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.infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style>The Bedouin, Beduin, or Bedu (<a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/ˈbɛduɪn/</a>;<a href="#cite_note-15">[15]</a> <a href="/wiki/Arabic_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Arabic language">Arabic</a>: بَدْو, <a href="/wiki/Romanization_of_Arabic" title="Romanization of Arabic">romanized</a>: badw, singular بَدَوِي badawī) are <a href="/wiki/Nomadic_pastoralism" title="Nomadic pastoralism">pastorally nomadic</a> <a href="/wiki/Arabs" title="Arabs">Arab</a> <a href="/wiki/Tribe" title="Tribe">tribes</a><a href="#cite_note-Conrad1995-16">[16]</a> who have historically inhabited the desert regions in the <a href="/wiki/Arabian_Peninsula" title="Arabian Peninsula">Arabian Peninsula</a>, <a href="/wiki/North_Africa" title="North Africa">North Africa</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Levant" title="Levant">Levant</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Mesopotamia" title="Mesopotamia">Mesopotamia</a> (<a href="/wiki/Iraq" title="Iraq">Iraq</a>).<a href="#cite_note-Dostal1967-17">[17]</a> The Bedouin originated in the <a href="/wiki/Syrian_Desert" title="Syrian Desert">Syrian Desert</a><a href="#cite_note-academia.edu-18">[18]</a> and <a href="/wiki/Arabian_Desert" title="Arabian Desert">Arabian Desert</a> but spread across the rest of the <a href="/wiki/Arab_world" title="Arab world">Arab world</a> in <a href="/wiki/Western_Asia" class="mw-redirect" title="Western Asia">West Asia</a> and <a href="/wiki/North_Africa" title="North Africa">North Africa</a> after the <a href="/wiki/Spread_of_Islam" title="Spread of Islam">spread of Islam</a>.<a href="#cite_note-19">[19]</a> The English word bedouin comes from the Arabic badawī, which means "desert-dweller", and is traditionally contrasted with ḥāḍir, the term for <a href="/wiki/Sedentism" title="Sedentism">sedentary people</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Pietruschka_2006-20">[20]</a> Bedouin territory stretches from the vast deserts of North Africa to the rocky ones of the <a href="/wiki/Middle_East" title="Middle East">Middle East</a>.<a href="#cite_note-PM-21">[21]</a>[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:NOTRS" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:NOTRS">better source needed</a>] They are sometimes traditionally divided into tribes, or clans (known in Arabic as ʿašāʾir; عَشَائِر or qabāʾil قبائل), and historically share a common culture of herding camels, sheep and goats.<a href="#cite_note-PM-21">[21]</a> The vast majority of Bedouins adhere to <a href="/wiki/Islam" title="Islam">Islam</a>, although there are some fewer numbers of <a href="/wiki/Arab_Christians" title="Arab Christians">Christian Bedouins</a> present in the <a href="/wiki/Fertile_Crescent" title="Fertile Crescent">Fertile Crescent</a>.<a href="#cite_note-loc.gov-22">[22]</a><a href="#cite_note-mariamhotel.com-23">[23]</a><a href="#cite_note-encyclopedia.com-24">[24]</a><a href="#cite_note-auto-25">[25]</a> <table class="infobox vcard"><caption class="infobox-title fn org">Bedouin</caption><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above nickname" style="font-size:115%; font-weight:normal;"><div lang="ar">بَدْو (<a href="/wiki/Arabic_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Arabic language">Arabic</a>) badw</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><a href="/wiki/File:Three_bedouins_sheikhs,_c_1867-1876_(cropped).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/Three_bedouins_sheikhs%2C_c_1867-1876_%28cropped%29.jpg/220px-Three_bedouins_sheikhs%2C_c_1867-1876_%28cropped%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="280" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/Three_bedouins_sheikhs%2C_c_1867-1876_%28cropped%29.jpg/330px-Three_bedouins_sheikhs%2C_c_1867-1876_%28cropped%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/Three_bedouins_sheikhs%2C_c_1867-1876_%28cropped%29.jpg/440px-Three_bedouins_sheikhs%2C_c_1867-1876_%28cropped%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3919" data-file-height="4984"></a><div class="infobox-caption">Three Bedouin sheikhs, <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 1867–1876</div></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color:#b0c4de; color:inherit;">Total population</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data">25,000,000<a href="#cite_note-auto1-1">[1]</a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color:#b0c4de; color:inherit;">Regions with significant populations</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><a href="/wiki/Arabian_Peninsula" title="Arabian Peninsula">Arabian Peninsula</a>, <a href="/wiki/Levant" title="Levant">Levant</a>, <a href="/wiki/North_Africa" title="North Africa">North Africa</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/Flag_of_Sudan.svg/23px-Flag_of_Sudan.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/Flag_of_Sudan.svg/35px-Flag_of_Sudan.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/Flag_of_Sudan.svg/46px-Flag_of_Sudan.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600"> <a href="/wiki/Sudan" title="Sudan">Sudan</a></th><td class="infobox-data">10,000,000<a href="#cite_note-auto1-1">[1]</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Flag_of_Algeria.svg/23px-Flag_of_Algeria.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Flag_of_Algeria.svg/35px-Flag_of_Algeria.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Flag_of_Algeria.svg/45px-Flag_of_Algeria.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600"> <a href="/wiki/Algeria" title="Algeria">Algeria</a></th><td class="infobox-data">2,000,000<a href="#cite_note-auto1-1">[1]</a>–6,000,000<a href="#cite_note-2">[2]</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c0/Flag_of_Jordan.svg/23px-Flag_of_Jordan.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c0/Flag_of_Jordan.svg/35px-Flag_of_Jordan.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c0/Flag_of_Jordan.svg/46px-Flag_of_Jordan.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600"> <a href="/wiki/Jordan" title="Jordan">Jordan</a></th><td class="infobox-data">1,300,000<a href="#cite_note-auto1-1">[1]</a>–4,000,000<a href="#cite_note-3">[3]</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Flag_of_Saudi_Arabia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Saudi_Arabia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Flag_of_Saudi_Arabia.svg/35px-Flag_of_Saudi_Arabia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Flag_of_Saudi_Arabia.svg/45px-Flag_of_Saudi_Arabia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600"> <a href="/wiki/Saudi_Arabia" title="Saudi Arabia">Saudi Arabia</a></th><td class="infobox-data">2,000,000<a href="#cite_note-auto1-1">[1]</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/14/Flag_of_the_Syrian_revolution.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Syrian_revolution.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/14/Flag_of_the_Syrian_revolution.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_Syrian_revolution.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/14/Flag_of_the_Syrian_revolution.svg/45px-Flag_of_the_Syrian_revolution.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600"> <a href="/wiki/Syria" title="Syria">Syria</a></th><td class="infobox-data">700,000<a href="#cite_note-auto1-1">[1]</a>–2,600,000<a href="#cite_note-4">[4]</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/Flag_of_Tunisia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Tunisia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/Flag_of_Tunisia.svg/35px-Flag_of_Tunisia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/Flag_of_Tunisia.svg/45px-Flag_of_Tunisia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="800"> <a href="/wiki/Tunisia" title="Tunisia">Tunisia</a></th><td class="infobox-data">800,000–2,600,000<a href="#cite_note-5">[5]</a><a href="#cite_note-6">[6]</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/Flag_of_Iraq.svg/23px-Flag_of_Iraq.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/Flag_of_Iraq.svg/35px-Flag_of_Iraq.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/Flag_of_Iraq.svg/45px-Flag_of_Iraq.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600"> <a href="/wiki/Iraq" title="Iraq">Iraq</a></th><td class="infobox-data">1,500,000<a href="#cite_note-auto1-1">[1]</a><a href="#cite_note-10">[10]</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/05/Flag_of_Libya.svg/23px-Flag_of_Libya.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/05/Flag_of_Libya.svg/35px-Flag_of_Libya.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/05/Flag_of_Libya.svg/46px-Flag_of_Libya.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="960" data-file-height="480"> <a href="/wiki/Libya" title="Libya">Libya</a></th><td class="infobox-data">1,000,000<a href="#cite_note-auto1-1">[1]</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Flag_of_Egypt.svg/23px-Flag_of_Egypt.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Flag_of_Egypt.svg/35px-Flag_of_Egypt.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Flag_of_Egypt.svg/45px-Flag_of_Egypt.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600"> <a href="/wiki/Egypt" title="Egypt">Egypt</a></th><td class="infobox-data">1,000,000<a href="#cite_note-auto1-1">[1]</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/United_Arab_Emirates" title="United Arab Emirates"><img alt="United Arab Emirates" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Flag_of_the_United_Arab_Emirates.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_Arab_Emirates.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Flag_of_the_United_Arab_Emirates.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_United_Arab_Emirates.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Flag_of_the_United_Arab_Emirates.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_United_Arab_Emirates.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600"></a> <a href="/wiki/United_Arab_Emirates" title="United Arab Emirates">UAE</a></th><td class="infobox-data">800,000<a href="#cite_note-auto1-1">[1]</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/89/Flag_of_Yemen.svg/23px-Flag_of_Yemen.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/89/Flag_of_Yemen.svg/35px-Flag_of_Yemen.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/89/Flag_of_Yemen.svg/45px-Flag_of_Yemen.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600"> <a href="/wiki/Yemen" title="Yemen">Yemen</a></th><td class="infobox-data">500,000<a href="#cite_note-auto1-1">[1]</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Flag_of_Iran.svg/23px-Flag_of_Iran.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Flag_of_Iran.svg/35px-Flag_of_Iran.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Flag_of_Iran.svg/46px-Flag_of_Iran.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="630" data-file-height="360"> <a href="/wiki/Iran" title="Iran">Iran</a></th><td class="infobox-data">500,000<a href="#cite_note-auto1-1">[1]</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Flag_of_Kuwait.svg/23px-Flag_of_Kuwait.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Flag_of_Kuwait.svg/35px-Flag_of_Kuwait.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Flag_of_Kuwait.svg/46px-Flag_of_Kuwait.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600"> <a href="/wiki/Kuwait" title="Kuwait">Kuwait</a></th><td class="infobox-data">300,000<a href="#cite_note-auto1-1">[1]</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/Flag_of_Morocco.svg/23px-Flag_of_Morocco.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/Flag_of_Morocco.svg/35px-Flag_of_Morocco.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/Flag_of_Morocco.svg/45px-Flag_of_Morocco.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600"> <a href="/wiki/Morocco" title="Morocco">Morocco</a></th><td class="infobox-data">250,000<a href="#cite_note-auto1-1">[1]</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Flag_of_Oman.svg/23px-Flag_of_Oman.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Flag_of_Oman.svg/35px-Flag_of_Oman.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Flag_of_Oman.svg/46px-Flag_of_Oman.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1050" data-file-height="600"> <a href="/wiki/Oman" title="Oman">Oman</a></th><td class="infobox-data">250,000<a href="#cite_note-11">[11]</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/Flag_of_Israel.svg/21px-Flag_of_Israel.svg.png" decoding="async" width="21" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/Flag_of_Israel.svg/32px-Flag_of_Israel.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/Flag_of_Israel.svg/41px-Flag_of_Israel.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1100" data-file-height="800"> <a href="/wiki/Israel" title="Israel">Israel</a></th><td class="infobox-data">220,000<a href="#cite_note-auto1-1">[1]</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/Flag_of_Lebanon.svg/23px-Flag_of_Lebanon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/Flag_of_Lebanon.svg/35px-Flag_of_Lebanon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/Flag_of_Lebanon.svg/45px-Flag_of_Lebanon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="2880" data-file-height="1920"> <a href="/wiki/Lebanon" title="Lebanon">Lebanon</a></th><td class="infobox-data">200,000<a href="#cite_note-auto1-1">[1]</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/43/Flag_of_Mauritania.svg/23px-Flag_of_Mauritania.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/43/Flag_of_Mauritania.svg/35px-Flag_of_Mauritania.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/43/Flag_of_Mauritania.svg/45px-Flag_of_Mauritania.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="800"> <a href="/wiki/Mauritania" title="Mauritania">Mauritania</a></th><td class="infobox-data">100,000<a href="#cite_note-auto1-1">[1]</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/Flag_of_Bahrain.svg/23px-Flag_of_Bahrain.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/Flag_of_Bahrain.svg/35px-Flag_of_Bahrain.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/Flag_of_Bahrain.svg/46px-Flag_of_Bahrain.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600"> <a href="/wiki/Bahrain" title="Bahrain">Bahrain</a></th><td class="infobox-data">70,000<a href="#cite_note-auto1-1">[1]</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Flag_of_Qatar.svg/23px-Flag_of_Qatar.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="9" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Flag_of_Qatar.svg/35px-Flag_of_Qatar.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Flag_of_Qatar.svg/46px-Flag_of_Qatar.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1400" data-file-height="550"> <a href="/wiki/Qatar" title="Qatar">Qatar</a></th><td class="infobox-data">50,000<a href="#cite_note-auto1-1">[1]</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/Flag_of_Palestine.svg/23px-Flag_of_Palestine.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/Flag_of_Palestine.svg/35px-Flag_of_Palestine.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/Flag_of_Palestine.svg/46px-Flag_of_Palestine.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600"> <a href="/wiki/Palestine" title="Palestine">Palestine</a></th><td class="infobox-data">40,000<a href="#cite_note-unoptbedouins-12">[12]</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/26/Flag_of_the_Sahrawi_Arab_Democratic_Republic.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Sahrawi_Arab_Democratic_Republic.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/26/Flag_of_the_Sahrawi_Arab_Democratic_Republic.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_Sahrawi_Arab_Democratic_Republic.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/26/Flag_of_the_Sahrawi_Arab_Democratic_Republic.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_Sahrawi_Arab_Democratic_Republic.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="300"> <a href="/wiki/Sahrawi_Arab_Democratic_Republic" title="Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic">SADR</a></th><td class="infobox-data">30,000–40,000<a href="#cite_note-unoptbedouins-12">[12]</a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color:#b0c4de; color:inherit;">Languages</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data">Majority: <a href="/wiki/Arabic" title="Arabic">Arabic</a> (<a href="/wiki/Bedouin_Arabic" title="Bedouin Arabic">Bedouin dialects</a>) Minority: <a href="/wiki/Mehri_language" title="Mehri language">Mehri</a>,<a href="#cite_note-13">[13]</a><a href="#cite_note-14">[14]</a> <a href="/wiki/%E1%B8%A4arsusi_language" title="Ḥarsusi language">Ḥarsusi</a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color:#b0c4de; color:inherit;">Religion</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data">Predominantly <a href="/wiki/Sunni_Islam" title="Sunni Islam">Sunni Islam</a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color:#b0c4de; color:inherit;">Related ethnic groups</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data">Other <a href="/wiki/Arabs" title="Arabs">Arabs</a> and <a href="/wiki/Afroasiatic_languages" title="Afroasiatic languages">Afro-Asiatic</a> speakers </td></tr></tbody></table> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Sinai_(997008872701105171.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Bedouins in Sinai, 1967" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/Sinai_%28997008872701105171.jpg/220px-Sinai_%28997008872701105171.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="142" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/Sinai_%28997008872701105171.jpg/330px-Sinai_%28997008872701105171.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/Sinai_%28997008872701105171.jpg/440px-Sinai_%28997008872701105171.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2000" data-file-height="1287"></a><figcaption>Bedouins in the <a href="/wiki/Sinai_Peninsula" title="Sinai Peninsula">Sinai Region</a>, 1967</figcaption></figure> Bedouins have been referred to by various names throughout history, including Arabaa by the <a href="/wiki/Assyrian_people" title="Assyrian people">Assyrians</a> (ar-ba-ea), being a <a href="/wiki/Arabic_nouns_and_adjectives#Nisba" title="Arabic nouns and adjectives">nisba</a> of the noun Arab, a name still used for Bedouins today. They are referred to as the ʾAʿrāb (أعراب) "aɛrāb" in <a href="/wiki/Arabic" title="Arabic">Arabic</a>. While many Bedouins have abandoned their nomadic and tribal traditions for a modern urban lifestyle, others retain traditional Bedouin culture such as the traditional ʿašāʾir clan structure, <a href="/wiki/Bedouin_music" title="Bedouin music">traditional music</a>, poetry, dances (such as saas), and many other cultural practices and concepts. Some <a href="/wiki/Urbanization" title="Urbanization">urbanized</a> Bedouins often organise cultural festivals, usually held several times a year, in which they gather with other Bedouins to partake in and learn about various Bedouin traditions—from poetry recitation and traditional <a href="/wiki/Sword_dance" title="Sword dance">sword dances</a> to playing traditional instruments and even classes teaching traditional tent knitting. Traditions like <a href="/wiki/Camel_riding" class="mw-redirect" title="Camel riding">camel riding</a> and camping in the deserts are still popular leisure activities for urban Bedouins who live in close proximity to deserts or other wilderness areas. <div id="toc" class="toc" role="navigation" aria-labelledby="mw-toc-heading"><input type="checkbox" role="button" id="toctogglecheckbox" class="toctogglecheckbox" style="display:none"><div class="toctitle" lang="en" dir="ltr"><h2 id="mw-toc-heading">Contents</h2><label class="toctogglelabel" for="toctogglecheckbox"></label></div> <ul> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-1"><a href="#Society">1 Society</a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-2"><a href="#Traditions">2 Traditions</a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-3"><a href="#Herding">2.1 Herding</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-4"><a href="#Oral_poetry">2.2 Oral poetry</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-5"><a href="#Raiding_or_ghazw">2.3 Raiding or ghazw</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-6"><a href="#History">3 History</a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-7"><a href="#Early_history">3.1 Early history</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-8"><a href="#Ottoman_period">3.2 Ottoman period</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-9"><a href="#In_the_20th_century">3.3 In the 20th century</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-10"><a href="#In_different_countries">4 In different countries</a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-11"><a href="#Saudi_Arabia">4.1 Saudi Arabia</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-12"><a href="#Syria">4.2 Syria</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-13"><a href="#Lebanon">4.3 Lebanon</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-14"><a href="#Palestine">4.4 Palestine</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-15"><a href="#Israel">4.5 Israel</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-16"><a href="#Jordan">4.6 Jordan</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-17"><a href="#Maghreb">4.7 Maghreb</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-18"><a href="#Egypt">4.8 Egypt</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-19"><a href="#Tribes_and_populations">5 Tribes and populations</a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-20"><a href="#See_also">6 See also</a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-21"><a href="#References">7 References</a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-22"><a href="#Further_reading">8 Further reading</a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-23"><a href="#External_links">9 External links</a></li> </ul> </div> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(1)"><h2 id="Society">Society</h2> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Bedouin&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Society" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div><section class="mf-section-1 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-1"> A widely quoted Bedouin statement is "I am against my brother, my brother and I are against my cousin, my cousin and I are against the stranger"<a href="#cite_note-26">[26]</a> sometimes quoted as "I and my brother are against my cousin, I and my cousin are against the stranger."<a href="#cite_note-27">[27]</a> This saying signifies a hierarchy of loyalties based on the proximity of some person to oneself, beginning with the <a href="/wiki/Self" title="Self">self</a>, and proceeding through the <a href="/wiki/Nuclear_family" title="Nuclear family">nuclear family</a> as defined by male kinship, and then, in principle at least, to an entire genetic or linguistic group (which is perceived as akin to kinship in the Middle East and North Africa generally). Disputes are settled, interests are pursued, and justice and order are dispensed and maintained by means of this framework, organized according to an ethic of self-help and collective responsibility (Andersen 14). The individual family unit (referred to as a tent or bayt) usually traditionally comprised three or four adults (a married couple plus siblings or parents) and any number of children.<a href="#cite_note-28">[28]</a> The Bedouins' ethos comprises courage, hospitality, loyalty to family and pride of ancestry. Bedouin tribes were not controlled by a central power, like a government or empire, but rather were led by tribal chiefs. Some chiefs exercised their power from oases, where merchants would organise trade through the territory controlled by the tribe. The structure of Bedouin tribes were held together more so by shared feelings of common ancestry rather than a tribal chief atop the hierarchy.<a href="#cite_note-29">[29]</a><figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:A_Bedouin_girl_in_Nuweiba_-_Egypt.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/A_Bedouin_girl_in_Nuweiba_-_Egypt.jpg/220px-A_Bedouin_girl_in_Nuweiba_-_Egypt.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="146" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="3000" data-file-height="1986"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 146px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/A_Bedouin_girl_in_Nuweiba_-_Egypt.jpg/220px-A_Bedouin_girl_in_Nuweiba_-_Egypt.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="146" data-mw-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/A_Bedouin_girl_in_Nuweiba_-_Egypt.jpg/330px-A_Bedouin_girl_in_Nuweiba_-_Egypt.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/A_Bedouin_girl_in_Nuweiba_-_Egypt.jpg/440px-A_Bedouin_girl_in_Nuweiba_-_Egypt.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>A Bedouin girl in <a href="/wiki/Nuweiba" title="Nuweiba">Nuweiba</a>, Egypt (2015)</figcaption></figure>Bedouin traditionally had strong honor codes, and traditional systems of justice dispensation in Bedouin society typically revolved around such codes. The <a href="/wiki/Bisha%27a" title="Bisha'a">bisha'a</a>, or ordeal by fire, is a well-known Bedouin practice of <a href="/wiki/Lie_detection" title="Lie detection">lie detection</a>. See also: <a href="/wiki/Honor_codes_of_the_Bedouin" title="Honor codes of the Bedouin">Honor codes of the Bedouin</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bedouin_systems_of_justice" title="Bedouin systems of justice">Bedouin systems of justice</a>. </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(2)"><h2 id="Traditions">Traditions</h2> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Bedouin&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Traditions" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div><section class="mf-section-2 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-2"> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Bedouin_warrior.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/10/Bedouin_warrior.jpg/220px-Bedouin_warrior.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="172" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="6932" data-file-height="5427"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 172px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/10/Bedouin_warrior.jpg/220px-Bedouin_warrior.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="172" data-mw-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/10/Bedouin_warrior.jpg/330px-Bedouin_warrior.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/10/Bedouin_warrior.jpg/440px-Bedouin_warrior.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>A Bedouin warrior, pictured between 1898 and 1914</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Herding">Herding</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Bedouin&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Herding" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Tent_making.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/Tent_making.jpg/220px-Tent_making.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="169" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="770"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 169px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/Tent_making.jpg/220px-Tent_making.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="169" data-mw-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/Tent_making.jpg/330px-Tent_making.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/Tent_making.jpg/440px-Tent_making.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>Weaving lengths of fabric for tent making using ground loom. Palestine, <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 1900</figcaption></figure> <a href="/wiki/Livestock" title="Livestock">Livestock</a> and <a href="/wiki/Herding" title="Herding">herding</a>, principally of goats, <a href="/wiki/Sheep" title="Sheep">sheep</a> and <a href="/wiki/Dromedary" title="Dromedary">dromedary camels</a> comprised the traditional livelihoods of Bedouins. These were used for meat, dairy products, and wool.<a href="#cite_note-faorapid-30">[30]</a> Most of the staple foods that made up the Bedouins' diet were dairy products.<a href="#cite_note-faorapid-30">[30]</a> Camels, in particular, had numerous cultural and functional uses. Having been regarded as a "gift from God", they were the main food source and method of transportation for many Bedouins.<a href="#cite_note-UNESCO-camel-31">[31]</a> In addition to their extraordinary milking potentials under harsh desert conditions, their meat was occasionally consumed by Bedouins.<a href="#cite_note-32">[32]</a> As a cultural tradition, camel races were organized during celebratory occasions, such as weddings or <a href="/wiki/Religious_festival" title="Religious festival">religious festivals</a>.<a href="#cite_note-33">[33]</a> Some Bedouin societies live in <a href="/wiki/Arid" class="mw-redirect" title="Arid">arid</a> regions. In areas where rainfall is very unpredictable, a camp will be moved irregularly, depending on the availability of green pasture. Where winter rainfall is more predictable in regions further south, some Bedouin people plant grain along their migration routes. This proves a resource for the livestock throughout the winter. In regions such as western Africa, where there is more predictable rainfall, the Bedouin practice <a href="/wiki/Transhumance" title="Transhumance">transhumance</a>. They plant crops near permanent homes in the valleys where there is more rain and move their livestock to the highland pastures.<a href="#cite_note-:0-34">[34]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Oral_poetry">Oral poetry</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Bedouin&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Oral poetry" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <a href="/wiki/Oral_poetry" title="Oral poetry">Oral poetry</a> is the most popular art form among Bedouins. Having a poet in one's tribe was highly regarded in society. In addition to serving as a form of art, poetry was used as a means of conveying information and <a href="/wiki/Social_control" title="Social control">social control</a>.<a href="#cite_note-35">[35]</a> Bedouin poetry, also known as <a href="/wiki/Nabati" title="Nabati">nabati poetry</a>, is often recited in the <a href="/wiki/Varieties_of_Arabic" title="Varieties of Arabic">vernacular dialect</a>. In contrast, the more common forms of <a href="/wiki/Arabic_poetry" title="Arabic poetry">Arabic poetry</a> are often in <a href="/wiki/Modern_Standard_Arabic" title="Modern Standard Arabic">Modern Standard Arabic</a>. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Raiding_or_ghazw">Raiding or ghazw</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Bedouin&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Raiding or ghazw" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> The well-regulated traditional habit of Bedouin tribes of <a href="/wiki/Razzia_(military)#Etymology" title="Razzia (military)">raiding</a> other tribes, caravans, or settlements is known in Arabic as <a href="/wiki/Ghazi_(warrior)#Ghazw_as_raid%E2%80%94razzia" title="Ghazi (warrior)">ghazw</a>.<a href="#cite_note-36">[36]</a> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(3)"><h2 id="History">History</h2> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Bedouin&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: History" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div><section class="mf-section-3 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-3"> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Early_history">Early history</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Bedouin&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Early history" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Sehname-i_Selim_Han_68a.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/39/Sehname-i_Selim_Han_68a.jpg/220px-Sehname-i_Selim_Han_68a.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="295" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="581" data-file-height="779"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 295px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/39/Sehname-i_Selim_Han_68a.jpg/220px-Sehname-i_Selim_Han_68a.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="295" data-mw-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/39/Sehname-i_Selim_Han_68a.jpg/330px-Sehname-i_Selim_Han_68a.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/39/Sehname-i_Selim_Han_68a.jpg/440px-Sehname-i_Selim_Han_68a.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>Murder of Ma'sum Beg, the envoy of the Safavid Shah <a href="/wiki/Tahmasp_I" title="Tahmasp I">Tahmasp</a>, by Bedouins in the <a href="/wiki/Hejaz" title="Hejaz">Hejaz</a>, 16th century</figcaption></figure> Historically, the Bedouin engaged in nomadic herding, agriculture and sometimes fishing in the Syrian <a href="/wiki/Steppe" title="Steppe">steppe</a> since 6000 BCE. By about 850 BCE, a complex network of settlements and camps was established. The earliest Arab tribes emerged from Bedouins.<a href="#cite_note-:0-34">[34]</a> By the time of the Roman Empire's establishment, the Bedouin national identity had been established and they were recognizable as a single people with often warring "families, clans, and tribes".<a href="#cite_note-37">[37]</a> A major source of income for this people was the taxation of caravans, and tributes collected from non-Bedouin settlements. They also earned income by transporting goods and people in caravans pulled by domesticated camels across the desert.<a href="#cite_note-38">[38]</a> Scarcity of water and of permanent pastoral land required them to move constantly. The Moroccan traveller <a href="/wiki/Ibn_Battuta" title="Ibn Battuta">Ibn Battuta</a> reported that in 1326 on the route to <a href="/wiki/Gaza_City" title="Gaza City">Gaza</a>, the Egyptian authorities had a customs post at <a href="/wiki/Katia,_Egypt" title="Katia, Egypt">Qatya</a> on the north coast of <a href="/wiki/Sinai_Peninsula" title="Sinai Peninsula">Sinai</a>. Here Bedouin were being used to guard the road and track down those trying to cross the border without permission.<a href="#cite_note-39">[39]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Early_Medieval" class="mw-redirect" title="Early Medieval">Early Medieval</a> grammarians and scholars seeking to develop a system of <a href="/wiki/Standard_language" title="Standard language">standardizing</a> the contemporary <a href="/wiki/Classical_Arabic" title="Classical Arabic">Classical Arabic</a> for maximal intelligibility across the <a href="/wiki/Arabophone" class="mw-redirect" title="Arabophone">Arabophone</a> areas, believed that the Bedouin spoke the purest, <a href="/wiki/Conservative_(language)" class="mw-redirect" title="Conservative (language)">most conservative</a> variety of the language. To solve irregularities of pronunciation, the Bedouin were asked to recite certain poems, whereafter consensus was relied on to decide the pronunciation and spelling of a given word.<a href="#cite_note-holes12-40">[40]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Ottoman_period">Ottoman period</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Bedouin&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Ottoman period" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Bedouin_woman_(1898_-_1914).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fb/Bedouin_woman_%281898_-_1914%29.jpg/220px-Bedouin_woman_%281898_-_1914%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="261" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="4730" data-file-height="5610"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 261px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fb/Bedouin_woman_%281898_-_1914%29.jpg/220px-Bedouin_woman_%281898_-_1914%29.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="261" data-mw-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fb/Bedouin_woman_%281898_-_1914%29.jpg/330px-Bedouin_woman_%281898_-_1914%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fb/Bedouin_woman_%281898_-_1914%29.jpg/440px-Bedouin_woman_%281898_-_1914%29.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Arab_Christian" class="mw-redirect" title="Arab Christian">Arab Christian</a> Bedouin woman from the settled town of <a href="/wiki/Al-Karak" title="Al-Karak">Kerak, Jordan</a>, who probably was the wife of a sheikh. Braids were predominantly worn by Arab Christian Bedouin women of the tribes of Jordan.<a href="#cite_note-loc.gov-22">[22]</a></figcaption></figure> A <a href="/wiki/1757_Hajj_caravan_raid" title="1757 Hajj caravan raid">plunder and massacre of the Hajj caravan</a> by Bedouin tribesmen occurred in 1757, led by Qa'dan al-Fayez of the <a href="/wiki/Bani_Sakher" title="Bani Sakher">Bani Sakher</a> tribe (modern-day Jordan) in his vengeance against the Ottomans for failing to pay his tribe for their help protecting the pilgrims. An estimated 20,000 pilgrims were either killed in the raid or died of hunger or thirst as a result including relatives of the Sultan and Musa Pasha. Although Bedouin raids on Hajj caravans were fairly common, the 1757 raid represented the peak of such attacks which was also likely prompted by the major drought of 1756.<a href="#cite_note-41">[41]</a><a href="#cite_note-42">[42]</a><a href="#cite_note-43">[43]</a><a href="#cite_note-44">[44]</a><a href="#cite_note-45">[45]</a> Under the <a href="/wiki/Tanzimat" title="Tanzimat">Tanzimat</a> land reforms of 1858, a new Ottoman land law was issued, which offered legal grounds for the displacement of the Bedouin (<a href="/wiki/Turkish_language" title="Turkish language">Turkish</a>: Bedeviler). As the Ottoman Empire gradually lost power, this law instituted an unprecedented land registration process that was also meant to boost the empire's tax base. Few Bedouin opted to register their lands with the Ottoman <a href="/wiki/Tapu_(Ottoman_history)" class="mw-redirect" title="Tapu (Ottoman history)">Tapu</a>, due to lack of enforcement by the Ottomans, illiteracy, refusal to pay taxes and lack of relevance of written documentation of ownership to the Bedouin way of life at that time.<a href="#cite_note-46">[46]</a> Some scholars, such as Nora Elizabeth Barakat, believe the displacement of the Bedouin had its roots in events even earlier than the 1858 land reforms, for example in an 1844 Anatolia-specific decree recognizing the "tribe" as a formal unit of administration. The goal of these early reforms was to weaken local Bedouin magistrates and limit what she terms as "rural mobility", the ability of these local Bedouins to, independently of the Ottoman state, accumulate wealth through the wheat trade and other means.<a href="#cite_note-47">[47]</a> At the end of the 19th century, Sultan <a href="/wiki/Abd%C3%BClhamid_II" class="mw-redirect" title="Abdülhamid II">Abdülhamid II</a> settled Muslim populations (<a href="/wiki/Circassians" title="Circassians">Circassians</a>) from the <a href="/wiki/Balkans" title="Balkans">Balkans</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Caucasus" title="Caucasus">Caucasus</a> among areas predominantly populated by the nomads in the regions of modern Syria, Lebanon, Jordan, and Palestine, and also created several permanent Bedouin settlements, although the majority of them did not remain. The settlement of non Arabs in the traditionally Bedouin areas was a big cause of discontent. This became even severe because every Arab tribe, including the settled ones, have ancestry as a Bedouin.<a href="#cite_note-Frantzman-48">[48]</a> Ottoman authorities also initiated private acquisition of large plots of state land offered by the sultan to the absentee landowners (<a href="/wiki/Effendi" title="Effendi">effendis</a>). Numerous tenants were brought in order to cultivate the newly acquired lands. Often it came at the expense of the Bedouin lands. <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Tribes_West.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6b/Tribes_West.jpg/220px-Tribes_West.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="185" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="2546" data-file-height="2136"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 185px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6b/Tribes_West.jpg/220px-Tribes_West.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="185" data-mw-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6b/Tribes_West.jpg/330px-Tribes_West.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6b/Tribes_West.jpg/440px-Tribes_West.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>Palestine Exploration Fund list of Bedouin tribes living West of the River Jordan in 1875.</figcaption></figure> In the late 19th century, many Bedouin began transition to a semi-nomadic lifestyle. One of the factors was the influence of the Ottoman authorities<a href="#cite_note-49">[49]</a> who started a forced <a href="/wiki/Sedentarization" class="mw-redirect" title="Sedentarization">sedentarization</a> of the Bedouin living on its territory. The Ottoman authorities viewed the Bedouin as a threat to the state's control and worked hard on establishing law and order in the <a href="/wiki/Negev" title="Negev">Negev</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Frantzman-48">[48]</a> During the <a href="/wiki/World_War_I" title="World War I">First World War</a>, the Negev Bedouin initially fought with the <a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Empire" title="Ottoman Empire">Ottomans</a> against the <a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom_of_Great_Britain_and_Ireland" title="United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland">British</a>. However, under the influence of British agent <a href="/wiki/T._E._Lawrence" title="T. E. Lawrence">T. E. Lawrence</a>, the Bedouins switched side and fought against the Ottomans. Hamad Pasha al-Sufi (died 1923), Sheikh of the Nijmat sub-tribe of the <a href="/wiki/Tarabin_bedouin" class="mw-redirect" title="Tarabin bedouin">Tarabin</a>, led a force of 1,500 men who joined the Ottoman <a href="/wiki/Raid_on_the_Suez_Canal" title="Raid on the Suez Canal">raid on the Suez Canal</a>.<a href="#cite_note-50">[50]</a> In <a href="/wiki/Orientalism" title="Orientalism">Orientalist</a> historiography, the Negev Bedouin have been described as remaining largely unaffected by changes in the outside world until recently. Their society was often considered a "world without time".<a href="#cite_note-Kurt-51">[51]</a> Recent scholars have challenged the notion of the Bedouin as 'fossilized,' or 'stagnant' reflections of an unchanging desert culture. <a href="/wiki/Emanuel_Marx" title="Emanuel Marx">Emanuel Marx</a> has shown that Bedouin were engaged in a constantly dynamic reciprocal relation with urban centers.<a href="#cite_note-52">[52]</a> Bedouin scholar Michael Meeker explains that "the city was to be found in their midst."<a href="#cite_note-53">[53]</a> At the time of <a href="/wiki/World_War_I" title="World War I">World War I</a>, a <a href="/wiki/Qays" title="Qays">Qays</a> Bedouin tribe from <a href="/wiki/Harran" title="Harran">Harran</a>, not far from <a href="/wiki/Urfa" title="Urfa">Urfa</a>, settled in <a href="/wiki/L%C3%BCleburgaz" title="Lüleburgaz">Lüleburgaz</a> in <a href="/wiki/East_Thrace" title="East Thrace">East Thrace</a> under their last <a href="/wiki/Sheikh" title="Sheikh">Sheikh</a> Salih Abdullah. It is said that this tribe was originally from <a href="/wiki/Tihamah" title="Tihamah">Tihamah</a>.<a href="#cite_note-54">[54]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="In_the_20th_century">In the 20th century</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Bedouin&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: In the 20th century" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Bedoe%C3%AFnen_met_hun_schapen,_Bestanddeelnr_255-6075.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a7/Bedoe%C3%AFnen_met_hun_schapen%2C_Bestanddeelnr_255-6075.jpg/220px-Bedoe%C3%AFnen_met_hun_schapen%2C_Bestanddeelnr_255-6075.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="221" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="2611" data-file-height="2622"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 221px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a7/Bedoe%C3%AFnen_met_hun_schapen%2C_Bestanddeelnr_255-6075.jpg/220px-Bedoe%C3%AFnen_met_hun_schapen%2C_Bestanddeelnr_255-6075.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="221" data-mw-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a7/Bedoe%C3%AFnen_met_hun_schapen%2C_Bestanddeelnr_255-6075.jpg/330px-Bedoe%C3%AFnen_met_hun_schapen%2C_Bestanddeelnr_255-6075.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a7/Bedoe%C3%AFnen_met_hun_schapen%2C_Bestanddeelnr_255-6075.jpg/440px-Bedoe%C3%AFnen_met_hun_schapen%2C_Bestanddeelnr_255-6075.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>Bedouins in Syria in the 1950s</figcaption></figure> <a href="/wiki/Raid_(military)#Bedouin_ghazzu" title="Raid (military)">Ghazzu</a> was still relevant to the Bedouin lifestyle in the early 20th century. After a 1925 stay with Sheikh <a href="/wiki/Mithqal_Al_Fayez" class="mw-redirect" title="Mithqal Al Fayez">Mithqal Al-Fayez</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Bani_Sakher" title="Bani Sakher">Bani Sakher</a>, <a href="/wiki/William_Seabrook" title="William Seabrook">William Seabrook</a> wrote about his experience of a ghazzu from the Sardieh tribe on Mithqal's 500 Hejin racing camels. The ghazzu was intercepted by Mithqal when he was notified about the Sardieh tribe's intentions from a man from the Bani Hassan tribe, who rode continuously for over 30 hours to reach Mithqal before their plot matured. Mithqal, using the information, prepared a trap for them, which resulted in the imprisonment of one of the Sardieh warriors. William notes that although the warrior was a prisoner, he was nonchalant and was not treated aggressively, and that the ghazzu wasn't a war, but a game in which camels and goats were the prizes.<a href="#cite_note-55">[55]</a> In the 1950s and 1960s, large numbers of Bedouin throughout Midwest Asia started to leave the traditional, nomadic life to settle in the cities of Midwest Asia, especially as hot ranges shrank and populations grew. For example, in <a href="/wiki/Syria" title="Syria">Syria</a>, the Bedouin way of life effectively ended during a severe drought from 1958 to 1961, which forced many Bedouin to abandon herding for standard jobs.<a href="#cite_note-56">[56]</a><a href="#cite_note-57">[57]</a> Similarly, governmental policies in <a href="/wiki/Egypt" title="Egypt">Egypt</a>, <a href="/wiki/Israel" title="Israel">Israel</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jordan" title="Jordan">Jordan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Iraq" title="Iraq">Iraq</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tunisia" title="Tunisia">Tunisia</a>, oil-producing Arab states of the <a href="/wiki/Persian_Gulf" title="Persian Gulf">Persian Gulf</a> and <a href="/wiki/Libya" title="Libya">Libya</a>,<a href="#cite_note-58">[58]</a><a href="#cite_note-59">[59]</a> as well as a desire for improved standards of living, effectively led most Bedouin to become settled citizens of various nations, rather than stateless nomadic herders. Governmental policies pressing the Bedouin have in some cases been executed in an attempt to provide service (schools, health care, law enforcement and so on—see <a href="/wiki/Dawn_Chatty" title="Dawn Chatty">Chatty</a> 1986 for examples), but in others have been based on the desire to seize land traditionally roved and controlled by the Bedouin. In recent years, some Bedouin have adopted the pastime of raising and breeding white <a href="/wiki/Dove" class="mw-redirect" title="Dove">doves</a>,<a href="#cite_note-60">[60]</a> while others have rejuvenated the traditional practice of <a href="/wiki/Falconry" title="Falconry">falconry</a>.<a href="#cite_note-61">[61]</a><a href="#cite_note-62">[62]</a> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(4)"><h2 id="In_different_countries">In different countries</h2> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Bedouin&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: In different countries" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div><section class="mf-section-4 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-4"> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Saudi_Arabia">Saudi Arabia</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Bedouin&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Saudi Arabia" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Bedouin_Riyadh,_Saudi_Arabia,_1964.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Bedouin_Riyadh%2C_Saudi_Arabia%2C_1964.jpg/170px-Bedouin_Riyadh%2C_Saudi_Arabia%2C_1964.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="243" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="496" data-file-height="710"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 170px;height: 243px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Bedouin_Riyadh%2C_Saudi_Arabia%2C_1964.jpg/170px-Bedouin_Riyadh%2C_Saudi_Arabia%2C_1964.jpg" data-width="170" data-height="243" data-mw-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Bedouin_Riyadh%2C_Saudi_Arabia%2C_1964.jpg/255px-Bedouin_Riyadh%2C_Saudi_Arabia%2C_1964.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Bedouin_Riyadh%2C_Saudi_Arabia%2C_1964.jpg/340px-Bedouin_Riyadh%2C_Saudi_Arabia%2C_1964.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>Bedouin man in <a href="/wiki/Riyadh" title="Riyadh">Riyadh</a>, 1964.</figcaption></figure> The <a href="/wiki/Arabian_Peninsula" title="Arabian Peninsula">Arabian Peninsula</a> was one of the original homes of the Bedouin. From there, they started to spread out to surrounding deserts, forced out by the lack of water and food. According to tradition, Arabian Bedouin tribes are descendants of two groups: <a href="/wiki/Qahtanites" class="mw-redirect" title="Qahtanites">Qahtanis</a>, also known as <a href="/wiki/Yaman_(tribal_group)" title="Yaman (tribal group)">Yaman</a>, who originate from the mountains of Southwestern Arabia, and claim descent from a semi-legendary ancestral figure, Qahtan (often linked to the biblical <a href="/wiki/Joktan" title="Joktan">Joktan</a>), and <a href="/wiki/Adnani_Arabs" class="mw-redirect" title="Adnani Arabs">Adnanis</a>, also known as <a href="/wiki/Qays" title="Qays">Qays</a>, who originate in North-Central Arabia and claimed descent from <a href="/wiki/Adnan" title="Adnan">Adnan</a>, a descendant of the Biblical <a href="/wiki/Ishmael" title="Ishmael">Ishmael</a>.<a href="#cite_note-63">[63]</a><figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Bedouin_family-Wahiba_Sands.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9d/Bedouin_family-Wahiba_Sands.jpg/220px-Bedouin_family-Wahiba_Sands.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="768"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 165px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9d/Bedouin_family-Wahiba_Sands.jpg/220px-Bedouin_family-Wahiba_Sands.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="165" data-mw-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9d/Bedouin_family-Wahiba_Sands.jpg/330px-Bedouin_family-Wahiba_Sands.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9d/Bedouin_family-Wahiba_Sands.jpg/440px-Bedouin_family-Wahiba_Sands.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>A Bedouin family in <a href="/wiki/Wahiba_Sands" class="mw-redirect" title="Wahiba Sands">Wahiba Sands</a>, <a href="/wiki/Oman" title="Oman">Oman</a>.</figcaption></figure> A number of Bedouin tribes reside in Saudi Arabia. Among them are <a href="/wiki/Anazzah" class="mw-redirect" title="Anazzah">Anazzah</a>, <a href="/wiki/Juhaynah" title="Juhaynah">Juhaynah</a>, <a href="/wiki/Shammar" title="Shammar">Shammar</a>, <a href="/wiki/Al_Murrah" title="Al Murrah">al-Murrah</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mehri_people" title="Mehri people">Mahra</a>, <a href="/wiki/Dawasir" title="Dawasir">Dawasir</a>, <a href="/wiki/Harb_tribe" class="mw-redirect" title="Harb tribe">Harb</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ghamid" class="mw-redirect" title="Ghamid">Ghamid</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mutayr" title="Mutayr">Mutayr</a>, <a href="/wiki/Subay%27" title="Subay'">Subay'</a>, <a href="/wiki/%27Utayba" class="mw-redirect" title="'Utayba">'Utayba</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bani_khalid" class="mw-redirect" title="Bani khalid">Bani khalid</a>, <a href="/wiki/Qahtan_(tribe)" title="Qahtan (tribe)">Qahtan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Rashaida" class="mw-redirect" title="Rashaida">Rashaida</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Banu_Yam" title="Banu Yam">Banu Yam</a>. Saudi Arabia pursued a policy of sedentarization in the early 20th century, which was initially linked with the establishment of the <a href="/wiki/Ikhwan" title="Ikhwan">Ikhwan</a>. As a result of this policy and subsequent modernization, the number of bedouin that retain their nomadic lifestyle has decreased rapidly. According to <a href="/wiki/Ali_Al-Naimi" title="Ali Al-Naimi">Ali Al-Naimi</a>, the Bedouin, or Bedu, would travel in family and tribal groups, across the <a href="/wiki/Arabian_Peninsula" title="Arabian Peninsula">Arabian Peninsula</a> in groups of fifty to a hundred. A clan was composed of a number of families, while a number of clans formed a tribe. Tribes would have areas reserved for their livestock called dirahs, which included wells for their exclusive use. They lived in black goat-hair tents called bayt al-shar, divided by cloth curtains into rug-floor areas for males, family and cooking. In <a href="/wiki/Hofuf" title="Hofuf">Hofuf</a>, they bartered their sheep, goats and camels, including milk and wool, for grain and other staples. Al-Naimi also quotes Paul Harrison's observation of the Bedouin, "There seems to be no limit at all to their endurance."<a href="#cite_note-Ali-64">[64]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Syria">Syria</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Bedouin&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Syria" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Syrian_Bedouin_Kahlil_Sarkees_with_family,1893_World%27s_Columbian_Exposition.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2a/Syrian_Bedouin_Kahlil_Sarkees_with_family%2C1893_World%27s_Columbian_Exposition.jpg/220px-Syrian_Bedouin_Kahlil_Sarkees_with_family%2C1893_World%27s_Columbian_Exposition.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="176" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1216" data-file-height="971"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 176px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2a/Syrian_Bedouin_Kahlil_Sarkees_with_family%2C1893_World%27s_Columbian_Exposition.jpg/220px-Syrian_Bedouin_Kahlil_Sarkees_with_family%2C1893_World%27s_Columbian_Exposition.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="176" data-mw-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2a/Syrian_Bedouin_Kahlil_Sarkees_with_family%2C1893_World%27s_Columbian_Exposition.jpg/330px-Syrian_Bedouin_Kahlil_Sarkees_with_family%2C1893_World%27s_Columbian_Exposition.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2a/Syrian_Bedouin_Kahlil_Sarkees_with_family%2C1893_World%27s_Columbian_Exposition.jpg/440px-Syrian_Bedouin_Kahlil_Sarkees_with_family%2C1893_World%27s_Columbian_Exposition.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>Syrian bedouin, 1893</figcaption></figure> The Syrian Desert was the original homeland of the Arab Bedouin tribes<a href="#cite_note-academia.edu-18">[18]</a> which have been mentioned as far back as the <a href="/wiki/Neo-Assyrian" class="mw-redirect" title="Neo-Assyrian">Neo-Assyrian</a> era where they're referred to by <a href="/wiki/Tiglath-Pileser_III" title="Tiglath-Pileser III">Tiglath-Pileser III</a> as being among the Syrians integrated into the Assyrian administrative system.<a href="#cite_note-65">[65]</a> Today there are over a million Bedouin living in Syria, making a living herding sheep and goats.<a href="#cite_note-66">[66]</a> The largest Bedouin clan in Syria is called <a href="/wiki/Ruwallah" title="Ruwallah">Ruwallah</a> who are part of the <a href="/wiki/Anazzah" class="mw-redirect" title="Anazzah">'Anizzah'</a> tribe. Another famous branch of the Anizzah tribe is the two distinct groups of <a href="/wiki/Hasana" title="Hasana">Hasana</a> and S'baa who largely arrived from the Arabian peninsula in the 18th century.<a href="#cite_note-67">[67]</a> Herding among the Bedouin was common until the late 1950s, when it effectively ended during a severe drought from 1958 to 1961. Due to the drought, many Bedouin were forced to give up herding for standard jobs.<a href="#cite_note-68">[68]</a> [<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:NOTRS" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:NOTRS">better source needed</a>] Another factor was the formal annulling of the Bedouin tribes' legal status in Syrian law in 1958, along with attempts of the ruling <a href="/wiki/Ba%27ath_Party" title="Ba'ath Party">Ba'ath Party</a> regime to wipe out tribalism. Preferences for customary law ('urf) in contrast to state law (qanun) have been informally acknowledged and tolerated by the state in order to avoid having its authority tested in the tribal territories.<a href="#cite_note-69">[69]</a> In 1982 the <a href="/wiki/Al-Assad" class="mw-redirect" title="Al-Assad">al-Assad</a> family turned to the Bedouin tribe leaders for assistance during the <a href="/wiki/Muslim_Brotherhood" title="Muslim Brotherhood">Muslim Brotherhood</a> uprising against al-Assad government (see <a href="/wiki/1982_Hama_massacre" title="1982 Hama massacre">1982 Hama massacre</a>). The Bedouin sheikhs' decision to support <a href="/wiki/Hafez_al-Assad" title="Hafez al-Assad">Hafez al-Assad</a> led to a change in attitude on the part of the government that permitted the Bedouin leadership to manage and transform critical state development efforts supporting their own status, customs and leadership. There are numerous types of Bedouins in Syria: Hourani Bedouins, which are from the <a href="/wiki/Daraa_Governorate" title="Daraa Governorate">Daraa Governorate</a> & <a href="/wiki/Quneitra_Governorate" title="Quneitra Governorate">Quneitra Governorate</a>, these Bedouins are closely related to Jordanians. Mesopotamian Bedouins, which are from East and South of the <a href="/wiki/Aleppo_Governorate" title="Aleppo Governorate">Aleppo Governorate</a>, <a href="/wiki/Raqqa_Governorate" title="Raqqa Governorate">Raqqa Governorate</a>, <a href="/wiki/Al-Hasakah_Governorate" title="Al-Hasakah Governorate">Al-Hasakah Governorate</a> & <a href="/wiki/Deir_ez-Zor_Governorate" title="Deir ez-Zor Governorate">Deir ez-Zor Governorate</a>, these Bedouins are closely related to Iraqis. There are also a few Bedouin tribes in the <a href="/wiki/Rif_Dimashq_Governorate" title="Rif Dimashq Governorate">Rif Dimashq Governorate</a>, <a href="/wiki/Homs_Governorate" title="Homs Governorate">Homs Governorate</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Hama_Governorate" title="Hama Governorate">Hama Governorate</a>. Many <a href="/wiki/Syrians" title="Syrians">Syrians</a> have some <a href="/wiki/Arab" class="mw-redirect" title="Arab">Arab</a> origin if not predominantly Arab. Religion does not play a role in the genetic makeup of a Syrian. There are Christian Syrians who have a more predominant Arab origin than Muslim Syrians. Therefore many Syrians have some sort of Bedouin Arab origin, since Arabs migrated from <a href="/wiki/Yemen" title="Yemen">Yemen</a> & <a href="/wiki/Saudi_Arabia" title="Saudi Arabia">Saudi Arabia</a> into <a href="/wiki/Syria" title="Syria">Syria</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Ghassanids" title="Ghassanids">Ghassanids</a> were Christian Bedouins who played a huge role in the genetic admixture of Syrian Christians. As a result of the <a href="/wiki/Syrian_Civil_War" class="mw-redirect" title="Syrian Civil War">Syrian Civil War</a>, some Bedouins became <a href="/wiki/Refugees_of_the_Syrian_civil_war" title="Refugees of the Syrian civil war">refugees</a> and found shelter in Jordan,<a href="#cite_note-70">[70]</a> Turkey, Lebanon, and other states. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Lebanon">Lebanon</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Bedouin&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Lebanon" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> Bedouins are concentrated in the <a href="/wiki/Beqaa_Governorate" title="Beqaa Governorate">Beqaa Governorate</a>, although they form a minority there. Many <a href="/wiki/Lebanese_people" title="Lebanese people">Lebanese</a> people from all over Lebanon have some <a href="/wiki/Arab" class="mw-redirect" title="Arab">Arab</a> <a class="mw-selflink selflink">Bedouin</a> origins, since <a href="/wiki/Arabs" title="Arabs">Arabs</a> migrated to Lebanon from <a href="/wiki/Yemen" title="Yemen">Yemen</a> & <a href="/wiki/Saudi_Arabia" title="Saudi Arabia">Saudi Arabia</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Ghassanids" title="Ghassanids">Ghassanids</a> were Christian Bedouins who played a huge role in the genetic admixture of the <a href="/wiki/Lebanese_people" title="Lebanese people">Lebanese</a> people. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Palestine">Palestine</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Bedouin&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Palestine" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Palestinian_Bedouin" title="Palestinian Bedouin">Palestinian Bedouin</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Bedouin_tribes_West_bank.gif" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3d/Bedouin_tribes_West_bank.gif/220px-Bedouin_tribes_West_bank.gif" decoding="async" width="220" height="320" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="712" data-file-height="1035"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 320px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3d/Bedouin_tribes_West_bank.gif/220px-Bedouin_tribes_West_bank.gif" data-width="220" data-height="320" data-mw-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3d/Bedouin_tribes_West_bank.gif/330px-Bedouin_tribes_West_bank.gif 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3d/Bedouin_tribes_West_bank.gif/440px-Bedouin_tribes_West_bank.gif 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>Bedouin tribes in the West Bank</figcaption></figure> <a href="/wiki/Palestinian_Bedouins" class="mw-redirect" title="Palestinian Bedouins">Palestinian Bedouins</a> were originally from the <a href="/wiki/Negev_Desert" class="mw-redirect" title="Negev Desert">Negev Desert</a>. In the course of the <a href="/wiki/1948_Palestine_war" title="1948 Palestine war">1948 Palestine war</a>, they fled or were displaced from their land.<a href="#cite_note-unoptbedouins-12">[12]</a> Other Bedouins were expelled from the Negev in 1953 and had relocated to the <a href="/wiki/West_Bank" title="West Bank">West Bank</a>, which at the time belonged to <a href="/wiki/Jordan" title="Jordan">Jordan</a>.<a href="#cite_note-minorityrights-palestine-71">[71]</a> Today, there are 40,000 Bedouins in the whole of the West Bank, including 27,000 people under Israeli military control in <a href="/wiki/Area_C_(West_Bank)" title="Area C (West Bank)">Area C</a>.<a href="#cite_note-minorityrights-palestine-71">[71]</a> Unlike <a href="/wiki/Negev_Bedouins" class="mw-redirect" title="Negev Bedouins">Negev Bedouins</a>, West Bank Bedouins are not <a href="/wiki/Israeli_citizenship_law" title="Israeli citizenship law">Israeli citizens</a>.<a href="#cite_note-minorityrights-palestine-71">[71]</a> Bedouin communities in the West bank have been targeted with forcible relocations to townships to accommodate the growth of illegal <a href="/wiki/Israeli_settlement" title="Israeli settlement">Israeli settlements</a> on the outskirts of <a href="/wiki/East_Jerusalem" title="East Jerusalem">East Jerusalem</a>.<a href="#cite_note-minorityrights-palestine-71">[71]</a> Bedouins also live in the <a href="/wiki/Gaza_strip" class="mw-redirect" title="Gaza strip">Gaza strip</a>, including 5,000 in <a href="/wiki/Om_al-Nasr" title="Om al-Nasr">Om al-Nasr</a>.<a href="#cite_note-72">[72]</a> However, the number of nomadic Bedouins is shrinking and many are now settled.<a href="#cite_note-73">[73]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Israel"> Israel</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Bedouin&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Israel" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Israeli_Bedouin" title="Israeli Bedouin">Israeli Bedouin</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Bedouin_squatter_compound.png" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a7/Bedouin_squatter_compound.png/220px-Bedouin_squatter_compound.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="68" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="2046" data-file-height="636"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 68px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a7/Bedouin_squatter_compound.png/220px-Bedouin_squatter_compound.png" data-width="220" data-height="68" data-mw-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a7/Bedouin_squatter_compound.png/330px-Bedouin_squatter_compound.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a7/Bedouin_squatter_compound.png/440px-Bedouin_squatter_compound.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>Bedouin encampment in the Negev Desert</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Flickr_-_Israel_Defense_Forces_-_Bedouin_Scouts_On_The_Track_(11).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/be/Flickr_-_Israel_Defense_Forces_-_Bedouin_Scouts_On_The_Track_%2811%29.jpg/220px-Flickr_-_Israel_Defense_Forces_-_Bedouin_Scouts_On_The_Track_%2811%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="5184" data-file-height="3456"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 147px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/be/Flickr_-_Israel_Defense_Forces_-_Bedouin_Scouts_On_The_Track_%2811%29.jpg/220px-Flickr_-_Israel_Defense_Forces_-_Bedouin_Scouts_On_The_Track_%2811%29.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="147" data-mw-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/be/Flickr_-_Israel_Defense_Forces_-_Bedouin_Scouts_On_The_Track_%2811%29.jpg/330px-Flickr_-_Israel_Defense_Forces_-_Bedouin_Scouts_On_The_Track_%2811%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/be/Flickr_-_Israel_Defense_Forces_-_Bedouin_Scouts_On_The_Track_%2811%29.jpg/440px-Flickr_-_Israel_Defense_Forces_-_Bedouin_Scouts_On_The_Track_%2811%29.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>Bedouin soldiers in the <a href="/wiki/Israel_Defense_Forces" title="Israel Defense Forces">Israel Defense Forces</a></figcaption></figure> Prior to the 1948 <a href="/wiki/Israeli_Declaration_of_Independence" title="Israeli Declaration of Independence">Israeli Declaration of Independence</a>, an estimated 65,000–90,000 Bedouins lived in the <a href="/wiki/Negev" title="Negev">Negev</a> desert. According to <a href="/wiki/Encyclopedia_Judaica" class="mw-redirect" title="Encyclopedia Judaica">Encyclopedia Judaica</a>, 15,000 Bedouin remained in the Negev after 1948; other sources put the number as low as 11,000.<a href="#cite_note-74">[74]</a> Another source states that in 1999 110,000 Bedouins lived in the Negev, 50,000 in the Galilee and 10,000 in the central region of Israel.<a href="#cite_note-Bedouin_Demographics-75">[75]</a> All of the Bedouins residing in Israel were granted Israeli citizenship in 1954.<a href="#cite_note-76">[76]</a> As of 2020, there are 210,000 Bedouins in Israel: 150,000 in the Negev, 50,000 in <a href="/wiki/Galilee" title="Galilee">Galilee</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Jezreel_Valley" title="Jezreel Valley">Jezreel Valley</a>, and 10,000 in the central region of Israel.<a href="#cite_note-jvl2020-77">[77]</a> <a href="/wiki/Galilee_Bedouins" class="mw-redirect" title="Galilee Bedouins">Galilee Bedouins</a> have been living in the northern part of Israel for four centuries. Today, they live in 28 settlements in the north. They also live in mixed villages with other non-Bedouin Arabs.<a href="#cite_note-78">[78]</a> The Bedouin who remained in the Negev belonged to the <a href="/wiki/Tiyaha_bedouin" class="mw-redirect" title="Tiyaha bedouin">Tiaha</a> confederation<a href="#cite_note-79">[79]</a> as well as some smaller groups such as the <a href="/wiki/%27Azazme" class="mw-redirect" title="'Azazme">'Azazme</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Jahalin_Bedouin" title="Jahalin Bedouin">Jahalin</a>. After 1948, some <a href="/wiki/Negev_Bedouins" class="mw-redirect" title="Negev Bedouins">Negev Bedouins</a> were displaced. The <a href="/wiki/Jahalin_Bedouin" title="Jahalin Bedouin">Jahalin</a> tribe, for instance, lived in the <a href="/wiki/Tel_Arad" title="Tel Arad">Tel Arad</a> region of the Negev prior to the 1950s. In the early 1950s, the Jahalin were among the tribes that, according to <a href="/wiki/Emanuel_Marx" title="Emanuel Marx">Emanuel Marx</a>, "moved or were removed by the military government".<a href="#cite_note-80">[80]</a> They ended up in the so-called <a href="/wiki/E1_(Jerusalem)" class="mw-redirect" title="E1 (Jerusalem)">E1</a> area East of <a href="/wiki/Jerusalem" title="Jerusalem">Jerusalem</a>. <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:%22Bedouin_Wedding_Procession%22_in_the_Jerusalem_section_of_the_Pike_at_the_1904_World%27s_Fair.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/%22Bedouin_Wedding_Procession%22_in_the_Jerusalem_section_of_the_Pike_at_the_1904_World%27s_Fair.jpg/220px-%22Bedouin_Wedding_Procession%22_in_the_Jerusalem_section_of_the_Pike_at_the_1904_World%27s_Fair.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="169" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="5518" data-file-height="4238"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 169px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/%22Bedouin_Wedding_Procession%22_in_the_Jerusalem_section_of_the_Pike_at_the_1904_World%27s_Fair.jpg/220px-%22Bedouin_Wedding_Procession%22_in_the_Jerusalem_section_of_the_Pike_at_the_1904_World%27s_Fair.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="169" data-mw-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/%22Bedouin_Wedding_Procession%22_in_the_Jerusalem_section_of_the_Pike_at_the_1904_World%27s_Fair.jpg/330px-%22Bedouin_Wedding_Procession%22_in_the_Jerusalem_section_of_the_Pike_at_the_1904_World%27s_Fair.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/%22Bedouin_Wedding_Procession%22_in_the_Jerusalem_section_of_the_Pike_at_the_1904_World%27s_Fair.jpg/440px-%22Bedouin_Wedding_Procession%22_in_the_Jerusalem_section_of_the_Pike_at_the_1904_World%27s_Fair.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>Bedouin wedding procession in the Jerusalem section of the pike at the <a href="/wiki/1904_World%27s_Fair" class="mw-redirect" title="1904 World's Fair">1904 World's Fair</a>.</figcaption></figure> About 1,600 Bedouin serve as volunteers in the <a href="/wiki/Israel_Defense_Forces" title="Israel Defense Forces">Israel Defense Forces</a>, many as trackers in the IDF's elite tracking units.<a href="#cite_note-81">[81]</a> Famously, Bedouin shepherds were the first to discover the <a href="/wiki/Dead_Sea_Scrolls" title="Dead Sea Scrolls">Dead Sea Scrolls</a>, a collection of Jewish texts from antiquity, in the <a href="/wiki/Judean" class="mw-redirect" title="Judean">Judean</a> <a href="/wiki/Qumran" title="Qumran">caves of Qumran</a> in 1946. Of great religious, cultural, historical and linguistic significance, 972 texts were found over the following decade, many of which were discovered by Bedouins. Successive Israeli administrations tried to demolish Bedouins villages in the Negev. Between 1967 and 1989, Israel built seven legal townships in the north-east of the Negev, with <a href="/wiki/Tel_as-Sabi" class="mw-redirect" title="Tel as-Sabi">Tel as-Sabi</a> or Tel Sheva the first. The largest, city of <a href="/wiki/Rahat" title="Rahat">Rahat</a>, has a population of over 58,700 (as of December 2013);<a href="#cite_note-82">[82]</a> as such it is the largest Bedouin settlement in the world. Another well-known township out of the seven of them that the Israeli government built, is <a href="/wiki/Hura" title="Hura">Hura</a>. According to the Israel Land Administration (2007), some 60 per cent of the Negev Bedouin live in <a href="/wiki/Township" title="Township">urban areas</a>.<a href="#cite_note-83">[83]</a> The rest live in so-called <a href="/wiki/Unrecognized_Bedouin_villages_in_Israel" title="Unrecognized Bedouin villages in Israel">unrecognized villages</a>, which are not officially recognized by the state due to general planning issues and other political reasons. Despite these communities often predating the state of Israel, many are considered to be located in areas deemed unsuitable by the Israeli government, including military fire zones, <a href="/wiki/Natural_reserve" class="mw-redirect" title="Natural reserve">natural reserves</a>, <a href="/wiki/Landfill" title="Landfill">landfills</a>, etc.<a href="#cite_note-84">[84]</a><figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Badawit_naqib.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/Badawit_naqib.jpg/220px-Badawit_naqib.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="324" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="720" data-file-height="1059"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 324px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/Badawit_naqib.jpg/220px-Badawit_naqib.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="324" data-mw-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/Badawit_naqib.jpg/330px-Badawit_naqib.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/Badawit_naqib.jpg/440px-Badawit_naqib.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>A <a href="/wiki/Negev" title="Negev">Negev</a> Bedouin man.</figcaption></figure> On 29 September 2003, Israeli <a href="/wiki/Cabinet_of_Israel" title="Cabinet of Israel">government</a> adapted a new "Abu Basma Plan" (Resolution 881), according to which a new regional council was formed, unifying a number of unrecognized Bedouin settlements—<a href="/wiki/Abu_Basma_Regional_Council" title="Abu Basma Regional Council">Abu Basma Regional Council</a>.<a href="#cite_note-85">[85]</a> This resolution also regarded the need to establish seven new Bedouin settlements in the Negev,<a href="#cite_note-86">[86]</a> literally meaning the official recognition of unrecognized settlements, providing them with a municipal status and consequently with all the basic services and infrastructure. The council was established by the <a href="/wiki/Israeli_Ministry_of_Interior" class="mw-redirect" title="Israeli Ministry of Interior">Interior Ministry</a> on 28 January 2004.<a href="#cite_note-87">[87]</a> Israel is currently building or enlarging some 13 towns and cities in the Negev. According to the general planning, all of them will be fully equipped with the relevant infrastructure: schools, medical clinics, postal offices, etc. and they also will have electricity, running water and waste control. Several new industrial zones meant to fight unemployment are planned, some are already being constructed, like <a href="/wiki/Idan_HaNegev" title="Idan HaNegev">Idan HaNegev</a> in the suburbs of Rahat.<a href="#cite_note-88">[88]</a> It will have a hospital and a new campus inside.<a href="#cite_note-89">[89]</a> The Bedouins of Israel receive free education and medical services from the state. They are allotted child cash benefits, which has contributed to the high birth rate among the Bedouin [<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] of 5% per year.<a href="#cite_note-90">[90]</a> In September 2011, the Israeli government approved a five-year <a href="/wiki/Economic_development" title="Economic development">economic development</a> plan called the <a href="/wiki/Prawer_Commission" class="mw-redirect" title="Prawer Commission">Prawer plan</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Prawer-91">[91]</a> One of its implications is a relocation of some 30.000-40.000 Negev Bedouin from areas not recognized by the government to government-approved <a href="/wiki/Township" title="Township">townships</a>.<a href="#cite_note-92">[92]</a><a href="#cite_note-93">[93]</a> In a 2012 resolution the European Parliament called for the withdrawal of the Prawer plan and respect for the rights of the Bedouin people.<a href="#cite_note-94">[94]</a> In September 2014, <a href="/wiki/Yair_Shamir" title="Yair Shamir">Yair Shamir</a>, who heads the Israeli government's ministerial committee on Bedouin resettlement arrangements, stated that the government was examining ways to lower the birthrate of the Bedouin community in order to improve its standard of living. Shamir claimed that without intervention, the Bedouin population could exceed half a million by 2035.<a href="#cite_note-95">[95]</a><a href="#cite_note-96">[96]</a> In May 2015, the <a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Office_for_the_Coordination_of_Humanitarian_Affairs" title="United Nations Office for the Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs">United Nations Office for the Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs</a> and the <a href="/wiki/UNRWA" title="UNRWA">United Nations Relief and Works Agency for Palestine Refugees</a> have combined forces. Both organizations called on Israel to stop its plans to relocate Bedouin communities currently living in the <a href="/wiki/West_Bank" title="West Bank">West Bank</a> to land outside of <a href="/wiki/Jerusalem" title="Jerusalem">Jerusalem</a> for better access to infrastructure, health, and education. Officials stated that a "forcible transfer" of over 7000 Bedouin people would "destroy their culture and livelihoods."<a href="#cite_note-97">[97]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Jordan">Jordan</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Bedouin&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Jordan" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Bedouinnasserwadirum.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9d/Bedouinnasserwadirum.jpg/220px-Bedouinnasserwadirum.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="321" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="343" data-file-height="500"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 321px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9d/Bedouinnasserwadirum.jpg/220px-Bedouinnasserwadirum.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="321" data-mw-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9d/Bedouinnasserwadirum.jpg/330px-Bedouinnasserwadirum.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/9/9d/Bedouinnasserwadirum.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>A young Bedouin lighting a camp fire in <a href="/wiki/Wadi_Rum" title="Wadi Rum">Wadi Rum</a>, Jordan</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Jordanian_Bedouin_Christians_1904_2.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c6/Jordanian_Bedouin_Christians_1904_2.jpg/220px-Jordanian_Bedouin_Christians_1904_2.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="144" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="893" data-file-height="583"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 144px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c6/Jordanian_Bedouin_Christians_1904_2.jpg/220px-Jordanian_Bedouin_Christians_1904_2.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="144" data-mw-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c6/Jordanian_Bedouin_Christians_1904_2.jpg/330px-Jordanian_Bedouin_Christians_1904_2.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c6/Jordanian_Bedouin_Christians_1904_2.jpg/440px-Jordanian_Bedouin_Christians_1904_2.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>A significant percentage of Jordanian Christians are ethnically Bedouin, the picture shows a Bedouin Christian family from <a href="/wiki/Madaba" title="Madaba">Madaba</a> in 1904</figcaption></figure> Most of the Bedouin tribes migrated from the Arabian Peninsula to what is <a href="/wiki/Jordan" title="Jordan">Jordan</a> today between the 14th and 18th centuries.<a href="#cite_note-98">[98]</a> They are often referred to as a backbone of the Kingdom,<a href="#cite_note-UNHCR-99">[99]</a><a href="#cite_note-100">[100]</a> since Bedouin clans traditionally support the monarchy.<a href="#cite_note-101">[101]</a> Most of Jordan's Bedouin live in the vast wasteland that extends east from the Desert Highway.<a href="#cite_note-102">[102]</a> The eastern Bedouin are camel breeders and herders, while the western Bedouin herd sheep and goats. Some Bedouin in Jordan are semi-nomads, they adopt a nomadic existence during part of the year but return to their lands and homes in time to practice agriculture. The largest nomadic groups of Jordan are the Bani Hasan (Mafraq, Zarqa, Jarash, Ajloun and parts of Amman) <a href="/wiki/Bani_Sakher" title="Bani Sakher">Bani Ṣakher</a> (Amman and Madaba) Banū Laith (Petra), and <a href="/wiki/Howeitat" title="Howeitat">Banū al-Ḥuwayṭāt</a> (they reside in <a href="/wiki/Wadi_Rum" title="Wadi Rum">Wadi Rum</a>).[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] There are numerous lesser groups, such as the al-Sirḥān, Banū Khālid, Hawazim, ʿAṭiyyah, and Sharafāt. The Ruwālah (Rwala) tribe, which is not indigenous, passes through Jordan in its yearly wandering from Syria to Saudi Arabia.<a href="#cite_note-103">[103]</a> The region encompassing <a href="/wiki/Wadi_Musa" title="Wadi Musa">Wadi Musa</a> and Petra is inhabited by the prominent Liyathnah tribe alongside the smaller <a href="/wiki/Bedul" title="Bedul">Bedul</a> community, believed to have <a href="/wiki/Jews" title="Jews">Jewish</a> or <a href="/wiki/Nabataeans" title="Nabataeans">Nabataean</a> ancestry.<a href="#cite_note-:42-104">[104]</a><a href="#cite_note-:02-105">[105]</a><a href="#cite_note-:322-106">[106]</a> The Jordanian government provides the Bedouin with different services such as education, housing and health clinics. However, some Bedouins give it up and prefer their traditional nomadic lifestyle. In the recent years, there is a growing discontent of the Bedouin with the ruling monarch <a href="/wiki/Abdullah_II_of_Jordan" title="Abdullah II of Jordan">Abdullah II of Jordan</a>. In August 2007, police clashed with some 200 Bedouins who were blocking the <a href="/wiki/Highway_15_(Jordan)" title="Highway 15 (Jordan)">main highway</a> between Amman and the port of Aqaba. Livestock herders were protesting the government's lack of support in the face of the steeply rising cost of animal feed and expressed resentment about government assistance to refugees.<a href="#cite_note-UNHCR-99">[99]</a> <a href="/wiki/Arab_Spring" title="Arab Spring">Arab Spring</a> events in 2011 led to demonstrations in Jordan, and Bedouins took part in them. But the <a href="/wiki/Hashemites" title="Hashemites">Hashemites</a> did not see a revolt similar to turbulence in other Arab states. The main reasons for that are the high respect to the monarch and contradictory interests of different groups of the Jordanian society. The King Abdullah II maintains his distance from the complaints by allowing blame to fall on government ministers, whom he replaces at will.<a href="#cite_note-107">[107]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Maghreb">Maghreb</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Bedouin&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Maghreb" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Les_dunes_de_Merzouga_(Une_caravane_de_chameaux_).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/Les_dunes_de_Merzouga_%28Une_caravane_de_chameaux_%29.jpg/220px-Les_dunes_de_Merzouga_%28Une_caravane_de_chameaux_%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="124" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="5568" data-file-height="3132"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 124px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/Les_dunes_de_Merzouga_%28Une_caravane_de_chameaux_%29.jpg/220px-Les_dunes_de_Merzouga_%28Une_caravane_de_chameaux_%29.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="124" data-mw-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/Les_dunes_de_Merzouga_%28Une_caravane_de_chameaux_%29.jpg/330px-Les_dunes_de_Merzouga_%28Une_caravane_de_chameaux_%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/Les_dunes_de_Merzouga_%28Une_caravane_de_chameaux_%29.jpg/440px-Les_dunes_de_Merzouga_%28Une_caravane_de_chameaux_%29.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>Bedouin near <a href="/wiki/Merzouga" title="Merzouga">Merzouga</a>, <a href="/wiki/Morocco" title="Morocco">Morocco</a>.</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Chief_of_Mascara.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/57/Chief_of_Mascara.jpg/220px-Chief_of_Mascara.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="163" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="692" data-file-height="512"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 163px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/57/Chief_of_Mascara.jpg/220px-Chief_of_Mascara.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="163" data-mw-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/57/Chief_of_Mascara.jpg/330px-Chief_of_Mascara.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/57/Chief_of_Mascara.jpg/440px-Chief_of_Mascara.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>Commander and Amir of <a href="/wiki/Mascara,_Algeria" title="Mascara, Algeria">Mascara</a> in <a href="/wiki/Algeria" title="Algeria">Algeria</a>, <a href="/wiki/Banu_Hilal" title="Banu Hilal">Banu Hilal</a>.</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Bedouins_in_Libya.tif" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c2/Bedouins_in_Libya.tif/lossy-page1-220px-Bedouins_in_Libya.tif.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="140" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="4567" data-file-height="2904"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 140px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c2/Bedouins_in_Libya.tif/lossy-page1-220px-Bedouins_in_Libya.tif.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="140" data-mw-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c2/Bedouins_in_Libya.tif/lossy-page1-330px-Bedouins_in_Libya.tif.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c2/Bedouins_in_Libya.tif/lossy-page1-440px-Bedouins_in_Libya.tif.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>A group of Bedouins with their <a href="/wiki/Tent" title="Tent">tent</a> in <a href="/wiki/Libya" title="Libya">Libya</a>, 1950s</figcaption></figure> The <a href="/wiki/Arab_migration_to_the_Maghreb" class="mw-redirect" title="Arab migration to the Maghreb">Arab migration to the Maghreb</a> had been a centuries-long process that continuously occurred since the 7th century. The initial waves of migration from the 7th to the 10th centuries mostly involved sedentary Arabs who established communities in cities, towns and surrounding rural areas. However, the Arab migrations from the 11th to the 15th centuries involved a significant influx of a great amount of nomadic Bedouin tribes to the region.<a href="#cite_note-ReferenceC-108">[108]</a> In the 11th century, the Bedouin tribes of <a href="/wiki/Banu_Hilal" title="Banu Hilal">Banu Hilal</a> and <a href="/wiki/Banu_Sulaym" title="Banu Sulaym">Banu Sulaym</a>, who originated from central and north Arabia respectively,<a href="#cite_note-ReferenceC-108">[108]</a> living at the time in a desert between the <a href="/wiki/Nile" title="Nile">Nile</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Red_Sea" title="Red Sea">Red Sea</a>, moved westward into the Maghreb areas and were joined by the Bedouin tribe of <a href="/wiki/Maqil" title="Maqil">Ma'qil</a>, which had its roots in South Arabia, as well as other Arab tribes.<a href="#cite_note-ReferenceC-108">[108]</a> The 11th century witnessed the most significant wave of Arab migration, surpassing all previous movements. This event unfolded when the <a href="/wiki/Zirid_dynasty" title="Zirid dynasty">Zirid dynasty</a> of Ifriqiya proclaimed its independence from the <a href="/wiki/Fatimid_Caliphate" title="Fatimid Caliphate">Fatimid Caliphate</a> of Egypt. In retribution against the Zirids, the Fatimids dispatched large Bedouin Arab tribes, mainly the <a href="/wiki/Banu_Hilal" title="Banu Hilal">Banu Hilal</a> and <a href="/wiki/Banu_Sulaym" title="Banu Sulaym">Banu Sulaym</a>, to defeat the Zirids and settle in the Maghreb. These tribes followed a <a href="/wiki/Nomad" title="Nomad">nomadic</a> lifestyle and were originally from the <a href="/wiki/Hejaz" title="Hejaz">Hejaz</a> and <a href="/wiki/Najd" title="Najd">Najd</a>.<a href="#cite_note-:13-109">[109]</a><a href="#cite_note-ReferenceC-108">[108]</a> They were later joined by the Bedouin tribe of <a href="/wiki/Maqil" title="Maqil">Ma'qil</a>, which had its roots in South Arabia, as well as other Arab tribes.<a href="#cite_note-ReferenceC-108">[108]</a> According to <a href="/wiki/Ibn_Khaldun" title="Ibn Khaldun">Ibn Khaldun</a>, they were accompanied by their wives, children and stock. They settled in the Maghreb after repeatedly fighting battles against the Berbers, such as the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Haydaran" title="Battle of Haydaran">Battle of Haydaran</a>. They heavily transformed the culture of the Maghreb into <a href="/wiki/Arab_culture" title="Arab culture">Arab culture</a>, and spread nomadism in areas where agriculture was previously dominant.<a href="#cite_note-:13-109">[109]</a> It played a major role in spreading Bedouin Arabic to rural areas such as the countryside and steppes, and as far as the southern areas near the <a href="/wiki/Sahara" title="Sahara">Sahara</a>.<a href="#cite_note-:6-110">[110]</a> In addition, they destroyed the Berber Zirid state and most of its cities, sparing only the Mediterranean coastal strip at <a href="/wiki/Mahdia" title="Mahdia">al-Mahdiyya</a>, and deeply weakened the neighboring <a href="/wiki/Hammadid_dynasty" title="Hammadid dynasty">Hammadid dynasty</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Zenata" title="Zenata">Zenata</a>. Their influx was a major factor in the linguistic, cultural, genetic and ethnic <a href="/wiki/Arabization" title="Arabization">Arabization</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Maghreb" title="Maghreb">Maghreb</a>.<a href="#cite_note-:13-109">[109]</a> According to Ibn Khaldun, the lands ravaged by Banu Hilal invaders had become <a href="/wiki/Desertification" title="Desertification">desertified</a> and turned into completely arid desert. The journey of Banu Hilal is recounted in the Arabic oral poem of <a href="/wiki/Sirat_Bani_Hilal" title="Sirat Bani Hilal">Sirat Bani Hilal</a>.<a href="#cite_note-:13-109">[109]</a> To persuade the Banu Hilal and Banu Sulaym to migrate to the Maghreb, the Fatimid caliph gave each tribesman a camel and money and helped them cross from the east to the west bank of the <a href="/wiki/Nile" title="Nile">Nile river</a>. The severe drought in Egypt at the time also persuaded these tribes to migrate to the Maghreb, which had a better economic situation at the time. The Fatimid caliph instructed them to rule the Maghreb instead of the Zirid emir <a href="/wiki/Al-Mu%27izz_ibn_Badis" title="Al-Mu'izz ibn Badis">Al-Mu'izz</a> and told them "I have given you the Maghrib and the rule of al-Mu'izz ibn Balkīn as-Sanhājī the runaway slave. You will want for nothing." and told Al-Mu'izz "I have sent you horses and put brave men on them so that God might accomplish a matter already enacted".<a href="#cite_note-:22-111">[111]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Beduin_mothers_carrying_their_children_on_their_shoulders.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/Beduin_mothers_carrying_their_children_on_their_shoulders.jpg/220px-Beduin_mothers_carrying_their_children_on_their_shoulders.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="305" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1478" data-file-height="2048"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 305px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/Beduin_mothers_carrying_their_children_on_their_shoulders.jpg/220px-Beduin_mothers_carrying_their_children_on_their_shoulders.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="305" data-mw-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/Beduin_mothers_carrying_their_children_on_their_shoulders.jpg/330px-Beduin_mothers_carrying_their_children_on_their_shoulders.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/Beduin_mothers_carrying_their_children_on_their_shoulders.jpg/440px-Beduin_mothers_carrying_their_children_on_their_shoulders.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>Bedouin mothers carrying their children on their shoulders. Hand-coloured print of a late 19th century black-and-white photo taken by French photographer <a href="/wiki/F%C3%A9lix_Bonfils" class="mw-redirect" title="Félix Bonfils">Félix Bonfils</a>.</figcaption></figure> <a href="/wiki/Berbers" title="Berbers">Berber</a> armies were defeated in trying to protect the walls of <a href="/wiki/Kairouan" title="Kairouan">Kairouan</a>.<a href="#cite_note-:1-112">[112]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Zirids" class="mw-redirect" title="Zirids">Zirids</a> abandoned <a href="/wiki/Kairouan" title="Kairouan">Kairouan</a> to take refuge on the coast where they survived for a century. <a href="/wiki/Ifriqiya" title="Ifriqiya">Ifriqiya</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Banu_Hilal" title="Banu Hilal">Banu Hilal</a> and <a href="/wiki/Banu_Sulaym" title="Banu Sulaym">Banu Sulaym</a> spread is on the high plains of <a href="/wiki/Constantine,_Algeria" title="Constantine, Algeria">Constantine</a> where they gradually choked the <a href="/wiki/Beni_Hammad_Fort" class="mw-redirect" title="Beni Hammad Fort">Qal'a of Banu Hammad</a>, as they had done <a href="/wiki/Kairouan" title="Kairouan">Kairouan</a> few decades ago. From there, they gradually gained the upper <a href="/wiki/Algiers" title="Algiers">Algiers</a> and <a href="/wiki/Oran" title="Oran">Oran</a> plains, some were taken to the <a href="/wiki/Moulouya" class="mw-redirect" title="Moulouya">Moulouya</a> valley and in <a href="/wiki/Doukkala" title="Doukkala">Doukkala</a> plains by the <a href="/wiki/Almohads" class="mw-redirect" title="Almohads">Caliph</a> of <a href="/wiki/Marrakesh" title="Marrakesh">Marrakesh</a> in the second half of the 12th century.<a href="#cite_note-:1-112">[112]</a> <a href="/wiki/Ibn_Khaldun" title="Ibn Khaldun">Ibn Khaldun</a>, a <a href="/wiki/Muslim" class="mw-redirect" title="Muslim">Muslim</a> <a href="/wiki/Historian" title="Historian">historian</a> wrote: "Similar to an army of locusts, they destroy everything in their path."<a href="#cite_note-:1-112">[112]</a> As Arab nomads spread, the territories of the local Berber tribes were moved and shrank. The <a href="/wiki/Zenata" title="Zenata">Zenata</a> were pushed to the west and the <a href="/wiki/Kabyle_people" title="Kabyle people">Kabyles</a> were pushed to the north. The Berbers took refuge in the mountains whereas the plains were Arabized.<a href="#cite_note-113">[113]</a> The arrival of the Banu Hilal, followed by the Banu Sulaym in the 12th century, broke the balance between nomads and <a href="/wiki/Sedentary_lifestyle" title="Sedentary lifestyle">sedentary</a> populations in favor of the nomads. For strategic reasons, the <a href="/wiki/Almohad_Caliphate" title="Almohad Caliphate">Almohads</a> gave over the <a href="/wiki/Atlantic_Ocean" title="Atlantic Ocean">Atlantic</a> plains of the western Maghreb to them.<a href="#cite_note-114">[114]</a> Sources estimated that the total number of Arab nomads who migrated to the Maghreb only in the 11th century was at around 1 million Arabs.<a href="#cite_note-:22-111">[111]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Maqil" title="Maqil">Ma'qilis</a> also entered the Maghreb during this wave of Arabian tribal immigration in the 11th century. They later allied with the Banu Hilal and entered under their protection.<a href="#cite_note-pp77-115">[115]</a> They adapted to the climatic desert conditions of the Maghreb, discovering the same way of life as in the Arabian Peninsula.<a href="#cite_note-:03-116">[116]</a> In the 13th century, they occupied southern <a href="/wiki/Algeria" title="Algeria">Algeria</a> and dominated the oases of <a href="/wiki/Tuat" class="mw-redirect" title="Tuat">Tuat</a> and Gourara. For some authors, at this point, the Maqil group had already disintegrated into different populations in the Maghreb and had given rise to the <a href="/wiki/Beni_%E1%B8%A4ass%C4%81n" title="Beni Ḥassān">Beni Hassan</a> along with other related groups.<a href="#cite_note-:05-117">[117]</a> The Beni Hassan expanded southwest and occupied <a href="/wiki/Sanhaja" title="Sanhaja">Sanhaja</a> lands in the 13th century after invading and defeating the Berber confederation.<a href="#cite_note-:05-117">[117]</a> The Sanhaja has long had to pay tribute to the nomadic Bedouin Hassani invaders.<a href="#cite_note-:05-117">[117]</a> This took place during the <a href="/wiki/Char_Bouba_war" title="Char Bouba war">Char Bouba War</a> in modern-day <a href="/wiki/Western_Sahara" title="Western Sahara">Western Sahara</a> and <a href="/wiki/Mauritania" title="Mauritania">Mauritania</a> from 1644 to 1674, which after decades of confrontations ended up completely Arabizing the native Berber population, destroying their language and culture and giving rise to the contemporary <a href="/wiki/Sahrawis" title="Sahrawis">Sahrawi people</a>.<a href="#cite_note-:32-118">[118]</a><a href="#cite_note-:5-119">[119]</a><a href="#cite_note-:222-120">[120]</a> Harry Norris noted "the Moorish Sahara is the western extremity of the Arab World. Western it certainly is, some districts further west than Ireland, yet in its way of life, its culture, its literature and in many of its social customs, it has much in common with the heart lands of the Arab East, in particular with the Hijaz and Najd and parts of the Yemen".<a href="#cite_note-121">[121]</a> These Bedouin tribes emerged into several contemporary sub-tribes. The most well known Bedouin tribes in <a href="/wiki/Algeria" title="Algeria">Algeria</a> include <a href="/wiki/Awlad_Sidi_Shaykh" title="Awlad Sidi Shaykh">Awlad Sidi Shaykh</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ouled_Na%C3%AFl" title="Ouled Naïl">Ouled Nail</a>, <a href="/wiki/Chaamba" title="Chaamba">Chaamba</a>, <a href="/wiki/Doui-Menia" title="Doui-Menia">Doui-Menia</a> and <a href="/wiki/Hamyan" title="Hamyan">Hamyan</a>, who primarily live in the <a href="/wiki/Algerian_Desert" title="Algerian Desert">Algerian Desert</a>.<a href="#cite_note-122">[122]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Greater_Maghreb" class="mw-redirect" title="Greater Maghreb">Maghrebi</a> Bedouin dialects, often called <a href="/wiki/Hilalian_dialects" title="Hilalian dialects">Hilalian dialects</a>, are used in the regions of Morocco Atlantic Coast, in regions of <a href="/wiki/Hautes_Plaines" title="Hautes Plaines">High Plains</a> and <a href="/wiki/Sahara_Desert" class="mw-redirect" title="Sahara Desert">Sahara</a> in <a href="/wiki/Algeria" title="Algeria">Algeria</a>, in regions of <a href="/wiki/Sahel,_Tunisia" title="Sahel, Tunisia">Tunisian Sahel</a> and in regions of <a href="/wiki/Tripolitania" title="Tripolitania">Tripolitania</a>. The Bedouin dialects has four major varieties:<a href="#cite_note-tme-123">[123]</a><a href="#cite_note-Barkat-124">[124]</a> <ul><li>Sulaym dialects, <a href="/wiki/Libya" title="Libya">Libya</a> and southern <a href="/wiki/Tunisia" title="Tunisia">Tunisia</a>;</li> <li>Eastern Hilal dialects, central <a href="/wiki/Tunisia" title="Tunisia">Tunisia</a> and eastern <a href="/wiki/Algeria" title="Algeria">Algeria</a>;</li> <li>Central Hilal dialects, south and central <a href="/wiki/Algeria" title="Algeria">Algeria</a>, especially in border areas of <a href="/wiki/Sahara" title="Sahara">Sahara</a>;</li> <li>Western Hilal dialects, Atlantic plains of western <a href="/wiki/Morocco" title="Morocco">Morocco</a></li> <li>Maqil dialects, western <a href="/wiki/Algeria" title="Algeria">Algeria</a> and <a href="/wiki/Morocco" title="Morocco">Morocco</a>;</li></ul> In <a href="/wiki/Morocco" title="Morocco">Morocco</a>, Bedouin Arabic dialects are spoken in plains and in recently founded cities such as <a href="/wiki/Casablanca" title="Casablanca">Casablanca</a>. Thus, the city Arabic dialect shares with the Bedouin dialects gal 'to say' (qala); they also represent the bulk of modern urban dialects (<a href="/wiki/Koin%C3%A9" class="mw-redirect" title="Koiné">Koinés</a>), such as those of <a href="/wiki/Oran" title="Oran">Oran</a> and <a href="/wiki/Algiers" title="Algiers">Algiers</a>.<a href="#cite_note-ReferenceC-108">[108]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Egypt">Egypt</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Bedouin&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Egypt" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Bedouins_making_bread.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fd/Bedouins_making_bread.jpg/220px-Bedouins_making_bread.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="3872" data-file-height="2592"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 147px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fd/Bedouins_making_bread.jpg/220px-Bedouins_making_bread.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="147" data-mw-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fd/Bedouins_making_bread.jpg/330px-Bedouins_making_bread.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fd/Bedouins_making_bread.jpg/440px-Bedouins_making_bread.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>Bedouins making bread in <a href="/wiki/Egypt" title="Egypt">Egypt</a>.</figcaption></figure> Bedouins in Egypt mostly reside in the <a href="/wiki/Sinai_Peninsula" title="Sinai Peninsula">Sinai</a> peninsula, <a href="/wiki/Matrouh_Governorate" title="Matrouh Governorate">Matruh</a>, <a href="/wiki/Red_Sea_Governorate" title="Red Sea Governorate">Red Sea</a> governate, eastern parts of <a href="/wiki/Sharqia_Governorate" title="Sharqia Governorate">Sharqia</a> governate, <a href="/wiki/Suez" title="Suez">Suez</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ismailia" title="Ismailia">Ismailia</a> and in the suburbs of the Egyptian capital of Cairo.<a href="#cite_note-DNE-125">[125]</a> Traditional Bedouin culture was affected by the establishment of resort towns on the Red Sea coast, such as <a href="/wiki/Sharm_el-Sheikh" class="mw-redirect" title="Sharm el-Sheikh">Sharm el-Sheikh</a>. In the wake of urbanization and educational opportunities, many Bedouins now marry outside their tribe, a practice that once was frowned upon.<a href="#cite_note-DNE-125">[125]</a> Bedouins living in the Sinai peninsula did not benefit much from the construction boom due to the low wages offered. Sudanese and Egyptian workers were brought in as construction workers instead. When the tourist industry started to bloom, local Bedouins became cab drivers, tour guides and managers of campgrounds and coffee shops. Tarabin and other Bedouin tribes living along the border between Egypt and Israel have been involved in inter-border smuggling of drugs and weapons,<a href="#cite_note-DNE-125">[125]</a> as well as infiltration of prostitutes and <a href="/wiki/Illegal_immigration_from_Africa_to_Israel" class="mw-redirect" title="Illegal immigration from Africa to Israel">African labour workers</a>. In most countries in the Middle East, the Bedouin have no land rights, only users' privileges,<a href="#cite_note-BenDavid-126">[126]</a> and it is especially true for Egypt. Since the mid-1980s, the Bedouins who held desirable coastal property have lost control of much of their land as it was sold by the Egyptian government to hotel operators. The Egyptian government did not see the land as belonging to Bedouin tribes, but rather as state property. In the summer of 1999, the Egyptian army bulldozed Bedouin-run tourist campgrounds north of Nuweiba as part of the final phase of hotel development overseen by the Tourist Development Agency (TDA). The director of the Tourist Development Agency dismissed Bedouin rights to most of the land, saying that they had not lived on the coast prior to 1982. Their traditional semi-nomadic culture has left Bedouins vulnerable to such claims.<a href="#cite_note-127">[127]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Egyptian_Revolution_of_2011" class="mw-redirect" title="Egyptian Revolution of 2011">Egyptian Revolution of 2011</a> brought more freedom to the Sinai Bedouin, but since they were involved in drug smuggling into Gaza, the Egyptian army demolished over 120 tunnels that were used as smuggling channels, compelling them to cooperate with state troops and officials. After negotiations, the military campaign ended with a new agreement between the Bedouin and Egyptian authorities.<a href="#cite_note-128">[128]</a> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(5)"><h2 id="Tribes_and_populations">Tribes and populations</h2> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Bedouin&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Tribes and populations" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div><section class="mf-section-5 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-5"> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Bedouin_map.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2b/Bedouin_map.jpg/220px-Bedouin_map.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="340" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="483" data-file-height="746"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 340px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2b/Bedouin_map.jpg/220px-Bedouin_map.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="340" data-mw-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2b/Bedouin_map.jpg/330px-Bedouin_map.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2b/Bedouin_map.jpg/440px-Bedouin_map.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>Map of the Bedouin tribes in 1908</figcaption></figure> There are a number of Bedouin tribes, but the total population is often difficult to determine, especially as many Bedouin have ceased to lead nomadic or semi-nomadic lifestyles. Below is a partial list of Bedouin tribes and their historic place of origin. <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Syrian_Bedouin_Shepherd.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a1/Syrian_Bedouin_Shepherd.jpg/220px-Syrian_Bedouin_Shepherd.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="330" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="2592" data-file-height="3888"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 330px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a1/Syrian_Bedouin_Shepherd.jpg/220px-Syrian_Bedouin_Shepherd.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="330" data-mw-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a1/Syrian_Bedouin_Shepherd.jpg/330px-Syrian_Bedouin_Shepherd.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a1/Syrian_Bedouin_Shepherd.jpg/440px-Syrian_Bedouin_Shepherd.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>Bedouin shepherd in <a href="/wiki/Syrian_Desert" title="Syrian Desert">Syrian Desert</a></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Bedouins_on_Horseback.tif" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2a/Bedouins_on_Horseback.tif/lossy-page1-220px-Bedouins_on_Horseback.tif.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="146" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="4515" data-file-height="3003"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 146px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2a/Bedouins_on_Horseback.tif/lossy-page1-220px-Bedouins_on_Horseback.tif.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="146" data-mw-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2a/Bedouins_on_Horseback.tif/lossy-page1-330px-Bedouins_on_Horseback.tif.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2a/Bedouins_on_Horseback.tif/lossy-page1-440px-Bedouins_on_Horseback.tif.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>Bedouins on <a href="/wiki/Horseback" class="mw-redirect" title="Horseback">horseback</a>, 1950s</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Bedouin_Camp_1_by_Tom_And_Linda_Anderson_3841041338.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/Bedouin_Camp_1_by_Tom_And_Linda_Anderson_3841041338.jpg/220px-Bedouin_Camp_1_by_Tom_And_Linda_Anderson_3841041338.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="149" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="338"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 149px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/Bedouin_Camp_1_by_Tom_And_Linda_Anderson_3841041338.jpg/220px-Bedouin_Camp_1_by_Tom_And_Linda_Anderson_3841041338.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="149" data-mw-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/Bedouin_Camp_1_by_Tom_And_Linda_Anderson_3841041338.jpg/330px-Bedouin_Camp_1_by_Tom_And_Linda_Anderson_3841041338.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/Bedouin_Camp_1_by_Tom_And_Linda_Anderson_3841041338.jpg/440px-Bedouin_Camp_1_by_Tom_And_Linda_Anderson_3841041338.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>Bedouin camp in Saudi Arabia in the 1970s</figcaption></figure> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Otaibah" title="Otaibah">Otaibah</a>, located in <a href="/wiki/Najd" title="Najd">Najd</a> and <a href="/wiki/Hejaz" title="Hejaz">Hijaz</a>, found mainly in the <a href="/wiki/Arabian_Peninsula" title="Arabian Peninsula">Arabian Peninsula</a> in Saudi Arabia, Qatar, Bahrain, Kuwait, and the United Arab Emirates.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harb_(tribe)" title="Harb (tribe)">Harb</a>, located in the <a href="/wiki/Arabian_Peninsula" title="Arabian Peninsula">Arabian Peninsula</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beni_Sakhr" class="mw-redirect" title="Beni Sakhr">Beni Sakher</a>, located in Jordan, Egypt, Syria, and Iraq. Families in the tribe such as the <a href="/wiki/Al-Fayez" title="Al-Fayez">Al-Fayez</a>, Al-Zaben, Al Hgeish, Al-Jboor, and the Al-Khreisheh represent the tribe in Jordan and wield significant political power in the country after the <a href="/wiki/Hashemites" title="Hashemites">Hashemites</a>. There are other families that are smaller in size including Al-Mteirat, Al-Hamed, Al-Badarin, and Al-Othman.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Banu_Hilal" title="Banu Hilal">Banu Hilal</a>, located in <a href="/wiki/Saudi_Arabia" title="Saudi Arabia">Saudi Arabia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Morocco" title="Morocco">Morocco</a>, <a href="/wiki/Algeria" title="Algeria">Algeria</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tunisia" title="Tunisia">Tunisia</a> and <a href="/wiki/Libya" title="Libya">Libya</a>. The tribe originated in <a href="/wiki/Najd" title="Najd">Najd</a>, but migrated in the 11th century to North Africa in what is famously known as <a href="/wiki/Taghribat_Bani_Hilal" class="mw-redirect" title="Taghribat Bani Hilal">Taghribat Bani Hilal</a>.<a href="#cite_note-ReferenceA-129">[129]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Banu_Sulaym" title="Banu Sulaym">Banu Sulaym</a>, located in <a href="/wiki/Libya" title="Libya">Libya</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tunisia" title="Tunisia">Tunisia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Algeria" title="Algeria">Algeria</a>, <a href="/wiki/Morocco" title="Morocco">Morocco</a> and <a href="/wiki/Syria" title="Syria">Syria</a>.<a href="#cite_note-ReferenceA-129">[129]</a><a href="#cite_note-130">[130]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%27Anizzah" class="mw-redirect" title="'Anizzah">'Anizzah</a>, some of the clans of this tribe are Bedouins, they live in northern Saudi Arabia, western Iraq, the Gulf states, <a href="/wiki/Syrian_steppe" class="mw-redirect" title="Syrian steppe">Syrian steppe</a> and in <a href="/wiki/Bekaa" class="mw-redirect" title="Bekaa">Bekaa</a>.</li> <li>'<a href="/wiki/Azazima" title="Azazima">Azazima</a>, <a href="/wiki/Negev_desert" class="mw-redirect" title="Negev desert">Negev desert</a> and <a href="/wiki/Egypt" title="Egypt">Egypt</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bani_Hamida" title="Bani Hamida">Beni Hamida</a>, east of Dead Sea, Jordan.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Banu_Yam" title="Banu Yam">Banu Yam</a> centered in <a href="/wiki/Najran_Province" title="Najran Province">Najran Province</a>, Saudi Arabia and Iraq and is divided into Bedouins and urban</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al_Bu_Shamis" title="Al Bu Shamis">Al Bu Shamis</a> (Tribe), Buraimi, Sultanate Of Oman - Al Ain City, Abu Dhabi, UAE<a href="#cite_note-:2-131">[131]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Na%27im" title="Na'im">Na'im</a> (Tribe), Buraimi, Sultanate Of Oman - Al Ain City, Abu Dhabi, UAE<a href="#cite_note-:2-131">[131]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nu%27aym" title="Nu'aym">Nu'aym</a> (Tribe), southern and central Syria, particularly <a href="/wiki/Golan_Heights" title="Golan Heights">Golan Heights</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hauran" title="Hauran">Hauran</a> and <a href="/wiki/Homs" title="Homs">Homs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Balush_(tribe)" class="mw-redirect" title="Balush (tribe)">Balush</a> (Tribe), Buraimi, Sultanate Of Oman - Al Ain City, Abu Dhabi, UAE<a href="#cite_note-:2-131">[131]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bani_Qitab" title="Bani Qitab">Bani Qitab</a> (Tribe), Buraimi, Sultanate Of Oman - Al Ain City, Abu Dhabi, UAE<a href="#cite_note-:2-131">[131]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bani_Kaab" title="Bani Kaab">Bani Kaab</a> (Tribe), Buraimi, Sultanate Of Oman - Al Ain City, Abu Dhabi, UAE<a href="#cite_note-:2-131">[131]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khawatir" title="Khawatir">Khawatir</a> (Tribe), Buraimi, Sultanate Of Oman - Al Ain City, Abu Dhabi, UAE<a href="#cite_note-:2-131">[131]</a></li> <li>Ghafalah (Tribe), Buraimi, Sultanate Of Oman - Al Ain City, Abu Dhabi, UAE<a href="#cite_note-:2-131">[131]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dulaim" title="Dulaim">Dulaim</a>, a very large and powerful tribe in <a href="/wiki/Al_Anbar" class="mw-redirect" title="Al Anbar">Al Anbar</a>, Western <a href="/wiki/Iraq" title="Iraq">Iraq</a>.</li> <li>al-Amad (alAmad, Al Amad, Al-Amad family) of al-Umdah clan ("The Mayors Tribe"), one of the smaller yet prominent tribes of the Arabian Peninsula. Mostly scattered across Iraq, Jordan, Kuwait, Saudi Arabia, Oman, Palestine and United Arab Emirates. This tribe is also associated with Samaritan<a href="#cite_note-132">[132]</a> ancestry (<a href="/wiki/Samaritans" title="Samaritans">Samaritans</a>).</li> <li>al-Abadi "Abadi clan" mostly based in Jordan. Very well respected across the country with influential positions in the Army and national services.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Duwasir" class="mw-redirect" title="Al-Duwasir">al-Duwasir</a>, also known as al-Dousari located in central Saudi Arabia, especially <a href="/wiki/Wadi_Al-Dawasir" class="mw-redirect" title="Wadi Al-Dawasir">Wadi Al-Dawasir</a>, as well as Eastern Arabia in the <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Province,_Saudi_Arabia" title="Eastern Province, Saudi Arabia">Eastern Province of Saudi Arabia</a>, Bahrain, Kuwait, and Qatar.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ghamid" class="mw-redirect" title="Ghamid">Ghamid</a>, large tribe from <a href="/wiki/Al-Bahah_Province" title="Al-Bahah Province">Al-Bahah Province</a>, Saudi Arabia, mostly settled, but with a small Bedouin section known as Badiyat Ghamid.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Hadid" title="Al-Hadid">al-Hadid</a>, large Bedouin tribe found in Iraq, Syria and Jordan. Now mostly are settled in cities such as Haditha in Iraq, Homs & Hama in Syria, and Amman in Jordan.</li> <li>al-<a href="/wiki/Howeitat" title="Howeitat">Howeitat</a>, one of the largest tribes in Jordan, northern Saudi Arabia, and eastern Egypt. The descends from <a href="/wiki/Banu_Judham" title="Banu Judham">Judham</a>, an ancient north Arabian Qahtanite tribe.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qahtan" class="mw-redirect" title="Qahtan">Qahtan</a>, one of the largest tribes in the Arabian Peninsula. The Bedouin portion of the tribe roamed an area extended from the South of Najd to the Southwest of Saudi Arabia.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Dhafeer" title="Al-Dhafeer">Al-Dhafeer</a> in Northeast Saudi Arabia, Southern Iraq, and Kuwait.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mawali_(tribe)" title="Mawali (tribe)">Mawali</a>, central and northern Syria</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mutayr" title="Mutayr">Mutayr</a> in Central and Eastern Saudi Arabia.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bani_Khalid" class="mw-redirect" title="Bani Khalid">Bani Khalid</a>, some of its clans are Bedouins in Eastern Saudi Arabia, Kuwait, Qatar, Jordan, Egypt and Syria.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al_Murrah" title="Al Murrah">Al Murrah</a> are one of the largest and powerful tribes of the Arabian Peninsula covering Southeastern Saudi Arabia, Qatar and United Arab Emirates. The tribe historically roamed the <a href="/wiki/Empty_Quarter" class="mw-redirect" title="Empty Quarter">Empty Quarter</a> desert.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ajman_(tribe)" title="Ajman (tribe)">Ajman</a> of Eastern Saudi Arabia.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Mawasi" class="mw-redirect" title="Al-Mawasi">al-Mawasi</a>, a group living on the central <a href="/wiki/Gaza_Strip" title="Gaza Strip">Gaza Strip</a> coast.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maqil" title="Maqil">Ma'qil</a>, a Bedouin tribe of Yemeni origin, located in Morocco, Western Sahara, Mauritania, and west Algeria.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muzziena_tribe" class="mw-redirect" title="Muzziena tribe">Muzziena tribe</a> in <a href="/wiki/Dahab" title="Dahab">Dahab</a> and South Sinai (Egypt).</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shahran" title="Shahran">Shahran</a> (al-Ariydhah), a very large tribe residing in the area between Bisha, Khamis Mushait and Abha. Al-Arydhah 'wide' is a famous name for Shahran because it has a very large area, in Saudi Arabia.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shammar" title="Shammar">Shammar</a>, a very large and influential tribe. The Bedouins of this tribe live in Iraq, northern Saudi Arabia, Syria and Jordan. Descended from the ancient tribe of <a href="/wiki/Tayy" title="Tayy">Tayy</a> from <a href="/wiki/Najd" title="Najd">Najd</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Subay%27" title="Subay'">Subay'</a>, Some of the clans of this tribe are bedouins and live in the far south of the Najd region.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tarabin_bedouin" class="mw-redirect" title="Tarabin bedouin">Tarabin</a>—one of the largest tribes in <a href="/wiki/Egypt" title="Egypt">Egypt</a> (<a href="/wiki/Sinai_peninsula" class="mw-redirect" title="Sinai peninsula">Sinai</a>) and <a href="/wiki/Israel" title="Israel">Israel</a> (<a href="/wiki/Negev" title="Negev">Negev</a>).</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tuba-Zangariyye" title="Tuba-Zangariyye">Tuba-Zangariyye</a>, <a href="/wiki/Israel" title="Israel">Israel</a> near the <a href="/wiki/Jordan_river" class="mw-redirect" title="Jordan river">Jordan river</a> cliff in the Eastern <a href="/wiki/Galilee" title="Galilee">Galilee</a>.</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Al_Wahiba&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Al Wahiba (page does not exist)">Al Wahiba</a>, a large tribe in Oman residing in the <a href="/wiki/Sharqiya_Sands" title="Sharqiya Sands">Sharqiya Sands</a>, also known as the Wahiba Sands</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rashaida_people" title="Rashaida people">Al Rashaida</a> is originally a tribe from the Hejaz, but large portions of it have migrated to Eritrea and Eastern Sudan. Although bedouins from other tribes have migrated with them as well, the name has come to refer to all of them.</li></ul> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(6)"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Bedouin&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: See also" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div><section class="mf-section-6 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-6"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arab_(etymology)" class="mw-redirect" title="Arab (etymology)">Arab (etymology)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ardah" title="Ardah">Ardah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bedawi_Arabic" class="mw-redirect" title="Bedawi Arabic">Bedawi Arabic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ghinnawa" title="Ghinnawa">Ghinnawa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qedarites" title="Qedarites">Qedarites</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Koheilan" class="mw-redirect" title="Koheilan">Koheilan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tribes_of_Arabia" title="Tribes of Arabia">Tribes of Arabia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tribes_of_Yemen" title="Tribes of Yemen">Tribes of Yemen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jaghbub" title="Jaghbub">Jaghbub</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bedoon" title="Bedoon">Bedoon</a>, stateless people in some Middle Eastern countries</li></ul> <div style="clear:both;" class=""></div> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(7)"><h2 id="References">References</h2> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Bedouin&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: References" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div><section class="mf-section-7 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-7"> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 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Retrieved 23 November 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Ecology+and+politics+of+Middle+Eastern+politics&rft.btitle=The+Nomadic+alternative%3A+Modes+and+models+of+interaction+in+the+African-Asian+deserts+and+steppes&rft.pages=59&rft.pub=Moulton&rft.date=1978&rft.isbn=978-0202900537&rft.aulast=Marx&rft.aufirst=Emanuel&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DJRyqfpi5BKcC%26q%3DMy%2Bbrother%2Band%2BIme%2Bagainst%2Bmy%2Bcousin%2C%2Band%2Bmy%2Bcousin%2Band%2BIme%2Bagainst%2Bthe%2Bstranger.%2522%26pg%3DPA59&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABedouin" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNaguib2009" class="citation book cs1">Naguib, Nefissa (2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=pb4pvVeLfyIC&q=My+brother+and+Ime+against+my+cousin,+and+my+cousin+and+Ime+against+the+stranger.%22&pg=PA79">Women, Water and Memory: Recasting Lives in Palestine</a>. Brill. p. 79. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-9004167780" title="Special:BookSources/978-9004167780"><bdi>978-9004167780</bdi></a>. Retrieved 23 November 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Women%2C+Water+and+Memory%3A+Recasting+Lives+in+Palestine&rft.pages=79&rft.pub=Brill&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-9004167780&rft.aulast=Naguib&rft.aufirst=Nefissa&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dpb4pvVeLfyIC%26q%3DMy%2Bbrother%2Band%2BIme%2Bagainst%2Bmy%2Bcousin%2C%2Band%2Bmy%2Bcousin%2Band%2BIme%2Bagainst%2Bthe%2Bstranger.%2522%26pg%3DPA79&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABedouin" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJarzombek2014" class="citation book cs1">Jarzombek, Mark M. (27 May 2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=DuevAwAAQBAJ&dq=individual+family+unit+%22tent%22+%22bedouin%22&pg=SA12-PA78">Architecture of First Societies: A Global Perspective</a>. <a href="/wiki/Wiley_(publisher)" title="Wiley (publisher)">Wiley</a>. pp. 12–78. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781118421055" title="Special:BookSources/9781118421055"><bdi>9781118421055</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Architecture+of+First+Societies%3A+A+Global+Perspective&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E12-%3C%2Fspan%3E78&rft.pub=Wiley&rft.date=2014-05-27&rft.isbn=9781118421055&rft.aulast=Jarzombek&rft.aufirst=Mark+M.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DDuevAwAAQBAJ%26dq%3Dindividual%2Bfamily%2Bunit%2B%2522tent%2522%2B%2522bedouin%2522%26pg%3DSA12-PA78&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABedouin" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHourani2013" class="citation book cs1">Hourani, Albert (2013). A History of the Arab Peoples. London: Faber and Faber. pp. 10–11. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780571288014" title="Special:BookSources/9780571288014"><bdi>9780571288014</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+History+of+the+Arab+Peoples&rft.place=London&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E10-%3C%2Fspan%3E11&rft.pub=Faber+and+Faber&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=9780571288014&rft.aulast=Hourani&rft.aufirst=Albert&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABedouin" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-faorapid-30">^ <a href="#cite_ref-faorapid_30-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-faorapid_30-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAbu-SaadWeitzmanAbu-RabiahAbu-Shareb" class="citation web cs1">Abu-Saad, K.; Weitzman, S.; Abu-Rabiah, Y.; Abu-Shareb, H. & Fraser, D. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.fao.org/docrep/003/y0600m/y0600m06.htm">"Rapid lifestyle, diet and health changes among urban Bedouin Arabs of southern Israel"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Food_and_Agriculture_Organization" title="Food and Agriculture Organization">Food and Agriculture Organization</a>. Retrieved 31 July 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Food+and+Agriculture+Organization&rft.atitle=Rapid+lifestyle%2C+diet+and+health+changes+among+urban+Bedouin+Arabs+of+southern+Israel&rft.aulast=Abu-Saad&rft.aufirst=K.&rft.au=Weitzman%2C+S.&rft.au=Abu-Rabiah%2C+Y.&rft.au=Abu-Shareb%2C+H.&rft.au=Fraser%2C+D.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.fao.org%2Fdocrep%2F003%2Fy0600m%2Fy0600m06.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABedouin" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-UNESCO-camel-31"><a href="#cite_ref-UNESCO-camel_31-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBreulmannBöerWerneryWernery" class="citation web cs1">Breulmann, Marc; Böer, Benno; Wernery, Ulrich; Wernery, Renate; El Shaer, Hassan; Alhadrami, Ghaleb; Gallacher, David; Peacock, John; Chaudhary, Shaukat Ali; Brown, Gary & Norton, John. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://unesdoc.unesco.org/images/0022/002240/224033e.pdf">"The Camel From Tradition to Modern Times"</a> (PDF). UNESCO. Retrieved 31 July 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Camel+From+Tradition+to+Modern+Times&rft.pub=UNESCO&rft.aulast=Breulmann&rft.aufirst=Marc&rft.au=B%C3%B6er%2C+Benno&rft.au=Wernery%2C+Ulrich&rft.au=Wernery%2C+Renate&rft.au=El+Shaer%2C+Hassan&rft.au=Alhadrami%2C+Ghaleb&rft.au=Gallacher%2C+David&rft.au=Peacock%2C+John&rft.au=Chaudhary%2C+Shaukat+Ali&rft.au=Brown%2C+Gary&rft.au=Norton%2C+John&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Funesdoc.unesco.org%2Fimages%2F0022%2F002240%2F224033e.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABedouin" class="Z3988">: 10 </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a> The Camel From Tradition to Modern Times.: 21–24 </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a> The Camel From Tradition to Modern Times.: 25 </li> <li id="cite_note-:0-34">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:0_34-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_34-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChatty2009" class="citation book cs1">Chatty, Dawn (2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ehrafworldcultures.yale.edu/document?id=mj04-000">Culture Summary: Bedouin</a>. Human Relations Area Files.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Culture+Summary%3A+Bedouin&rft.pub=Human+Relations+Area+Files&rft.date=2009&rft.aulast=Chatty&rft.aufirst=Dawn&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fehrafworldcultures.yale.edu%2Fdocument%3Fid%3Dmj04-000&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABedouin" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-35"><a href="#cite_ref-35">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMeisamiStarkey1998" class="citation book cs1">Meisami, Julie Scott; Starkey, Paul (1998). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=sx1bqgibKhQC&pg=PA147">Encyclopedia of Arabic Literature</a>. Routledge. p. 147. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0415571135" title="Special:BookSources/978-0415571135"><bdi>978-0415571135</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Encyclopedia+of+Arabic+Literature&rft.pages=147&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=1998&rft.isbn=978-0415571135&rft.aulast=Meisami&rft.aufirst=Julie+Scott&rft.au=Starkey%2C+Paul&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dsx1bqgibKhQC%26pg%3DPA147&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABedouin" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-36"><a href="#cite_ref-36">^</a> Eveline van der Steen, Near Eastern Tribal Societies During the Nineteenth Century: Economy, Society and Politics Between Tent and Town, chapter "Raiding and robbing". Routledge, 2014 <a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=d-_OBAAAQBAJ&dq=bedouin+raiding&pg=PT114">[1]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-37"><a href="#cite_ref-37">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPearsonHoldren2021" class="citation book cs1">Pearson, Patricia O'Connell; Holdren, John (May 2021). World History: Our Human Story. Versailles, Kentucky: Sheridan Kentucky. p. 255. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-60153-123-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-60153-123-0"><bdi>978-1-60153-123-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=World+History%3A+Our+Human+Story&rft.place=Versailles%2C+Kentucky&rft.pages=255&rft.pub=Sheridan+Kentucky&rft.date=2021-05&rft.isbn=978-1-60153-123-0&rft.aulast=Pearson&rft.aufirst=Patricia+O%27Connell&rft.au=Holdren%2C+John&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABedouin" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-38"><a href="#cite_ref-38">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBeckerleg" class="citation web cs1">Beckerleg, Susan. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://members.tripod.com/~yajaffar/african.html">"Hidden History, Secret Present: The Origins and Status of African Palestinians"</a>. London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Hidden+History%2C+Secret+Present%3A+The+Origins+and+Status+of+African+Palestinians&rft.pub=London+School+of+Hygiene+and+Tropical+Medicine&rft.aulast=Beckerleg&rft.aufirst=Susan&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fmembers.tripod.com%2F~yajaffar%2Fafrican.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABedouin" class="Z3988"> Translated by Salah Al Zaroo. </li> <li id="cite_note-39"><a href="#cite_ref-39">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFIbn_Battuta1929" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Ibn_Battuta" title="Ibn Battuta">Ibn Battuta</a> (1929). Travels in Asia and Africa. 1325–1354. Delhi: Low Price Publications. p. 54. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/81-7536-174-3" title="Special:BookSources/81-7536-174-3"><bdi>81-7536-174-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Travels+in+Asia+and+Africa.+1325%E2%80%931354&rft.place=Delhi&rft.pages=54&rft.pub=Low+Price+Publications&rft.date=1929&rft.isbn=81-7536-174-3&rft.au=Ibn+Battuta&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABedouin" class="Z3988"> Translated and selected by <a href="/wiki/H.A.R._Gibb" class="mw-redirect" title="H.A.R. Gibb">H.A.R. Gibb</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-holes12-40"><a href="#cite_ref-holes12_40-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHoles2004" class="citation book cs1">Holes, Clive (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/modernarabicstru00cliv">Modern Arabic: Structures, Functions and Varieties</a> (Revised ed.). Washington DC: Georgetown University Press. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/modernarabicstru00cliv/page/n15">12</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-58901-022-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-58901-022-2"><bdi>978-1-58901-022-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Modern+Arabic%3A+Structures%2C+Functions+and+Varieties&rft.place=Washington+DC&rft.pages=12&rft.edition=Revised&rft.pub=Georgetown+University+Press&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=978-1-58901-022-2&rft.aulast=Holes&rft.aufirst=Clive&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fmodernarabicstru00cliv&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABedouin" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-41"><a href="#cite_ref-41">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCohen1973" class="citation book cs1">Cohen, Amnon (1973). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=hwyDAAAAIAAJ&q=1757+bedouin">Palestine in the 18th century: Patterns of Government and Administration</a>. Magnes Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780196479033" title="Special:BookSources/9780196479033"><bdi>9780196479033</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Palestine+in+the+18th+century%3A+Patterns+of+Government+and+Administration&rft.pub=Magnes+Press&rft.date=1973&rft.isbn=9780196479033&rft.aulast=Cohen&rft.aufirst=Amnon&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DhwyDAAAAIAAJ%26q%3D1757%2Bbedouin&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABedouin" class="Z3988"> p. 20. </li> <li id="cite_note-42"><a href="#cite_ref-42">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAbu-Rabia2001" class="citation book cs1">Abu-Rabia, Aref (2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=kEJKW1IaynwC&q=1757+famous+Hajj&pg=PA2">A Bedouin Century: Education and Development Among the Negev Tribes in the 20th Century</a>. Berghahn Books. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781571818324" title="Special:BookSources/9781571818324"><bdi>9781571818324</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Bedouin+Century%3A+Education+and+Development+Among+the+Negev+Tribes+in+the+20th+Century&rft.pub=Berghahn+Books&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=9781571818324&rft.aulast=Abu-Rabia&rft.aufirst=Aref&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DkEJKW1IaynwC%26q%3D1757%2Bfamous%2BHajj%26pg%3DPA2&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABedouin" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-43"><a href="#cite_ref-43">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBurns2005" class="citation book cs1">Burns, Ross (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=1_bQTrpf62cC&q=damascus">Damascus: A History</a>. London: Routledge. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-415-27105-3" title="Special:BookSources/0-415-27105-3"><bdi>0-415-27105-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Damascus%3A+A+History&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=0-415-27105-3&rft.aulast=Burns&rft.aufirst=Ross&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D1_bQTrpf62cC%26q%3Ddamascus&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABedouin" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-44"><a href="#cite_ref-44">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAl-Damurdashi1991" class="citation book cs1">Al-Damurdashi, Ahmad D. (1991). Abd al-Wahhāb Bakr Muḥammad (ed.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=nnOHEYxc6PwC&q=Amir+al+hajj&pg=PA20">Al-Damurdashi's Chronicle of Egypt, 1688–1755</a>. BRILL. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9789004094086" title="Special:BookSources/9789004094086"><bdi>9789004094086</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Al-Damurdashi%27s+Chronicle+of+Egypt%2C+1688%E2%80%931755&rft.pub=BRILL&rft.date=1991&rft.isbn=9789004094086&rft.aulast=Al-Damurdashi&rft.aufirst=Ahmad+D.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DnnOHEYxc6PwC%26q%3DAmir%2Bal%2Bhajj%26pg%3DPA20&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABedouin" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-45"><a href="#cite_ref-45">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJoudah1987" class="citation book cs1">Joudah, Ahmad Hasan (1987). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=zQAdAAAAMAAJ&q=dayr+hanna">Revolt in Palestine in the Eighteenth Century: The Era of Shaykh Zahir Al-ʻUmar</a>. Kingston Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780940670112" title="Special:BookSources/9780940670112"><bdi>9780940670112</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Revolt+in+Palestine+in+the+Eighteenth+Century%3A+The+Era+of+Shaykh+Zahir+Al-%CA%BBUmar&rft.pub=Kingston+Press&rft.date=1987&rft.isbn=9780940670112&rft.aulast=Joudah&rft.aufirst=Ahmad+Hasan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DzQAdAAAAMAAJ%26q%3Ddayr%2Bhanna&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABedouin" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-46"><a href="#cite_ref-46">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFShafir1989" class="citation book cs1">Shafir, Gershon (1989). Land, Labor and the Origins of the Israeli-Palestinian Conflict 1882–1914. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-52135-300-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-52135-300-7"><bdi>978-0-52135-300-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Land%2C+Labor+and+the+Origins+of+the+Israeli-Palestinian+Conflict+1882%E2%80%931914&rft.place=Cambridge&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1989&rft.isbn=978-0-52135-300-7&rft.aulast=Shafir&rft.aufirst=Gershon&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABedouin" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-47"><a href="#cite_ref-47">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBarakat2023" class="citation book cs1">Barakat, Nora Elizabeth (April 2023). Bedouin Bureaucrats: Mobility and Property in the Ottoman Empire. Stanford University Press. pp. 126-132 (Ebook). <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781503635630" title="Special:BookSources/9781503635630"><bdi>9781503635630</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Bedouin+Bureaucrats%3A+Mobility+and+Property+in+the+Ottoman+Empire&rft.pages=126-132+%28Ebook%29&rft.pub=Stanford+University+Press&rft.date=2023-04&rft.isbn=9781503635630&rft.aulast=Barakat&rft.aufirst=Nora+Elizabeth&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABedouin" class="Z3988"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_book" title="Template:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: date and year (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_date_and_year" title="Category:CS1 maint: date and year">link</a>) </li> <li id="cite_note-Frantzman-48">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Frantzman_48-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Frantzman_48-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFrantzmanKark2011" class="citation journal cs1">Frantzman, Seth J.; Kark, Ruth (2011). "Bedouin Settlement in Late Ottoman and British Mandatory Palestine: Influence on the Cultural and Environmental Landscape, 1870–1948". New Middle Eastern Studies. 1 (1). <a href="/w/index.php?title=British_Society_for_Middle_East_Studies&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="British Society for Middle East Studies (page does not exist)">British Society for Middle East Studies</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.29311%2Fnmes.v1i0.2600">10.29311/nmes.v1i0.2600</a> (inactive 1 November 2024).</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=New+Middle+Eastern+Studies&rft.atitle=Bedouin+Settlement+in+Late+Ottoman+and+British+Mandatory+Palestine%3A+Influence+on+the+Cultural+and+Environmental+Landscape%2C+1870%E2%80%931948&rft.volume=1&rft.issue=1&rft.date=2011&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.29311%2Fnmes.v1i0.2600&rft.aulast=Frantzman&rft.aufirst=Seth+J.&rft.au=Kark%2C+Ruth&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABedouin" class="Z3988"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_journal" title="Template:Cite journal">cite journal</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: DOI inactive as of November 2024 (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_DOI_inactive_as_of_November_2024" title="Category:CS1 maint: DOI inactive as of November 2024">link</a>) </li> <li id="cite_note-49"><a href="#cite_ref-49">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMagness2003" class="citation book cs1">Magness, Jodi (2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=GYrPd2H1cjcC&q=bedouin+negev+sedentarization+ottoman&pg=PA82">The Archaeology of the Early Islamic Settlement in Palestine</a>. Eisenbrauns. p. 82. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-57506-070-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-57506-070-5"><bdi>978-1-57506-070-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Archaeology+of+the+Early+Islamic+Settlement+in+Palestine&rft.pages=82&rft.pub=Eisenbrauns&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=978-1-57506-070-5&rft.aulast=Magness&rft.aufirst=Jodi&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DGYrPd2H1cjcC%26q%3Dbedouin%2Bnegev%2Bsedentarization%2Bottoman%26pg%3DPA82&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABedouin" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-50"><a href="#cite_ref-50">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHillelson1937" class="citation journal cs1">Hillelson, S. (October 1937). 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Palestine Exploration Quarterly. 69 (4). <a href="/wiki/Palestine_Exploration_Fund" title="Palestine Exploration Fund">Palestine Exploration Fund</a>: 242–252. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1179%2Fpeq.1937.69.4.242">10.1179/peq.1937.69.4.242</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Palestine+Exploration+Quarterly&rft.atitle=Notes+on+the+Bedouin+Tribes+of+Beersheba+District&rft.volume=69&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E242-%3C%2Fspan%3E252&rft.date=1937-10&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1179%2Fpeq.1937.69.4.242&rft.aulast=Hillelson&rft.aufirst=S.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABedouin" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Kurt-51"><a href="#cite_ref-Kurt_51-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGoering1979" class="citation journal cs1 cs1-prop-long-vol">Goering, Kurt (1979). "Israel and the Bedouin of the Negev". <a href="/wiki/Journal_of_Palestine_Studies" title="Journal of Palestine Studies">Journal of Palestine Studies</a>. 9 (Autumn 1979) (1): 3–20. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1525%2Fjps.1979.9.1.00p0173n">10.1525/jps.1979.9.1.00p0173n</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Palestine+Studies&rft.atitle=Israel+and+the+Bedouin+of+the+Negev&rft.volume=9+%28Autumn+1979%29&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E3-%3C%2Fspan%3E20&rft.date=1979&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1525%2Fjps.1979.9.1.00p0173n&rft.aulast=Goering&rft.aufirst=Kurt&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABedouin" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-52"><a href="#cite_ref-52">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMarx2005" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Emanuel_Marx" title="Emanuel Marx">Marx, Emanuel</a> (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=-zbxF-m_am4C&q=Nomads+and+Cities:+The+Development+of+a+Conception&pg=PA31">"Nomads and Cities: The Development of a Conception"</a>. In Leder, S.; Streck, B. (eds.). Shifts and Drifts in Nomad-Sedentary Relations. Wiesbaden: Dr. Ludwig Reichert Verlag. pp. 3–16. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/3-89500-413-8" title="Special:BookSources/3-89500-413-8"><bdi>3-89500-413-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Nomads+and+Cities%3A+The+Development+of+a+Conception&rft.btitle=Shifts+and+Drifts+in+Nomad-Sedentary+Relations&rft.place=Wiesbaden&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E3-%3C%2Fspan%3E16&rft.pub=Dr.+Ludwig+Reichert+Verlag&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=3-89500-413-8&rft.aulast=Marx&rft.aufirst=Emanuel&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D-zbxF-m_am4C%26q%3DNomads%2Band%2BCities%3A%2BThe%2BDevelopment%2Bof%2Ba%2BConception%26pg%3DPA31&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABedouin" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-53"><a href="#cite_ref-53">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHeidemann2005" class="citation book cs1">Heidemann, Stefan (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.academia.edu/222910">"Arab Nomads and Seljuq Military"</a>. In Leder, S.; Streck, B. (eds.). Shifts and Drifts in Nomad-Sedentary Relations. Wiesbaden: Dr. Ludwig Reichert Verlag. pp. 289–306. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/3-89500-413-8" title="Special:BookSources/3-89500-413-8"><bdi>3-89500-413-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Arab+Nomads+and+Seljuq+Military&rft.btitle=Shifts+and+Drifts+in+Nomad-Sedentary+Relations&rft.place=Wiesbaden&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E289-%3C%2Fspan%3E306&rft.pub=Dr.+Ludwig+Reichert+Verlag&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=3-89500-413-8&rft.aulast=Heidemann&rft.aufirst=Stefan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.academia.edu%2F222910&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABedouin" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-54"><a href="#cite_ref-54">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.trakyagezi.com/luleburgazda-bir-asiret-reisi-salih-abdullah/">"Lüleburgaz'da Bir Aşiret Reisi; Salih Abdullah – Trakya Gezi"</a>. 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Retrieved 19 October 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=allsinai.info&rft.atitle=Sinai+Beduines&rft.aulast=Abercron&rft.aufirst=Konstantin&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.allsinai.info%2Fsites%2Fbeduines.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABedouin" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-128"><a href="#cite_ref-128">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.haaretz.com/news/diplomacy-defense/egypt-halts-sinai-anti-terror-campaign-will-open-talks-with-bedouin-1.461262">"Egypt Halts Sinai Anti-terror Campaign, Will Open Talks With Bedouin"</a>. Haaretz. Retrieved 19 October 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Haaretz&rft.atitle=Egypt+Halts+Sinai+Anti-terror+Campaign%2C+Will+Open+Talks+With+Bedouin&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.haaretz.com%2Fnews%2Fdiplomacy-defense%2Fegypt-halts-sinai-anti-terror-campaign-will-open-talks-with-bedouin-1.461262&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABedouin" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-ReferenceA-129">^ <a href="#cite_ref-ReferenceA_129-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-ReferenceA_129-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFVersteegh2014" class="citation book cs1">Versteegh, Kees (31 May 2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=_75PBQAAQBAJ&q=Moroccan+Bedouin&pg=PT288">The Arabic Language</a>. Edinburgh University Press. p. 288. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7486-9460-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7486-9460-0"><bdi>978-0-7486-9460-0</bdi></a>. Retrieved 19 October 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Arabic+Language&rft.pages=288&rft.pub=Edinburgh+University+Press&rft.date=2014-05-31&rft.isbn=978-0-7486-9460-0&rft.aulast=Versteegh&rft.aufirst=Kees&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D_75PBQAAQBAJ%26q%3DMoroccan%2BBedouin%26pg%3DPT288&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABedouin" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-130"><a href="#cite_ref-130">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.chaamba.net/">"Le site de la tribu des Chaâmba Algériens"</a>. chaamba.net (in French).</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=chaamba.net&rft.atitle=Le+site+de+la+tribu+des+Cha%C3%A2mba+Alg%C3%A9riens&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.chaamba.net%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABedouin" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-:2-131">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:2_131-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:2_131-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:2_131-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:2_131-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:2_131-4">e</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:2_131-5">f</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:2_131-6">g</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.agda.ae/en/catalogue/tna/fo/464/38/n/243">"Statement of 'Ali Aba al-Rus [Bedouins Tribes Of Buraimi]"</a>. Arabian Gulf Digital Archives. 6 December 1954 [1917]. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20241106045805/https://www.agda.ae/en/catalogue/tna/fo/464/38/n/243">Archived</a> from the original on 6 November 2024. <q>We spent about six months with Su'ayyid Al Faisal and went from Buraimi with seventy-six riding-camels as gifts from all the Bedouins: Nu'aim, Al Bu Shamis, Bani Kitab [Qitab], Bani Ka'b, The Balush, ...</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Arabian+Gulf+Digital+Archives&rft.atitle=Statement+of+%27Ali+Aba+al-Rus+%5BBedouins+Tribes+Of+Buraimi%5D&rft.date=1954-12-06&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.agda.ae%2Fen%2Fcatalogue%2Ftna%2Ffo%2F464%2F38%2Fn%2F243&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABedouin" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-132"><a href="#cite_ref-132">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.familytreedna.com/groups/samaritan/surnames">"FamilyTreeDNA - Genetic Testing for Ancestry, Family History & Genealogy"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=FamilyTreeDNA+-+Genetic+Testing+for+Ancestry%2C+Family+History+%26+Genealogy&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.familytreedna.com%2Fgroups%2Fsamaritan%2Fsurnames&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABedouin" class="Z3988"> </li> </ol></div> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(8)"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Bedouin&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Further reading" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div><section class="mf-section-8 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-8"> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAsher1997" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Michael_Asher_(explorer)" title="Michael Asher (explorer)">Asher, Michael</a> (1997). The Last of the Bedu: In Search of the Myth. Penguin Books. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0140147500" title="Special:BookSources/0140147500"><bdi>0140147500</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Last+of+the+Bedu%3A+In+Search+of+the+Myth&rft.pub=Penguin+Books&rft.date=1997&rft.isbn=0140147500&rft.aulast=Asher&rft.aufirst=Michael&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABedouin" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBitar2020" class="citation book cs1">Bitar, Amer (2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=X4oBEAAAQBAJ">Bedouin Visual Leadership in the Middle East: The Power of Aesthetics and Practical Implications</a>. <a href="/wiki/Springer_Nature" title="Springer Nature">Springer Nature</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9783030573973" title="Special:BookSources/9783030573973"><bdi>9783030573973</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Bedouin+Visual+Leadership+in+the+Middle+East%3A+The+Power+of+Aesthetics+and+Practical+Implications&rft.pub=Springer+Nature&rft.date=2020&rft.isbn=9783030573973&rft.aulast=Bitar&rft.aufirst=Amer&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DX4oBEAAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABedouin" class="Z3988"></li> <li>Brous, Devorah. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070715192513/http://bustan.org/Intl%20Perspectives%20on%20Indigenous%20Ed%20-%20Brous.pdf">"The 'Uprooting:' Education Void of Indigenous 'Location-Specific' Knowledge, Among Negev Bedouin Arabs in Southern Israel"</a>. International Perspectives on Indigenous Education. (Ben Gurion University 2004)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dawn_Chatty" title="Dawn Chatty">Chatty, D</a> Mobile Pastoralists 1996. Broad introduction to the topic, specific focus on women's issues.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dawn_Chatty" title="Dawn Chatty">Chatty, Dawn</a>. From Camel to Truck. The Bedouin in the Modern World. New York: Vantage Press. 1986</li> <li>Cole, Donald P. "Where have the Bedouin gone?" Anthropological Quarterly. Washington: Spring 2003.Vol.76, Iss. 2; pg. 235</li> <li>Falah, Ghazi. "Israeli State Policy Towards Bedouin Sedentarization in the Negev", Journal of Palestine Studies, 1989 Vol. XVIII, No. 2, pp. 71–91</li> <li>Falah, Ghazi. "The Spatial Pattern of Bedouin Sedentarization in Israel", GeoJournal, 1985 Vol. 11, No. 4, pp. 361–368.</li> <li>Gardner, Andrew. "The Political Ecology of Bedouin Nomadism in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia". In Political Ecology Across Spaces, Scales and Social Groups, Lisa Gezon and Susan Paulson, eds. Rutgers: Rutgers University Press.</li> <li>Gardner, Andrew. "The New Calculus of Bedouin Pastoral Nomadism in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia". Human Organization 62 (3): 267–276.</li> <li>Gardner, Andrew and Timothy Finan. "Navigating Modernization: Bedouin Pastoralism and Climate Information in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia". MIT Electronic Journal of Middle East Studies 4 (Spring): 59–72.</li> <li>Gardner, Ann. "At Home in South Sinai." Nomadic Peoples 2000.Vol.4, Iss. 2; pp. 48–67. Detailed account of Bedouin women.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Claude_Scudamore_Jarvis" title="Claude Scudamore Jarvis">Jarvis, Claude Scudamore</a>. Yesterday and To-day in Sinai. Edinburgh/London: W. Blackwood & Sons, 1931; Three Deserts. London: John Murray, 1936; Desert and Delta. London: John Murray, 1938. Sympathetic accounts by a colonial administrator in Sinai.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Lancaster_(anthropologist)" title="William Lancaster (anthropologist)">Lancaster, William</a>. The Rwala Bedouin Today 1981 (Second Edition 1997). Detailed examination of social structures.</li> <li>S. Leder/B. Streck (ed.): Shifts and Drifts in Nomad-Sedentary Relations. Nomaden und Sesshafte 2 (Wiesbaden 2005)</li> <li>Lithwick, Harvey. "An Urban Development Strategy for the Negev's Bedouin Community". Center for Bedouin Studies and Development and Negev Center for Regional Development, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, August 2000</li> <li>Mohsen, Safia K. The quest for order among Awlad Ali of the Western Desert of Egypt.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wilfred_Thesiger" title="Wilfred Thesiger">Thesiger, Wilfred</a> (1959). Arabian Sands. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-14-009514-4" title="Special:BookSources/0-14-009514-4">0-14-009514-4</a> (Penguin paperback). British adventurer lives as and with the Bedu of the <a href="/wiki/Empty_Quarter" class="mw-redirect" title="Empty Quarter">Empty Quarter</a> for 5 years</li></ul> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(9)"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Bedouin&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: External links" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div><section class="mf-section-9 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-9"> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://vacationsinegypt.com/bedouin/">Bedouin</a> travel guide from vacationsinegypt</li></ul> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid 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.hlist td ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ul,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ul{padding:0.125em 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1038841319">.mw-parser-output .tooltip-dotted{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}</style></div>    </section></div> <noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?useformat=mobile&type=1x1&usesul3=0" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Bedouin&oldid=1276181874">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Bedouin&oldid=1276181874</a>"</div></div> </div> <div class="post-content" id="page-secondary-actions"> </div> </main> <footer class="mw-footer minerva-footer" role="contentinfo"> <a class="last-modified-bar" href="/w/index.php?title=Bedouin&action=history"> <div class="post-content last-modified-bar__content"> Last edited on 17 February 2025, at 10:21 </div> </a> <div class="post-content footer-content"> <div id='mw-data-after-content'> <div class="read-more-container"></div> </div> <div id="p-lang"> <h4>Languages</h4> <section> <ul id="p-variants" class="minerva-languages"></ul> <ul class="minerva-languages"><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bedoe%C3%AFene" title="Bedoeïene – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Bedoeïene" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target">Afrikaans</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-als mw-list-item"><a href="https://als.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beduinen" title="Beduinen – Alemannic" lang="gsw" hreflang="gsw" data-title="Beduinen" data-language-autonym="Alemannisch" data-language-local-name="Alemannic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Alemannisch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%D8%AF%D9%88" title="بدو – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="بدو" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">العربية</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-an mw-list-item"><a href="https://an.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beduins" title="Beduins – Aragonese" lang="an" hreflang="an" data-title="Beduins" data-language-autonym="Aragonés" data-language-local-name="Aragonese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Aragonés</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/B%C9%99d%C9%99vil%C9%99r" title="Bədəvilər – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Bədəvilər" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target">Azərbaycanca</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%D8%AF%D9%88%DB%8C_%D9%84%D8%B1" title="بدوی لر – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="بدوی لر" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target">تۆرکجه</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%AC%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%A6%E0%A7%81%E0%A6%88%E0%A6%A8" title="বেদুঈন – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="বেদুঈন" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target">বাংলা</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ba badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="good article badge"><a href="https://ba.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D3%99%D2%99%D3%99%D2%AF%D0%B8%D2%99%D3%99%D1%80" title="Бәҙәүиҙәр – Bashkir" lang="ba" hreflang="ba" data-title="Бәҙәүиҙәр" data-language-autonym="Башҡортса" data-language-local-name="Bashkir" class="interlanguage-link-target">Башҡортса</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B5%D0%B4%D1%83%D1%96%D0%BD%D1%8B" title="Бедуіны – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Бедуіны" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Беларуская</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B5%D0%B4%D1%83%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B8" title="Бедуини – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Бедуини" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Български</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bedu%C3%AFns" title="Beduïns – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Beduïns" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Català</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bedu%C3%ADni" title="Beduíni – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Beduíni" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target">Čeština</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-co mw-list-item"><a href="https://co.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beduini" title="Beduini – Corsican" lang="co" hreflang="co" data-title="Beduini" data-language-autonym="Corsu" data-language-local-name="Corsican" class="interlanguage-link-target">Corsu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bedowiniaid" title="Bedowiniaid – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Bedowiniaid" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target">Cymraeg</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beduiner" title="Beduiner – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Beduiner" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Dansk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beduinen" title="Beduinen – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Beduinen" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target">Deutsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beduiinid" title="Beduiinid – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Beduiinid" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Eesti</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%92%CE%B5%CE%B4%CE%BF%CF%85%CE%AF%CE%BD%CE%BF%CE%B9" title="Βεδουίνοι – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Βεδουίνοι" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ελληνικά</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beduinos" title="Beduinos – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Beduinos" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Español</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beduenoj" title="Beduenoj – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Beduenoj" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target">Esperanto</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beduino" title="Beduino – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Beduino" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target">Euskara</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%D8%A7%D8%AF%DB%8C%D9%87%E2%80%8C%D9%86%D8%B4%DB%8C%D9%86%D8%A7%D9%86" title="بادیه‌نشینان – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="بادیه‌نشینان" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target">فارسی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/B%C3%A9douins" title="Bédouins – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Bédouins" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target">Français</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EB%B2%A0%EB%91%90%EC%9D%B8" title="베두인 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="베두인" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target">한국어</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%B2%D5%A5%D5%A4%D5%BE%D5%AB%D5%B6%D5%B6%D5%A5%D6%80" title="Բեդվիններ – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Բեդվիններ" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Հայերեն</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AC%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%82_%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%97" title="बदू लोग – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="बदू लोग" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target">हिन्दी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beduini" title="Beduini – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Beduini" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Hrvatski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bedawi" title="Bedawi – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Bedawi" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Indonesia</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beduini" title="Beduini – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Beduini" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Italiano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%91%D7%93%D7%95%D7%90%D7%99%D7%9D" title="בדואים – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="בדואים" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target">עברית</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jv mw-list-item"><a href="https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wong_Badawi" title="Wong Badawi – Javanese" lang="jv" hreflang="jv" data-title="Wong Badawi" data-language-autonym="Jawa" data-language-local-name="Javanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Jawa</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%90%E1%83%A0%E1%83%90%E1%83%91%E1%83%98_%E1%83%91%E1%83%94%E1%83%93%E1%83%A3%E1%83%98%E1%83%9C%E1%83%94%E1%83%91%E1%83%98" title="არაბი ბედუინები – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="არაბი ბედუინები" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target">ქართული</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D3%99%D0%B4%D0%B5%D1%83%D0%B8%D0%BB%D0%B5%D1%80" title="Бәдеуилер – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Бәдеуилер" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target">Қазақша</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beduini" title="Beduini – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Beduini" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bedu%C4%ABni" title="Beduīni – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Beduīni" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latviešu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beduinai" title="Beduinai – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Beduinai" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lietuvių</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beduinok" title="Beduinok – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Beduinok" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Magyar</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mg mw-list-item"><a href="https://mg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bedoina_(vahoaka)" title="Bedoina (vahoaka) – Malagasy" lang="mg" hreflang="mg" data-title="Bedoina (vahoaka)" data-language-autonym="Malagasy" data-language-local-name="Malagasy" class="interlanguage-link-target">Malagasy</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%AC%E0%B4%A6%E0%B5%81%E0%B4%95%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%95%E0%B5%BE" title="ബദുക്കൾ – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="ബദുക്കൾ" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target">മലയാളം</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%D8%AF%D9%88" title="بدو – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="بدو" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">مصرى</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Badwi" title="Badwi – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Badwi" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Melayu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bedoe%C3%AFenen" title="Bedoeïenen – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Bedoeïenen" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nederlands</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%99%E3%83%89%E3%82%A6%E3%82%A3%E3%83%B3" title="ベドウィン – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="ベドウィン" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">日本語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beduiner" title="Beduiner – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Beduiner" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk bokmål</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beduinar" title="Beduinar – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Beduinar" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk nynorsk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Badaviy" title="Badaviy – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Badaviy" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target">Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%AC%E0%A9%B1%E0%A8%A6%E0%A9%82_%E0%A8%B2%E0%A9%8B%E0%A8%95" title="ਬੱਦੂ ਲੋਕ – Punjabi" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਬੱਦੂ ਲੋਕ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target">ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beduini" title="Beduini – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Beduini" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Polski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bedu%C3%ADnos" title="Beduínos – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Beduínos" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Português</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beduin" title="Beduin – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Beduin" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Română</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B5%D0%B4%D1%83%D0%B8%D0%BD%D1%8B" title="Бедуины – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Бедуины" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Русский</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beduin%C3%ABt" title="Beduinët – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Beduinët" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Shqip</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bedouin" title="Bedouin – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Bedouin" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target">Simple English</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sd mw-list-item"><a href="https://sd.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%D8%AF%D9%88" title="بدو – Sindhi" lang="sd" hreflang="sd" data-title="بدو" data-language-autonym="سنڌي" data-language-local-name="Sindhi" class="interlanguage-link-target">سنڌي</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beduini" title="Beduini – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Beduini" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Slovenščina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B5%D0%B4%D1%83%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B8" title="Бедуини – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Бедуини" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Српски / srpski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beduini" title="Beduini – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Beduini" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beduiinit" title="Beduiinit – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Beduiinit" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Suomi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beduiner" title="Beduiner – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Beduiner" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Svenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%AA%E0%AF%86%E0%AE%9F%E0%AF%8B%E0%AE%AF%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%A9%E0%AF%8D_%E0%AE%AE%E0%AE%95%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%95%E0%AE%B3%E0%AF%8D" title="பெடோயின் மக்கள் – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="பெடோயின் மக்கள்" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target">தமிழ்</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%9A%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%B9%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%99" title="เบดูอิน – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="เบดูอิน" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target">ไทย</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bedeviler" title="Bedeviler – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Bedeviler" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Türkçe</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B5%D0%B4%D1%83%D1%97%D0%BD%D0%B8" title="Бедуїни – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Бедуїни" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Українська</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%D8%AF%D9%88" title="بدو – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="بدو" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target">اردو</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%B4%9D%E9%83%BD%E5%9B%A0%E4%BA%BA" title="贝都因人 – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="贝都因人" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu" class="interlanguage-link-target">吴语</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yi mw-list-item"><a href="https://yi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%91%D7%A2%D7%93%D7%95%D7%90%D7%99%D7%A0%D7%A2%D7%A8" title="בעדואינער – Yiddish" lang="yi" hreflang="yi" data-title="בעדואינער" data-language-autonym="ייִדיש" data-language-local-name="Yiddish" class="interlanguage-link-target">ייִדיש</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%B2%9D%E9%83%BD%E5%9B%A0%E4%BA%BA" title="貝都因人 – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="貝都因人" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Cantonese" class="interlanguage-link-target">粵語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-diq mw-list-item"><a href="https://diq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bedewi" title="Bedewi – Dimli" lang="diq" hreflang="diq" data-title="Bedewi" data-language-autonym="Zazaki" data-language-local-name="Dimli" class="interlanguage-link-target">Zazaki</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%B2%9D%E9%83%BD%E5%9B%A0%E4%BA%BA" title="貝都因人 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="貝都因人" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target">中文</a></li></ul> </section> </div> <div class="minerva-footer-logo"><img src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-wordmark-en.svg" alt="Wikipedia" width="120" height="18" style="width: 7.5em; height: 1.125em;"/> </div> <ul id="footer-info" class="footer-info hlist hlist-separated"> <li id="footer-info-lastmod"> This page was last edited on 17 February 2025, at 10:21 (UTC).</li> <li id="footer-info-copyright">Content is available under <a class="external" rel="nofollow" href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/deed.en">CC BY-SA 4.0</a> unless otherwise noted.</li> </ul> <ul id="footer-places" class="footer-places hlist hlist-separated"> <li id="footer-places-privacy"><a 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