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menu__item--page-actions-edit"> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>Edit</span> </a> </li> </ul> </nav>  <div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="content"> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><script>function mfTempOpenSection(id){var block=document.getElementById("mf-section-"+id);block.className+=" open-block";block.previousSibling.className+=" open-block";}</script><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><section class="mf-section-0" id="mf-section-0"> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/Ibn_Battuta_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Ibn Battuta (disambiguation)">Ibn Battuta (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><p><b>Ibn Battuta</b> (<span class="rt-commentedText nowrap"><span class="IPA nopopups noexcerpt" lang="en-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/<span style="border-bottom:1px dotted"><span title="/ˌ/: secondary stress follows">ˌ</span><span title="/ɪ/: 'i' in 'kit'">ɪ</span><span title="'b' in 'buy'">b</span><span title="/ən/: 'on' in 'button'">ən</span></span><span class="wrap"> </span><span style="border-bottom:1px dotted"><span title="'b' in 'buy'">b</span><span title="/æ/: 'a' in 'bad'">æ</span><span title="'t' in 'tie'">t</span><span title="/ˈ/: primary stress follows">ˈ</span><span title="'t' in 'tie'">t</span><span title="/uː/: 'oo' in 'goose'">uː</span><span title="'t' in 'tie'">t</span><span title="/ɑː/: 'a' in 'father'">ɑː</span></span>/</a></span></span>; 24 February 1304 – 1368/1369),<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>a<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> was a <a href="/wiki/Maghrebi" class="mw-redirect" title="Maghrebi">Maghrebi</a> traveller, explorer and scholar.<sup id="cite_ref-maghrebi_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-maghrebi-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Over a period of thirty years from 1325 to 1354, Ibn Battuta visited much of <a href="/wiki/Africa" title="Africa">Africa</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Middle_East" title="Middle East">Middle East</a>, <a href="/wiki/Asia" title="Asia">Asia</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Iberian_Peninsula" title="Iberian Peninsula">Iberian Peninsula</a>. Near the end of his life, he dictated an account of his journeys, titled <i><a href="/wiki/A_Gift_to_Those_Who_Contemplate_the_Wonders_of_Cities_and_the_Marvels_of_Travelling" class="mw-redirect" title="A Gift to Those Who Contemplate the Wonders of Cities and the Marvels of Travelling">A Gift to Those Who Contemplate the Wonders of Cities and the Marvels of Travelling</a></i>, but commonly known as <i>The Rihla</i>. </p><table class="infobox biography vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="font-size:125%;"><div class="honorific-prefix" style="font-size: 77%; font-weight: normal;"><a href="/wiki/Shaykh" class="mw-redirect" title="Shaykh">Shaykh</a><sup id="cite_ref-Norris59_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Norris59-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></div><div class="fn">Ibn Battuta</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-subheader" style="font-size:125%;"><div class="nickname" lang="ar">ابن بطوطة</div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Handmade_oil_painting_reproduction_of_Ibn_Battuta_in_Egypt,_a_painting_by_Hippolyte_Leon_Benett..jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/Handmade_oil_painting_reproduction_of_Ibn_Battuta_in_Egypt%2C_a_painting_by_Hippolyte_Leon_Benett..jpg/220px-Handmade_oil_painting_reproduction_of_Ibn_Battuta_in_Egypt%2C_a_painting_by_Hippolyte_Leon_Benett..jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="317" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/Handmade_oil_painting_reproduction_of_Ibn_Battuta_in_Egypt%2C_a_painting_by_Hippolyte_Leon_Benett..jpg/330px-Handmade_oil_painting_reproduction_of_Ibn_Battuta_in_Egypt%2C_a_painting_by_Hippolyte_Leon_Benett..jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/Handmade_oil_painting_reproduction_of_Ibn_Battuta_in_Egypt%2C_a_painting_by_Hippolyte_Leon_Benett..jpg/440px-Handmade_oil_painting_reproduction_of_Ibn_Battuta_in_Egypt%2C_a_painting_by_Hippolyte_Leon_Benett..jpg 2x" data-file-width="498" data-file-height="718"></a></span><div class="infobox-caption">1878 illustration by <a href="/wiki/L%C3%A9on_Benett" title="Léon Benett">Léon Benett</a> showing Ibn Battuta (center) and his guide (left) in Egypt</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Born</th><td class="infobox-data">24 February 1304<br><div style="display:inline" class="birthplace"><a href="/wiki/Tangier" title="Tangier">Tangier</a>, <a href="/wiki/Marinid_sultanate" class="mw-redirect" title="Marinid sultanate">Marinid sultanate</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Died</th><td class="infobox-data">1369 (aged 64–65)<br><div style="display:inline" class="deathplace"><a href="/wiki/Marrakesh" title="Marrakesh">Marrakesh</a>, Marinid sultanate<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Other names</th><td class="infobox-data nickname"> <ul><li>The Islamic Marco Polo</li></ul> </td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Occupation(s)</th><td class="infobox-data role">Traveller, <a href="/wiki/Geographer" title="Geographer">Geographer</a>, <a href="/wiki/Explorer" class="mw-redirect" title="Explorer">explorer</a>, <a href="/wiki/Scholar" title="Scholar">scholar</a>, <a href="/wiki/Judge" title="Judge">judge</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Era</th><td class="infobox-data category"><a href="/wiki/Post-classical_history" title="Post-classical history">Post-classical history</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><span style="white-space:nowrap;">Notable work</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Rihla" title="Rihla">Rihla</a></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"><b><a href="/wiki/Arabic_name" title="Arabic name">Arabic name</a></b></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.4em; line-height:135%;"><a href="/wiki/Ism_(name)" class="mw-redirect" title="Ism (name)">Personal <small>(<i>Ism</i>)</small></a></th><td class="infobox-data">Shams al-Dīn</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.4em; line-height:135%;"><a href="/wiki/Nasab" class="mw-redirect" title="Nasab">Patronymic <small>(<i>Nasab</i>)</small></a></th><td class="infobox-data">Muḥammad ibn ʿAbd Allāh ibn Muḥammad ibn Ibrāhīm ibn Muḥammad ibn Yūsuf</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.4em; line-height:135%;"><a href="/wiki/Kunya_(Arabic)" title="Kunya (Arabic)">Teknonymic <small>(<i>Kunya</i>)</small></a></th><td class="infobox-data">ʾAbū ʿAbd Allāh</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.4em; line-height:135%;"><a href="/wiki/Laqab" class="mw-redirect" title="Laqab">Epithet <small>(<i>Laqab</i>)</small></a></th><td class="infobox-data">ibn Baṭṭūṭah</td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr></tbody></table> <p>Ibn Battuta travelled more than any other explorer in pre-modern history, totalling around 117,000 km (73,000 mi), surpassing <a href="/wiki/Zheng_He" title="Zheng He">Zheng He</a> with about 50,000 km (31,000 mi) and <a href="/wiki/Marco_Polo" title="Marco Polo">Marco Polo</a> with 24,000 km (15,000 mi).<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDunn200520_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDunn200520-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div id="toc" class="toc" role="navigation" aria-labelledby="mw-toc-heading"><input type="checkbox" role="button" id="toctogglecheckbox" class="toctogglecheckbox" style="display:none"><div class="toctitle" lang="en" dir="ltr"><h2 id="mw-toc-heading">Contents</h2><span class="toctogglespan"><label class="toctogglelabel" for="toctogglecheckbox"></label></span></div> <ul> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-1"><a href="#Name"><span class="tocnumber">1</span> <span class="toctext">Name</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-2"><a href="#Early_life"><span class="tocnumber">2</span> <span class="toctext">Early life</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-3"><a href="#Journeys"><span class="tocnumber">3</span> <span class="toctext">Journeys</span></a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-4"><a href="#Itinerary,_1325%E2%80%931332"><span class="tocnumber">3.1</span> <span class="toctext">Itinerary, 1325–1332</span></a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-5"><a href="#First_pilgrimage"><span class="tocnumber">3.1.1</span> <span class="toctext">First pilgrimage</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-6"><a href="#Iraq_and_Iran"><span class="tocnumber">3.1.2</span> <span class="toctext">Iraq and Iran</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-7"><a href="#Arabia"><span class="tocnumber">3.1.3</span> <span class="toctext">Arabia</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-8"><a href="#Somalia"><span class="tocnumber">3.1.4</span> <span class="toctext">Somalia</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-9"><a href="#Swahili_coast"><span class="tocnumber">3.1.5</span> <span class="toctext">Swahili coast</span></a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-10"><a href="#Itinerary_1332%E2%80%931347"><span class="tocnumber">3.2</span> <span class="toctext">Itinerary 1332–1347</span></a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-11"><a href="#Anatolia"><span class="tocnumber">3.2.1</span> <span class="toctext">Anatolia</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-12"><a href="#Central_Asia"><span class="tocnumber">3.2.2</span> <span class="toctext">Central Asia</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-13"><a href="#Indian_subcontinent"><span class="tocnumber">3.2.3</span> <span class="toctext">Indian subcontinent</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-14"><a href="#Southeast_Asia"><span class="tocnumber">3.2.4</span> <span class="toctext">Southeast Asia</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-15"><a href="#China"><span class="tocnumber">3.2.5</span> <span class="toctext">China</span></a></li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-16"><a href="#Return"><span class="tocnumber">4</span> <span class="toctext">Return</span></a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-17"><a href="#Itinerary_1349%E2%80%931354"><span class="tocnumber">4.1</span> <span class="toctext">Itinerary 1349–1354</span></a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-18"><a href="#Spain_and_North_Africa"><span class="tocnumber">4.1.1</span> <span class="toctext">Spain and North Africa</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-19"><a href="#Mali_and_Timbuktu"><span class="tocnumber">4.1.2</span> <span class="toctext">Mali and Timbuktu</span></a></li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-20"><a href="#Works"><span class="tocnumber">5</span> <span class="toctext">Works</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-21"><a href="#Historicity"><span class="tocnumber">6</span> <span class="toctext">Historicity</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-22"><a href="#Present-day_cultural_references"><span class="tocnumber">7</span> <span class="toctext">Present-day cultural references</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-23"><a href="#See_also"><span class="tocnumber">8</span> <span class="toctext">See also</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-24"><a href="#Notes"><span class="tocnumber">9</span> <span class="toctext">Notes</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-25"><a href="#References"><span class="tocnumber">10</span> <span class="toctext">References</span></a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-26"><a href="#Citations"><span class="tocnumber">10.1</span> <span class="toctext">Citations</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-27"><a href="#Bibliography"><span class="tocnumber">10.2</span> <span class="toctext">Bibliography</span></a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-28"><a href="#External_links"><span class="tocnumber">11</span> <span class="toctext">External links</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(1)"><span class="indicator mf-icon mf-icon-expand mf-icon--small"></span><h2 id="Name">Name</h2><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Ibn_Battuta&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Name" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>edit</span> </a> </span> </div><section class="mf-section-1 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-1"> <p>"Ibn Battuta" is a <a href="/wiki/Patronymic" title="Patronymic">patronymic</a>, literally meaning 'son of the duckling'.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> His most common full name is given as <a href="/wiki/Kunya_(Arabic)" title="Kunya (Arabic)">Abu</a> <a href="/wiki/Abdullah_(name)" title="Abdullah (name)">Abdullah</a> <a href="/wiki/Muhammad_(name)" title="Muhammad (name)">Muhammad</a> ibn Battuta.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In his <a href="/wiki/Travel_literature" title="Travel literature">travelogue</a>, <i><a href="/wiki/The_Rihla" title="The Rihla">The Rihla</a></i>, he gives his full name as "<a href="/wiki/Shams_al-Din" title="Shams al-Din">Shams al-Din</a> Abu’Abdallah Muhammad ibn’Abdallah ibn Muhammad ibn Ibrahim ibn Muhammad ibn Yusuf <a href="/wiki/Laguatan" title="Laguatan">Lawati</a> al-<a href="/wiki/Tangier" title="Tangier">Tanji</a> ibn Battuta".<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(2)"><span class="indicator mf-icon mf-icon-expand mf-icon--small"></span><h2 id="Early_life">Early life</h2><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Ibn_Battuta&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Early life" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>edit</span> </a> </span> </div><section class="mf-section-2 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-2"> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Yahy%C3%A2_ibn_Mahm%C3%BBd_al-W%C3%A2sit%C3%AE_005.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d1/Yahy%C3%A2_ibn_Mahm%C3%BBd_al-W%C3%A2sit%C3%AE_005.jpg/220px-Yahy%C3%A2_ibn_Mahm%C3%BBd_al-W%C3%A2sit%C3%AE_005.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="218" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="2024" data-file-height="2009"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 218px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d1/Yahy%C3%A2_ibn_Mahm%C3%BBd_al-W%C3%A2sit%C3%AE_005.jpg/220px-Yahy%C3%A2_ibn_Mahm%C3%BBd_al-W%C3%A2sit%C3%AE_005.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="218" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d1/Yahy%C3%A2_ibn_Mahm%C3%BBd_al-W%C3%A2sit%C3%AE_005.jpg/330px-Yahy%C3%A2_ibn_Mahm%C3%BBd_al-W%C3%A2sit%C3%AE_005.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d1/Yahy%C3%A2_ibn_Mahm%C3%BBd_al-W%C3%A2sit%C3%AE_005.jpg/440px-Yahy%C3%A2_ibn_Mahm%C3%BBd_al-W%C3%A2sit%C3%AE_005.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </span></a><figcaption>A miniature from <a href="/wiki/Yahya_ibn_Mahmud_al-Wasiti" title="Yahya ibn Mahmud al-Wasiti">al-Wasiti's</a> <a href="/wiki/Maqamat_of_Al-Hariri_(manuscript)" class="mw-redirect" title="Maqamat of Al-Hariri (manuscript)">Maqamat of Al-Hariri</a> of pilgrims on a <i><a href="/wiki/Hajj" title="Hajj">hajj</a></i></figcaption></figure> <p>All that is known about Ibn Battuta's life comes from the autobiographical information included in the account of his travels, which records that he was of <a href="/wiki/Berbers" title="Berbers">Berber</a> descent,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDunn200520_10-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDunn200520-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> born into a family of Islamic <a href="/wiki/Ulama" title="Ulama">legal scholars</a> (known as qadis in the Muslim traditions of <a href="/wiki/Morocco" title="Morocco">Morocco</a>) in <a href="/wiki/Tangier" title="Tangier">Tangier</a> on 24 February 1304, during the reign of the <a href="/wiki/Marinid_dynasty" title="Marinid dynasty">Marinid dynasty</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-birth_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-birth-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> His family belonged to a Berber tribe known as the <a href="/wiki/Lawata" class="mw-redirect" title="Lawata">Lawata</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As a young man, he would have studied at a <a href="/wiki/Sunni" class="mw-redirect" title="Sunni">Sunni</a> <a href="/wiki/Maliki" class="mw-redirect" title="Maliki">Maliki</a> school, the dominant form of education in <a href="/wiki/North_Africa" title="North Africa">North Africa</a> at that time.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Maliki Muslims requested that Ibn Battuta serve as their religious judge, as he was from an area where it was practised.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(3)"><span class="indicator mf-icon mf-icon-expand mf-icon--small"></span><h2 id="Journeys">Journeys</h2><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Ibn_Battuta&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Journeys" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>edit</span> </a> </span> </div><section class="mf-section-3 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-3"> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Itinerary,_1325–1332"><span id="Itinerary.2C_1325.E2.80.931332"></span>Itinerary, 1325–1332</h3><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Ibn_Battuta&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Itinerary, 1325–1332" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>edit</span> </a> </span> </div> <div style="overflow: auto; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238443738">.mw-parser-output .locmap .od{position:absolute}.mw-parser-output .locmap .id{position:absolute;line-height:0}.mw-parser-output .locmap .l0{font-size:0;position:absolute}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pv{line-height:110%;position:absolute;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pl{line-height:110%;position:absolute;top:-0.75em;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .locmap 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data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/6px-Red_pog.svg.png" data-alt="Sousse" data-width="6" data-height="6" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/9px-Red_pog.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/12px-Red_pog.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </span></span></span></div><div class="pr" style="width:6em;left:4px"><div><a href="/wiki/Sousse" title="Sousse">Sousse</a></div></div></div><div class="od notheme" style="top:7.26%;left:43.596%;font-size:75%"><div class="id" style="left:-3px;top:-3px"><span class="notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Gabès"><noscript><img alt="Gabès" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/6px-Red_pog.svg.png" decoding="async" width="6" height="6" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="64" data-file-height="64"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 6px;height: 6px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/6px-Red_pog.svg.png" data-alt="Gabès" data-width="6" data-height="6" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/9px-Red_pog.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/12px-Red_pog.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </span></span></span></div><div class="pv" style="width:6em;top:4px;left:-3em"><div><a href="/wiki/Gab%C3%A8s" title="Gabès">Gabès</a></div></div></div><div class="od notheme" style="top:8.526%;left:46.882%;font-size:75%"><div class="id" style="left:-3px;top:-3px"><span class="notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Tripoli"><noscript><img alt="Tripoli" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/6px-Red_pog.svg.png" decoding="async" width="6" height="6" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="64" data-file-height="64"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 6px;height: 6px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/6px-Red_pog.svg.png" data-alt="Tripoli" data-width="6" data-height="6" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/9px-Red_pog.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/12px-Red_pog.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </span></span></span></div><div class="pv" style="width:6em;top:4px;left:-3em"><div><a href="/wiki/Tripoli,_Libya" title="Tripoli, Libya">Tripoli</a></div></div></div><div class="od notheme" style="top:6.201%;left:44.33%;font-size:75%"><div class="id" style="left:-3px;top:-3px"><span class="notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Sfax"><noscript><img alt="Sfax" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/6px-Red_pog.svg.png" decoding="async" width="6" height="6" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="64" data-file-height="64"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 6px;height: 6px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/6px-Red_pog.svg.png" data-alt="Sfax" data-width="6" data-height="6" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/9px-Red_pog.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/12px-Red_pog.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </span></span></span></div><div class="pr" style="width:6em;left:4px"><div><a href="/wiki/Sfax" title="Sfax">Sfax</a></div></div></div><div class="od notheme" style="top:10.365%;left:65.237%;font-size:75%"><div class="id" style="left:-3px;top:-3px"><span class="notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Alexandria"><noscript><img alt="Alexandria" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/6px-Red_pog.svg.png" decoding="async" width="6" height="6" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="64" data-file-height="64"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 6px;height: 6px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/6px-Red_pog.svg.png" data-alt="Alexandria" data-width="6" data-height="6" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/9px-Red_pog.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/12px-Red_pog.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </span></span></span></div><div class="pl" style="width:6em;right:4px"><div><a href="/wiki/Alexandria" title="Alexandria">Alexandria</a></div></div></div><div class="od notheme" style="top:11.763%;left:66.827%;font-size:75%"><div class="id" style="left:-3px;top:-3px"><span class="notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Cairo"><noscript><img alt="Cairo" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/6px-Red_pog.svg.png" decoding="async" width="6" height="6" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="64" data-file-height="64"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 6px;height: 6px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/6px-Red_pog.svg.png" data-alt="Cairo" data-width="6" data-height="6" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/9px-Red_pog.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/12px-Red_pog.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </span></span></span></div><div class="pl" style="width:6em;right:4px"><div><a href="/wiki/Cairo" title="Cairo">Cairo</a></div></div></div><div class="od notheme" style="top:7.072%;left:71.69%;font-size:75%"><div class="id" style="left:-3px;top:-3px"><span class="notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Damascus"><noscript><img alt="Damascus" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/6px-Red_pog.svg.png" decoding="async" width="6" height="6" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="64" data-file-height="64"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 6px;height: 6px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/6px-Red_pog.svg.png" data-alt="Damascus" data-width="6" data-height="6" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/9px-Red_pog.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/12px-Red_pog.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </span></span></span></div><div class="pl" style="width:6em;right:4px"><div><a href="/wiki/Damascus" title="Damascus">Damascus</a></div></div></div><div class="od notheme" style="top:9.347%;left:70.882%;font-size:75%"><div class="id" style="left:-3px;top:-3px"><span class="notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Jerusalem"><noscript><img alt="Jerusalem" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/6px-Red_pog.svg.png" decoding="async" width="6" height="6" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="64" data-file-height="64"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 6px;height: 6px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/6px-Red_pog.svg.png" data-alt="Jerusalem" data-width="6" data-height="6" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/9px-Red_pog.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/12px-Red_pog.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </span></span></span></div><div class="pl" style="width:6em;right:4px"><div><a href="/wiki/Jerusalem" title="Jerusalem">Jerusalem</a></div></div></div><div class="od notheme" style="top:9.451%;left:70.874%;font-size:75%"><div class="id" style="left:-3px;top:-3px"><span class="notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Bethlehem"><noscript><img alt="Bethlehem" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/6px-Red_pog.svg.png" decoding="async" width="6" height="6" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="64" data-file-height="64"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 6px;height: 6px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/6px-Red_pog.svg.png" data-alt="Bethlehem" data-width="6" data-height="6" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/9px-Red_pog.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/12px-Red_pog.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </span></span></span></div><div class="pv" style="width:6em;top:4px;left:-3em"><div><a href="/wiki/Bethlehem" title="Bethlehem">Bethlehem</a></div></div></div><div class="od notheme" style="top:18.556%;left:77.034%;font-size:75%"><div class="id" style="left:-3px;top:-3px"><span class="notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Medina"><noscript><img alt="Medina" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/6px-Red_pog.svg.png" decoding="async" width="6" height="6" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="64" data-file-height="64"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 6px;height: 6px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/6px-Red_pog.svg.png" data-alt="Medina" data-width="6" data-height="6" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/9px-Red_pog.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/12px-Red_pog.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </span></span></span></div><div class="pl" style="width:6em;right:4px"><div><a href="/wiki/Medina" title="Medina">Medina</a></div></div></div><div class="od notheme" style="top:8.392%;left:80.524%;font-size:75%"><div class="id" style="left:-3px;top:-3px"><span class="notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Najaf"><noscript><img alt="Najaf" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/6px-Red_pog.svg.png" decoding="async" width="6" height="6" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="64" data-file-height="64"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 6px;height: 6px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/6px-Red_pog.svg.png" data-alt="Najaf" data-width="6" data-height="6" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/9px-Red_pog.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/12px-Red_pog.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </span></span></span></div><div class="pl" style="width:6em;right:4px"><div><a href="/wiki/Najaf" title="Najaf">Najaf</a></div></div></div><div class="od notheme" style="top:6.672%;left:80.251%;font-size:75%"><div class="id" style="left:-3px;top:-3px"><span class="notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Baghdad"><noscript><img alt="Baghdad" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/6px-Red_pog.svg.png" decoding="async" width="6" height="6" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="64" data-file-height="64"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 6px;height: 6px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/6px-Red_pog.svg.png" data-alt="Baghdad" data-width="6" data-height="6" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/9px-Red_pog.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/12px-Red_pog.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </span></span></span></div><div class="pl" style="width:6em;right:4px"><div><a href="/wiki/Baghdad" title="Baghdad">Baghdad</a></div></div></div><div class="od notheme" style="top:0.579%;left:74.082%;font-size:75%"><div class="id" style="left:-3px;top:-3px"><span class="notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Tigris"><noscript><img alt="Tigris" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/6px-Red_pog.svg.png" decoding="async" width="6" height="6" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="64" data-file-height="64"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 6px;height: 6px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/6px-Red_pog.svg.png" data-alt="Tigris" data-width="6" data-height="6" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/9px-Red_pog.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/12px-Red_pog.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </span></span></span></div><div class="pl" style="width:6em;right:4px"><div><a href="/wiki/Tigris" title="Tigris">Tigris</a></div></div></div><div class="od notheme" style="top:10.019%;left:84.611%;font-size:75%"><div class="id" style="left:-3px;top:-3px"><span class="notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Basra"><noscript><img alt="Basra" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/6px-Red_pog.svg.png" decoding="async" width="6" height="6" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="64" data-file-height="64"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 6px;height: 6px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/6px-Red_pog.svg.png" data-alt="Basra" data-width="6" data-height="6" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/9px-Red_pog.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/12px-Red_pog.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </span></span></span></div><div class="pv" style="width:6em;top:4px;left:-3em"><div><a href="/wiki/Basra" title="Basra">Basra</a></div></div></div><div class="od notheme" style="top:5.981%;left:82.807%;font-size:75%"><div class="id" style="left:-3px;top:-3px"><span class="notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Zagros Mountains"><noscript><img alt="Zagros Mountains" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/6px-Red_pog.svg.png" decoding="async" width="6" height="6" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="64" data-file-height="64"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 6px;height: 6px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/6px-Red_pog.svg.png" data-alt="Zagros Mountains" data-width="6" data-height="6" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/9px-Red_pog.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/12px-Red_pog.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </span></span></span></div><div class="pr" style="width:6em;left:4px"><div><a href="/wiki/Zagros_Mountains" title="Zagros Mountains">Zagros Mountains</a></div></div></div><div class="od notheme" style="top:10.691%;left:89.825%;font-size:75%"><div class="id" style="left:-3px;top:-3px"><span class="notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Shiraz"><noscript><img alt="Shiraz" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/6px-Red_pog.svg.png" decoding="async" width="6" height="6" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="64" data-file-height="64"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 6px;height: 6px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/6px-Red_pog.svg.png" data-alt="Shiraz" data-width="6" data-height="6" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/9px-Red_pog.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/12px-Red_pog.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </span></span></span></div><div class="pv" style="width:6em;top:4px;left:-3em"><div><a href="/wiki/Shiraz" title="Shiraz">Shiraz</a></div></div></div><div class="od notheme" style="top:0.413%;left:80.651%;font-size:75%"><div class="id" style="left:-3px;top:-3px"><span class="notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Tabriz"><noscript><img alt="Tabriz" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/6px-Red_pog.svg.png" decoding="async" width="6" height="6" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="64" data-file-height="64"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 6px;height: 6px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/6px-Red_pog.svg.png" data-alt="Tabriz" data-width="6" data-height="6" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/9px-Red_pog.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/12px-Red_pog.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </span></span></span></div><div class="pr" style="width:6em;left:4px"><div><a href="/wiki/Tabriz" title="Tabriz">Tabriz</a></div></div></div><div class="od notheme" style="top:2.897%;left:78.03%;font-size:75%"><div class="id" style="left:-3px;top:-3px"><span class="notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Mosul"><noscript><img alt="Mosul" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/6px-Red_pog.svg.png" decoding="async" width="6" height="6" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="64" data-file-height="64"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 6px;height: 6px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/6px-Red_pog.svg.png" data-alt="Mosul" data-width="6" data-height="6" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/9px-Red_pog.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/12px-Red_pog.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </span></span></span></div><div class="pv" style="width:6em;top:4px;left:-3em"><div><a href="/wiki/Mosul" title="Mosul">Mosul</a></div></div></div><div class="od notheme" style="top:1.764%;left:76.82%;font-size:75%"><div class="id" style="left:-3px;top:-3px"><span class="notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Cizre"><noscript><img alt="Cizre" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/6px-Red_pog.svg.png" decoding="async" width="6" height="6" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="64" data-file-height="64"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 6px;height: 6px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/6px-Red_pog.svg.png" data-alt="Cizre" data-width="6" data-height="6" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/9px-Red_pog.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/12px-Red_pog.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </span></span></span></div><div class="pr" style="width:6em;left:4px"><div><a href="/wiki/Cizre" title="Cizre">Cizre</a></div></div></div><div class="od notheme" style="top:1.905%;left:75.359%;font-size:75%"><div class="id" style="left:-3px;top:-3px"><span class="notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Mardin"><noscript><img alt="Mardin" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/6px-Red_pog.svg.png" decoding="async" width="6" height="6" 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src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/6px-Red_pog.svg.png" decoding="async" width="6" height="6" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="64" data-file-height="64"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 6px;height: 6px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/6px-Red_pog.svg.png" data-alt="Al-Hasa" data-width="6" data-height="6" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/9px-Red_pog.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/12px-Red_pog.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </span></span></span></div><div class="pl" style="width:6em;right:4px"><div><a href="/wiki/Al-Ahsa_Oasis" title="Al-Ahsa Oasis">Al-Hasa</a></div></div></div><div class="od notheme" style="top:14.997%;left:88.048%;font-size:75%"><div class="id" style="left:-3px;top:-3px"><span class="notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Qatif"><noscript><img 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src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/6px-Red_pog.svg.png" decoding="async" width="6" height="6" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="64" data-file-height="64"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 6px;height: 6px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/6px-Red_pog.svg.png" data-alt="Muscat" data-width="6" data-height="6" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/9px-Red_pog.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/12px-Red_pog.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </span></span></span></div><div class="pl" style="width:6em;right:4px"><div><a href="/wiki/Muscat" title="Muscat">Muscat</a></div></div></div><div class="od notheme" style="top:4.561%;left:70.737%;font-size:75%"><div class="id" style="left:-3px;top:-3px"><span class="notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Latakia"><noscript><img alt="Latakia" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/6px-Red_pog.svg.png" decoding="async" width="6" height="6" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="64" data-file-height="64"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 6px;height: 6px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/6px-Red_pog.svg.png" data-alt="Latakia" data-width="6" data-height="6" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/9px-Red_pog.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/12px-Red_pog.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </span></span></span></div><div class="pl" style="width:6em;right:4px"><div><a href="/wiki/Latakia" title="Latakia">Latakia</a></div></div></div><div class="od notheme" style="top:63.214%;left:78.77%;font-size:75%"><div class="id" style="left:-3px;top:-3px"><span class="notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Kilwa"><noscript><img alt="Kilwa" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/6px-Red_pog.svg.png" decoding="async" width="6" height="6" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="64" data-file-height="64"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 6px;height: 6px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/6px-Red_pog.svg.png" data-alt="Kilwa" data-width="6" data-height="6" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/9px-Red_pog.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/12px-Red_pog.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </span></span></span></div><div class="pl" style="width:6em;right:4px"><div><a href="/wiki/Kilwa" class="mw-redirect" title="Kilwa">Kilwa</a></div></div></div></div><div class="thumbcaption"><div class="magnify"><a href="/wiki/File:Africa_location_map.svg" title="File:Africa location map.svg">class=notpageimage| </a></div>Ibn Battuta Itinerary 1325–1332 (North Africa, Iraq, Iran, the Arabian Peninsula, Somalia, Swahili Coast)</div></div></div> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="First_pilgrimage">First pilgrimage</h4><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Ibn_Battuta&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: First pilgrimage" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>edit</span> </a> </span> </div> <p>On 2 Rajab 725 <a href="/wiki/Islamic_calendar" title="Islamic calendar">AH</a> (14 June 1325 AD), Ibn Battuta set off from his home town at the age of 21 on a <i><a href="/wiki/Hajj" title="Hajj">hajj</a></i> (pilgrimage) to <a href="/wiki/Mecca" title="Mecca">Mecca</a>, a journey that would ordinarily take sixteen months. He was eager to learn more about far-away lands and craved adventure. He would not return to Morocco again for 24 years.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDunn200530–31_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDunn200530%E2%80%9331-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>I set out alone, having neither fellow-traveler in whose companionship I might find cheer, nor caravan whose part I might join, but swayed by an overmastering impulse within me and a desire long-cherished in my bosom to visit these illustrious sanctuaries. So I braced my resolution to quit my dear ones, female and male, and forsook my home as birds forsake their nests. My parents being yet in the bonds of life, it weighed sorely upon me to part from them, and both they and I were afflicted with sorrow at this separation.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <p>He travelled to Mecca overland, following the North African coast across the sultanates of <a href="/wiki/Zayyanid_dynasty" title="Zayyanid dynasty">Abd al-Wadid</a> and <a href="/wiki/Hafsid" class="mw-redirect" title="Hafsid">Hafsid</a>. The route took him through <a href="/wiki/Tlemcen" title="Tlemcen">Tlemcen</a>, <a href="/wiki/B%C3%A9ja%C3%AFa" title="Béjaïa">Béjaïa</a>, and then <a href="/wiki/Tunis" title="Tunis">Tunis</a>, where he stayed for two months.<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> For safety, Ibn Battuta usually joined a <a href="/wiki/Caravan_(travelers)" class="mw-redirect" title="Caravan (travelers)">caravan</a> to reduce the risk of being robbed. He took a bride in the town of <a href="/wiki/Sfax" title="Sfax">Sfax</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> but soon left her due to a dispute with the father. That was the first in a series of marriages that would feature in his travels.<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Turkish_-_Tile_with_the_Great_Mosque_of_Mecca_-_Walters_481307_-_View_A.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/40/Turkish_-_Tile_with_the_Great_Mosque_of_Mecca_-_Walters_481307_-_View_A.jpg/170px-Turkish_-_Tile_with_the_Great_Mosque_of_Mecca_-_Walters_481307_-_View_A.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="293" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1044" data-file-height="1799"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 170px;height: 293px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/40/Turkish_-_Tile_with_the_Great_Mosque_of_Mecca_-_Walters_481307_-_View_A.jpg/170px-Turkish_-_Tile_with_the_Great_Mosque_of_Mecca_-_Walters_481307_-_View_A.jpg" data-width="170" data-height="293" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/40/Turkish_-_Tile_with_the_Great_Mosque_of_Mecca_-_Walters_481307_-_View_A.jpg/255px-Turkish_-_Tile_with_the_Great_Mosque_of_Mecca_-_Walters_481307_-_View_A.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/40/Turkish_-_Tile_with_the_Great_Mosque_of_Mecca_-_Walters_481307_-_View_A.jpg/340px-Turkish_-_Tile_with_the_Great_Mosque_of_Mecca_-_Walters_481307_-_View_A.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </span></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Empire" title="Ottoman Empire">Ottoman</a> 17th century tile depicting the <a href="/wiki/Kaaba" title="Kaaba">Kaaba</a>, in <a href="/wiki/Mecca" title="Mecca">Mecca</a> </figcaption></figure> <p>In the early spring of 1326, after a journey of over 3,500 km (2,200 mi), Ibn Battuta arrived at the port of <a href="/wiki/Alexandria" title="Alexandria">Alexandria</a>, at the time part of the <a href="/wiki/Bahri_dynasty" class="mw-redirect" title="Bahri dynasty">Bahri Mamluk empire</a>. He met two ascetic pious men in Alexandria. One was Sheikh Burhanuddin, who is supposed to have foretold the destiny of Ibn Battuta as a world traveller and told him, "It seems to me that you are fond of foreign travel. You must visit my brother Fariduddin in India, Rukonuddin in Sind, and Burhanuddin in China. Convey my greetings to them." Another pious man, Sheikh Murshidi, interpreted the meaning of a dream of Ibn Battuta as being that he was meant to be a world traveller.<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>He spent several weeks visiting sites in the area, and then headed inland to <a href="/wiki/Cairo" title="Cairo">Cairo</a>, the capital of the <a href="/wiki/Mamluk_Sultanate" title="Mamluk Sultanate">Mamluk Sultanate</a>. After spending about a month in Cairo,<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> he embarked on the first of many detours within the relative safety of Mamluk territory. Of the three usual routes to Mecca, Ibn Battuta chose the least-traveled, which involved a journey up the <a href="/wiki/Nile" title="Nile">Nile</a> valley, then east to the <a href="/wiki/Red_Sea" title="Red Sea">Red Sea</a> port of <a href="/wiki/%CA%BFAydhab" title="ʿAydhab">ʿAydhab</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>b<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Upon approaching the town, however, a local rebellion forced him to turn back.<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Ibn Battuta returned to Cairo and took a second side trip, this time to Mamluk-controlled <a href="/wiki/Damascus" title="Damascus">Damascus</a>. During his first trip he had encountered a holy man who prophesied that he would only reach Mecca by travelling through <a href="/wiki/Mamluk_Sultanate_(Cairo)" class="mw-redirect" title="Mamluk Sultanate (Cairo)">Syria</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The diversion held an added advantage; because of the holy places that lay along the way, including <a href="/wiki/Hebron" title="Hebron">Hebron</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jerusalem" title="Jerusalem">Jerusalem</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Bethlehem" title="Bethlehem">Bethlehem</a>, the Mamluk authorities kept the route safe for pilgrims. Without this help many travellers would be robbed and murdered.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDunn200554_33-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDunn200554-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>c<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>After spending the Muslim month of <a href="/wiki/Ramadan_(calendar_month)" class="mw-redirect" title="Ramadan (calendar month)">Ramadan</a>, during August,<sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> in Damascus, he joined a caravan travelling the 1,300 km (810 mi) south to <a href="/wiki/Medina" title="Medina">Medina</a>, site of the Mosque of the Islamic prophet <a href="/wiki/Muhammad" title="Muhammad">Muhammad</a>. After four days in the town, he journeyed on to Mecca while visiting holy sites along the way; upon his arrival to Mecca he completed his first pilgrimage, in November, and he took the honorific status of <i><a href="/wiki/Hajji" title="Hajji">El-Hajji</a></i>. Rather than returning home, Ibn Battuta decided to continue travelling, choosing as his next destination the <a href="/wiki/Ilkhanate" title="Ilkhanate">Ilkhanate</a>, a <a href="/wiki/Mongol_Empire" title="Mongol Empire">Mongol</a> <a href="/wiki/Khanate" title="Khanate">Khanate</a>, to the northeast.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDunn200566–79_40-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDunn200566%E2%80%9379-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Iraq_and_Iran">Iraq and Iran</h4><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Ibn_Battuta&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Iraq and Iran" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>edit</span> </a> </span> </div> <p>On 17 November 1326, following a month spent in Mecca, Ibn Battuta joined a large caravan of pilgrims returning to <a href="/wiki/Iraq" title="Iraq">Iraq</a> across the <a href="/wiki/Arabian_Peninsula" title="Arabian Peninsula">Arabian Peninsula</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The group headed north to Medina and then, travelling at night, turned northeast across the <a href="/wiki/Najd" title="Najd">Najd</a> plateau to <a href="/wiki/Najaf" title="Najaf">Najaf</a>, on a journey that lasted about two weeks. In Najaf, he visited the <a href="/wiki/Imam_Ali_Mosque" class="mw-redirect" title="Imam Ali Mosque">mausoleum</a> of <a href="/wiki/Ali" title="Ali">Ali</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Rashidun" title="Rashidun">Fourth Caliph</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Then, instead of continuing to <a href="/wiki/Baghdad" title="Baghdad">Baghdad</a> with the caravan, Ibn Battuta started a six-month detour that took him into <a href="/wiki/Iran" title="Iran">Iran</a>. From Najaf, he journeyed to <a href="/wiki/Wasit" title="Wasit">Wasit</a>, then followed the river <a href="/wiki/Tigris" title="Tigris">Tigris</a> south to <a href="/wiki/Basra" title="Basra">Basra</a>. His next destination was the town of <a href="/wiki/Isfahan" title="Isfahan">Isfahan</a> across the <a href="/wiki/Zagros_Mountains" title="Zagros Mountains">Zagros Mountains</a> in Iran. He then headed south to <a href="/wiki/Shiraz" title="Shiraz">Shiraz</a>, a large, flourishing city spared the destruction wrought by <a href="/wiki/Mongol" class="mw-redirect" title="Mongol">Mongol</a> invaders on many more northerly towns. Finally, he returned across the mountains to Baghdad, arriving there in June 1327.<sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Parts of the city were still ruined from the damage inflicted by <a href="/wiki/Hulagu_Khan" class="mw-redirect" title="Hulagu Khan">Hulagu Khan</a>'s invading army in 1258.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDunn200541,_97_44-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDunn200541,_97-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In Baghdad, he found <a href="/wiki/Abu_Sa%27id_Bahadur_Khan" title="Abu Sa'id Bahadur Khan">Abu Sa'id</a>, the last Mongol ruler of the unified Ilkhanate, leaving the city and heading north with a large retinue.<sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Ibn Battuta joined the royal caravan for a while, then turned north on the <a href="/wiki/Silk_Road" title="Silk Road">Silk Road</a> to <a href="/wiki/Tabriz" title="Tabriz">Tabriz</a>, the first major city in the region to open its gates to the Mongols and by then an important trading centre as most of its nearby rivals had been razed by the Mongol invaders.<sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Ibn Battuta left again for Baghdad, probably in July, but first took an excursion northwards along the river Tigris. He visited <a href="/wiki/Mosul" title="Mosul">Mosul</a>, where he was the guest of the Ilkhanate governor,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDefrémerySanguinetti1854[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidm-UHAAAAIAAJpgPA134_134–139_Vol._2]_47-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDefr%C3%A9merySanguinetti1854%5Bhttpsbooksgooglecombooksidm-UHAAAAIAAJpgPA134_134%E2%80%93139_Vol._2%5D-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and then the towns of <a href="/wiki/Cizre" title="Cizre">Cizre</a> (Jazirat ibn 'Umar) and <a href="/wiki/Mardin" title="Mardin">Mardin</a> in modern-day Turkey. At a hermitage on a mountain near <a href="/wiki/Sinjar" title="Sinjar">Sinjar</a>, he met a <a href="/wiki/Kurdish_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Kurdish people">Kurdish</a> mystic who gave him some silver coins.<sup id="cite_ref-50" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>d<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-51" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Once back in Mosul, he joined a "feeder" caravan of pilgrims heading south to Baghdad, where they would meet up with the main caravan that crossed the <a href="/wiki/Arabian_Desert" title="Arabian Desert">Arabian Desert</a> to Mecca. Ill with diarrhoea, he arrived in the city weak and exhausted for his second <i>hajj</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-52" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Arabia">Arabia</h4><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Ibn_Battuta&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Arabia" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>edit</span> </a> </span> </div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:OldtownSanaa.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/OldtownSanaa.JPG/220px-OldtownSanaa.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="750"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 165px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/OldtownSanaa.JPG/220px-OldtownSanaa.JPG" data-width="220" data-height="165" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/OldtownSanaa.JPG/330px-OldtownSanaa.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/OldtownSanaa.JPG/440px-OldtownSanaa.JPG 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </span></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Sana%27a" class="mw-redirect" title="Sana'a">Old City of Sana'a</a>, Yemen</figcaption></figure> <p>Ibn Battuta remained in Mecca for some time (the <i><a href="/wiki/Rihla" title="Rihla">Rihla</a></i> suggests about three years, from September 1327 until autumn 1330). Problems with chronology, however, lead commentators to suggest that he may have left after the 1328 <i>hajj</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-53" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>e<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>After the <i>hajj</i> in either 1328 or 1330, he made his way to the port of <a href="/wiki/Jeddah" title="Jeddah">Jeddah</a> on the <a href="/wiki/Red_Sea" title="Red Sea">Red Sea</a> coast. From there he followed the coast in a series of boats (known as a jalbah, these were small craft made of wooden planks sewn together, lacking an established phrase) making slow progress against the prevailing south-easterly winds. Once in <a href="/wiki/Rasulids" class="mw-redirect" title="Rasulids">Yemen</a> he visited <a href="/wiki/Zab%C4%ABd" class="mw-redirect" title="Zabīd">Zabīd</a> and later the highland town of <a href="/wiki/Ta%27izz" class="mw-redirect" title="Ta'izz">Ta'izz</a>, where he met the <a href="/wiki/Rasulid" class="mw-redirect" title="Rasulid">Rasulid</a> dynasty king (<i><a href="/wiki/Malik" title="Malik">Malik</a></i>) Mujahid Nur al-Din Ali. Ibn Battuta also mentions visiting <a href="/wiki/Sana%27a" class="mw-redirect" title="Sana'a">Sana'a</a>, but whether he actually did so is doubtful.<sup id="cite_ref-54" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In all likelihood, he went directly from Ta'izz to the important trading port of <a href="/wiki/Aden" title="Aden">Aden</a>, arriving around the beginning of 1329 or 1331.<sup id="cite_ref-55" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Somalia">Somalia</h4><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Ibn_Battuta&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Somalia" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>edit</span> </a> </span> </div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Zeila,_Somalia.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2a/Zeila%2C_Somalia.jpg/220px-Zeila%2C_Somalia.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="137" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="467" data-file-height="291"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 137px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2a/Zeila%2C_Somalia.jpg/220px-Zeila%2C_Somalia.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="137" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2a/Zeila%2C_Somalia.jpg/330px-Zeila%2C_Somalia.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2a/Zeila%2C_Somalia.jpg/440px-Zeila%2C_Somalia.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </span></a><figcaption>The port and waterfront of <a href="/wiki/Zeila" title="Zeila">Zeila</a></figcaption></figure> <p>From <a href="/wiki/Aden" title="Aden">Aden</a>, Ibn Battuta embarked on a ship heading for <a href="/wiki/Zeila" title="Zeila">Zeila</a> on the coast of <a href="/wiki/Somalia" title="Somalia">Somalia</a>. He then moved on to <a href="/wiki/Cape_Guardafui" title="Cape Guardafui">Cape Guardafui</a> further down the Somali seaboard, spending about a week in each location. Later he would visit <a href="/wiki/Mogadishu" title="Mogadishu">Mogadishu</a>, the then pre-eminent city of the "<a href="/wiki/Land_of_the_Berbers" class="mw-redirect" title="Land of the Berbers">Land of the Berbers</a>" (بلد البربر <i>Balad al-Barbar</i>, the medieval Arabic term for the <a href="/wiki/Horn_of_Africa" title="Horn of Africa">Horn of Africa</a>).<sup id="cite_ref-Sanjay_56-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Sanjay-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-57" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-58" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>When Ibn Battuta arrived in 1332, Mogadishu stood at the zenith of its prosperity. He described it as "an exceedingly large city" with many rich merchants, noted for its high-quality fabric that was exported to other countries, including <a href="/wiki/Egypt" title="Egypt">Egypt</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-59" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Battuta added that the city was ruled by a <a href="/wiki/Somalis" class="mw-redirect" title="Somalis">Somali</a> sultan, Abu Bakr ibn Shaikh 'Umar.<sup id="cite_ref-Versteegh_60-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Versteegh-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Laisas_61-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Laisas-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He noted that Sultan Abu Bakr had dark skin complexion and spoke in his native tongue (Somali), but was also fluent in Arabic.<sup id="cite_ref-Bulliet_313_62-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bulliet_313-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Laisas_61-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Laisas-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-63" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Sultan also had a retinue of <a href="/wiki/Vizier" title="Vizier">wazirs</a> (ministers), legal experts, commanders, royal <a href="/wiki/Eunuch" title="Eunuch">eunuchs</a>, and other officials at his beck and call.<sup id="cite_ref-Laisas_61-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Laisas-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Swahili_coast">Swahili coast</h4><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Ibn_Battuta&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Swahili coast" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>edit</span> </a> </span> </div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:GreatMosque.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dc/GreatMosque.jpg/170px-GreatMosque.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="227" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="453" data-file-height="604"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 170px;height: 227px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dc/GreatMosque.jpg/170px-GreatMosque.jpg" data-width="170" data-height="227" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dc/GreatMosque.jpg/255px-GreatMosque.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dc/GreatMosque.jpg/340px-GreatMosque.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </span></a><figcaption>The Great Mosque of <a href="/wiki/Kilwa_Kisiwani" title="Kilwa Kisiwani">Kilwa Kisiwani</a>, made of <a href="/wiki/Coral" title="Coral">coral stones</a>, is the largest Mosque of its kind.</figcaption></figure> <p>Ibn Battuta continued by ship south to the <a href="/wiki/Swahili_coast" title="Swahili coast">Swahili coast</a>, a region then known in Arabic as the <i>Bilad al-Zanj</i> ("Land of the <a href="/wiki/Zanj" title="Zanj">Zanj</a>")<sup id="cite_ref-64" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> with an overnight stop at the island town of <a href="/wiki/Mombasa" title="Mombasa">Mombasa</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-65" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Although relatively small at the time, Mombasa would become important in the following century.<sup id="cite_ref-66" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> After a journey along the coast, Ibn Battuta next arrived in the island town of <a href="/wiki/Kilwa" class="mw-redirect" title="Kilwa">Kilwa</a> in present-day <a href="/wiki/Tanzania" title="Tanzania">Tanzania</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-67" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> which had become an important transit centre of the gold trade.<sup id="cite_ref-68" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He described the city as "one of the finest and most beautifully built towns; all the buildings are of wood, and the houses are roofed with <i>dīs</i> reeds".<sup id="cite_ref-69" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Ibn Battuta recorded his visit to the <a href="/wiki/Kilwa_Sultanate" title="Kilwa Sultanate">Kilwa Sultanate</a> in 1330, and commented favourably on the humility and religion of its ruler, <a href="/wiki/Sultan_al-Hasan_ibn_Sulaiman" title="Sultan al-Hasan ibn Sulaiman">Sultan al-Hasan ibn Sulaiman</a>, a descendant of the legendary <a href="/wiki/Ali_ibn_al-Hassan_Shirazi" title="Ali ibn al-Hassan Shirazi">Ali ibn al-Hassan Shirazi</a>. He further wrote that the authority of the Sultan extended from <a href="/wiki/Malindi" title="Malindi">Malindi</a> in the north to <a href="/wiki/Inhambane" title="Inhambane">Inhambane</a> in the south and was particularly impressed by the planning of the city, believing it to be the reason for Kilwa's success along the coast. During this period, he described the construction of the <a href="/wiki/Palace_of_Husuni_Kubwa" class="mw-redirect" title="Palace of Husuni Kubwa">Palace of Husuni Kubwa</a> and a significant extension to the <a href="/wiki/Great_Mosque_of_Kilwa" title="Great Mosque of Kilwa">Great Mosque of Kilwa</a>, which was made of <a href="/wiki/Coral_rag" title="Coral rag">coral stones</a> and was the largest mosque of its kind. With a change in the <a href="/wiki/Monsoon" title="Monsoon">monsoon</a> winds, Ibn Battuta sailed back to Arabia, first to <a href="/wiki/Oman" title="Oman">Oman</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Strait_of_Hormuz" title="Strait of Hormuz">Strait of Hormuz</a> then on to Mecca for the <i>hajj</i> of 1330 (or 1332).<sup id="cite_ref-70" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Itinerary_1332–1347"><span id="Itinerary_1332.E2.80.931347"></span>Itinerary 1332–1347</h3><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Ibn_Battuta&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Itinerary 1332–1347" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>edit</span> </a> </span> </div> <div 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data-file-height="64"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 6px;height: 6px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/6px-Red_pog.svg.png" data-alt="Samarkand" data-width="6" data-height="6" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/9px-Red_pog.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/12px-Red_pog.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </span></span></span></div><div class="pr" style="width:6em;left:4px"><div><a href="/wiki/Samarkand" title="Samarkand">Samarkand</a></div></div></div><div class="od notheme" style="top:47.694%;left:39.183%;font-size:75%"><div class="id" style="left:-3px;top:-3px"><span class="notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Afghanistan"><noscript><img alt="Afghanistan" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/6px-Red_pog.svg.png" decoding="async" width="6" height="6" class="mw-file-element" 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title="Maldives"><noscript><img alt="Maldives" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/6px-Red_pog.svg.png" decoding="async" width="6" height="6" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="64" data-file-height="64"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 6px;height: 6px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/6px-Red_pog.svg.png" data-alt="Maldives" data-width="6" data-height="6" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/9px-Red_pog.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/12px-Red_pog.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </span></span></span></div><div class="pl" style="width:6em;right:4px"><div><a href="/wiki/Maldives" title="Maldives">Maldives</a></div></div></div><div class="od notheme" style="top:77.778%;left:47.433%;font-size:75%"><div class="id" style="left:-3px;top:-3px"><span class="notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Sri Lanka"><noscript><img alt="Sri Lanka" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/6px-Red_pog.svg.png" decoding="async" width="6" height="6" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="64" data-file-height="64"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 6px;height: 6px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/6px-Red_pog.svg.png" data-alt="Sri Lanka" data-width="6" data-height="6" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/9px-Red_pog.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/12px-Red_pog.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </span></span></span></div><div class="pl" style="width:6em;right:4px"><div><a href="/wiki/Sri_Lanka" title="Sri Lanka">Sri Lanka</a></div></div></div><div class="od notheme" style="top:77.874%;left:47.893%;font-size:75%"><div class="id" style="left:-3px;top:-3px"><span class="notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Adam's Peak"><noscript><img alt="Adam's Peak" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/6px-Red_pog.svg.png" decoding="async" width="6" height="6" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="64" data-file-height="64"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 6px;height: 6px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/6px-Red_pog.svg.png" data-alt="Adam's Peak" data-width="6" data-height="6" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/9px-Red_pog.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/12px-Red_pog.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </span></span></span></div><div class="pr" style="width:6em;left:4px"><div><a href="/wiki/Adam%27s_Peak" title="Adam's Peak">Adam's Peak</a></div></div></div><div class="od notheme" style="top:62.382%;left:67.318%;font-size:75%"><div class="id" style="left:-3px;top:-3px"><span class="notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Vietnam"><noscript><img alt="Vietnam" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/6px-Red_pog.svg.png" decoding="async" width="6" height="6" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="64" data-file-height="64"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 6px;height: 6px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/6px-Red_pog.svg.png" data-alt="Vietnam" data-width="6" data-height="6" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/9px-Red_pog.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/12px-Red_pog.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </span></span></span></div><div class="pr" style="width:6em;left:4px"><div><a href="/wiki/Vietnam" title="Vietnam">Vietnam</a></div></div></div><div class="od notheme" style="top:69.408%;left:78.927%;font-size:75%"><div class="id" 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style="top:58.152%;left:77.075%;font-size:75%"><div class="id" style="left:-3px;top:-3px"><span class="notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Quanzhou"><noscript><img alt="Quanzhou" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/6px-Red_pog.svg.png" decoding="async" width="6" height="6" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="64" data-file-height="64"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 6px;height: 6px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/6px-Red_pog.svg.png" data-alt="Quanzhou" data-width="6" data-height="6" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/9px-Red_pog.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/12px-Red_pog.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </span></span></span></div><div class="pr" style="width:6em;left:4px"><div><a href="/wiki/Quanzhou" title="Quanzhou">Quanzhou</a></div></div></div><div class="od notheme" style="top:56.373%;left:76.513%;font-size:75%"><div class="id" style="left:-3px;top:-3px"><span class="notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Fujian"><noscript><img alt="Fujian" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/6px-Red_pog.svg.png" decoding="async" width="6" height="6" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="64" data-file-height="64"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 6px;height: 6px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/6px-Red_pog.svg.png" data-alt="Fujian" data-width="6" data-height="6" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/9px-Red_pog.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/12px-Red_pog.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </span></span></span></div><div class="pl" style="width:6em;right:4px"><div><a href="/wiki/Fujian" title="Fujian">Fujian</a></div></div></div><div class="od notheme" style="top:52.342%;left:78.289%;font-size:75%"><div class="id" style="left:-3px;top:-3px"><span class="notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Hangzhou"><noscript><img alt="Hangzhou" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/6px-Red_pog.svg.png" decoding="async" width="6" height="6" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="64" data-file-height="64"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 6px;height: 6px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/6px-Red_pog.svg.png" data-alt="Hangzhou" data-width="6" data-height="6" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/9px-Red_pog.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/12px-Red_pog.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </span></span></span></div><div class="pl" style="width:6em;right:4px"><div><a href="/wiki/Hangzhou" title="Hangzhou">Hangzhou</a></div></div></div><div class="od 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notheme" style="top:45.261%;left:37.471%;font-size:75%"><div class="id" style="left:-3px;top:-3px"><span class="notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Balkh"><noscript><img alt="Balkh" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/6px-Red_pog.svg.png" decoding="async" width="6" height="6" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="64" data-file-height="64"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 6px;height: 6px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/6px-Red_pog.svg.png" data-alt="Balkh" data-width="6" data-height="6" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/9px-Red_pog.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/12px-Red_pog.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </span></span></span></div><div class="pl" style="width:6em;right:4px"><div><a href="/wiki/Balkh" title="Balkh">Balkh</a></div></div></div><div class="od notheme" style="top:45.098%;left:9.719%;font-size:75%"><div class="id" style="left:-3px;top:-3px"><span class="notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Antalya"><noscript><img alt="Antalya" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/6px-Red_pog.svg.png" decoding="async" width="6" height="6" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="64" data-file-height="64"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 6px;height: 6px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/6px-Red_pog.svg.png" data-alt="Antalya" data-width="6" data-height="6" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/9px-Red_pog.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/12px-Red_pog.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </span></span></span></div><div class="pl" style="width:6em;right:4px"><div><a href="/wiki/Antalya" title="Antalya">Antalya</a></div></div></div><div class="od notheme" style="top:38.798%;left:4.074%;font-size:75%"><div class="id" style="left:-3px;top:-3px"><span class="notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Bulgaria"><noscript><img alt="Bulgaria" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/6px-Red_pog.svg.png" decoding="async" width="6" height="6" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="64" data-file-height="64"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 6px;height: 6px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/6px-Red_pog.svg.png" data-alt="Bulgaria" data-width="6" data-height="6" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/9px-Red_pog.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/12px-Red_pog.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </span></span></span></div><div class="pr" style="width:6em;left:4px"><div>Bulgaria</div></div></div><div class="od notheme" style="top:33.987%;left:16.411%;font-size:75%"><div class="id" style="left:-3px;top:-3px"><span class="notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Azov"><noscript><img alt="Azov" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/6px-Red_pog.svg.png" decoding="async" width="6" height="6" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="64" data-file-height="64"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 6px;height: 6px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/6px-Red_pog.svg.png" data-alt="Azov" data-width="6" data-height="6" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/9px-Red_pog.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/12px-Red_pog.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </span></span></span></div><div class="pr" style="width:6em;left:4px"><div><a href="/wiki/Azov" title="Azov">Azov</a></div></div></div><div class="od notheme" style="top:48.62%;left:42.273%;font-size:75%"><div class="id" style="left:-3px;top:-3px"><span class="notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Pakistan"><noscript><img alt="Pakistan" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/6px-Red_pog.svg.png" decoding="async" width="6" height="6" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="64" data-file-height="64"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 6px;height: 6px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/6px-Red_pog.svg.png" data-alt="Pakistan" data-width="6" data-height="6" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/9px-Red_pog.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/12px-Red_pog.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </span></span></span></div><div class="pr" style="width:6em;left:4px"><div>Pakistan</div></div></div><div class="od notheme" style="top:40.341%;left:39.246%;font-size:75%"><div class="id" style="left:-3px;top:-3px"><span class="notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Uzbekistan"><noscript><img alt="Uzbekistan" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/6px-Red_pog.svg.png" decoding="async" width="6" height="6" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="64" data-file-height="64"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 6px;height: 6px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/6px-Red_pog.svg.png" data-alt="Uzbekistan" data-width="6" data-height="6" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/9px-Red_pog.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/12px-Red_pog.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </span></span></span></div><div class="pv" style="width:6em;bottom:4px;left:-3em"><div><a href="/wiki/Uzbekistan" title="Uzbekistan">Uzbekistan</a></div></div></div><div class="od notheme" style="top:43.301%;left:38.927%;font-size:75%"><div class="id" style="left:-3px;top:-3px"><span class="notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Tajikistan"><noscript><img alt="Tajikistan" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/6px-Red_pog.svg.png" decoding="async" width="6" height="6" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="64" data-file-height="64"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 6px;height: 6px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/6px-Red_pog.svg.png" data-alt="Tajikistan" data-width="6" data-height="6" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/9px-Red_pog.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/12px-Red_pog.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </span></span></span></div><div class="pl" style="width:6em;right:4px"><div><a href="/wiki/Tajikistan" title="Tajikistan">Tajikistan</a></div></div></div><div class="od notheme" style="top:42.098%;left:37.517%;font-size:75%"><div class="id" style="left:-3px;top:-3px"><span class="notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Samarqand"><noscript><img alt="Samarqand" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/6px-Red_pog.svg.png" decoding="async" width="6" height="6" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="64" data-file-height="64"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 6px;height: 6px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/6px-Red_pog.svg.png" data-alt="Samarqand" data-width="6" data-height="6" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/9px-Red_pog.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/12px-Red_pog.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </span></span></span></div><div class="pr" style="width:6em;left:4px"><div><a href="/wiki/Samarqand" class="mw-redirect" title="Samarqand">Samarqand</a></div></div></div><div class="od notheme" style="top:56.046%;left:48.207%;font-size:75%"><div class="id" style="left:-3px;top:-3px"><span class="notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Uttar Pradesh"><noscript><img alt="Uttar Pradesh" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/6px-Red_pog.svg.png" decoding="async" width="6" height="6" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="64" data-file-height="64"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 6px;height: 6px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/6px-Red_pog.svg.png" data-alt="Uttar Pradesh" data-width="6" data-height="6" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/9px-Red_pog.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/12px-Red_pog.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </span></span></span></div><div class="pl" style="width:6em;right:4px"><div><a href="/wiki/Uttar_Pradesh" title="Uttar Pradesh">Uttar Pradesh</a></div></div></div><div class="od notheme" style="top:66.776%;left:45.211%;font-size:75%"><div class="id" style="left:-3px;top:-3px"><span class="notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Deccan"><noscript><img alt="Deccan" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/6px-Red_pog.svg.png" decoding="async" width="6" height="6" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="64" data-file-height="64"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 6px;height: 6px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/6px-Red_pog.svg.png" data-alt="Deccan" data-width="6" data-height="6" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/9px-Red_pog.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/12px-Red_pog.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </span></span></span></div><div class="pr" style="width:6em;left:4px"><div><a href="/wiki/Deccan" class="mw-redirect" title="Deccan">Deccan</a></div></div></div><div class="od notheme" style="top:51.309%;left:9.133%;font-size:75%"><div class="id" style="left:-3px;top:-3px"><span class="notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Alexandria"><noscript><img alt="Alexandria" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/6px-Red_pog.svg.png" decoding="async" width="6" height="6" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="64" data-file-height="64"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 6px;height: 6px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/6px-Red_pog.svg.png" data-alt="Alexandria" data-width="6" data-height="6" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/9px-Red_pog.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/12px-Red_pog.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </span></span></span></div><div class="pl" style="width:6em;right:4px"><div><a href="/wiki/Alexandria" title="Alexandria">Alexandria</a></div></div></div><div class="od notheme" style="top:52.551%;left:10.137%;font-size:75%"><div class="id" style="left:-3px;top:-3px"><span class="notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Cairo"><noscript><img alt="Cairo" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/6px-Red_pog.svg.png" decoding="async" width="6" height="6" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="64" data-file-height="64"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 6px;height: 6px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/6px-Red_pog.svg.png" data-alt="Cairo" data-width="6" data-height="6" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/9px-Red_pog.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/12px-Red_pog.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </span></span></span></div><div class="pl" style="width:6em;right:4px"><div><a href="/wiki/Cairo" title="Cairo">Cairo</a></div></div></div><div class="od notheme" style="top:48.788%;left:14.017%;font-size:75%"><div class="id" style="left:-3px;top:-3px"><span class="notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Damascus"><noscript><img alt="Damascus" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/6px-Red_pog.svg.png" decoding="async" width="6" height="6" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="64" data-file-height="64"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 6px;height: 6px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/6px-Red_pog.svg.png" data-alt="Damascus" data-width="6" data-height="6" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/9px-Red_pog.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/12px-Red_pog.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </span></span></span></div><div class="pr" style="width:6em;left:4px"><div><a href="/wiki/Damascus" title="Damascus">Damascus</a></div></div></div><div class="od notheme" style="top:50.672%;left:13.193%;font-size:75%"><div class="id" style="left:-3px;top:-3px"><span class="notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Jerusalem"><noscript><img alt="Jerusalem" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/6px-Red_pog.svg.png" decoding="async" width="6" height="6" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="64" data-file-height="64"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 6px;height: 6px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/6px-Red_pog.svg.png" data-alt="Jerusalem" data-width="6" data-height="6" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/9px-Red_pog.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/12px-Red_pog.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </span></span></span></div><div class="pr" style="width:6em;left:4px"><div><a href="/wiki/Jerusalem" title="Jerusalem">Jerusalem</a></div></div></div><div class="od notheme" style="top:50.759%;left:13.177%;font-size:75%"><div class="id" style="left:-3px;top:-3px"><span class="notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Bethlehem"><noscript><img alt="Bethlehem" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/6px-Red_pog.svg.png" decoding="async" width="6" height="6" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="64" data-file-height="64"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 6px;height: 6px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/6px-Red_pog.svg.png" data-alt="Bethlehem" data-width="6" data-height="6" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/9px-Red_pog.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/12px-Red_pog.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </span></span></span></div><div class="pv" style="width:6em;top:4px;left:-3em"><div><a href="/wiki/Bethlehem" title="Bethlehem">Bethlehem</a></div></div></div><div class="od notheme" style="top:58.642%;left:16.552%;font-size:75%"><div class="id" style="left:-3px;top:-3px"><span class="notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Medina"><noscript><img alt="Medina" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/6px-Red_pog.svg.png" decoding="async" width="6" height="6" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="64" data-file-height="64"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 6px;height: 6px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/6px-Red_pog.svg.png" 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data-alt="Baghdad" data-width="6" data-height="6" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/9px-Red_pog.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/12px-Red_pog.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </span></span></span></div><div class="pr" style="width:6em;left:4px"><div><a href="/wiki/Baghdad" title="Baghdad">Baghdad</a></div></div></div><div class="od notheme" style="top:53.032%;left:26.462%;font-size:75%"><div class="id" style="left:-3px;top:-3px"><span class="notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Shiraz"><noscript><img alt="Shiraz" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/6px-Red_pog.svg.png" decoding="async" width="6" height="6" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="64" data-file-height="64"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 6px;height: 6px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/6px-Red_pog.svg.png" data-alt="Shiraz" data-width="6" data-height="6" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/9px-Red_pog.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/12px-Red_pog.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </span></span></span></div><div class="pv" style="width:6em;top:4px;left:-3em"><div><a href="/wiki/Shiraz" title="Shiraz">Shiraz</a></div></div></div><div class="od notheme" style="top:61.874%;left:16.232%;font-size:75%"><div class="id" style="left:-3px;top:-3px"><span class="notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Jeddah"><noscript><img alt="Jeddah" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/6px-Red_pog.svg.png" decoding="async" width="6" height="6" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="64" data-file-height="64"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 6px;height: 6px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/6px-Red_pog.svg.png" 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data-alt="Mecca" data-width="6" data-height="6" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/9px-Red_pog.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/12px-Red_pog.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </span></span></span></div><div class="pv" style="width:6em;bottom:4px;left:-3em"><div><a href="/wiki/Mecca" title="Mecca">Mecca</a></div></div></div><div class="od notheme" style="top:65.686%;left:27.586%;font-size:75%"><div class="id" style="left:-3px;top:-3px"><span class="notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Dhofar"><noscript><img alt="Dhofar" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/6px-Red_pog.svg.png" decoding="async" width="6" height="6" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="64" data-file-height="64"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 6px;height: 6px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/6px-Red_pog.svg.png" data-alt="Dhofar" data-width="6" data-height="6" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/9px-Red_pog.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/12px-Red_pog.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </span></span></span></div><div class="pr" style="width:6em;left:4px"><div><a href="/wiki/Dhofar" class="mw-redirect" title="Dhofar">Dhofar</a></div></div></div></div><div class="thumbcaption"><div class="magnify"><a href="/wiki/File:Asia_location_map2.svg" title="File:Asia location map2.svg">class=notpageimage| </a></div>Ibn Battuta Itinerary 1332–1346 (Black Sea Area, Central Asia, India, South East Asia and China)</div></div></div> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Anatolia">Anatolia</h4><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Ibn_Battuta&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Anatolia" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>edit</span> </a> </span> </div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:%D0%90%D0%BD%D0%B4%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%BA_III_%D0%9F%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B3.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/90/%D0%90%D0%BD%D0%B4%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%BA_III_%D0%9F%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B3.jpg/170px-%D0%90%D0%BD%D0%B4%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%BA_III_%D0%9F%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B3.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="417" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="1225"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 170px;height: 417px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/90/%D0%90%D0%BD%D0%B4%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%BA_III_%D0%9F%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B3.jpg/170px-%D0%90%D0%BD%D0%B4%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%BA_III_%D0%9F%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B3.jpg" data-width="170" data-height="417" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/90/%D0%90%D0%BD%D0%B4%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%BA_III_%D0%9F%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B3.jpg/255px-%D0%90%D0%BD%D0%B4%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%BA_III_%D0%9F%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B3.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/90/%D0%90%D0%BD%D0%B4%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%BA_III_%D0%9F%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B3.jpg/340px-%D0%90%D0%BD%D0%B4%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%BA_III_%D0%9F%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B3.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </span></a><figcaption>Ibn Battuta may have met <a href="/wiki/Andronikos_III_Palaiologos" title="Andronikos III Palaiologos">Andronikos III Palaiologos</a> in late 1332.</figcaption></figure> <p>After his third pilgrimage to Mecca, Ibn Battuta decided to seek employment with the <a href="/wiki/Delhi_Sultanate" title="Delhi Sultanate">Sultan of Delhi</a>, <a href="/wiki/Muhammad_bin_Tughluq" title="Muhammad bin Tughluq">Muhammad bin Tughluq</a>. In the autumn of 1330 (or 1332), he set off for the <a href="/wiki/Seljuk_Empire" title="Seljuk Empire">Seljuk</a> controlled territory of <a href="/wiki/Anatolia" title="Anatolia">Anatolia</a> to take an overland route to India.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDunn2005137–139_71-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDunn2005137%E2%80%93139-71"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He crossed the <a href="/wiki/Red_Sea" title="Red Sea">Red Sea</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Desert" title="Eastern Desert">Eastern Desert</a> to reach the <a href="/wiki/Nile_valley" class="mw-redirect" title="Nile valley">Nile valley</a> and then headed north to <a href="/wiki/Cairo" title="Cairo">Cairo</a>. From there he crossed the <a href="/wiki/Sinai_Peninsula" title="Sinai Peninsula">Sinai Peninsula</a> to <a href="/wiki/Palestine_(region)" title="Palestine (region)">Palestine</a> and then travelled north again through some of the towns that he had visited in 1326. From the Syrian port of <a href="/wiki/Latakia" title="Latakia">Latakia</a>, a <a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Genoa" title="Republic of Genoa">Genoese</a> ship took him (and his companions) to <a href="/wiki/Alanya" title="Alanya">Alanya</a> on the southern coast of modern-day Turkey.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGibb1962413–416_Vol._2_72-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGibb1962413%E2%80%93416_Vol._2-72"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>He then journeyed westwards along the coast to the port of <a href="/wiki/Antalya" title="Antalya">Antalya</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGibb1962417_Vol._2_73-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGibb1962417_Vol._2-73"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the town he met members of one of the semi-religious <i>fityan</i> associations.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGibb1962418–16_Vol._2_74-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGibb1962418%E2%80%9316_Vol._2-74"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability"><span title="This page range is nonsensical (March 2022)">verification needed</span></a></i>]</sup> These were a feature of most Anatolian towns in the 13th and 14th centuries. The members were young artisans and had at their head a leader with the title of <i>Akhil</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETaeschner1986_75-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETaeschner1986-75"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The associations specialised in welcoming travellers. Ibn Battuta was very impressed with the hospitality that he received and would later stay in their hospices in more than 25 towns in Anatolia.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDunn2005146_76-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDunn2005146-76"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>71<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> From Antalya Ibn Battuta headed inland to <a href="/wiki/E%C4%9Firdir" title="Eğirdir">Eğirdir</a> which was the capital of the <a href="/wiki/Hamidids" title="Hamidids">Hamidids</a>. He spent <a href="/wiki/Ramadan" title="Ramadan">Ramadan</a> (June 1331 or May 1333) in the city.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGibb1962422–423_Vol._2_77-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGibb1962422%E2%80%93423_Vol._2-77"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>72<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>From this point his itinerary across Anatolia in the <i>Rihla</i> becomes confused. Ibn Battuta describes travelling westwards from Eğirdir to <a href="/wiki/Milas" title="Milas">Milas</a> and then skipping 420 km (260 mi) eastward past Eğirdir to <a href="/wiki/Konya" title="Konya">Konya</a>. He then continues travelling in an easterly direction, reaching <a href="/wiki/Erzurum" title="Erzurum">Erzurum</a> from where he skips 1,160 km (720 mi) back to <a href="/wiki/Birgi" title="Birgi">Birgi</a> which lies north of Milas.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGibb1962424–428_Vol._2_78-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGibb1962424%E2%80%93428_Vol._2-78"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>73<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Historians believe that Ibn Battuta visited a number of towns in central Anatolia, but not in the order in which he describes.<sup id="cite_ref-divag_79-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-divag-79"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>74<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-82" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-82"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>f<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>When Ibn Battuta arrived in <a href="/wiki/%C4%B0znik" title="İznik">İznik</a>, it had just been conquered by <a href="/wiki/Orhan" title="Orhan">Orhan</a>, sultan of the <a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Beylik" class="mw-redirect" title="Ottoman Beylik">Ottoman Beylik</a>. Orhan was away and his wife was in command of the nearby stationed soldiers, Ibn Battuta gave this account of Orhan's wife: "A pious and excellent woman. She treated me honourably, gave me hospitality and sent gifts."<sup id="cite_ref-books.google.co.uk_83-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-books.google.co.uk-83"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>77<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Ibn Battuta's account of Orhan:<sup id="cite_ref-84" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-84"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>78<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>The greatest of the kings of the Turkmens and the richest in wealth, lands and military forces. Of fortresses, he possesses nearly a hundred, and for most of his time, he is continually engaged in making a round of them, staying in each fortress for some days to put it in good order and examine its condition. It is said that he has never stayed for a whole month in any one town. He also fights with the infidels continually and keeps them under siege.</p><div class="templatequotecite">— <cite>Ibn Battuta</cite></div></blockquote> <p>Ibn Battuta had also visited <a href="/wiki/Bursa" title="Bursa">Bursa</a> which at the time was the capital of the Ottoman Beylik, he described Bursa as "a great and important city with fine <a href="/wiki/Bazaar" title="Bazaar">bazaars</a> and wide streets, surrounded on all sides with gardens and running springs".<sup id="cite_ref-85" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-85"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>79<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>He also visited the <a href="/wiki/Beylik_of_Aydin" class="mw-redirect" title="Beylik of Aydin">Beylik of Aydin</a>. Ibn Battuta stated that the ruler of the Beylik of Aydin had twenty Greek slaves at the entrance of his palace and Ibn Battuta was given a Greek slave as a gift.<sup id="cite_ref-books.google.co.uk_83-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-books.google.co.uk-83"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>77<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> His visit to Anatolia was the first time in his travels he acquired a servant; the ruler of Aydin gifted him his first slave. Later, he purchased a young Greek girl for 40 <a href="/wiki/Dinars" class="mw-redirect" title="Dinars">dinars</a> in <a href="/wiki/Ephesus" title="Ephesus">Ephesus</a>, was gifted another slave in <a href="/wiki/%C4%B0zmir" title="İzmir">İzmir</a> by the Sultan, and purchased a second girl in <a href="/wiki/Balikesir" class="mw-redirect" title="Balikesir">Balikesir</a>. The conspicuous evidence of his wealth and prestige continued to grow.<sup id="cite_ref-86" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-86"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>80<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Central_Asia">Central Asia</h4><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Ibn_Battuta&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Central Asia" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>edit</span> </a> </span> </div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Bactrian_camel_in_Kazakhstan.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Bactrian_camel_in_Kazakhstan.jpg/170px-Bactrian_camel_in_Kazakhstan.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="222" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="3056" data-file-height="3992"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 170px;height: 222px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Bactrian_camel_in_Kazakhstan.jpg/170px-Bactrian_camel_in_Kazakhstan.jpg" data-width="170" data-height="222" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Bactrian_camel_in_Kazakhstan.jpg/255px-Bactrian_camel_in_Kazakhstan.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Bactrian_camel_in_Kazakhstan.jpg/340px-Bactrian_camel_in_Kazakhstan.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </span></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Bactrian_camel" title="Bactrian camel">Bactrian camel</a> (one of the symbols of <a href="/wiki/Silk_Road" title="Silk Road">Silk Road</a> caravans) in front of <a href="/wiki/Mausoleum_of_Khoja_Ahmed_Yasawi" title="Mausoleum of Khoja Ahmed Yasawi">Mausoleum of Khoja Ahmed Yasawi</a> in the city of <a href="/wiki/Turkistan_(city)" title="Turkistan (city)">Turkestan</a>, Kazakhstan</figcaption></figure> <p>From <a href="/wiki/Sinop,_Turkey" title="Sinop, Turkey">Sinope</a>, he took a sea route to the <a href="/wiki/Crimean_Peninsula" class="mw-redirect" title="Crimean Peninsula">Crimean Peninsula</a>, arriving in the <a href="/wiki/Golden_Horde" title="Golden Horde">Golden Horde</a> realm. He went to the port town of <a href="/wiki/Azov" title="Azov">Azov</a>, where he met with the emir of the Khan, then to the large and rich city of <a href="/wiki/Majar_(Golden_Horde)" title="Majar (Golden Horde)">Majar</a>. He left Majar to meet with <a href="/wiki/Uzbeg_Khan" class="mw-redirect" title="Uzbeg Khan">Uzbeg Khan</a>'s travelling court (<a href="/wiki/Ordo_(palace)" class="mw-redirect" title="Ordo (palace)"><i>Orda</i></a>), which was at the time near <a href="/wiki/Mount_Beshtau" class="mw-redirect" title="Mount Beshtau">Mount Beshtau</a>. From there he made a journey to <a href="/wiki/Bolghar" title="Bolghar">Bolghar</a>, which became the northernmost point he reached, and noted its unusually short nights in summer (by the standards of the subtropics). Then he returned to the Khan's court and with it moved to <a href="/wiki/Astrakhan" title="Astrakhan">Astrakhan</a>.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (December 2017)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>Ibn Battuta recorded that while in Bolghar he wanted to travel further north into the land of darkness. The land is snow-covered throughout (<a href="/wiki/Northern_Siberia" class="mw-redirect" title="Northern Siberia">northern Siberia</a>) and the only means of transport is dog-drawn sled. There lived a mysterious people who were reluctant to show themselves. They traded with southern people in a peculiar way. Southern merchants brought various goods and placed them in an open area on the snow in the night, then returned to their tents. Next morning they came to the place again and found their merchandise taken by the mysterious people, but in exchange they found fur-skins which could be used for making valuable coats, jackets, and other winter garments. The trade was done between merchants and the mysterious people without seeing each other. As Ibn Battuta was not a merchant and saw no benefit of going there he abandoned the travel to this land of darkness.<sup id="cite_ref-87" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-87"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>81<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Golden_Horde_flag_1339.svg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f7/Golden_Horde_flag_1339.svg/170px-Golden_Horde_flag_1339.svg.png" decoding="async" width="170" height="113" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="200"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 170px;height: 113px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f7/Golden_Horde_flag_1339.svg/170px-Golden_Horde_flag_1339.svg.png" data-width="170" data-height="113" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f7/Golden_Horde_flag_1339.svg/255px-Golden_Horde_flag_1339.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f7/Golden_Horde_flag_1339.svg/340px-Golden_Horde_flag_1339.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </span></a><figcaption>Flag of the <a href="/wiki/Golden_Horde" title="Golden Horde">Golden Horde</a> during the reign of <a href="/wiki/%C3%96z_Beg_Khan" class="mw-redirect" title="Öz Beg Khan">Öz Beg Khan</a></figcaption></figure> <p>When they reached Astrakhan, <a href="/wiki/%C3%96z_Beg_Khan" class="mw-redirect" title="Öz Beg Khan">Öz Beg Khan</a> had just given permission for one of his pregnant wives, Princess Bayalun, a daughter of <a href="/wiki/Byzantine_emperor" class="mw-redirect" title="Byzantine emperor">Byzantine emperor</a> <a href="/wiki/Andronikos_III_Palaiologos" title="Andronikos III Palaiologos">Andronikos III Palaiologos</a>, to return to her home city of <a href="/wiki/Constantinople" title="Constantinople">Constantinople</a> to give birth. Ibn Battuta talked his way into this expedition, which would be his first beyond the boundaries of the Islamic world.<sup id="cite_ref-88" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-88"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>82<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Arriving in Constantinople towards the end of 1332 (or 1334), he met the <a href="/wiki/Byzantine" class="mw-redirect" title="Byzantine">Byzantine</a> emperor Andronikos III Palaiologos. He visited the great church of <a href="/wiki/Hagia_Sophia" title="Hagia Sophia">Hagia Sophia</a> and spoke with an <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Orthodox_Church" title="Eastern Orthodox Church">Eastern Orthodox</a> priest about his travels in the city of Jerusalem. After a month in the city, Ibn Battuta returned to Astrakhan, then arrived in the capital city <a href="/wiki/Sarai_al-Jadid" class="mw-redirect" title="Sarai al-Jadid">Sarai al-Jadid</a> and reported the accounts of his travels to Sultan <a href="/wiki/%C3%96z_Beg_Khan" class="mw-redirect" title="Öz Beg Khan">Öz Beg Khan</a> (r. 1313–1341). Then he continued past the <a href="/wiki/Caspian_Sea" title="Caspian Sea">Caspian</a> and <a href="/wiki/Aral_Sea" title="Aral Sea">Aral Seas</a> to <a href="/wiki/Bukhara" title="Bukhara">Bukhara</a> and <a href="/wiki/Samarkand" title="Samarkand">Samarkand</a>, the latter of which he praised as "one of the grandest and finest cities, and the most perfect of them". Here he visited the court of another Mongol khan, <a href="/wiki/Tarmashirin" title="Tarmashirin">Tarmashirin</a> (r. 1331–1334) of the <a href="/wiki/Chagatai_Khanate" title="Chagatai Khanate">Chagatai Khanate</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-hajjguide_89-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-hajjguide-89"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>83<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He also noted the ruined state of the city walls, a result of the <a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Samarkand_(1220)" title="Siege of Samarkand (1220)">Mongol invasion in 1220</a> and subsequent infighting.<sup id="cite_ref-90" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-90"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>84<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> From there, he journeyed south to <a href="/wiki/Afghanistan" title="Afghanistan">Afghanistan</a>, then crossed into India via the mountain passes of the <a href="/wiki/Hindu_Kush" title="Hindu Kush">Hindu Kush</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-91" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-91"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>85<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the <i>Rihla</i>, he mentions these mountains and the history of the range in slave trading.<sup id="cite_ref-92" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-92"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>86<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-sl2009_93-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-sl2009-93"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>87<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He wrote, </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>After this I proceeded to the city of Barwan, in the road to which is a high mountain, covered with snow and exceedingly cold; they call it the Hindu Kush, that is Hindu-slayer, because most of the slaves brought thither from India die on account of the intenseness of the cold.</p><div class="templatequotecite">— <cite>Ibn Battuta, Chapter XIII, Rihla – Khorasan<sup id="cite_ref-sl2009_93-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-sl2009-93"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>87<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELee1829191_94-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELee1829191-94"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>88<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></cite></div></blockquote> <p>Ibn Battuta and his party reached the <a href="/wiki/Indus_River" title="Indus River">Indus River</a> on 12 September 1333.<sup id="cite_ref-95" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-95"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>89<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> From there, he made his way to Delhi and became acquainted with the sultan, <a href="/wiki/Muhammad_bin_Tughluq" title="Muhammad bin Tughluq">Muhammad bin Tughluq</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Indian_subcontinent">Indian subcontinent</h4><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Ibn_Battuta&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Indian subcontinent" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>edit</span> </a> </span> </div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Feroze_Sha%27s_tomb_with_adjoining_Madrasa.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Feroze_Sha%27s_tomb_with_adjoining_Madrasa.JPG/220px-Feroze_Sha%27s_tomb_with_adjoining_Madrasa.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="146" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="3089" data-file-height="2048"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 146px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Feroze_Sha%27s_tomb_with_adjoining_Madrasa.JPG/220px-Feroze_Sha%27s_tomb_with_adjoining_Madrasa.JPG" data-width="220" data-height="146" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Feroze_Sha%27s_tomb_with_adjoining_Madrasa.JPG/330px-Feroze_Sha%27s_tomb_with_adjoining_Madrasa.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Feroze_Sha%27s_tomb_with_adjoining_Madrasa.JPG/440px-Feroze_Sha%27s_tomb_with_adjoining_Madrasa.JPG 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </span></a><figcaption>Tomb of Feroze Shah Tughluq, successor of <a href="/wiki/Muhammad_bin_Tughluq" title="Muhammad bin Tughluq">Muhammad bin Tughluq</a> in Delhi. Ibn Battuta served as a <i><a href="/wiki/Qadi" title="Qadi">qadi</a></i> or judge for six years during Muhammad bin Tughluq's reign.</figcaption></figure> <p><a href="/wiki/Muhammad_bin_Tughluq" title="Muhammad bin Tughluq">Muhammad bin Tughluq</a> was renowned as the wealthiest man in the Muslim world at that time. He patronised various scholars, Sufis, <a href="/wiki/Qadi" title="Qadi">qadis</a>, <a href="/wiki/Vizier" title="Vizier">viziers</a>, and other functionaries in order to consolidate his rule. On the strength of his years of study in Mecca, Ibn Battuta was appointed a <i>qadi</i> (judge) by the sultan.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAiya1906328_96-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAiya1906328-96"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>90<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, he found it difficult to enforce <a href="/wiki/Islamic_law" class="mw-redirect" title="Islamic law">Islamic law</a> beyond the sultan's court in <a href="/wiki/Delhi" title="Delhi">Delhi</a>, due to lack of Islamic appeal in India.<sup id="cite_ref-97" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-97"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>91<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Darbar_Hazrat_Baba_Farid_ud_Deen_Ganj_Shakar_Rahmatullah_Alaih_-_panoramio.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Darbar_Hazrat_Baba_Farid_ud_Deen_Ganj_Shakar_Rahmatullah_Alaih_-_panoramio.jpg/220px-Darbar_Hazrat_Baba_Farid_ud_Deen_Ganj_Shakar_Rahmatullah_Alaih_-_panoramio.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="170" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="2205" data-file-height="1703"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 170px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Darbar_Hazrat_Baba_Farid_ud_Deen_Ganj_Shakar_Rahmatullah_Alaih_-_panoramio.jpg/220px-Darbar_Hazrat_Baba_Farid_ud_Deen_Ganj_Shakar_Rahmatullah_Alaih_-_panoramio.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="170" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Darbar_Hazrat_Baba_Farid_ud_Deen_Ganj_Shakar_Rahmatullah_Alaih_-_panoramio.jpg/330px-Darbar_Hazrat_Baba_Farid_ud_Deen_Ganj_Shakar_Rahmatullah_Alaih_-_panoramio.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Darbar_Hazrat_Baba_Farid_ud_Deen_Ganj_Shakar_Rahmatullah_Alaih_-_panoramio.jpg/440px-Darbar_Hazrat_Baba_Farid_ud_Deen_Ganj_Shakar_Rahmatullah_Alaih_-_panoramio.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </span></a><figcaption>Ibn Battuta in 1334 visited the <a href="/wiki/Shrine_of_Baba_Farid" title="Shrine of Baba Farid">shrine of Baba Farid</a> in <a href="/wiki/Pakpattan" title="Pakpattan">Pakpattan</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_98-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-98"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>92<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></figcaption></figure> <p>It is uncertain by which route Ibn Battuta entered the <a href="/wiki/Indian_subcontinent" title="Indian subcontinent">Indian subcontinent</a> but it is known that he was kidnapped and robbed by rebels on his journey to the Indian coast. He may have entered via the <a href="/wiki/Khyber_Pass" title="Khyber Pass">Khyber Pass</a> and <a href="/wiki/Peshawar" title="Peshawar">Peshawar</a>, or further south.<sup id="cite_ref-99" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-99"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>93<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He crossed the <a href="/wiki/Sutlej_river" class="mw-redirect" title="Sutlej river">Sutlej river</a> near the city of <a href="/wiki/Pakpattan" title="Pakpattan">Pakpattan</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-100" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-100"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>94<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> in modern-day Pakistan, where he paid obeisance at the <a href="/wiki/Shrine_of_Baba_Farid" title="Shrine of Baba Farid">shrine of Baba Farid</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-:0_98-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-98"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>92<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> before crossing southwest into Rajput country. From the <a href="/wiki/Rajput" title="Rajput">Rajput</a> kingdom of Sarsatti, Battuta visited <a href="/wiki/Hansi" title="Hansi">Hansi</a> in India, describing it as "among the most beautiful cities, the best constructed and the most populated; it is surrounded with a strong wall, and its founder is said to be one of the great non-Muslim kings, called Tara".<sup id="cite_ref-101" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-101"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>95<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Upon his arrival in <a href="/wiki/Sindh" title="Sindh">Sindh</a>, Ibn Battuta mentions the <a href="/wiki/Indian_rhinoceros" title="Indian rhinoceros">Indian rhinoceros</a> that lived on the banks of the <a href="/wiki/Indus" class="mw-redirect" title="Indus">Indus</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-102" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-102"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>96<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Sultan was erratic even by the standards of the time and for six years Ibn Battuta veered between living the high life of a trusted subordinate and falling under suspicion of <a href="/wiki/Treason" title="Treason">treason</a> for a variety of offences. His plan to leave on the pretext of taking another <i>hajj</i> was stymied by the Sultan. The opportunity for Battuta to leave Delhi finally arose in 1341 when an embassy arrived from the <a href="/wiki/Yuan_dynasty" title="Yuan dynasty">Yuan dynasty</a> of China asking for permission to rebuild a <a href="/wiki/Himalaya" class="mw-redirect" title="Himalaya">Himalayan</a> <a href="/wiki/Buddhist_temple" title="Buddhist temple">Buddhist temple</a> popular with Chinese pilgrims.<sup id="cite_ref-106" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-106"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>g<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-berkeley_107-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-berkeley-107"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>100<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Ibn Battuta was given charge of the embassy but en route to the coast at the start of the journey to China, he and his large retinue were attacked by a group of <a href="/wiki/Thuggee" title="Thuggee">bandits</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-108" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-108"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>101<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Separated from his companions, he was robbed, kidnapped, and nearly lost his life.<sup id="cite_ref-109" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-109"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>102<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Despite this setback, within ten days he had caught up with his group and continued on to <a href="/wiki/Khambhat" title="Khambhat">Khambhat</a> in the Indian state of <a href="/wiki/Gujarat" title="Gujarat">Gujarat</a>. From there, they sailed to <a href="/wiki/Calicut" class="mw-redirect" title="Calicut">Calicut</a> (now known as Kozhikode), where Portuguese explorer <a href="/wiki/Vasco_da_Gama" title="Vasco da Gama">Vasco da Gama</a> would land two centuries later. While in Calicut, Battuta was the guest of the ruling <a href="/wiki/Zamorin" title="Zamorin">Zamorin</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAiya1906328_96-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAiya1906328-96"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>90<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> While Ibn Battuta visited a mosque on shore, a storm arose and one of the ships of his expedition sank.<sup id="cite_ref-110" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-110"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>103<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The other ship then sailed without him only to be seized by a local <a href="/wiki/Sumatra" title="Sumatra">Sumatran</a> king a few months later. </p><p>Afraid to return to Delhi and be seen as a failure, he stayed for a time in southern India under the protection of Jamal-ud-Din, ruler of the small but powerful <a href="/wiki/Nawayath_Sultanate" title="Nawayath Sultanate">Nawayath Sultanate</a> on the banks of the <a href="/wiki/Sharavathi" class="mw-redirect" title="Sharavathi">Sharavathi</a> river next to the <a href="/wiki/Arabian_Sea" title="Arabian Sea">Arabian Sea</a>. This area is today known as Hosapattana and lies in the <a href="/wiki/Honnavar_Taluk" class="mw-redirect" title="Honnavar Taluk">Honnavar Taluk</a> of <a href="/wiki/Uttara_Kannada" title="Uttara Kannada">Uttara Kannada</a>. Following the overthrow of the sultanate, Ibn Battuta had no choice but to leave India. Although determined to continue his journey to China, he first took a detour to visit the <a href="/wiki/Maldive_Islands" class="mw-redirect" title="Maldive Islands">Maldive Islands</a> where he worked as a judge.<sup id="cite_ref-111" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-111"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>104<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template noprint noexcerpt Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:NOTRS" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:NOTRS"><span title="This is a book review. Can't we cite the book instead? (March 2022)">better source needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>He spent nine months on the islands, much longer than he had intended. When he arrived at the capital, <a href="/wiki/Mal%C3%A9" title="Malé">Malé</a>, Ibn Battuta did not plan to stay. However, the leaders of the formerly <a href="/wiki/Buddhist" class="mw-redirect" title="Buddhist">Buddhist</a> nation that had recently <a href="/wiki/Islam_in_the_Maldives" class="mw-redirect" title="Islam in the Maldives">converted to Islam</a> were looking for a chief judge, someone who knew Arabic and the Qur'an. To convince him to stay they gave him pearls, gold jewellery, and slaves, while at the same time making it impossible for him to leave by ship. Compelled into staying, he became a chief judge and married into the royal family of <a href="/wiki/Omar_I_of_the_Maldives" title="Omar I of the Maldives">Omar I</a>. </p><p>Ibn Battuta took on his duties as a judge with keenness and strived to transform local practices to conform to a stricter application of Muslim law. He commanded that men who did not attend Friday prayer be publicly whipped, and that robbers' right hand be cut off. He forbade women from being topless in public, which had previously been the custom.<sup id="cite_ref-112" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-112"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>105<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, these and other strict judgements began to antagonise the island nation's rulers, and involved him in power struggles and political intrigues. Ibn Battuta resigned from his job as chief <a href="/wiki/Qadi" title="Qadi">qadi</a>, although in all likelihood it was inevitable that he would have been dismissed. </p><p>Throughout his travels, Ibn Battuta kept close company with women, usually taking a wife whenever he stopped for any length of time at one place, and then divorcing her when he moved on. While in the Maldives, Ibn Battuta took four wives. In his <i>Travels</i> he wrote that in the Maldives the effect of small <a href="/wiki/Dowries" class="mw-redirect" title="Dowries">dowries</a> and female non-mobility combined to, in effect, make a marriage a convenient temporary arrangement for visiting male travellers and sailors. </p><p>From the Maldives, he carried on to <a href="/wiki/Sri_Lanka" title="Sri Lanka">Sri Lanka</a> and visited <a href="/wiki/Sri_Pada" class="mw-redirect" title="Sri Pada">Sri Pada</a> and <a href="/wiki/Tenavaram_temple" title="Tenavaram temple">Tenavaram temple</a>. Ibn Battuta's ship almost sank on embarking from Sri Lanka, only for the vessel that came to his rescue to suffer an attack by pirates. Stranded onshore, he worked his way back to the <a href="/wiki/Madurai" title="Madurai">Madurai</a> kingdom in India. Here he spent some time in the court of the short-lived <a href="/wiki/Madurai_Sultanate" title="Madurai Sultanate">Madurai Sultanate</a> under Ghiyas-ud-Din Muhammad Damghani,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDunn2005245_113-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDunn2005245-113"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>106<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> from where he returned to the Maldives and boarded a Chinese <a href="/wiki/Junk_(ship)" title="Junk (ship)">junk</a>, still intending to reach China and take up his ambassadorial post. </p><p>He reached the port of <a href="/wiki/Chittagong" title="Chittagong">Chittagong</a> in modern-day <a href="/wiki/Bangladesh" title="Bangladesh">Bangladesh</a> intending to travel to <a href="/wiki/Sylhet" title="Sylhet">Sylhet</a> to meet <a href="/wiki/Shah_Jalal" title="Shah Jalal">Shah Jalal</a>, who became so renowned that Ibn Battuta, then in Chittagong, made a one-month journey through the mountains of <a href="/wiki/Kamarupa" title="Kamarupa">Kamaru</a> near Sylhet to meet him. On his way to Sylhet, Ibn Battuta was greeted by several of Shah Jalal's disciples who had come to assist him on his journey many days before he had arrived. At the meeting in 1345 CE, Ibn Battuta noted that Shah Jalal was tall and lean, fair in complexion and lived by the mosque in a cave, where his only item of value was a goat he kept for milk, butter, and yogurt. He observed that the companions of the Shah Jalal were foreign and known for their strength and bravery. He also mentions that many people would visit the Shah to seek guidance. Ibn Battuta went further north into <a href="/wiki/Assam" title="Assam">Assam</a>, then turned around and continued with his original plan.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (December 2017)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Southeast_Asia">Southeast Asia</h4><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Ibn_Battuta&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Southeast Asia" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>edit</span> </a> </span> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Golden_Chersonese" title="Golden Chersonese">Golden Chersonese</a></div> <p>In 1345, Ibn Battuta travelled to <a href="/wiki/Samudra_Pasai" class="mw-redirect" title="Samudra Pasai">Samudra Pasai</a> Sultanate (called "al-Jawa") in present-day <a href="/wiki/Aceh" title="Aceh">Aceh</a>, Northern <a href="/wiki/Sumatra" title="Sumatra">Sumatra</a>, after 40 days voyage from Sunur Kawan.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEYule191691–92_114-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEYule191691%E2%80%9392-114"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>107<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGibbBeckingham1994873–874_Vol._4_115-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGibbBeckingham1994873%E2%80%93874_Vol._4-115"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>108<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He notes in his travel log that the ruler of Samudra Pasai was a pious Muslim named Sultan Al-Malik Al-Zahir Jamal-ad-Din, who performed his religious duties with utmost zeal and often waged campaigns against animists in the region. The island of <a href="/wiki/Sumatra" title="Sumatra">Sumatra</a>, according to Ibn Battuta, was rich in <a href="/wiki/Camphor" title="Camphor">camphor</a>, <a href="/wiki/Areca_nut" title="Areca nut">areca nut</a>, <a href="/wiki/Clove" title="Clove">cloves</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Tin" title="Tin">tin</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Berkeley_116-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Berkeley-116"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>109<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <i><a href="/wiki/Madh%27hab" class="mw-redirect" title="Madh'hab">madh'hab</a></i> he observed was Imam <a href="/wiki/Al-Shafi%E2%80%98i" class="mw-redirect" title="Al-Shafi‘i">Al-Shafi‘i</a>, whose customs were similar to those he had previously seen in <a href="/wiki/Coastal_India" title="Coastal India">coastal India</a>, especially among the <a href="/wiki/Mappila" class="mw-redirect" title="Mappila">Mappila</a> Muslims, who were also followers of Imam Al-Shafi‘i. At that time Samudra Pasai marked the end of <a href="/wiki/Divisions_of_the_world_in_Islam#Dar_al-Islam" title="Divisions of the world in Islam">Dar al-Islam</a>, because no territory east of this was ruled by a Muslim. Here he stayed for about two weeks in the wooden walled town as a guest of the sultan, and then the sultan provided him with supplies and sent him on his way on one of his own <a href="/wiki/Junks" class="mw-redirect" title="Junks">junks</a> to China.<sup id="cite_ref-Berkeley_116-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Berkeley-116"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>109<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Ibn Battuta first sailed for 21 days to a place called "Mul Jawa" (island of Java or <a href="/wiki/Majapahit" title="Majapahit">Majapahit</a> Java) which was a center of <a href="/wiki/Mandala_(political_model)" title="Mandala (political model)">a Hindu empire</a>. The empire spanned 2 months of travel, and ruled over the country of Qaqula and Qamara. He arrived at the walled city named Qaqula/Kakula, and observed that the city had war junks for pirate raiding and collecting tolls and that elephants were employed for various purposes. He met the ruler of Mul Jawa and stayed as a guest for three days.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEYule191696–97_117-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEYule191696%E2%80%9397-117"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>110<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGibbBeckingham1994880–883_Vol._4_118-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGibbBeckingham1994880%E2%80%93883_Vol._4-118"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>111<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWaines201061_119-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWaines201061-119"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>112<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Ibn Battuta then sailed to a state called Kaylukari in the land of <a href="/wiki/Tawalisi" title="Tawalisi">Tawalisi</a>, where he met <a href="/wiki/Urduja" title="Urduja">Urduja</a>, a local princess. Urduja was a brave warrior, and her people were opponents of the <a href="/wiki/Yuan_dynasty" title="Yuan dynasty">Yuan dynasty</a>. She was described as an "idolater", but could write the phrase <a href="/wiki/Bismillah" class="mw-redirect" title="Bismillah">Bismillah</a> in <a href="/wiki/Islamic_calligraphy" title="Islamic calligraphy">Islamic calligraphy</a>. The locations of Kaylukari and Tawalisi are disputed. Kaylukari might referred to <a href="/wiki/Po_Klong_Garai" title="Po Klong Garai">Po Klong Garai</a> in <a href="/wiki/Champa" title="Champa">Champa</a> (now southern Vietnam), and Urduja might be an aristocrat of <a href="/wiki/Champa" title="Champa">Champa</a> or <a href="/wiki/Dai_Viet" class="mw-redirect" title="Dai Viet">Dai Viet</a>. Filipinos widely believe that Kaylukari was in present-day <a href="/wiki/Pangasinan_Province" class="mw-redirect" title="Pangasinan Province">Pangasinan Province</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Philippines" title="Philippines">Philippines</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-120" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-120"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>113<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Their opposition to the Mongols might indicate 2 possible locations: Japan and Java (Majapahit).<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGibbBeckingham1994884–885_Vol._4_121-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGibbBeckingham1994884%E2%80%93885_Vol._4-121"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>114<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In modern times, Urduja has been featured in Filipino textbooks and films as a national heroine. Numerous other locations have been proposed, ranging from <a href="/wiki/Java" title="Java">Java</a> to somewhere in <a href="/wiki/Guangdong_Province" class="mw-redirect" title="Guangdong Province">Guangdong Province</a>, China. However, Sir <a href="/wiki/Henry_Yule" title="Henry Yule">Henry Yule</a> and <a href="/wiki/William_Henry_Scott_(historian)" title="William Henry Scott (historian)">William Henry Scott</a> consider both Tawalisi and Urduja to be entirely fictitious. (See <a href="/wiki/Tawalisi" title="Tawalisi">Tawalisi</a> for details.) From Kaylukari, Ibn Battuta finally reached <a href="/wiki/Quanzhou" title="Quanzhou">Quanzhou</a> in <a href="/wiki/Fujian" title="Fujian">Fujian</a> Province, China. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="China">China</h4><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Ibn_Battuta&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: China" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>edit</span> </a> </span> </div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:The_Great_Wall_of_China_at_Jinshanling.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/The_Great_Wall_of_China_at_Jinshanling.jpg/220px-The_Great_Wall_of_China_at_Jinshanling.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="146" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="4288" data-file-height="2848"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 146px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/The_Great_Wall_of_China_at_Jinshanling.jpg/220px-The_Great_Wall_of_China_at_Jinshanling.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="146" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/The_Great_Wall_of_China_at_Jinshanling.jpg/330px-The_Great_Wall_of_China_at_Jinshanling.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/The_Great_Wall_of_China_at_Jinshanling.jpg/440px-The_Great_Wall_of_China_at_Jinshanling.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </span></a><figcaption>Ibn Battuta provides the earliest mention of the <a href="/wiki/Great_Wall_of_China" title="Great Wall of China">Great Wall of China</a> with regard to medieval geographic studies, although he did not see it.</figcaption></figure> <p>In the year 1345, Ibn Battuta arrived at <a href="/wiki/Quanzhou" title="Quanzhou">Quanzhou</a> in China's <a href="/wiki/Fujian" title="Fujian">Fujian</a> province, then under the rule of the Mongol-led <a href="/wiki/Yuan_dynasty" title="Yuan dynasty">Yuan dynasty</a>. One of the first things he noted was that Muslims referred to the city as "Zaitun" (meaning <a href="/wiki/Olive" title="Olive">olive</a>), but Ibn Battuta could not find any olives anywhere. He mentioned local artists and their mastery in making portraits of newly arrived foreigners; these were for security purposes. Ibn Battuta praised the craftsmen and their <a href="/wiki/Silk" title="Silk">silk</a> and <a href="/wiki/Porcelain" title="Porcelain">porcelain</a>, as well as fruits such as <a href="/wiki/Plums" class="mw-redirect" title="Plums">plums</a> and <a href="/wiki/Watermelons" class="mw-redirect" title="Watermelons">watermelons</a> and the advantages of paper money.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDunn2005258_122-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDunn2005258-122"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>115<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>He described the manufacturing process of large ships in the city of <a href="/wiki/Quanzhou" title="Quanzhou">Quanzhou</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-123" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-123"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>116<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He also mentioned Chinese cuisine and its use of animals such as frogs, pigs, and even dogs, which were sold in the markets, and noted that the chickens in China were larger than those in the west. Scholars however have pointed out numerous errors given in Ibn Battuta's account of China, for example confusing the <a href="/wiki/Yellow_River" title="Yellow River">Yellow River</a> with the <a href="/wiki/Grand_Canal_(China)" title="Grand Canal (China)">Grand Canal</a> and other waterways, as well as believing that porcelain was made from coal.<sup id="cite_ref-124" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-124"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>117<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In Quanzhou, Ibn Battuta was welcomed by the head of the local Muslim merchants (possibly a fānzhǎng or "Leader of Foreigners" <a href="/wiki/Simplified_Chinese_characters" title="Simplified Chinese characters">simplified Chinese</a>: <span lang="zh-Hans">番长</span>; <a href="/wiki/Traditional_Chinese_characters" title="Traditional Chinese characters">traditional Chinese</a>: <span lang="zh-Hant">番長</span>; <a href="/wiki/Pinyin" title="Pinyin">pinyin</a>: <i><span lang="zh-Latn">fānzhǎng</span></i>) and Sheikh al-Islam (<a href="/wiki/Imam" title="Imam">Imam</a>), who came to meet him with <a href="/wiki/Flag" title="Flag">flags</a>, <a href="/wiki/Drum" title="Drum">drums</a>, <a href="/wiki/Trumpet" title="Trumpet">trumpets</a>, and musicians.<sup id="cite_ref-125" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-125"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>118<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Ibn Battuta noted that the Muslim populace lived within a separate portion in the city where they had their own mosques, bazaars, and hospitals. In Quanzhou, he met two prominent Iranians, Burhan al-Din of <a href="/wiki/Kazerun" title="Kazerun">Kazerun</a> and Sharif al-Din from <a href="/wiki/Tabriz" title="Tabriz">Tabriz</a><sup id="cite_ref-google_126-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-google-126"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>119<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> (both of whom were influential figures noted in the <i><a href="/wiki/History_of_Yuan" title="History of Yuan">Yuan History</a></i> as "A-mi-li-ding" and "Sai-fu-ding", respectively).<sup id="cite_ref-google2_127-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-google2-127"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>120<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> While in Quanzhou he ascended the "<a href="/wiki/Mount_Qingyuan" title="Mount Qingyuan">Mount of the Hermit</a>" and briefly visited a well-known <a href="/wiki/Taoist" class="mw-redirect" title="Taoist">Taoist</a> monk in a cave. </p><p>He then travelled south along the Chinese coast to <a href="/wiki/Guangzhou" title="Guangzhou">Guangzhou</a>, where he lodged for two weeks with one of the city's wealthy merchants.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDunn2005259_128-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDunn2005259-128"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>121<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>From Guangzhou he went north to Quanzhou and then proceeded to the city of <a href="/wiki/Fuzhou" title="Fuzhou">Fuzhou</a>, where he took up residence with Zahir al-Din and met Kawam al-Din and a fellow countryman named Al-Bushri of <a href="/wiki/Ceuta" title="Ceuta">Ceuta</a>, who had become a wealthy merchant in China. Al-Bushri accompanied Ibn Battuta northwards to <a href="/wiki/Hangzhou" title="Hangzhou">Hangzhou</a> and paid for the gifts that Ibn Battuta would present to the <a href="/wiki/Emperor_Huizong_of_Yuan" class="mw-redirect" title="Emperor Huizong of Yuan">Emperor Huizong of Yuan</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-google4_129-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-google4-129"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>122<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Ibn Battuta said that <a href="/wiki/Hangzhou" title="Hangzhou">Hangzhou</a> was one of the largest cities he had ever seen,<sup id="cite_ref-130" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-130"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>123<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and he noted its charm, describing that the city sat on a <a href="/wiki/West_Lake" title="West Lake">beautiful lake</a> surrounded by gentle green hills.<sup id="cite_ref-131" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-131"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>124<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He mentions the city's Muslim quarter and resided as a guest with a family of Egyptian origin.<sup id="cite_ref-google4_129-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-google4-129"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>122<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> During his stay at Hangzhou he was particularly impressed by the large number of well-crafted and well-painted Chinese wooden ships, with coloured sails and silk awnings, assembling in the canals. Later he attended a banquet of the Yuan administrator of the city named Qurtai, who according to Ibn Battuta, was very fond of the skills of local Chinese <a href="/wiki/Evocation" title="Evocation">conjurers</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGibbBeckingham1994904,_907_132-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGibbBeckingham1994904,_907-132"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>125<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Ibn Battuta also mentions locals who worshipped a <a href="/wiki/Solar_deity" title="Solar deity">solar deity</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-google5_133-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-google5-133"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>126<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>He described floating through the <a href="/wiki/Grand_Canal_(China)" title="Grand Canal (China)">Grand Canal</a> on a boat watching crop fields, orchids, merchants in black silk, and women in flowered silk and priests also in silk.<sup id="cite_ref-google6_134-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-google6-134"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>127<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In <a href="/wiki/Beijing" title="Beijing">Beijing</a>, Ibn Battuta referred to himself as the long-lost ambassador from the <a href="/wiki/Delhi_Sultanate" title="Delhi Sultanate">Delhi Sultanate</a> and was invited to the Yuan imperial court of Emperor Huizong (who according to Ibn Battuta was worshipped by some people in China). Ibn Batutta noted that the palace of <a href="/wiki/Khanbaliq" title="Khanbaliq">Khanbaliq</a> was made of wood and that the ruler's "head wife" (<a href="/wiki/Empress_Gi" title="Empress Gi">Empress Qi</a>) held processions in her honour.<sup id="cite_ref-google7_135-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-google7-135"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>128<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDunn2005260_136-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDunn2005260-136"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>129<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Ibn Battuta also wrote he had heard of "the rampart of <a href="/wiki/Yajuj_and_Majuj" class="mw-redirect" title="Yajuj and Majuj">Yajuj and Majuj</a>" that was "sixty days' travel" from the city of Zeitun (Quanzhou);<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGibbBeckingham1994896_137-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGibbBeckingham1994896-137"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>130<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Hamilton_Alexander_Rosskeen_Gibb" class="mw-redirect" title="Hamilton Alexander Rosskeen Gibb">Hamilton Alexander Rosskeen Gibb</a> notes that Ibn Battuta believed that the <a href="/wiki/Great_Wall_of_China" title="Great Wall of China">Great Wall of China</a> was built by <a href="/wiki/Dhul-Qarnayn" class="mw-redirect" title="Dhul-Qarnayn">Dhul-Qarnayn</a> to contain Gog and Magog as mentioned in the <a href="/wiki/Quran" title="Quran">Quran</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGibbBeckingham1994896_137-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGibbBeckingham1994896-137"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>130<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, Ibn Battuta, who asked about the wall in China, could find no one who had either seen it or knew of anyone who had seen it.<sup id="cite_ref-138" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-138"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>131<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Ibn Battuta travelled from <a href="/wiki/Beijing" title="Beijing">Beijing</a> to Hangzhou, and then proceeded to <a href="/wiki/Fuzhou" title="Fuzhou">Fuzhou</a>. Upon his return to Quanzhou, he soon boarded a Chinese junk owned by the <a href="/wiki/Sultan" title="Sultan">Sultan</a> of <a href="/wiki/Samudera_Pasai_Sultanate" title="Samudera Pasai Sultanate">Samudera Pasai Sultanate</a> heading for Southeast Asia, whereupon Ibn Battuta was unfairly charged a hefty sum by the crew and lost much of what he had collected during his stay in China.<sup id="cite_ref-139" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-139"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>132<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Battuta claimed that the Emperor Huizong of Yuan had interred with him in his grave six slave soldiers and four girl slaves.<sup id="cite_ref-BonnettHolder2009_140-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-BonnettHolder2009-140"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>133<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Silver, gold, weapons, and carpets were put into the grave.<sup id="cite_ref-Harvey2007_141-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Harvey2007-141"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>134<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(4)"><span class="indicator mf-icon mf-icon-expand mf-icon--small"></span><h2 id="Return">Return</h2><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Ibn_Battuta&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Return" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>edit</span> </a> </span> </div><section class="mf-section-4 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-4"> <p>After returning to Quanzhou in 1346, Ibn Battuta began his journey back to Morocco.<sup id="cite_ref-142" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-142"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>135<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In <a href="/wiki/Kozhikode" title="Kozhikode">Kozhikode</a>, he once again considered throwing himself at the mercy of Muhammad bin Tughluq in Delhi, but thought better of it and decided to carry on to Mecca. On his way to <a href="/wiki/Basra" title="Basra">Basra</a> he passed through the <a href="/wiki/Strait_of_Hormuz" title="Strait of Hormuz">Strait of Hormuz</a>, where he learned that <a href="/wiki/Abu_Sa%27id_Bahadur_Khan" title="Abu Sa'id Bahadur Khan">Abu Sa'id</a>, last ruler of the <a href="/wiki/Ilkhanate" title="Ilkhanate">Ilkhanate Dynasty</a>, had died in Iran. Abu Sa'id's territories had subsequently collapsed due to a fierce civil war between the Iranians and Mongols.<sup id="cite_ref-143" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-143"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>136<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1348, Ibn Battuta arrived in Damascus with the intention of retracing the route of his first <i>hajj</i>. He then learned that his father had died 15 years earlier,<sup id="cite_ref-144" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-144"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>137<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and death became the dominant theme for the next year or so. The <a href="/wiki/Black_Death_in_the_Middle_East" title="Black Death in the Middle East"> Black Death had struck</a>, and he stopped in <a href="/wiki/Homs" title="Homs">Homs</a> as the plague spread through Syria, <a href="/wiki/Palestine_(region)" title="Palestine (region)">Palestine</a>, and Arabia. He heard of terrible death tolls in <a href="/wiki/History_of_Gaza" title="History of Gaza">Gaza</a> but returned to Damascus that July, where the death toll had reached 2,400 victims each day.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGibbBeckingham1994918_Vol._4_145-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGibbBeckingham1994918_Vol._4-145"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>138<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> When he stopped in Gaza, he found it was depopulated, and in Egypt he stayed at <a href="/wiki/Abu_Sir" class="mw-redirect" title="Abu Sir">Abu Sir</a>. Reportedly deaths in Cairo had reached levels of 1,100 each day.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGibbBeckingham1994919_Vol._4_146-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGibbBeckingham1994919_Vol._4-146"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>139<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He made <a href="/wiki/Hajj" title="Hajj">hajj</a> to Mecca, then he decided to return to Morocco, nearly a quarter of a century after leaving home.<sup id="cite_ref-147" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-147"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>140<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On the way he made one last detour to <a href="/wiki/Sardinia" title="Sardinia">Sardinia</a>, then, in 1349, returned to Tangier by way of <a href="/wiki/Fes" class="mw-redirect" title="Fes">Fez</a>, only to discover that his mother had also died a few months before.<sup id="cite_ref-148" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-148"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>141<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Itinerary_1349–1354"><span id="Itinerary_1349.E2.80.931354"></span>Itinerary 1349–1354</h3><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Ibn_Battuta&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Itinerary 1349–1354" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>edit</span> </a> </span> </div> <div style="overflow: auto; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238443738"><div class="locmap noviewer noresize thumb tnone"><div class="thumbinner" style="width:802px"><div style="position:relative;width:800px;border:1px solid lightgray"><span class="notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Africa_location_map.svg" 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class="od notheme" style="top:28.116%;left:22.641%;font-size:75%"><div class="id" style="left:-3px;top:-3px"><span class="notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Oualata"><noscript><img alt="Oualata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/6px-Red_pog.svg.png" decoding="async" width="6" height="6" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="64" data-file-height="64"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 6px;height: 6px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/6px-Red_pog.svg.png" data-alt="Oualata" data-width="6" data-height="6" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/9px-Red_pog.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/12px-Red_pog.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </span></span></span></div><div class="pl" style="width:6em;right:4px"><div><a href="/wiki/Oualata" title="Oualata">Oualata</a></div></div></div><div class="od notheme" style="top:36.154%;left:20.641%;font-size:75%"><div class="id" style="left:-3px;top:-3px"><span class="notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Niani"><noscript><img alt="Niani" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/6px-Red_pog.svg.png" decoding="async" width="6" height="6" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="64" data-file-height="64"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 6px;height: 6px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/6px-Red_pog.svg.png" data-alt="Niani" data-width="6" data-height="6" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/9px-Red_pog.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/12px-Red_pog.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </span></span></span></div><div class="pl" style="width:6em;right:4px"><div><a href="/wiki/Niani,_Guinea" title="Niani, Guinea">Niani</a></div></div></div><div class="od notheme" style="top:28.944%;left:27.319%;font-size:75%"><div class="id" style="left:-3px;top:-3px"><span class="notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Timbuktu"><noscript><img alt="Timbuktu" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/6px-Red_pog.svg.png" decoding="async" width="6" height="6" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="64" data-file-height="64"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 6px;height: 6px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/6px-Red_pog.svg.png" data-alt="Timbuktu" data-width="6" data-height="6" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/9px-Red_pog.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/12px-Red_pog.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </span></span></span></div><div class="pv" style="width:6em;bottom:4px;left:-3em"><div><a href="/wiki/Timbuktu" title="Timbuktu">Timbuktu</a></div></div></div><div class="od notheme" style="top:29.693%;left:30.797%;font-size:75%"><div class="id" style="left:-3px;top:-3px"><span class="notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Gao"><noscript><img alt="Gao" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/6px-Red_pog.svg.png" decoding="async" width="6" height="6" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="64" data-file-height="64"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 6px;height: 6px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/6px-Red_pog.svg.png" data-alt="Gao" data-width="6" data-height="6" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/9px-Red_pog.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/12px-Red_pog.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </span></span></span></div><div class="pr" style="width:6em;left:4px"><div><a href="/wiki/Gao" title="Gao">Gao</a></div></div></div><div class="od notheme" style="top:23.912%;left:39.968%;font-size:75%"><div class="id" style="left:-3px;top:-3px"><span class="notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><span title="I-n-Azaoua"><noscript><img alt="I-n-Azaoua" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/6px-Red_pog.svg.png" decoding="async" width="6" height="6" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="64" data-file-height="64"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 6px;height: 6px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/6px-Red_pog.svg.png" data-alt="I-n-Azaoua" data-width="6" data-height="6" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/9px-Red_pog.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/12px-Red_pog.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </span></span></span></div><div class="pr" style="width:6em;left:4px"><div><a href="/wiki/I-n-Azaoua" title="I-n-Azaoua">I-n-Azaoua</a></div></div></div><div class="od notheme" style="top:28.189%;left:39.023%;font-size:75%"><div class="id" style="left:-3px;top:-3px"><span class="notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Takedda"><noscript><img alt="Takedda" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/6px-Red_pog.svg.png" decoding="async" width="6" height="6" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="64" data-file-height="64"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 6px;height: 6px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/6px-Red_pog.svg.png" data-alt="Takedda" data-width="6" data-height="6" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/9px-Red_pog.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/12px-Red_pog.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </span></span></span></div><div class="pr" style="width:6em;left:4px"><div><a href="/wiki/Takedda" title="Takedda">Takedda</a></div></div></div><div class="od notheme" style="top:0.545%;left:42.793%;font-size:75%"><div class="id" style="left:-3px;top:-3px"><span class="notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Cagliari"><noscript><img alt="Cagliari" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/6px-Red_pog.svg.png" decoding="async" width="6" height="6" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="64" data-file-height="64"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 6px;height: 6px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/6px-Red_pog.svg.png" data-alt="Cagliari" data-width="6" data-height="6" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/9px-Red_pog.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/12px-Red_pog.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </span></span></span></div><div class="pr" style="width:6em;left:4px"><div><a href="/wiki/Cagliari" title="Cagliari">Cagliari</a></div></div></div><div class="od notheme" style="top:9.361%;left:23.806%;font-size:75%"><div class="id" style="left:-3px;top:-3px"><span class="notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Marrakech"><noscript><img alt="Marrakech" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/6px-Red_pog.svg.png" decoding="async" width="6" height="6" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="64" data-file-height="64"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 6px;height: 6px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/6px-Red_pog.svg.png" data-alt="Marrakech" data-width="6" data-height="6" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/9px-Red_pog.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/12px-Red_pog.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </span></span></span></div><div class="pl" style="width:6em;right:4px"><div><a href="/wiki/Marrakech" class="mw-redirect" title="Marrakech">Marrakech</a></div></div></div><div class="od notheme" style="top:3.798%;left:27.547%;font-size:75%"><div class="id" style="left:-3px;top:-3px"><span class="notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Gibraltar"><noscript><img alt="Gibraltar" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/6px-Red_pog.svg.png" decoding="async" width="6" height="6" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="64" data-file-height="64"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 6px;height: 6px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/6px-Red_pog.svg.png" data-alt="Gibraltar" data-width="6" data-height="6" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/9px-Red_pog.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/12px-Red_pog.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </span></span></span></div><div class="pl" style="width:6em;right:4px"><div><a href="/wiki/Gibraltar" title="Gibraltar">Gibraltar</a></div></div></div><div class="od notheme" style="top:2.607%;left:29.563%;font-size:75%"><div class="id" style="left:-3px;top:-3px"><span class="notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Granada"><noscript><img alt="Granada" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/6px-Red_pog.svg.png" decoding="async" width="6" height="6" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="64" data-file-height="64"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 6px;height: 6px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/6px-Red_pog.svg.png" data-alt="Granada" data-width="6" data-height="6" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/9px-Red_pog.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/12px-Red_pog.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </span></span></span></div><div class="pv" style="width:6em;bottom:4px;left:-3em"><div><a href="/wiki/Granada" title="Granada">Granada</a></div></div></div><div class="od notheme" style="top:3.136%;left:28.632%;font-size:75%"><div class="id" style="left:-3px;top:-3px"><span class="notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Málaga"><noscript><img alt="Málaga" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/6px-Red_pog.svg.png" decoding="async" width="6" height="6" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="64" data-file-height="64"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 6px;height: 6px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/6px-Red_pog.svg.png" data-alt="Málaga" data-width="6" data-height="6" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/9px-Red_pog.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/12px-Red_pog.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </span></span></span></div><div class="pr" style="width:6em;left:4px"><div><a href="/wiki/M%C3%A1laga" title="Málaga">Málaga</a></div></div></div></div><div class="thumbcaption"><div class="magnify"><a href="/wiki/File:Africa_location_map.svg" title="File:Africa location map.svg">class=notpageimage| </a></div>Ibn Battuta Itinerary 1349–1354 (North Africa, Spain and West Africa)</div></div></div> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Spain_and_North_Africa">Spain and North Africa</h4><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Ibn_Battuta&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Spain and North Africa" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>edit</span> </a> </span> </div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Ventanas_con_arabescos_en_la_Alhambra.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/07/Ventanas_con_arabescos_en_la_Alhambra.JPG/240px-Ventanas_con_arabescos_en_la_Alhambra.JPG" decoding="async" width="240" height="320" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1536" data-file-height="2048"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 240px;height: 320px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/07/Ventanas_con_arabescos_en_la_Alhambra.JPG/240px-Ventanas_con_arabescos_en_la_Alhambra.JPG" data-width="240" data-height="320" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/07/Ventanas_con_arabescos_en_la_Alhambra.JPG/360px-Ventanas_con_arabescos_en_la_Alhambra.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/07/Ventanas_con_arabescos_en_la_Alhambra.JPG/480px-Ventanas_con_arabescos_en_la_Alhambra.JPG 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </span></a><figcaption>Ibn Battuta visited the <a href="/wiki/Emirate_of_Granada" title="Emirate of Granada">Emirate of Granada</a>, which was the final vestige of the Arab populace in <a href="/wiki/Al-Andalus" title="Al-Andalus">Al-Andalus</a>.</figcaption></figure> <p>After a few days in Tangier, Ibn Battuta set out for a trip to the Muslim-controlled territory of <a href="/wiki/Al-Andalus" title="Al-Andalus">al-Andalus</a> on the <a href="/wiki/Iberian_Peninsula" title="Iberian Peninsula">Iberian Peninsula</a>. King <a href="/wiki/Alfonso_XI_of_Castile_and_Le%C3%B3n" class="mw-redirect" title="Alfonso XI of Castile and León">Alfonso XI of Castile and León</a> had threatened to attack <a href="/wiki/Gibraltar" title="Gibraltar">Gibraltar</a>, so in 1350, Ibn Battuta joined a group of Muslims leaving Tangier with the intention of defending the port.<sup id="cite_ref-149" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-149"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>142<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> By the time he arrived, the Black Death had killed Alfonso and the threat of invasion had receded, so he turned the trip into a sight-seeing tour ending up in <a href="/wiki/Granada" title="Granada">Granada</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-150" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-150"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>143<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>After his departure from al-Andalus he decided to travel through Morocco. On his return home, he stopped for a while in <a href="/wiki/Marrakech" class="mw-redirect" title="Marrakech">Marrakech</a>, which was almost a ghost town following the recent plague and the transfer of the capital to <a href="/wiki/Fes" class="mw-redirect" title="Fes">Fez</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-151" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-151"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>144<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Mali_and_Timbuktu">Mali and Timbuktu</h4><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Ibn_Battuta&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Mali and Timbuktu" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>edit</span> </a> </span> </div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Sankore_Moske_Timboektoe.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Sankore_Moske_Timboektoe.JPG/220px-Sankore_Moske_Timboektoe.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="293" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="960" data-file-height="1280"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 293px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Sankore_Moske_Timboektoe.JPG/220px-Sankore_Moske_Timboektoe.JPG" data-width="220" data-height="293" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Sankore_Moske_Timboektoe.JPG/330px-Sankore_Moske_Timboektoe.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Sankore_Moske_Timboektoe.JPG/440px-Sankore_Moske_Timboektoe.JPG 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </span></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Sankore_Madrasah" class="mw-redirect" title="Sankore Madrasah">Sankore Madrasah</a> in <a href="/wiki/Timbuktu" title="Timbuktu">Timbuktu</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mali" title="Mali">Mali</a> </figcaption></figure> <p>In the autumn of 1351, Ibn Battuta left Fez and made his way to the town of <a href="/wiki/Sijilmasa" title="Sijilmasa">Sijilmasa</a> on the northern edge of the Sahara in present-day Morocco.<sup id="cite_ref-152" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-152"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>145<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> There he bought a number of camels and stayed for four months. He set out again with a caravan in February 1352 and, after 25 days, arrived at the dry salt lake bed of <a href="/wiki/Taghaza" title="Taghaza">Taghaza</a> with its <a href="/wiki/Salt_mines" class="mw-redirect" title="Salt mines">salt mines</a>. All of the local buildings were made from slabs of salt by the slaves of the Masufa tribe, who cut the salt in thick slabs for transport by camel. Taghaza was a commercial centre and awash with Malian gold, though Ibn Battuta did not form a favourable impression of the place, recording that it was plagued by flies and the water was <a href="/wiki/Brackish" class="mw-redirect" title="Brackish">brackish</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-153" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-153"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>146<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>After a ten-day stay in Taghaza, the caravan set out for the oasis of Tasarahla (probably Bir al-Ksaib),<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELevtzionHopkins2000457_154-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELevtzionHopkins2000457-154"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>147<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-155" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-155"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>h<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> where it stopped for three days in preparation for the last and most difficult leg of the journey across the vast desert. From Tasarahla, a Masufa scout was sent ahead to the oasis town of <a href="/wiki/Oualata" title="Oualata">Oualata</a>, where he arranged for water to be transported a distance of four days travel where it would meet the thirsty caravan. Oualata was the southern terminus of the <a href="/wiki/Trans-Saharan_trade" title="Trans-Saharan trade">trans-Saharan trade</a> route and had recently become part of the <a href="/wiki/Mali_Empire" title="Mali Empire">Mali Empire</a>. Altogether, the caravan took two months to cross the 1,600 km (990 mi) of desert from Sijilmasa.<sup id="cite_ref-156" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-156"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>148<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Bilma-Salzkarawane1.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c4/Bilma-Salzkarawane1.jpg/220px-Bilma-Salzkarawane1.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="105" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="383"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 105px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c4/Bilma-Salzkarawane1.jpg/220px-Bilma-Salzkarawane1.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="105" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c4/Bilma-Salzkarawane1.jpg/330px-Bilma-Salzkarawane1.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c4/Bilma-Salzkarawane1.jpg/440px-Bilma-Salzkarawane1.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </span></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Azalai" title="Azalai">Azalai</a> salt caravan from <a href="/wiki/Agadez" title="Agadez">Agadez</a> to <a href="/wiki/Bilma" title="Bilma">Bilma</a>, <a href="/wiki/Niger" title="Niger">Niger</a></figcaption></figure> <p>From there, Ibn Battuta travelled southwest along a river he believed to be the Nile (it was actually the <a href="/wiki/Niger_River" title="Niger River">Niger River</a>), until he reached the capital of the Mali Empire.<sup id="cite_ref-158" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-158"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>i<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> There he met <i>Mansa</i> <a href="/wiki/Suleyman_(mansa)" class="mw-redirect" title="Suleyman (mansa)">Suleyman</a>, king since 1341. Ibn Battuta disapproved of the fact that female slaves, servants, and even the daughters of the sultan went about exposing <a href="/wiki/Awrah" class="mw-redirect" title="Awrah">parts of their bodies</a> not befitting a Muslim.<sup id="cite_ref-159" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-159"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>150<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He wrote in his <i>Rihla</i> that black Africans were characterised by "ill manners" and "contempt for white men", and that he "was long astonished at their feeble intellect and their respect for mean things."<sup id="cite_ref-160" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-160"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>151<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He left the capital in February accompanied by a local Malian merchant and journeyed overland by camel to <a href="/wiki/Timbuktu" title="Timbuktu">Timbuktu</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-161" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-161"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>152<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Though in the next two centuries it would become the most important city in the region, at that time it was a small city and relatively unimportant.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDunn2005304_162-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDunn2005304-162"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>153<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It was during this journey that Ibn Battuta first encountered a <a href="/wiki/Hippopotamus" title="Hippopotamus">hippopotamus</a>. The animals were feared by the local boatmen and hunted with lances to which strong cords were attached.<sup id="cite_ref-163" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-163"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>154<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> After a short stay in Timbuktu, Ibn Battuta journeyed down the Niger to <a href="/wiki/Gao" title="Gao">Gao</a> in a canoe carved from a single tree. At the time Gao was an important commercial center.<sup id="cite_ref-164" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-164"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>155<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>After spending a month in Gao, Ibn Battuta set off with a large caravan for the oasis of <a href="/wiki/Takedda" title="Takedda">Takedda</a>. On his journey across the desert, he received a message from the <a href="/wiki/Abu_Inan_Faris" title="Abu Inan Faris">Sultan of Morocco</a> commanding him to return home. He set off for Sijilmasa in September 1353, accompanying a large caravan transporting 600 female slaves, and arrived back in Morocco early in 1354.<sup id="cite_ref-165" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-165"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>156<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Ibn Battuta's itinerary gives scholars a glimpse as to when Islam first began to spread into the heart of west Africa.<sup id="cite_ref-166" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-166"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>157<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <span class="anchor" id="Rihla"></span><span class="anchor" id="Travels"></span> </p> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(5)"><span class="indicator mf-icon mf-icon-expand mf-icon--small"></span><h2 id="Works">Works</h2><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Ibn_Battuta&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Works" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>edit</span> </a> </span> </div><section class="mf-section-5 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-5"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Rihla" title="Rihla">Rihla</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Morocco_Tangier_IbnBattuta.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ad/Morocco_Tangier_IbnBattuta.jpg/220px-Morocco_Tangier_IbnBattuta.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="266" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="3011" data-file-height="3645"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 266px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ad/Morocco_Tangier_IbnBattuta.jpg/220px-Morocco_Tangier_IbnBattuta.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="266" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ad/Morocco_Tangier_IbnBattuta.jpg/330px-Morocco_Tangier_IbnBattuta.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ad/Morocco_Tangier_IbnBattuta.jpg/440px-Morocco_Tangier_IbnBattuta.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </span></a><figcaption>Purported Mausoleum of Ibn Battuta in <a href="/wiki/Tangier" title="Tangier">Tangier</a></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Historic_copy_of_selected_parts_of_the_Travel_Report_by_Ibn_Battuta,_1836_CE,_Cairo.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/Historic_copy_of_selected_parts_of_the_Travel_Report_by_Ibn_Battuta%2C_1836_CE%2C_Cairo.jpg/220px-Historic_copy_of_selected_parts_of_the_Travel_Report_by_Ibn_Battuta%2C_1836_CE%2C_Cairo.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="117" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="5605" data-file-height="2974"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 117px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/Historic_copy_of_selected_parts_of_the_Travel_Report_by_Ibn_Battuta%2C_1836_CE%2C_Cairo.jpg/220px-Historic_copy_of_selected_parts_of_the_Travel_Report_by_Ibn_Battuta%2C_1836_CE%2C_Cairo.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="117" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/Historic_copy_of_selected_parts_of_the_Travel_Report_by_Ibn_Battuta%2C_1836_CE%2C_Cairo.jpg/330px-Historic_copy_of_selected_parts_of_the_Travel_Report_by_Ibn_Battuta%2C_1836_CE%2C_Cairo.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/Historic_copy_of_selected_parts_of_the_Travel_Report_by_Ibn_Battuta%2C_1836_CE%2C_Cairo.jpg/440px-Historic_copy_of_selected_parts_of_the_Travel_Report_by_Ibn_Battuta%2C_1836_CE%2C_Cairo.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </span></a><figcaption>Historic copy of selected parts of the Travel Report by Ibn Battuta, 1836 CE, Cairo</figcaption></figure> <p>After returning home from his travels in 1354, and at the suggestion of the <a href="/wiki/Marinid" class="mw-redirect" title="Marinid">Marinid</a> ruler of Morocco, <a href="/wiki/Abu_Inan_Faris" title="Abu Inan Faris">Abu Inan Faris</a>, Ibn Battuta dictated an account in Arabic of his journeys to <a href="/wiki/Ibn_Juzayy" title="Ibn Juzayy">Ibn Juzayy</a>, a scholar whom he had previously met in Granada. The account is the only source for Ibn Battuta's adventures. The full title of the manuscript may be translated as <i>A Masterpiece to Those Who Contemplate the Wonders of Cities and the Marvels of Travelling</i> (<span title="Arabic-language text"><span lang="ar" dir="rtl">تحفة النظار في غرائب الأمصار وعجائب الأسفار</span></span>, <i>Tuḥfat an-Nuẓẓār fī Gharāʾib al-Amṣār wa ʿAjāʾib al-Asfār</i>).<sup id="cite_ref-M-S_p._ix_167-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-M-S_p._ix-167"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>158<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-169" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-169"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>j<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, it is often simply referred to as <i>The<span class="nowrap"> </span>Travels</i> (<span title="Arabic-language text"><span lang="ar" dir="rtl">الرحلة</span></span>, <i>Rihla</i>),<sup id="cite_ref-9–10_Vol._1_170-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9%E2%80%9310_Vol._1-170"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>160<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> in reference to a <a href="/wiki/Rihla" title="Rihla">standard form of Arabic literature</a>. </p><p>There is no indication that Ibn Battuta made any notes or had any journal during his twenty-nine years of travelling.<sup id="cite_ref-172" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-172"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>k<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> When he came to dictate an account of his experiences he had to rely on memory and manuscripts produced by earlier travellers. Ibn Juzayy did not acknowledge his sources and presented some of the earlier descriptions as Ibn Battuta's own observations. When describing Damascus, Mecca, Medina, and some other places in the Middle East, he clearly copied passages from the account by the <a href="/wiki/Andalusia" title="Andalusia">Andalusian</a> <a href="/wiki/Ibn_Jubayr" title="Ibn Jubayr">Ibn Jubayr</a> which had been written more than 150 years earlier.<sup id="cite_ref-173" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-173"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>162<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Similarly, most of Ibn Juzayy's descriptions of places in Palestine were copied from an account by the 13th-century traveller <a href="/wiki/Mohammed_al-Abdari_al-Hihi" title="Mohammed al-Abdari al-Hihi">Muhammad al-Abdari</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-174" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-174"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>163<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Oriental_studies" title="Oriental studies">Scholars</a> do not believe that Ibn Battuta visited all the places he described and argue that in order to provide a comprehensive description of places in the Muslim world, he relied on hearsay evidence and made use of accounts by earlier travellers. For example, it is considered very unlikely that Ibn Battuta made a trip up the <a href="/wiki/Volga_River" class="mw-redirect" title="Volga River">Volga River</a> from <a href="/wiki/Sarai-Berke" class="mw-redirect" title="Sarai-Berke">New Sarai</a> to visit <a href="/wiki/Bolghar" title="Bolghar">Bolghar</a><sup id="cite_ref-175" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-175"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>164<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and there are serious doubts about a number of other journeys such as his trip to Sana'a in Yemen,<sup id="cite_ref-176" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-176"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>165<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> his journey from <a href="/wiki/Balkh" title="Balkh">Balkh</a> to <a href="/wiki/Bistam" class="mw-redirect" title="Bistam">Bistam</a> in <a href="/wiki/Greater_Khorasan" title="Greater Khorasan">Khorasan</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-177" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-177"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>166<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and his trip around Anatolia.<sup id="cite_ref-178" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-178"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>167<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Ibn Battuta's claim that a <a href="/wiki/Maghrebian" class="mw-redirect" title="Maghrebian">Maghrebian</a> called "Abu'l Barakat the Berber" converted the Maldives to Islam is contradicted by an entirely different story which says that the <a href="/wiki/Islam_in_the_Maldives" class="mw-redirect" title="Islam in the Maldives">Maldives were converted to Islam</a> after miracles were performed by a <a href="/wiki/Tabriz" title="Tabriz">Tabrizi</a> named Maulana Shaikh Yusuf Shams-ud-din according to the <a href="/wiki/Tarikh" title="Tarikh">Tarikh</a>, the official history of the Maldives.<sup id="cite_ref-Visweswaran2011_179-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Visweswaran2011-179"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>168<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Some scholars have also questioned whether he really visited China.<sup id="cite_ref-180" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-180"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>169<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Ibn Battuta may have plagiarised entire sections of his descriptions of China lifted from works by other authors like "Masalik al-absar fi mamalik al-amsar" by <a href="/wiki/Shihab_al-Umari" class="mw-redirect" title="Shihab al-Umari">Shihab al-Umari</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sulaiman_al-Tajir" title="Sulaiman al-Tajir">Sulaiman al-Tajir</a>, and possibly from <a href="/wiki/Ata-Malik_Juvayni" title="Ata-Malik Juvayni">Al Juwayni</a>, <a href="/wiki/Rashid-al-Din_Hamadani" class="mw-redirect" title="Rashid-al-Din Hamadani">Rashid al din</a>, and an <a href="/wiki/Alexander_romance" class="mw-redirect" title="Alexander romance">Alexander romance</a>. Furthermore, Ibn Battuta's description and Marco Polo's writings share extremely similar sections and themes, with some of the same commentary, e.g. it is unlikely that the 3rd Caliph <a href="/wiki/Uthman_ibn_Affan" class="mw-redirect" title="Uthman ibn Affan">Uthman ibn Affan</a> had someone with the identical name in China who was encountered by Ibn Battuta.<sup id="cite_ref-ElgerKöse2010_181-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ElgerK%C3%B6se2010-181"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>170<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>However, even if the <i>Rihla</i> is not fully based on what its author personally witnessed, it provides an important account of much of the 14th-century world. <a href="/wiki/Concubines" class="mw-redirect" title="Concubines">Concubines</a> were used by Ibn Battuta such as in Delhi.<sup id="cite_ref-Picador_171-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Picador-171"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>161<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 111–113, 137, 141, 238">: 111–113, 137, 141, 238 </span></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Gordon2009_182-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Gordon2009-182"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>171<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He wedded several women, divorced at least some of them, and in Damascus, Malabar, Delhi, Bukhara, and the Maldives had children by them or by concubines.<sup id="cite_ref-Pearson2003_183-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Pearson2003-183"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>172<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Ibn Battuta insulted Greeks as "enemies of Allah", drunkards and "swine eaters", while at the same time in Ephesus he purchased and used a Greek girl who was one of his many slave girls in his "harem" through <a href="/wiki/Byzantium" title="Byzantium">Byzantium</a>, Khorasan, Africa, and Palestine.<sup id="cite_ref-Dalrymple2003_184-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Dalrymple2003-184"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>173<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It was two decades before he again returned to find out what happened to one of his wives and child in Damascus.<sup id="cite_ref-Hammer1999_185-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hammer1999-185"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>174<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Ibn Battuta often experienced <a href="/wiki/Culture_shock" title="Culture shock">culture shock</a> in regions he visited where the local customs of recently converted peoples did not fit in with his orthodox Muslim background. Among the Turks and Mongols, he remarked that on seeing a Turkic couple in a bazaar one might assume that the man was the woman's servant when he was in fact her husband.<sup id="cite_ref-186" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-186"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>175<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He also felt that dress customs in the Maldives, and some <a href="/wiki/Sub-Saharan" class="mw-redirect" title="Sub-Saharan">sub-Saharan</a> regions in Africa were too revealing.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (June 2022)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>Little is known about Ibn Battuta's life after completion of his <i>Rihla</i> in 1355. He was appointed a judge in Morocco and died in 1368 or 1369.<sup id="cite_ref-187" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-187"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>176<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Ibn Battuta's work was unknown outside the Muslim world until the beginning of the 19th century, when the German traveller-explorer <a href="/wiki/Ulrich_Jasper_Seetzen" title="Ulrich Jasper Seetzen">Ulrich Jasper Seetzen</a> (1767–1811) acquired a collection of manuscripts in the Middle East, among which was a 94-page volume containing an abridged version of Ibn Juzayy's text. Three extracts were published in 1818 by the German orientalist <a href="/wiki/Johann_Gottfried_Ludwig_Kosegarten" title="Johann Gottfried Ludwig Kosegarten">Johann Kosegarten</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-188" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-188"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>177<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A fourth extract was published the following year.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEApetz1819_189-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEApetz1819-189"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>178<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> French scholars were alerted to the initial publication by a lengthy review published in the <i><a href="/wiki/Journal_des_s%C3%A7avans" title="Journal des sçavans">Journal de Savants</a></i> by the orientalist <a href="/wiki/Silvestre_de_Sacy" class="mw-redirect" title="Silvestre de Sacy">Silvestre de Sacy</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEde_Sacy1820_190-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEde_Sacy1820-190"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>179<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Three copies of another abridged manuscript were acquired by the Swiss traveller <a href="/wiki/Johann_Ludwig_Burckhardt" title="Johann Ludwig Burckhardt">Johann Burckhardt</a> and bequeathed to the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Cambridge" title="University of Cambridge">University of Cambridge</a>. He gave a brief overview of their content in a book published posthumously in 1819.<sup id="cite_ref-191" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-191"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>180<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Arabic text was translated into English by the orientalist <a href="/wiki/Samuel_Lee_(linguist)" title="Samuel Lee (linguist)">Samuel Lee</a> and published in <a href="/wiki/London" title="London">London</a> in 1829.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELee1829_192-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELee1829-192"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>181<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In the 1830s, during the French occupation of <a href="/wiki/Algeria" title="Algeria">Algeria</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Biblioth%C3%A8que_Nationale" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibliothèque Nationale">Bibliothèque Nationale</a> (BNF) in <a href="/wiki/Paris" title="Paris">Paris</a> acquired five manuscripts of Ibn Battuta's travels, two of which were complete.<sup id="cite_ref-197" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-197"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>l<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> One manuscript containing just the second part of the work is dated 1356 and is believed to be Ibn Juzayy's autograph.<sup id="cite_ref-198" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-198"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>186<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The BNF manuscripts were used in 1843 by the Irish-French orientalist <a href="/wiki/Baron_de_Slane" class="mw-redirect" title="Baron de Slane">Baron de Slane</a> to produce a translation into French of Ibn Battuta's visit to the Sudan.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEde_Slane1843a_199-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEde_Slane1843a-199"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>187<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> They were also studied by the French scholars <a href="/wiki/Charles_Defr%C3%A9mery" title="Charles Defrémery">Charles Defrémery</a> and Beniamino Sanguinetti. Beginning in 1853 they published a series of four volumes containing a <a href="/wiki/Critical_edition" class="mw-redirect" title="Critical edition">critical edition</a> of the Arabic text together with a translation into French.<sup id="cite_ref-200" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-200"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>188<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In their introduction Defrémery and Sanguinetti praised Lee's annotations but were critical of his translation which they claimed lacked precision, even in straightforward passages.<sup id="cite_ref-202" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-202"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>m<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1929, exactly a century after the publication of Lee's translation, the historian and orientalist <a href="/wiki/Hamilton_Gibb" class="mw-redirect" title="Hamilton Gibb">Hamilton Gibb</a> published an English translation of selected portions of Defrémery and Sanguinetti's Arabic text.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGibb1929_203-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGibb1929-203"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>190<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Gibb had proposed to the <a href="/wiki/Hakluyt_Society" title="Hakluyt Society">Hakluyt Society</a> in 1922 that he should prepare an annotated translation of the entire <i>Rihla</i> into English.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGibbBeckingham1994ix_204-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGibbBeckingham1994ix-204"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>191<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> His intention was to divide the translated text into four volumes, each volume corresponding to one of the volumes published by Defrémery and Sanguinetti. The first volume was not published until 1958.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGibb1958_205-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGibb1958-205"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>192<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Gibb died in 1971, having completed the first three volumes. The fourth volume was prepared by Charles Beckingham and published in 1994.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGibbBeckingham1994_206-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGibbBeckingham1994-206"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>193<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Defrémery and Sanguinetti's printed text has now been translated into number of other languages.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (May 2024)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(6)"><span class="indicator mf-icon mf-icon-expand mf-icon--small"></span><h2 id="Historicity">Historicity</h2><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Ibn_Battuta&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Historicity" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>edit</span> </a> </span> </div><section class="mf-section-6 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-6"> <p>German <a href="/wiki/Islamic_studies" title="Islamic studies">Islamic studies</a> scholar Ralph Elger views Battuta's travel account as an important literary work but doubts the historicity of much of its content, which he suspects to be a work of fiction compiled and inspired from other contemporary travel reports.<sup id="cite_ref-207" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-207"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>194<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Various other scholars have raised similar doubts.<sup id="cite_ref-208" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-208"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>195<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1987, <a href="/wiki/Ross_E._Dunn" title="Ross E. Dunn">Ross E. Dunn</a> similarly expressed doubts that any evidence would be found to support the narrative of the <i>Rihla</i>, but in 2010, <a href="/wiki/Tim_Mackintosh-Smith" title="Tim Mackintosh-Smith">Tim Mackintosh-Smith</a> completed a multi-volume field study in dozens of the locales mentioned in the <i>Rihla</i>, in which he reports on previously unknown manuscripts of Islamic law kept in the archives of <a href="/wiki/Al-Azhar_University" title="Al-Azhar University">Al-Azhar University</a> in Cairo that were copied by Ibn Battuta in <a href="/wiki/Damascus" title="Damascus">Damascus</a> in 1326, corroborating the date in the <i>Rihla</i> of his sojourn in Syria.<sup id="cite_ref-209" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-209"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>196<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(7)"><span class="indicator mf-icon mf-icon-expand mf-icon--small"></span><h2 id="Present-day_cultural_references">Present-day cultural references</h2><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Ibn_Battuta&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Present-day cultural references" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>edit</span> </a> </span> </div><section class="mf-section-7 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-7"> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Morocco_Tangier_BorjNaam.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/67/Morocco_Tangier_BorjNaam.jpg/220px-Morocco_Tangier_BorjNaam.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="179" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="3023" data-file-height="2454"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 179px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/67/Morocco_Tangier_BorjNaam.jpg/220px-Morocco_Tangier_BorjNaam.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="179" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/67/Morocco_Tangier_BorjNaam.jpg/330px-Morocco_Tangier_BorjNaam.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/67/Morocco_Tangier_BorjNaam.jpg/440px-Morocco_Tangier_BorjNaam.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </span></a><figcaption><i>Borj en-Nâam</i> barracks in <a href="/wiki/Tangier" title="Tangier">Tangier</a>, repurposed as Ibn Battuta Memorial Museum</figcaption></figure> <p>The largest themed mall in <a href="/wiki/Dubai" title="Dubai">Dubai</a>, <a href="/wiki/UAE" class="mw-redirect" title="UAE">UAE</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Ibn_Battuta_Mall" title="Ibn Battuta Mall">Ibn Battuta Mall</a> is named for him and features both areas designed to recreate the exotic lands he visited on his travels and statuary tableaus depicting scenes from his life history.<sup id="cite_ref-210" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-210"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>197<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-211" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-211"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>198<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>A giant semblance of Battuta, alongside two others from the history of Arab exploration, the geographer and historian <a href="/wiki/Al_Bakri" class="mw-redirect" title="Al Bakri">Al Bakri</a> and the navigator and cartographer <a href="/wiki/Ibn_Majid" class="mw-redirect" title="Ibn Majid">Ibn Majid</a>, is displayed at the <a href="/wiki/Expo_2020#Mobility" title="Expo 2020">Mobility pavilion</a> at <a href="/wiki/Expo_2020" title="Expo 2020">Expo 2020</a> in Dubai in a section of the exhibition designed by <a href="/wiki/Weta_Workshop" class="mw-redirect" title="Weta Workshop">Weta Workshop</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-212" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-212"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>199<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Tangier_Ibn_Battouta_Airport" title="Tangier Ibn Battouta Airport">Tangier Ibn Battouta Airport</a> is an international airport located in his hometown of Tangier, Morocco. </p> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(8)"><span class="indicator mf-icon mf-icon-expand mf-icon--small"></span><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Ibn_Battuta&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: See also" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>edit</span> </a> </span> </div><section class="mf-section-8 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-8"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_places_visited_by_Ibn_Battuta" title="List of places visited by Ibn Battuta">List of places visited by Ibn Battuta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ahmad_ibn_Fadlan" title="Ahmad ibn Fadlan">Ibn Fadhlan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ibrahim_ibn_Yaqub" title="Ibrahim ibn Yaqub">Ibrahim ibn Yaqub</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benjamin_of_Tudela" title="Benjamin of Tudela">Benjamin of Tudela</a></li></ul> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(9)"><span class="indicator mf-icon mf-icon-expand mf-icon--small"></span><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Ibn_Battuta&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: Notes" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>edit</span> </a> </span> </div><section class="mf-section-9 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-9"> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width reflist-lower-alpha" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Arabic_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Arabic language">Arabic</a>: <span lang="ar" dir="rtl">ابن بطوطة</span>; fully: <span title="DIN 31635 Arabic (Arabic language) transliteration"><i lang="ar-Latn">Shams al-Dīn Abū ʿAbd Allāh Muḥammad ibn ʿAbd Allāh ibn Muḥammad ibn Ibrāhīm ibn Muḥammad ibn Ibrāhīm ibn Yūsuf al-Lawātī al-Ṭanji</i></span>; Arabic: <span title="Arabic-language text"><span lang="ar" dir="rtl">شمس الدين أبو عبد الله محمد بن عبد الله بن محمد بن إبراهيم بن محمد بن إبراهيم بن يوسف اللواتي الطنجي</span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Aydhad was a port on the west coast of the Red Sea at <span class="geo-inline"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1156832818">.mw-parser-output .geo-default,.mw-parser-output .geo-dms,.mw-parser-output .geo-dec{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .geo-nondefault,.mw-parser-output .geo-multi-punct,.mw-parser-output .geo-inline-hidden{display:none}.mw-parser-output .longitude,.mw-parser-output .latitude{white-space:nowrap}</style><span class="plainlinks nourlexpansion"><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Ibn_Battuta&params=22_19_51_N_36_29_25_E_"><span class="geo-default"><span class="geo-dms" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location"><span class="latitude">22°19′51″N</span> <span class="longitude">36°29′25″E</span></span></span><span class="geo-multi-punct"> / </span><span class="geo-nondefault"><span class="geo-dec" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location">22.33083°N 36.49028°E</span><span style="display:none"> / <span class="geo">22.33083; 36.49028</span></span></span></a></span></span>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPeacockPeacock2008_29-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPeacockPeacock2008-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-38">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Ibn Battuta left Cairo on around 16 July 1326 and arrived in Damascus three weeks later on 9 August 1326.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGibb195871,_118_34-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGibb195871,_118-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He described travelling on a complicated zig-zag route across Palestine in which he visited more than twenty cities. Such a journey would have been impossible in the allotted time and both Gibb (1958) and Hrbek (1962) have argued that Ibn Battuta conflated this journey with later journeys that he made in the region.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGibb195881_Note_48_35-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGibb195881_Note_48-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHrbek1962421–425_36-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHrbek1962421%E2%80%93425-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Elad (1987) has shown that Ibn Battuta's descriptions of most of the sites in Palestine were not original but were copied (without acknowledgement) from the earlier <i>rihla</i> by the traveller <a href="/wiki/Mohammed_al-Abdari_al-Hihi" title="Mohammed al-Abdari al-Hihi">Mohammed al-Abdari</a>. Because of these difficulties, it is not possible to determine an accurate chronology of Ibn Battuta's travels in the region.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEElad1987_37-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEElad1987-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </span> </li> <li id="cite_note-50"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-50">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Most of Ibn Battuta's descriptions of the towns along the <a href="/wiki/Tigris" title="Tigris">Tigris</a> are copied from <a href="/wiki/Ibn_Jabayr" class="mw-redirect" title="Ibn Jabayr">Ibn Jabayr</a>'s <i>Rihla</i> from 1184.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMattock1981_48-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMattock1981-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDunn2005102_49-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDunn2005102-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-53"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-53">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Ibn Battuta states that he stayed in Mecca for the <i>hajj</i> of 1327, 1328, 1329 and 1330 but gives comparatively little information on his stays. After the <i>hajj</i> of 1330 he left for East Africa, arriving back again in Mecca before the 1332 <i>hajj</i>. He states that he then left for India and arrived at the Indus river on 12 September 1333; however, although he does not specify exact dates, the description of his complex itinerary and the clues in the text to the chronology suggest that this journey to India lasted around three years. He must have therefore either left Mecca two years earlier than stated or arrived in India two years later. The issue is discussed by <a href="#CITEREFGibb1962">Gibb 1962</a>, pp. 528–537 Vol. 2, <a href="#CITEREFHrbek1962">Hrbek 1962</a> and <a href="#CITEREFDunn2005">Dunn 2005</a>, pp. 132–133.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-82"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-82">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">This is one of several occasions where Ibn Battuta interrupts a journey to branch out on a side trip only to later skip back and resume the original journey. Gibb describes these side trips as "divagations".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGibb1962533–535,_Vol._2_80-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGibb1962533%E2%80%93535,_Vol._2-80"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>75<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The divagation through Anatolia is considered credible as Ibn Battuta describes numerous personal experiences and there is sufficient time between leaving Mecca in mid-November 1330 and reaching Eğirdir on the way back from Erzurum at the start of Ramadan (8 June) in 1331.<sup id="cite_ref-divag_79-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-divag-79"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>74<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Gibb still admits that he found it difficult to believe that Ibn Battuta actually travelled as far east as Erzurum.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGibb1962535,_Vol._2_81-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGibb1962535,_Vol._2-81"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>76<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-106"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-106">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">In the <i>Rihla</i> the date of Ibn Battuta's departure from Delhi is given as 17 Safar 743 AH or 22 July 1342.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGibbBeckingham1994775_Vol._4_103-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGibbBeckingham1994775_Vol._4-103"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>97<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDefrémerySanguinetti1858[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidAdUOAAAAQAAJpgPA4_4_Vol._4]_104-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDefr%C3%A9merySanguinetti1858%5BhttpsbooksgooglecombooksidAdUOAAAAQAAJpgPA4_4_Vol._4%5D-104"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>98<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Dunn has argued that this is probably an error and to accommodate Ibn Battuta's subsequent travels and visits to the Maldives it is more likely that he left Delhi in 1341.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDunn2005238_Note_4_105-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDunn2005238_Note_4-105"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>99<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-155"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-155">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Bir al-Ksaib (also Bir Ounane or El Gçaib) is in northern Mali at <span class="geo-inline"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1156832818"><span class="plainlinks nourlexpansion"><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Ibn_Battuta&params=21_17_33_N_5_37_30_W_"><span class="geo-default"><span class="geo-dms" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location"><span class="latitude">21°17′33″N</span> <span class="longitude">5°37′30″W</span></span></span><span class="geo-multi-punct"> / </span><span class="geo-nondefault"><span class="geo-dec" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location">21.29250°N 5.62500°W</span><span style="display:none"> / <span class="geo">21.29250; -5.62500</span></span></span></a></span></span>. The oasis is 265 km (165 mi) south of Taghaza and 470 km (290 mi) north of Oualata.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-158"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-158">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">The location of the Malian capital has been the subject of considerable scholarly debate, but there is no consensus. The historian <a href="/wiki/John_Hunwick" title="John Hunwick">John Hunwick</a> has studied the times given by Ibn Battuta for the various stages of his journey and proposed that the capital is likely to have been on the left side of the <a href="/wiki/Niger_River" title="Niger River">Niger River</a> somewhere between <a href="/wiki/Bamako" title="Bamako">Bamako</a> and <a href="/wiki/Nyamina" title="Nyamina">Nyamina</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHunwick1973_157-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHunwick1973-157"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>149<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-169"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-169">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Dunn gives the clunkier translation <i>A Gift to the Observers Concerning the Curiosities of the Cities and the Marvels Encountered in Travels</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-168" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-168"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>159<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-172"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-172">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Though he mentions being robbed of some notes<sup id="cite_ref-Picador_171-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Picador-171"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>161<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-197"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-197">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Neither de Slane's 19th century catalogue<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEde_Slane1883–1895[httpgallicabnffrark12148bpt6k209467tf407image_401]_193-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEde_Slane1883%E2%80%931895%5Bhttpgallicabnffrark12148bpt6k209467tf407image_401%5D-193"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>182<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> nor the modern online equivalent provide any information on the provenance of the manuscripts.<sup id="cite_ref-194" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-194"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>183<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Dunn states that all five manuscripts were "found in Algeria"<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDunn20054_195-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDunn20054-195"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>184<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> but in their introduction Defrémery and Sanguinetti mention that the BNF had acquired one manuscript (MS Supplément arabe 909/Arabe 2287) from M. Delaporte, a former French consul to Morocco.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDefrémerySanguinetti1853[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidmdQOAAAAQAAJpgPR23_xxiii]Vol._1_196-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDefr%C3%A9merySanguinetti1853%5BhttpsbooksgooglecombooksidmdQOAAAAQAAJpgPR23_xxiii%5DVol._1-196"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>185<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-202"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-202">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">French: "<i>La version de M. Lee manque quelquefois d'exactitude, même dans des passage fort simples et très-faciles</i>".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDefrémerySanguinetti1853[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidmdQOAAAAQAAJpgPR17_xvii]Vol._1_201-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDefr%C3%A9merySanguinetti1853%5BhttpsbooksgooglecombooksidmdQOAAAAQAAJpgPR17_xvii%5DVol._1-201"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>189<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span> </li> </ol></div> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(10)"><span class="indicator mf-icon mf-icon-expand mf-icon--small"></span><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Ibn_Battuta&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: References" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>edit</span> </a> </span> </div><section class="mf-section-10 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-10"> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Citations">Citations</h3><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Ibn_Battuta&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: Citations" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>edit</span> </a> </span> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-Norris59-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Norris59_1-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFNorris1959" class="citation journal cs1">Norris, H. T. (1959). "Ibn Baṭṭūṭah's Andalusian Journey". <i>The Geographical Journal</i>. <b>125</b> (2): 185–196. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0016-7398">0016-7398</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/1790500">1790500</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Geographical+Journal&rft.atitle=Ibn+Ba%E1%B9%AD%E1%B9%AD%C5%AB%E1%B9%ADah%27s+Andalusian+Journey&rft.volume=125&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=185-196&rft.date=1959&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F1790500%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.issn=0016-7398&rft.aulast=Norris&rft.aufirst=H.+T.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIbn+Battuta" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRoynard2018" class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Roynard, Romy (22 November 2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nationalgeographic.fr/ibn-battuta/2018/11/sur-les-traces-dibn-battuta-le-maroc">"Sur les traces d'Ibn Battuta: le Maroc"</a>. <i>National Geographic</i> (in French). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20221207014923/https://www.nationalgeographic.fr/ibn-battuta/2018/11/sur-les-traces-dibn-battuta-le-maroc">Archived</a> from the original on 7 December 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">7 December</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=National+Geographic&rft.atitle=Sur+les+traces+d%27Ibn+Battuta%3A+le+Maroc&rft.date=2018-11-22&rft.aulast=Roynard&rft.aufirst=Romy&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nationalgeographic.fr%2Fibn-battuta%2F2018%2F11%2Fsur-les-traces-dibn-battuta-le-maroc&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIbn+Battuta" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Meri_2019-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Meri_2019_4-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMeri2019" class="citation web cs1">Meri, Yousef (2 July 2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.oxfordbibliographies.com/view/document/obo-9780195390155/obo-9780195390155-0037.xml">"Ibn Baṭṭūṭa"</a>. <i>Oxford Bibliographies</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220701042933/https://www.oxfordbibliographies.com/view/document/obo-9780195390155/obo-9780195390155-0037.xml">Archived</a> from the original on 1 July 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">20 June</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Oxford+Bibliographies&rft.atitle=Ibn+Ba%E1%B9%AD%E1%B9%AD%C5%AB%E1%B9%ADa&rft.date=2019-07-02&rft.aulast=Meri&rft.aufirst=Yousef&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.oxfordbibliographies.com%2Fview%2Fdocument%2Fobo-9780195390155%2Fobo-9780195390155-0037.xml&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIbn+Battuta" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Ian_Richard_Netton-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Ian_Richard_Netton_5-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStarkey2013" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Starkey, Paul (2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=bYtmAgAAQBAJ&pg=PA253">"Ibn Battuta"</a>. In Netton, Ian Richard (ed.). <i>Encyclopaedia of Islam</i>. Routledge. p. 253. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-135-17960-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-135-17960-1"><bdi>978-1-135-17960-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Ibn+Battuta&rft.btitle=Encyclopaedia+of+Islam&rft.pages=253&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=978-1-135-17960-1&rft.aulast=Starkey&rft.aufirst=Paul&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DbYtmAgAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA253&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIbn+Battuta" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Pryor_2013_pp._252–253-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Pryor_2013_pp._252%E2%80%93253_6-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPryor2013" class="citation journal cs1">Pryor, John H. (3 April 2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://muse.jhu.edu/article/495315/pdf">"The adventures of Ibn Battuta: a Muslim traveler of the 14th century (review)"</a>. <i>Parergon</i>. <b>10</b> (2): 252–253. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1353%2Fpgn.1992.0050">10.1353/pgn.1992.0050</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1832-8334">1832-8334</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:144835824">144835824</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">20 June</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Parergon&rft.atitle=The+adventures+of+Ibn+Battuta%3A+a+Muslim+traveler+of+the+14th+century+%28review%29&rft.volume=10&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=252-253&rft.date=2013-04-03&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A144835824%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.issn=1832-8334&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1353%2Fpgn.1992.0050&rft.aulast=Pryor&rft.aufirst=John+H.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fmuse.jhu.edu%2Farticle%2F495315%2Fpdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIbn+Battuta" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Chism_2013_pp._59–78-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Chism_2013_pp._59%E2%80%9378_7-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChism2013" class="citation book cs1">Chism, Christine (2013). "Between Islam and Christendom: Ibn Battuta's Travels in Asia Minor and the North". <i>Cosmopolitanism and the Middle Ages</i>. New York: Palgrave Macmillan. pp. 59–78. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1057%2F9781137045096_4">10.1057/9781137045096_4</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-349-34108-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-349-34108-5"><bdi>978-1-349-34108-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Between+Islam+and+Christendom%3A+Ibn+Battuta%E2%80%99s+Travels+in+Asia+Minor+and+the+North&rft.btitle=Cosmopolitanism+and+the+Middle+Ages&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=59-78&rft.pub=Palgrave+Macmillan&rft.date=2013&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1057%2F9781137045096_4&rft.isbn=978-1-349-34108-5&rft.aulast=Chism&rft.aufirst=Christine&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIbn+Battuta" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-maghrebi-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-maghrebi_8-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><sup id="cite_ref-Meri_2019_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Meri_2019-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Ian_Richard_Netton_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ian_Richard_Netton-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Pryor_2013_pp._252–253_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Pryor_2013_pp._252%E2%80%93253-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Chism_2013_pp._59–78_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Chism_2013_pp._59%E2%80%9378-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFParker2004" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/John_Parker_(author)" title="John Parker (author)">Parker, John</a> (2004). "Marco Polo". <a href="/wiki/World_Book_Encyclopedia" title="World Book Encyclopedia"><i>The World Book Encyclopedia</i></a>. Vol. 15 (Illustrated ed.). World Book. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7166-0104-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7166-0104-3"><bdi>978-0-7166-0104-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Marco+Polo&rft.btitle=The+World+Book+Encyclopedia&rft.edition=Illustrated&rft.pub=World+Book&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=978-0-7166-0104-3&rft.aulast=Parker&rft.aufirst=John&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIbn+Battuta" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDunn200520-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDunn200520_10-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDunn200520_10-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFDunn2005">Dunn 2005</a>, p. 20.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNehru1989" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Jawaharlal_Nehru" title="Jawaharlal Nehru">Nehru, Jawaharlal</a> (1989). <a href="/wiki/Glimpses_of_World_History" title="Glimpses of World History"><i>Glimpses of World History</i></a>. Oxford University Press. p. 752. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-561323-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-561323-0"><bdi>978-0-19-561323-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Glimpses+of+World+History&rft.pages=752&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=1989&rft.isbn=978-0-19-561323-0&rft.aulast=Nehru&rft.aufirst=Jawaharlal&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIbn+Battuta" class="Z3988"></span> After outlining the extensive route of Ibn Battuta's Journey, Nehru notes: "This is a record of travel which is rare enough today with our many conveniences. ... In any event, Ibn Battuta must be amongst the great travelers of all time."</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGearon2011" class="citation book cs1">Gearon, Eamonn (2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=enp7YqIsci8C&dq=ibn+battuta+%22+son+of+a+duckling%22&pg=PA76"><i>The Sahara: A Cultural History</i></a>. Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-986195-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-986195-8"><bdi>978-0-19-986195-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Sahara%3A+A+Cultural+History&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=978-0-19-986195-8&rft.aulast=Gearon&rft.aufirst=Eamonn&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Denp7YqIsci8C%26dq%3Dibn%2Bbattuta%2B%2522%2Bson%2Bof%2Ba%2Bduckling%2522%26pg%3DPA76&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIbn+Battuta" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.famousscientists.org/ibn-battuta/">"Ibn Battuta"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201024055136/https://www.famousscientists.org/ibn-battuta/">Archived</a> from the original on 24 October 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">1 November</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Ibn+Battuta&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.famousscientists.org%2Fibn-battuta%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIbn+Battuta" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMark" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Mark, Joshua J. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldhistory.org/Ibn_Battuta/">"Ibn Battuta"</a>. <i>World History Encyclopedia</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230207020714/https://www.worldhistory.org/Ibn_Battuta/">Archived</a> from the original on 7 February 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">7 February</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Ibn+Battuta&rft.btitle=World+History+Encyclopedia&rft.aulast=Mark&rft.aufirst=Joshua+J.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.worldhistory.org%2FIbn_Battuta%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIbn+Battuta" class="Z3988"></span> His full name, as given in the Rihla, was Shams al-Din Abu’Abdallah Muhammad ibn’Abdallah ibn Muhammad ibn Ibrahim ibn Muhammad ibn Yusuf al-Lawati al-Tanji ibn Battuta and all that is known of his family comes from the Rihla which records references to his education and provides his lineage.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.encyclopedia.com/religion/encyclopedias-almanacs-transcripts-and-maps/ibn-battuta-1304-1368">"Ibn Battuta (1304–1368)"</a>. <i>Encyclopedia.com</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201125143000/https://www.encyclopedia.com/religion/encyclopedias-almanacs-transcripts-and-maps/ibn-battuta-1304-1368">Archived</a> from the original on 25 November 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">1 November</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Ibn+Battuta+%281304%E2%80%931368%29&rft.btitle=Encyclopedia.com&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.encyclopedia.com%2Freligion%2Fencyclopedias-almanacs-transcripts-and-maps%2Fibn-battuta-1304-1368&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIbn+Battuta" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.britannica.com/biography/Ibn-Battuta">"Ibn Battuta"</a>. <i>Encyclopædia Britannica</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20221109083838/https://www.britannica.com/biography/Ibn-Battuta">Archived</a> from the original on 9 November 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">7 February</span> 2023</span>. <q>Ibn Battuta, also spelled Ibn Baṭṭūṭah, in full Abū ʿAbd Allāh Muḥammad ibn ʿAbd Allāh al-Lawātī al-Ṭanjī ibn Baṭṭūṭah, (born February 24, 1304, Tangier, Morocco—died 1368/69 or 1377, Morocco), the greatest medieval Muslim traveler and the author of one of the most famous travel books, the Riḥlah (Travels).</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Ibn+Battuta&rft.btitle=Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Britannica&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.britannica.com%2Fbiography%2FIbn-Battuta&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIbn+Battuta" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-birth-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-birth_17-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFDunn2005">Dunn 2005</a>, p. 19</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFDefr%C3%A9merySanguinetti1853">Defrémery & Sanguinetti 1853</a>, p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=mdQOAAAAQAAJ&pg=PA1">1 Vol. 1</a>; <a href="#CITEREFDunn2005">Dunn 2005</a>, p. 19</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFDunn2005">Dunn 2005</a>, p. 22</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGoitein1967" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-long-vol"><a href="/wiki/Shelomo_Dov_Goitein" title="Shelomo Dov Goitein">Goitein, Shelomo Dov</a> (1967). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=2or1LUfCuMkC&pg=PA67"><i>A Mediterranean Society</i></a>. Vol. I: Economic Foundations. University of California Press. p. 67.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Mediterranean+Society&rft.pages=67&rft.pub=University+of+California+Press&rft.date=1967&rft.aulast=Goitein&rft.aufirst=Shelomo+Dov&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D2or1LUfCuMkC%26pg%3DPA67&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIbn+Battuta" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDunn200530–31-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDunn200530%E2%80%9331_21-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFDunn2005">Dunn 2005</a>, pp. 30–31.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFDefr%C3%A9merySanguinetti1853">Defrémery & Sanguinetti 1853</a>, p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=mdQOAAAAQAAJ&pg=PA13">13 Vol. 1</a>; <a href="#CITEREFGibb1958">Gibb 1958</a>, p. 8</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFDunn2005">Dunn 2005</a>, p. 37; <a href="#CITEREFDefr%C3%A9merySanguinetti1853">Defrémery & Sanguinetti 1853</a>, p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=mdQOAAAAQAAJ&pg=PA21">21 Vol. 1</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">{{cite web |title=Ibn Battuta: Travels in Asia and Africa 1325–1354 |url=<a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="http://www.indiana.edu/~dmdhist/ibnbattuta.htm">http://www.indiana.edu/~dmdhist/ibnbattuta.htm</a> |url-status=live |archive-url=<a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170820121438/http://www.indiana.edu/~dmdhist/ibnbattuta.htm">https://web.archive.org/web/20170820121438/http://www.indiana.edu/~dmdhist/ibnbattuta.htm</a> |archive-date=20 August 2017 |access-date=6 December 2017 |website=Deborah Mauskopf Deliyannis |publisher=Indiana University}</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFDunn2005">Dunn 2005</a>, p. 39; <a href="#CITEREFDefr%C3%A9merySanguinetti1853">Defrémery & Sanguinetti 1853</a>, p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=mdQOAAAAQAAJ&pg=PA26">26 Vol. 1</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">The Travels of Ibn Battuta, A.D. 1325–1354: Volume I, translated by H.A.R Gibb, pp. 23–24</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFDefr%C3%A9merySanguinetti1853">Defrémery & Sanguinetti 1853</a>, p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=mdQOAAAAQAAJ&pg=PA27">27 Vol. 1</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFDunn2005">Dunn 2005</a>, p. 49; <a href="#CITEREFDefr%C3%A9merySanguinetti1853">Defrémery & Sanguinetti 1853</a>, p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=mdQOAAAAQAAJ&pg=PA67">67 Vol. 1</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPeacockPeacock2008-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPeacockPeacock2008_29-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFPeacockPeacock2008">Peacock & Peacock 2008</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFDunn2005">Dunn 2005</a>, pp. 53–54</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFDefr%C3%A9merySanguinetti1853">Defrémery & Sanguinetti 1853</a>, p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=mdQOAAAAQAAJ&pg=PA105">105 Vol. 1</a>; <a href="#CITEREFGibb1958">Gibb 1958</a>, p. 66; <a href="#CITEREFDunn2005">Dunn 2005</a>, p. 53</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDunn200554-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDunn200554_33-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFDunn2005">Dunn 2005</a>, p. 54.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGibb195871,_118-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGibb195871,_118_34-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFGibb1958">Gibb 1958</a>, pp. 71, 118.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGibb195881_Note_48-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGibb195881_Note_48_35-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFGibb1958">Gibb 1958</a>, p. 81 Note 48.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHrbek1962421–425-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHrbek1962421%E2%80%93425_36-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHrbek1962">Hrbek 1962</a>, pp. 421–425.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEElad1987-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEElad1987_37-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFElad1987">Elad 1987</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-39">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://hijri.habibur.com/726/9/">Islamic Hijri Calendar For Ramadan – 726 Hijri</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230519181014/https://hijri.habibur.com/726/9/">Archived</a> 19 May 2023 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. hijri.habibur.com</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDunn200566–79-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDunn200566%E2%80%9379_40-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFDunn2005">Dunn 2005</a>, pp. 66–79.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-41">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFDunn2005">Dunn 2005</a>, pp. 88–89; <a href="#CITEREFDefr%C3%A9merySanguinetti1853">Defrémery & Sanguinetti 1853</a>, p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=mdQOAAAAQAAJ&pg=PA404">404 Vol. 1</a>; <a href="#CITEREFGibb1958">Gibb 1958</a>, p. 249 Vol. 1</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-42">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFGibb1958">Gibb 1958</a>, pp. 255–257 Vol. 1; <a href="#CITEREFDunn2005">Dunn 2005</a>, pp. 89–90</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-43">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFDunn2005">Dunn 2005</a>, p. 97; <a href="#CITEREFDefr%C3%A9merySanguinetti1854">Defrémery & Sanguinetti 1854</a>, p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=m-UHAAAAIAAJ&pg=PA100">100 Vol. 2</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDunn200541,_97-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDunn200541,_97_44-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFDunn2005">Dunn 2005</a>, pp. 41, 97.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-45"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-45">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFDunn2005">Dunn 2005</a>, pp. 98–100; <a href="#CITEREFDefr%C3%A9merySanguinetti1854">Defrémery & Sanguinetti 1854</a>, p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=m-UHAAAAIAAJ&pg=PA125">125 Vol. 2</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-46"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-46">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFDunn2005">Dunn 2005</a>, pp. 100–101; <a href="#CITEREFDefr%C3%A9merySanguinetti1854">Defrémery & Sanguinetti 1854</a>, pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=m-UHAAAAIAAJ&pg=PA128">128–131 Vol. 2</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDefrémerySanguinetti1854[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidm-UHAAAAIAAJpgPA134_134–139_Vol._2]-47"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDefr%C3%A9merySanguinetti1854%5Bhttpsbooksgooglecombooksidm-UHAAAAIAAJpgPA134_134%E2%80%93139_Vol._2%5D_47-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFDefr%C3%A9merySanguinetti1854">Defrémery & Sanguinetti 1854</a>, pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=m-UHAAAAIAAJ&pg=PA134">134–139 Vol. 2</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMattock1981-48"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMattock1981_48-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMattock1981">Mattock 1981</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDunn2005102-49"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDunn2005102_49-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFDunn2005">Dunn 2005</a>, p. 102.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-51"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-51">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFDunn2005">Dunn 2005</a>, p. 102; <a href="#CITEREFDefr%C3%A9merySanguinetti1854">Defrémery & Sanguinetti 1854</a>, p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=m-UHAAAAIAAJ&pg=PA142">142 Vol. 2</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-52"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-52">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFDunn2005">Dunn 2005</a>, pp. 102–03; <a href="#CITEREFDefr%C3%A9merySanguinetti1854">Defrémery & Sanguinetti 1854</a>, p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=m-UHAAAAIAAJ&pg=PA149">149 Vol. 2</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-54"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-54">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFDunn2005">Dunn 2005</a>, pp. 115–116, 134</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-55"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-55">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFGibb1962">Gibb 1962</a>, p. 373 Vol. 2</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Sanjay-56"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Sanjay_56-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Sanjay Subrahmanyam, <i>The Career and Legend of Vasco Da Gama</i>, (Cambridge University Press: 1998), pp. 120–121.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-57"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-57">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">J. 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Federal Research Division, Library of Congress. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8444-0775-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8444-0775-3"><bdi>978-0-8444-0775-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Somalia%3A+A+Country+Study&rft.pub=Federal+Research+Division%2C+Library+of+Congress&rft.date=1992&rft.isbn=978-0-8444-0775-3&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fsomaliacountryst00metz&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIbn+Battuta" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Versteegh-60"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Versteegh_60-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFVersteegh2008" class="citation book cs1">Versteegh, Kees (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=OWQOAQAAMAAJ"><i>Encyclopedia of Arabic language and linguistics, Volume 4</i></a>. Brill. p. 276. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-9004144767" title="Special:BookSources/978-9004144767"><bdi>978-9004144767</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20151016014246/https://books.google.com/books?id=OWQOAQAAMAAJ">Archived</a> from the original on 16 October 2015<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">15 November</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Encyclopedia+of+Arabic+language+and+linguistics%2C+Volume+4&rft.pages=276&rft.pub=Brill&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-9004144767&rft.aulast=Versteegh&rft.aufirst=Kees&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DOWQOAQAAMAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIbn+Battuta" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Laisas-61"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Laisas_61-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Laisas_61-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Laisas_61-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">David D. Laitin, Said S. Samatar, <i>Somalia: Nation in Search of a State</i>, (Westview Press: 1987), p. 15.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Bulliet_313-62"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Bulliet_313_62-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBulliet2011" class="citation book cs1">Bulliet, Richard (2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Bec8AAAAQBAJ&q=abu+bakr+had+skin+darker+than+his+own+and+spoke+a+different+native+language+%28Somali%29&pg=PA313"><i>The Earth and Its Peoples, Brief Edition, Complete</i></a>. Cengage Learning. p. 313. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1133171102" title="Special:BookSources/978-1133171102"><bdi>978-1133171102</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">6 November</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Earth+and+Its+Peoples%2C+Brief+Edition%2C+Complete&rft.pages=313&rft.pub=Cengage+Learning&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=978-1133171102&rft.aulast=Bulliet&rft.aufirst=Richard&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DBec8AAAAQBAJ%26q%3Dabu%2Bbakr%2Bhad%2Bskin%2Bdarker%2Bthan%2Bhis%2Bown%2Band%2Bspoke%2Ba%2Bdifferent%2Bnative%2Blanguage%2B%2528Somali%2529%26pg%3DPA313&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIbn+Battuta" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-63"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-63">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Chapurukha Makokha Kusimba, <i>The Rise and Fall of Swahili States</i>, (AltaMira Press: 1999), p. 58</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-64"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-64">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFChittick1977">Chittick 1977</a>, p. 191</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-65"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-65">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFGibb1962">Gibb 1962</a>, p. 379 Vol. 2</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-66"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-66">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFDunn2005">Dunn 2005</a>, p. 126</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-67"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-67">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFDefr%C3%A9merySanguinetti1854">Defrémery & Sanguinetti 1854</a>, p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=m-UHAAAAIAAJ&pg=PA192">192 Vol. 2</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-68"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-68">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFDunn2005">Dunn 2005</a>, pp. 126–127</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-69"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-69">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFGibb1962">Gibb 1962</a>, p. 380 Vol. 2; <a href="#CITEREFDefr%C3%A9merySanguinetti1854">Defrémery & Sanguinetti 1854</a>, p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=m-UHAAAAIAAJ&pg=PA193">193, Vol. 2</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-70"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-70">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://orias.berkeley.edu/resources-teachers/travels-ibn-battuta/journey/red-sea-east-africa-and-arabian-sea-1328-1330">"The Red Sea to East Africa and the Arabian Sea: 1328–1330"</a>. <i>orias.berkeley.edu</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20171206203212/https://orias.berkeley.edu/resources-teachers/travels-ibn-battuta/journey/red-sea-east-africa-and-arabian-sea-1328-1330">Archived</a> from the original on 6 December 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">6 December</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=orias.berkeley.edu&rft.atitle=The+Red+Sea+to+East+Africa+and+the+Arabian+Sea%3A+1328%E2%80%931330&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Forias.berkeley.edu%2Fresources-teachers%2Ftravels-ibn-battuta%2Fjourney%2Fred-sea-east-africa-and-arabian-sea-1328-1330&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIbn+Battuta" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDunn2005137–139-71"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDunn2005137%E2%80%93139_71-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFDunn2005">Dunn 2005</a>, pp. 137–139.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGibb1962413–416_Vol._2-72"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGibb1962413%E2%80%93416_Vol._2_72-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFGibb1962">Gibb 1962</a>, pp. 413–416 Vol. 2.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGibb1962417_Vol._2-73"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGibb1962417_Vol._2_73-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFGibb1962">Gibb 1962</a>, p. 417 Vol. 2.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGibb1962418–16_Vol._2-74"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGibb1962418%E2%80%9316_Vol._2_74-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFGibb1962">Gibb 1962</a>, pp. 418–16 Vol. 2.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTETaeschner1986-75"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETaeschner1986_75-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFTaeschner1986">Taeschner 1986</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDunn2005146-76"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDunn2005146_76-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFDunn2005">Dunn 2005</a>, p. 146.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGibb1962422–423_Vol._2-77"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGibb1962422%E2%80%93423_Vol._2_77-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFGibb1962">Gibb 1962</a>, pp. 422–423 Vol. 2.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGibb1962424–428_Vol._2-78"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGibb1962424%E2%80%93428_Vol._2_78-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFGibb1962">Gibb 1962</a>, pp. 424–428 Vol. 2.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-divag-79"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-divag_79-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-divag_79-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFDunn2005">Dunn 2005</a>, pp. 149–150, 157 Note 13; <a href="#CITEREFGibb1962">Gibb 1962</a>, pp. 533–535, Vol. 2; <a href="#CITEREFHrbek1962">Hrbek 1962</a>, pp. 455–462.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGibb1962533–535,_Vol._2-80"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGibb1962533%E2%80%93535,_Vol._2_80-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFGibb1962">Gibb 1962</a>, pp. 533–535, Vol. 2.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGibb1962535,_Vol._2-81"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGibb1962535,_Vol._2_81-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFGibb1962">Gibb 1962</a>, p. 535, Vol. 2.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-books.google.co.uk-83"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-books.google.co.uk_83-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-books.google.co.uk_83-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Leslie P. Peirce (1993). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=L6-VRgVzRcUC&q=ibn+battuta&pg=PA35"><i>The Imperial Harem: Women and Sovereignty in the Ottoman Empire</i></a>. Oxford University Press.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-84"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-84">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBoyarFleet2010" class="citation book cs1">Boyar, Ebru; Fleet, Kate (2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=hHd2OizxNCcC&q=%E2%80%9Cthe+greatest+of+the+kings+of+the+Turkmens+and+the+richest+in+wealth%2C+lands+and+military+forces&pg=PA21"><i>A Social History of Ottoman Istanbul</i></a>. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">19 June</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Social+History+of+Ottoman+Istanbul&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=978-1-139-48444-2&rft.aulast=Boyar&rft.aufirst=Ebru&rft.au=Fleet%2C+Kate&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DhHd2OizxNCcC%26q%3D%25E2%2580%259Cthe%2Bgreatest%2Bof%2Bthe%2Bkings%2Bof%2Bthe%2BTurkmens%2Band%2Bthe%2Brichest%2Bin%2Bwealth%252C%2Blands%2Band%2Bmilitary%2Bforces%26pg%3DPA21&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIbn+Battuta" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-85"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-85">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKia2008" class="citation book cs1">Kia, Mehrdad (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=8JFxDwAAQBAJ&q=%E2%80%9Cthe+greatest+of+the+kings+of+the+Turkmens+and+the+richest+in+wealth%2C+lands+and+military+forces&pg=PA22"><i>The Ottoman Empire</i></a>. ABC-CLIO. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-313-34441-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-313-34441-1"><bdi>978-0-313-34441-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Ottoman+Empire&rft.pub=ABC-CLIO&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-0-313-34441-1&rft.aulast=Kia&rft.aufirst=Mehrdad&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D8JFxDwAAQBAJ%26q%3D%25E2%2580%259Cthe%2Bgreatest%2Bof%2Bthe%2Bkings%2Bof%2Bthe%2BTurkmens%2Band%2Bthe%2Brichest%2Bin%2Bwealth%252C%2Blands%2Band%2Bmilitary%2Bforces%26pg%3DPA22&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIbn+Battuta" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-86"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-86">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Ross E. Dunn, Muḥammad Ibn-ʿAbdallāh Ibn-Baṭṭūṭa, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=h7IwDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA154"><i>The Adventures of Ibn Battuta: A Muslim Traveler of the Fourteenth Century</i></a>, University of California Press.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-87"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-87">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Safarname Ibn Battutah, vol. 1</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-88"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-88">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFDunn2005">Dunn 2005</a>, pp. 169–171</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-hajjguide-89"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-hajjguide_89-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.hajjguide.org/The_Longest_Hajj_Part2/html/The_Longest_Hajj_Part2_6.htm">"The_Longest_Hajj_Part2_6"</a>. hajjguide.org. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140924095213/http://www.hajjguide.org/The_Longest_Hajj_Part2/html/The_Longest_Hajj_Part2_6.htm">Archived</a> from the original on 24 September 2014<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">13 June</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The_Longest_Hajj_Part2_6&rft.pub=hajjguide.org&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.hajjguide.org%2FThe_Longest_Hajj_Part2%2Fhtml%2FThe_Longest_Hajj_Part2_6.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIbn+Battuta" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-90"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-90">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFoltz2019" class="citation book cs1">Foltz, Richard (2019). "Tajiks and Turks". <i>A History of the Tajiks: Iranians of the East</i>. London: I.B. Tauris. p. 95.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Tajiks+and+Turks&rft.btitle=A+History+of+the+Tajiks%3A+Iranians+of+the+East&rft.place=London&rft.pages=95&rft.pub=I.B.+Tauris&rft.date=2019&rft.aulast=Foltz&rft.aufirst=Richard&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIbn+Battuta" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-91"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-91">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.khanacademy.org/partner-content/big-history-project/expansion-interconnection/exploration-interconnection/a/ibn-battuta">"Khan Academy"</a>. <i>Khan Academy</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20171206202102/https://www.khanacademy.org/partner-content/big-history-project/expansion-interconnection/exploration-interconnection/a/ibn-battuta">Archived</a> from the original on 6 December 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">6 December</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Khan+Academy&rft.atitle=Khan+Academy&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.khanacademy.org%2Fpartner-content%2Fbig-history-project%2Fexpansion-interconnection%2Fexploration-interconnection%2Fa%2Fibn-battuta&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIbn+Battuta" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-92"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-92">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFDunn2005">Dunn 2005</a>, pp. 171–178</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-sl2009-93"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-sl2009_93-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-sl2009_93-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Ibn Battuta, The Travels of Ibn Battuta (Translated by Samuel Lee, 2009), <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-60520-621-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-60520-621-9">978-1-60520-621-9</a>, pp. 97–98</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELee1829191-94"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELee1829191_94-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFLee1829">Lee 1829</a>, p. 191.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-95"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-95">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFGibb1971">Gibb 1971</a>, p. 592 Vol. 3; <a href="#CITEREFDefr%C3%A9merySanguinetti1855">Defrémery & Sanguinetti 1855</a>, p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=w_YHAAAAIAAJ&pg=PA92">92 Vol. 3</a>; <a href="#CITEREFDunn2005">Dunn 2005</a>, pp. 178, 181 Note 26</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAiya1906328-96"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAiya1906328_96-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAiya1906328_96-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFAiya1906">Aiya 1906</a>, p. 328.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-97"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-97">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Jerry Bently, <i>Old World Encounters: Cross-Cultural Contacts and Exchanges in Pre-Modern Times</i> (New York: Oxford University Press, 1993), p. 121.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:0-98"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:0_98-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_98-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSuvorova2004" class="citation book cs1">Suvorova, Anna (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=QK0aLjQtX2cC&q=ibn+battuta+pakpattan&pg=PA102"><i>Muslim Saints of South Asia: The Eleventh to Fifteenth Centuries</i></a>. <a href="/wiki/Routledge" title="Routledge">Routledge</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-134-37006-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-134-37006-1"><bdi>978-1-134-37006-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Muslim+Saints+of+South+Asia%3A+The+Eleventh+to+Fifteenth+Centuries&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=978-1-134-37006-1&rft.aulast=Suvorova&rft.aufirst=Anna&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DQK0aLjQtX2cC%26q%3Dibn%2Bbattuta%2Bpakpattan%26pg%3DPA102&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIbn+Battuta" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-99"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-99">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWaines2012" class="citation book cs1">Waines, David (2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=NqH3AgAAQBAJ&q=ibn+battuta+peshawar&pg=PP60"><i>The Odyssey of Ibn Battuta: Uncommon Tales of a Medieval Adventurer</i></a>. 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Tauris. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-85773-065-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-85773-065-7"><bdi>978-0-85773-065-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Odyssey+of+Ibn+Battuta%3A+Uncommon+Tales+of+a+Medieval+Adventurer&rft.pub=I.B.+Tauris&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=978-0-85773-065-7&rft.aulast=Waines&rft.aufirst=David&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DNqH3AgAAQBAJ%26q%3Dibn%2Bbattuta%2Bpeshawar%26pg%3DPP60&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIbn+Battuta" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-100"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-100">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRoss1883" class="citation book cs1">Ross, David (1883). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=bH4BAAAAQAAJ&q=timur+pakpattan&pg=RA1-PA113"><i>The land of the five rivers and Sindh</i></a>. Chapman and Hall.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+land+of+the+five+rivers+and+Sindh&rft.pub=Chapman+and+Hall&rft.date=1883&rft.aulast=Ross&rft.aufirst=David&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DbH4BAAAAQAAJ%26q%3Dtimur%2Bpakpattan%26pg%3DRA1-PA113&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIbn+Battuta" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-101"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-101">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">André Wink, <i>Al-Hind, the Slave Kings and the Islamic Conquest, 11th–13th Centuries, Volume 2 of Al-Hind: The Making of the Indo-Islamic World. The Slave Kings and the Islamic Conquest 11th–13th Centuries</i> (Brill, 2002), p. 229.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-102"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-102">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFGibb1971">Gibb 1971</a>, p. 596 Vol. 3; <a href="#CITEREFDefr%C3%A9merySanguinetti1855">Defrémery & Sanguinetti 1855</a>, p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=w_YHAAAAIAAJ&pg=PA100">100 Vol. 3</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGibbBeckingham1994775_Vol._4-103"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGibbBeckingham1994775_Vol._4_103-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFGibbBeckingham1994">Gibb & Beckingham 1994</a>, p. 775 Vol. 4.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDefrémerySanguinetti1858[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidAdUOAAAAQAAJpgPA4_4_Vol._4]-104"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDefr%C3%A9merySanguinetti1858%5BhttpsbooksgooglecombooksidAdUOAAAAQAAJpgPA4_4_Vol._4%5D_104-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFDefr%C3%A9merySanguinetti1858">Defrémery & Sanguinetti 1858</a>, p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=AdUOAAAAQAAJ&pg=PA4">4 Vol. 4</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDunn2005238_Note_4-105"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDunn2005238_Note_4_105-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFDunn2005">Dunn 2005</a>, p. 238 Note 4.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-berkeley-107"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-berkeley_107-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://orias.berkeley.edu/resources-teachers/travels-ibn-battuta/journey/escape-delhi-maldive-islands-and-sri-lanka-1341-1344">"The Travels of Ibn Battuta: Escape from Delhi to the Maldive Islands and Sri Lanka: 1341–1344"</a>. orias.berkeley.edu. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170116143959/http://orias.berkeley.edu/resources-teachers/travels-ibn-battuta/journey/escape-delhi-maldive-islands-and-sri-lanka-1341-1344">Archived</a> from the original on 16 January 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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(2006), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=DSfvfr8VQSEC&pg=PA54"><i>Marco Polo's China: a Venetian in the realm of Khubilai Khan</i></a>, Volume 3 of Routledge studies in the early history of Asia, Psychology Press, pp. 52–57, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-415-34850-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-415-34850-8"><bdi>978-0-415-34850-8</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Marco+Polo%27s+China%3A+a+Venetian+in+the+realm+of+Khubilai+Khan&rft.series=Volume+3+of+Routledge+studies+in+the+early+history+of+Asia&rft.pages=52-57&rft.pub=Psychology+Press&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=978-0-415-34850-8&rft.aulast=Haw&rft.aufirst=Stephen+G.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DDSfvfr8VQSEC%26pg%3DPA54&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIbn+Battuta" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-139"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-139">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFDunn2005">Dunn 2005</a>, pp. 259–261</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-BonnettHolder2009-140"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-BonnettHolder2009_140-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBonnettHolder2009" class="citation book cs1">Bonnett, Aubrey W.; Holder, Calvin B. (2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=cSQrAQAAIAAJ&q=battuta+slave+girl+damascus"><i>Continuing Perspectives on the Black Diaspora</i></a>. University Press of America. p. 26. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7618-4662-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7618-4662-8"><bdi>978-0-7618-4662-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Continuing+Perspectives+on+the+Black+Diaspora&rft.pages=26&rft.pub=University+Press+of+America&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-0-7618-4662-8&rft.aulast=Bonnett&rft.aufirst=Aubrey+W.&rft.au=Holder%2C+Calvin+B.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DcSQrAQAAIAAJ%26q%3Dbattuta%2Bslave%2Bgirl%2Bdamascus&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIbn+Battuta" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Harvey2007-141"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Harvey2007_141-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHarvey2007" class="citation book cs1">Harvey, L. P. (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=7Px_AAAAMAAJ&q=battuta+slave+girl+damascus"><i>Ibn Battuta</i></a>. I. B. Tauris. p. 51. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-84511-394-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-84511-394-0"><bdi>978-1-84511-394-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Ibn+Battuta&rft.pages=51&rft.pub=I.+B.+Tauris&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-1-84511-394-0&rft.aulast=Harvey&rft.aufirst=L.+P.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D7Px_AAAAMAAJ%26q%3Dbattuta%2Bslave%2Bgirl%2Bdamascus&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIbn+Battuta" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-142"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-142">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFDunn2005">Dunn 2005</a>, p. 261</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-143"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-143">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFDunn2005">Dunn 2005</a>, pp. 268–269</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-144"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-144">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFDunn2005">Dunn 2005</a>, p. 269</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGibbBeckingham1994918_Vol._4-145"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGibbBeckingham1994918_Vol._4_145-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFGibbBeckingham1994">Gibb & Beckingham 1994</a>, p. 918 Vol. 4.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGibbBeckingham1994919_Vol._4-146"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGibbBeckingham1994919_Vol._4_146-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFGibbBeckingham1994">Gibb & Beckingham 1994</a>, p. 919 Vol. 4.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-147"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-147">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFDunn2005">Dunn 2005</a>, pp. 274–275</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-148"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-148">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFDunn2005">Dunn 2005</a>, p. 278</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-149"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-149">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFDunn2005">Dunn 2005</a>, p. 282</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-150"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-150">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFDunn2005">Dunn 2005</a>, pp. 283–284</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-151"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-151">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFDunn2005">Dunn 2005</a>, pp. 286–287</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-152"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-152">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFDefr%C3%A9merySanguinetti1858">Defrémery & Sanguinetti 1858</a>, p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=AdUOAAAAQAAJ&pg=PA376">376 Vol. 4</a>; <a href="#CITEREFLevtzionHopkins2000">Levtzion & Hopkins 2000</a>, p. 282; <a href="#CITEREFDunn2005">Dunn 2005</a>, p. 295</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-153"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-153">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFDefr%C3%A9merySanguinetti1858">Defrémery & Sanguinetti 1858</a>, pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=AdUOAAAAQAAJ&pg=PA378">378–379 Vol. 4</a>; <a href="#CITEREFLevtzionHopkins2000">Levtzion & Hopkins 2000</a>, p. 282; <a href="#CITEREFDunn2005">Dunn 2005</a>, p. 297</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELevtzionHopkins2000457-154"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELevtzionHopkins2000457_154-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFLevtzionHopkins2000">Levtzion & Hopkins 2000</a>, p. 457.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-156"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-156">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFDefr%C3%A9merySanguinetti1858">Defrémery & Sanguinetti 1858</a>, p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=AdUOAAAAQAAJ&pg=PA385">385 Vol. 4</a>; <a href="#CITEREFLevtzionHopkins2000">Levtzion & Hopkins 2000</a>, p. 284; <a href="#CITEREFDunn2005">Dunn 2005</a>, p. 298</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHunwick1973-157"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHunwick1973_157-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHunwick1973">Hunwick 1973</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-159"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-159">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Jerry Bently, <i>Old World Encounters: Cross-Cultural Contacts and Exchanges in Pre-Modern Times (New York: Oxford University Press, 1993), 131</i>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-160"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-160">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEl_Hamel2002" class="citation journal cs1">El Hamel, Chouki (2002). "<span class="cs1-kern-left"></span>'Race', slavery and Islam in Maghribi Mediterranean thought: the question of the Haratin in Morocco". <i>The Journal of North African Studies</i>. <b>7</b> (3): 29–52. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F13629380208718472">10.1080/13629380208718472</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:219625829">219625829</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Journal+of+North+African+Studies&rft.atitle=%27Race%27%2C+slavery+and+Islam+in+Maghribi+Mediterranean+thought%3A+the+question+of+the+Haratin+in+Morocco&rft.volume=7&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=29-52&rft.date=2002&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1080%2F13629380208718472&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A219625829%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=El+Hamel&rft.aufirst=Chouki&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIbn+Battuta" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-161"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-161">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFDefr%C3%A9merySanguinetti1858">Defrémery & Sanguinetti 1858</a>, p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=AdUOAAAAQAAJ&pg=PA430">430 Vol. 4</a>; <a href="#CITEREFLevtzionHopkins2000">Levtzion & Hopkins 2000</a>, p. 299; <a href="#CITEREFGibbBeckingham1994">Gibb & Beckingham 1994</a>, pp. 969–970 Vol. 4; <a href="#CITEREFDunn2005">Dunn 2005</a>, p. 304</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDunn2005304-162"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDunn2005304_162-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFDunn2005">Dunn 2005</a>, p. 304.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-163"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-163">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFDefr%C3%A9merySanguinetti1858">Defrémery & Sanguinetti 1858</a>, pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=AdUOAAAAQAAJ&pg=PA425">425–426 Vol. 4</a>; <a href="#CITEREFLevtzionHopkins2000">Levtzion & Hopkins 2000</a>, p. 297</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-164"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-164">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFDefr%C3%A9merySanguinetti1858">Defrémery & Sanguinetti 1858</a>, pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=AdUOAAAAQAAJ&pg=PA432">432–436 Vol. 4</a>; <a href="#CITEREFLevtzionHopkins2000">Levtzion & Hopkins 2000</a>, p. 299; <a href="#CITEREFDunn2005">Dunn 2005</a>, p. 305</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-165"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-165">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFDefr%C3%A9merySanguinetti1858">Defrémery & Sanguinetti 1858</a>, pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=AdUOAAAAQAAJ&pg=PA444">444–445 Vol. 4</a>; <a href="#CITEREFLevtzionHopkins2000">Levtzion & Hopkins 2000</a>, p. 303; <a href="#CITEREFDunn2005">Dunn 2005</a>, p. 306</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-166"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-166">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Noel King (ed.), <i>Ibn Battuta in Black Africa</i>, Princeton 2005, pp. 45–46. Four generations before Mansa Suleiman who died in 1360 CE, his grandfather's grandfather (Saraq Jata) had embraced Islam.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-M-S_p._ix-167"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-M-S_p._ix_167-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">M-S p. ix.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-168"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-168">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">p. 310</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9–10_Vol._1-170"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9%E2%80%9310_Vol._1_170-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFDunn2005">Dunn 2005</a>, pp. 310–311; <a href="#CITEREFDefr%C3%A9merySanguinetti1853">Defrémery & Sanguinetti 1853</a>, pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=mdQOAAAAQAAJ&pg=PA9">9–10 Vol. 1</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Picador-171"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Picador_171-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Picador_171-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBattutah2002" class="citation book cs1">Battutah, Ibn (2002). <i>The Travels of Ibn Battutah</i>. Picador. p. 141. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-330-41879-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-330-41879-9"><bdi>978-0-330-41879-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Travels+of+Ibn+Battutah&rft.pages=141&rft.pub=Picador&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=978-0-330-41879-9&rft.aulast=Battutah&rft.aufirst=Ibn&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIbn+Battuta" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-173"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-173">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFDunn2005">Dunn 2005</a>, pp. 313–314; <a href="#CITEREFMattock1981">Mattock 1981</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-174"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-174">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFDunn2005">Dunn 2005</a>, pp. 63–64; <a href="#CITEREFElad1987">Elad 1987</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-175"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-175">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFDunn2005">Dunn 2005</a>, p. 179; <a href="#CITEREFJanicsek1929">Janicsek 1929</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-176"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-176">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFDunn2005">Dunn 2005</a>, p. 134 Note 17</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-177"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-177">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFDunn2005">Dunn 2005</a>, p. 180 Note 23</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-178"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-178">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFDunn2005">Dunn 2005</a>, p. 157 Note 13</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Visweswaran2011-179"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Visweswaran2011_179-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKamala_Visweswaran2011" class="citation book cs1">Kamala Visweswaran (2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=m-EYXNnvMugC&q=candles+ships+jinn&pg=PA164"><i>Perspectives on Modern South Asia: A Reader in Culture, History, and Representation</i></a>. John Wiley & Sons. p. 164. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4051-0062-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4051-0062-5"><bdi>978-1-4051-0062-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Perspectives+on+Modern+South+Asia%3A+A+Reader+in+Culture%2C+History%2C+and+Representation&rft.pages=164&rft.pub=John+Wiley+%26+Sons&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=978-1-4051-0062-5&rft.au=Kamala+Visweswaran&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dm-EYXNnvMugC%26q%3Dcandles%2Bships%2Bjinn%26pg%3DPA164&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIbn+Battuta" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-180"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-180">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFDunn2005">Dunn 2005</a>, pp. 253, 262 Note 20</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-ElgerKöse2010-181"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-ElgerK%C3%B6se2010_181-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFElger2010" class="citation book cs1">Elger, Ralf (2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=7xMDvp2ypVcC&pg=PA79">"Lying, forging, plagiarism: some narrative techniques in Ibn Baṭṭūṭa's travelogue"</a>. In Elger, Ralf; Köse, Yavuz (eds.). <i>Many Ways of Speaking about the Self: Middle Eastern Ego-documents in Arabic, Persian, and Turkish (14th–20th Century)</i>. Wiesbaden: Otto Harrassowitz Verlag. pp. 71–88 [79–82]. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-447-06250-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-447-06250-3"><bdi>978-3-447-06250-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Lying%2C+forging%2C+plagiarism%3A+some+narrative+techniques+in+Ibn+Ba%E1%B9%AD%E1%B9%AD%C5%AB%E1%B9%ADa%27s+travelogue&rft.btitle=Many+Ways+of+Speaking+about+the+Self%3A+Middle+Eastern+Ego-documents+in+Arabic%2C+Persian%2C+and+Turkish+%2814th%E2%80%9320th+Century%29&rft.place=Wiesbaden&rft.pages=71-88+79-82&rft.pub=Otto+Harrassowitz+Verlag&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=978-3-447-06250-3&rft.aulast=Elger&rft.aufirst=Ralf&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D7xMDvp2ypVcC%26pg%3DPA79&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIbn+Battuta" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Gordon2009-182"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Gordon2009_182-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStewart_Gordon2009" class="citation book cs1">Stewart Gordon (2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=sSn_AgAAQBAJ&q=battuta+slave+girl+damascus&pg=PA114"><i>When Asia was the World</i></a>. Perseus Books Group. p. 114. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-306-81739-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-306-81739-7"><bdi>978-0-306-81739-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=When+Asia+was+the+World&rft.pages=114&rft.pub=Perseus+Books+Group&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-0-306-81739-7&rft.au=Stewart+Gordon&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DsSn_AgAAQBAJ%26q%3Dbattuta%2Bslave%2Bgirl%2Bdamascus%26pg%3DPA114&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIbn+Battuta" class="Z3988"></span><sup class="noprint Inline-Template"><span style="white-space: nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Link_rot" title="Wikipedia:Link rot"><span title=" Dead link tagged November 2023">permanent dead link</span></a></i><span style="visibility:hidden; color:transparent; padding-left:2px">‍</span>]</span></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Pearson2003-183"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Pearson2003_183-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPearson2003" class="citation book cs1">Pearson, Michael N. (2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=deL2XkY8YeoC&pg=PT135"><i>The Indian Ocean</i></a>. Routledge. p. 112. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-134-60959-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-134-60959-8"><bdi>978-1-134-60959-8</bdi></a>. <q>He had a son to a Moroccan woman/wife in Damascus ... a daughter to a slave girl in Bukhara ... a daughter in Delhi to a wife, another to a slave girl in Malabar, a son in the Maldives to a wife ... in the Maldives at least he divorced his wives before he left.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Indian+Ocean&rft.pages=112&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=978-1-134-60959-8&rft.aulast=Pearson&rft.aufirst=Michael+N.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DdeL2XkY8YeoC%26pg%3DPT135&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIbn+Battuta" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Dalrymple2003-184"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Dalrymple2003_184-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWilliam_Dalrymple2003" class="citation book cs1">William Dalrymple (2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=GVvUJVmVr8kC&q=battuta+slave+girl+damascus"><i>City of Djinns: A Year in Delhi</i></a>. Penguin. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-101-12701-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-101-12701-8"><bdi>978-1-101-12701-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=City+of+Djinns%3A+A+Year+in+Delhi&rft.pub=Penguin&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=978-1-101-12701-8&rft.au=William+Dalrymple&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DGVvUJVmVr8kC%26q%3Dbattuta%2Bslave%2Bgirl%2Bdamascus&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIbn+Battuta" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Hammer1999-185"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Hammer1999_185-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHammer1999" class="citation book cs1">Hammer, Kate S. (1999). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=KTceAQAAMAAJ&q=battuta+slave+girl+damascus"><i>The Role of Women in Ibn Battuta's Rihla</i></a>. Indiana University. p. 45.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Role+of+Women+in+Ibn+Battuta%27s+Rihla&rft.pages=45&rft.pub=Indiana+University&rft.date=1999&rft.aulast=Hammer&rft.aufirst=Kate+S.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DKTceAQAAMAAJ%26q%3Dbattuta%2Bslave%2Bgirl%2Bdamascus&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIbn+Battuta" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-186"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-186">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFGibb1958">Gibb 1958</a>, pp. 480–481; <a href="#CITEREFDunn2005">Dunn 2005</a>, p. 168</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-187"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-187">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFGibb1958">Gibb 1958</a>, pp. ix–x Vol. 1; <a href="#CITEREFDunn2005">Dunn 2005</a>, p. 318</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-188"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-188">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFDefr%C3%A9merySanguinetti1853">Defrémery & Sanguinetti 1853</a>, pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=mdQOAAAAQAAJ&pg=PR13">xiii–xiv</a>, Vol. 1; <a href="#CITEREFKosegarten1818">Kosegarten 1818</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEApetz1819-189"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEApetz1819_189-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFApetz1819">Apetz 1819</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEde_Sacy1820-190"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEde_Sacy1820_190-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFde_Sacy1820">de Sacy 1820</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-191"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-191">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBurckhardt1819">Burckhardt 1819</a>, pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/stream/travelsinnubia00burcgoog#page/n637/mode/1up">533–537 Note 82</a>; <a href="#CITEREFDefr%C3%A9merySanguinetti1853">Defrémery & Sanguinetti 1853</a>, p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=mdQOAAAAQAAJ&pg=PR16">xvi</a>, Vol. 1</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELee1829-192"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELee1829_192-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFLee1829">Lee 1829</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEde_Slane1883–1895[httpgallicabnffrark12148bpt6k209467tf407image_401]-193"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEde_Slane1883%E2%80%931895%5Bhttpgallicabnffrark12148bpt6k209467tf407image_401%5D_193-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFde_Slane1883%E2%80%931895">de Slane 1883–1895</a>, p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/bpt6k209467t/f407.image">401</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-194"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-194">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMS_Arabe_2287">MS Arabe 2287</a>; <a href="#CITEREFMS_Arabe_2288">MS Arabe 2288</a>; <a href="#CITEREFMS_Arabe_2289">MS Arabe 2289</a>; <a href="#CITEREFMS_Arabe_2290">MS Arabe 2290</a>; <a href="#CITEREFMS_Arabe_2291">MS Arabe 2291</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDunn20054-195"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDunn20054_195-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFDunn2005">Dunn 2005</a>, p. 4.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDefrémerySanguinetti1853[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidmdQOAAAAQAAJpgPR23_xxiii]Vol._1-196"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDefr%C3%A9merySanguinetti1853%5BhttpsbooksgooglecombooksidmdQOAAAAQAAJpgPR23_xxiii%5DVol._1_196-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFDefr%C3%A9merySanguinetti1853">Defrémery & Sanguinetti 1853</a>, p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=mdQOAAAAQAAJ&pg=PR23">xxiii</a>, Vol. 1.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-198"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-198">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFde_Slane1843b">de Slane 1843b</a>; <a href="#CITEREFMS_Arabe_2291">MS Arabe 2291</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEde_Slane1843a-199"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEde_Slane1843a_199-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFde_Slane1843a">de Slane 1843a</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-200"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-200">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFDefr%C3%A9merySanguinetti1853">Defrémery & Sanguinetti 1853</a>; <a href="#CITEREFDefr%C3%A9merySanguinetti1854">Defrémery & Sanguinetti 1854</a>; <a href="#CITEREFDefr%C3%A9merySanguinetti1855">Defrémery & Sanguinetti 1855</a>; <a href="#CITEREFDefr%C3%A9merySanguinetti1858">Defrémery & Sanguinetti 1858</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDefrémerySanguinetti1853[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidmdQOAAAAQAAJpgPR17_xvii]Vol._1-201"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDefr%C3%A9merySanguinetti1853%5BhttpsbooksgooglecombooksidmdQOAAAAQAAJpgPR17_xvii%5DVol._1_201-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFDefr%C3%A9merySanguinetti1853">Defrémery & Sanguinetti 1853</a>, p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=mdQOAAAAQAAJ&pg=PR17">xvii</a>, Vol. 1.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGibb1929-203"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGibb1929_203-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFGibb1929">Gibb 1929</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGibbBeckingham1994ix-204"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGibbBeckingham1994ix_204-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFGibbBeckingham1994">Gibb & Beckingham 1994</a>, p. ix.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGibb1958-205"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGibb1958_205-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFGibb1958">Gibb 1958</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGibbBeckingham1994-206"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGibbBeckingham1994_206-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFGibbBeckingham1994">Gibb & Beckingham 1994</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-207"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-207">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGropp2010" class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Gropp, Lewis (17 September 2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.deutschlandfunk.de/zeitzeuge-oder-faelscher-100.html">"Zeitzeuge oder Fälscher?"</a>. <i>Deutschlandfunk</i> (in German). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230109174502/https://www.deutschlandfunk.de/zeitzeuge-oder-faelscher-100.html">Archived</a> from the original on 9 January 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">7 February</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Deutschlandfunk&rft.atitle=Zeitzeuge+oder+F%C3%A4lscher%3F&rft.date=2010-09-17&rft.aulast=Gropp&rft.aufirst=Lewis&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.deutschlandfunk.de%2Fzeitzeuge-oder-faelscher-100.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIbn+Battuta" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-208"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-208">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEuben2008" class="citation book cs1">Euben, Roxanne L. (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=QfP9OSUfnBsC&pg=PA220"><i>Journeys to the Other Shore: Muslim and Western Travelers in Search of Knowledge</i></a>. Princeton University Press. p. 220. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4008-2749-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4008-2749-7"><bdi>978-1-4008-2749-7</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">7 February</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Journeys+to+the+Other+Shore%3A+Muslim+and+Western+Travelers+in+Search+of+Knowledge&rft.pages=220&rft.pub=Princeton+University+Press&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-1-4008-2749-7&rft.aulast=Euben&rft.aufirst=Roxanne+L.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DQfP9OSUfnBsC%26pg%3DPA220&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIbn+Battuta" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-209"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-209">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDunn2012" class="citation book cs1">Dunn, Ross E. (2012). <i>The Adventures of Ibn Battuta: A Muslim Traveler of the 14th Century</i>. University of California Press.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Adventures+of+Ibn+Battuta%3A+A+Muslim+Traveler+of+the+14th+Century&rft.pub=University+of+California+Press&rft.date=2012&rft.aulast=Dunn&rft.aufirst=Ross+E.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIbn+Battuta" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-210"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-210">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://gulfnews.com/uae/year-of-the-50th/ibn-battuta-mall-shopping-centre-that-lets-you-explore-new-places-1.1634648074074">"Ibn Battuta Mall: Shopping centre that lets you explore new places"</a>. <i>gulfnews.com</i>. 25 October 2021. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20211216220206/https://gulfnews.com/uae/year-of-the-50th/ibn-battuta-mall-shopping-centre-that-lets-you-explore-new-places-1.1634648074074">Archived</a> from the original on 16 December 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">16 December</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=gulfnews.com&rft.atitle=Ibn+Battuta+Mall%3A+Shopping+centre+that+lets+you+explore+new+places&rft.date=2021-10-25&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fgulfnews.com%2Fuae%2Fyear-of-the-50th%2Fibn-battuta-mall-shopping-centre-that-lets-you-explore-new-places-1.1634648074074&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIbn+Battuta" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-211"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-211">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ibnbattutamall.com/en">"Largest Themed Shopping Mall In Dubai"</a>. <i>Ibn Battuta Mall</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20211216231214/https://www.ibnbattutamall.com/en">Archived</a> from the original on 16 December 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">16 December</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Ibn+Battuta+Mall&rft.atitle=Largest+Themed+Shopping+Mall+In+Dubai&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ibnbattutamall.com%2Fen&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIbn+Battuta" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-212"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-212">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cnn.com/travel/article/mobility-pavilion-alif-expo-2020-dubai-weta-workshop-spc-intl/index.html">"50-foot giants and superstar architects: Inside Expo 2020's Mobility pavilion"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/CNN" title="CNN">CNN</a></i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20211220161628/https://www.cnn.com/travel/article/mobility-pavilion-alif-expo-2020-dubai-weta-workshop-spc-intl/index.html">Archived</a> from the original on 20 December 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">20 December</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=CNN&rft.atitle=50-foot+giants+and+superstar+architects%3A+Inside+Expo+2020%27s+Mobility+pavilion&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cnn.com%2Ftravel%2Farticle%2Fmobility-pavilion-alif-expo-2020-dubai-weta-workshop-spc-intl%2Findex.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIbn+Battuta" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Bibliography">Bibliography</h3><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Ibn_Battuta&action=edit&section=27" title="Edit section: Bibliography" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>edit</span> </a> </span> </div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239549316">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%}}</style><div class="refbegin refbegin-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em"> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAiya1906" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/V._Nagam_Aiya" title="V. Nagam Aiya">Aiya, V. Nagam</a> (1906). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/travancorestate00aiyagoog"><i>Travancore State Manual</i></a>. Travancore Government press.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Travancore+State+Manual&rft.pub=Travancore+Government+press&rft.date=1906&rft.aulast=Aiya&rft.aufirst=V.+Nagam&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Ftravancorestate00aiyagoog&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIbn+Battuta" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFApetz1819" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Apetz, Heinrich (1819). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=qFFTAAAAcAAJ"><i>Descriptio terrae Malabar ex Arabico Ebn Batutae Itinerario Edita</i></a> (in Latin and Arabic). Jena: Croecker. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/243444596">243444596</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Descriptio+terrae+Malabar+ex+Arabico+Ebn+Batutae+Itinerario+Edita&rft.place=Jena&rft.pub=Croecker&rft.date=1819&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F243444596&rft.aulast=Apetz&rft.aufirst=Heinrich&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DqFFTAAAAcAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIbn+Battuta" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBurckhardt1819" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Johann_Ludwig_Burckhardt" title="Johann Ludwig Burckhardt">Burckhardt, John Lewis</a> (1819). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/stream/travelsinnubia00burcgoog#page/n10/mode/2up"><i>Travels in Nubia</i></a>. London: John Murray. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/192612">192612</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Travels+in+Nubia&rft.place=London&rft.pub=John+Murray&rft.date=1819&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F192612&rft.aulast=Burckhardt&rft.aufirst=John+Lewis&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fstream%2Ftravelsinnubia00burcgoog%23page%2Fn10%2Fmode%2F2up&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIbn+Battuta" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChittick1977" class="citation cs2">Chittick, H. Neville (1977), "The East Coast, Madagascar and the Indian Ocean", in Oliver, Roland (ed.), <i>Cambridge History of Africa Vol. 3. From c. 1050 to c. 1600</i>, Cambridge University Press, pp. 183–231, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-20981-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-521-20981-6"><bdi>978-0-521-20981-6</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+East+Coast%2C+Madagascar+and+the+Indian+Ocean&rft.btitle=Cambridge+History+of+Africa+Vol.+3.+From+c.+1050+to+c.+1600&rft.pages=183-231&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1977&rft.isbn=978-0-521-20981-6&rft.aulast=Chittick&rft.aufirst=H.+Neville&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIbn+Battuta" class="Z3988"></span>.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDefrémerySanguinetti1853" class="citation cs2 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Defrémery, C.; Sanguinetti, B. R., eds. (1853), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=mdQOAAAAQAAJ"><i>Voyages d'Ibn Batoutah</i></a> (in French and Arabic), vol. 1, Paris: Société Asiatic</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Voyages+d%27Ibn+Batoutah&rft.place=Paris&rft.pub=Soci%C3%A9t%C3%A9+Asiatic&rft.date=1853&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DmdQOAAAAQAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIbn+Battuta" class="Z3988"></span>. The text of these volumes has been used as the source for translations into other languages.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDefrémerySanguinetti1854" class="citation cs2 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Defrémery, C.; Sanguinetti, B. R., eds. (1854), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=m-UHAAAAIAAJ"><i>Voyages d'Ibn Batoutah</i></a> (in French and Arabic), vol. 2, Paris: Société Asiatic</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Voyages+d%27Ibn+Batoutah&rft.place=Paris&rft.pub=Soci%C3%A9t%C3%A9+Asiatic&rft.date=1854&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dm-UHAAAAIAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIbn+Battuta" class="Z3988"></span>.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDefrémerySanguinetti1855" class="citation cs2 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Defrémery, C.; Sanguinetti, B. R., eds. (1855), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=w_YHAAAAIAAJ"><i>Voyages d'Ibn Batoutah</i></a> (in French and Arabic), vol. 3, Paris: Société Asiatic</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Voyages+d%27Ibn+Batoutah&rft.place=Paris&rft.pub=Soci%C3%A9t%C3%A9+Asiatic&rft.date=1855&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dw_YHAAAAIAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIbn+Battuta" class="Z3988"></span>.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDefrémerySanguinetti1858" class="citation cs2 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Defrémery, C.; Sanguinetti, B. R., eds. (1858), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=AdUOAAAAQAAJ"><i>Voyages d'Ibn Batoutah</i></a> (in French and Arabic), vol. 4, Paris: Société Asiatic</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Voyages+d%27Ibn+Batoutah&rft.place=Paris&rft.pub=Soci%C3%A9t%C3%A9+Asiatic&rft.date=1858&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DAdUOAAAAQAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIbn+Battuta" class="Z3988"></span>.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDunn2005" class="citation cs2"><a href="/wiki/Ross_E._Dunn" title="Ross E. Dunn">Dunn, Ross E.</a> (2005), <i>The Adventures of Ibn Battuta</i>, University of California Press, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-520-24385-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-520-24385-9"><bdi>978-0-520-24385-9</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Adventures+of+Ibn+Battuta&rft.pub=University+of+California+Press&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=978-0-520-24385-9&rft.aulast=Dunn&rft.aufirst=Ross+E.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIbn+Battuta" class="Z3988"></span>. First published in 1986, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-520-05771-6" title="Special:BookSources/0-520-05771-6">0-520-05771-6</a>.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFElad1987" class="citation cs2">Elad, Amikam (1987), "The description of the travels of Ibn Baṭūṭṭa in Palestine: is it original?", <i>Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society</i>, <b>119</b> (2): 256–272, <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1017%2FS0035869X00140651">10.1017/S0035869X00140651</a>, <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:162501637">162501637</a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+the+Royal+Asiatic+Society&rft.atitle=The+description+of+the+travels+of+Ibn+Ba%E1%B9%AD%C5%AB%E1%B9%AD%E1%B9%ADa+in+Palestine%3A+is+it+original%3F&rft.volume=119&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=256-272&rft.date=1987&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1017%2FS0035869X00140651&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A162501637%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Elad&rft.aufirst=Amikam&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIbn+Battuta" class="Z3988"></span>.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGibb1929" class="citation cs2">Gibb, H. A. R., ed. (1929), <i>Ibn Battuta Travels in Asia and Africa (selections)</i>, London: Routledge</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Ibn+Battuta+Travels+in+Asia+and+Africa+%28selections%29&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=1929&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIbn+Battuta" class="Z3988"></span>. Reissued several times. Extracts are available on the <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.fordham.edu/halsall/source/1354-ibnbattuta.html">Fordham University site</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110513172555/http://www.fordham.edu/halsall/source/1354-ibnbattuta.html">Archived</a> 13 May 2011 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGibb1958" class="citation cs2">Gibb, H. A. R., ed. (1958), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/travels-of-ibn-battuta/The%20Travels%20of%20Ibn%20Battuta-1325%E2%80%931354-Volume-I/page/ii/mode/2up"><i>The Travels of Ibn Baṭṭūṭa, A.D. 1325–1354 (Volume 1)</i></a>, London: <a href="/wiki/Hakluyt_Society" title="Hakluyt Society">Hakluyt Society</a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Travels+of+Ibn+Ba%E1%B9%AD%E1%B9%AD%C5%AB%E1%B9%ADa%2C+A.D.+1325%E2%80%931354+%28Volume+1%29&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Hakluyt+Society&rft.date=1958&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Ftravels-of-ibn-battuta%2FThe%2520Travels%2520of%2520Ibn%2520Battuta-1325%25E2%2580%25931354-Volume-I%2Fpage%2Fii%2Fmode%2F2up&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIbn+Battuta" class="Z3988"></span>.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGibb1962" class="citation cs2">Gibb, H.A.R., ed. (1962), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/travels-of-ibn-battuta/The%20Travels%20of%20Ibn%20Battuta-1325%E2%80%931354-Volume-II/page/ii/mode/2up"><i>The Travels of Ibn Baṭṭūṭa, A.D. 1325–1354 (Volume 2)</i></a>, London: Hakluyt Society</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Travels+of+Ibn+Ba%E1%B9%AD%E1%B9%AD%C5%AB%E1%B9%ADa%2C+A.D.+1325%E2%80%931354+%28Volume+2%29&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Hakluyt+Society&rft.date=1962&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Ftravels-of-ibn-battuta%2FThe%2520Travels%2520of%2520Ibn%2520Battuta-1325%25E2%2580%25931354-Volume-II%2Fpage%2Fii%2Fmode%2F2up&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIbn+Battuta" class="Z3988"></span>.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGibb1971" class="citation cs2">Gibb, H. A. R., ed. (1971), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/travels-of-ibn-battuta/The%20Travels%20of%20Ibn%20Battuta-1325%E2%80%931354-Volume-III/page/iii/mode/2up"><i>The Travels of Ibn Baṭṭūṭa, A.D. 1325–1354 (Volume 3)</i></a>, London: Hakluyt Society</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Travels+of+Ibn+Ba%E1%B9%AD%E1%B9%AD%C5%AB%E1%B9%ADa%2C+A.D.+1325%E2%80%931354+%28Volume+3%29&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Hakluyt+Society&rft.date=1971&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Ftravels-of-ibn-battuta%2FThe%2520Travels%2520of%2520Ibn%2520Battuta-1325%25E2%2580%25931354-Volume-III%2Fpage%2Fiii%2Fmode%2F2up&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIbn+Battuta" class="Z3988"></span>.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGibbBeckingham1994" class="citation cs2">Gibb, H. A. R.; Beckingham, C .F., eds. (1994), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/travels-of-ibn-battuta/The%20Travels%20of%20Ibn%20Battuta-1325%E2%80%931354-Volume-IV/page/ii/mode/2up"><i>The Travels of Ibn Baṭṭūṭa, A.D. 1325–1354 (Volume 4)</i></a>, London: Hakluyt Society, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-904180-37-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-904180-37-4"><bdi>978-0-904180-37-4</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Travels+of+Ibn+Ba%E1%B9%AD%E1%B9%AD%C5%AB%E1%B9%ADa%2C+A.D.+1325%E2%80%931354+%28Volume+4%29&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Hakluyt+Society&rft.date=1994&rft.isbn=978-0-904180-37-4&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Ftravels-of-ibn-battuta%2FThe%2520Travels%2520of%2520Ibn%2520Battuta-1325%25E2%2580%25931354-Volume-IV%2Fpage%2Fii%2Fmode%2F2up&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIbn+Battuta" class="Z3988"></span>. This volume was translated by Beckingham after Gibb's death in 1971. A separate index was published in 2000.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHrbek1962" class="citation cs2">Hrbek, Ivan (1962), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://kramerius.lib.cas.cz/search/i.jsp?pid=uuid:65a4a519-3e45-11e1-bdd3-005056a60003">"The chronology of Ibn Battuta's travels"</a>, <i>Archiv Orientální</i>, vol. 30, pp. 409–486, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20221007120338/https://kramerius.lib.cas.cz/search/i.jsp?pid=uuid:65a4a519-3e45-11e1-bdd3-005056a60003">archived</a> from the original on 7 October 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">, retrieved <span class="nowrap">9 September</span> 2014</span></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Archiv+Orient%C3%A1ln%C3%AD&rft.atitle=The+chronology+of+Ibn+Battuta%27s+travels&rft.volume=30&rft.pages=409-486&rft.date=1962&rft.aulast=Hrbek&rft.aufirst=Ivan&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fkramerius.lib.cas.cz%2Fsearch%2Fi.jsp%3Fpid%3Duuid%3A65a4a519-3e45-11e1-bdd3-005056a60003&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIbn+Battuta" class="Z3988"></span>.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHunwick1973" class="citation cs2">Hunwick, John O. (1973), "The mid-fourteenth century capital of Mali", <i>Journal of African History</i>, <b>14</b> (2): 195–208, <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1017%2Fs0021853700012512">10.1017/s0021853700012512</a>, <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/180444">180444</a>, <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:162784401">162784401</a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+African+History&rft.atitle=The+mid-fourteenth+century+capital+of+Mali&rft.volume=14&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=195-208&rft.date=1973&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A162784401%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F180444%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1017%2Fs0021853700012512&rft.aulast=Hunwick&rft.aufirst=John+O.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIbn+Battuta" class="Z3988"></span>.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJanicsek1929" class="citation cs2">Janicsek, Stephen (1929), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://real-ms.mtak.hu/26892/1/Goldziher_192.pdf">"Ibn Baṭūṭṭa's journey to Bulghàr: is it a fabrication?"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>, <i>Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society</i>, <b>61</b> (4): 791–800, <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1017%2FS0035869X00070015">10.1017/S0035869X00070015</a>, <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:163430554">163430554</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230121214606/http://real-ms.mtak.hu/26892/1/Goldziher_192.pdf">archived</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> from the original on 21 January 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">, retrieved <span class="nowrap">21 January</span> 2023</span></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+the+Royal+Asiatic+Society&rft.atitle=Ibn+Ba%E1%B9%AD%C5%AB%E1%B9%AD%E1%B9%ADa%27s+journey+to+Bulgh%C3%A0r%3A+is+it+a+fabrication%3F&rft.volume=61&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=791-800&rft.date=1929&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1017%2FS0035869X00070015&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A163430554%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Janicsek&rft.aufirst=Stephen&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Freal-ms.mtak.hu%2F26892%2F1%2FGoldziher_192.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIbn+Battuta" class="Z3988"></span>.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKosegarten1818" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a href="/wiki/Johann_Gottfried_Ludwig_Kosegarten" title="Johann Gottfried Ludwig Kosegarten">Kosegarten, Johann Gottfried Ludwig</a> (1818). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=YrBCAAAAcAAJ"><i>De Mohamedde ebn Batuta Arabe Tingitano ejusque itineribus commentatio academica</i></a> (in Latin and Arabic). Jena: Croecker. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/165774422">165774422</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=De+Mohamedde+ebn+Batuta+Arabe+Tingitano+ejusque+itineribus+commentatio+academica&rft.place=Jena&rft.pub=Croecker&rft.date=1818&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F165774422&rft.aulast=Kosegarten&rft.aufirst=Johann+Gottfried+Ludwig&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DYrBCAAAAcAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIbn+Battuta" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLee1829" class="citation cs2"><a href="/wiki/Samuel_Lee_(linguist)" title="Samuel Lee (linguist)">Lee, Samuel</a> (1829), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/b28406084/page/n9/mode/2up"><i>The Travels of Ibn Batuta, translated from the abridged Arabic manuscript copies, preserved in the Public Library of Cambridge. With notes, illustrative of the history, geography, botany, antiquities, &c. occurring throughout the work</i></a>, London: Oriental Translation Committee</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Travels+of+Ibn+Batuta%2C+translated+from+the+abridged+Arabic+manuscript+copies%2C+preserved+in+the+Public+Library+of+Cambridge.+With+notes%2C+illustrative+of+the+history%2C+geography%2C+botany%2C+antiquities%2C+%26c.+occurring+throughout+the+work&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Oriental+Translation+Committee&rft.date=1829&rft.aulast=Lee&rft.aufirst=Samuel&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fb28406084%2Fpage%2Fn9%2Fmode%2F2up&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIbn+Battuta" class="Z3988"></span>. The text is discussed in Defrémery & Sanguinetti (1853) Volume 1 <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=mdQOAAAAQAAJ&pg=PR16">pp. xvi–xvii</a>.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLevtzionHopkins2000" class="citation cs2"><a href="/wiki/Nehemia_Levtzion" title="Nehemia Levtzion">Levtzion, Nehemia</a>; Hopkins, John F. P., eds. (2000), <i>Corpus of Early Arabic Sources for West Africa</i>, New York: Marcus Weiner Press, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-55876-241-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-55876-241-1"><bdi>978-1-55876-241-1</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Corpus+of+Early+Arabic+Sources+for+West+Africa&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Marcus+Weiner+Press&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=978-1-55876-241-1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIbn+Battuta" class="Z3988"></span>. First published in 1981. pp. 279–304 contain a translation of Ibn Battuta's account of his visit to West Africa.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMattock1981" class="citation cs2">Mattock, J. N. (1981), "Ibn Baṭṭūṭa's use of Ibn Jubayr's <i>Riḥla</i>", in Peters, R. (ed.), <i>Proceedings of the Ninth Congress of the Union Européenne des Arabisants et Islamisants: Amsterdam, 1st to 7th September 1978</i>, Leiden: Brill, pp. 209–218, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-90-04-06380-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-90-04-06380-8"><bdi>978-90-04-06380-8</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Ibn+Ba%E1%B9%AD%E1%B9%AD%C5%AB%E1%B9%ADa%27s+use+of+Ibn+Jubayr%27s+Ri%E1%B8%A5la&rft.btitle=Proceedings+of+the+Ninth+Congress+of+the+Union+Europ%C3%A9enne+des+Arabisants+et+Islamisants%3A+Amsterdam%2C+1st+to+7th+September+1978&rft.place=Leiden&rft.pages=209-218&rft.pub=Brill&rft.date=1981&rft.isbn=978-90-04-06380-8&rft.aulast=Mattock&rft.aufirst=J.+N.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIbn+Battuta" class="Z3988"></span>.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMS_Arabe_2287" class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://archivesetmanuscrits.bnf.fr/ead.html?id=FRBNFEAD000030206">"MS Arabe 2287 (Supplément arabe 909)"</a>. Bibliothèque de France: Archive et manuscrits. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20141221130329/http://archivesetmanuscrits.bnf.fr/ead.html?id=FRBNFEAD000030206">Archived</a> from the original on 21 December 2014<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">14 November</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=MS+Arabe+2287+%28Suppl%C3%A9ment+arabe+909%29&rft.pub=Biblioth%C3%A8que+de+France%3A+Archive+et+manuscrits&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Farchivesetmanuscrits.bnf.fr%2Fead.html%3Fid%3DFRBNFEAD000030206&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIbn+Battuta" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMS_Arabe_2288" class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://archivesetmanuscrits.bnf.fr/ead.html?id=FRBNFEAD000030207">"MS Arabe 2288 (Supplément arabe 911)"</a>. Bibliothèque de France: Archive et manuscrits. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20141221130336/http://archivesetmanuscrits.bnf.fr/ead.html?id=FRBNFEAD000030207">Archived</a> from the original on 21 December 2014<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">14 November</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=MS+Arabe+2288+%28Suppl%C3%A9ment+arabe+911%29&rft.pub=Biblioth%C3%A8que+de+France%3A+Archive+et+manuscrits&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Farchivesetmanuscrits.bnf.fr%2Fead.html%3Fid%3DFRBNFEAD000030207&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIbn+Battuta" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMS_Arabe_2289" class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://archivesetmanuscrits.bnf.fr/ead.html?id=FRBNFEAD000030208">"MS Arabe 2289 (Supplément arabe 910)"</a>. Bibliothèque de France: Archive et manuscrits. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20141221130334/http://archivesetmanuscrits.bnf.fr/ead.html?id=FRBNFEAD000030208">Archived</a> from the original on 21 December 2014<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">14 November</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=MS+Arabe+2289+%28Suppl%C3%A9ment+arabe+910%29&rft.pub=Biblioth%C3%A8que+de+France%3A+Archive+et+manuscrits&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Farchivesetmanuscrits.bnf.fr%2Fead.html%3Fid%3DFRBNFEAD000030208&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIbn+Battuta" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMS_Arabe_2290" class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://archivesetmanuscrits.bnf.fr/ead.html?id=FRBNFEAD000030209">"MS Arabe 2290 (Supplément arabe 908)"</a>. Bibliothèque de France: Archive et manuscrits. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20141221130331/http://archivesetmanuscrits.bnf.fr/ead.html?id=FRBNFEAD000030209">Archived</a> from the original on 21 December 2014<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">14 November</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=MS+Arabe+2290+%28Suppl%C3%A9ment+arabe+908%29&rft.pub=Biblioth%C3%A8que+de+France%3A+Archive+et+manuscrits&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Farchivesetmanuscrits.bnf.fr%2Fead.html%3Fid%3DFRBNFEAD000030209&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIbn+Battuta" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMS_Arabe_2291" class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://archivesetmanuscrits.bnf.fr/ead.html?id=FRBNFEAD000030210">"MS Arabe 2291 (Supplément arabe 907)"</a>. Bibliothèque de France: Archive et manuscrits. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20141221130338/http://archivesetmanuscrits.bnf.fr/ead.html?id=FRBNFEAD000030210">Archived</a> from the original on 21 December 2014<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">14 November</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=MS+Arabe+2291+%28Suppl%C3%A9ment+arabe+907%29&rft.pub=Biblioth%C3%A8que+de+France%3A+Archive+et+manuscrits&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Farchivesetmanuscrits.bnf.fr%2Fead.html%3Fid%3DFRBNFEAD000030210&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIbn+Battuta" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPeacockPeacock2008" class="citation cs2">Peacock, David; Peacock, Andrew (2008), "The enigma of 'Aydhab: a medieval Islamic port on the Red Sea coast", <i>International Journal of Nautical Archaeology</i>, <b>37</b> (1): 32–48, <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2008IJNAr..37...32P">2008IJNAr..37...32P</a>, <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1111%2Fj.1095-9270.2007.00172.x">10.1111/j.1095-9270.2007.00172.x</a>, <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:162206137">162206137</a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=International+Journal+of+Nautical+Archaeology&rft.atitle=The+enigma+of+%27Aydhab%3A+a+medieval+Islamic+port+on+the+Red+Sea+coast&rft.volume=37&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=32-48&rft.date=2008&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A162206137%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1111%2Fj.1095-9270.2007.00172.x&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2008IJNAr..37...32P&rft.aulast=Peacock&rft.aufirst=David&rft.au=Peacock%2C+Andrew&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIbn+Battuta" class="Z3988"></span>.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFde_Sacy1820" class="citation journal cs1"><a href="/wiki/Silvestre_de_Sacy" class="mw-redirect" title="Silvestre de Sacy">de Sacy, Silvestre</a> (1820). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=j9AdmLBARFcC&pg=PA15">"Review of: De Mohamedde ebn Batuta Arabe Tingitano"</a>. <i>Journal des Savants</i> (15–25).</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+des+Savants&rft.atitle=Review+of%3A+De+Mohamedde+ebn+Batuta+Arabe+Tingitano&rft.issue=15%E2%80%9325&rft.date=1820&rft.aulast=de+Sacy&rft.aufirst=Silvestre&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dj9AdmLBARFcC%26pg%3DPA15&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIbn+Battuta" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFde_Slane1843a" class="citation journal cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">de Slane, Baron (1843a). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/bpt6k93141d/f193.image">"Voyage dans la Soudan par Ibn Batouta"</a>. <i>Journal Asiatique</i>. Series 4 (in French). <b>1</b> (March): 181–240. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20221007191642/https://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/bpt6k93141d/f193.image">Archived</a> from the original on 7 October 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">14 November</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+Asiatique&rft.atitle=Voyage+dans+la+Soudan+par+Ibn+Batouta&rft.volume=1&rft.issue=March&rft.pages=181-240&rft.date=1843&rft.aulast=de+Slane&rft.aufirst=Baron&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fgallica.bnf.fr%2Fark%3A%2F12148%2Fbpt6k93141d%2Ff193.image&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIbn+Battuta" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFde_Slane1843b" class="citation journal cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">de Slane, Baron (1843b). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/bpt6k93141d/f253.image">"Lettre à M. Reinaud"</a>. <i>Journal Asiatique</i>. Series 4 (in French). <b>1</b> (March): 241–246. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20221006131557/https://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/bpt6k93141d/f253.image">Archived</a> from the original on 6 October 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">14 November</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+Asiatique&rft.atitle=Lettre+%C3%A0+M.+Reinaud&rft.volume=1&rft.issue=March&rft.pages=241-246&rft.date=1843&rft.aulast=de+Slane&rft.aufirst=Baron&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fgallica.bnf.fr%2Fark%3A%2F12148%2Fbpt6k93141d%2Ff253.image&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIbn+Battuta" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFde_Slane1883–1895" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">de Slane, Baron (1883–1895). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/bpt6k209467t"><i>Département des Manuscrits: Catalogue des manuscrits arabes</i></a> (in French). Paris: Bibliothèque nationale. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230920123621/https://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/bpt6k209467t">Archived</a> from the original on 20 September 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">14 November</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=D%C3%A9partement+des+Manuscrits%3A+Catalogue+des+manuscrits+arabes&rft.place=Paris&rft.pub=Biblioth%C3%A8que+nationale&rft.date=1883%2F1895&rft.aulast=de+Slane&rft.aufirst=Baron&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fgallica.bnf.fr%2Fark%3A%2F12148%2Fbpt6k209467t&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIbn+Battuta" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTaeschner1986" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-long-vol">Taeschner, Franz (1986) [1960]. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/stream/EncyclopaediaDictionaryIslamMuslimWorldEtcGibbKramerScholars.13/01.EncycIslam.NewEdPrepNumLeadOrient.EdEdComCon.Gibb.Kramersetc.UndPatIUA.v1.A-B.PhotRepr.Leid.EJBrill.1960.1986.#page/n342/mode/1up">"Akhī"</a>. <i>The Encyclopaedia of Islam</i>. Vol. 1: A–B. Leiden: Brill. pp. 321–323.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Akh%C4%AB&rft.btitle=The+Encyclopaedia+of+Islam.&rft.place=Leiden&rft.pages=321-323&rft.pub=Brill&rft.date=1986&rft.aulast=Taeschner&rft.aufirst=Franz&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fstream%2FEncyclopaediaDictionaryIslamMuslimWorldEtcGibbKramerScholars.13%2F01.EncycIslam.NewEdPrepNumLeadOrient.EdEdComCon.Gibb.Kramersetc.UndPatIUA.v1.A-B.PhotRepr.Leid.EJBrill.1960.1986.%23page%2Fn342%2Fmode%2F1up&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIbn+Battuta" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFYule1916" class="citation cs2"><a href="/wiki/Henry_Yule" title="Henry Yule">Yule, Henry</a> (1916), "IV. Ibn Battuta's travels in Bengal and China", <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/stream/cathaywaythither04yule#page/n9/mode/2up"><i>Cathay and the Way Thither (Volume 4)</i></a>, London: Hakluyt Society, pp. 1–106</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=IV.+Ibn+Battuta%27s+travels+in+Bengal+and+China&rft.btitle=Cathay+and+the+Way+Thither+%28Volume+4%29&rft.place=London&rft.pages=1-106&rft.pub=Hakluyt+Society&rft.date=1916&rft.aulast=Yule&rft.aufirst=Henry&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fstream%2Fcathaywaythither04yule%23page%2Fn9%2Fmode%2F2up&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIbn+Battuta" class="Z3988"></span>. Includes the text of Ibn Battuta's account of his visit to China. The translation is from the French text of Defrémery & Sanguinetti (1858) Volume 4.</li></ul> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239549316"><div class="refbegin refbegin-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 40em"> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChittick1968" class="citation journal cs1">Chittick, H. Neville (1968). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.persee.fr/web/revues/home/prescript/article/jafr_0037-9166_1968_num_38_2_1485">"Ibn Baṭṭūṭa and East Africa"</a>. <i>Journal de la Société des Africanistes</i>. <b>38</b> (2): 239–241. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.3406%2Fjafr.1968.1485">10.3406/jafr.1968.1485</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150924200608/http://www.persee.fr/web/revues/home/prescript/article/jafr_0037-9166_1968_num_38_2_1485">Archived</a> from the original on 24 September 2015<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">15 November</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+de+la+Soci%C3%A9t%C3%A9+des+Africanistes&rft.atitle=Ibn+Ba%E1%B9%AD%E1%B9%AD%C5%AB%E1%B9%ADa+and+East+Africa&rft.volume=38&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=239-241&rft.date=1968&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.3406%2Fjafr.1968.1485&rft.aulast=Chittick&rft.aufirst=H.+Neville&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.persee.fr%2Fweb%2Frevues%2Fhome%2Fprescript%2Farticle%2Fjafr_0037-9166_1968_num_38_2_1485&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIbn+Battuta" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation cs2"><a href="/wiki/Roxanne_Leslie_Euben" title="Roxanne Leslie Euben">Euben, Roxanne L.</a> (2006), "Ibn Battuta", <i>Journeys to the Other Shore: Muslim and Western Travelers in Search of Knowledge</i>, Princeton University Press, pp. 63–89, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-691-12721-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-691-12721-7"><bdi>978-0-691-12721-7</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Ibn+Battuta&rft.btitle=Journeys+to+the+Other+Shore%3A+Muslim+and+Western+Travelers+in+Search+of+Knowledge&rft.pages=63-89&rft.pub=Princeton+University+Press&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=978-0-691-12721-7&rft.aulast=Euben&rft.aufirst=Roxanne+L.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIbn+Battuta" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation cs2 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Ferrand, Gabriel (1913), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/stream/relationsdevoyag1a2ferruoft#page/426/mode/2up">"Ibn Batūtā"</a>, <i>Relations de voyages et textes géographiques arabes, persans et turks relatifs à l'Extrème-Orient du 8e au 18e siècles (Volumes 1 and 2)</i> (in French), Paris: Ernest Laroux, pp. 426–437</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Ibn+Bat%C5%ABt%C4%81&rft.btitle=Relations+de+voyages+et+textes+g%C3%A9ographiques+arabes%2C+persans+et+turks+relatifs+%C3%A0+l%27Extr%C3%A8me-Orient+du+8e+au+18e+si%C3%A8cles+%28Volumes+1+and+2%29&rft.place=Paris&rft.pages=426-437&rft.pub=Ernest+Laroux&rft.date=1913&rft.aulast=Ferrand&rft.aufirst=Gabriel&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fstream%2Frelationsdevoyag1a2ferruoft%23page%2F426%2Fmode%2F2up&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIbn+Battuta" class="Z3988"></span>.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation cs2">Gordon, Stewart (2008), <i>When Asia was the World: Traveling Merchants, Scholars, Warriors, and Monks who created the "Riches of the East"</i>, Philadelphia: Da Capo Press, Perseus Books, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-306-81556-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-306-81556-0"><bdi>978-0-306-81556-0</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=When+Asia+was+the+World%3A+Traveling+Merchants%2C+Scholars%2C+Warriors%2C+and+Monks+who+created+the+%22Riches+of+the+East%22&rft.place=Philadelphia&rft.pub=Da+Capo+Press%2C+Perseus+Books&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-0-306-81556-0&rft.aulast=Gordon&rft.aufirst=Stewart&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIbn+Battuta" class="Z3988"></span>.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation cs2">Harvey, L. P. (2007), <i>Ibn Battuta</i>, New York: I. B. Tauris, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-84511-394-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-84511-394-0"><bdi>978-1-84511-394-0</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Ibn+Battuta&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=I.+B.+Tauris&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-1-84511-394-0&rft.aulast=Harvey&rft.aufirst=L.+P.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIbn+Battuta" class="Z3988"></span>.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation cs2"><a href="/wiki/Tim_Mackintosh-Smith" title="Tim Mackintosh-Smith">Mackintosh-Smith, Tim</a> (2002), <i>Travels with a Tangerine: A Journey in the Footnotes of Ibn Battutah</i>, London: Picador, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-330-49114-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-330-49114-3"><bdi>978-0-330-49114-3</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Travels+with+a+Tangerine%3A+A+Journey+in+the+Footnotes+of+Ibn+Battutah&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Picador&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=978-0-330-49114-3&rft.aulast=Mackintosh-Smith&rft.aufirst=Tim&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIbn+Battuta" class="Z3988"></span>.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation cs2">Mackintosh-Smith, Tim, ed. (2003), <i>The Travels of Ibn Battutah</i>, London: Picador, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-330-41879-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-330-41879-9"><bdi>978-0-330-41879-9</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Travels+of+Ibn+Battutah&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Picador&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=978-0-330-41879-9&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIbn+Battuta" class="Z3988"></span>. Contains an introduction by Mackintosh-Smith and then an abridged version (around 40 per cent of the original) of the translation by H. A. R. Gibb and C. E. Beckingham (1958–1994).</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation cs2">Mackintosh-Smith, Tim (2005), <i>Hall of a Thousand Columns: Hindustan to Malabar with Ibn Battutah</i>, London: John Murray, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7195-6710-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7195-6710-0"><bdi>978-0-7195-6710-0</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Hall+of+a+Thousand+Columns%3A+Hindustan+to+Malabar+with+Ibn+Battutah&rft.place=London&rft.pub=John+Murray&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=978-0-7195-6710-0&rft.aulast=Mackintosh-Smith&rft.aufirst=Tim&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIbn+Battuta" class="Z3988"></span>.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation cs2">Mackintosh-Smith, Tim (2010), <i>Landfalls: On the Edge of Islam with Ibn Battutah</i>, London: John Murray, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7195-6787-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7195-6787-2"><bdi>978-0-7195-6787-2</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Landfalls%3A+On+the+Edge+of+Islam+with+Ibn+Battutah&rft.place=London&rft.pub=John+Murray&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=978-0-7195-6787-2&rft.aulast=Mackintosh-Smith&rft.aufirst=Tim&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIbn+Battuta" class="Z3988"></span>.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMžik1911" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Mžik, Hans von, ed. (1911). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/stream/diereisedurchind00muam#page/2/mode/2up"><i>Die Reise des Arabers Ibn Baṭūṭa durch Indien und China</i></a> (in German). Hamburg: Gutenberg. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/470669765">470669765</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Die+Reise+des+Arabers+Ibn+Ba%E1%B9%AD%C5%AB%E1%B9%ADa+durch+Indien+und+China&rft.place=Hamburg&rft.pub=Gutenberg&rft.date=1911&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F470669765&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fstream%2Fdiereisedurchind00muam%23page%2F2%2Fmode%2F2up&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIbn+Battuta" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation cs2">Norris, H. T. (1994), "Ibn Baṭṭūṭa's journey in the north-eastern Balkans", <i>Journal of Islamic Studies</i>, vol. 5, no. 2, pp. 209–220, <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1093%2Fjis%2F5.2.209">10.1093/jis/5.2.209</a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Islamic+Studies&rft.atitle=Ibn+Ba%E1%B9%AD%E1%B9%AD%C5%AB%E1%B9%ADa%27s+journey+in+the+north-eastern+Balkans&rft.volume=5&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=209-220&rft.date=1994&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1093%2Fjis%2F5.2.209&rft.aulast=Norris&rft.aufirst=H.+T.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIbn+Battuta" class="Z3988"></span>.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWaines2010" class="citation cs2">Waines, David (2010), <i>The Odyssey of Ibn Battuta: Uncommon Tales of a Medieval Adventurer</i>, Chicago: University of Chicago Press, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-226-86985-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-226-86985-8"><bdi>978-0-226-86985-8</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Odyssey+of+Ibn+Battuta%3A+Uncommon+Tales+of+a+Medieval+Adventurer&rft.place=Chicago&rft.pub=University+of+Chicago+Press&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=978-0-226-86985-8&rft.aulast=Waines&rft.aufirst=David&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIbn+Battuta" class="Z3988"></span>.</li></ul> </div> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(11)"><span class="indicator mf-icon mf-icon-expand mf-icon--small"></span><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Ibn_Battuta&action=edit&section=28" title="Edit section: External links" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>edit</span> </a> </span> </div><section class="mf-section-11 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-11"> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><noscript><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="40" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 30px;height: 40px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png" data-alt="" data-width="30" data-height="40" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/45px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/59px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </span></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <span style="font-weight: bold; font-style: italic;"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Ibn_Battuta" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Ibn Battuta">Ibn Battuta</a></span>.</div></div> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1235681985"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237033735"><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><noscript><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/38px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="38" height="40" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="410" data-file-height="430"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 38px;height: 40px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/38px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png" data-alt="" data-width="38" data-height="40" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/57px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/76px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </span></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist"><a href="/wiki/Wikisource" title="Wikisource">Wikisource</a> has original works by or about:<br><b style="text-align: center;"><i><a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Author:Ibn_Battuta" class="extiw" title="s:Author:Ibn Battuta">Ibn Battuta</a></i></b></div></div> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1235681985"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237033735"><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><noscript><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/34px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="34" height="40" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="355"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 34px;height: 40px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/34px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png" data-alt="" data-width="34" data-height="40" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/51px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/68px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </span></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikiquote has quotations related to <i><b><a href="https://en.wikiquote.org/wiki/Special:Search/Ibn_Battuta" class="extiw" title="q:Special:Search/Ibn Battuta">Ibn Battuta</a></b></i>.</div></div> </div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.62617"><i>Travels In Asia And Africa 1325–1354</i></a> – Gibb's 1929 translation from the <a href="/wiki/Internet_Archive" title="Internet Archive">Internet Archive</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110408102631/http://www.saudiaramcoworld.com/issue/200602/a.tangerine.in.delhi.htm/">A Tangerine in Delhi</a> – <i>Saudi Aramco World</i> article by Tim Mackintosh-Smith (March/April 2006).</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130920072113/http://www.saudiaramcoworld.com/issue/200004/default.htm">The Longest Hajj: The Journeys of Ibn Battuta</a> – <i>Saudi Aramco World</i> article by Douglas Bullis (July/August 2000).</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFYuleBeazley1911" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a href="/wiki/Henry_Yule" title="Henry Yule">Yule, Henry</a>; <a href="/wiki/Raymond_Beazley" title="Raymond Beazley">Beazley, Charles Raymond</a> (1911). <span class="cs1-ws-icon" title="s:1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Ibn Batuta"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/1911_Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica/Ibn_Batuta">"Ibn Batuta" </a></span>. <i><a href="/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica_Eleventh_Edition" title="Encyclopædia Britannica Eleventh Edition">Encyclopædia Britannica</a></i>. Vol. 14 (11th ed.). pp. 219–220.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Ibn+Batuta&rft.btitle=Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Britannica&rft.pages=219-220&rft.edition=11th&rft.date=1911&rft.aulast=Yule&rft.aufirst=Henry&rft.au=Beazley%2C+Charles+Raymond&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIbn+Battuta" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li>French text from Defrémery and Sanguinetti (1853–1858) with an introduction and footnotes by Stéphane Yérasimos published in 1982: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://classiques.uqac.ca/classiques/ibn_battuta/voyages_tome_I/ibn_battuta_t1.pdf">Volume 1</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110616104657/http://classiques.uqac.ca/classiques/ibn_battuta/voyages_tome_I/ibn_battuta_t1.pdf">Archived</a> 16 June 2011 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://classiques.uqac.ca/classiques/ibn_battuta/voyages_tome_II/ibn_battuta_t2.pdf">Volume 2</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110616105558/http://classiques.uqac.ca/classiques/ibn_battuta/voyages_tome_II/ibn_battuta_t2.pdf">Archived</a> 16 June 2011 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://classiques.uqac.ca/classiques/ibn_battuta/voyages_tome_III/ibn_battuta_t3.pdf">Volume 3</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160529124104/http://classiques.uqac.ca/classiques/ibn_battuta/voyages_tome_III/ibn_battuta_t3.pdf">Archived</a> 29 May 2016 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://librivox.org/author/11324">Works by Ibn Battuta</a> at <a href="/wiki/LibriVox" title="LibriVox">LibriVox</a> (public domain audiobooks) <span typeof="mw:File"><span><noscript><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Speaker_Icon.svg/15px-Speaker_Icon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="15" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="500"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 15px;height: 15px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Speaker_Icon.svg/15px-Speaker_Icon.svg.png" data-alt="" data-width="15" data-height="15" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Speaker_Icon.svg/23px-Speaker_Icon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Speaker_Icon.svg/30px-Speaker_Icon.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </span></span></span></li> <li>Interactive scholarly edition, with critical English translation and multimodal resources mashup (publications, images, videos) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://engineeringhistoricalmemory.com/IbnBattuta.php">Engineering Historical Memory</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200413044722/https://engineeringhistoricalmemory.com/IbnBattuta.php">Archived</a> 13 April 2020 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>.</li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output 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rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1130092004">.mw-parser-output .portal-bar{font-size:88%;font-weight:bold;display:flex;justify-content:center;align-items:baseline}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-bordered{padding:0 2em;background-color:#fdfdfd;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;clear:both;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-related{font-size:100%;justify-content:flex-start}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-unbordered{padding:0 1.7em;margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-header{margin:0 1em 0 0.5em;flex:0 0 auto;min-height:24px}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-content{display:flex;flex-flow:row wrap;flex:0 1 auto;padding:0.15em 0;column-gap:1em;align-items:baseline;margin:0;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-content-related{margin:0;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-item{display:inline-block;margin:0.15em 0.2em;min-height:24px;line-height:24px}@media screen and (max-width:768px){.mw-parser-output .portal-bar{font-size:88%;font-weight:bold;display:flex;flex-flow:column wrap;align-items:baseline}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-header{text-align:center;flex:0;padding-left:0.5em;margin:0 auto}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-related{font-size:100%;align-items:flex-start}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-content{display:flex;flex-flow:row wrap;align-items:center;flex:0;column-gap:1em;border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1;margin:0 auto;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-content-related{border-top:none;margin:0;list-style:none}}.mw-parser-output .navbox+link+.portal-bar,.mw-parser-output .navbox+style+.portal-bar,.mw-parser-output .navbox+link+.portal-bar-bordered,.mw-parser-output .navbox+style+.portal-bar-bordered,.mw-parser-output .sister-bar+link+.portal-bar,.mw-parser-output .sister-bar+style+.portal-bar,.mw-parser-output .portal-bar+.navbox-styles+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .portal-bar+.navbox-styles+.sister-bar{margin-top:-1px}</style><div class="portal-bar noprint metadata noviewer portal-bar-bordered" role="navigation" aria-label="Portals"><span class="portal-bar-header"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Contents/Portals" title="Wikipedia:Contents/Portals">Portals</a>:</span><ul class="portal-bar-content"><li class="portal-bar-item"><span class="nowrap"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><noscript><img alt="flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/Flag_of_Morocco.svg/21px-Flag_of_Morocco.svg.png" decoding="async" width="21" height="14" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 21px;height: 14px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/Flag_of_Morocco.svg/21px-Flag_of_Morocco.svg.png" data-alt="flag" data-width="21" data-height="14" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/Flag_of_Morocco.svg/32px-Flag_of_Morocco.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/Flag_of_Morocco.svg/42px-Flag_of_Morocco.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </span></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Morocco" title="Portal:Morocco">Morocco</a></li><li class="portal-bar-item"><span class="nowrap"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><noscript><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Allah-green.svg/18px-Allah-green.svg.png" decoding="async" width="18" height="19" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="206" data-file-height="215"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 18px;height: 19px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Allah-green.svg/18px-Allah-green.svg.png" data-alt="" data-width="18" data-height="19" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Allah-green.svg/28px-Allah-green.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Allah-green.svg/36px-Allah-green.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </span></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Islam" title="Portal:Islam">Islam</a></li><li class="portal-bar-item"><span class="nowrap"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><noscript><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Terra.png/19px-Terra.png" decoding="async" width="19" height="19" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="600"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 19px;height: 19px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Terra.png/19px-Terra.png" data-alt="icon" data-width="19" data-height="19" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Terra.png/29px-Terra.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Terra.png/38px-Terra.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </span></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Geography" title="Portal:Geography">Geography</a></li><li class="portal-bar-item"><span class="nowrap"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><noscript><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/P_history.svg/21px-P_history.svg.png" decoding="async" width="21" height="19" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="400" data-file-height="360"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 21px;height: 19px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/P_history.svg/21px-P_history.svg.png" data-alt="" data-width="21" data-height="19" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/P_history.svg/32px-P_history.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/P_history.svg/42px-P_history.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </span></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:History" title="Portal:History">History</a></li><li class="portal-bar-item"><span class="nowrap"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:The_Metropolitan_M_Stamp.PNG" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c0/The_Metropolitan_M_Stamp.PNG/19px-The_Metropolitan_M_Stamp.PNG" decoding="async" width="19" height="19" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="267" data-file-height="267"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 19px;height: 19px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c0/The_Metropolitan_M_Stamp.PNG/19px-The_Metropolitan_M_Stamp.PNG" data-alt="icon" data-width="19" data-height="19" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c0/The_Metropolitan_M_Stamp.PNG/29px-The_Metropolitan_M_Stamp.PNG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c0/The_Metropolitan_M_Stamp.PNG/38px-The_Metropolitan_M_Stamp.PNG 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </span></a></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Middle_Ages" title="Portal:Middle Ages">Middle Ages</a></li><li class="portal-bar-item"><span class="nowrap"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><noscript><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/69/P_vip.svg/19px-P_vip.svg.png" decoding="async" width="19" height="19" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1911" data-file-height="1944"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 19px;height: 19px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/69/P_vip.svg/19px-P_vip.svg.png" data-alt="" data-width="19" data-height="19" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/69/P_vip.svg/28px-P_vip.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/69/P_vip.svg/37px-P_vip.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </span></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Biography" title="Portal:Biography">Biography</a></li></ul></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1038841319">.mw-parser-output .tooltip-dotted{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}</style></div>    </section></div> <noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1&useformat=mobile" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ibn_Battuta&oldid=1260302031">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ibn_Battuta&oldid=1260302031</a>"</div></div> </div> <div class="post-content" id="page-secondary-actions"> </div> </main> <footer class="mw-footer minerva-footer" role="contentinfo"> <a class="last-modified-bar" href="/w/index.php?title=Ibn_Battuta&action=history"> <div class="post-content last-modified-bar__content"> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon-size-medium minerva-icon--modified-history"></span> <span class="last-modified-bar__text modified-enhancement" data-user-name="Remsense" data-user-gender="unknown" data-timestamp="1732927806"> <span>Last edited on 30 November 2024, at 00:50</span> </span> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon-size-small minerva-icon--expand"></span> </div> </a> <div class="post-content footer-content"> <div id='mw-data-after-content'> <div class="read-more-container"></div> </div> <div id="p-lang"> <h4>Languages</h4> <section> <ul id="p-variants" class="minerva-languages"></ul> <ul class="minerva-languages"><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ace mw-list-item"><a href="https://ace.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ibnu_Bathuthah" title="Ibnu Bathuthah – Acehnese" lang="ace" hreflang="ace" data-title="Ibnu Bathuthah" data-language-autonym="Acèh" data-language-local-name="Acehnese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Acèh</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ibn_Battuta" title="Ibn Battuta – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Ibn Battuta" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-als mw-list-item"><a href="https://als.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ibn_Battuta" title="Ibn Battuta – Alemannic" lang="gsw" hreflang="gsw" data-title="Ibn Battuta" data-language-autonym="Alemannisch" data-language-local-name="Alemannic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Alemannisch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-am mw-list-item"><a href="https://am.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%8A%A5%E1%89%A5%E1%8A%95_%E1%89%A3%E1%89%B1%E1%89%B3" title="እብን ባቱታ – Amharic" lang="am" hreflang="am" data-title="እብን ባቱታ" data-language-autonym="አማርኛ" data-language-local-name="Amharic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>አማርኛ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D8%A8%D9%86_%D8%A8%D8%B7%D9%88%D8%B7%D8%A9" title="ابن بطوطة – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="ابن بطوطة" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-an mw-list-item"><a href="https://an.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ibn_Battuta" title="Ibn Battuta – Aragonese" lang="an" hreflang="an" data-title="Ibn Battuta" data-language-autonym="Aragonés" data-language-local-name="Aragonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Aragonés</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-as mw-list-item"><a href="https://as.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%87%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%A8_%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%9F%E0%A7%81%E0%A6%A4%E0%A6%BE" title="ইবন বটুতা – Assamese" lang="as" hreflang="as" data-title="ইবন বটুতা" data-language-autonym="অসমীয়া" data-language-local-name="Assamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>অসমীয়া</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ibn_Battuta" title="Ibn Battuta – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Ibn Battuta" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gn mw-list-item"><a href="https://gn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ibn_Battuta" title="Ibn Battuta – Guarani" lang="gn" hreflang="gn" data-title="Ibn Battuta" data-language-autonym="Avañe'ẽ" data-language-local-name="Guarani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Avañe'ẽ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%B0bn_B%C9%99tut%C9%99" title="İbn Bətutə – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="İbn Bətutə" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D8%A8%D9%86_%D8%A8%D8%B7%D9%88%D8%B7%D9%87" title="ابن بطوطه – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="ابن بطوطه" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>تۆرکجه</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="good article badge"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%87%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%A8%E0%A7%87_%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%A4%E0%A7%81%E0%A6%A4%E0%A6%BE" title="ইবনে বতুতা – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="ইবনে বতুতা" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ibn_Battuta" title="Ibn Battuta – Minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Ibn Battuta" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Minnan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ba mw-list-item"><a href="https://ba.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%98%D0%B1%D0%BD_%D0%91%D0%B0%D1%82%D1%82%D1%83%D1%82%D0%B0" title="Ибн Баттута – Bashkir" lang="ba" hreflang="ba" data-title="Ибн Баттута" data-language-autonym="Башҡортса" data-language-local-name="Bashkir" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Башҡортса</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%86%D0%B1%D0%BD_%D0%91%D0%B0%D1%82%D1%83%D1%82%D0%B0" title="Ібн Батута – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Ібн Батута" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%86%D0%B1%D0%BD_%D0%91%D0%B0%D1%82%D1%83%D1%82%D0%B0" title="Ібн Батута – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Ібн Батута" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%98%D0%B1%D0%BD_%D0%91%D0%B0%D1%82%D1%83%D1%82%D0%B0" title="Ибн Батута – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Ибн Батута" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bar mw-list-item"><a href="https://bar.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ibn_Battuta" title="Ibn Battuta – Bavarian" lang="bar" hreflang="bar" data-title="Ibn Battuta" data-language-autonym="Boarisch" data-language-local-name="Bavarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Boarisch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ibn-Batuta" title="Ibn-Batuta – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Ibn-Batuta" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ibn_Battuta" title="Ibn Battuta – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Ibn Battuta" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Brezhoneg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bxr mw-list-item"><a href="https://bxr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%98%D0%B1%D0%BD_%D0%91%D0%B0%D1%82%D1%82%D1%83%D1%82%D0%B0" title="Ибн Баттута – Russia Buriat" lang="bxr" hreflang="bxr" data-title="Ибн Баттута" data-language-autonym="Буряад" data-language-local-name="Russia Buriat" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Буряад</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ibn_Battuta" title="Ibn Battuta – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Ibn Battuta" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ab%C3%BA_Abdallah_ibn_Batt%C3%BAta" title="Abú Abdallah ibn Battúta – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Abú Abdallah ibn Battúta" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-co mw-list-item"><a href="https://co.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ibn_Battuta" title="Ibn Battuta – Corsican" lang="co" hreflang="co" data-title="Ibn Battuta" data-language-autonym="Corsu" data-language-local-name="Corsican" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Corsu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ibn_Battuta" title="Ibn Battuta – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Ibn Battuta" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ibn_Battuta" title="Ibn Battuta – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Ibn Battuta" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ary mw-list-item"><a href="https://ary.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%D9%86_%D8%A8%D8%B7%D9%88%D8%B7%D8%A9" title="بن بطوطة – Moroccan Arabic" lang="ary" hreflang="ary" data-title="بن بطوطة" data-language-autonym="الدارجة" data-language-local-name="Moroccan Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>الدارجة</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ibn_Batt%C5%ABta" title="Ibn Battūta – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Ibn Battūta" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-dv mw-list-item"><a href="https://dv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DE%87%DE%A8%DE%84%DE%B0%DE%82%DE%A8_%DE%84%DE%A6%DE%A0%DE%AB%DE%A0%DE%A7" title="އިބްނި ބަޠޫޠާ – Divehi" lang="dv" hreflang="dv" data-title="އިބްނި ބަޠޫޠާ" data-language-autonym="ދިވެހިބަސް" data-language-local-name="Divehi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ދިވެހިބަސް</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ibn_Ba%C5%A3%C5%A3%C5%AB%C5%A3ah" title="Ibn Baţţūţah – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Ibn Baţţūţah" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%99%CE%BC%CF%80%CE%BD_%CE%9C%CF%80%CE%B1%CF%84%CE%BF%CF%8D%CF%84%CE%B1" title="Ιμπν Μπατούτα – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Ιμπν Μπατούτα" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ibn_Battuta" title="Ibn Battuta – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Ibn Battuta" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ibn_Batuta" title="Ibn Batuta – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Ibn Batuta" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ibn_Battuta" title="Ibn Battuta – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Ibn Battuta" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D8%A8%D9%86_%D8%A8%D8%B7%D9%88%D8%B7%D9%87" title="ابن بطوطه – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="ابن بطوطه" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hif mw-list-item"><a href="https://hif.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ibn_Battuta" title="Ibn Battuta – Fiji Hindi" lang="hif" hreflang="hif" data-title="Ibn Battuta" data-language-autonym="Fiji Hindi" data-language-local-name="Fiji Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Fiji Hindi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ibn_Batt%C3%BBta" title="Ibn Battûta – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Ibn Battûta" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ibn_Battuta" title="Ibn Battuta – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Ibn Battuta" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ibn_Battuta" title="Ibn Battuta – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Ibn Battuta" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gan mw-list-item"><a href="https://gan.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E4%BC%8A%E6%9C%AC%C2%B7%E5%B7%B4%E6%9D%9C%E4%BB%96" title="伊本·巴杜他 – Gan" lang="gan" hreflang="gan" data-title="伊本·巴杜他" data-language-autonym="贛語" data-language-local-name="Gan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>贛語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gu mw-list-item"><a href="https://gu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AA%87%E0%AA%AC%E0%AA%A8_%E0%AA%AC%E0%AA%A4%E0%AB%82%E0%AA%A4%E0%AA%BE" title="ઇબન બતૂતા – Gujarati" lang="gu" hreflang="gu" data-title="ઇબન બતૂતા" data-language-autonym="ગુજરાતી" data-language-local-name="Gujarati" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ગુજરાતી</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%9D%B4%EB%B8%90_%EB%B0%94%ED%88%AC%ED%83%80" title="이븐 바투타 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="이븐 바투타" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ha mw-list-item"><a href="https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ibn_Battuta" title="Ibn Battuta – Hausa" lang="ha" hreflang="ha" data-title="Ibn Battuta" data-language-autonym="Hausa" data-language-local-name="Hausa" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hausa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%BB%D5%A2%D5%B6_%D4%B2%D5%A1%D5%BF%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%BF%D5%A1" title="Իբն Բատուտա – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Իբն Բատուտա" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%87%E0%A4%AC%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A8-%E0%A4%AC%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%82%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%BE" title="इब्न-बतूता – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="इब्न-बतूता" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ibn_Batuta" title="Ibn Batuta – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Ibn Batuta" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gor mw-list-item"><a href="https://gor.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ibnu_Batutah" title="Ibnu Batutah – Gorontalo" lang="gor" hreflang="gor" data-title="Ibnu Batutah" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Hulontalo" data-language-local-name="Gorontalo" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Hulontalo</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ibn_Battuta" title="Ibn Battuta – Ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Ibn Battuta" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="Ido" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ido</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ilo mw-list-item"><a href="https://ilo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ibn_Battuta" title="Ibn Battuta – Iloko" lang="ilo" hreflang="ilo" data-title="Ibn Battuta" data-language-autonym="Ilokano" data-language-local-name="Iloko" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ilokano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ibnu_Batutah" title="Ibnu Batutah – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Ibnu Batutah" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-os mw-list-item"><a href="https://os.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%98%D0%B1%D0%BD_%D0%91%D0%B0%D1%82%D1%82%D1%83%D1%82%C3%A6" title="Ибн Баттутæ – Ossetic" lang="os" hreflang="os" data-title="Ибн Баттутæ" data-language-autonym="Ирон" data-language-local-name="Ossetic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ирон</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ibn_Battuta" title="Ibn Battuta – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Ibn Battuta" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ibn_Battuta" title="Ibn Battuta – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Ibn Battuta" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%90%D7%91%D7%9F_%D7%91%D7%98%D7%95%D7%98%D7%94" title="אבן בטוטה – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="אבן בטוטה" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jv mw-list-item"><a href="https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ibnu_Batutah" title="Ibnu Batutah – Javanese" lang="jv" hreflang="jv" data-title="Ibnu Batutah" data-language-autonym="Jawa" data-language-local-name="Javanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Jawa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kn mw-list-item"><a href="https://kn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%87%E0%B2%AC%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%A8%E0%B3%8D_%E0%B2%AC%E0%B2%A4%E0%B3%82%E0%B2%A4%E0%B3%8D" title="ಇಬ್ನ್ ಬತೂತ್ – Kannada" lang="kn" hreflang="kn" data-title="ಇಬ್ನ್ ಬತೂತ್" data-language-autonym="ಕನ್ನಡ" data-language-local-name="Kannada" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ಕನ್ನಡ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%98%E1%83%91%E1%83%9C_%E1%83%91%E1%83%90%E1%83%A2%E1%83%A3%E1%83%A2%E1%83%90" title="იბნ ბატუტა – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="იბნ ბატუტა" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%98%D0%B1%D0%BD_%D0%91%D0%B0%D1%82%D1%82%D1%83%D1%82%D0%B0" title="Ибн Баттута – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Ибн Баттута" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kw mw-list-item"><a href="https://kw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ibn_Battuta" title="Ibn Battuta – Cornish" lang="kw" hreflang="kw" data-title="Ibn Battuta" data-language-autonym="Kernowek" data-language-local-name="Cornish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kernowek</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ibn_Battuta" title="Ibn Battuta – Swahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Ibn Battuta" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="Swahili" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kiswahili</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-avk mw-list-item"><a href="https://avk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abu_Abdullax_Muxammad_Ibn_Battuta" title="Abu Abdullax Muxammad Ibn Battuta – Kotava" lang="avk" hreflang="avk" data-title="Abu Abdullax Muxammad Ibn Battuta" data-language-autonym="Kotava" data-language-local-name="Kotava" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kotava</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gcr mw-list-item"><a href="https://gcr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ibn_Batt%C3%BBta" title="Ibn Battûta – Guianan Creole" lang="gcr" hreflang="gcr" data-title="Ibn Battûta" data-language-autonym="Kriyòl gwiyannen" data-language-local-name="Guianan Creole" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kriyòl gwiyannen</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ku mw-list-item"><a href="https://ku.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%8Ebn_Bet%C3%BBte" title="Îbn Betûte – Kurdish" lang="ku" hreflang="ku" data-title="Îbn Betûte" data-language-autonym="Kurdî" data-language-local-name="Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kurdî</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ibn_Ba%E1%B9%AD%E1%B9%AD%C5%AB%E1%B9%ADa" title="Ibn Baṭṭūṭa – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Ibn Baṭṭūṭa" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ibn_Bat%C5%ABta" title="Ibn Batūta – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Ibn Batūta" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ibn_Batuta" title="Ibn Batuta – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Ibn Batuta" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lij mw-list-item"><a href="https://lij.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ibn_Battuta" title="Ibn Battuta – Ligurian" lang="lij" hreflang="lij" data-title="Ibn Battuta" data-language-autonym="Ligure" data-language-local-name="Ligurian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ligure</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-li mw-list-item"><a href="https://li.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ibn_Battuta" title="Ibn Battuta – Limburgish" lang="li" hreflang="li" data-title="Ibn Battuta" data-language-autonym="Limburgs" data-language-local-name="Limburgish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Limburgs</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lmo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lmo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ibn_Battuta" title="Ibn Battuta – Lombard" lang="lmo" hreflang="lmo" data-title="Ibn Battuta" data-language-autonym="Lombard" data-language-local-name="Lombard" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lombard</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="good article badge"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ibn_Batt%C3%BAta" title="Ibn Battúta – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Ibn Battúta" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%98%D0%B1%D0%BD_%D0%91%D0%B0%D1%82%D1%83%D1%82%D0%B0" title="Ибн Батута – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Ибн Батута" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mg mw-list-item"><a href="https://mg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ibn_Battuta" title="Ibn Battuta – Malagasy" lang="mg" hreflang="mg" data-title="Ibn Battuta" data-language-autonym="Malagasy" data-language-local-name="Malagasy" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Malagasy</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%87%E0%B4%AC%E0%B5%8D%E0%B5%BB_%E0%B4%AC%E0%B4%A4%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%A4%E0%B5%82%E0%B4%A4%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%A4" title="ഇബ്ൻ ബത്തൂത്ത – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="ഇബ്ൻ ബത്തൂത്ത" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mt mw-list-item"><a href="https://mt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ibn_Battuta" title="Ibn Battuta – Maltese" lang="mt" hreflang="mt" data-title="Ibn Battuta" data-language-autonym="Malti" data-language-local-name="Maltese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Malti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%87%E0%A4%AC%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A8_%E0%A4%AC%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%82%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%BE" title="इब्न बतूता – Marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="इब्न बतूता" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="Marathi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>मराठी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xmf mw-list-item"><a href="https://xmf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%98%E1%83%91%E1%83%9C_%E1%83%91%E1%83%90%E1%83%A2%E1%83%A3%E1%83%A2%E1%83%90" title="იბნ ბატუტა – Mingrelian" lang="xmf" hreflang="xmf" data-title="იბნ ბატუტა" data-language-autonym="მარგალური" data-language-local-name="Mingrelian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>მარგალური</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D8%A8%D9%86_%D8%A8%D8%B7%D9%88%D8%B7%D9%87" title="ابن بطوطه – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="ابن بطوطه" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ibn_Battuta" title="Ibn Battuta – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Ibn Battuta" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-min mw-list-item"><a href="https://min.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ibnu_Bathuthah" title="Ibnu Bathuthah – Minangkabau" lang="min" hreflang="min" data-title="Ibnu Bathuthah" data-language-autonym="Minangkabau" data-language-local-name="Minangkabau" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Minangkabau</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ibn_Battuta" title="Ibn Battuta – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Ibn Battuta" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="good article badge"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%A4%E3%83%96%E3%83%B3%E3%83%BB%E3%83%90%E3%83%83%E3%83%88%E3%82%A5%E3%83%BC%E3%82%BF" title="イブン・バットゥータ – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="イブン・バットゥータ" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ce mw-list-item"><a href="https://ce.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%98%D0%B1%D0%BD_%D0%91%D0%B0%D1%82%D1%82%D1%83%D1%82%D0%B0" title="Ибн Баттута – Chechen" lang="ce" hreflang="ce" data-title="Ибн Баттута" data-language-autonym="Нохчийн" data-language-local-name="Chechen" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Нохчийн</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ibn_Battuta" title="Ibn Battuta – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Ibn Battuta" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ibn_Battuta" title="Ibn Battuta – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Ibn Battuta" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ibn_Battuta" title="Ibn Battuta – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Ibn Battuta" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Occitan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ibn_Battuta" title="Ibn Battuta – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Ibn Battuta" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%87%E0%A8%AC%E0%A8%A8_%E0%A8%AC%E0%A8%A4%E0%A9%82%E0%A8%A4%E0%A8%BE" title="ਇਬਨ ਬਤੂਤਾ – Punjabi" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਇਬਨ ਬਤੂਤਾ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D8%A8%D9%86_%D8%A8%D8%B7%D9%88%D8%B7%D8%A7" title="ابن بطوطا – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="ابن بطوطا" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پنجابی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ps mw-list-item"><a href="https://ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D8%A8%D9%86_%D8%A8%D8%B7%D9%88%D8%B7%D9%87" title="ابن بطوطه – Pashto" lang="ps" hreflang="ps" data-title="ابن بطوطه" data-language-autonym="پښتو" data-language-local-name="Pashto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پښتو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jam mw-list-item"><a href="https://jam.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ibn_Battuta" title="Ibn Battuta – Jamaican Creole English" lang="jam" hreflang="jam" data-title="Ibn Battuta" data-language-autonym="Patois" data-language-local-name="Jamaican Creole English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Patois</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pms mw-list-item"><a href="https://pms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ibn_Battuta" title="Ibn Battuta – Piedmontese" lang="pms" hreflang="pms" data-title="Ibn Battuta" data-language-autonym="Piemontèis" data-language-local-name="Piedmontese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Piemontèis</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds mw-list-item"><a href="https://nds.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ibn_Batt%C5%ABta" title="Ibn Battūta – Low German" lang="nds" hreflang="nds" data-title="Ibn Battūta" data-language-autonym="Plattdüütsch" data-language-local-name="Low German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Plattdüütsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muhammad_Ibn_Battuta" title="Muhammad Ibn Battuta – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Muhammad Ibn Battuta" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ibne_Batuta" title="Ibne Batuta – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Ibne Batuta" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kaa mw-list-item"><a href="https://kaa.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ibn_Battuta" title="Ibn Battuta – Kara-Kalpak" lang="kaa" hreflang="kaa" data-title="Ibn Battuta" data-language-autonym="Qaraqalpaqsha" data-language-local-name="Kara-Kalpak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Qaraqalpaqsha</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-crh mw-list-item"><a href="https://crh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%B0bn_Battuta" title="İbn Battuta – Crimean Tatar" lang="crh" hreflang="crh" data-title="İbn Battuta" data-language-autonym="Qırımtatarca" data-language-local-name="Crimean Tatar" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Qırımtatarca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ibn_Battuta" title="Ibn Battuta – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Ibn Battuta" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rue mw-list-item"><a href="https://rue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%86%D0%B1%D0%BD_%D0%91%D0%B0%D1%82%D1%83%D1%82%D0%B0" title="Ібн Батута – Rusyn" lang="rue" hreflang="rue" data-title="Ібн Батута" data-language-autonym="Русиньскый" data-language-local-name="Rusyn" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русиньскый</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%98%D0%B1%D0%BD_%D0%91%D0%B0%D1%82%D1%82%D1%83%D1%82%D0%B0" title="Ибн Баттута – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Ибн Баттута" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sat mw-list-item"><a href="https://sat.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%B1%A4%E1%B1%B5%E1%B1%B1_%E1%B1%B5%E1%B1%9F%E1%B1%B4%E1%B1%A9%E1%B1%B4%E1%B1%9F" title="ᱤᱵᱱ ᱵᱟᱴᱩᱴᱟ – Santali" lang="sat" hreflang="sat" data-title="ᱤᱵᱱ ᱵᱟᱴᱩᱴᱟ" data-language-autonym="ᱥᱟᱱᱛᱟᱲᱤ" data-language-local-name="Santali" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ᱥᱟᱱᱛᱟᱲᱤ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-skr mw-list-item"><a href="https://skr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D8%A8%D9%86%D9%90_%D8%A8%D8%B7%D9%88%D8%B7%DB%81" title="ابنِ بطوطہ – Saraiki" lang="skr" hreflang="skr" data-title="ابنِ بطوطہ" data-language-autonym="سرائیکی" data-language-local-name="Saraiki" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>سرائیکی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ibn_Batuta" title="Ibn Batuta – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Ibn Batuta" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-si mw-list-item"><a href="https://si.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B6%89%E0%B6%B6%E0%B7%8A%E0%B6%B1_%E0%B6%B6%E0%B6%AD%E0%B7%96%E0%B6%AD%E0%B7%8F" title="ඉබ්න බතූතා – Sinhala" lang="si" hreflang="si" data-title="ඉබ්න බතූතා" data-language-autonym="සිංහල" data-language-local-name="Sinhala" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>සිංහල</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ibn_Battuta" title="Ibn Battuta – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Ibn Battuta" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sd mw-list-item"><a href="https://sd.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D8%A8%D9%86_%D8%A8%D8%B7%D9%88%D8%B7%D8%A7" title="ابن بطوطا – Sindhi" lang="sd" hreflang="sd" data-title="ابن بطوطا" data-language-autonym="سنڌي" data-language-local-name="Sindhi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>سنڌي</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ibn_Batt%C3%BAta" title="Ibn Battúta – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Ibn Battúta" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ibn_Batuta" title="Ibn Batuta – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Ibn Batuta" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-so mw-list-item"><a href="https://so.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ibnu_Baduuda" title="Ibnu Baduuda – Somali" lang="so" hreflang="so" data-title="Ibnu Baduuda" data-language-autonym="Soomaaliga" data-language-local-name="Somali" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Soomaaliga</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A6%DB%8C%D8%A8%D9%86_%D8%A8%DB%95%D8%AA%D9%88%D9%88%D8%AA%DB%95" title="ئیبن بەتووتە – Central Kurdish" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="ئیبن بەتووتە" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Central Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>کوردی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%98%D0%B1%D0%BD_%D0%91%D0%B0%D1%82%D1%83%D1%82%D0%B0" title="Ибн Батута – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Ибн Батута" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ibn_Batuta" title="Ibn Batuta – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Ibn Batuta" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-su mw-list-item"><a href="https://su.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ibnu_Batutah" title="Ibnu Batutah – Sundanese" lang="su" hreflang="su" data-title="Ibnu Batutah" data-language-autonym="Sunda" data-language-local-name="Sundanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sunda</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ibn_Battuta" title="Ibn Battuta – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Ibn Battuta" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="good article badge"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ibn_Battuta" title="Ibn Battuta – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Ibn Battuta" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ibn_Battuta" title="Ibn Battuta – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Ibn Battuta" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tagalog</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%87%E0%AE%AA%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%A9%E0%AF%81_%E0%AE%AA%E0%AE%A4%E0%AF%82%E0%AE%A4%E0%AE%BE" title="இப்னு பதூதா – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="இப்னு பதூதா" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-shi mw-list-item"><a href="https://shi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ibn_Ba%E1%B9%AD%E1%B9%ADu%E1%B9%ADa" title="Ibn Baṭṭuṭa – Tachelhit" lang="shi" hreflang="shi" data-title="Ibn Baṭṭuṭa" data-language-autonym="Taclḥit" data-language-local-name="Tachelhit" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Taclḥit</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kab mw-list-item"><a href="https://kab.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ibn_Ba%E1%B9%AD%E1%B9%ADu%E1%B9%ADa" title="Ibn Baṭṭuṭa – Kabyle" lang="kab" hreflang="kab" data-title="Ibn Baṭṭuṭa" data-language-autonym="Taqbaylit" data-language-local-name="Kabyle" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Taqbaylit</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-roa-tara mw-list-item"><a href="https://roa-tara.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ibn_Battuta" title="Ibn Battuta – Tarantino" lang="nap-x-tara" hreflang="nap-x-tara" data-title="Ibn Battuta" data-language-autonym="Tarandíne" data-language-local-name="Tarantino" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tarandíne</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tt badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="good article badge"><a href="https://tt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%98%D0%B1%D0%BD_%D0%91%D0%B0%D1%82%D1%82%D1%83%D1%82%D0%B0" title="Ибн Баттута – Tatar" lang="tt" hreflang="tt" data-title="Ибн Баттута" data-language-autonym="Татарча / tatarça" data-language-local-name="Tatar" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Татарча / tatarça</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%9A%E0%B8%99%E0%B9%8C_%E0%B8%9A%E0%B8%B0%E0%B8%8F%E0%B8%B9%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%8F%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%B0%E0%B8%AE%E0%B9%8C" title="อิบน์ บะฏูเฏาะฮ์ – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="อิบน์ บะฏูเฏาะฮ์" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tg mw-list-item"><a href="https://tg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%98%D0%B1%D0%BD%D0%B8_%D0%91%D0%B0%D1%82%D1%82%D1%83%D1%82%D0%B0" title="Ибни Баттута – Tajik" lang="tg" hreflang="tg" data-title="Ибни Баттута" data-language-autonym="Тоҷикӣ" data-language-local-name="Tajik" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Тоҷикӣ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%B0bn_Battuta" title="İbn Battuta – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="İbn Battuta" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%86%D0%B1%D0%BD_%D0%91%D0%B0%D1%82%D1%82%D1%83%D1%82%D0%B0" title="Ібн Баттута – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Ібн Баттута" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D8%A8%D9%86_%D8%A8%D8%B7%D9%88%D8%B7%DB%81" title="ابن بطوطہ – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="ابن بطوطہ" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vep mw-list-item"><a href="https://vep.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ibn_Battuta" title="Ibn Battuta – Veps" lang="vep" hreflang="vep" data-title="Ibn Battuta" data-language-autonym="Vepsän kel’" data-language-local-name="Veps" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Vepsän kel’</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ibn_Battuta" title="Ibn Battuta – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Ibn Battuta" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wa mw-list-item"><a href="https://wa.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ibn_Batouta" title="Ibn Batouta – Walloon" lang="wa" hreflang="wa" data-title="Ibn Batouta" data-language-autonym="Walon" data-language-local-name="Walloon" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Walon</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ibn_Battuta" title="Ibn Battuta – Waray" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="Ibn Battuta" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="Waray" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Winaray</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E4%BC%8A%E6%9C%AC%C2%B7%E7%99%BD%E5%9B%BE%E6%B3%B0" title="伊本·白图泰 – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="伊本·白图泰" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yi mw-list-item"><a href="https://yi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%90%D7%99%D7%91%D7%9F_%D7%91%D7%90%D7%98%D7%95%D7%98%D7%90" title="איבן באטוטא – Yiddish" lang="yi" hreflang="yi" data-title="איבן באטוטא" data-language-autonym="ייִדיש" data-language-local-name="Yiddish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ייִדיש</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yo mw-list-item"><a href="https://yo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ibn_Battuta" title="Ibn Battuta – Yoruba" lang="yo" hreflang="yo" data-title="Ibn Battuta" data-language-autonym="Yorùbá" data-language-local-name="Yoruba" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Yorùbá</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%99%BD%E5%9C%96%E6%B3%B0" title="白圖泰 – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="白圖泰" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Cantonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bat-smg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bat-smg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ibn_Batuta" title="Ibn Batuta – Samogitian" lang="sgs" hreflang="sgs" data-title="Ibn Batuta" data-language-autonym="Žemaitėška" data-language-local-name="Samogitian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Žemaitėška</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E4%BC%8A%E6%9C%AC%C2%B7%E7%99%BD%E5%9B%BE%E6%B3%B0" title="伊本·白图泰 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="伊本·白图泰" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-btm mw-list-item"><a href="https://btm.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ibnu_Batutah" title="Ibnu Batutah – Batak Mandailing" lang="btm" hreflang="btm" data-title="Ibnu Batutah" data-language-autonym="Batak Mandailing" data-language-local-name="Batak Mandailing" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Batak Mandailing</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zgh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zgh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E2%B5%89%E2%B4%B1%E2%B5%8F_%E2%B4%B1%E2%B4%B0%E2%B5%9F%E2%B5%9F%E2%B5%93%E2%B5%9F%E2%B4%B0" title="ⵉⴱⵏ ⴱⴰⵟⵟⵓⵟⴰ – Standard Moroccan Tamazight" lang="zgh" hreflang="zgh" data-title="ⵉⴱⵏ ⴱⴰⵟⵟⵓⵟⴰ" data-language-autonym="ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵜ ⵜⴰⵏⴰⵡⴰⵢⵜ" data-language-local-name="Standard Moroccan Tamazight" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵜ ⵜⴰⵏⴰⵡⴰⵢⵜ</span></a></li></ul> </section> </div> <div class="minerva-footer-logo"><img src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-wordmark-en.svg" alt="Wikipedia" width="120" height="18" style="width: 7.5em; height: 1.125em;"/> </div> <ul id="footer-info" class="footer-info hlist hlist-separated"> <li id="footer-info-lastmod"> This page was last edited on 30 November 2024, at 00:50<span class="anonymous-show"> (UTC)</span>.</li> <li id="footer-info-copyright">Content is available under <a class="external" rel="nofollow" href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/deed.en">CC BY-SA 4.0</a> unless 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