldCat" title="WorldCat">WorldCat Identities</a> (via VIAF): <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/identities/containsVIAFID/133608068">133608068</a></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div style="display:none; right:10px;" class="metadata topicon nopopups" id="featured-star"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Voorbladartikel" title="Hierdie artikel is gekies as 'n voorbladartikel. 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