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href="/w/rest.php/v1/search" title="Wikipedia (eu)"> <link rel="EditURI" type="application/rsd+xml" href="//eu.wikipedia.org/w/api.php?action=rsd"> <link rel="canonical" href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iman"> <link rel="license" href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/deed.eu"> <link rel="alternate" type="application/atom+xml" title="Wikipedia Atom Jarioa" href="/w/index.php?title=Berezi:AzkenAldaketak&feed=atom"> <link rel="dns-prefetch" href="//meta.wikimedia.org" /> <link rel="dns-prefetch" href="//login.wikimedia.org"> </head> <body class="skin--responsive skin-vector skin-vector-search-vue mediawiki ltr sitedir-ltr mw-hide-empty-elt ns-0 ns-subject mw-editable page-Iman rootpage-Iman skin-vector-2022 action-view"><a class="mw-jump-link" href="#bodyContent">Edukira joan</a> <div class="vector-header-container"> <header class="vector-header mw-header"> <div class="vector-header-start"> <nav class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="Gunea"> <div id="vector-main-menu-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-main-menu-dropdown vector-button-flush-left vector-button-flush-right" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-main-menu-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-main-menu-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Menu nagusia" > <label id="vector-main-menu-dropdown-label" for="vector-main-menu-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-menu mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-menu"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Menu nagusia</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-main-menu-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> <div id="vector-main-menu" class="vector-main-menu vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-main-menu-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-unpinned" data-feature-name="main-menu-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-main-menu" data-pinned-container-id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-main-menu-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Menu nagusia</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-main-menu.pin">mugitu alboko barrara</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-main-menu.unpin">ezkutatu</button> </div> <div id="p-navigation" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-navigation" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Nabigazioa </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="n-mainpage" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Azala" title="Azala bisitatu [z]" accesskey="z"><span>Azala</span></a></li><li id="n-Txikipedia" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Txikipedia:Azala"><span>Txikipedia</span></a></li><li id="n-Ikusgela" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Atari:Hezkuntza/Ikusgela"><span>Ikusgela</span></a></li><li id="n-portal" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Txokoa" title="Proiektuaren inguruan, zer egin dezakezu, non aurkitu nahi duzuna"><span>Txokoa</span></a></li><li id="n-recentchanges" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Berezi:AzkenAldaketak" title="Wikiko azken aldaketen zerrenda. [r]" accesskey="r"><span>Aldaketa berriak</span></a></li><li id="n-randompage" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Berezi:Ausazkoa" title="Ausazko orrialde bat kargatu [x]" accesskey="x"><span>Ausazko orria</span></a></li><li id="n-help" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Laguntza:Sarrera" title="Aurkitzeko lekua."><span>Laguntza</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <a href="/wiki/Azala" class="mw-logo"> <img class="mw-logo-icon" src="/static/images/icons/wikipedia.png" alt="" aria-hidden="true" height="50" width="50"> <span class="mw-logo-container skin-invert"> <img class="mw-logo-wordmark" alt="Wikipedia" src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-wordmark-en.svg" style="width: 7.5em; height: 1.125em;"> <img class="mw-logo-tagline" alt="Entziklopedia askea" src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-tagline-eu.svg" width="120" height="13" style="width: 7.5em; height: 0.8125em;"> </span> </a> </div> <div class="vector-header-end"> <div id="p-search" role="search" class="vector-search-box-vue vector-search-box-collapses vector-search-box-show-thumbnail vector-search-box-auto-expand-width vector-search-box"> <a href="/wiki/Berezi:Bilatu" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only search-toggle" title="Wikipedia(e)n bilatu [f]" accesskey="f"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-search mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-search"></span> <span>Bilatu</span> </a> <div class="vector-typeahead-search-container"> <div class="cdx-typeahead-search cdx-typeahead-search--show-thumbnail cdx-typeahead-search--auto-expand-width"> <form action="/w/index.php" id="searchform" class="cdx-search-input cdx-search-input--has-end-button"> <div id="simpleSearch" class="cdx-search-input__input-wrapper" data-search-loc="header-moved"> <div class="cdx-text-input cdx-text-input--has-start-icon"> <input class="cdx-text-input__input" type="search" name="search" placeholder="Wikipedia wikian bilatu" aria-label="Wikipedia wikian bilatu" autocapitalize="sentences" title="Wikipedia(e)n bilatu [f]" accesskey="f" id="searchInput" > <span class="cdx-text-input__icon cdx-text-input__start-icon"></span> </div> <input type="hidden" name="title" value="Berezi:Bilatu"> </div> <button class="cdx-button cdx-search-input__end-button">Bilatu</button> </form> </div> </div> </div> <nav class="vector-user-links vector-user-links-wide" aria-label="Tresna pertsonalak"> <div class="vector-user-links-main"> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-preferences" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-userpage" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Itxura"> <div id="vector-appearance-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown " title="Change the appearance of the page's font size, width, and color" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-appearance-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-appearance-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Itxura" > <label id="vector-appearance-dropdown-label" for="vector-appearance-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-appearance mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-appearance"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Itxura</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-notifications" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-overflow" class="vector-menu mw-portlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-sitesupport-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="//donate.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FundraiserRedirector?utm_source=donate&utm_medium=sidebar&utm_campaign=C13_eu.wikipedia.org&uselang=eu" class=""><span>Dohaintza egin</span></a> </li> <li id="pt-createaccount-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=Berezi:KontuaSortu&returnto=Iman" title="Kontu bat sortu eta horrekin saioa hastea eskatu nahi genizuke; ez da ezinbestekoa, ordea." class=""><span>Sortu kontua</span></a> </li> <li id="pt-login-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=Berezi:SaioaHasi&returnto=Iman" title="Izen ematera gonbidatzen zaitugu. [o]" accesskey="o" class=""><span>Hasi saioa</span></a> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> <div id="vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-user-menu vector-button-flush-right vector-user-menu-logged-out" title="Aukera gehiago" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Tresna pertsonalak" > <label id="vector-user-links-dropdown-label" for="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-ellipsis mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-ellipsis"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Tresna pertsonalak</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-personal" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-personal user-links-collapsible-item" title="User menu" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-sitesupport" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="//donate.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FundraiserRedirector?utm_source=donate&utm_medium=sidebar&utm_campaign=C13_eu.wikipedia.org&uselang=eu"><span>Dohaintza egin</span></a></li><li id="pt-createaccount" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Berezi:KontuaSortu&returnto=Iman" title="Kontu bat sortu eta horrekin saioa hastea eskatu nahi genizuke; ez da ezinbestekoa, ordea."><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-userAdd mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-userAdd"></span> <span>Sortu kontua</span></a></li><li id="pt-login" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Berezi:SaioaHasi&returnto=Iman" title="Izen ematera gonbidatzen zaitugu. [o]" accesskey="o"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-logIn mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-logIn"></span> <span>Hasi saioa</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-user-menu-anon-editor" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-user-menu-anon-editor" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Izena eman gabeko erabiltzaileentzako orrialdeak <a href="/wiki/Laguntza:Sarrera" aria-label="Artikuluak aldatzeari buruz gehiago ikasi"><span>gehiago ikasi</span></a> </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-anoncontribs" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Berezi:NireEkarpenak" title="IP helbide honetatik egindako aldaketen zerrenda [y]" accesskey="y"><span>Ekarpenak</span></a></li><li id="pt-anontalk" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Berezi:NireEztabaida" title="Zure IParen eztabaida [n]" accesskey="n"><span>Eztabaida</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </header> </div> <div class="mw-page-container"> <div class="mw-page-container-inner"> <div class="vector-sitenotice-container"> <div id="siteNotice"></div> </div> <div class="vector-column-start"> <div class="vector-main-menu-container"> <div id="mw-navigation"> <nav id="mw-panel" class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="Gunea"> <div id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav id="mw-panel-toc" aria-label="Edukiak" data-event-name="ui.sidebar-toc" class="mw-table-of-contents-container vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-toc-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-toc" class="vector-toc vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-toc-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="toc-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-toc" > <h2 class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Edukiak</h2> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.pin">mugitu alboko barrara</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.unpin">ezkutatu</button> </div> <ul class="vector-toc-contents" id="mw-panel-toc-list"> <li id="toc-mw-content-text" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a href="#" class="vector-toc-link"> <div class="vector-toc-text">⇑ Gora</div> </a> </li> <li id="toc-Aurkikuntza_eta_garapena" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Aurkikuntza_eta_garapena"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1</span> <span>Aurkikuntza eta garapena</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Aurkikuntza_eta_garapena-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Fisika" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Fisika"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Fisika</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Fisika-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Erakutsi/ezkutatu Fisika azpiatal</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Fisika-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Eremu_magnetikoa" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Eremu_magnetikoa"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>Eremu magnetikoa</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Eremu_magnetikoa-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Momentu_magnetikoa" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Momentu_magnetikoa"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>Momentu magnetikoa</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Momentu_magnetikoa-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Magnetizazioa" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Magnetizazioa"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3</span> <span>Magnetizazioa</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Magnetizazioa-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Eredu_teorikoak" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Eredu_teorikoak"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.4</span> <span>Eredu teorikoak</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Eredu_teorikoak-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Polaritatea" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Polaritatea"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.5</span> <span>Polaritatea</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Polaritatea-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Material_magnetikoak" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Material_magnetikoak"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.6</span> <span>Material magnetikoak</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Material_magnetikoak-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Tenperaturaren_eragina" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Tenperaturaren_eragina"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.7</span> <span>Tenperaturaren eragina</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Tenperaturaren_eragina-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Unitateak_eta_zenbait_kalkulu" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Unitateak_eta_zenbait_kalkulu"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Unitateak eta zenbait kalkulu</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Unitateak_eta_zenbait_kalkulu-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Erakutsi/ezkutatu Unitateak eta zenbait kalkulu azpiatal</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Unitateak_eta_zenbait_kalkulu-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Imanaren_eremu-lerroak" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Imanaren_eremu-lerroak"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>Imanaren eremu-lerroak</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Imanaren_eremu-lerroak-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Indar_magnetikoaren_kalkuluaren_adibideak:" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Indar_magnetikoaren_kalkuluaren_adibideak:"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>Indar magnetikoaren kalkuluaren adibideak:</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Indar_magnetikoaren_kalkuluaren_adibideak:-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Iman_bakarrak_sortutako_indarra" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Iman_bakarrak_sortutako_indarra"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2.1</span> <span>Iman bakarrak sortutako indarra</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Iman_bakarrak_sortutako_indarra-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Bi_polo_magnetikoren_arteko_indarra" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bi_polo_magnetikoren_arteko_indarra"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2.2</span> <span>Bi polo magnetikoren arteko indarra</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bi_polo_magnetikoren_arteko_indarra-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Hurbil_dauden_A_azalerako_bi_gainazal_magnetizaturen_arteko_indarra" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Hurbil_dauden_A_azalerako_bi_gainazal_magnetizaturen_arteko_indarra"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2.3</span> <span>Hurbil dauden A azalerako bi gainazal magnetizaturen arteko indarra</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Hurbil_dauden_A_azalerako_bi_gainazal_magnetizaturen_arteko_indarra-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Bi_iman_zuzenen_arteko_indarra" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bi_iman_zuzenen_arteko_indarra"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2.4</span> <span>Bi iman zuzenen arteko indarra</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bi_iman_zuzenen_arteko_indarra-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Bi_iman_zilindrikoren_arteko_indarra" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bi_iman_zilindrikoren_arteko_indarra"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2.5</span> <span>Bi iman zilindrikoren arteko indarra</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bi_iman_zilindrikoren_arteko_indarra-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Elektroimanak" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Elektroimanak"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Elektroimanak</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Elektroimanak-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Ohiko_erabilerak" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ohiko_erabilerak"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Ohiko erabilerak</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ohiko_erabilerak-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Erreferentziak" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Erreferentziak"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Erreferentziak</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Erreferentziak-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Ikus,_gainera" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ikus,_gainera"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Ikus, gainera</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ikus,_gainera-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Kanpo_estekak" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Kanpo_estekak"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Kanpo estekak</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Kanpo_estekak-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Edukiak" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Eduki taularen ikusgarritasuna aldatu" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Eduki taularen ikusgarritasuna aldatu</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Iman</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Joan beste hizkuntza batean idatzitako artikulu batera. 129 hizkuntzatan eskuragarri." > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-129" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">129 hizkuntza</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Magneet" title="Magneet – afrikaansa" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Magneet" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="afrikaansa" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-als mw-list-item"><a href="https://als.wikipedia.org/wiki/Magnet" title="Magnet – Suitzako alemana" lang="gsw" hreflang="gsw" data-title="Magnet" data-language-autonym="Alemannisch" data-language-local-name="Suitzako alemana" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Alemannisch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-am mw-list-item"><a href="https://am.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%88%98%E1%8C%8D%E1%8A%90%E1%8C%A2%E1%88%B5" title="መግነጢስ – amharera" lang="am" hreflang="am" data-title="መግነጢስ" data-language-autonym="አማርኛ" data-language-local-name="amharera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>አማርኛ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-an mw-list-item"><a href="https://an.wikipedia.org/wiki/Im%C3%A1n" title="Imán – aragoiera" lang="an" hreflang="an" data-title="Imán" data-language-autonym="Aragonés" data-language-local-name="aragoiera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Aragonés</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D8%BA%D9%86%D8%A7%D8%B7%D9%8A%D8%B3" title="مغناطيس – arabiera" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="مغناطيس" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="arabiera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ary mw-list-item"><a href="https://ary.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%87%D9%86%D8%AF%D8%A9" title="هندة – Moroccan Arabic" lang="ary" hreflang="ary" data-title="هندة" data-language-autonym="الدارجة" data-language-local-name="Moroccan Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>الدارجة</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-as mw-list-item"><a href="https://as.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%9A%E0%A7%81%E0%A6%AE%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%95" title="চুম্বক – assamera" lang="as" hreflang="as" data-title="চুম্বক" data-language-autonym="অসমীয়া" data-language-local-name="assamera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>অসমীয়া</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Im%C3%A1n" title="Imán – asturiera" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Imán" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="asturiera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ay mw-list-item"><a href="https://ay.wikipedia.org/wiki/Achkatasiri" title="Achkatasiri – aimara" lang="ay" hreflang="ay" data-title="Achkatasiri" data-language-autonym="Aymar aru" data-language-local-name="aimara" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Aymar aru</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maqnit" title="Maqnit – azerbaijanera" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Maqnit" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="azerbaijanera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AF%D9%85%DB%8C%D8%B1%D9%82%D8%A7%D9%BE%D8%A7%D9%86" title="دمیرقاپان – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="دمیرقاپان" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>تۆرکجه</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ba mw-list-item"><a href="https://ba.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B0%D0%B3%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%82" title="Магнит – baxkirera" lang="ba" hreflang="ba" data-title="Магнит" data-language-autonym="Башҡортса" data-language-local-name="baxkirera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Башҡортса</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bar mw-list-item"><a href="https://bar.wikipedia.org/wiki/Magnet" title="Magnet – Bavarian" lang="bar" hreflang="bar" data-title="Magnet" data-language-autonym="Boarisch" data-language-local-name="Bavarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Boarisch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bat-smg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bat-smg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Magnets" title="Magnets – Samogitian" lang="sgs" hreflang="sgs" data-title="Magnets" data-language-autonym="Žemaitėška" data-language-local-name="Samogitian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Žemaitėška</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bbc mw-list-item"><a href="https://bbc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bosi_Barani" title="Bosi Barani – Batak Toba" lang="bbc" hreflang="bbc" data-title="Bosi Barani" data-language-autonym="Batak Toba" data-language-local-name="Batak Toba" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Batak Toba</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B0%D0%B3%D0%BD%D1%96%D1%82" title="Магніт – bielorrusiera" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Магніт" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="bielorrusiera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B0%D0%B3%D0%BD%D1%96%D1%82" title="Магніт – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Магніт" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B0%D0%B3%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%82" title="Магнит – bulgariera" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Магнит" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="bulgariera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%9A%E0%A7%81%E0%A6%AE%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%95" title="চুম্বক – bengalera" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="চুম্বক" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="bengalera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Magnet" title="Magnet – bosniera" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Magnet" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="bosniera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bxr mw-list-item"><a href="https://bxr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D1%83%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B7%D0%B0%D0%BD" title="Суранзан – Russia Buriat" lang="bxr" hreflang="bxr" data-title="Суранзан" data-language-autonym="Буряад" data-language-local-name="Russia Buriat" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Буряад</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Imant" title="Imant – katalana" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Imant" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="katalana" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cdo mw-list-item"><a href="https://cdo.wikipedia.org/wiki/C%E1%B9%B3%CC%80-ti%C3%A9k" title="Cṳ̀-tiék – Mindong" lang="cdo" hreflang="cdo" data-title="Cṳ̀-tiék" data-language-autonym="閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄" data-language-local-name="Mindong" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D9%88%DA%AF%D9%86%D8%A7%D8%AA%DB%8C%D8%B3" title="موگناتیس – erdialdeko kurduera" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="موگناتیس" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="erdialdeko kurduera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>کوردی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Magnet" title="Magnet – txekiera" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Magnet" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="txekiera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cv mw-list-item"><a href="https://cv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B0%D0%B3%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%82" title="Магнит – txuvaxera" lang="cv" hreflang="cv" data-title="Магнит" data-language-autonym="Чӑвашла" data-language-local-name="txuvaxera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Чӑвашла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Magnet" title="Magnet – galesa" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Magnet" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="galesa" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Magnet" title="Magnet – daniera" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Magnet" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="daniera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Magnet" title="Magnet – alemana" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Magnet" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="alemana" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%9C%CE%B1%CE%B3%CE%BD%CE%AE%CF%84%CE%B7%CF%82" title="Μαγνήτης – greziera" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Μαγνήτης" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="greziera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-en mw-list-item"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Magnet" title="Magnet – ingelesa" lang="en" hreflang="en" data-title="Magnet" data-language-autonym="English" data-language-local-name="ingelesa" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Magneto" title="Magneto – esperantoa" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Magneto" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="esperantoa" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Im%C3%A1n" title="Imán – gaztelania" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Imán" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="gaztelania" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Magnet" title="Magnet – estoniera" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Magnet" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="estoniera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A2%D9%87%D9%86%D8%B1%D8%A8%D8%A7" title="آهنربا – persiera" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="آهنربا" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="persiera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Magneetti" title="Magneetti – finlandiera" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Magneetti" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="finlandiera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aimant" title="Aimant – frantsesa" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Aimant" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="frantsesa" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-frr mw-list-item"><a href="https://frr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Magneet" title="Magneet – iparraldeko frisiera" lang="frr" hreflang="frr" data-title="Magneet" data-language-autonym="Nordfriisk" data-language-local-name="iparraldeko frisiera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nordfriisk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maighn%C3%A9ad" title="Maighnéad – irlandera" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Maighnéad" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="irlandera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Im%C3%A1n" title="Imán – galiziera" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Imán" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="galiziera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%9E%D7%92%D7%A0%D7%98" title="מגנט – hebreera" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="מגנט" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="hebreera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%9A%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AC%E0%A4%95" title="चुम्बक – hindia" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="चुम्बक" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="hindia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hif mw-list-item"><a href="https://hif.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chumbak_loha" title="Chumbak loha – Fiji Hindi" lang="hif" hreflang="hif" data-title="Chumbak loha" data-language-autonym="Fiji Hindi" data-language-local-name="Fiji Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Fiji Hindi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Magnet" title="Magnet – kroaziera" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Magnet" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="kroaziera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%81lland%C3%B3_m%C3%A1gnes" title="Állandó mágnes – hungariera" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Állandó mágnes" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="hungariera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%84%D5%A1%D5%A3%D5%B6%D5%AB%D5%BD" title="Մագնիս – armeniera" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Մագնիս" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="armeniera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ia mw-list-item"><a href="https://ia.wikipedia.org/wiki/Magnete" title="Magnete – interlingua" lang="ia" hreflang="ia" data-title="Magnete" data-language-autonym="Interlingua" data-language-local-name="interlingua" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Interlingua</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Magnet" title="Magnet – indonesiera" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Magnet" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="indonesiera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ie mw-list-item"><a href="https://ie.wikipedia.org/wiki/Magnete" title="Magnete – interlingue" lang="ie" hreflang="ie" data-title="Magnete" data-language-autonym="Interlingue" data-language-local-name="interlingue" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Interlingue</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ik mw-list-item"><a href="https://ik.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nipitchak" title="Nipitchak – Inupiaq" lang="ik" hreflang="ik" data-title="Nipitchak" data-language-autonym="Iñupiatun" data-language-local-name="Inupiaq" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Iñupiatun</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Magneto" title="Magneto – idoa" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Magneto" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="idoa" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ido</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Segull" title="Segull – islandiera" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Segull" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="islandiera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Magnete" title="Magnete – italiera" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Magnete" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="italiera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%A3%81%E7%9F%B3" title="磁石 – japoniera" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="磁石" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="japoniera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jv mw-list-item"><a href="https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Magn%C3%A8t" title="Magnèt – javera" lang="jv" hreflang="jv" data-title="Magnèt" data-language-autonym="Jawa" data-language-local-name="javera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Jawa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%9B%E1%83%90%E1%83%92%E1%83%9C%E1%83%98%E1%83%A2%E1%83%98" title="მაგნიტი – georgiera" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="მაგნიტი" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="georgiera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kge mw-list-item"><a href="https://kge.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bosi_Barani" title="Bosi Barani – Komering" lang="kge" hreflang="kge" data-title="Bosi Barani" data-language-autonym="Kumoring" data-language-local-name="Komering" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kumoring</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B0%D0%B3%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%82" title="Магнит – kazakhera" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Магнит" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="kazakhera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kn mw-list-item"><a href="https://kn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%85%E0%B2%AF%E0%B2%B8%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%95%E0%B2%BE%E0%B2%82%E0%B2%A4" title="ಅಯಸ್ಕಾಂತ – kannada" lang="kn" hreflang="kn" data-title="ಅಯಸ್ಕಾಂತ" data-language-autonym="ಕನ್ನಡ" data-language-local-name="kannada" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ಕನ್ನಡ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%9E%90%EC%84%9D" title="자석 – koreera" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="자석" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="koreera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ks mw-list-item"><a href="https://ks.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D8%A0%D9%82%D9%86%D8%A7%D8%B7%DB%8C%D9%96%D8%B3" title="مؠقناطیٖس – kaxmirera" lang="ks" hreflang="ks" data-title="مؠقناطیٖس" data-language-autonym="कॉशुर / کٲشُر" data-language-local-name="kaxmirera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>कॉशुर / کٲشُر</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ksh mw-list-item"><a href="https://ksh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mangneet" title="Mangneet – koloniera" lang="ksh" hreflang="ksh" data-title="Mangneet" data-language-autonym="Ripoarisch" data-language-local-name="koloniera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ripoarisch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ku mw-list-item"><a href="https://ku.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ki%C5%9Fanek" title="Kişanek – kurduera" lang="ku" hreflang="ku" data-title="Kişanek" data-language-autonym="Kurdî" data-language-local-name="kurduera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kurdî</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B0%D0%B3%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%82" title="Магнит – kirgizera" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Магнит" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="kirgizera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Кыргызча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Magnes" title="Magnes – latina" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Magnes" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="latina" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-li mw-list-item"><a href="https://li.wikipedia.org/wiki/Magneet" title="Magneet – limburgera" lang="li" hreflang="li" data-title="Magneet" data-language-autonym="Limburgs" data-language-local-name="limburgera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Limburgs</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lmo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lmo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Magnet" title="Magnet – Lombard" lang="lmo" hreflang="lmo" data-title="Magnet" data-language-autonym="Lombard" data-language-local-name="Lombard" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lombard</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Magnetas" title="Magnetas – lituaniera" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Magnetas" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="lituaniera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Magn%C4%93ts" title="Magnēts – letoniera" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Magnēts" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="letoniera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-min mw-list-item"><a href="https://min.wikipedia.org/wiki/Basi_barani" title="Basi barani – minangkabauera" lang="min" hreflang="min" data-title="Basi barani" data-language-autonym="Minangkabau" data-language-local-name="minangkabauera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Minangkabau</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B0%D0%B3%D0%BD%D0%B5%D1%82" title="Магнет – mazedoniera" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Магнет" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="mazedoniera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%95%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%A8%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%A4%E0%B4%82" title="കാന്തം – malabarera" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="കാന്തം" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="malabarera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B7" title="Соронз – mongoliera" lang="mn" hreflang="mn" data-title="Соронз" data-language-autonym="Монгол" data-language-local-name="mongoliera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Монгол</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%9A%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%AC%E0%A4%95" title="चुंबक – marathera" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="चुंबक" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="marathera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>मराठी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Besi_berani" title="Besi berani – malaysiera" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Besi berani" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="malaysiera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-my mw-list-item"><a href="https://my.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%9E%E1%80%B6%E1%80%9C%E1%80%AD%E1%80%AF%E1%80%80%E1%80%BA" title="သံလိုက် – birmaniera" lang="my" hreflang="my" data-title="သံလိုက်" data-language-autonym="မြန်မာဘာသာ" data-language-local-name="birmaniera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>မြန်မာဘာသာ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds mw-list-item"><a href="https://nds.wikipedia.org/wiki/Magneet" title="Magneet – behe-alemana" lang="nds" hreflang="nds" data-title="Magneet" data-language-autonym="Plattdüütsch" data-language-local-name="behe-alemana" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Plattdüütsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ne mw-list-item"><a href="https://ne.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%9A%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AC%E0%A4%95" title="चुम्बक – nepalera" lang="ne" hreflang="ne" data-title="चुम्बक" data-language-autonym="नेपाली" data-language-local-name="nepalera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>नेपाली</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-new mw-list-item"><a href="https://new.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%9A%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AC%E0%A4%95" title="चुम्बक – newarera" lang="new" hreflang="new" data-title="चुम्बक" data-language-autonym="नेपाल भाषा" data-language-local-name="newarera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>नेपाल भाषा</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Magneet" title="Magneet – nederlandera" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Magneet" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="nederlandera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Magnet" title="Magnet – nynorsk (norvegiera)" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Magnet" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="nynorsk (norvegiera)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Magnet" title="Magnet – bokmål (norvegiera)" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Magnet" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="bokmål (norvegiera)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asimant" title="Asimant – okzitaniera" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Asimant" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="okzitaniera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Occitan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-om mw-list-item"><a href="https://om.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maagneetii(loobilaa)" title="Maagneetii(loobilaa) – oromoera" lang="om" hreflang="om" data-title="Maagneetii(loobilaa)" data-language-autonym="Oromoo" data-language-local-name="oromoera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oromoo</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%9A%E0%A9%81%E0%A9%B0%E0%A8%AC%E0%A8%95" title="ਚੁੰਬਕ – punjabera" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਚੁੰਬਕ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="punjabera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Magnes" title="Magnes – poloniera" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Magnes" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="poloniera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pms mw-list-item"><a href="https://pms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Magnete" title="Magnete – Piedmontese" lang="pms" hreflang="pms" data-title="Magnete" data-language-autonym="Piemontèis" data-language-local-name="Piedmontese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Piemontèis</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D9%82%DD%A8%D8%A7%D8%B7%DB%8C%D8%B3" title="مقݨاطیس – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="مقݨاطیس" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پنجابی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ps mw-list-item"><a href="https://ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D9%82%D9%86%D8%A7%D8%B7%D9%8A%D8%B3" title="مقناطيس – paxtunera" lang="ps" hreflang="ps" data-title="مقناطيس" data-language-autonym="پښتو" data-language-local-name="paxtunera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پښتو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%8Dman" title="Íman – portugesa" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Íman" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="portugesa" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-qu mw-list-item"><a href="https://qu.wikipedia.org/wiki/K%27askachimuq" title="K'askachimuq – kitxua" lang="qu" hreflang="qu" data-title="K'askachimuq" data-language-autonym="Runa Simi" data-language-local-name="kitxua" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Runa Simi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Magnet" title="Magnet – errumaniera" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Magnet" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="errumaniera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B0%D0%B3%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%82" title="Магнит – errusiera" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Магнит" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="errusiera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rue mw-list-item"><a href="https://rue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B0%D2%91%D0%BD%D0%B5%D1%82" title="Маґнет – Rusyn" lang="rue" hreflang="rue" data-title="Маґнет" data-language-autonym="Русиньскый" data-language-local-name="Rusyn" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русиньскый</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-scn mw-list-item"><a href="https://scn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Calamita" title="Calamita – siziliera" lang="scn" hreflang="scn" data-title="Calamita" data-language-autonym="Sicilianu" data-language-local-name="siziliera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sicilianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sco mw-list-item"><a href="https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/Magnet" title="Magnet – eskoziera" lang="sco" hreflang="sco" data-title="Magnet" data-language-autonym="Scots" data-language-local-name="eskoziera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Scots</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sd mw-list-item"><a href="https://sd.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%86%D9%82%D9%85%D9%82" title="چقمق – sindhia" lang="sd" hreflang="sd" data-title="چقمق" data-language-autonym="سنڌي" data-language-local-name="sindhia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>سنڌي</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Magnet" title="Magnet – serbokroaziera" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Magnet" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="serbokroaziera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Magnet" title="Magnet – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Magnet" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Magnet" title="Magnet – eslovakiera" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Magnet" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="eslovakiera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Magnet" title="Magnet – esloveniera" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Magnet" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="esloveniera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Magneti" title="Magneti – albaniera" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Magneti" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="albaniera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B0%D0%B3%D0%BD%D0%B5%D1%82" title="Магнет – serbiera" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Магнет" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="serbiera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-su mw-list-item"><a href="https://su.wikipedia.org/wiki/Magn%C3%A9t" title="Magnét – sundanera" lang="su" hreflang="su" data-title="Magnét" data-language-autonym="Sunda" data-language-local-name="sundanera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sunda</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Magnet" title="Magnet – suediera" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Magnet" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="suediera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sumaku" title="Sumaku – swahilia" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Sumaku" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="swahilia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kiswahili</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%95%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%A8%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%A4%E0%AE%AE%E0%AF%8D" title="காந்தம் – tamilera" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="காந்தம்" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="tamilera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tcy mw-list-item"><a href="https://tcy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%85%E0%B2%AF%E0%B2%B8%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%95%E0%B2%BE%E0%B2%82%E0%B2%A4" title="ಅಯಸ್ಕಾಂತ – Tulu" lang="tcy" hreflang="tcy" data-title="ಅಯಸ್ಕಾಂತ" data-language-autonym="ತುಳು" data-language-local-name="Tulu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ತುಳು</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-te mw-list-item"><a href="https://te.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B0%85%E0%B0%AF%E0%B0%B8%E0%B1%8D%E0%B0%95%E0%B0%BE%E0%B0%82%E0%B0%A4%E0%B0%82" title="అయస్కాంతం – telugua" lang="te" hreflang="te" data-title="అయస్కాంతం" data-language-autonym="తెలుగు" data-language-local-name="telugua" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>తెలుగు</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tg mw-list-item"><a href="https://tg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9E%D2%B3%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B1%D0%BE" title="Оҳанрабо – tajikera" lang="tg" hreflang="tg" data-title="Оҳанрабо" data-language-autonym="Тоҷикӣ" data-language-local-name="tajikera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Тоҷикӣ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B9%81%E0%B8%A1%E0%B9%88%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%AB%E0%B8%A5%E0%B9%87%E0%B8%81" title="แม่เหล็ก – thailandiera" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="แม่เหล็ก" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="thailandiera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Batubalani" title="Batubalani – tagaloa" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Batubalani" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="tagaloa" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tagalog</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/M%C4%B1knat%C4%B1s" title="Mıknatıs – turkiera" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Mıknatıs" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="turkiera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tyv mw-list-item"><a href="https://tyv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%BE%D1%80%D1%83%D0%BD%D0%B7%D0%B0" title="Сорунза – tuvera" lang="tyv" hreflang="tyv" data-title="Сорунза" data-language-autonym="Тыва дыл" data-language-local-name="tuvera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Тыва дыл</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B0%D0%B3%D0%BD%D1%96%D1%82" title="Магніт – ukrainera" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Магніт" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="ukrainera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D9%82%D9%86%D8%A7%D8%B7%DB%8C%D8%B3" title="مقناطیس – urdua" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="مقناطیس" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="urdua" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Magnit" title="Magnit – uzbekera" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Magnit" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="uzbekera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vep mw-list-item"><a href="https://vep.wikipedia.org/wiki/Magnit" title="Magnit – Veps" lang="vep" hreflang="vep" data-title="Magnit" data-language-autonym="Vepsän kel’" data-language-local-name="Veps" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Vepsän kel’</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nam_ch%C3%A2m" title="Nam châm – vietnamera" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Nam châm" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="vietnamera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wa mw-list-item"><a href="https://wa.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inmant" title="Inmant – valoniera" lang="wa" hreflang="wa" data-title="Inmant" data-language-autonym="Walon" data-language-local-name="valoniera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Walon</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Batubarani" title="Batubarani – warayera" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="Batubarani" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="warayera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Winaray</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wo mw-list-item"><a href="https://wo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bijjaan" title="Bijjaan – wolofera" lang="wo" hreflang="wo" data-title="Bijjaan" data-language-autonym="Wolof" data-language-local-name="wolofera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Wolof</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%90%B8%E9%93%81%E7%9F%B3" title="吸铁石 – wu txinera" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="吸铁石" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="wu txinera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xmf mw-list-item"><a href="https://xmf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%AD%E1%83%90%E1%83%AD%E1%83%9B%E1%83%94%E1%83%9C%E1%83%A2%E1%83%98" title="ჭაჭმენტი – Mingrelian" lang="xmf" hreflang="xmf" data-title="ჭაჭმენტი" data-language-autonym="მარგალური" data-language-local-name="Mingrelian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>მარგალური</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yi mw-list-item"><a href="https://yi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%9E%D7%90%D7%92%D7%A0%D7%A2%D7%98" title="מאגנעט – yiddisha" lang="yi" hreflang="yi" data-title="מאגנעט" data-language-autonym="ייִדיש" data-language-local-name="yiddisha" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ייִדיש</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yo mw-list-item"><a href="https://yo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gb%C3%A9ringb%C3%A9rin" title="Gbéringbérin – jorubera" lang="yo" hreflang="yo" data-title="Gbéringbérin" data-language-autonym="Yorùbá" data-language-local-name="jorubera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Yorùbá</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%A3%81%E9%90%B5" title="磁鐵 – txinera" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="磁鐵" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="txinera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/Khip-chio%CC%8Dh" title="Khip-chio̍h – Minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Khip-chio̍h" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Minnan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%94%9D%E7%9F%B3" title="攝石 – kantonera" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="攝石" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="kantonera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q11421#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Aldatu hizkuntzen arteko loturak" class="wbc-editpage">Aldatu loturak</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Izen-tarteak"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-nstab-main" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Iman" title="Eduki orrialdea ikusi [c]" accesskey="c"><span>Artikulua</span></a></li><li id="ca-talk" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Eztabaida:Iman" rel="discussion" title="Artikuluari buruzko eztabaida [t]" accesskey="t"><span>Eztabaida</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown emptyPortlet" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" 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artikuluen zerrendaren parte da"><img alt="Artikulu hau Wikipedia guztiek izan beharreko artikuluen zerrendaren parte da" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/91/Wikipedia-1000.png/20px-Wikipedia-1000.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="18" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/91/Wikipedia-1000.png/30px-Wikipedia-1000.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/91/Wikipedia-1000.png/40px-Wikipedia-1000.png 2x" data-file-width="1122" data-file-height="1024" /></a></span></div></div> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">Wikipedia, Entziklopedia askea</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="eu" dir="ltr"><p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <div class="rellink noprint"> <dl><dd><i>Artikulu hau burdina erakartzeko ahalmena duen solidoa buruzkoa da; lider musulmana gaitzat duena beste hau da: «<a href="/wiki/Imam" title="Imam">Imam</a>»</i></dd></dl></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Fitxategi:MagnetEZ.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/08/MagnetEZ.jpg/220px-MagnetEZ.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="225" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/08/MagnetEZ.jpg/330px-MagnetEZ.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/08/MagnetEZ.jpg/440px-MagnetEZ.jpg 2x" data-file-width="470" data-file-height="480" /></a><figcaption>Alnicozko (burdin aleazioa) ferra itxurako imana. Poloak gertu dituenez, eremu magnetiko indartsuagoa sortzen du.</figcaption></figure><p><b>Imana</b> <a href="/wiki/Eremu_magnetiko" title="Eremu magnetiko">eremu magnetikoa</a> sortzen duen objektu edo materiala da. Imanak, duen magnetismoari esker, <a href="/wiki/Material_ferromagnetiko" class="mw-redirect" title="Material ferromagnetiko">material ferromagnetiko</a>ak eta beste iman batzuk erakartzen ditu. Modu sinple batean esan daiteke imanek bi polo dituztela: ipar poloa eta hego poloa. Imanen ezaugarri nagusietako bat da polo berdinek elkar aldaratzen eta kontrakoek elkar erakartzen dutela. </p><p>Iman iraunkorra material magnetizatuz osaturiko objektua da, eta eremu magnetiko iraunkor bat sortzen du. Egunerokotasunean aurki daitekeen eredu sinple bat hozkailuko atean oharrak itsasteko erabiltzen diren imanena da. Imanek era indartsuan erakartzen dituzten objektuak magnetiza daitekeen materialez osatuta daude, eta halako materialei <i>material ferromagnetiko</i> deritze. Horien artean, <a href="/wiki/Burdina" title="Burdina">burdina</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nikel" title="Nikel">nikel</a> eta <a href="/wiki/Kobalto" title="Kobalto">kobalto</a> elementuak zein haien arteko <a href="/wiki/Aleazio" title="Aleazio">aleazioak</a> daude: <a href="/wiki/Lur_arraro" title="Lur arraro">lur arraro</a>en arteko aleazio metaliko batzuk eta era naturalean sorturiko mineral batzuk ere, <a href="/wiki/Magnetita" title="Magnetita">magnetita</a> adibidez. Imanaren presentzian, material ferromagnetikoek izaten dute, material guztien artean, erantzun nabarmenena (horregatik deitzen zaie <i>magnetiko</i> esparru ez-akademikoan), baina gainerako materialek ere badituzte erantzunak, <a href="/wiki/Magnetismo" title="Magnetismo">magnetismo</a> motaren arabera ahulagoak izan arren. </p><p>Material ferromagnetikoak bi motatan sailka daitezke: magnetikoki "bigunak" eta magnetikoki "gogorrak". Lehenengoak magnetiza daitezke, baina ez dute egoera horretan luzaro irauten: adibidez, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Burdin_suberatua&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Burdin suberatua (sortu gabe)">burdina suberatua</a> sartuko litzateke kategoria horretan. Bestalde, material ferromagnetiko "gogorrek" luzaro manten dezakete beren <a href="/w/index.php?title=Magnetizazioa&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Magnetizazioa (sortu gabe)">magnetizazioa</a> (horregatik aukeratzen dira iman iraunkorrak egiteko), eta prozesu berezien bidez sortzen dira. Adibidez, alnico eta <a href="/wiki/Ferrita" title="Ferrita">ferritak</a> eremu magnetiko indartsu baten pean eratzen dira haien <a href="/w/index.php?title=Egitura_mikrokristalinoa&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Egitura mikrokristalinoa (sortu gabe)">barne-egitura mikrokristalinoa</a> lerrokatzeko eta magnetizazioa indartzeko. Horrela lortutako iman aseei, desimantzeko, eremu magnetiko zehatz bat aplikatu behar zaie, eta eremu magnetiko horren atari-balioa material magnetizatuen <a href="/w/index.php?title=Koertzibitatearen&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Koertzibitatearen (sortu gabe)">koertzibitatearen</a> mendeko da. Material "gogorrek" koertzibitate handia dute; "bigunek", aldiz, txikia. Iman baten ahalmen osoa haren momentu magnetikoak neurtzen du, edo, bestela, sortzen duen <a href="/wiki/Fluxu_magnetiko" title="Fluxu magnetiko">fluxu magnetiko</a> totalak. Material baten magnetismoaren ahalmen lokala neurtzeko, haren magnetizazioa erabiltzen da. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Elektroiman" title="Elektroiman">Elektroimana</a> material <a href="/wiki/Eroale_elektriko" title="Eroale elektriko">eroalez</a> osatutako <a href="/wiki/Haril" title="Haril">harila</a> da; horretan zehar <a href="/wiki/Korronte_elektriko" title="Korronte elektriko">korrontea</a> pasatzen denean, iman batek bezala jokatzen du. Askotan, harilaren barruan material ferromagnetiko "bigun" bat sartzen da, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Altzairu_gozoa&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Altzairu gozoa (sortu gabe)">altzairu gozoa</a> adibidez; ondorioz, elektroimanak sortzen duen eremu magnetikoa sakonki indartzen da. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Aurkikuntza_eta_garapena">Aurkikuntza eta garapena</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Iman&veaction=edit&section=1" title="Aldatu atal hau: «Aurkikuntza eta garapena»" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>aldatu</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Iman&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section's source code: Aurkikuntza eta garapena"><span>aldatu iturburu kodea</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><i>Iman</i> hitza frantsesezko “<i>aimant</i>” hitzetik dator, eta frantsesek hitz hori <a href="/wiki/Latin" title="Latin">latinezko</a> “<i>adamas, adamantis</i>” (diamantea, metal gogorra) hitzetik hartu zuten. Gainera, <i>magnetismo</i> hitzaren erroa, <i>magnet</i> (ingelesez <i>iman</i> esanahia duena), latinezko <i>magnetum</i>etik dator (magnetita). Latinak hori grekotik hartu zuten; μαγνῆτις [λίθος] (<i>magnētis [lithos]</i>) “Magnesiako [harri]” esanahia duen hitzetik<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>, hain zuzen ere. Izan ere, Magnesia Antzinako Greziako lurralde bat zen, non magnetita minerala aurki zitekeen. Mineral horren zatiak izan ziren historiako lehen <a href="/wiki/Iparrorratz" title="Iparrorratz">iparrorratz magnetikoak</a>. </p><p>Antzina, naturalki magnetizatutako mineralaren (magnetitaren) bidez ikasten eta aztertzen zuen jendeak magnetismoa: imanen lehen aipamenak eta haien propietateen deskribapenak duela 2.500 urtekoak dira, Grezian, Indian eta Txinan eginak<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Esaterako, <a href="/wiki/Plinio_Zaharra" title="Plinio Zaharra">Plinio Zaharrak</a>, erromatar idazle, naturalista, historialari eta militarrak, bere <i><a href="/wiki/Naturalis_Historia" class="mw-redirect" title="Naturalis Historia">Naturalis Historia</a></i><sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> entziklopedian, imanen propietateak bildu zituen. </p><p>Magnetismoak garrantzi handia izan zuen nabigazioan: XII. mendetik XIII. mendera, iparrorratz magnetikoak erabili ziren bai Txinan, bai Europan eta bai Arabiar Penintsulan.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Fisika">Fisika</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Iman&veaction=edit&section=2" title="Aldatu atal hau: «Fisika»" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>aldatu</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Iman&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section's source code: Fisika"><span>aldatu iturburu kodea</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Eremu_magnetikoa">Eremu magnetikoa</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Iman&veaction=edit&section=3" title="Aldatu atal hau: «Eremu magnetikoa»" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>aldatu</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Iman&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section's source code: Eremu magnetikoa"><span>aldatu iturburu kodea</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Fitxategi:Magnet0873.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/57/Magnet0873.png/220px-Magnet0873.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="148" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/57/Magnet0873.png/330px-Magnet0873.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/57/Magnet0873.png/440px-Magnet0873.png 2x" data-file-width="444" data-file-height="298" /></a><figcaption>Iman zuzen batek sortutako eremu magnetikoa burdin-hautsaren bidez ikus daiteke. </figcaption></figure> <p><a href="/wiki/Fluxu_magnetikoaren_dentsitate" class="mw-redirect" title="Fluxu magnetikoaren dentsitate">Fluxu magnetikoaren dentsitatea</a> (eremu magnetiko ere deitua, normalean <b>B</b> letrarekin adierazia) <a href="/wiki/Eremu_bektorial" class="mw-redirect" title="Eremu bektorial">eremu bektorial</a> bat da. Espazioko puntu jakin batean B eremu magnetikoak duen bektorea, honako bi propietateek definitzen dute: </p><p>1. Haren norabidea iparrorratzaren orientazioaren berdina da. </p><p>2. Haren magnitudea (indar ere deitua) iparrorratzak jasaten duen indarraren proportzionala da. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Nazioarteko_Unitate_Sistema" title="Nazioarteko Unitate Sistema">SI</a> unitateetan, <b>B</b> eremu magnetikoaren indarra <a href="/wiki/Tesla_(unitatea)" title="Tesla (unitatea)">teslatan</a> adierazten da.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Momentu_magnetikoa">Momentu magnetikoa</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Iman&veaction=edit&section=4" title="Aldatu atal hau: «Momentu magnetikoa»" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>aldatu</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Iman&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section's source code: Momentu magnetikoa"><span>aldatu iturburu kodea</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><span><video id="mwe_player_0" poster="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a2/Magnet_bar.ogv/220px--Magnet_bar.ogv.jpg" controls="" preload="none" data-mw-tmh="" class="mw-file-element" width="220" height="124" data-durationhint="85" data-mwtitle="Magnet_bar.ogv" data-mwprovider="wikimediacommons" resource="/wiki/Fitxategi:Magnet_bar.ogv"><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/a/a2/Magnet_bar.ogv/Magnet_bar.ogv.480p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="480p.vp9.webm" data-width="854" data-height="480" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/a/a2/Magnet_bar.ogv/Magnet_bar.ogv.720p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="720p.vp9.webm" data-width="1280" data-height="720" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/a/a2/Magnet_bar.ogv/Magnet_bar.ogv.1080p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="1080p.vp9.webm" data-width="1920" data-height="1080" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/a2/Magnet_bar.ogv" type="video/ogg; codecs="theora"" data-width="1920" data-height="1080" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/a/a2/Magnet_bar.ogv/Magnet_bar.ogv.240p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="240p.vp9.webm" data-width="426" data-height="240" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/a/a2/Magnet_bar.ogv/Magnet_bar.ogv.360p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="360p.vp9.webm" data-width="640" data-height="360" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/a/a2/Magnet_bar.ogv/Magnet_bar.ogv.360p.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp8, vorbis"" data-transcodekey="360p.webm" data-width="640" data-height="360" /><track src="https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/api.php?action=timedtext&title=File%3AMagnet_bar.ogv&lang=en&trackformat=vtt&origin=%2A" kind="subtitles" type="text/vtt" srclang="en" label="English ‪(en)‬" data-dir="ltr" /></video></span><figcaption>Eremu magnetikoa detektatzeko bi teknika: iparrorratza eta burdin-hautsa.</figcaption></figure> <p>Imanaren momentu magnetikoa (momentu dipolar magnetikoa ere deitua, μ letrarekin adierazia) imanak dituen propietate magnetikoekin erlazionatutako <a href="/wiki/Bektore_(matematika)" title="Bektore (matematika)">bektorea</a> da. Iman zuzen batean momentu magnetikoaren noranzkoa hego polotik ipar polora doa.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Magnitude hori poloek duten indarrarekin eta haien arteko banaketarekin erlazionatuta dago. SI unitateetan momentu magnetikoa A·m<sup>2</sup> unitateekin adierazten da. </p><p>Imanak, bere eremu magnetikoa sortzeaz gain, beste eremu magnetikoei erantzuten dio. Imanak edozein puntutan sortzen duen eremu magnetikoaren indarra imanaren momentu magnetikoaren magnitudearekiko proportzionala da. </p><p>Gainera, imanak, kanpoko eremu magnetiko baten eraginpean dagoenean, hots, beste iturri batek sortutako eremu magnetiko baten pean dagoenean, momentua eremu magnetikoarekiko paralelo orientatuko duen indar-momentu bat jasango du.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Indar hori eremu eta momentu magnetikoaren araberakoa izango da<b>.</b> Imana, halaber, norabide batera edo bestera eramango duen indar baten mende egon daiteke, eta indarra iturriaren eta imanaren orientazioaren eta posizioaren araberakoa izango da. Espazioan eremua uniformea bada, imanak ez du indarrik jasango, nahiz eta indar-momentu baten mende egon.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Hari zirkular bat, A azalerakoa, I korronte batek zeharkatzen badu, haren momentu magnetikoaren magnitudea m=IA izango da. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Magnetizazioa">Magnetizazioa</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Iman&veaction=edit&section=5" title="Aldatu atal hau: «Magnetizazioa»" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>aldatu</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Iman&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section's source code: Magnetizazioa"><span>aldatu iturburu kodea</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Magnetizatutako material baten magnetizazioa, <b>M</b>, material horrek bolumen-unitateko duen momentu magnetikoa da, eta haren unitatea <a href="/wiki/Ampere" title="Ampere">A</a>/<a href="/wiki/Metro" title="Metro">m</a><sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> da. Eremu bektorial bat da, eta ez, momentu magnetikoa bezala, <a href="/wiki/Bektore_(matematika)" title="Bektore (matematika)">bektore</a> bat; izan ere, iman baten zati ezberdinak norabide eta indar ezberdinekin magnetiza daitezke. Iman zuzen on batek, esaterako, 0,1 A·m<sup>2</sup>-ko momentu magnetikoa eta 1 cm<sup>3</sup>-ko bolumena izan ditzake; orduan, haren magnetizazioa 100.000 A/m-koa da. Burdinak metroko milioi bat ampere inguruko magnetizazioa izan dezake; horregatik, burdinazko imanak oso eraginkorrak dira eremu magnetikoak sortzeko. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Eredu_teorikoak">Eredu teorikoak</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Iman&veaction=edit&section=6" title="Aldatu atal hau: «Eredu teorikoak»" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>aldatu</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Iman&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section's source code: Eredu teorikoak"><span>aldatu iturburu kodea</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Imanak azaltzen dituzten bi eredu daude: (a) <a href="/w/index.php?title=Polo_magnetikoak&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Polo magnetikoak (sortu gabe)">polo magnetikoak</a> eta (b) korronte atomikoak. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Fitxategi:Bar_magnet.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d8/Bar_magnet.jpg/220px-Bar_magnet.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d8/Bar_magnet.jpg/330px-Bar_magnet.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d8/Bar_magnet.jpg/440px-Bar_magnet.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2048" data-file-height="1536" /></a><figcaption>Iman zuzena</figcaption></figure> <p>a. Helburu askotarako, oso erabilgarria da imanak ipar eta hego polo magnetikoak dituela pentsatzea, baina ideia hori ez da literalki ulertu behar. Izan ere, imanaren muturrak ezberdintzeko modu bat baino ez da; imanetan ez daude ipar partikulak mutur batean eta hego partikulak bestean bereizita, hau da, iman barra bat erditik apurtzen bada, ipar eta hego poloak bereizteko asmoz, iman berri bi agertuko dira, eta ez ipar polo bat eta hego polo bat. Hala ere, hainbat fisikarik polo magnetikoen hurbilpena erabiltzen dute iman iraunkorrak diseinatzeko. Hurbilketa horretan, iman baten barruko magnetizazioaren <a href="/wiki/Dibergentzia_(matematika)" title="Dibergentzia (matematika)">dibergentzia</a>, ∇·<b>M</b>, eta gainazaleko osagai normala, <b>M</b>·<b>n</b>, monopolo magnetikoen banaketatzat hartzen dira. Hori hitzarmen matematiko bat baino ez da, eta ez du esan nahi monopolo magnetikoa dagoenik imanean errealitatean. Polo magnetikoen banaketa ezagutzen bada, <b>H</b> eremu magnetikoa lor daiteke. Imanetik kanpo, <b>B</b> eremua <b>H</b>-rekiko proportzionala da; barnean, ordea, magnetizazioa <b>H</b>-ri gehitu behar zaio. Metodo horren hedapen batek imanaren barnean karga magnetikoak egotea ahalbidetzen du; teoria ferromagnetikoetan erabiltzen da. </p><p>b. Beste eredua <a href="/wiki/Andr%C3%A9-Marie_Amp%C3%A8re" title="André-Marie Ampère">Ampère-ren</a> eredua da; horretan, magnetizazioa materialean zeharreko Ampèreren korronteengatik sortzen da, muga-korronte (ingelesez "bound currents") zirkular itxi mikroskopikoengatik: bolumeneko magnetizazio-korrontearen dentsitateagatik eta gainazaleko magnetizazio-korrontearen dentsitateagatik. Uniformeki magnetizatutako iman zuzen zilindriko batean, imanak, Ampèreren korronteen ondorioz, korronte elektriko makroskopiko bat haren gainazala zeharkatzen arituko balitz bezala jokatzen du, eta korrontea zilindroaren ardatzaren norabidekoarekiko normala da. Normalean, materialaren barneko atomoetako korronte mikroskopikoak (bolumeneko magnetizazio-korrontearen dentsitateak) inguruko atomoetako korronteek ezabatzen dituzte; bada, ekarpena gainazaleko magnetizazio korronte-dentsitatearena da soilik. Dena dela, nahiz eta imanaren kanpoaldeko gainazala kendu, eremu magnetikoa ez da deuseztatuko; alabaina, materialean barrena deuseztatuko ez diren korronte zirkularretatik korrontedun gainazal berri bat agertuko da.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Eskuin_eskuaren_araua" title="Eskuin eskuaren araua">Eskuineko eskuaren arauak</a> zehaztuko du karga positibodun partikulek sortutako korrontearen norabidea. Haatik, praktikan, karga negatibodun partikulek sortutako korrontea da nagusi. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Polaritatea">Polaritatea</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Iman&veaction=edit&section=7" title="Aldatu atal hau: «Polaritatea»" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>aldatu</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Iman&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section's source code: Polaritatea"><span>aldatu iturburu kodea</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Fitxategi:Geographical_and_Magnetic_Poles.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/29/Geographical_and_Magnetic_Poles.png/220px-Geographical_and_Magnetic_Poles.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="197" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/29/Geographical_and_Magnetic_Poles.png/330px-Geographical_and_Magnetic_Poles.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/29/Geographical_and_Magnetic_Poles.png/440px-Geographical_and_Magnetic_Poles.png 2x" data-file-width="1028" data-file-height="922" /></a><figcaption>Lurraren polo geografikoak eta magnetikoak</figcaption></figure> <p>Iman baten ipar poloak, aske dagoenean, Lurraren ipar polo magnetikoa erakusten du (Lurraren ipar polora begira dago). Kontuan hartu behar da, ordea, Lurraren polo geografikoak eta magnetikoak ez direla nahasi behar. Aurkako poloek (iparra eta hegoa) elkar erakartzen dutenez, planetaren ipar polo magnetikoa <a href="/wiki/Lurraren_eremu_magnetikoa" title="Lurraren eremu magnetikoa">Lurraren eremu magnetikoaren</a> hego poloa da.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>HaIa ere, iman baten ipar eta hego poloak zehazteko ez da beharrezkoa Lurraren eremu magnetikoa zein den jakitea. Adibidez, imana elektroimanarekin konparatzea bide bat izan liteke, elektroimanaren poloak eskuineko eskuaren arauaren bidez identifika daitezkeelako. Izan ere, hitzarmenez, imanaren <a href="/wiki/Indar-lerro" title="Indar-lerro">eremu-lerroak</a> ipar polotik atera eta hego polotik sartzen dira. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Material_magnetikoak">Material magnetikoak</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Iman&veaction=edit&section=8" title="Aldatu atal hau: «Material magnetikoak»" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>aldatu</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Iman&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section's source code: Material magnetikoak"><span>aldatu iturburu kodea</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><i>Iman</i> terminoa eremu magnetiko iraunkorra sortzen duten objektuekin erabiltzen da. Material gehienek eremu magnetiko batekin erantzuten diote aplikatutako eremu bati, fenomeno horri magnetizazioa deitzen zaio. Magnetizazio mota ugari daude, eta edozein materiali horietako bat dagokio. </p><p>Normalean, materialen portaera asko alda daiteke, hori materialen egituraren mende dago, elektroien konfigurazioaren mende, hain zuzen ere. Materialetan jokabide magnetiko ezberdinak ikusi dira, horien artean honako hauek: </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Material_ferromagnetiko" class="mw-redirect" title="Material ferromagnetiko">Material ferromagnetikoak</a> eta <a href="/wiki/Ferromagnetismo" title="Ferromagnetismo">ferrimagnetikoak</a>, oro har, magnetiko moduan ezagutzen direnak dira. Imanek modu indartsuan erakartzen dituzten materialak dira. Material horiek magnetizazioa euts dezaketen eta iman bihur daitezkeen material bakarrak dira; adibide arrunt bat hozkailu-imana da. Material ferrimagnetikoak (<a href="/wiki/Ferrita" title="Ferrita">ferrita</a>, magnetita) material ferromagnetikoen antzekoak dira, ahulagoak izan arren. Horien arteko ezberdintasunak egitura mikroskopikoekin lotuta daude.</li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Material_paramagnetiko&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Material paramagnetiko (sortu gabe)">Material paramagnetikoek</a> iman baten poloekiko duten erakarpena oso ahula da. Material ferromagnetikoek nabaritzen duten erakarpenarekin alderatuz, ehunka aldiz ahulagoak direla esan daiteke. Hori dela eta, mota horretako materialek imanak eragindako erakarpena nabaritzeko instrumentu sentikorrak edo iman oso indartsuak behar dira. Material paramagnetikoen adibide batzuk <a href="/wiki/Platino" title="Platino">platinoa</a>, <a href="/wiki/Aluminio" title="Aluminio">aluminioa</a> eta <a href="/wiki/Oxigeno" title="Oxigeno">oxigenoa</a> dira. Fluido ferromagnetikoak likidoetan aurki daitezkeen partikula ferromagnetiko txikiekin osatuta dauden arren, batzuetan material paramagnetikotzat hartzen dira, magnetiza ezin daitezkeelako.</li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Diamagnetismo" title="Diamagnetismo">Diamagnetismoak</a> bi poloekiko aldarapena esan nahi du. Material diamagnetikoak paramagnetikoekin eta ferromagnetikoekin konparatuz, iman batekiko duten erakarpena ahulagoa dela esan daiteke. Izan ere, iman <a href="/wiki/Supereroankortasun" title="Supereroankortasun">supereroale</a> indartsuak edo berun zatiak erabiliz materialak lebitatzea lor daiteke. Supereroaleek eremu magnetikoak haien barnetik aldaratzen dituzte, horiek material gogorki diamagnetikoak dira. Material diamagnetikoen adibide batzuk <a href="/wiki/Harrikatz" title="Harrikatz">ikatza</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ur" title="Ur">ura</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kobre" title="Kobre">kobrea</a> eta <a href="/wiki/Plastiko" title="Plastiko">plastikoa</a> dira. Gainera, material diamagnetikoen <a href="/wiki/Permeabilitate_magnetiko" class="mw-redirect" title="Permeabilitate magnetiko">iragazkortasun magnetikoa</a> hutsaren iragazkortasun magnetikoa baino txikiagoa da. Aurreko bi magnetizazio motak ez dituzten materialak, diamagnetikoak dira.</li></ul> <p>Magnetizazio mota gehiago existitzen dira: <a href="/w/index.php?title=Superparamagnetismoa&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Superparamagnetismoa (sortu gabe)">superparamagnetismoa</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Superdiamagnetismoa&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Superdiamagnetismoa (sortu gabe)">superdiamagnetismoa</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Metamagnetismoa&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Metamagnetismoa (sortu gabe)">metamagnetismoa</a> edo <a href="/w/index.php?title=Spin_beira&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Spin beira (sortu gabe)">spin beira</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Tenperaturaren_eragina">Tenperaturaren eragina</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Iman&veaction=edit&section=9" title="Aldatu atal hau: «Tenperaturaren eragina»" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>aldatu</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Iman&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section's source code: Tenperaturaren eragina"><span>aldatu iturburu kodea</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Imanak <a href="/wiki/Curie_tenperatura" title="Curie tenperatura">Curie tenperatura</a> lortzen duenean magnetismo guztia galtzen du; horren ondoren, hozten bada ere, ezingo du magnetismoa bereganatu. Hala ere, batzuetan imana berriz magnetiza daiteke. </p><p>Bestalde, iman batzuk hauskorrak dira eta tenperatura altuetan hausten dira. </p><p>Alnicoarekin 540 °C-tik gorako tenperatura erabiltzen da, material guztien arteko tenperatura altuena izanik. Ferrita eta SmCo-ekin 300 °C inguru, NIB-ekin 140 °C eta zeramika malguekin tenperatura txikiagoak erabiltzen dira. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Unitateak_eta_zenbait_kalkulu">Unitateak eta zenbait kalkulu</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Iman&veaction=edit&section=10" title="Aldatu atal hau: «Unitateak eta zenbait kalkulu»" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>aldatu</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Iman&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section's source code: Unitateak eta zenbait kalkulu"><span>aldatu iturburu kodea</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Imanaren_eremu-lerroak">Imanaren eremu-lerroak</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Iman&veaction=edit&section=11" title="Aldatu atal hau: «Imanaren eremu-lerroak»" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>aldatu</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Iman&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section's source code: Imanaren eremu-lerroak"><span>aldatu iturburu kodea</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Fitxategi:Dipole_field.PNG" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/Dipole_field.PNG/220px-Dipole_field.PNG" decoding="async" width="220" height="173" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/Dipole_field.PNG/330px-Dipole_field.PNG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/66/Dipole_field.PNG 2x" data-file-width="398" data-file-height="313" /></a><figcaption>Dipoloak sortutako eremu-lerroak</figcaption></figure> <p>Imanetik urrun, horrek sortutako eremu magnetikoa dipoloarenarekin aldera daiteke. Dipoloa distantzia konstantera mantentzen diren bi karga berdin eta kontrako zeinukoen multzoa da, eta dipoloak sortutako eremua haren momentu magnetiko osoak ezaugarritzen du. Hori imanaren itxurarekiko independentea da, momentu magnetikoa ez delako inoiz nulua izango. Eremu dipolarraren ezaugarri bat da haren indarra <i>1/r<sup>3</sup></i> faktorearekiko proportzionalki txikitzen dela, non <i>r</i> baita imanaren zentroarekiko distantzia. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Fitxategi:VFPt_four_magnets.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e7/VFPt_four_magnets.svg/220px-VFPt_four_magnets.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="220" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e7/VFPt_four_magnets.svg/330px-VFPt_four_magnets.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e7/VFPt_four_magnets.svg/440px-VFPt_four_magnets.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="800" /></a><figcaption>Lau iman zilindrikoren eremu-lerroak</figcaption></figure> <p>Imanetik zenbat eta hurbilago, eremu magnetikoa orduan eta zailagoa da. Izan ere, imanaren itxurarekiko zein magnetizazioarekiko mendekotasunak du eragin handiena. Formalki, eremua garapen multipolarraren bidez adieraz daiteke: eremu dipolarra gehi eremu kuadrupolarra gehi eremu oktopolarra... </p><p>Imanetik oso hurbil, eremu ezberdin asko dira posible. Esaterako, iman zuzen luze eta mehe baten kasuan, ipar eta hego poloetan, eremua <i>1/r<sup>2</sup></i> faktorearekiko proportzionalki txikitzen da, non <i>r</i> baita poloetatik espazioko edozein puntutara dagoen distantzia. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Indar_magnetikoaren_kalkuluaren_adibideak:">Indar magnetikoaren kalkuluaren adibideak:</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Iman&veaction=edit&section=12" title="Aldatu atal hau: «Indar magnetikoaren kalkuluaren adibideak:»" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>aldatu</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Iman&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section's source code: Indar magnetikoaren kalkuluaren adibideak:"><span>aldatu iturburu kodea</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Iman_bakarrak_sortutako_indarra">Iman bakarrak sortutako indarra</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Iman&veaction=edit&section=13" title="Aldatu atal hau: «Iman bakarrak sortutako indarra»" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>aldatu</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Iman&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section's source code: Iman bakarrak sortutako indarra"><span>aldatu iturburu kodea</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Iman baten indarra, batzuetan, haren erakarpen-indarraren arabera adierazten da, hau da, beste objektuak erakartzeko edo aldaratzeko duen ahalmenaren arabera. Elektroiman batek edo iman iraunkor batek bere poloen artean sortzen duen erakarpen-indarra, <a href="/wiki/Maxwellen_ekuazioak" title="Maxwellen ekuazioak">Maxwell-en ekuazioaren</a> bidez lortzen da:<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle F={\frac {B^{2}A}{2\mu _{0}}}}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mi>F</mi> <mo>=</mo> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mfrac> <mrow> <msup> <mi>B</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>2</mn> </mrow> </msup> <mi>A</mi> </mrow> <mrow> <mn>2</mn> <msub> <mi>μ</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>0</mn> </mrow> </msub> </mrow> </mfrac> </mrow> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle F={\frac {B^{2}A}{2\mu _{0}}}}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/314b318d2813bdd9ef7d3dfe2a277e456b6c11c6" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -2.338ex; width:10.237ex; height:6.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle F={\frac {B^{2}A}{2\mu _{0}}}}"></span> , </p><p>non </p> <ul><li><i>F</i>: indarra (<a href="/wiki/Nazioarteko_Unitate_Sistema" title="Nazioarteko Unitate Sistema">SI</a> sistemako unitatea: <a href="/wiki/Newton_(unitatea)" title="Newton (unitatea)">newton</a>).</li></ul> <ul><li><i>A</i>: imanaren zeharkako sekzioaren azalera metro karratutan.</li></ul> <ul><li><i>B</i>: imanak sortutako eremu magnetikoa (SIko unitatea: <a href="/wiki/Tesla_(unitatea)" title="Tesla (unitatea)">tesla</a>).</li></ul> <p>Beraz, iman bat bertikalki jarrita badago, imanak jaso dezakeen masaren balioa kalkula daiteke honako ekuazioaren arabera, <a href="/wiki/Newtonen_legeak" title="Newtonen legeak">Newtonen 2. legea</a> <span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle F=mg}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mi>F</mi> <mo>=</mo> <mi>m</mi> <mi>g</mi> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle F=mg}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/9f7b20a4e286bff05ecae34cb5c3b87fc884e7af" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:7.996ex; height:2.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle F=mg}"></span> dela jakinda: </p><p><span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle F=mg={\frac {B^{2}A}{2\mu _{0}}}\Rightarrow m={\frac {B^{2}A}{2\mu _{0}g}}}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mi>F</mi> <mo>=</mo> <mi>m</mi> <mi>g</mi> <mo>=</mo> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mfrac> <mrow> <msup> <mi>B</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>2</mn> </mrow> </msup> <mi>A</mi> </mrow> <mrow> <mn>2</mn> <msub> <mi>μ</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>0</mn> </mrow> </msub> </mrow> </mfrac> </mrow> <mo stretchy="false">⇒</mo> <mi>m</mi> <mo>=</mo> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mfrac> <mrow> <msup> <mi>B</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>2</mn> </mrow> </msup> <mi>A</mi> </mrow> <mrow> <mn>2</mn> <msub> <mi>μ</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>0</mn> </mrow> </msub> <mi>g</mi> </mrow> </mfrac> </mrow> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle F=mg={\frac {B^{2}A}{2\mu _{0}}}\Rightarrow m={\frac {B^{2}A}{2\mu _{0}g}}}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/cb494f521861d096abec33cad609a77fe17a0899" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -2.338ex; width:30.815ex; height:6.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle F=mg={\frac {B^{2}A}{2\mu _{0}}}\Rightarrow m={\frac {B^{2}A}{2\mu _{0}g}}}"></span> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Bi_polo_magnetikoren_arteko_indarra">Bi polo magnetikoren arteko indarra</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Iman&veaction=edit&section=14" title="Aldatu atal hau: «Bi polo magnetikoren arteko indarra»" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>aldatu</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Iman&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section's source code: Bi polo magnetikoren arteko indarra"><span>aldatu iturburu kodea</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Mekanika_klasiko" title="Mekanika klasiko">Klasikoki</a>, bi polo magnetikoren arteko indarra:<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle F={\frac {\mu q_{m1}q_{m2}}{4\pi r^{2}}}}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mi>F</mi> <mo>=</mo> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mfrac> <mrow> <mi>μ</mi> <msub> <mi>q</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi>m</mi> <mn>1</mn> </mrow> </msub> <msub> <mi>q</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi>m</mi> <mn>2</mn> </mrow> </msub> </mrow> <mrow> <mn>4</mn> <mi>π</mi> <msup> <mi>r</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>2</mn> </mrow> </msup> </mrow> </mfrac> </mrow> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle F={\frac {\mu q_{m1}q_{m2}}{4\pi r^{2}}}}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/61dab780237787e869b94bca0a3c8cdd0ea82311" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -2.171ex; width:14.145ex; height:5.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle F={\frac {\mu q_{m1}q_{m2}}{4\pi r^{2}}}}"></span>, </p><p>non </p> <ul><li><i>F</i>: indarra (SIko unitatea: newton).</li></ul> <ul><li><i>q<sub>m1</sub></i> eta <i>q<sub>m2</sub></i>: polo magnetikoen magnitudeak (SIko unitatea: <a href="/wiki/Ampere" title="Ampere">ampere</a>-<a href="/wiki/Metro" title="Metro">metro</a>).</li></ul> <ul><li><i>μ</i>: ingurunearen <a href="/wiki/Permeabilitate_magnetiko" class="mw-redirect" title="Permeabilitate magnetiko">iragazkortasun magnetikoa</a> (SIko unitatea: T*m/A edo H/m edo N/A<sup>2</sup>).</li></ul> <ul><li><i>r</i>: bi poloen arteko distantzia (SIko unitatea: metro)</li></ul> <p>Imanek halabeharrez bi polo dituztela pentsatzea ideia erabilgarria da imanak diseinatzen dituzten ingeniarientzako, baina imanek iparra eta hegoa baino banaketa zailagoa dute. Hortaz, poloen ideia ezartzea ez da dirudien bezain erraza. Horrenbestez, zenbait kasutan, honako adibideetan erabiliko diren formulak erabilgarriagoak izaten dira. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Hurbil_dauden_A_azalerako_bi_gainazal_magnetizaturen_arteko_indarra">Hurbil dauden A azalerako bi gainazal magnetizaturen arteko indarra</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Iman&veaction=edit&section=15" title="Aldatu atal hau: «Hurbil dauden A azalerako bi gainazal magnetizaturen arteko indarra»" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>aldatu</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Iman&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section's source code: Hurbil dauden A azalerako bi gainazal magnetizaturen arteko indarra"><span>aldatu iturburu kodea</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Elkarrengandik hurbil dauden magnetizatutako bi gainazalen arteko indarraren ekuazioa honakoa da:<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle F={\frac {\mu _{0}H^{2}A}{2}}={\frac {B^{2}A}{2\mu _{0}}}}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mi>F</mi> <mo>=</mo> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mfrac> <mrow> <msub> <mi>μ</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>0</mn> </mrow> </msub> <msup> <mi>H</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>2</mn> </mrow> </msup> <mi>A</mi> </mrow> <mn>2</mn> </mfrac> </mrow> <mo>=</mo> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mfrac> <mrow> <msup> <mi>B</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>2</mn> </mrow> </msup> <mi>A</mi> </mrow> <mrow> <mn>2</mn> <msub> <mi>μ</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>0</mn> </mrow> </msub> </mrow> </mfrac> </mrow> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle F={\frac {\mu _{0}H^{2}A}{2}}={\frac {B^{2}A}{2\mu _{0}}}}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/71c87969b98d76474f589ac309b3898ffdd72b68" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -2.338ex; width:21.528ex; height:6.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle F={\frac {\mu _{0}H^{2}A}{2}}={\frac {B^{2}A}{2\mu _{0}}}}"></span>, </p><p>non </p> <ul><li><i>A</i>: gainazalen azalera (SIko unitatea: m<sup>2</sup>).</li></ul> <ul><li><i>H</i>: eszitazio magnetikoa (SIko unitatea: A/m).</li></ul> <ul><li><i>μ<sub>0</sub></i>: <a href="/wiki/Permeabilitate_magnetiko" class="mw-redirect" title="Permeabilitate magnetiko">iragazkortasun magnetikoa hutsean</a>, <span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \mu _{0}=4\pi \cdot 10^{-7}NA^{2}}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <msub> <mi>μ</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>0</mn> </mrow> </msub> <mo>=</mo> <mn>4</mn> <mi>π</mi> <mo>⋅</mo> <msup> <mn>10</mn> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mo>−</mo> <mn>7</mn> </mrow> </msup> <mi>N</mi> <msup> <mi>A</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>2</mn> </mrow> </msup> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \mu _{0}=4\pi \cdot 10^{-7}NA^{2}}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/7408119a4f8793636ad92d497e55b3db60e732cd" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:19.247ex; height:3.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \mu _{0}=4\pi \cdot 10^{-7}NA^{2}}"></span>.</li></ul> <ul><li><i>B</i>: eremu magnetikoa (SIko unitatea: tesla).</li></ul> <p>Ekuazioa onargarria da baldin "FRINGING" efektua arbuiagarria bada eta burdinarteko bolumena (hau da, zirkuitu magnetiko bateko material ferromagnetikoan dagoen tarteko edo espazioko bolumena) material magnetizatuarena baino askoz ere txikiagoa bada. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Bi_iman_zuzenen_arteko_indarra">Bi iman zuzenen arteko indarra</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Iman&veaction=edit&section=16" title="Aldatu atal hau: «Bi iman zuzenen arteko indarra»" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>aldatu</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Iman&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section's source code: Bi iman zuzenen arteko indarra"><span>aldatu iturburu kodea</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Bi iman zuzen zilindriko berdinen arteko indarraren hurbilpena, bata bestearen poloetatik <i>z>>R</i> distantziara daudenean: </p><p><span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle F(z)\simeq \left[{\frac {B_{0}^{2}A^{2}(L^{2}+R^{2})}{\pi \mu _{0}L^{2}}}\right]\left[{\frac {1}{z^{2}}}+{\frac {1}{(z+2L)^{2}}}-{\frac {2}{(z+L)^{2}}}\right]}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mi>F</mi> <mo stretchy="false">(</mo> <mi>z</mi> <mo stretchy="false">)</mo> <mo>≃</mo> <mrow> <mo>[</mo> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mfrac> <mrow> <msubsup> <mi>B</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>0</mn> </mrow> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>2</mn> </mrow> </msubsup> <msup> <mi>A</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>2</mn> </mrow> </msup> <mo stretchy="false">(</mo> <msup> <mi>L</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>2</mn> </mrow> </msup> <mo>+</mo> <msup> <mi>R</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>2</mn> </mrow> </msup> <mo stretchy="false">)</mo> </mrow> <mrow> <mi>π</mi> <msub> <mi>μ</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>0</mn> </mrow> </msub> <msup> <mi>L</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>2</mn> </mrow> </msup> </mrow> </mfrac> </mrow> <mo>]</mo> </mrow> <mrow> <mo>[</mo> <mrow> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mfrac> <mn>1</mn> <msup> <mi>z</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>2</mn> </mrow> </msup> </mfrac> </mrow> <mo>+</mo> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mfrac> <mn>1</mn> <mrow> <mo stretchy="false">(</mo> <mi>z</mi> <mo>+</mo> <mn>2</mn> <mi>L</mi> <msup> <mo stretchy="false">)</mo> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>2</mn> </mrow> </msup> </mrow> </mfrac> </mrow> <mo>−</mo> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mfrac> <mn>2</mn> <mrow> <mo stretchy="false">(</mo> <mi>z</mi> <mo>+</mo> <mi>L</mi> <msup> <mo stretchy="false">)</mo> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>2</mn> </mrow> </msup> </mrow> </mfrac> </mrow> </mrow> <mo>]</mo> </mrow> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle F(z)\simeq \left[{\frac {B_{0}^{2}A^{2}(L^{2}+R^{2})}{\pi \mu _{0}L^{2}}}\right]\left[{\frac {1}{z^{2}}}+{\frac {1}{(z+2L)^{2}}}-{\frac {2}{(z+L)^{2}}}\right]}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/15c768c891e8043fa70085a70e5a51b3b0b1a673" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -3.171ex; width:58.092ex; height:7.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle F(z)\simeq \left[{\frac {B_{0}^{2}A^{2}(L^{2}+R^{2})}{\pi \mu _{0}L^{2}}}\right]\left[{\frac {1}{z^{2}}}+{\frac {1}{(z+2L)^{2}}}-{\frac {2}{(z+L)^{2}}}\right]}"></span>, </p><p>non </p> <ul><li><i>B<sub>0</sub></i>: eremu magnetikoa poloetatik hurbil (SIko unitatea: tesla).</li></ul> <ul><li><i>A</i>: poloen azalera (SIko unitatea: m<sup>2</sup>).</li></ul> <ul><li><i>L</i>: imanen luzera (SIko unitatea: metro).</li></ul> <ul><li><i>R</i>: imanen erradioa (SIko unitatea: metro).</li></ul> <ul><li><i>z</i>: imanen arteko distantzia (SIko unitatea: metro).</li></ul> <p>Poloetatik hurbil dagoen eremu magnetikoaren eta magnetizazioaren arteko erlazioa <span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle B_{0}={\frac {\mu _{0}}{2}}M}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <msub> <mi>B</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>0</mn> </mrow> </msub> <mo>=</mo> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mfrac> <msub> <mi>μ</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>0</mn> </mrow> </msub> <mn>2</mn> </mfrac> </mrow> <mi>M</mi> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle B_{0}={\frac {\mu _{0}}{2}}M}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/5ee305fbf1eabe61e26b43191ce9d7d10eab3905" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -1.838ex; width:11.651ex; height:4.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle B_{0}={\frac {\mu _{0}}{2}}M}"></span> da. </p><p>Kontuan hartu behar da formula horiek guztiak Gilbert-en ereduan oinarrituta daudela, eta hori erabilgarria dela erlatiboki distantzia handietan. Beste eredu batzuetan (Ampèreren ereduan, esaterako), batzuetan analitikoki ezin ebatz daitezkeen formulak erabiltzen dira. Kasu horietan <a href="/w/index.php?title=Zenbakizko_metodo&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Zenbakizko metodo (sortu gabe)">zenbakizko metodoak</a> erabiltzea beharrezkoa da. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Bi_iman_zilindrikoren_arteko_indarra">Bi iman zilindrikoren arteko indarra</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Iman&veaction=edit&section=17" title="Aldatu atal hau: «Bi iman zilindrikoren arteko indarra»" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>aldatu</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Iman&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section's source code: Bi iman zilindrikoren arteko indarra"><span>aldatu iturburu kodea</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Bi iman zilindrikoren, <i>R</i> erradioko, <i>L</i> luzerako eta dipolo magnetikoa lerrokatuta dutenen, arteko indarra asintotikoki hurbildu daiteke beraien arteko distantzia <i>z>>R</i> denean:<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle F(z)\simeq {\frac {\pi \mu _{0}}{4}}M^{2}R^{4}\left[{\frac {1}{z^{2}}}+{\frac {1}{(z+2L)^{2}}}-{\frac {2}{(z+L)^{2}}}\right]}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mi>F</mi> <mo stretchy="false">(</mo> <mi>z</mi> <mo stretchy="false">)</mo> <mo>≃</mo> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mfrac> <mrow> <mi>π</mi> <msub> <mi>μ</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>0</mn> </mrow> </msub> </mrow> <mn>4</mn> </mfrac> </mrow> <msup> <mi>M</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>2</mn> </mrow> </msup> <msup> <mi>R</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>4</mn> </mrow> </msup> <mrow> <mo>[</mo> <mrow> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mfrac> <mn>1</mn> <msup> <mi>z</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>2</mn> </mrow> </msup> </mfrac> </mrow> <mo>+</mo> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mfrac> <mn>1</mn> <mrow> <mo stretchy="false">(</mo> <mi>z</mi> <mo>+</mo> <mn>2</mn> <mi>L</mi> <msup> <mo stretchy="false">)</mo> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>2</mn> </mrow> </msup> </mrow> </mfrac> </mrow> <mo>−</mo> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mfrac> <mn>2</mn> <mrow> <mo stretchy="false">(</mo> <mi>z</mi> <mo>+</mo> <mi>L</mi> <msup> <mo stretchy="false">)</mo> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>2</mn> </mrow> </msup> </mrow> </mfrac> </mrow> </mrow> <mo>]</mo> </mrow> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle F(z)\simeq {\frac {\pi \mu _{0}}{4}}M^{2}R^{4}\left[{\frac {1}{z^{2}}}+{\frac {1}{(z+2L)^{2}}}-{\frac {2}{(z+L)^{2}}}\right]}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/02185a720de327d3e9296e2678217ceef559a2cc" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -2.671ex; width:49.82ex; height:6.343ex;" alt="{\displaystyle F(z)\simeq {\frac {\pi \mu _{0}}{4}}M^{2}R^{4}\left[{\frac {1}{z^{2}}}+{\frac {1}{(z+2L)^{2}}}-{\frac {2}{(z+L)^{2}}}\right]}"></span>, </p><p>non <i>M</i> baita imanen magnetizazioa, eta <i>z</i>, imanen arteko distantzia. Poloetatik hurbil dagoen eremu magnetikoaren eta magnetizazioaren arteko erlazioa <span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle B_{0}={\frac {\mu _{0}}{2}}M}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <msub> <mi>B</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>0</mn> </mrow> </msub> <mo>=</mo> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mfrac> <msub> <mi>μ</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>0</mn> </mrow> </msub> <mn>2</mn> </mfrac> </mrow> <mi>M</mi> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle B_{0}={\frac {\mu _{0}}{2}}M}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/5ee305fbf1eabe61e26b43191ce9d7d10eab3905" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -1.838ex; width:11.651ex; height:4.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle B_{0}={\frac {\mu _{0}}{2}}M}"></span> da. Bestalde, momentu dipolar magnetikoa honakoa da: </p><p><span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle m=MV}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mi>m</mi> <mo>=</mo> <mi>M</mi> <mi>V</mi> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle m=MV}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/e860a1b0e5c6d189ec2583c7a67eb870061eee12" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:9.368ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle m=MV}"></span>, </p><p>non imanen bolumena den <i>V</i>. Eta imanak zilindrikoak direnez, <span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle V=\pi R^{2}L}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mi>V</mi> <mo>=</mo> <mi>π</mi> <msup> <mi>R</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>2</mn> </mrow> </msup> <mi>L</mi> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle V=\pi R^{2}L}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/b3440eb77256b8ef0316ea0eb6f2b0d37f30e9b5" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:10.619ex; height:2.676ex;" alt="{\displaystyle V=\pi R^{2}L}"></span> da. </p><p>Horrez gain, <i>z>>L</i> bada, bi dipolo magnetikoren arteko indarraren adierazpena berreskuratzen da: </p><p><span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle F(x)={\frac {3\pi \mu _{0}}{2}}M^{2}R^{4}L^{2}{\frac {1}{z^{4}}}={\frac {3\mu _{0}}{2\pi }}M^{2}V^{2}{\frac {1}{z^{4}}}={\frac {3\mu _{0}}{2\pi }}m_{1}m_{2}{\frac {1}{z^{4}}}}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mi>F</mi> <mo stretchy="false">(</mo> <mi>x</mi> <mo stretchy="false">)</mo> <mo>=</mo> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mfrac> <mrow> <mn>3</mn> <mi>π</mi> <msub> <mi>μ</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>0</mn> </mrow> </msub> </mrow> <mn>2</mn> </mfrac> </mrow> <msup> <mi>M</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>2</mn> </mrow> </msup> <msup> <mi>R</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>4</mn> </mrow> </msup> <msup> <mi>L</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>2</mn> </mrow> </msup> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mfrac> <mn>1</mn> <msup> <mi>z</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>4</mn> </mrow> </msup> </mfrac> </mrow> <mo>=</mo> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mfrac> <mrow> <mn>3</mn> <msub> <mi>μ</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>0</mn> </mrow> </msub> </mrow> <mrow> <mn>2</mn> <mi>π</mi> </mrow> </mfrac> </mrow> <msup> <mi>M</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>2</mn> </mrow> </msup> <msup> <mi>V</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>2</mn> </mrow> </msup> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mfrac> <mn>1</mn> <msup> <mi>z</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>4</mn> </mrow> </msup> </mfrac> </mrow> <mo>=</mo> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mfrac> <mrow> <mn>3</mn> <msub> <mi>μ</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>0</mn> </mrow> </msub> </mrow> <mrow> <mn>2</mn> <mi>π</mi> </mrow> </mfrac> </mrow> <msub> <mi>m</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>1</mn> </mrow> </msub> <msub> <mi>m</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>2</mn> </mrow> </msub> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mfrac> <mn>1</mn> <msup> <mi>z</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>4</mn> </mrow> </msup> </mfrac> </mrow> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle F(x)={\frac {3\pi \mu _{0}}{2}}M^{2}R^{4}L^{2}{\frac {1}{z^{4}}}={\frac {3\mu _{0}}{2\pi }}M^{2}V^{2}{\frac {1}{z^{4}}}={\frac {3\mu _{0}}{2\pi }}m_{1}m_{2}{\frac {1}{z^{4}}}}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/ae3368703d02f6a076ef6229be46f693fc6d8e22" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -2.171ex; width:59.535ex; height:5.676ex;" alt="{\displaystyle F(x)={\frac {3\pi \mu _{0}}{2}}M^{2}R^{4}L^{2}{\frac {1}{z^{4}}}={\frac {3\mu _{0}}{2\pi }}M^{2}V^{2}{\frac {1}{z^{4}}}={\frac {3\mu _{0}}{2\pi }}m_{1}m_{2}{\frac {1}{z^{4}}}}"></span>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Elektroimanak">Elektroimanak</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Iman&veaction=edit&section=18" title="Aldatu atal hau: «Elektroimanak»" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>aldatu</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Iman&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section's source code: Elektroimanak"><span>aldatu iturburu kodea</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Fitxategi:Simple_electromagnet2.gif" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Simple_electromagnet2.gif/220px-Simple_electromagnet2.gif" decoding="async" width="220" height="136" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Simple_electromagnet2.gif/330px-Simple_electromagnet2.gif 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Simple_electromagnet2.gif/440px-Simple_electromagnet2.gif 2x" data-file-width="580" data-file-height="358" /></a><figcaption>Elektroiman sinplea</figcaption></figure> <p>Elektroimana, modu sinplean azalduta, espira (bira) bat edo gehiagotan biribildutako kable bat da, <a href="/wiki/Solenoide" title="Solenoide">solenoide</a> deritzona. Horretan zehar korrontea igarotzen denean, eremu magnetiko uniformea sortzen da. Eremua harilaren barnean dago, eta haren eremu-lerroak iman batenaren oso antzekoak dira. Iman eraginkor horren norabidea <a href="/wiki/Eskuin_eskuaren_araua" title="Eskuin eskuaren araua">eskuineko eskuaren arauaren</a> bidez zehazten da. Bestalde, elektroimanaren momentua eta eremu magnetikoa espira kopuruaren, espiren zeharkako sekzioaren eta kablean zehar igarotzen den korronte elektrikoaren araberakoak dira.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Harila biltzen duen materialak, propietate magnetiko berezirik ez badu (kartoia, esaterako), oso eremu ahula sortuko du. Aldiz, erabilitako materiala ferromagnetikoa bada (burdina, adibidez), sortutako eremua aurrekoa baino ehunka edota milaka aldiz indartsuagoa izango da. </p><p>Elektroimanak asko erabiltzen dira <a href="/wiki/Partikula-azeleragailu" title="Partikula-azeleragailu">partikula-azeleragailuetan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Motor_elektriko" title="Motor elektriko">motor elektrikoetan</a>, txatartegietako garabietan edota <a href="/wiki/Erresonantzia_magnetiko_bidezko_irudigintza" title="Erresonantzia magnetiko bidezko irudigintza">erresonantzia magnetiko bidezko irudigintzan</a>. Horietako erabilera batzuek, ordea, <a href="/wiki/Dipolo_magnetiko" title="Dipolo magnetiko">dipolo magnetikoak</a> baino konfigurazio zailagoak behar dituzte; esaterako, partikula sortak bideratzeko, kuadrupolo eta sextupolo magnetikoak erabiltzen dira. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Ohiko_erabilerak">Ohiko erabilerak</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Iman&veaction=edit&section=19" title="Aldatu atal hau: «Ohiko erabilerak»" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>aldatu</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Iman&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section's source code: Ohiko erabilerak"><span>aldatu iturburu kodea</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div><p> Egunero, ohartzen ez garen arren, magnetismoa oso arrunta da. Hori erakusten duten adibideak honakoak dira:</p><figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Fitxategi:Apertura_hard_disk_05.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5e/Apertura_hard_disk_05.jpg/220px-Apertura_hard_disk_05.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5e/Apertura_hard_disk_05.jpg/330px-Apertura_hard_disk_05.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5e/Apertura_hard_disk_05.jpg/440px-Apertura_hard_disk_05.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2560" data-file-height="1920" /></a><figcaption>Disko gogorra</figcaption></figure> <ul><li>Duela urte batzuetako <a href="/wiki/VHS" title="VHS">VHS</a> bideoek kasete magnetikodun txirrika bat zuten. Bideoa eta soinua biltzen dituen kodea kasete magnetiko horretan gordeta dago. Berdin gertatzen da <a href="/wiki/Kasete" title="Kasete">musika-kaseteetan</a> eta ordenagailuetako <a href="/wiki/Diskete" title="Diskete">diskete</a> zein <a href="/wiki/Disko_gogor" title="Disko gogor">disko gogorretan</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kreditu-txartel" title="Kreditu-txartel">Kreditu-</a> eta zordunketa-txartelek banda magnetikoa dute txartelaren alde batean. Banda horrek kodifikatuta dauka informazioa, txartela erabiltzean norberaren kontuarekin erlazionatzeko.</li> <li>Lehenagoko <a href="/wiki/Telebista" title="Telebista">telebistek</a> eta <a href="/wiki/Ordenagailu" title="Ordenagailu">ordenagailuek</a> <a href="/wiki/Izpi_katodikozko_hodi" title="Izpi katodikozko hodi">izpi katodikozko hodi</a> bat zuten. Hodi horiek eremu magnetiko bat erabiltzen zuten elektroiak pantailetara bideratzeko.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bozgorailu" title="Bozgorailu">Bozgorailuak</a> eta <a href="/wiki/Mikrofono" title="Mikrofono">mikrofonoak</a>. Bozgorailu gehienek iman iraunkor bat eta haril bat dituzte energia elektrikoa (seinalea) energia mekaniko (soinua sortzen duen mugimendua) bihurtzeko. Iman iraunkorraren eremuak eta harilaren korronteak elkarri eragiten diote, eta orduan, korrontea aldatuz harilak seinalea garraiatzen du. Harilak indar magnetikoa jasaten du eta inguruko airearen presioa handitzen da. Ondorioz, soinua sortzen da. Mikrofonoek prozesu bera erabiltzen dute, baina alderantziz, hau da, harila iman baten barnean dago, eta harilari lotuta mintz bat dute. Mikrofonoa erabiltzean, soinuak mintza bibratzen du; beraz, harila ere bai. Azken hori eremu magnetiko baten eraginpean dagoenez, harilean zehar korrontea induzitzen da. Korronte induzitu hori da bozgorailura heltzen dena.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gitarra_elektriko" title="Gitarra elektriko">Gitarra elektrikoek</a> hartzaile magnetikoak dituzte gitarraren soken bibrazioak anplifika daitekeen korronte elektriko bihurtzeko. Prozesu hori ez da bozgorailuetan eta mikrofonoetan gertatzen dena; izan ere, kasu honetan ez da beharrezkoa harilari lotutako mintza. Hammond organoek antzeko printzipioa erabiltzen dute, baina soken ordez, tonu-gurpilak erabiltzen dituzte.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Motor_elektriko" title="Motor elektriko">Motor</a> eta <a href="/wiki/Sorgailu_elektriko" title="Sorgailu elektriko">sorgailu elektrikoak</a>: motor elektriko batzuek elektroiman eta iman iraunkor baten konbinazioaren beharra dute energia elektrikoa mekaniko bihurtzeko. Sorgailuek, ordea, energia mekanikoa elektriko bihurtzen dute eroale bat eremu magnetiko batean zehar higituz.</li></ul> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Fitxategi:Brujula_2.jpeg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Brujula_2.jpeg/220px-Brujula_2.jpeg" decoding="async" width="220" height="217" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Brujula_2.jpeg 1.5x" data-file-width="226" data-file-height="223" /></a><figcaption>Iparrorratza</figcaption></figure> <ul><li>Medikuntzan, <a href="/wiki/Erresonantzia_magnetiko_bidezko_irudigintza" title="Erresonantzia magnetiko bidezko irudigintza">erresonantzia magnetiko</a> bidezko irudigintza erabiltzen da. Prozedura ez-inbaditzaile bat da, eta organoen zein ehunen irudiak lortzen dira eremu magnetiko bi erabiliz, bata uniformea eta bestea aldakorra.</li></ul> <ul><li>Kimikariek <a href="/wiki/Erresonantzia_magnetiko_nuklear" title="Erresonantzia magnetiko nuklear">erresonantzia magnetiko nuklearra</a> erabiltzen dute konposatu sintetikoak bereizteko.</li> <li>Iparrorratzek duten orratza eremu magnetiko baten eraginpean magnetizatzen da, eta harekin lerrokatzen. Normalean, Lurraren ipar magnetikoa da markatzen duten noranzkoa, <a href="/wiki/Lurraren_eremu_magnetikoa" title="Lurraren eremu magnetikoa">Lurraren berezko eremu magnetikoaren</a> ondorioz.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jostailu" title="Jostailu">Jostailu</a> askotan ere imanak erabiltzen dira, hainbat emaitza lor daitezkeelako. Adibidez, arbel magnetiko batean letrekin zein irudiekin jarduera asko egin ditzakete umeek.</li></ul> <ul><li>Hozkailu-imanak hozkailuaren atean oharrak itsasteko edota apaingarri gisa erabiltzen dira.</li></ul> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Fitxategi:Shanghai_maglev.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e1/Shanghai_maglev.jpg/220px-Shanghai_maglev.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="140" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e1/Shanghai_maglev.jpg/330px-Shanghai_maglev.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e1/Shanghai_maglev.jpg/440px-Shanghai_maglev.jpg 2x" data-file-width="700" data-file-height="447" /></a><figcaption>Shangaiko lebitazio magnetiko bidezko trena</figcaption></figure> <ul><li>Imanak bitxiak egiteko erabil daitezke: eskumuturrekoek eta idunek itxigailu magnetikoa izan dezakete.</li></ul> <ul><li>Imanek beste pieza magnetiko batzuk jaso ditzakete, bai txikiegiak direlako, bai zailak direlako hartzeko edota bai atzamarrekin jasotzeko finegiak direlako: burdinazko iltzeak, grapak, paperak atxikitzeko klipak... Bihurkin batzuk, esaterako, magnetizatuak izaten dira arrazoi hori dela eta.</li></ul> <ul><li>Imanak txatar biltegietan metal magnetikoak (burdina, kobaltoa, nikela...) metal ez-magnetikoetatik (aluminioa, aleazio ez ferrosoak...) bereizteko erabiltzen dira.</li></ul> <ul><li>Lebitazio magnetiko bidezko garraioa, edo <a href="/wiki/Maglev" title="Maglev">maglev</a>, indar elektromagnetiko bidez ibilgailuak (bereziki trenak) esekitzen, gidatzen eta propultsatzen dituen garraio mota da. <a href="/w/index.php?title=Errodadurarentzako_eragozpena&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Errodadurarentzako eragozpena (sortu gabe)"><u>Errodadurarentzako eragozpena</u></a> ezabatuz errendimendua handitzen du: Maglev tren batek lortutako abiadura maximoa 581 km/h izan da, gainontzeko garraio mota asko baino azkarragoa.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Erreferentziak">Erreferentziak</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Iman&veaction=edit&section=20" title="Aldatu atal hau: «Erreferentziak»" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>aldatu</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Iman&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section's source code: Erreferentziak"><span>aldatu iturburu kodea</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="reflist columns references-column-count references-column-count-2" style="-moz-column-count: 2; -webkit-column-count: 2; column-count: 2; list-style-type: decimal;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><a href="#cite_ref-1">↑</a> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation"> <span style="cursor: help; font-size: 90%; font-family: bold; color: gray" title="Grezieraz dago aipu honen iturburua"><b>(Grezieraz)</b></span></span> <span class="citation" id="CITEREFPlato1839">Plato.  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(1932-01). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.journals.uchicago.edu/doi/10.1086/346662">«Early Evolution of Power Engineering»</a> <i>Isis</i> 17 (2): 412–420.  <a href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<span class="neverexpand"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.1086%2F346662">10.1086/346662</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Serial_Number" class="mw-redirect" title="International Standard Serial Number">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://worldcat.org/issn/0021-1753">0021-1753</a>. <span class="reference-accessdate"><small>(Noiz kontsultatua: 2019-12-04)</small></span></span>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><a href="#cite_ref-5">↑</a> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation"> <span style="cursor: help; font-size: 90%; font-family: bold; color: gray" title="Ingelesez dago aipu honen iturburua"><b>(Ingelesez)</b></span></span> <span class="citation" id="CITEREFShu-hua1954-07">Shu-hua, Li.  (1954-07). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.journals.uchicago.edu/doi/10.1086/348315">«Origine de la Boussole II. Aimant et Boussole»</a> <i>Isis</i> 45 (2): 175–196.  <a href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<span class="neverexpand"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.1086%2F348315">10.1086/348315</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Serial_Number" class="mw-redirect" title="International Standard Serial Number">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://worldcat.org/issn/0021-1753">0021-1753</a>. <span class="reference-accessdate"><small>(Noiz kontsultatua: 2019-12-04)</small></span></span>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><a href="#cite_ref-6">↑</a> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation"></span> <span class="citation" id="CITEREFPliny,_the_Elder.2010">Pliny, the Elder..  (2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://worldcat.org/oclc/720040233"><i>Naturalis historia. </i></a> Brepols Publishers <a href="/wiki/PubMed_Central" class="mw-redirect" title="PubMed Central">PMC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=720040233">720040233</a>. <span class="reference-accessdate"><small>(Noiz kontsultatua: 2019-12-04)</small></span></span>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><a href="#cite_ref-7">↑</a> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation"> <span style="cursor: help; font-size: 90%; font-family: bold; color: gray" title="Ingelesez dago aipu honen iturburua"><b>(Ingelesez)</b></span></span> <span class="citation" id="CITEREFSchmidl1996">Schmidl, Petra S..  (1996). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://journals.uio.no/JAIS/article/view/4547">«Two Early Arabic Sources on the Magnetic Compass»</a> <i>Journal of Arabic and Islamic Studies</i>: 81–132.  <a href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<span class="neverexpand"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.5617%2Fjais.4547">10.5617/jais.4547</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Serial_Number" class="mw-redirect" title="International Standard Serial Number">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://worldcat.org/issn/0806-198X">0806-198X</a>. <span class="reference-accessdate"><small>(Noiz kontsultatua: 2019-12-04)</small></span></span>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><a href="#cite_ref-8">↑</a> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation"></span> <span class="citation" id="CITEREFGriffiths,_David_J._(David_Jeffery),_1942-1999">Griffiths, David J. (David Jeffery), 1942-.  (1999). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/40251748"><i>Introduction to electrodynamics. </i></a> (3rd ed. argitaraldia) Prentice Hall <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Berezi:BookSources/0-13-805326-X" title="Berezi:BookSources/0-13-805326-X">0-13-805326-X</a>. <a href="/wiki/PubMed_Central" class="mw-redirect" title="PubMed Central">PMC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=40251748">40251748</a>. <span class="reference-accessdate"><small>(Noiz kontsultatua: 2019-12-04)</small></span></span>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><a href="#cite_ref-9">↑</a> <span class="reference-text">Knight, Jones, & Field, "College Physics" (2007) p. 815.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><a href="#cite_ref-10">↑</a> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation"></span> <span class="citation" id="CITEREFCullity,_B._D._(Bernard_Dennis)">Cullity, B. 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(). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/352837329"><i>Introduction to magnetic materials. </i></a> (2nd ed. argitaraldia) IEEE/Wiley., 103 or. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Berezi:BookSources/978-0-470-38632-3" title="Berezi:BookSources/978-0-470-38632-3">978-0-470-38632-3</a>. <a href="/wiki/PubMed_Central" class="mw-redirect" title="PubMed Central">PMC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=352837329">352837329</a>. <span class="reference-accessdate"><small>(Noiz kontsultatua: 2019-12-04)</small></span></span>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><a href="#cite_ref-11">↑</a> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation"> <span style="cursor: help; font-size: 90%; font-family: bold; color: gray" title="Ingelesez dago aipu honen iturburua"><b>(Ingelesez)</b></span></span> <span class="citation" id="CITEREFBoyer1988-08">Boyer, Timothy H..  (1988-08). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://aapt.scitation.org/doi/10.1119/1.15501">«The force on a magnetic dipole»</a> <i>American Journal of Physics</i> 56 (8): 688–692.  <a href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<span class="neverexpand"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.1119%2F1.15501">10.1119/1.15501</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Serial_Number" class="mw-redirect" title="International Standard Serial Number">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://worldcat.org/issn/0002-9505">0002-9505</a>. <span class="reference-accessdate"><small>(Noiz kontsultatua: 2019-12-04)</small></span></span>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><a href="#cite_ref-12">↑</a> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation"></span> <span class="citation"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110714020750/http://www.magneticmicrosphere.com/resources/Units_for_Magnetic_Properties.pdf">«Wayback Machine»</a> <i>web.archive.org</i> 2011-07-14 <span class="reference-accessdate"><small>(Noiz kontsultatua: 2019-12-04)</small></span></span>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><a href="#cite_ref-13">↑</a> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation"></span> <span class="citation" id="CITEREFSaslow,_Wayne_M.">Saslow, Wayne M..  (). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/162129373"><i>Electricity, magnetism, and light. </i></a> Academic Press., 426 or. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Berezi:BookSources/9780126194555" title="Berezi:BookSources/9780126194555">9780126194555</a>. <a href="/wiki/PubMed_Central" class="mw-redirect" title="PubMed Central">PMC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=162129373">162129373</a>. <span class="reference-accessdate"><small>(Noiz kontsultatua: 2019-12-04)</small></span></span>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><a href="#cite_ref-14">↑</a> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation"></span> <span class="citation" id="CITEREFSerway,_Raymond_A.2007">Serway, Raymond A..  (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/68226614"><i>Essentials of college physics. </i></a> Thomson-Brooks/Cole <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Berezi:BookSources/0-495-10619-4" title="Berezi:BookSources/0-495-10619-4">0-495-10619-4</a>. <a href="/wiki/PubMed_Central" class="mw-redirect" title="PubMed Central">PMC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=68226614">68226614</a>. <span class="reference-accessdate"><small>(Noiz kontsultatua: 2019-12-04)</small></span></span>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><a href="#cite_ref-15">↑</a> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation"></span> <span class="citation" id="CITEREFEmiliani,_Cesare.1992">Emiliani, Cesare..  (1992). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/25632865"><i>Planet earth : cosmology, geology, and the evolution of life and environment. </i></a> Cambridge University Press <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Berezi:BookSources/0-521-40123-2" title="Berezi:BookSources/0-521-40123-2">0-521-40123-2</a>. <a href="/wiki/PubMed_Central" class="mw-redirect" title="PubMed Central">PMC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=25632865">25632865</a>. <span class="reference-accessdate"><small>(Noiz kontsultatua: 2019-12-04)</small></span></span>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><a href="#cite_ref-16">↑</a> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation"></span> <span class="citation"> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/45565686"><i>Static fields and potentials. </i></a> Institute of Physics in association with the Open University 2000 <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Berezi:BookSources/0-7503-0718-8" title="Berezi:BookSources/0-7503-0718-8">0-7503-0718-8</a>. <a href="/wiki/PubMed_Central" class="mw-redirect" title="PubMed Central">PMC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=45565686">45565686</a>. <span class="reference-accessdate"><small>(Noiz kontsultatua: 2019-12-04)</small></span></span>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><a href="#cite_ref-17">↑</a> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation"></span> <span class="citation" id="CITEREFCardarelli,_François,_1966-2008">Cardarelli, François, 1966-.  (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/261324602"><i>Materials handbook : a concise desktop reference. </i></a> (2nd ed. argitaraldia) Springer <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Berezi:BookSources/978-1-84628-669-8" title="Berezi:BookSources/978-1-84628-669-8">978-1-84628-669-8</a>. <a href="/wiki/PubMed_Central" class="mw-redirect" title="PubMed Central">PMC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=261324602">261324602</a>. <span class="reference-accessdate"><small>(Noiz kontsultatua: 2019-12-04)</small></span></span>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><a href="#cite_ref-18">↑</a> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation"></span> <span class="citation"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100709205321/http://geophysics.ou.edu/solid_earth/notes/mag_basic/mag_basic.html">«Basic Relationships»</a> <i>web.archive.org</i> 2010-07-09 <span class="reference-accessdate"><small>(Noiz kontsultatua: 2019-12-04)</small></span></span>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><a href="#cite_ref-19">↑</a> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation"></span> <span class="citation"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120220030524/http://instruct.tri-c.edu/fgram/web/Mdipole.htm">«Magnetic field at a distance from a bar magnet»</a> <i>web.archive.org</i> 2012-02-20 <span class="reference-accessdate"><small>(Noiz kontsultatua: 2019-12-04)</small></span></span>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><a href="#cite_ref-20">↑</a> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation"></span> <span class="citation"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://info.ee.surrey.ac.uk/Workshop/advice/coils/force.html">«The force produced by a magnetic field»</a> <i>info.ee.surrey.ac.uk</i> <span class="reference-accessdate"><small>(Noiz kontsultatua: 2019-12-04)</small></span></span>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><a href="#cite_ref-21">↑</a> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation"> <span style="cursor: help; font-size: 90%; font-family: bold; color: gray" title="Ingelesez dago aipu honen iturburua"><b>(Ingelesez)</b></span></span> <span class="citation" id="CITEREFVokounBeleggiaHellerŠittner2009-11">Vokoun, David; Beleggia, Marco; Heller, Luděk; Šittner, Petr.  (2009-11). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S030488530900746X">«Magnetostatic interactions and forces between cylindrical permanent magnets»</a> <i>Journal of Magnetism and Magnetic Materials</i> 321 (22): 3758–3763.  <a href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<span class="neverexpand"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.jmmm.2009.07.030">10.1016/j.jmmm.2009.07.030</a></span>. <span class="reference-accessdate"><small>(Noiz kontsultatua: 2019-12-04)</small></span></span>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><a href="#cite_ref-22">↑</a> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation"></span> <span class="citation" id="CITEREFTipler,_Paul_Allen,_1933-2007">Tipler, Paul Allen, 1933-.  (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/137313419"><i>Study guide to accompany Physics for scientists and engineers, volume 2 (21-33), 6th edition. </i></a> Palgrave Macmillan <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Berezi:BookSources/978-1-4292-0410-1" title="Berezi:BookSources/978-1-4292-0410-1">978-1-4292-0410-1</a>. <a href="/wiki/PubMed_Central" class="mw-redirect" title="PubMed Central">PMC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=137313419">137313419</a>. <span class="reference-accessdate"><small>(Noiz kontsultatua: 2019-12-04)</small></span></span>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><a href="#cite_ref-23">↑</a> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation"></span> <span class="citation" id="CITEREFMallinson,_John_C.1993">Mallinson, John C..  (1993). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/27186576"><i>The foundations of magnetic recording. </i></a> (2nd ed. argitaraldia) Academic Press <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Berezi:BookSources/0-12-466626-4" title="Berezi:BookSources/0-12-466626-4">0-12-466626-4</a>. <a href="/wiki/PubMed_Central" class="mw-redirect" title="PubMed Central">PMC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=27186576">27186576</a>. <span class="reference-accessdate"><small>(Noiz kontsultatua: 2019-12-04)</small></span></span>.</span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Ikus,_gainera"><span id="Ikus.2C_gainera"></span>Ikus, gainera</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Iman&veaction=edit&section=21" title="Aldatu 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style="width:1%;width: 12%; text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Laguntza:Autoritate_kontrola" title="Laguntza:Autoritate kontrola">Autoritate kontrola</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><b>Wikimedia proiektuak</b></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Wikidata" title="Wikidata"><img alt="Wd" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Wikidata-logo.svg/20px-Wikidata-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Wikidata-logo.svg/30px-Wikidata-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Wikidata-logo.svg/40px-Wikidata-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1050" data-file-height="590" /></a></span> Datuak:</span> <span class="uid"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11421" class="extiw" title="wikidata:Q11421">Q11421</a></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Wikimedia_Commons" title="Commonscat"><img alt="Commonscat" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/15px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/23px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></a></span> Multimedia:</span> <span class="uid"><span class="plainlinks"><a class="external text" href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Magnets">Magnets</a></span> / <span class="plainlinks"><a class="external text" href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MediaSearch?type=image&search=%22Q11421%22">Q11421</a></span></span></li></ul> <hr /> <ul><li><b>Identifikadoreak</b></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Biblioth%C3%A8que_nationale_de_France" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibliothèque nationale de France">BNF</a>:</span> <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb119830634">119830634</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb119830634">(data)</a></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Integrated_Authority_File" class="mw-redirect" title="Integrated Authority File">GND</a>:</span> <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/4131576-5">4131576-5</a></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Library_of_Congress_Control_Number" title="Library of Congress Control Number">LCCN</a>:</span> <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/sh85079796">sh85079796</a></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/National_Diet_Library" class="mw-redirect" title="National Diet Library">NDL</a>:</span> <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.ndl.go.jp/auth/ndlna/00574877">00574877</a></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/National_Library_of_the_Czech_Republic" class="mw-redirect" title="National Library of the Czech Republic">NKC</a>:</span> <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=ph608647">ph608647</a></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Art_%26_Architecture_Thesaurus" title="Art & Architecture Thesaurus">AAT</a>:</span> <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.getty.edu/vow/AATFullDisplay?find=&logic=AND&note=&subjectid=300024549">300024549</a></span></li> <li><b>Hiztegiak eta entziklopediak</b></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica" title="Encyclopædia Britannica">Britannica</a>:</span> <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.britannica.com/science/magnet">url</a></span></li> <li><b>Medikuntzako identifikadoreak</b></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Medical_Subject_Headings" title="Medical Subject Headings">MeSH</a>:</span> <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://meshb.nlm.nih.gov/record/ui?ui=D059346">D059346</a></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div><div class="mw-mf-linked-projects hlist"> <ul><li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Wikidata" title="Wikidata"><img alt="Wd" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Wikidata-logo.svg/20px-Wikidata-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Wikidata-logo.svg/30px-Wikidata-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Wikidata-logo.svg/40px-Wikidata-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1050" data-file-height="590" /></a></span> Datuak:</span> <span class="uid"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11421" class="extiw" title="wikidata:Q11421">Q11421</a></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Wikimedia_Commons" title="Commonscat"><img alt="Commonscat" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/15px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/23px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></a></span> Multimedia:</span> <span class="uid"><span class="plainlinks"><a class="external text" href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Magnets">Magnets</a></span> / <span class="plainlinks"><a class="external text" href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MediaSearch?type=image&search=%22Q11421%22">Q11421</a></span></span></li></ul> </div></div>    </div><script>(RLQ=window.RLQ||[]).push(function(){mw.log.warn("Gadget \"ErrefAurrebista\" was not loaded. 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