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class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#1954_to_1979"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.2 1954 to 1979 </div> </a> <ul id="toc-1954_to_1979-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-1979_to_1997" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#1979_to_1997"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.3 1979 to 1997 </div> </a> <ul id="toc-1979_to_1997-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-1998_to_2009" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#1998_to_2009"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.4 1998 to 2009 </div> </a> <ul id="toc-1998_to_2009-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-2010_to_2020" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#2010_to_2020"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.5 2010 to 2020 </div> </a> <ul id="toc-2010_to_2020-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-2020_to_present" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#2020_to_present"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.6 2020 to present </div> </a> <ul id="toc-2020_to_present-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Logo_evolution" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Logo_evolution"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2 Logo evolution </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Logo_evolution-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Operations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Operations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3 Operations </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Operations-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Operations subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Operations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Operations_by_location" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Operations_by_location"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.1 Operations by location </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Operations_by_location-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-United_Kingdom" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#United_Kingdom"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.1.1 United Kingdom </div> </a> <ul id="toc-United_Kingdom-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-United_States" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#United_States"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.1.2 United States </div> </a> <ul id="toc-United_States-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Other_locations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Other_locations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.1.3 Other locations </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Other_locations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Exploration_and_production" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Exploration_and_production"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.2 Exploration and production </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Exploration_and_production-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Refining_and_marketing" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Refining_and_marketing"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.3 Refining and marketing </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Refining_and_marketing-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Clean_energy_rhetoric" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Clean_energy_rhetoric"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.4 Clean energy rhetoric </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Clean_energy_rhetoric-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Corporate_affairs" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Corporate_affairs"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4 Corporate affairs </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Corporate_affairs-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Corporate affairs subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Corporate_affairs-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Business_trends" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Business_trends"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.1 Business trends </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Business_trends-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Management" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Management"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.2 Management </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Management-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Past_chairmen" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Past_chairmen"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.3 Past chairmen </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Past_chairmen-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Stock" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Stock"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.4 Stock </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Stock-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Branding_and_public_relations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Branding_and_public_relations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.5 Branding and public relations </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Branding_and_public_relations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Integrity_and_compliance" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Integrity_and_compliance"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.6 Integrity and compliance </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Integrity_and_compliance-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-LGBTQ_recognition" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#LGBTQ_recognition"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.7 LGBTQ recognition </div> </a> <ul id="toc-LGBTQ_recognition-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Environmental_record" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Environmental_record"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5 Environmental record </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Environmental_record-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Environmental record subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Environmental_record-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Climate_policy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Climate_policy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.1 Climate policy </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Climate_policy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Indigenous_rights" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Indigenous_rights"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.2 Indigenous rights </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Indigenous_rights-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Hazardous_substance_dumping_1993–1995" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Hazardous_substance_dumping_1993–1995"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.3 Hazardous substance dumping 1993–1995 </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Hazardous_substance_dumping_1993–1995-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Air_pollution_violations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Air_pollution_violations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.4 Air pollution violations </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Air_pollution_violations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Colombian_farmland_damages_claim" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Colombian_farmland_damages_claim"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.5 Colombian farmland damages claim </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Colombian_farmland_damages_claim-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Canadian_oil_sands" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Canadian_oil_sands"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.6 Canadian oil sands </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Canadian_oil_sands-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Violations_and_accidents" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Violations_and_accidents"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6 Violations and accidents </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Violations_and_accidents-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Violations and accidents subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Violations_and_accidents-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-1965_Sea_Gem_offshore_oil_rig_disaster" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#1965_Sea_Gem_offshore_oil_rig_disaster"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.1 1965 Sea Gem offshore oil rig disaster </div> </a> <ul id="toc-1965_Sea_Gem_offshore_oil_rig_disaster-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Texas_City_refinery_explosion_and_leaks" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Texas_City_refinery_explosion_and_leaks"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.2 Texas City refinery explosion and leaks </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Texas_City_refinery_explosion_and_leaks-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-2005_explosion" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#2005_explosion"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.2.1 2005 explosion </div> </a> <ul id="toc-2005_explosion-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-2007_toxic_substance_release" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#2007_toxic_substance_release"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.2.2 2007 toxic substance release </div> </a> <ul id="toc-2007_toxic_substance_release-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-2010_chemical_leak" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#2010_chemical_leak"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.2.3 2010 chemical leak </div> </a> <ul id="toc-2010_chemical_leak-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Prudhoe_Bay" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Prudhoe_Bay"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.3 Prudhoe Bay </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Prudhoe_Bay-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-2008_Caspian_Sea_gas_leak" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#2008_Caspian_Sea_gas_leak"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.4 2008 Caspian Sea gas leak </div> </a> <ul id="toc-2008_Caspian_Sea_gas_leak-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-California_storage_tanks" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#California_storage_tanks"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.5 California storage tanks </div> </a> <ul id="toc-California_storage_tanks-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Deepwater_Horizon_explosion_and_oil_spill" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Deepwater_Horizon_explosion_and_oil_spill"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.6 Deepwater Horizon explosion and oil spill </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Deepwater_Horizon_explosion_and_oil_spill-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Environmental_impact" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Environmental_impact"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.6.1 Environmental impact </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Environmental_impact-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Effects_on_human_health" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Effects_on_human_health"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.6.2 Effects on human health </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Effects_on_human_health-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Civil_and_criminal_suits" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Civil_and_criminal_suits"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.6.3 Civil and criminal suits </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Civil_and_criminal_suits-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Claims_settlement" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Claims_settlement"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.6.4 Claims settlement </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Claims_settlement-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-2022_Ohio_refinery_fire" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#2022_Ohio_refinery_fire"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.7 2022 Ohio refinery fire </div> </a> <ul id="toc-2022_Ohio_refinery_fire-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Political_influence" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Political_influence"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7 Political influence </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Political_influence-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Political influence subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Political_influence-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Lobbying_for_Libyan_prisoner_transfer_release" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Lobbying_for_Libyan_prisoner_transfer_release"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.1 Lobbying for Libyan prisoner transfer release </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Lobbying_for_Libyan_prisoner_transfer_release-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Political_contributions_and_lobbying" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Political_contributions_and_lobbying"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.2 Political contributions and lobbying </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Political_contributions_and_lobbying-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Oman_1954_War" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Oman_1954_War"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.3 Oman 1954 War </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Oman_1954_War-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Market_manipulation_investigations_and_sanctions" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Market_manipulation_investigations_and_sanctions"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8 Market manipulation investigations and sanctions </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Market_manipulation_investigations_and_sanctions-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9 See also </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 10 Notes </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 11 References </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Bibliography" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bibliography"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 12 Bibliography </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Bibliography-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Bibliography subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Bibliography-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Commissioned_works" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Commissioned_works"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 12.1 Commissioned works </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Commissioned_works-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Other_works" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Other_works"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 12.2 Other works </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Other_works-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 13 External links </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" > Toggle the table of contents </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading">BP</h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 59 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-59" aria-hidden="true" > 59 languages </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%D9%8A_%D8%A8%D9%8A" title="بي بي – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="بي بي" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">العربية</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/BP" title="BP – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="BP" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Asturianu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/BP" title="BP – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="BP" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target">Azərbaycanca</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%DB%8C%E2%80%8C%D9%BE%DB%8C" title="بی‌پی – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="بی‌پی" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target">تۆرکجه</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%AA%E0%A6%BF" title="বিপি – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="বিপি" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target">বাংলা</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B8_%D0%9F%D0%B8" title="Би Пи – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Би Пи" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Български</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/BP" title="BP – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="BP" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Català</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/BP_(firma)" title="BP (firma) – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="BP (firma)" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target">Čeština</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/BP" title="BP – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="BP" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Dansk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/BP" title="BP – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="BP" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target">Deutsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/BP" title="BP – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="BP" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Eesti</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/BP" title="BP – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="BP" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ελληνικά</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/BP" title="BP – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="BP" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Español</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/BP_(firmao)" title="BP (firmao) – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="BP (firmao)" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target">Esperanto</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/BP" title="BP – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="BP" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target">Euskara</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%DB%8C%E2%80%8C%D9%BE%DB%8C" title="بی‌پی – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="بی‌پی" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target">فارسی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/BP_(entreprise)" title="BP (entreprise) – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="BP (entreprise)" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target">Français</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hak mw-list-item"><a href="https://hak.wikipedia.org/wiki/BP" title="BP – Hakka Chinese" lang="hak" hreflang="hak" data-title="BP" data-language-autonym="客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî" data-language-local-name="Hakka Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target">客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/BP_(%EA%B8%B0%EC%97%85)" title="BP (기업) – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="BP (기업)" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target">한국어</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/BP" title="BP – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="BP" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Հայերեն</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AC%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%80" title="बीपी – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="बीपी" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target">हिन्दी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/BP_(perusahaan)" title="BP (perusahaan) – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="BP (perusahaan)" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Indonesia</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/BP" title="BP – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="BP" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Íslenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/BP_(azienda)" title="BP (azienda) – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="BP (azienda)" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Italiano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/BP" title="BP – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="BP" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target">עברית</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/BP" title="BP – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="BP" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target">ქართული</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_Petroleum" title="British Petroleum – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="British Petroleum" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target">Қазақша</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/BP" title="BP – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="BP" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/BP" title="BP – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="BP" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latviešu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lb mw-list-item"><a href="https://lb.wikipedia.org/wiki/BP" title="BP – Luxembourgish" lang="lb" hreflang="lb" data-title="BP" data-language-autonym="Lëtzebuergesch" data-language-local-name="Luxembourgish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lëtzebuergesch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/BP" title="BP – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="BP" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lietuvių</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/BP" title="BP – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="BP" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Magyar</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AC%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%80" title="बीपी – Marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="बीपी" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="Marathi" class="interlanguage-link-target">मराठी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/BP" title="BP – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="BP" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Melayu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/BP_(oliemaatschappij)" title="BP (oliemaatschappij) – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="BP (oliemaatschappij)" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nederlands</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/BP_(%E4%BC%81%E6%A5%AD)" title="BP (企業) – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="BP (企業)" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">日本語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/BP" title="BP – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="BP" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk bokmål</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/BP" title="BP – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="BP" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk nynorsk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_petroleum" title="British petroleum – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="British petroleum" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target">Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/BP_(koncern)" title="BP (koncern) – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="BP (koncern)" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Polski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/BP" title="BP – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="BP" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Português</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/BP_(companie)" title="BP (companie) – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="BP (companie)" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Română</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/BP" title="BP – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="BP" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Русский</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sco mw-list-item"><a href="https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/BP" title="BP – Scots" lang="sco" hreflang="sco" data-title="BP" data-language-autonym="Scots" data-language-local-name="Scots" class="interlanguage-link-target">Scots</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_Petroleum" title="British Petroleum – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="British Petroleum" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target">Simple English</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/BP_(ropn%C3%BD_podnik)" title="BP (ropný podnik) – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="BP (ropný podnik)" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target">Slovenčina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/BP" title="BP – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="BP" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Српски / srpski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/BP_(yritys)" title="BP (yritys) – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="BP (yritys)" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Suomi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/BP_(energibolag)" title="BP (energibolag) – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="BP (energibolag)" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Svenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%AA%E0%AF%80.%E0%AE%AA%E0%AE%BF" title="பீ.பி – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="பீ.பி" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target">தமிழ்</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%9A%E0%B8%B5%E0%B8%9E%E0%B8%B5" title="บีพี – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="บีพี" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target">ไทย</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tg mw-list-item"><a href="https://tg.wikipedia.org/wiki/BP" title="BP – Tajik" lang="tg" hreflang="tg" data-title="BP" data-language-autonym="Тоҷикӣ" data-language-local-name="Tajik" class="interlanguage-link-target">Тоҷикӣ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/BP" title="BP – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="BP" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Türkçe</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_Petroleum" title="British Petroleum – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="British Petroleum" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Українська</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/BP" title="BP – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="BP" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tiếng Việt</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/BP" title="BP – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="BP" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu" class="interlanguage-link-target">吴语</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yi mw-list-item"><a href="https://yi.wikipedia.org/wiki/BP" title="BP – Yiddish" lang="yi" hreflang="yi" data-title="BP" data-language-autonym="ייִדיש" data-language-local-name="Yiddish" class="interlanguage-link-target">ייִדיש</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/BP_(%E4%BC%81%E6%A5%AD)" title="BP (企業) – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="BP (企業)" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Cantonese" class="interlanguage-link-target">粵語</a></li><li 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searchaux" style="display:none">British multinational oil and gas company</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">This article is about the energy company. For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/BP_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="BP (disambiguation)">BP (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1242257876">.mw-parser-output .ib-company .infobox-label{padding-right:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .ib-company .infobox-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-company .infobox-below{line-height:1.35em}.mw-parser-output .ib-company-logo img{background-color:#f8f9fa}.mw-parser-output .ib-company-locality,.mw-parser-output .ib-company-country{display:inline}</style><table class="infobox ib-company vcard"><caption class="infobox-title fn org">BP p.l.c.</caption><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image ib-company-logo logo"><a href="/wiki/File:BP_Helios_logo.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/d/d2/BP_Helios_logo.svg/125px-BP_Helios_logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="125" height="166" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/d/d2/BP_Helios_logo.svg/188px-BP_Helios_logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/d/d2/BP_Helios_logo.svg/250px-BP_Helios_logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="274" data-file-height="364" /></a></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image ib-company-logo logo"><a href="/wiki/File:BPheadoffice.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/BPheadoffice.JPG/250px-BPheadoffice.JPG" decoding="async" width="250" height="188" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/BPheadoffice.JPG/375px-BPheadoffice.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/BPheadoffice.JPG/500px-BPheadoffice.JPG 2x" data-file-width="2272" data-file-height="1704" /></a><div class="infobox-caption">Headquarters at 1 <a href="/wiki/St_James%27s_Square" title="St James's Square">St James's Square</a> in <a href="/wiki/City_of_Westminster" title="City of Westminster">Westminster</a>, London</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Formerly</th><td class="infobox-data nickname"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><div class="plainlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anglo-Persian_Oil_Company" title="Anglo-Persian Oil Company">Anglo-Persian Oil Company</a> (1909–1935)</li> <li>Anglo-Iranian Oil Company (1935–1954)</li> <li>The British Petroleum Company Limited (1954–1981)</li> <li>The British Petroleum Company p.l.c. (1981–1998)</li> <li>BP Amoco p.l.c. (1998–2001)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Company type</th><td class="infobox-data category"><a href="/wiki/Public_limited_company" title="Public limited company">Public</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><a href="/wiki/Ticker_symbol" title="Ticker symbol">Traded as</a></div></th><td class="infobox-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist nowrap"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/London_Stock_Exchange" title="London Stock Exchange">LSE</a>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.londonstockexchange.com/stock/BP.//">BP.</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/FTSE_100_Index" title="FTSE 100 Index">FTSE 100</a> component</li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/International_Securities_Identification_Number" title="International Securities Identification Number">ISIN</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a class="external text" href="https://isin.toolforge.org/?language=en&isin=GB0007980591">GB0007980591</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Industry</th><td class="infobox-data category"><a href="/wiki/Petroleum_industry" title="Petroleum industry">Oil and gas</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Predecessors</th><td class="infobox-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist nowrap"><ul><li>Anglo-Persian Oil Company</li><li><a href="/wiki/Castrol" title="Castrol">Castrol</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Standard_Oil" title="Standard Oil">Standard Oil</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Standard_Oil_of_Ohio" title="Standard Oil of Ohio">Standard Oil of Ohio</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Standard_Oil_of_Indiana" class="mw-redirect" title="Standard Oil of Indiana">Standard Oil of Indiana</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/ARCO" title="ARCO">ARCO</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Amoco" title="Amoco">Amoco</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Founded</th><td class="infobox-data">14 April 1909; 115 years ago (1909-04-14) (as the <a href="/wiki/Anglo-Persian_Oil_Company" title="Anglo-Persian Oil Company">Anglo-Persian Oil Company</a>)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Founders</th><td class="infobox-data agent"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/William_Knox_D%27Arcy" title="William Knox D'Arcy">William Knox D'Arcy</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Greenway,_1st_Baron_Greenway" title="Charles Greenway, 1st Baron Greenway">Charles Greenway</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Headquarters</th><td class="infobox-data label"><a href="/wiki/London" title="London">London</a>, England, UK</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Area served</div></th><td class="infobox-data">Worldwide</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Key people</div></th><td class="infobox-data agent"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist nowrap"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Helge_Lund" title="Helge Lund">Helge Lund</a> (<a href="/wiki/Chairman" class="mw-redirect" title="Chairman">chairman</a>)</li><li><a href="/wiki/Murray_Auchincloss" title="Murray Auchincloss">Murray Auchincloss</a> (<a href="/wiki/Chief_executive_officer" title="Chief executive officer">CEO</a>)</li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Products</th><td class="infobox-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li::after{content:" · ";font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li:last-child::after{content:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:first-child::before{content:" (";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:last-child::after{content:")";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol{counter-reset:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li{counter-increment:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li::before{content:" "counter(listitem)"\a0 "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li ol>li:first-child::before{content:" ("counter(listitem)"\a0 "}</style><div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Petroleum" title="Petroleum">Petroleum</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Natural_gas" title="Natural gas">Natural gas</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Motor_fuel" title="Motor fuel">Motor fuels</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Aviation_fuel" title="Aviation fuel">Aviation fuels</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Production output</div></th><td class="infobox-data"><img alt="Steady" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Steady2.svg/11px-Steady2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Steady2.svg/17px-Steady2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Steady2.svg/22px-Steady2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /> 2.3 Mbbl/d (370×10<s style="display:none">^</s>3 m3/d) of <a href="/wiki/Barrel_of_oil_equivalent" title="Barrel of oil equivalent">BOE</a> (2023)<a href="#cite_note-AR23-glance-1">[1]</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Brands</th><td class="infobox-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Amoco" title="Amoco">Amoco</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Aral_AG" title="Aral AG">Aral</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/ARCO" title="ARCO">ARCO</a></li><li>BP</li><li>BP Connect</li><li><a href="/wiki/Castrol" title="Castrol">Castrol</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Jio-bp" title="Jio-bp">Jio-bp</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Services</th><td class="infobox-data category">Service stations</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Revenue</th><td class="infobox-data"><img alt="Increase" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/11px-Increase2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/17px-Increase2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/22px-Increase2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /> <a href="/wiki/US$" class="mw-redirect" title="US$">US$</a>210.13 billion (2023)<a href="#cite_note-AR23-finances-2">[2]</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><a href="/wiki/Earnings_before_interest_and_taxes" title="Earnings before interest and taxes">Operating income</a></div></th><td class="infobox-data"><img alt="Increase" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/11px-Increase2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/17px-Increase2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/22px-Increase2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /> US$27.35 billion (2023)<a href="#cite_note-AR23-finances-2">[2]</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><a href="/wiki/Net_income" title="Net income">Net income</a></div></th><td class="infobox-data"><img alt="Increase" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/11px-Increase2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/17px-Increase2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/22px-Increase2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /> US$15.88 billion (2023)<a href="#cite_note-AR23-finances-2">[2]</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Asset" title="Asset">Total assets</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><img alt="Decrease" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/11px-Decrease2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/17px-Decrease2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/22px-Decrease2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /> US$280.29 billion (2023)<a href="#cite_note-AR23-finances-2">[2]</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Equity_(finance)" title="Equity (finance)">Total equity</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><img alt="Increase" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/11px-Increase2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/17px-Increase2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/22px-Increase2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /> US$85.49 billion (2023)<a href="#cite_note-AR23-finances-2">[2]</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Number of employees</div></th><td class="infobox-data">87,800 (2023)<a href="#cite_note-AR23-glance-1">[1]</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Website</th><td class="infobox-data"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://bp.com">bp.com</a> <a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q152057#P856" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></td></tr></tbody></table> BP p.l.c. (formerly The British Petroleum Company p.l.c. and BP Amoco p.l.c.; stylised in all lowercase) is a British <a href="/wiki/Multinational_corporation" title="Multinational corporation">multinational</a> <a href="/wiki/Petroleum" title="Petroleum">oil</a> and <a href="/wiki/Natural_gas" title="Natural gas">gas</a> company headquartered in <a href="/wiki/London" title="London">London</a>, England. It is one of the oil and gas "<a href="/wiki/Big_Oil" title="Big Oil">supermajors</a>" and one of the <a href="/wiki/List_of_largest_companies_by_revenue" title="List of largest companies by revenue">world's largest companies</a> measured by revenues and profits.<a href="#cite_note-reut1808-3">[3]</a> It is a <a href="/wiki/Vertical_integration" title="Vertical integration">vertically integrated</a> company operating in all areas of the oil and gas industry, including <a href="/wiki/Hydrocarbon_exploration" title="Hydrocarbon exploration">exploration</a> and <a href="/wiki/Extraction_of_petroleum" title="Extraction of petroleum">extraction</a>, <a href="/wiki/Refining" title="Refining">refining</a>, <a href="/wiki/Midstream" title="Midstream">distribution and marketing</a>, <a href="/wiki/Power_generation" class="mw-redirect" title="Power generation">power generation</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Trade" title="Trade">trading</a>. BP's origins date back to the founding of the <a href="/wiki/Anglo-Persian_Oil_Company" title="Anglo-Persian Oil Company">Anglo-Persian Oil Company</a> in 1909, established as a subsidiary of <a href="/wiki/Burmah_Oil" title="Burmah Oil">Burmah Oil Company</a> to exploit oil discoveries in <a href="/wiki/Iran" title="Iran">Iran</a>. In 1935, it became the <a href="/wiki/Anglo-Iranian_Oil_Company" class="mw-redirect" title="Anglo-Iranian Oil Company">Anglo-Iranian Oil Company</a> and in 1954, adopted the name British Petroleum.<a href="#cite_note-BPhistory-postwar-4">[4]</a><a href="#cite_note-time020610-5">[5]</a> BP acquired majority control of <a href="/wiki/Standard_Oil_of_Ohio" title="Standard Oil of Ohio">Standard Oil of Ohio</a> in 1978. Formerly majority state-owned, the British government privatised the company in stages between 1979 and 1987. BP merged with <a href="/wiki/Amoco" title="Amoco">Amoco</a> in 1998, becoming BP Amoco p.l.c., and acquired <a href="/wiki/ARCO" title="ARCO">ARCO</a>, <a href="/wiki/Burmah_Oil" title="Burmah Oil">Burmah Castrol</a> and <a href="/wiki/Aral_AG" title="Aral AG">Aral AG</a> shortly thereafter. The company's name was shortened to BP p.l.c. in 2001. As of 2018<a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=BP&action=edit">[update]</a>, BP had operations in nearly 80 countries, produced around 3.7 million barrels per day (590,000 m3/d) of <a href="/wiki/Barrel_of_oil_equivalent" title="Barrel of oil equivalent">oil equivalent</a>, and had total proven reserves of 19.945 billion barrels (3.1710×109 m3) of oil equivalent.<a href="#cite_note-AR18-glance-6">[6]</a> The company has around 18,700 <a href="/wiki/Filling_station" title="Filling station">service stations</a> worldwide,<a href="#cite_note-AR18-glance-6">[6]</a> which it operates under the BP brand (worldwide) and under the Amoco brand (in the U.S.) and the Aral brand (in Germany).<a href="#cite_note-ourbrands-7">[7]</a> Its largest division is BP America in the United States. BP is the fourth-largest investor-owned oil company in the world by 2021 revenues (after <a href="/wiki/ExxonMobil" title="ExxonMobil">ExxonMobil</a>, <a href="/wiki/Shell_plc" title="Shell plc">Shell</a>, and <a href="/wiki/TotalEnergies" title="TotalEnergies">TotalEnergies</a>).<a href="#cite_note-8">[8]</a> BP had a market capitalisation of US$98.36 billion as of 2022, placing it 122nd in the world,<a href="#cite_note-9">[9]</a><a href="#cite_note-10">[10]</a> and its Fortune Global 500 rank was 35th in 2022 with revenues of US$164.2 billion.<a href="#cite_note-11">[11]</a> The company's primary stock listing in on the <a href="/wiki/London_Stock_Exchange" title="London Stock Exchange">London Stock Exchange</a>, where it is a member of the <a href="/wiki/FTSE_100_Index" title="FTSE 100 Index">FTSE 100 Index</a>. From 1988 to 2015, BP was responsible for 1.53% of global industrial <a href="/wiki/Greenhouse_gas_emissions" title="Greenhouse gas emissions">greenhouse gas emissions</a><a href="#cite_note-guardian100717-12">[12]</a> and has been directly involved in several major environmental and safety incidents. Among them were the 2005 <a href="/wiki/Texas_City_refinery_explosion" title="Texas City refinery explosion">Texas City refinery explosion</a>, which caused the death of 15 workers and which resulted in a record-setting <a href="/wiki/Occupational_Safety_and_Health_Administration" title="Occupational Safety and Health Administration">OSHA</a> fine; Britain's largest oil spill, the wreck of <a href="/wiki/SS_Torrey_Canyon" title="SS Torrey Canyon">Torrey Canyon</a> in 1967; and the 2006 <a href="/wiki/Prudhoe_Bay_oil_spill" title="Prudhoe Bay oil spill">Prudhoe Bay oil spill</a>, the largest oil spill on <a href="/wiki/Alaska_North_Slope" title="Alaska North Slope">Alaska's North Slope</a>, which resulted in a US$25 million civil penalty, the largest per-barrel penalty at that time for an oil spill.<a href="#cite_note-Roach2006-13">[13]</a> BP's worst environmental catastrophe was the 2010 <a href="/wiki/Deepwater_Horizon_oil_spill" title="Deepwater Horizon oil spill">Deepwater Horizon oil spill</a>, the largest accidental release of oil into marine waters in history, which leaked about 4.9 million barrels (210 million US gal; 780,000 m3) of oil,<a href="#cite_note-report2011-14">[14]</a> causing severe environmental, human health, and economic consequences<a href="#cite_note-AccidentalRelease-15">[15]</a> and serious legal and public relations repercussions for BP, costing more than $4.5 billion in fines and penalties, and an additional $18.7 billion in Clean Water Act-related penalties and other claims, the largest criminal resolution in US history.<a href="#cite_note-guardian151112-16">[16]</a><a href="#cite_note-NYTimes2012-11-17">[17]</a><a href="#cite_note-BP_fined,_profit_over_prudence-18">[18]</a><a href="#cite_note-abc020715-19">[19]</a> Altogether, the oil spill cost the company more than $65 billion.<a href="#cite_note-reuters160118-20">[20]</a><a href="#cite_note-ft010518-21">[21]</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r886046785">.mw-parser-output .toclimit-2 .toclevel-1 ul,.mw-parser-output .toclimit-3 .toclevel-2 ul,.mw-parser-output .toclimit-4 .toclevel-3 ul,.mw-parser-output .toclimit-5 .toclevel-4 ul,.mw-parser-output .toclimit-6 .toclevel-5 ul,.mw-parser-output .toclimit-7 .toclevel-6 ul{display:none}</style><div class="toclimit-4"><meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=BP&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: History">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="1909_to_1954">1909 to 1954</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=BP&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: 1909 to 1954">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Anglo-Iranian_Oil_Company" class="mw-redirect" title="Anglo-Iranian Oil Company">Anglo-Iranian Oil Company</a> and <a href="/wiki/Iraq_Petroleum_Company" title="Iraq Petroleum Company">Iraq Petroleum Company</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:William_Knox_D%27Arcy.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/William_Knox_D%27Arcy.jpg/170px-William_Knox_D%27Arcy.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="215" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/5/53/William_Knox_D%27Arcy.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="211" data-file-height="267" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/William_Knox_D%27Arcy" title="William Knox D'Arcy">William Knox D'Arcy</a></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:BP_Motor_Spirit,_1922.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/89/BP_Motor_Spirit%2C_1922.jpg/220px-BP_Motor_Spirit%2C_1922.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="157" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/89/BP_Motor_Spirit%2C_1922.jpg/330px-BP_Motor_Spirit%2C_1922.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/89/BP_Motor_Spirit%2C_1922.jpg/440px-BP_Motor_Spirit%2C_1922.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="733" /></a><figcaption>A BP Motor Spirit advertisement from 1922</figcaption></figure> In May 1908, a group of British <a href="/wiki/Geologist" title="Geologist">geologists</a> discovered a large amount of oil at <a href="/wiki/Masjed_Soleyman" title="Masjed Soleyman">Masjed Soleyman</a> located in the <a href="/wiki/Khuzestan_Province" class="mw-redirect" title="Khuzestan Province">Khuzestan Province</a> in the southwest of Persia (<a href="/wiki/Iran" title="Iran">Iran</a>). It was the first commercially significant find of oil in the <a href="/wiki/Middle_East" title="Middle East">Middle East</a>. <a href="/wiki/William_Knox_D%27Arcy" title="William Knox D'Arcy">William Knox D'Arcy</a>, by contract with <a href="/wiki/Ali-Qoli_Khan_Bakhtiari" title="Ali-Qoli Khan Bakhtiari">Ali-Qoli Khan Bakhtiari</a>, obtained permission to explore for oil for the first time in the Middle East,<a href="#cite_note-:0-22">[22]</a> an event which changed the history of the entire region. The oil discovery led to <a href="/wiki/Petrochemical_industry" title="Petrochemical industry">petrochemical industry</a> development and also the establishment of industries that strongly depended on oil. On 14 April 1909, the <a href="/wiki/Anglo-Persian_Oil_Company" title="Anglo-Persian Oil Company">Anglo-Persian Oil Company</a> (APOC) was incorporated as a <a href="/wiki/Subsidiary" title="Subsidiary">subsidiary</a> of <a href="/wiki/Burmah_Oil" title="Burmah Oil">Burmah Oil Company</a>. Some of the shares were sold to the public.<a href="#cite_note-Gasson-23">[23]</a> The first chairman and minority shareholder of the company became <a href="/wiki/Donald_Smith,_1st_Baron_Strathcona_and_Mount_Royal" title="Donald Smith, 1st Baron Strathcona and Mount Royal">Lord Strathcona</a>.<a href="#cite_note-masjid-24">[24]</a> Immediately after establishing the company, the <a href="/wiki/Government_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="Government of the United Kingdom">British government</a> asked <a href="/wiki/Percy_Cox" title="Percy Cox">Percy Cox</a>, British resident to <a href="/wiki/Bushehr_Province" class="mw-redirect" title="Bushehr Province">Bushehr</a>, to negotiate an agreement with <a href="/wiki/Khaz%CA%BDal_Ibn_Jabir" title="Khazʽal Ibn Jabir">Sheikh Khaz'al Ibn Jabir</a> of <a href="/wiki/Emirate_of_Arabistan" class="mw-redirect" title="Emirate of Arabistan">Arabistan</a> for APOC to obtain a site on <a href="/wiki/Abadan,_Iran" title="Abadan, Iran">Abadan</a> Island for a <a href="/wiki/Refinery" title="Refinery">refinery</a>, depot, <a href="/wiki/Storage_tank" title="Storage tank">storage tanks</a>, and other operations. The refinery was built and began operating in 1912.<a href="#cite_note-:0-22">[22]</a> In 1914, the British government acquired a controlling interest (50.0025%) in the company, at the urging of <a href="/wiki/Winston_Churchill" title="Winston Churchill">Winston Churchill</a>, the then <a href="/wiki/First_Lord_of_the_Admiralty" title="First Lord of the Admiralty">First Lord of the Admiralty</a>, and the British navy quickly switched from coal to oil for the majority of their war ships.<a href="#cite_note-masjid-24">[24]</a><a href="#cite_note-bbc110898-25">[25]</a><a href="#cite_note-beale-26">[26]</a> APOC also signed a 30-year contract with the <a href="/wiki/British_Admiralty" class="mw-redirect" title="British Admiralty">British Admiralty</a> for supplying oil for the <a href="/wiki/Royal_Navy" title="Royal Navy">Royal Navy</a> at the fixed price.<a href="#cite_note-Atabaki-27">[27]</a> In 1915, APOC established its shipping subsidiary the <a href="/wiki/British_Tanker_Company" title="British Tanker Company">British Tanker Company</a> and in 1916, it acquired the British Petroleum Company which was a marketing arm of the German Europäische Petroleum Union in Britain.<a href="#cite_note-masjid-24">[24]</a> In 1919, the company became a <a href="/wiki/Shale_oil" title="Shale oil">shale-oil</a> producer by establishing a subsidiary named Scottish Oils which merged remaining Scottish <a href="/wiki/Oil_shale_industry" title="Oil shale industry">oil-shale industries</a>.<a href="#cite_note-ferrier-shale-28">[28]</a><a href="#cite_note-marwick-29">[29]</a><a href="#cite_note-uphall-30">[30]</a><a href="#cite_note-museum-31">[31]</a> After <a href="/wiki/World_War_I" title="World War I">World War I</a>, APOC started marketing its products in <a href="/wiki/Continental_Europe" title="Continental Europe">Continental Europe</a> and acquired stakes in the local <a href="/wiki/Marketing" title="Marketing">marketing</a> companies in several European countries. Refineries were built in <a href="/wiki/Llandarcy" title="Llandarcy">Llandarcy</a> in Wales (the first refinery in the United Kingdom) and <a href="/wiki/Grangemouth_Refinery" title="Grangemouth Refinery">Grangemouth</a> in Scotland. It also acquired the controlling stake in the <a href="/wiki/Courchelettes" title="Courchelettes">Courchelettes</a> refinery in France and formed, in conjunction with the <a href="/wiki/Government_of_Australia" class="mw-redirect" title="Government of Australia">Government of Australia</a>, a partnership named <a href="/wiki/Commonwealth_Oil_Refineries" title="Commonwealth Oil Refineries">Commonwealth Oil Refineries</a>, which built the Australian's first refinery in <a href="/wiki/Laverton,_Victoria" title="Laverton, Victoria">Laverton, Victoria</a>.<a href="#cite_note-masjid-24">[24]</a> In 1923, Burmah employed <a href="/wiki/Winston_Churchill" title="Winston Churchill">Winston Churchill</a> as a paid consultant to <a href="/wiki/Lobbying" title="Lobbying">lobby</a> the British government to allow APOC have exclusive rights to <a href="/wiki/Iran" title="Iran">Persian</a> oil resources, which were subsequently granted by the Iranian monarchy.<a href="#cite_note-independent030909-32">[32]</a> APOC and the Armenian businessman <a href="/wiki/Calouste_Gulbenkian" title="Calouste Gulbenkian">Calouste Gulbenkian</a> were the driving forces behind the creation of <a href="/wiki/Turkish_Petroleum_Company" class="mw-redirect" title="Turkish Petroleum Company">Turkish Petroleum Company</a> (TPC) in 1912, to explore oil in <a href="/wiki/Mesopotamia" title="Mesopotamia">Mesopotamia</a> (now Iraq); and by 1914, APOC held 50% of TPC shares.<a href="#cite_note-MetzTPC-33">[33]</a> In 1925, TPC received concession in the <a href="/wiki/Oil_reserves_in_Iraq" title="Oil reserves in Iraq">Mesopotamian oil resources</a> from the <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Iraq_(Mandate_administration)" class="mw-redirect" title="Kingdom of Iraq (Mandate administration)">Iraqi government</a> under British mandate. TPC finally struck oil in Iraq on 14 October 1927. By 1928, the APOC's shareholding in TPC, which by now was named <a href="/wiki/Iraq_Petroleum_Company" title="Iraq Petroleum Company">Iraq Petroleum Company</a> (IPC), was reduced to 23.75%; as the result of the changing geopolitics post <a href="/wiki/Ottoman_empire" class="mw-redirect" title="Ottoman empire">Ottoman empire</a> break-up, and the <a href="/wiki/Red_Line_Agreement" title="Red Line Agreement">Red Line Agreement</a>.<a href="#cite_note-GT-DEX-1920-78-34">[34]</a> Relations were generally cordial between the pro-west <a href="/wiki/Hashemite_Kingdom_of_Iraq" class="mw-redirect" title="Hashemite Kingdom of Iraq">Hashemite Monarchy (1932–58)</a> in Iraq and IPC, in spite of disputes centred on Iraq's wish for greater involvement and more royalties. During the 1928–68 time period, IPC monopolised oil exploration inside the <a href="/wiki/Red_Line_Agreement" title="Red Line Agreement">Red Line</a>; excluding Saudi Arabia and Bahrain.<a href="#cite_note-SH-35">[35]</a><a href="#cite_note-yergin-36">[36]</a> In 1927, Burmah Oil and <a href="/wiki/Royal_Dutch_Shell" class="mw-redirect" title="Royal Dutch Shell">Royal Dutch Shell</a> formed the joint marketing company <a href="/wiki/Burmah-Shell" class="mw-redirect" title="Burmah-Shell">Burmah-Shell</a>. In 1928, APOC and Shell formed the Consolidated Petroleum Company for sale and marketing in Cyprus, South Africa and Ceylon, which in 1932 followed by a joint marketing company <a href="/wiki/Shell-Mex_and_BP" title="Shell-Mex and BP">Shell-Mex and BP</a> in the United Kingdom.<a href="#cite_note-beale-26">[26]</a><a href="#cite_note-Ferrier1982a-37">[37]</a> In 1937, AIOC and Shell formed the Shell/D'Arcy Exploration Partners partnership to explore for oil in <a href="/wiki/Nigeria" title="Nigeria">Nigeria</a>. The partnership was equally owned but operated by Shell. It was later replaced by Shell-D'Arcy Petroleum Development Company and Shell-BP Petroleum Development Company (now <a href="/wiki/Shell_Petroleum_Development_Company" class="mw-redirect" title="Shell Petroleum Development Company">Shell Petroleum Development Company</a>).<a href="#cite_note-James2000-38">[38]</a> In 1934, APOC and <a href="/wiki/Gulf_Oil" title="Gulf Oil">Gulf Oil</a> founded the <a href="/wiki/Kuwait_Oil_Company" title="Kuwait Oil Company">Kuwait Oil Company</a> as an equally owned partnership. The oil concession rights were awarded to the company on 23 December 1934 and the company started drilling operations in 1936.<a href="#cite_note-brune-39">[39]</a><a href="#cite_note-alsharhan-40">[40]</a> In 1935, <a href="/wiki/Reza_Shah" title="Reza Shah">Reza Shah</a> requested the international community to refer to Persia as '<a href="/wiki/Iran" title="Iran">Iran</a>', which was reflected in the name change of APOC to the <a href="/wiki/Anglo-Iranian_Oil_Company" class="mw-redirect" title="Anglo-Iranian Oil Company">Anglo-Iranian Oil Company</a> (AIOC).<a href="#cite_note-bio-41">[41]</a> In 1937, <a href="/wiki/Iraq_Petroleum_Company" title="Iraq Petroleum Company">Iraq Petroleum Company</a>, 23.75% owned by BP,<a href="#cite_note-RLA-42">[42]</a> signed an oil concession agreement with the Sultan of Muscat that covers the entire region of the Sultanate, which was in fact limited to the coastal area of present-day Oman. After several years of failure to discover oil in the Sultanate's region, IPC presumed that oil was more likely to be found in the interior region of Oman, which was part of the Imamate of Oman. IPC offered financial support to raise an armed force that would assist the Sultanate in occupying the interior region of Oman. Later, in 1954, the Sultan of Muscat, backed by the British government and the financial aid he received from IPC, started occupying regions within the interior of Oman, which led to the outbreak of <a href="/wiki/Jebel_Akhdar_War" title="Jebel Akhdar War">Jebel Akhdar War</a> that lasted for more than 5 years.<a href="#cite_note-OmansInsurgencies-43">[43]</a> In 1947, British Petroleum Chemicals was incorporated as a joint venture of AIOC and <a href="/wiki/The_Distillers_Company" title="The Distillers Company">The Distillers Company</a>. In 1956, the company was renamed British Hydrocarbon Chemicals.<a href="#cite_note-James2000c-44">[44]</a> Following World War II, nationalistic sentiments were on the rise in the Middle East; most notable being <a href="/wiki/Iranian_nationalism" title="Iranian nationalism">Iranian nationalism</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Arab_Nationalism" class="mw-redirect" title="Arab Nationalism">Arab Nationalism</a>. In Iran, the AIOC and the pro-western Iranian government led by Prime Minister <a href="/wiki/Ali_Razmara" class="mw-redirect" title="Ali Razmara">Ali Razmara</a> resisted nationalist calls to revise AIOC's concession terms in Iran's favour. In March 1951, Razmara was assassinated and <a href="/wiki/Mohammed_Mossadeq" class="mw-redirect" title="Mohammed Mossadeq">Mohammed Mossadeq</a>, a nationalist, was elected as the new prime minister by the <a href="/wiki/Majlis_of_Iran" class="mw-redirect" title="Majlis of Iran">Majlis of Iran</a> (parliament).<a href="#cite_note-Ref-B-William1991-45">[45]</a> In April 1951, the Iranian government <a href="/wiki/Nationalization" title="Nationalization">nationalised</a> the Iranian oil industry by unanimous vote, and the <a href="/wiki/National_Iranian_Oil_Company" title="National Iranian Oil Company">National Iranian Oil Company</a> (NIOC) was formed, displacing the AIOC.<a href="#cite_note-NYTRoots-46">[46]</a><a href="#cite_note-BPHistory-47">[47]</a> The AIOC withdrew its management from Iran, and Britain organised an effective worldwide embargo of Iranian oil. The British government, which owned the AIOC, contested the nationalisation at the <a href="/wiki/International_Court_of_Justice" title="International Court of Justice">International Court of Justice</a> at <a href="/wiki/The_Hague" title="The Hague">The Hague</a>, but its complaint was dismissed.<a href="#cite_note-Sztucki-48">[48]</a> Prime Minister Churchill asked President Eisenhower for help in overthrowing Mossadeq. The anti-Mossadeq plan was orchestrated under the code-name '<a href="/wiki/Operation_Ajax" class="mw-redirect" title="Operation Ajax">Operation Ajax</a>' by CIA, and 'Operation Boot' by <a href="/wiki/Secret_Intelligence_Service" class="mw-redirect" title="Secret Intelligence Service">SIS</a> (MI6). The CIA and the British helped stage a coup in August 1953, the <a href="/wiki/1953_Iranian_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="1953 Iranian coup d'état">1953 Iranian coup d'état</a>, which established pro-Western general <a href="/wiki/Fazlollah_Zahedi" title="Fazlollah Zahedi">Fazlollah Zahedi</a> as the new PM, and greatly strengthened the political power of Shah <a href="/wiki/Mohammad_Reza_Pahlavi" title="Mohammad Reza Pahlavi">Mohammad Reza Pahlavi</a>. The AIOC was able to return to Iran.<a href="#cite_note-49">[49]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="1954_to_1979">1954 to 1979</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=BP&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: 1954 to 1979">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:HY_jaune_et_vert2.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/HY_jaune_et_vert2.jpg/200px-HY_jaune_et_vert2.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="162" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/HY_jaune_et_vert2.jpg/300px-HY_jaune_et_vert2.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/HY_jaune_et_vert2.jpg/400px-HY_jaune_et_vert2.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2493" data-file-height="2019" /></a><figcaption>A BP truck from 1967</figcaption></figure> In 1954, the AIOC became the British Petroleum Company. After the <a href="/wiki/1953_Iranian_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="1953 Iranian coup d'état">1953 Iranian coup d'état</a>, <a href="/wiki/Iranian_Oil_Participants_Ltd" class="mw-redirect" title="Iranian Oil Participants Ltd">Iranian Oil Participants Ltd</a> (IOP), a <a href="/wiki/Holding_company" title="Holding company">holding company</a>, was founded in October 1954, in London to bring Iranian oil back to the international market.<a href="#cite_note-Ref-B-Vassiliou2009-50">[50]</a><a href="#cite_note-Ref-B-Lauterpacht1973-51">[51]</a> British Petroleum was a founding member of this company with 40% stake.<a href="#cite_note-Ref-B-William1991-45">[45]</a><a href="#cite_note-Ref-B-Vassiliou2009-50">[50]</a> IOP operated and managed oil facilities in Iran on behalf of NIOC.<a href="#cite_note-Ref-B-Vassiliou2009-50">[50]</a><a href="#cite_note-Ref-B-Lauterpacht1973-51">[51]</a> Similar to the <a href="/wiki/Saudi_Aramco#History" title="Saudi Aramco">Saudi-Aramco "50/50" agreement of 1950</a>,<a href="#cite_note-Ref-B-Christine2008-52">[52]</a> the consortium agreed to share profits on a 50–50 basis with Iran, "but not to open its books to Iranian auditors or to allow Iranians onto its board of directors."<a href="#cite_note-Stephen2003-53">[53]</a> In 1953, British Petroleum entered the Canadian market through the purchase of a minority stake in Calgary-based Triad Oil Company, and expanded further to Alaska in 1959, resulting discovery of oil at <a href="/wiki/Prudhoe_Bay_Oil_Field" title="Prudhoe Bay Oil Field">Prudhoe Bay</a> in 1969.<a href="#cite_note-beale-26">[26]</a><a href="#cite_note-investfairbanks-54">[54]</a> In 1956, its subsidiary D'Arcy Exploration Co. (Africa) Ltd. was granted four oil concessions in <a href="/wiki/Libya" title="Libya">Libya</a>.<a href="#cite_note-wsj230256-55">[55]</a> In 1962, Scottish Oils ceased <a href="/wiki/Oil_shale" title="Oil shale">oil-shale</a> operations.<a href="#cite_note-museum-31">[31]</a> In 1965, it was the first company to strike oil in the <a href="/wiki/North_Sea" title="North Sea">North Sea</a>.<a href="#cite_note-gulliver-56">[56]</a> In 1969, BP entered the United States by acquiring the East Coast refining and marketing assets of <a href="/wiki/Sinclair_Oil_Corporation" title="Sinclair Oil Corporation">Sinclair Oil Corporation</a>.<a href="#cite_note-James2000b-57">[57]</a> The Canadian holding company of British Petroleum was renamed <a href="/wiki/BP_Canada" title="BP Canada">BP Canada</a> in 1969; and in 1971, it acquired 97.8% stake of <a href="/wiki/Supertest_Petroleum" title="Supertest Petroleum">Supertest Petroleum</a>.<a href="#cite_note-58">[58]</a> By the 1960s, British Petroleum had developed a reputation for taking on the riskiest ventures. It earned the company massive profits; it also earned them the worst safety record in the industry. In 1967, the giant oil tanker <a href="/wiki/Torrey_Canyon" class="mw-redirect" title="Torrey Canyon">Torrey Canyon</a> foundered off the English coast. Over 32 million US gallons (760,000 bbl; 120,000 m3) of crude oil was spilled into the Atlantic and onto the beaches of Cornwall and Brittany, causing <a href="/wiki/Torrey_Canyon_oil_spill" title="Torrey Canyon oil spill">Britain's worst-ever oil spill</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Legacy_of_the_Torrey_Canyon-59">[59]</a> The ship was owned by the <a href="/wiki/Bahamas" class="mw-redirect" title="Bahamas">Bahamas</a>-based Barracuda Tanker Corporation and was flying the flag of <a href="/wiki/Liberia" title="Liberia">Liberia</a>, a well-known <a href="/wiki/Flag_of_convenience" title="Flag of convenience">flag of convenience</a>, but was being chartered by British Petroleum.<a href="#cite_note-Legacy_of_the_Torrey_Canyon-59">[59]</a> The ship was bombed by <a href="/wiki/RAF" class="mw-redirect" title="RAF">RAF</a> <a href="/wiki/Jet_bomber" class="mw-redirect" title="Jet bomber">jet bombers</a> in an effort to break up the ship and burn off the leaking oil, but this failed to destroy the oil slick.<a href="#cite_note-bbc290367-60">[60]</a> In 1967, BP acquired chemical and plastics assets of The Distillers Company which were merged with British Hydrocarbon Chemicals to form BP Chemicals.<a href="#cite_note-James2000d-61">[61]</a> The company's oil assets were nationalised in Libya in 1971, in Kuwait in 1975, and in Nigeria in 1979.<a href="#cite_note-alsharhan-40">[40]</a><a href="#cite_note-BPHistory-47">[47]</a><a href="#cite_note-GT-DEX-21C-O-01-62">[62]</a> In Iraq, IPC ceased its operations after it was nationalised by the <a href="/wiki/Ba%27athist_Iraq" title="Ba'athist Iraq">Ba'athist Iraqi</a> government in June 1972, although legally Iraq Petroleum Company still remains in existence but as a dormant company,<a href="#cite_note-cds-63">[63]</a> and one of its associated companies —<a href="/wiki/Abu_Dhabi_Petroleum_Company" title="Abu Dhabi Petroleum Company">Abu Dhabi Petroleum Company</a> (ADPC), formerly Petroleum Development (Trucial Coast) Ltd – also continues with the original shareholding intact.<a href="#cite_note-GT-DEX-2012-100-64">[64]</a><a href="#cite_note-GT-DEX-2012-101-65">[65]</a> The intensified power struggle between oil companies and host governments in Middle East, along with the oil price shocks that followed the <a href="/wiki/1973_oil_crisis" title="1973 oil crisis">1973 oil crisis</a> meant British Petroleum lost most of its direct access to crude oil supplies produced in countries that belonged to the Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries (<a href="/wiki/OPEC" title="OPEC">OPEC</a>), and prompted it to diversify its operations beyond the heavily Middle East dependent oil production. In 1976, BP and Shell de-merged their marketing operations in the United Kingdom by dividing Shell-Mex and BP. In 1978, the company acquired a controlling interest in <a href="/wiki/Standard_Oil_of_Ohio" title="Standard Oil of Ohio">Standard Oil of Ohio</a> (Sohio).<a href="#cite_note-NYtimes-66">[66]</a> In Iran, British Petroleum continued to operate until the <a href="/wiki/Iranian_Revolution" class="mw-redirect" title="Iranian Revolution">Islamic Revolution</a> in 1979. The new regime of <a href="/wiki/Ayatollah_Khomeini" class="mw-redirect" title="Ayatollah Khomeini">Ayatollah Khomeini</a> nationalised all of the company's assets in Iran without compensation: as a result, BP lost 40% of its global crude oil supplies.<a href="#cite_note-nyt200379-67">[67]</a> In 1970–1980s, BP diversified into <a href="/wiki/Coal" title="Coal">coal</a>, <a href="/wiki/Minerals" class="mw-redirect" title="Minerals">minerals</a> and <a href="/wiki/Nutrition" title="Nutrition">nutrition</a> businesses which all were divested later.<a href="#cite_note-beale-26">[26]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="1979_to_1997">1979 to 1997</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=BP&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: 1979 to 1997">edit</a>]</div> The <a href="/wiki/Government_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="Government of the United Kingdom">British government</a> sold 80 million shares of BP at $7.58 in 1979, as part of <a href="/wiki/Premiership_of_Margaret_Thatcher" title="Premiership of Margaret Thatcher">Thatcher-era</a> privatisation. This sale represented slightly more than 5% of BP's total shares and reduced the government's ownership of the company to 46%.<a href="#cite_note-Globe1979-68">[68]</a> On 19 October 1987, Prime Minister <a href="/wiki/Margaret_Thatcher" title="Margaret Thatcher">Margaret Thatcher</a> authorised the sale of an additional GBP7.5 billion ($12.2 billion) of BP shares at 333 pence, representing the government's remaining 31% stake in the company.<a href="#cite_note-Lohr1987-69">[69]</a><a href="#cite_note-70">[70]</a> In November 1987, the <a href="/wiki/Kuwait_Investment_Authority" title="Kuwait Investment Authority">Kuwait Investment Office</a> purchased a 10.06% interest in BP, becoming the largest institutional shareholder.<a href="#cite_note-TorontoStar1987-71">[71]</a> The following May, the KIO purchased additional shares, bringing their ownership to 21.6%.<a href="#cite_note-nyt191187-72">[72]</a> This raised concerns within BP that operations in the United States, BP's primary country of operations, would suffer. In October 1988, the British <a href="/wiki/Department_of_Trade_and_Industry_(United_Kingdom)" title="Department of Trade and Industry (United Kingdom)">Department of Trade and Industry</a> required the KIO to reduce its shares to 9.6% within 12 months.<a href="#cite_note-OConnor1988-73">[73]</a> <a href="/wiki/Peter_Walters" title="Peter Walters">Peter Walters</a> was the company chairman from 1981 to 1990.<a href="#cite_note-lat080989-74">[74]</a> During his period as chairman he reduced the company's refining capacity in Europe.<a href="#cite_note-lat080989-74">[74]</a> In 1982, the <a href="/wiki/Downstream_(petroleum_industry)" title="Downstream (petroleum industry)">downstream</a> assets of BP Canada were sold to <a href="/wiki/Petro_Canada" class="mw-redirect" title="Petro Canada">Petro Canada</a>. In 1984, <a href="/wiki/Standard_Oil_of_California" class="mw-redirect" title="Standard Oil of California">Standard Oil of California</a> was renamed the <a href="/wiki/Chevron_Corporation" title="Chevron Corporation">Chevron Corporation</a>; it bought Gulf Oil—the largest merger in history at that time.<a href="#cite_note-CVX-H-01-75">[75]</a> To meet anti-trust regulations, Chevron divested many of Gulf's operating subsidiaries, and sold some Gulf stations and a refinery in the eastern United States to British Petroleum and <a href="/wiki/Cumberland_Farms" title="Cumberland Farms">Cumberland Farms</a> in 1985.<a href="#cite_note-chevron-profile-76">[76]</a> In 1987, British Petroleum negotiated the acquisition of <a href="/wiki/Britoil" title="Britoil">Britoil</a><a href="#cite_note-ap050288-77">[77]</a> and the remaining publicly traded shares of Standard Oil of Ohio.<a href="#cite_note-NYtimes-66">[66]</a> At the same year it was listed on the <a href="/wiki/Tokyo_Stock_Exchange" title="Tokyo Stock Exchange">Tokyo Stock Exchange</a> where its share were traded until delisting in 2008.<a href="#cite_note-reuters240608-78">[78]</a> Walters was replaced as chair by <a href="/wiki/Robert_Horton_(businessman)" title="Robert Horton (businessman)">Robert Horton</a> in 1990. Horton wrote on his appointment that he and his senior colleagues would adopt values representing the interests of "all <a href="/wiki/Stakeholder_(corporate)" title="Stakeholder (corporate)">stakeholders</a>", including the company's employees, customers, shareholders, suppliers and the community".<a href="#cite_note-79">[79]</a> Horton carried out a major corporate downsizing exercise, removing various tiers of management at the head office.<a href="#cite_note-roberts-80">[80]</a> In 1992, British Petroleum sold off its 57% stake in BP Canada (<a href="/wiki/Upstream_(petroleum_industry)" title="Upstream (petroleum industry)">upstream</a> operations), which was renamed as <a href="/wiki/Talisman_Energy" title="Talisman Energy">Talisman Energy</a>.<a href="#cite_note-TLM-H-01-81">[81]</a> <a href="/wiki/John_Browne,_Baron_Browne_of_Madingley" title="John Browne, Baron Browne of Madingley">John Browne</a>, who had joined BP in 1966 and rose through the ranks to join the board as managing director in 1991, was appointed group chief executive in 1995.<a href="#cite_note-browne-82">[82]</a> In 1981, British Petroleum entered into the solar technology sector by acquiring 50% of Lucas Energy Systems, a company which became Lucas BP Solar Systems, and later <a href="/wiki/BP_Solar" title="BP Solar">BP Solar</a>. The company was a manufacturer and installer of <a href="/wiki/Photovoltaic" class="mw-redirect" title="Photovoltaic">photovoltaic</a> <a href="/wiki/Solar_cells" class="mw-redirect" title="Solar cells">solar cells</a>. It became wholly owned by British Petroleum in the mid-1980s.<a href="#cite_note-83">[83]</a> British Petroleum entered the Russian market in 1990 and opened its first service station in Moscow in 1996.<a href="#cite_note-:3-84">[84]</a> In 1997, it acquired a 10% stake for $571 million in the Russian oil company <a href="/wiki/Sidanco" class="mw-redirect" title="Sidanco">Sidanco</a>, which later became a part of TNK-BP.<a href="#cite_note-mt290212-85">[85]</a><a href="#cite_note-:3-84">[84]</a> Sidanco was run by Russian oligarch <a href="/wiki/Vladimir_Potanin" title="Vladimir Potanin">Vladimir Potanin</a> who obtained Sidanco through the controversial <a href="/wiki/Loans_for_shares_scheme" title="Loans for shares scheme">loans-for-shares</a> privatization scheme.<a href="#cite_note-:3-84">[84]</a> In 2003, BP invested $8 billion into a joint venture with Russian oligarch <a href="/wiki/Mikhail_Fridman" title="Mikhail Fridman">Mikhail Fridman</a>'s TNK.<a href="#cite_note-:3-84">[84]</a> In 1992, the company entered the Azerbaijani market. In 1994, it signed the production sharing agreement for the <a href="/wiki/Azeri%E2%80%93Chirag%E2%80%93Guneshli" class="mw-redirect" title="Azeri–Chirag–Guneshli">Azeri–Chirag–Guneshli</a> oil project and in 1995 for the <a href="/wiki/Shah_Deniz_gas_field" title="Shah Deniz gas field">Shah Deniz gas field</a> development.<a href="#cite_note-caspia-86">[86]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="1998_to_2009">1998 to 2009</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=BP&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: 1998 to 2009">edit</a>]</div> Under John Browne, British Petroleum acquired other oil companies, transforming BP into the third largest oil company in the world. British Petroleum merged with <a href="/wiki/Amoco" title="Amoco">Amoco</a> (formerly Standard Oil of Indiana) in December 1998, becoming BP Amoco plc.<a href="#cite_note-bbc110899-87">[87]</a><a href="#cite_note-namechg-88">[88]</a> Most Amoco stations in the United States were converted to BP's brand and corporate identity. In 2000, BP Amoco acquired <a href="/wiki/ARCO" title="ARCO">Atlantic Richfield Co. (ARCO)</a> and <a href="/wiki/Burmah_Oil" title="Burmah Oil">Burmah Castrol</a>.<a href="#cite_note-independent.co.uk-89">[89]</a><a href="#cite_note-bp140300-90">[90]</a><a href="#cite_note-Brierley-91">[91]</a><a href="#cite_note-BBCNews2000-92">[92]</a> Together with the acquisition of ARCO in 2000, BP became owner of a 33.5% stake in the Olympic Pipeline. Later that year, BP became an operator of the pipeline and increased its stake up to 62.5%.<a href="#cite_note-ogj070201-93">[93]</a><a href="#cite_note-ap280901-94">[94]</a> As part of the merger's brand awareness, the company helped the <a href="/wiki/Tate_Modern" title="Tate Modern">Tate Modern</a> gallery of British Art launch RePresenting Britain 1500–2000.<a href="#cite_note-observer190300-95">[95]</a> In 2001, in response to negative press on British Petroleum's poor safety standards, the company adopted a green <a href="/wiki/Sunburst" title="Sunburst">sunburst</a> logo and rebranded itself as BP ("Beyond Petroleum") plc.<a href="#cite_note-namechg-88">[88]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Steven_Koonin_BP_2005-02-22.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/22/Steven_Koonin_BP_2005-02-22.jpg/220px-Steven_Koonin_BP_2005-02-22.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="146" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/22/Steven_Koonin_BP_2005-02-22.jpg/330px-Steven_Koonin_BP_2005-02-22.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/22/Steven_Koonin_BP_2005-02-22.jpg/440px-Steven_Koonin_BP_2005-02-22.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1760" data-file-height="1168" /></a><figcaption>Steven Koonin, BP's Chief Scientist, speaking in the company boardroom in 2005 (top right of picture)</figcaption></figure> In the beginning of the 2000s, BP became the leading partner (and later operator) of the <a href="/wiki/Baku%E2%80%93Tbilisi%E2%80%93Ceyhan_pipeline" title="Baku–Tbilisi–Ceyhan pipeline">Baku–Tbilisi–Ceyhan pipeline</a> project which opened a new oil transportation route from the Caspian region.<a href="#cite_note-ft260505-96">[96]</a> In 2002, BP acquired the majority of Veba Öl AG, a subsidiary of <a href="/wiki/VEBA_AG" class="mw-redirect" title="VEBA AG">VEBA AG</a>, and subsequently rebranded its existing stations in Germany to the <a href="/wiki/Aral_AG" title="Aral AG">Aral</a> name.<a href="#cite_note-BPAral-97">[97]</a> As part of the deal, BP acquired also the Veba Öl's stake in Ruhr Öl joint venture. Ruhr Öl was dissolved in 2016.<a href="#cite_note-98">[98]</a> On 1 September 2003, BP and a group of Russian billionaires, known as AAR (<a href="/wiki/Alfa_Group" title="Alfa Group">Alfa</a>–<a href="/wiki/Access_Industries" title="Access Industries">Access</a>–<a href="/wiki/Renova_Group" title="Renova Group">Renova</a>), announced the creation of a strategic partnership to jointly hold their oil assets in Russia and Ukraine. As a result, TNK-ВР was created.<a href="#cite_note-cnn260603-99">[99]</a> In 2004, BP's <a href="/wiki/Olefins" class="mw-redirect" title="Olefins">olefins</a> and <a href="/wiki/Derivative_(chemistry)" title="Derivative (chemistry)">derivatives</a> business was moved into a separate entity which was sold to <a href="/wiki/Ineos" title="Ineos">Ineos</a> in 2005.<a href="#cite_note-bbc071005-100">[100]</a><a href="#cite_note-bp161205-101">[101]</a> In 2007, BP sold its corporate-owned convenience stores, typically known as "<a href="/wiki/BP_Connect" class="mw-redirect" title="BP Connect">BP Connect</a>", to local <a href="/wiki/Franchisee" class="mw-redirect" title="Franchisee">franchisees</a> and <a href="/wiki/Jobber_(fuel)" title="Jobber (fuel)">jobbers</a>.<a href="#cite_note-bp151107-102">[102]</a> On 23 March 2005, 15 workers were killed and more than 170 injured in the <a href="/wiki/Texas_City_refinery_explosion" title="Texas City refinery explosion">Texas City refinery explosion</a>. To save money, major upgrades to the 1934 refinery had been postponed.<a href="#cite_note-autogenerated5-103">[103]</a> Browne pledged to prevent another catastrophe. Three months later, '<a href="/wiki/Thunder_Horse_PDQ" title="Thunder Horse PDQ">Thunder Horse PDQ</a>', BP's giant new production platform in the Gulf of Mexico, nearly sank during a hurricane. In their rush to finish the $1 billion platform, workers had installed a valve backwards, allowing the ballast tanks to flood. Inspections revealed other shoddy work. Repairs costing hundreds of millions would keep Thunder Horse out of commission for three years.<a href="#cite_note-autogenerated5-103">[103]</a> Lord Browne resigned from BP on 1 May 2007. The head of exploration and production <a href="/wiki/Tony_Hayward" title="Tony Hayward">Tony Hayward</a> became the new chief executive.<a href="#cite_note-guardian020507-104">[104]</a> In 2009, Hayward shifted emphasis from Lord Browne's focus on alternative energy, announcing that safety would henceforth be the company's "number one priority".<a href="#cite_note-bbc110509-105">[105]</a> In 2007, BP formed with <a href="/wiki/AB_Sugar" class="mw-redirect" title="AB Sugar">AB Sugar</a> and <a href="/wiki/DuPont" title="DuPont">DuPont</a> a joint venture Vivergo Fuels which opened a bioethanol plant in <a href="/wiki/Salt_End" title="Salt End">Saltend</a> near <a href="/wiki/Kingston_upon_Hull" title="Kingston upon Hull">Hull</a>, United Kingdom in December 2012.<a href="#cite_note-reuters061212-106">[106]</a> Together with DuPont, BP formed a <a href="/wiki/Biobutanol" class="mw-redirect" title="Biobutanol">biobutanol</a> joint venture Butamax by acquiring biobutan technology company Biobutanol LLC in 2009.<a href="#cite_note-reuters080709-107">[107]</a> In 2009, BP obtained a <a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Iraq#2009_oil_services_contracts" title="Economy of Iraq">production contract</a> to develop the supergiant <a href="/wiki/Rumaila_field" class="mw-redirect" title="Rumaila field">Rumaila field</a> with joint venture partner <a href="/wiki/CNPC" class="mw-redirect" title="CNPC">CNPC</a>.<a href="#cite_note-GT-DEX-2012-83-108">[108]</a><a href="#cite_note-GT-DEX-2010-66-109">[109]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="2010_to_2020">2010 to 2020</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=BP&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: 2010 to 2020">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Obama-hayward.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/50/Obama-hayward.jpg/220px-Obama-hayward.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/50/Obama-hayward.jpg/330px-Obama-hayward.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/50/Obama-hayward.jpg/440px-Obama-hayward.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4096" data-file-height="2731" /></a><figcaption>President Barack Obama meeting with BP executives at the White House in June 2010 to discuss the oil spill in the <a href="/wiki/Gulf_of_Mexico" title="Gulf of Mexico">Gulf of Mexico</a></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:BP_Connect_Kapiti,_New_Zealand.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/BP_Connect_Kapiti%2C_New_Zealand.jpg/220px-BP_Connect_Kapiti%2C_New_Zealand.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="146" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/BP_Connect_Kapiti%2C_New_Zealand.jpg/330px-BP_Connect_Kapiti%2C_New_Zealand.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/BP_Connect_Kapiti%2C_New_Zealand.jpg/440px-BP_Connect_Kapiti%2C_New_Zealand.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1449" data-file-height="960" /></a><figcaption>A modern BP filling station (built in 2015) in <a href="/wiki/New_Zealand" title="New Zealand">New Zealand</a>, with a Wild Bean Cafe and BP Connect</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:BP_filling_station,_Pudsey_Road_(geograph_4680793).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b1/BP_filling_station%2C_Pudsey_Road_%28geograph_4680793%29.jpg/220px-BP_filling_station%2C_Pudsey_Road_%28geograph_4680793%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b1/BP_filling_station%2C_Pudsey_Road_%28geograph_4680793%29.jpg/330px-BP_filling_station%2C_Pudsey_Road_%28geograph_4680793%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b1/BP_filling_station%2C_Pudsey_Road_%28geograph_4680793%29.jpg/440px-BP_filling_station%2C_Pudsey_Road_%28geograph_4680793%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="768" /></a><figcaption>A modern BP filling station in <a href="/wiki/Bramley,_Leeds" title="Bramley, Leeds">Bramley</a>, <a href="/wiki/Leeds" title="Leeds">Leeds</a></figcaption></figure> In January 2010, <a href="/wiki/Carl-Henric_Svanberg" title="Carl-Henric Svanberg">Carl-Henric Svanberg</a> became chairman of BP board of directors.<a href="#cite_note-wsj191017-110">[110]</a> On 20 April 2010, the <a href="/wiki/Deepwater_Horizon_oil_spill" title="Deepwater Horizon oil spill">Deepwater Horizon oil spill</a>, a major industrial accident, happened.<a href="#cite_note-report2011-14">[14]</a> Consequently, <a href="/wiki/Bob_Dudley" title="Bob Dudley">Bob Dudley</a> replaced Tony Hayward as the company's CEO, serving from October 2010 to February 2020.<a href="#cite_note-reuters300910-111">[111]</a><a href="#cite_note-DudleyRetires-112">[112]</a> BP announced a divestment program to sell about $38 billion worth of non-core assets to compensate its liabilities related to the accident.<a href="#cite_note-wsj100912-113">[113]</a><a href="#cite_note-nasdaq-114">[114]</a> In July 2010, BP sold its natural gas activities in <a href="/wiki/Alberta" title="Alberta">Alberta</a> and <a href="/wiki/British_Columbia" title="British Columbia">British Columbia</a>, Canada, to <a href="/wiki/Apache_Corporation" class="mw-redirect" title="Apache Corporation">Apache Corporation</a>.<a href="#cite_note-fp300712-115">[115]</a> It sold its stake in the Petroperijá and Boquerón fields in Venezuela and in the Lan Tay and Lan Do fields, the Nam Con Son pipeline and terminal, and the <a href="/wiki/Phu_My_3_power_plant" class="mw-redirect" title="Phu My 3 power plant">Phu My 3 power plant</a> in Vietnam to TNK-BP,<a href="#cite_note-reuters271010-116">[116]</a><a href="#cite_note-bloomberg181010-117">[117]</a> <a href="/wiki/Filling_station" title="Filling station">forecourts</a> and supply businesses in Namibia, Botswana, Zambia, Tanzania and Malawi to <a href="/wiki/Puma_Energy" title="Puma Energy">Puma Energy</a>,<a href="#cite_note-reuters151110-118">[118]</a> the <a href="/wiki/Wytch_Farm" title="Wytch Farm">Wytch Farm</a> onshore oilfield in <a href="/wiki/Dorset" title="Dorset">Dorset</a> and a package of North Sea gas assets to <a href="/wiki/Perenco" title="Perenco">Perenco</a>,<a href="#cite_note-wsj270312-119">[119]</a> natural-gas liquids business in Canada to <a href="/wiki/Plains_All_American_Pipeline_LP" class="mw-redirect" title="Plains All American Pipeline LP">Plains All American Pipeline LP</a>,<a href="#cite_note-bloomberg011211-120">[120]</a> natural gas assets in Kansas to <a href="/wiki/Linn_Energy" title="Linn Energy">Linn Energy</a>,<a href="#cite_note-wichita280212-121">[121]</a> Carson Refinery in <a href="/wiki/Southern_California" title="Southern California">Southern California</a> and its ARCO retail network to <a href="/wiki/Andeavor" class="mw-redirect" title="Andeavor">Tesoro</a>, Sunray and Hemphill gas processing plants in <a href="/wiki/Texas" title="Texas">Texas</a>, together with their associated gas gathering system, to Eagle Rock Energy Partners,<a href="#cite_note-ft180912-122">[122]</a><a href="#cite_note-CarsonSale-123">[123]</a><a href="#cite_note-bp100812-124">[124]</a> the Texas City Refinery and associated assets to <a href="/wiki/Marathon_Petroleum" title="Marathon Petroleum">Marathon Petroleum</a>,<a href="#cite_note-reuters081012-125">[125]</a><a href="#cite_note-biz010213-126">[126]</a> the <a href="/wiki/Gulf_of_Mexico" title="Gulf of Mexico">Gulf of Mexico</a> located Marlin, Dorado, King, Horn Mountain, and Holstein fields as also its stake in non-operated Diana Hoover and Ram Powell fields to <a href="/wiki/Plains_Exploration_%26_Production" title="Plains Exploration & Production">Plains Exploration & Production</a>,<a href="#cite_note-wsj100912-113">[113]</a> non-operating stake in the <a href="/wiki/Draugen_oil_field" title="Draugen oil field">Draugen oil field</a> to <a href="/wiki/Royal_Dutch_Shell" class="mw-redirect" title="Royal Dutch Shell">Norske Shell</a>,<a href="#cite_note-reuters130912-127">[127]</a> and the UK's liquefied petroleum gas distribution business to DCC.<a href="#cite_note-be090812-128">[128]</a> In November 2012, the U.S. Government temporarily banned BP from bidding any new federal contracts. The ban was conditionally lifted in March 2014.<a href="#cite_note-Times_3-14-14-129">[129]</a> In February 2011, BP formed a partnership with <a href="/wiki/Reliance_Industries" title="Reliance Industries">Reliance Industries</a>, taking a 30% stake in a new Indian joint-venture for an initial payment of $7.2 billion.<a href="#cite_note-130">[130]</a> In September 2012, BP sold its subsidiary BP Chemicals (Malaysia) Sdn. Bhd., an operator of the Kuantan <a href="/wiki/Purified_terephthalic_acid" class="mw-redirect" title="Purified terephthalic acid">purified terephthalic acid</a> (PTA) plant in Malaysia, to Reliance Industries for $230 million.<a href="#cite_note-bl290912-131">[131]</a> In October 2012, BP sold its stake in TNK-BP to Rosneft for $12.3 billion in cash and 18.5% of Rosneft's stock.<a href="#cite_note-:2-132">[132]</a><a href="#cite_note-reuters221012-133">[133]</a> The deal was completed on 21 March 2013.<a href="#cite_note-reuters220313-134">[134]</a> In 2012, BP acquired an acreage in the <a href="/wiki/Utica_Shale" title="Utica Shale">Utica Shale</a> but these developments plans were cancelled in 2014.<a href="#cite_note-platts29042014-135">[135]</a> In 2011–2015, BP cut down its alternative energy business. The company announced its departure from the solar energy market in December 2011 by closing its solar power business, BP Solar.<a href="#cite_note-reuters211211-136">[136]</a> In 2012, BP shut down the <a href="/wiki/BP_Biofuels_Highlands" title="BP Biofuels Highlands">BP Biofuels Highlands</a> project which was developed since 2008 to make <a href="/wiki/Cellulosic_ethanol" title="Cellulosic ethanol">cellulosic ethanol</a> from emerging energy crops like <a href="/wiki/Switchgrass" class="mw-redirect" title="Switchgrass">switchgrass</a> and from <a href="/wiki/Biomass" title="Biomass">biomass</a>.<a href="#cite_note-sunshine-137">[137]</a><a href="#cite_note-bfd261012-138">[138]</a> In 2015, BP decided to exit from other <a href="/wiki/Lignocellulosic_ethanol" class="mw-redirect" title="Lignocellulosic ethanol">lignocellulosic ethanol</a> businesses.<a href="#cite_note-bfd180115-139">[139]</a> It sold its stake in Vivergo to <a href="/wiki/Associated_British_Foods" title="Associated British Foods">Associated British Foods</a>.<a href="#cite_note-farmersweekly080515-140">[140]</a> BP and DuPont also mothballed their joint biobutanol pilot plant in Saltend.<a href="#cite_note-bfd171215-141">[141]</a> In June 2014, BP agreed to a deal worth around $20 billion to supply <a href="/wiki/CNOOC" class="mw-redirect" title="CNOOC">CNOOC</a> with liquefied natural gas.<a href="#cite_note-reuters17062014-142">[142]</a> In 2014, <a href="/wiki/Statoil_Fuel_%26_Retail" title="Statoil Fuel & Retail">Statoil Fuel & Retail</a> sold its aviation fuel business to BP. To ensure the approval of competition authorities, BP agreed to sell the former Statoil aviation fuel businesses in <a href="/wiki/Copenhagen_Airport" title="Copenhagen Airport">Copenhagen</a>, <a href="/wiki/Stockholm_Arlanda_Airport" title="Stockholm Arlanda Airport">Stockholm</a>, <a href="/wiki/G%C3%B6teborg_Landvetter_Airport" title="Göteborg Landvetter Airport">Gothenburg</a> and <a href="/wiki/Malm%C3%B6_Airport" title="Malmö Airport">Malmö</a> airports to <a href="/wiki/World_Fuel_Services" class="mw-redirect" title="World Fuel Services">World Fuel Services</a> in 2015.<a href="#cite_note-ain19082015-143">[143]</a> In 2016, BP sold its <a href="/wiki/Decatur,_Alabama" title="Decatur, Alabama">Decatur, Alabama</a>, plant to <a href="/wiki/Indorama_Ventures" title="Indorama Ventures">Indorama Ventures</a>, of <a href="/wiki/Thailand" title="Thailand">Thailand</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Blum16-144">[144]</a> At the same year, its Norwegian daughter company BP Norge merged with Det Norske Oljeselskap to form <a href="/wiki/Aker_BP" title="Aker BP">Aker BP</a>.<a href="#cite_note-rigzone300916-145">[145]</a> In April 2017, the company reached an agreement to sell its <a href="/wiki/Forties_pipeline_system" title="Forties pipeline system">Forties pipeline system</a> in the North Sea to <a href="/wiki/Ineos" title="Ineos">Ineos</a> for $250 million. The sale included terminals at <a href="/wiki/Dalmeny" title="Dalmeny">Dalmeny</a> and Kinneil, a site in Aberdeen, and the Forties Unity Platform.<a href="#cite_note-146">[146]</a> In 2017, the company floated its subsidiary BP Midstream Partners LP, a pipeline operator in the United States, at the New York Stock Exchange. In Argentina, BP and <a href="/wiki/Bridas_Corporation" title="Bridas Corporation">Bridas Corporation</a> agreed to merge their interests in Pan American Energy and Axion Energy to form a jointly owned Pan American Energy Group.<a href="#cite_note-reuters110917-147">[147]</a> In 2017, BP invested $200 million to acquire a 43% stake in the solar energy developer Lightsource Renewable Energy, a company which was renamed <a href="/wiki/Lightsource_BP" title="Lightsource BP">Lightsource BP</a>.<a href="#cite_note-bloomberg151217-148">[148]</a><a href="#cite_note-reuters151217-149">[149]</a> In March 2017, the company acquired Clean Energy's biomethane business and assets, including its production sites and existing supply contracts.<a href="#cite_note-Hardcastle17-150">[150]</a> In April 2017, its subsidiary Butamax bought an <a href="/wiki/Isobutanol" title="Isobutanol">isobutanol</a> production company Nesika Energy.<a href="#cite_note-biomass030417-151">[151]</a> In 2018, the company purchased <a href="/wiki/BHP" title="BHP">BHP</a>'s shale assets in Texas and Louisiana, including <a href="/w/index.php?title=Petrohawk_Energy&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Petrohawk Energy (page does not exist)">Petrohawk Energy</a>, for $10.5 billion, which were integrated with its subsidiary BPX Energy.<a href="#cite_note-denver040220-152">[152]</a> Also in 2018, BP bought a 16.5% interest in the Clair field in the UK from <a href="/wiki/ConocoPhillips" title="ConocoPhillips">ConocoPhillips</a>, increasing its share to 45.1%. BP paid £1.3 billion and gave to ConocoPhillips its 39.2% non-operated stake in the <a href="/wiki/Kuparuk_River_Oil_Field" class="mw-redirect" title="Kuparuk River Oil Field">Kuparuk River Oil Field</a> and satellite oil fields in Alaska.<a href="#cite_note-energyvoice300419-153">[153]</a> In December 2018, BP sold its wind assets in Texas.<a href="#cite_note-renewablenow261218-154">[154]</a> In 2018, BP acquired <a href="/wiki/BP_Chargemaster" class="mw-redirect" title="BP Chargemaster">Chargemaster</a>, which operated the UK's largest electric vehicle charging network.<a href="#cite_note-electrive200319-155">[155]</a> In 2019, BP and <a href="/wiki/Didi_Chuxing" class="mw-redirect" title="Didi Chuxing">Didi Chuxing</a> formed a joint venture to build out electric vehicle charging infrastructure in China. In September 2020, BP announced it will build out a rapid charging network in London for <a href="/wiki/Uber" title="Uber">Uber</a>.<a href="#cite_note-icis141020-156">[156]</a> In January 2019, BP discovered 1 billion barrels (160×10<s style="display:none">^</s>6 m3) oil at its Thunder Horse location in the Gulf of Mexico. The company also announced plans to spend $1.3 billion on a third phase of its Atlantis field near New Orleans.<a href="#cite_note-157">[157]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="2020_to_present">2020 to present</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=BP&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: 2020 to present">edit</a>]</div> <a href="/wiki/Helge_Lund" title="Helge Lund">Helge Lund</a> succeeded Carl-Henric Svanberg on 1 January 2019 as chairman of BP Plc board of directors,<a href="#cite_note-bp280418-158">[158]</a> and <a href="/wiki/Bernard_Looney" title="Bernard Looney">Bernard Looney</a> succeeded Bob Dudley on 5 February 2020 as chief executive.<a href="#cite_note-LooneyCEO-159">[159]</a> Amidst the <a href="/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic" title="COVID-19 pandemic">COVID-19 pandemic</a>, BP claimed that it would "accelerate the transition to a lower carbon economy and energy system" after announcing that the company had to write down $17.5 billion for the second quarter of 2020.<a href="#cite_note-160">[160]</a> On 29 June 2020, BP sold its petrochemicals unit to <a href="/wiki/Ineos" title="Ineos">Ineos</a> for $5 billion. The business was focused on <a href="/wiki/Aromatics" class="mw-redirect" title="Aromatics">aromatics</a> and <a href="/wiki/Acetyl" class="mw-redirect" title="Acetyl">acetyls</a>. It had interests in 14 plants in Asia, Europe and the U.S., and achieved production of 9.7 million metric tons in 2019.<a href="#cite_note-161">[161]</a> On 30 June 2020, BP sold all its Alaska upstream operations and interests, including interests in <a href="/wiki/Prudhoe_Bay_Oil_Field" title="Prudhoe Bay Oil Field">Prudhoe Bay Oil Field</a>, to <a href="/wiki/Hilcorp" title="Hilcorp">Hilcorp</a> for $5.6 billion.<a href="#cite_note-reuters270819-162">[162]</a><a href="#cite_note-adn300620-163">[163]</a> On 14 December 2020, it sold its 49% stake in the <a href="/wiki/Trans-Alaska_Pipeline_System" title="Trans-Alaska Pipeline System">Trans-Alaska Pipeline System</a> to Harvest Alaska.<a href="#cite_note-hbj181220-164">[164]</a><a href="#cite_note-rigzone231220-165">[165]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:A_modern_BP_gas_station_or_filling_station_in_the_United_States_05.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ea/A_modern_BP_gas_station_or_filling_station_in_the_United_States_05.jpg/220px-A_modern_BP_gas_station_or_filling_station_in_the_United_States_05.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="149" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ea/A_modern_BP_gas_station_or_filling_station_in_the_United_States_05.jpg/330px-A_modern_BP_gas_station_or_filling_station_in_the_United_States_05.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ea/A_modern_BP_gas_station_or_filling_station_in_the_United_States_05.jpg/440px-A_modern_BP_gas_station_or_filling_station_in_the_United_States_05.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3944" data-file-height="2675" /></a><figcaption>Modern BP gas pumps in <a href="/wiki/North_Carolina" title="North Carolina">North Carolina</a></figcaption></figure> In September 2020, BP formed a partnership with Equinor to develop offshore wind and announced it will acquire 50% non-operating stake in the Empire Wind off New York and Beacon Wind off Massachusetts offshore wind farms. The deal is expected to be completed at the first half of 2021.<a href="#cite_note-reuters100920-166">[166]</a> In December 2020, BP acquired a majority stake in Finite Carbon, the largest forest <a href="/wiki/Carbon_offset" class="mw-redirect" title="Carbon offset">carbon offsets</a> developer in the United States.<a href="#cite_note-reuters161220-167">[167]</a> In response to the <a href="/wiki/2022_Russian_invasion_of_Ukraine" class="mw-redirect" title="2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine">2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine</a>, BP announced that it would sell its 19.75% stake in Rosneft, although no timeline was announced.<a href="#cite_note-168">[168]</a> At the time of BP's decision, Rosneft's activities accounted for around half of BP's oil and gas reserves and a third of its production.<a href="#cite_note-169">[169]</a> BP's decision came after the British government expressed concern about BP's involvement in Russia.<a href="#cite_note-170">[170]</a><a href="#cite_note-171">[171]</a> However, BP remained a Rosneft shareholder throughout the whole 2022 year, which caused some criticism from the Ukrainian president's office.<a href="#cite_note-172">[172]</a> In October 2022, BP announced that it would be acquiring Archaea Energy Inc., a renewable natural gas producer, for $4.1 billion.<a href="#cite_note-173">[173]</a> In December 2022, it was announced BP had completed the acquisition of Archaea Energy Inc. for $3.3 billion.<a href="#cite_note-174">[174]</a> In November 2022, the company announced a large increase in profit for the period from July to September due to the high fuel prices caused by the <a href="/wiki/2022_Russian_invasion_of_Ukraine" class="mw-redirect" title="2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine">Russian invasion of Ukraine</a>.<a href="#cite_note-175">[175]</a> In February 2023, BP reported record annual profits, on a replacement cost basis, for the year 2022. On that basis, 2022 profits were more than double than in 2021, and they were also the biggest profits in the whole 114-year long history of BP.<a href="#cite_note-176">[176]</a> After 10 years of force majeure, BP, <a href="/wiki/Eni" title="Eni">Eni</a> and <a href="/wiki/Sonatrach" title="Sonatrach">Sonatrach</a> resumed exploration in their blocks in the Ghadames Basin (A-B) and offshore Block C in August 2023, continuing their contract obligations.<a href="#cite_note-177">[177]</a><a href="#cite_note-178">[178]</a> BP increased its <a href="/wiki/Dividend" title="Dividend">dividend</a> by 10% year-on-year in early 2024 and accelerated share buybacks. It has already announced $1.75 billion before reporting first quarter results and intends to announce a $3.5 billion share buyback in the first half of the year.<a href="#cite_note-179">[179]</a> <a href="/wiki/Murray_Auchincloss" title="Murray Auchincloss">Murray Auchincloss</a> became CEO in January 2024.<a href="#cite_note-180">[180]</a> In June 2024, BP announced the acquisition of Bunge Bioenergia from <a href="/wiki/Bunge_Global" title="Bunge Global">Bunge Global</a> for US$1.4 billion. The purchase will increase BP's ethanol production to 50,000 barrels per day.<a href="#cite_note-181">[181]</a><a href="#cite_note-182">[182]</a><a href="#cite_note-183">[183]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Logo_evolution">Logo evolution</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=BP&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Logo evolution">edit</a>]</div> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-traditional"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Bp_logo1920.png" class="mw-file-description" title="1920–1930"><img alt="1920–1930" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/Bp_logo1920.png/120px-Bp_logo1920.png" decoding="async" width="120" height="62" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/Bp_logo1920.png/180px-Bp_logo1920.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/Bp_logo1920.png/240px-Bp_logo1920.png 2x" data-file-width="699" data-file-height="361" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext">1920–1930</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Bp_logo1930.png" class="mw-file-description" title="1930–1947"><img alt="1930–1947" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/42/Bp_logo1930.png/119px-Bp_logo1930.png" decoding="async" width="119" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/42/Bp_logo1930.png/179px-Bp_logo1930.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/42/Bp_logo1930.png/239px-Bp_logo1930.png 2x" data-file-width="388" data-file-height="390" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext">1930–1947</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Bp_logo1947.png" class="mw-file-description" title="1947–1961"><img alt="1947–1961" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fd/Bp_logo1947.png/119px-Bp_logo1947.png" decoding="async" width="119" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fd/Bp_logo1947.png/179px-Bp_logo1947.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fd/Bp_logo1947.png/239px-Bp_logo1947.png 2x" data-file-width="397" data-file-height="399" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext">1947–1961</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Bp_logo1961.png" class="mw-file-description" title="1961–1989"><img alt="1961–1989" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c0/Bp_logo1961.png/120px-Bp_logo1961.png" decoding="async" width="120" height="119" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c0/Bp_logo1961.png/180px-Bp_logo1961.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c0/Bp_logo1961.png/240px-Bp_logo1961.png 2x" data-file-width="401" data-file-height="397" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext">1961–1989</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Bp_logo89.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="1989–2000"><img alt="1989–2000" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e8/Bp_logo89.svg/120px-Bp_logo89.svg.png" decoding="async" width="120" height="114" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e8/Bp_logo89.svg/180px-Bp_logo89.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e8/Bp_logo89.svg/240px-Bp_logo89.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="304" data-file-height="288" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext">1989–2000</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><a href="/wiki/File:BP_Helios_logo.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="2000–present"><img alt="2000–present" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/d/d2/BP_Helios_logo.svg/90px-BP_Helios_logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="90" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/d/d2/BP_Helios_logo.svg/135px-BP_Helios_logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/d/d2/BP_Helios_logo.svg/181px-BP_Helios_logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="274" data-file-height="364" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext">2000–present</div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Operations">Operations</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=BP&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Operations">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:BP_North_Sea_Headquarters_-_geograph.org.uk_-_937691.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a8/BP_North_Sea_Headquarters_-_geograph.org.uk_-_937691.jpg/220px-BP_North_Sea_Headquarters_-_geograph.org.uk_-_937691.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="146" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a8/BP_North_Sea_Headquarters_-_geograph.org.uk_-_937691.jpg/330px-BP_North_Sea_Headquarters_-_geograph.org.uk_-_937691.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a8/BP_North_Sea_Headquarters_-_geograph.org.uk_-_937691.jpg/440px-BP_North_Sea_Headquarters_-_geograph.org.uk_-_937691.jpg 2x" data-file-width="640" data-file-height="426" /></a><figcaption>BP <a href="/wiki/North_Sea" title="North Sea">North Sea</a> Headquarters, built by the Bowmer and Kirkland group at a cost of £50 million</figcaption></figure> As of 31 December 2018<a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=BP&action=edit">[update]</a>, BP had operations in 78 countries worldwide<a href="#cite_note-AR18-glance-6">[6]</a> with the global headquarters in London, United Kingdom. BP operations are organized into three business segments, <a href="/wiki/Upstream_(petroleum_industry)" title="Upstream (petroleum industry)">Upstream</a>, <a href="/wiki/Downstream_(petroleum_industry)" title="Downstream (petroleum industry)">Downstream</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Renewable_energy" title="Renewable energy">renewables</a>.<a href="#cite_note-AR18-segments-184">[184]</a> Since 1951, BP has annually published its Statistical Review of <a href="/wiki/World_Energy" class="mw-redirect" title="World Energy">World Energy</a>, which is considered an energy industry benchmark.<a href="#cite_note-reuters120613-185">[185]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Operations_by_location">Operations by location</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=BP&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Operations by location">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="United_Kingdom">United Kingdom</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=BP&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: United Kingdom">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Hedon_Clough_and_the_BP_Chemicals_site_at_Saltend_-_geograph.org.uk_-_145508.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/31/Hedon_Clough_and_the_BP_Chemicals_site_at_Saltend_-_geograph.org.uk_-_145508.jpg/220px-Hedon_Clough_and_the_BP_Chemicals_site_at_Saltend_-_geograph.org.uk_-_145508.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="162" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/31/Hedon_Clough_and_the_BP_Chemicals_site_at_Saltend_-_geograph.org.uk_-_145508.jpg/330px-Hedon_Clough_and_the_BP_Chemicals_site_at_Saltend_-_geograph.org.uk_-_145508.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/31/Hedon_Clough_and_the_BP_Chemicals_site_at_Saltend_-_geograph.org.uk_-_145508.jpg/440px-Hedon_Clough_and_the_BP_Chemicals_site_at_Saltend_-_geograph.org.uk_-_145508.jpg 2x" data-file-width="640" data-file-height="472" /></a><figcaption>The BP chemicals plant in <a href="/wiki/Salt_End" title="Salt End">Saltend</a> near <a href="/wiki/Kingston_upon_Hull" title="Kingston upon Hull">Hull</a>, United Kingdom</figcaption></figure> BP has a major corporate campus in <a href="/wiki/Sunbury-on-Thames" title="Sunbury-on-Thames">Sunbury-on-Thames</a> which is home to around 3,500 employees and over 50 business units.<a href="#cite_note-BP-Sunbury-186">[186]</a> Its <a href="/wiki/North_Sea" title="North Sea">North Sea</a> operations are headquartered in <a href="/wiki/Aberdeen" title="Aberdeen">Aberdeen</a>, <a href="/wiki/Scotland" title="Scotland">Scotland</a>. BP's trading functions are based at <a href="/wiki/20_Canada_Square" title="20 Canada Square">20 Canada Square</a> in <a href="/wiki/Canary_Wharf" title="Canary Wharf">Canary Wharf</a>, London. BP has three major research and development centres in the UK.<a href="#cite_note-commons2012-187">[187]</a> As of 2020, and following the sale of its Andrew and Shearwater interests, BP's operations were focussed in the <a href="/wiki/Clair_oilfield" title="Clair oilfield">Clair</a>, Quad 204 and <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Trough_Area_Project" title="Eastern Trough Area Project">ETAP</a> hubs.<a href="#cite_note-188">[188]</a> In 2011, the company announced that it is focusing its investment in the UK North Sea into four development projects including the Clair, Devenick, <a href="/wiki/Schiehallion_oilfield" title="Schiehallion oilfield">Schiehallion and Loyal</a>, and Kinnoull oilfields.<a href="#cite_note-Swint2011-189">[189]</a> BP is the operator of the Clair oilfield, which has been appraised as the largest hydrocarbon resource in the UK.<a href="#cite_note-Bawden2011-190">[190]</a> There are 1,200 BP service stations in the UK.<a href="#cite_note-Gosden16-191">[191]</a><a href="#cite_note-BP-UK-192">[192]</a> Since 2018 BP operates the UK's largest <a href="/wiki/Electric_vehicle" title="Electric vehicle">electric vehicle</a> charging network through its subsidiary <a href="/wiki/BP_Pulse" title="BP Pulse">BP Pulse</a> (formerly Chargemaster).<a href="#cite_note-AR18-glance-6">[6]</a> In February 2020, BP announced a Joint Venture with <a href="/wiki/EnBW" title="EnBW">EnBW</a> to develop and operate 3GW off Offshore Wind capacity in the <a href="/wiki/Crown_Estate" title="Crown Estate">Crown Estate</a> Leasing Round 4.<a href="#cite_note-193">[193]</a> This is BP's first move into <a href="/wiki/List_of_offshore_wind_farms_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="List of offshore wind farms in the United Kingdom">Britain's Offshore wind market</a>, however, BP currently provides a range of services to the Offshore Wind sector in the UK through its subsidiary ONYX InSight who provide a range of <a href="/wiki/Predictive_maintenance" title="Predictive maintenance">Predictive Maintenance</a> and Engineering Consultancy services to the sector.<a href="#cite_note-194">[194]</a> In February 2022, BP announced it acquired a 30% stake in the <a href="/wiki/London" title="London">London</a>-based company, Green Biofuels Ltd, a producer of <a href="/wiki/Hydrogenated_vegetable_oil" class="mw-redirect" title="Hydrogenated vegetable oil">renewable hydrogenated vegetable oil</a> fuels that can be used as a direct replacement for diesel.<a href="#cite_note-195">[195]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="United_States">United States</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=BP&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: United States">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:BPAmericasHQ.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/BPAmericasHQ.JPG/220px-BPAmericasHQ.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/BPAmericasHQ.JPG/330px-BPAmericasHQ.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/BPAmericasHQ.JPG/440px-BPAmericasHQ.JPG 2x" data-file-width="2272" data-file-height="1704" /></a><figcaption>The headquarters of BP America in <a href="/wiki/Westlake_Park_(Houston)" title="Westlake Park (Houston)">Westlake Park</a>, <a href="/wiki/Houston" title="Houston">Houston</a></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Thunder_Horse_Semisub.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/39/Thunder_Horse_Semisub.jpg/220px-Thunder_Horse_Semisub.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/39/Thunder_Horse_Semisub.jpg/330px-Thunder_Horse_Semisub.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/39/Thunder_Horse_Semisub.jpg/440px-Thunder_Horse_Semisub.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1682" data-file-height="1260" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Thunder_Horse_PDQ" title="Thunder Horse PDQ">Thunder Horse PDQ</a> semi-submersible oil platform in the <a href="/wiki/Thunder_Horse_Oil_Field" title="Thunder Horse Oil Field">Thunder Horse Oil Field</a></figcaption></figure> The United States operations comprise nearly one-third of BP's operations.<a href="#cite_note-NYTBusiness2012-196">[196]</a> BP employs approximately 14,000 people in the United States.<a href="#cite_note-AR18-USlabour-197">[197]</a> In 2018, BP's total production in the United States included 385,000 barrels per day (61,200 m3/d) of oil and 1.9 billion cubic feet per day (54 million cubic metres per day) of natural gas,<a href="#cite_note-AR18-USproduction-198">[198]</a> and its refinery throughput was 703,000 barrels per day (111,800 m3/d).<a href="#cite_note-AR18-USrefinery-199">[199]</a> BP's major subsidiary in the United States is BP America, Inc. (formerly: Standard Oil Company (Ohio) and <a href="/wiki/Sohio" class="mw-redirect" title="Sohio">Sohio</a>) based in <a href="/wiki/Houston,_Texas" class="mw-redirect" title="Houston, Texas">Houston, Texas</a>.<a href="#cite_note-biz030513-200">[200]</a> BP Exploration & Production Inc., a 1996 established Houston-based subsidiary, is dealing with oil exploration and production.<a href="#cite_note-bpexploration-201">[201]</a> BP Corporation North America, Inc., provides petroleum refining services as also transportation fuel, heat and light energy.<a href="#cite_note-bpcorporation-202">[202]</a> BP Products North America, Inc., a 1954 established Houston-based subsidiary, is engaged in the exploration, development, production, refining, and marketing of oil and natural gas.<a href="#cite_note-bpproduct-203">[203]</a> BP America Production Company, a <a href="/wiki/New_Mexico" title="New Mexico">New Mexico</a>-based subsidiary, engages in oil and gas exploration and development.<a href="#cite_note-bpproduction-204">[204]</a> BP Energy Company, a Houston-based subsidiary, is a provider of natural gas, power, and risk management services to the industrial and utility sectors and a retail electric provider in Texas.<a href="#cite_note-bpenergy-205">[205]</a> BP's upstream activities in the Lower 48 states are conducted through Denver-based BPX Energy.<a href="#cite_note-denver040220-152">[152]</a> It has a 7.5 billion barrels (1.19 billion cubic metres) resource base on 5.7 million acres (23,000 km2).<a href="#cite_note-OGJ15-206">[206]</a> It has <a href="/wiki/Shale_gas_in_the_United_States" title="Shale gas in the United States">shale positions</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Shale_gas_in_the_United_States#Woodford_Shale,_Oklahoma" title="Shale gas in the United States">Woodford, Oklahoma</a>, <a href="/wiki/Shale_gas_in_the_United_States#Haynesville_Shale,_Louisiana" title="Shale gas in the United States">Haynesville, Texas</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Eagle_Ford_Formation" class="mw-redirect" title="Eagle Ford Formation">Eagle Ford, Texas</a> shales.<a href="#cite_note-Pulsinelli2014-207">[207]</a><a href="#cite_note-Rouan2012-208">[208]</a> It has <a href="/wiki/Unconventional_gas" class="mw-redirect" title="Unconventional gas">unconventional gas</a> (<a href="/wiki/Shale_gas" title="Shale gas">shale gas</a> or <a href="/wiki/Tight_gas" title="Tight gas">tight gas</a>) stakes also in Colorado, <a href="/wiki/New_Mexico" title="New Mexico">New Mexico</a> and Wyoming, primarily in the <a href="/wiki/San_Juan_Basin" title="San Juan Basin">San Juan Basin</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Hasterok2012-209">[209]</a><a href="#cite_note-ZacksJun2012-210">[210]</a><a href="#cite_note-BPUSExploration-211">[211]</a> As of 2019<a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=BP&action=edit">[update]</a>, BP produced about 300,000 barrels per day (48,000 m3/d) of oil equivalent in the <a href="/wiki/Gulf_of_Mexico" title="Gulf of Mexico">Gulf of Mexico</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Ault19-212">[212]</a> BP operates the <a href="/wiki/Atlantis_oil_field" class="mw-redirect" title="Atlantis oil field">Atlantis</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mad_Dog_oil_field" title="Mad Dog oil field">Mad Dog</a>, Na Kika, and <a href="/wiki/Thunder_Horse_oil_field" class="mw-redirect" title="Thunder Horse oil field">Thunder Horse</a> production platforms while holding interest in hubs operated by other companies.<a href="#cite_note-Ambrose17-213">[213]</a><a href="#cite_note-BP-Gulf-214">[214]</a> In April 2023, BP launched a new oil rig, the Argos, in the Gulf.<a href="#cite_note-215">[215]</a> BP operates <a href="/wiki/Whiting_Refinery" title="Whiting Refinery">Whiting Refinery</a> in Indiana<a href="#cite_note-BPUSRefining-216">[216]</a> and <a href="/wiki/Cherry_Point_Refinery" title="Cherry Point Refinery">Cherry Point Refinery</a> in Washington.<a href="#cite_note-BPUSRefining-216">[216]</a> It formerly co-owned and operated a refinery in Toledo, Ohio, with <a href="/wiki/Husky_Energy" title="Husky Energy">Husky Energy</a>, but sold its stake in the refinery in February 2023 to <a href="/wiki/Cenovus_Energy" title="Cenovus Energy">Cenovus Energy</a>.<a href="#cite_note-217">[217]</a><a href="#cite_note-218">[218]</a><a href="#cite_note-219">[219]</a> BP operates nine onshore <a href="/wiki/Wind_farms" class="mw-redirect" title="Wind farms">wind farms</a> in six states, and held an interest in another in <a href="/wiki/Hawaii" title="Hawaii">Hawaii</a> with a net generating capacity of 1,679 MW.<a href="#cite_note-BP-wind-220">[220]</a> These wind farms include the <a href="/wiki/Cedar_Creek_Wind_Farm" title="Cedar Creek Wind Farm">Cedar Creek 2</a>, <a href="/wiki/Titan_Wind_Project" title="Titan Wind Project">Titan 1</a>, Goshen North, <a href="/wiki/Flat_Ridge_Wind_Farm" title="Flat Ridge Wind Farm">Flat Ridge 1 and 2</a>, Mehoopany, <a href="/wiki/Fowler_Ridge_Wind_Farm" title="Fowler Ridge Wind Farm">Fowler Ridge 1, 2 and 3</a> and Auwahi wind farms.<a href="#cite_note-BP-wind-sites-221">[221]</a> It is also in process to acquire 50% non-operating stake in the Empire Wind off New York and Beacon Wind off Massachusetts offshore wind farms.<a href="#cite_note-reuters100920-166">[166]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Other_locations">Other locations</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=BP&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Other locations">edit</a>]</div> In Egypt, BP produces approximately 15% of the country's total oil production and 40% of its domestic gas.<a href="#cite_note-Petzet2012-222">[222]</a> The company also has offshore gas developments in the East Nile Delta Mediterranean, and in the West Nile Delta,<a href="#cite_note-ZacksJune2012-223">[223]</a> where the company has a joint investment of US$9 billion with <a href="/wiki/Wintershall_Dea" title="Wintershall Dea">Wintershall Dea</a> to develop North Alexandria and West Mediterranean concessions offshore gas fields.<a href="#cite_note-Hromadko2010-224">[224]</a><a href="#cite_note-BPWestNile2010-225">[225]</a> BP is active in offshore oil development in Angola, where it holds an interest in a total of nine oil exploration and production blocks covering more than 30,000 square kilometres (12,000 sq mi). This includes four blocks it acquired in December 2011 and an additional block that is operated by Brazilian national oil company, <a href="/wiki/Petrobras" title="Petrobras">Petrobras</a>, in which it holds a 40% stake.<a href="#cite_note-BPAngolaAcquisition-226">[226]</a> BP has a stake in exploration of two blocks of offshore deepwater assets in the South China Sea.<a href="#cite_note-China2012-227">[227]</a><a href="#cite_note-Xu2012-228">[228]</a> In India, BP owns a 30% share of oil and gas assets operated by <a href="/wiki/Reliance_Industries" title="Reliance Industries">Reliance Industries</a>, including exploration and production rights in more than 20 offshore oil and gas blocks, representing an investment of more than US$7 billion into oil and gas exploration in the country.<a href="#cite_note-Sharma2011-229">[229]</a> BP has major liquefied natural gas activities in Indonesia, where it operates the <a href="/wiki/Tangguh_gas_field" title="Tangguh gas field">Tangguh LNG</a> project, which began production in 2009 and has a capacity of 7.6 million tonnes of liquid natural gas per year.<a href="#cite_note-Grieder2009-230">[230]</a> Also in that country, the company has invested in the exploration and development of <a href="/wiki/Coalbed_methane" title="Coalbed methane">coalbed methane</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Suhana2011-231">[231]</a> BP operates in Iraq as part of the joint venture <a href="/wiki/Rumaila_Field_Operating_Organization" class="mw-redirect" title="Rumaila Field Operating Organization">Rumaila Operating Organization</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Rumaila_oil_field" title="Rumaila oil field">Rumaila oil field</a>, the world's fourth largest oilfield, where it produced over 1 million barrels per day (160×10<s style="display:none">^</s>3 m3/d) of oil equivalent in 2011.<a href="#cite_note-ReutersOct2009-232">[232]</a><a href="#cite_note-UPIJan11-233">[233]</a> A BBC investigation found in 2022 that waste-gas was being burned as close as 350 meters from people's homes. A leaked report from <a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Health_(Iraq)" title="Ministry of Health (Iraq)">Ministry of Health (Iraq)</a> blamed air pollution for 20% rise in <a href="/wiki/Cancer" title="Cancer">cancer</a> in <a href="/wiki/Basra" title="Basra">Basra</a> between 2015 and 2018.<a href="#cite_note-BBC1-234">[234]</a> The Iraqi Ministry of Health has banned its employees from speaking about the health damage.<a href="#cite_note-BBC1-234">[234]</a> Iraqi Environment Minister Jassem al-Falahi later admitted that "pollution from oil production is the main reason for increases in local cancer rates."<a href="#cite_note-235">[235]</a> In Oman, BP currently has a 60% participation interest in Block 61. Block 61 is one of Oman's largest gas blocks with a daily production capacity of 1.5 billion cubic feet of gas and more than 65,000 barrels of condensate. It covers around 3,950 km in central Oman and contains the largest tight gas development in the Middle East. On 1 February 2021, BP inked a deal to sell 20% participating interest in Block 61 to Thailand's <a href="/wiki/PTT_Exploration_and_Production" title="PTT Exploration and Production">PTT Exploration and Production Public Company Ltd. (PTTEP)</a> for a total of $2.6 billion. Upon closure of the sale, the BP will remain the block's operator with a 40% interest.<a href="#cite_note-236">[236]</a><a href="#cite_note-237">[237]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Australian_road_train_headed_by_Volvo_NH15.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/Australian_road_train_headed_by_Volvo_NH15.jpg/220px-Australian_road_train_headed_by_Volvo_NH15.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="142" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/Australian_road_train_headed_by_Volvo_NH15.jpg/330px-Australian_road_train_headed_by_Volvo_NH15.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/Australian_road_train_headed_by_Volvo_NH15.jpg/440px-Australian_road_train_headed_by_Volvo_NH15.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3388" data-file-height="2192" /></a><figcaption>A BP <a href="/wiki/Road_train" title="Road train">road train</a> in the Australian outback</figcaption></figure> BP operates the <a href="/wiki/Kwinana_Oil_Refinery" title="Kwinana Oil Refinery">Kwinana</a> refinery in <a href="/wiki/Western_Australia" title="Western Australia">Western Australia</a>, which can process up to 146,000 barrels per day (23,200 m3/d) of crude oil and is the country's largest refinery,<a href="#cite_note-Denton15-238">[238]</a> supplying fuel to 80% of Western Australia.<a href="#cite_note-McKnight17-239">[239]</a> BP is a non-operating joint venture partner in the <a href="/wiki/North_West_Shelf" title="North West Shelf">North West Shelf</a>, which produces LNG, pipeline gas, condensate and oil.<a href="#cite_note-Chambers16-240">[240]</a> The NWS venture is Australia's largest resource development and accounts for around one third of Australia's oil and gas production.<a href="#cite_note-Lanis17-241">[241]</a><a href="#cite_note-Daiss16-242">[242]</a> BP operates the two largest oil and gas production projects in the Azerbaijan's sector of the Caspian Sea, the <a href="/wiki/Azeri%E2%80%93Chirag%E2%80%93Guneshli" class="mw-redirect" title="Azeri–Chirag–Guneshli">Azeri–Chirag–Guneshli</a> offshore oil fields, which supplies 80% of the country's oil production, and the <a href="/wiki/Shah_Deniz_gas_field" title="Shah Deniz gas field">Shah Deniz gas field</a>. It also and develops the <a href="/wiki/Shafag-Asiman" class="mw-redirect" title="Shafag-Asiman">Shafag-Asiman</a> complex of offshore geological structures.<a href="#cite_note-Neff2010-243">[243]</a><a href="#cite_note-Yevgrashina2012-244">[244]</a><a href="#cite_note-today-245">[245]</a> In addition, it operates the <a href="/wiki/Sangachal_Terminal" title="Sangachal Terminal">Sangachal terminal</a> and the Azerbaijan's major export pipelines through <a href="/wiki/Georgia_(country)" title="Georgia (country)">Georgia</a> such as <a href="/wiki/Baku%E2%80%93Tbilisi%E2%80%93Ceyhan_pipeline" title="Baku–Tbilisi–Ceyhan pipeline">Baku–Tbilisi–Ceyhan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Baku%E2%80%93Supsa_Pipeline" title="Baku–Supsa Pipeline">Baku–Supsa</a> and <a href="/wiki/South_Caucasus_Pipeline" title="South Caucasus Pipeline">South Caucasus</a> pipelines.<a href="#cite_note-246">[246]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Oil_depot,_Frontignan,_H%C3%A9rault_01.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d7/Oil_depot%2C_Frontignan%2C_H%C3%A9rault_01.jpg/220px-Oil_depot%2C_Frontignan%2C_H%C3%A9rault_01.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="137" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d7/Oil_depot%2C_Frontignan%2C_H%C3%A9rault_01.jpg/330px-Oil_depot%2C_Frontignan%2C_H%C3%A9rault_01.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d7/Oil_depot%2C_Frontignan%2C_H%C3%A9rault_01.jpg/440px-Oil_depot%2C_Frontignan%2C_H%C3%A9rault_01.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4882" data-file-height="3051" /></a><figcaption>A GDH (subsidiary of BP) oil depot, Frontigan, Hérault, France</figcaption></figure> BP's refining operations in continental Europe include Europe's second-largest oil refinery, located in Rotterdam, the Netherlands, which can process up to 377,000 barrels (59,900 m3) of crude oil per day.<a href="#cite_note-Reuters2009-247">[247]</a> Other facilities are located in Ingolstadt, Gelsenkirchen and Lingen, in Germany, as well as one in Castellón, Spain.<a href="#cite_note-248">[248]</a> In addition to its offshore operations in the British zone of North Sea, BP has interests in the Norwegian section of the sea through its stake in Aker BP. As of December 2018<a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=BP&action=edit">[update]</a>, BP holds a 19.75% stake in Russia's state-controlled oil company Rosneft.<a href="#cite_note-:2-132">[132]</a><a href="#cite_note-reuters220313-134">[134]</a><a href="#cite_note-AR18-Rosneft-249">[249]</a> Retail operations of motor vehicle fuels in Europe are present in the United Kingdom, France, Germany (through the Aral brand), the Netherlands, Switzerland, Italy, Austria, Poland, Greece and Turkey.<a href="#cite_note-250">[250]</a><a href="#cite_note-251">[251]</a><a href="#cite_note-252">[252]</a> BP's Canadian operations are headquartered in <a href="/wiki/Calgary" title="Calgary">Calgary</a> and the company operates primarily in <a href="/wiki/Newfoundland" class="mw-redirect" title="Newfoundland">Newfoundland</a>.<a href="#cite_note-253">[253]</a> It purchases crude oil for the company's refineries in the United States, and has a 35 per cent stake in the undeveloped Bay du Nord project and three offshore exploration block in <a href="/wiki/Newfoundland" class="mw-redirect" title="Newfoundland">Newfoundland</a>.<a href="#cite_note-upstream1611112-254">[254]</a> BP is the largest oil and gas producer in <a href="/wiki/Trinidad_and_Tobago" title="Trinidad and Tobago">Trinidad and Tobago</a>, where it holds more than 1,350 square kilometres (520 sq mi) of offshore assets and is the largest shareholder in <a href="/wiki/Atlantic_LNG" title="Atlantic LNG">Atlantic LNG</a>, one of the largest <a href="/wiki/LNG_plant" class="mw-redirect" title="LNG plant">LNG plants</a> in <a href="/wiki/Western_Hemisphere" title="Western Hemisphere">Western Hemisphere</a>.<a href="#cite_note-UPIMay11-255">[255]</a> In Brazil, BP holds stakes in offshore oil and gas exploration in the Barreirinhas, Ceará and <a href="/wiki/Campos_Basin" title="Campos Basin">Campos</a> basins, in addition to onshore processing facilities.<a href="#cite_note-Flynn2012-256">[256]</a> BP also operates biofuel production facilities in Brazil, including three cane sugar mills for ethanol production.<a href="#cite_note-Fick2011-257">[257]</a><a href="#cite_note-reuters140911-258">[258]</a> BP operated in Singapore until 2004 when it sold its retail network of 28 stations and LPG business to <a href="/wiki/Singapore_Petroleum_Company" title="Singapore Petroleum Company">Singapore Petroleum Company</a> (SPC). It also sold its 50% in SPC.<a href="#cite_note-259">[259]</a> BP's Türkiye Operator was <a href="/wiki/Petrol_Ofisi" title="Petrol Ofisi">Petrol Ofisi</a>. (<a href="/wiki/Vitol" title="Vitol">Vitol</a>) (Agreement in place expected 2024.<a href="#cite_note-260">[260]</a>) <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Exploration_and_production">Exploration and production</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=BP&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Exploration and production">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Oil_fields_operated_by_BP" title="Oil fields operated by BP">Oil fields operated by BP</a></div> BP Upstream's activities include exploring for new oil and natural gas resources, developing access to such resources, and producing, transporting, storing and processing oil and natural gas.<a href="#cite_note-Forbes2012-261">[261]</a><a href="#cite_note-CNNMoney2011-262">[262]</a> The activities in this area of operations take place in 25 countries worldwide. In 2018, BP produced around 3.7 million barrels per day (590×10<s style="display:none">^</s>3 m3/d) of oil equivalent,<a href="#cite_note-AR18-glance-6">[6]</a> of which 2.191 million barrels per day (348.3×10<s style="display:none">^</s>3 m3/d) were liquids and 8.659 billion cubic feet per day (245.2 million cubic metres per day) was natural gas, and had total proved reserves of 19,945 million barrels (3,171.0×10<s style="display:none">^</s>6 m3) of oil equivalent, of which liquids accounted 11,456 million barrels (1,821.4×10<s style="display:none">^</s>6 m3) barrels and natural gas 49.239 trillion cubic feet (1.3943 trillion cubic metres).<a href="#cite_note-AR18-estimates-263">[263]</a> In addition to the conventional oil exploration and production, BP has a stake in the three oil sands projects in Canada.<a href="#cite_note-fp300712-115">[115]</a><a href="#cite_note-reuters240620-264">[264]</a> BP had plans to drop its oil and gas production to fall by at least one million barrels a day by 2030, a 40% reduction on 2019 levels, but this was scrapped in October 2024, with plans for an increase in production instead.<a href="#cite_note-:4-265">[265]</a><a href="#cite_note-cnn040820-266">[266]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Refining_and_marketing">Refining and marketing</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=BP&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Refining and marketing">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Aral.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/10/Aral.JPG/220px-Aral.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/10/Aral.JPG/330px-Aral.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/10/Aral.JPG/440px-Aral.JPG 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="536" /></a><figcaption>An <a href="/wiki/Aral_AG" title="Aral AG">Aral</a> service station in Weiterstadt, Germany</figcaption></figure> BP downstream's activities include the refining, marketing, manufacturing, transportation, trading and supply of <a href="/wiki/Crude_oil" class="mw-redirect" title="Crude oil">crude oil</a> and <a href="/wiki/Petroleum_product" title="Petroleum product">petroleum products</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Forbes2012-261">[261]</a> Downstream is responsible for BP's fuels and lubricants businesses, and has major operations located in Europe, North America and Asia.<a href="#cite_note-ReutersProfile2012-267">[267]</a> As of 2018, BP owned or had a share in 11 refineries.<a href="#cite_note-AR18-USrefinery-199">[199]</a> BP, which employs about 1,800 people in oil trading and trades over 5 million barrels per day (790×10<s style="display:none">^</s>3 m3/d) of oil and refined products, is the world's third-biggest oil trader after <a href="/wiki/Royal_Dutch_Shell" class="mw-redirect" title="Royal Dutch Shell">Royal Dutch Shell</a> and <a href="/wiki/Vitol" title="Vitol">Vitol</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Reuters_BP_trading-268">[268]</a> The operation is estimated to be able to generate over $1 billion trading profits in a good year.<a href="#cite_note-Reuters_BP_trading-268">[268]</a> <a href="/wiki/Air_BP" title="Air BP">Air BP</a> is the aviation division of BP, providing <a href="/wiki/Aviation_fuel" title="Aviation fuel">aviation fuel</a>, lubricants & services. It has operations in over 50 countries worldwide. <a href="/wiki/BP_Shipping" title="BP Shipping">BP Shipping</a> provides the logistics to move BP's oil and gas cargoes to market, as well as marine structural assurance.<a href="#cite_note-269">[269]</a> It manages a large fleet of vessels most of which are held on long-term operating leases. BP Shipping's chartering teams based in London, Singapore, and Chicago also charter third party vessels on both time charter and voyage charter basis. The BP-managed fleet consists of <a href="/wiki/Very_Large_Crude_Carrier" class="mw-redirect" title="Very Large Crude Carrier">Very Large Crude Carriers</a> (VLCCs), one North Sea shuttle tanker, medium size crude and product carriers, <a href="/wiki/LNG_carrier" title="LNG carrier">liquefied natural gas (LNG) carriers</a>, <a href="/wiki/LPG_carrier" class="mw-redirect" title="LPG carrier">liquefied petroleum gas (LPG) carriers</a>, and coasters. All of these ships are double-hulled.<a href="#cite_note-270">[270]</a> BP has around 18,700 service stations worldwide.<a href="#cite_note-AR18-glance-6">[6]</a> Its flagship retail brand is BP Connect, a chain of service stations combined with a convenience store,<a href="#cite_note-BPServiceStations-271">[271]</a> although in the US it is gradually being transitioned to the <a href="/wiki/Ampm" title="Ampm">ampm</a> format. BP also owns half of Kentucky-based convenience store company <a href="/wiki/Thorntons_LLC" title="Thorntons LLC">Thorntons LLC</a> with ArcLight Capital Partners (who own the Gulf brand in the United States) since 2019. On 13 July 2021, BP announced it will take acquire ArcLight Capital Partners' share of Thorntons, and thus fully own the convenience store company. The deal is expected to close later in the year.<a href="#cite_note-272">[272]</a> In Germany and Luxembourg, BP operates service stations under the <a href="/wiki/Aral_AG" title="Aral AG">Aral</a> brand.<a href="#cite_note-BPAral-97">[97]</a> On the US West Coast, in the states of California, Oregon, Washington, Nevada, Idaho, Arizona, and Utah, BP primarily operates service stations under the ARCO brand.<a href="#cite_note-BPArco-273">[273]</a> In Australia BP operates a number of BP Travel Centres, large-scale destination sites located which, in addition to the usual facilities in a BP Connect site, also feature food-retail tenants such as <a href="/wiki/McDonald%27s" title="McDonald's">McDonald's</a>, <a href="/wiki/KFC" title="KFC">KFC</a> and <a href="/wiki/Nando%27s" title="Nando's">Nando's</a> and facilities for long-haul truck drivers.<a href="#cite_note-BP_Truck_Stop_Australia-274">[274]</a> <a href="/wiki/Castrol" title="Castrol">Castrol</a> is BP's main brand for industrial and <a href="/wiki/Automotive" class="mw-redirect" title="Automotive">automotive</a> <a href="/wiki/Lubricants" class="mw-redirect" title="Lubricants">lubricants</a> and is applied to a large range of BP oils, <a href="/wiki/Grease_(lubricant)" title="Grease (lubricant)">greases</a> and similar products for most <a href="/wiki/Lubrication" title="Lubrication">lubrication</a> applications.<a href="#cite_note-BPCastrol-275">[275]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Clean_energy_rhetoric">Clean energy rhetoric</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=BP&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Clean energy rhetoric">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:SolarpanelBp.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/SolarpanelBp.JPG/220px-SolarpanelBp.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="124" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/SolarpanelBp.JPG/330px-SolarpanelBp.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/SolarpanelBp.JPG/440px-SolarpanelBp.JPG 2x" data-file-width="532" data-file-height="299" /></a><figcaption>A BP photovoltaic (PV) module that is composed of multiple PV cells. Two or more interconnected PV modules create an array.</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Fowler_Ridge_Wind_Farm_2621902438.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8d/Fowler_Ridge_Wind_Farm_2621902438.jpg/220px-Fowler_Ridge_Wind_Farm_2621902438.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="148" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8d/Fowler_Ridge_Wind_Farm_2621902438.jpg/330px-Fowler_Ridge_Wind_Farm_2621902438.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8d/Fowler_Ridge_Wind_Farm_2621902438.jpg/440px-Fowler_Ridge_Wind_Farm_2621902438.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3880" data-file-height="2607" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Fowler_Ridge_Wind_Farm" title="Fowler Ridge Wind Farm">Fowler Ridge Wind Farm</a></figcaption></figure> BP's public rhetoric and pledges emphasise that the company is shifting towards climate-friendly, low-carbon and transition strategies. However, a 2022 study found that the company's spending on clean energy was insignificant and opaque, with little to suggest that the company's discourse matched its actions.<a href="#cite_note-276">[276]</a> BP was the first of <a href="/wiki/Supermajor" class="mw-redirect" title="Supermajor">supermajors</a> to say that it would focus on energy sources other than fossil fuels.<a href="#cite_note-reuters151217-149">[149]</a> It established an <a href="/wiki/Alternative_energy" class="mw-redirect" title="Alternative energy">alternative</a> and low carbon energy business in 2005. According to the company, it spent a total of $8.3 billion in renewable energy projects including solar, wind, and <a href="/wiki/Biofuels" class="mw-redirect" title="Biofuels">biofuels</a>, and non-renewable projects including <a href="/wiki/Natural_gas" title="Natural gas">natural gas</a> and <a href="/wiki/Hydrogen_power" class="mw-redirect" title="Hydrogen power">hydrogen power</a>, through completion in 2013.<a href="#cite_note-Schiller-2012-277">[277]</a><a href="#cite_note-Wells2012-278">[278]</a><a href="#cite_note-sieber151217-279">[279]</a> The relatively small size of BP's alternative energy operations has led to allegations of <a href="/wiki/Greenwashing" title="Greenwashing">greenwashing</a> by <a href="/wiki/Greenpeace" title="Greenpeace">Greenpeace</a>,<a href="#cite_note-greenpeace211010-280">[280]</a> <a href="/wiki/Mother_Jones_(magazine)" title="Mother Jones (magazine)">Mother Jones</a>,<a href="#cite_note-motherjones040510-281">[281]</a> and energy analyst and activist <a href="/wiki/Antonia_Juhasz" title="Antonia Juhasz">Antonia Juhasz</a>,<a href="#cite_note-accuracy210812-282">[282]</a> among others.<a href="#cite_note-guardian201108-283">[283]</a> In 2018, the CEO Bob Dudley said that out of the company's total spending of $15 to $17 billion per year, about $500 million will be invested in low-carbon energy and technology.<a href="#cite_note-reuters210518-284">[284]</a> In August 2020, BP promised to increase its annual low carbon investments to $5 billion by 2030.<a href="#cite_note-cnn040820-266">[266]</a> The company announced plans to transform into an integrated energy company, with a renewed focus on investing away from oil and into low-carbon technologies.<a href="#cite_note-285">[285]</a> It has set targets to have a renewables portfolio of 20 GW by 2025, and 50 GW by 2030.<a href="#cite_note-286">[286]</a> BP operates nine wind farms in seven states of the U.S., and held an interest in another in <a href="/wiki/Hawaii" title="Hawaii">Hawaii</a> with a net generating capacity of 1,679 MW.<a href="#cite_note-BP-wind-220">[220]</a> It is also in process to acquire 50% non-operating stake in the Empire Wind off New York and Beacon Wind off Massachusetts offshore wind farms.<a href="#cite_note-reuters100920-166">[166]</a> BP and <a href="/wiki/Tesla,_Inc." title="Tesla, Inc.">Tesla, Inc.</a> are cooperating for testing the energy storage by battery at the Titan 1 wind farm.<a href="#cite_note-AR18-wind-287">[287]</a> BP Launchpad has also invested in ONYX InSight, one of the leading providers of predictive analytic solutions serving the wind industry.<a href="#cite_note-energyvoice230120-288">[288]</a> In Brazil, BP owns two ethanol producers—Companhia Nacional de Açúcar e Álcool andTropical BioEnergia—with three ethanol mills.<a href="#cite_note-reuters140911-258">[258]</a> These mills produce around 800,000 cubic metres per annum (5,000,000 bbl/a) of ethanol equivalent.<a href="#cite_note-spw201217-289">[289]</a> BP has invested in an agricultural biotechnology company Chromatin, a company developing crops that can grow on marginal land and that are optimized to be used as feedstock for biofuel.<a href="#cite_note-Herndon2011-290">[290]</a> Its joint venture with DuPont called Butamax, which has developed the patented bio-butanol-producing technology,<a href="#cite_note-delaware280815-291">[291]</a> and owns an isobutanol plant in <a href="/wiki/Scandia,_Kansas" title="Scandia, Kansas">Scandia, Kansas</a>, United States.<a href="#cite_note-biomass030417-151">[151]</a> In addition BP owns biomethane production facilities in <a href="/wiki/Canton,_Michigan" title="Canton, Michigan">Canton, Michigan</a>, and North Shelby, Tennessee, as well as share of facilities under construction in <a href="/wiki/Oklahoma_City" title="Oklahoma City">Oklahoma City</a> and <a href="/wiki/Atlanta" title="Atlanta">Atlanta</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Hardcastle17-150">[150]</a> BP's subsidiary Air BP supplies aviation biofuel at <a href="/wiki/Oslo_Airport,_Gardermoen" title="Oslo Airport, Gardermoen">Oslo</a>, <a href="/wiki/Halmstad_Airport" title="Halmstad Airport">Halmstad</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Bergen_Airport,_Flesland" title="Bergen Airport, Flesland">Bergen</a> airports.<a href="#cite_note-aviationpross210817-292">[292]</a> BP owns a 43% stake in <a href="/wiki/Lightsource_BP" title="Lightsource BP">Lightsource BP</a>, a company which focuses on the managing and maintaining <a href="/wiki/Photovoltaic_power_station" title="Photovoltaic power station">solar farms</a>. As of 2017<a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=BP&action=edit">[update]</a>, Lightsource has commissioned 1.3 GW of solar capacity and manages about 2 GW of solar capacity. It plans to increase the capacity up to 8 GW through projects in the United States, India, Europe and the Middle East.<a href="#cite_note-bloomberg151217-148">[148]</a><a href="#cite_note-reuters151217-149">[149]</a> BP has invested $20 million in Israeli quick-charging battery firm StoreDot Ltd.<a href="#cite_note-bloomberg240518-293">[293]</a> It operates electric vehicle charging networks in the UK under its subsidiary <a href="/wiki/BP_Chargemaster" class="mw-redirect" title="BP Chargemaster">BP Chargemaster</a>, and in China via a joint venture with <a href="/wiki/Didi_Chuxing" class="mw-redirect" title="Didi Chuxing">Didi Chuxing</a>.<a href="#cite_note-icis141020-156">[156]</a> In partnership with <a href="/wiki/%C3%98rsted_(company)" title="Ørsted (company)">Ørsted A/S</a>, BP plans a 50 MV <a href="/wiki/Electrolyser" class="mw-redirect" title="Electrolyser">electrolyser</a> at the Lingen refinery to produce hydrogen using North Sea wind power. Production is expected to begin in 2024.<a href="#cite_note-ft101120-294">[294]</a> BP is a majority shareholder in carbon offset developer Finite Carbon,<a href="#cite_note-reuters161220-167">[167]</a> and acquired 9 GW of US solar projects in 2021.<a href="#cite_note-295">[295]</a> In 2023, following the announcement of record profits, the company scaled back their emissions targets. Originally, the company promised a 35-40% cut of emissions by the end of the decade. On 7 February, BP revised the target to a 20-30% cut in emissions, stating that it needed to keep up with the current demands for oil and gas.<a href="#cite_note-296">[296]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Corporate_affairs">Corporate affairs</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=BP&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Corporate affairs">edit</a>]</div> <div class="floatright"> <table class="wikitable sortable mw-collapsible"> <caption>Big Oil companies<a href="#cite_note-297">[a]</a> </caption> <tbody><tr> <th>Company </th> <th>Revenue (<a href="/wiki/USD" class="mw-redirect" title="USD">USD</a>)<a href="#cite_note-298">[297]</a> </th> <th>Profit (USD) </th> <th>Brands </th></tr> <tr> <td style="background:#FFE3E3;"><a href="/wiki/ExxonMobil" title="ExxonMobil">ExxonMobil</a> </td> <td style="background:#FFE3E3;">$286 billion </td> <td style="background:#FFE3E3;">$23 billion </td> <td style="background:#FFE3E3;"><a href="/wiki/Mobil" title="Mobil">Mobil</a> <a href="/wiki/Esso" title="Esso">Esso</a> <a href="/wiki/Imperial_Oil" title="Imperial Oil">Imperial Oil</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="background:#FFFACD;"><a href="/wiki/Shell_plc" title="Shell plc">Shell plc</a> </td> <td style="background:#FFFACD;">$273 billion </td> <td style="background:#FFFACD;">$20 billion </td> <td style="background:#FFFACD;"><a href="/wiki/Jiffy_Lube" title="Jiffy Lube">Jiffy Lube</a> <a href="/wiki/Pennzoil" title="Pennzoil">Pennzoil</a> <a href="/wiki/Z_Energy" title="Z Energy">Z Energy</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="background:#E0FFFF;"><a href="/wiki/TotalEnergies" title="TotalEnergies">TotalEnergies</a> </td> <td style="background:#E0FFFF;">$185 billion </td> <td style="background:#E0FFFF;">$16 billion </td> <td style="background:#E0FFFF;"><a href="/wiki/Elf_Aquitaine" title="Elf Aquitaine">Elf Aquitaine</a> <a href="/wiki/SunPower" title="SunPower">SunPower</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="background:#AEFF5C;"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">BP</a> </td> <td style="background:#AEFF5C;">$164 billion </td> <td style="background:#AEFF5C;">$7.6 billion </td> <td style="background:#AEFF5C;"><a href="/wiki/Amoco" title="Amoco">Amoco</a> <a href="/wiki/Aral_AG" title="Aral AG">Aral AG</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="background:#D4ECFF;"><a href="/wiki/Chevron_Corporation" title="Chevron Corporation">Chevron</a> </td> <td style="background:#D4ECFF;">$163 billion </td> <td style="background:#D4ECFF;">$16 billion </td> <td style="background:#D4ECFF;"><a href="/wiki/Texaco" title="Texaco">Texaco</a> <a href="/wiki/Caltex" title="Caltex">Caltex</a> <a href="/wiki/Havoline" title="Havoline">Havoline</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="background:#E7E7FF;"><a href="/wiki/Marathon_Petroleum" title="Marathon Petroleum">Marathon</a> </td> <td style="background:#E7E7FF;">$141 billion </td> <td style="background:#E7E7FF;">$10 billion </td> <td style="background:#E7E7FF;"><a href="/wiki/ARCO" title="ARCO">ARCO</a><a href="#cite_note-299">[298]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="background:#E9E9E9;"><a href="/wiki/Phillips_66" title="Phillips 66">Phillips 66</a> </td> <td style="background:#E9E9E9;">$115 billion </td> <td style="background:#E9E9E9;">$1.3 billion </td> <td style="background:#E9E9E9;"><a href="/wiki/76_(gas_station)" title="76 (gas station)">76</a> <a href="/wiki/Conoco" title="Conoco">Conoco</a> <a href="/wiki/Jet_(brand)" title="Jet (brand)">JET</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="background:#E0FFFF;"><a href="/wiki/Valero_Energy" title="Valero Energy">Valero</a> </td> <td style="background:#E0FFFF;">$108 billion </td> <td style="background:#E0FFFF;">$0.9 billion </td> <td style="background: var(--background-color-interactive, #ececec); color: var(--color-base, inherit); vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" data-sort-value="" class="table-na">— </td></tr> <tr> <td style="background:#FFFACD;"><a href="/wiki/Eni" title="Eni">Eni</a> </td> <td style="background:#FFFACD;">$77 billion </td> <td style="background:#FFFACD;">$5.8 billion </td> <td style="background: var(--background-color-interactive, #ececec); color: var(--color-base, inherit); vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" data-sort-value="" class="table-na">— </td></tr> <tr> <td style="background:#FFE3E3;"><a href="/wiki/ConocoPhillips" title="ConocoPhillips">ConocoPhillips</a> </td> <td style="background:#FFE3E3;">$48.3 billion </td> <td style="background:#FFE3E3;">$8.1 billion </td> <td style="background: var(--background-color-interactive, #ececec); color: var(--color-base, inherit); vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" data-sort-value="" class="table-na">— </td></tr> </tbody></table> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Business_trends">Business trends</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=BP&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Business trends">edit</a>]</div> The key trends of BP are (as at the financial year ending December 31):<a href="#cite_note-300">[299]</a> <table class="wikitable float-left" style="text-align: center;"> <tbody><tr> <th>Year </th> <th>Revenue (US$ bn) </th> <th>Net income (US$ bn) </th> <th>Employees (k) </th></tr> <tr> <td>2017 </td> <td>240 </td> <td>3.4 </td> <td>74.7 </td></tr> <tr> <td>2018 </td> <td>298 </td> <td>9.4 </td> <td>75.0 </td></tr> <tr> <td>2019 </td> <td>278 </td> <td>4.0 </td> <td>70.1 </td></tr> <tr> <td>2020 </td> <td>180 </td> <td>–20.3 </td> <td>63.6 </td></tr> <tr> <td>2021 </td> <td>164 </td> <td>7.6 </td> <td>64.0 </td></tr> <tr> <td>2022 </td> <td>248 </td> <td>–2.5 </td> <td>66.3 </td></tr> <tr> <td>2023 </td> <td>213 </td> <td>15.2 </td> <td>66.5 </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Management">Management</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=BP&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Management">edit</a>]</div> As of October 2023, the following individuals serve on the <a href="/wiki/Board_of_directors" title="Board of directors">board</a>:<a href="#cite_note-301">[300]</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Helge_Lund" title="Helge Lund">Helge Lund</a> (chairman)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Murray_Auchincloss" title="Murray Auchincloss">Murray Auchincloss</a> (<a href="/wiki/Chief_executive_officer" title="Chief executive officer">chief executive officer</a>)</li> <li>Paula Rosput Reynolds (senior independent director)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amanda_Blanc" title="Amanda Blanc">Amanda Blanc</a> (independent non-executive director)</li> <li>Pamela Daley (independent non-executive director)</li> <li>Melody Meyer (independent non-executive director)</li> <li>Tushar Morzaria (independent non-executive director)</li> <li>Hina Nagarajan (independent non-executive director)</li> <li>Satish Pai (independent non-executive director)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karen_Richardson" title="Karen Richardson">Karen Richardson</a> (independent non-executive director)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Sawers" title="John Sawers">Sir John Sawers</a> (independent non-executive director)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Johannes_Teyssen" title="Johannes Teyssen">Johannes Teyssen</a> (independent non-executive director)</li> <li>Ben Mathews (company secretary)</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Past_chairmen">Past chairmen</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=BP&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Past chairmen">edit</a>]</div> Past chairmen have included:<a href="#cite_note-302">[301]</a><a href="#cite_note-303">[302]</a><a href="#cite_note-304">[303]</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/William_Fraser,_1st_Baron_Strathalmond" title="William Fraser, 1st Baron Strathalmond">The Lord Strathalmond</a>, 1954–1956</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Basil_Jackson" title="Basil Jackson">Basil Jackson</a>, 1956–1957</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neville_Gass" title="Neville Gass">Sir Neville Gass</a>, 1957–1960</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maurice_Bridgeman" title="Maurice Bridgeman">Sir Maurice Bridgeman</a>, 1960–1969</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eric_Drake" title="Eric Drake">Sir Eric Drake</a>, 1969–1975</li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Steel_(businessman)" title="David Steel (businessman)">Sir David Steel</a>, 1975–1981</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peter_Walters" title="Peter Walters">Sir Peter Walters</a>, 1981–1990</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Horton_(businessman)" title="Robert Horton (businessman)">Sir Robert Horton</a>, 1990–1992</li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Baring,_7th_Baron_Ashburton" title="John Baring, 7th Baron Ashburton">The Lord Ashburton</a>, 1992–1995</li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Simon,_Baron_Simon_of_Highbury" title="David Simon, Baron Simon of Highbury">The Lord Simon of Highbury</a>, 1995–1997</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peter_Sutherland" title="Peter Sutherland">Peter Sutherland</a>, 1997–2009</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carl-Henric_Svanberg" title="Carl-Henric Svanberg">Carl-Henric Svanberg</a>, 2010–2018</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Helge_Lund" title="Helge Lund">Helge Lund</a>, 2019–</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Stock">Stock</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=BP&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Stock">edit</a>]</div> The company's shares are primarily traded on the London Stock Exchange, but also listed on the Frankfurt Stock Exchange in Germany. In the United States shares are traded in US$ on the New York Stock Exchange in the form of <a href="/wiki/American_depositary_receipt" title="American depositary receipt">American depository shares</a> (ADS). One ADS represents six ordinary shares.<a href="#cite_note-BPShare-305">[304]</a> Following the United States <a href="/wiki/Federal_Trade_Commission" title="Federal Trade Commission">Federal Trade Commission</a>'s approval of the BP-Amoco merger in 1998, Amoco's stock was removed from the <a href="/wiki/S%26P_500" title="S&P 500">S&P 500</a> and was merged with BP shares on the <a href="/wiki/London_Stock_Exchange" title="London Stock Exchange">London Stock Exchange</a>.<a href="#cite_note-BBC1998-306">[305]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Branding_and_public_relations">Branding and public relations</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=BP&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Branding and public relations">edit</a>]</div> In the first quarter of 2001 the company adopted the marketing name of BP, and replaced its "Green Shield" logo with the "Helios" symbol, a green and yellow sunflower logo named after the <a href="/wiki/Helios" title="Helios">Greek sun god</a> and designed to represent energy in its many forms. BP introduced a new corporate slogan – "Beyond Petroleum" along with a $200M advertising and marketing campaign.<a href="#cite_note-Ries-307">[306]</a><a href="#cite_note-Landman-308">[307]</a> According to the company, the new slogan represented their focus on meeting the growing demand for fossil fuels, manufacturing and delivering more advanced products, and to enable transitioning to a lower carbon footprint.<a href="#cite_note-309">[308]</a> By 2008, BP's branding campaign had succeeded with the culmination of a 2007 Effie Award from the <a href="/wiki/American_Marketing_Association" title="American Marketing Association">American Marketing Association</a>, and consumers had the impression that BP was one of the greenest petroleum companies in the world.<a href="#cite_note-310">[309]</a> BP was criticised by environmentalists and marketing experts, who stated that the company's alternative energy activities were only a fraction of the company's business at the time.<a href="#cite_note-311">[310]</a> According to <a href="/wiki/Democracy_Now" class="mw-redirect" title="Democracy Now">Democracy Now</a>, BP's marketing campaign amounted to a deceptive <a href="/wiki/Greenwashing" title="Greenwashing">greenwashing</a> public-relations <a href="/wiki/Spin_(public_relations)" class="mw-redirect" title="Spin (public relations)">spin campaign</a> given that BP's 2008 budget included more than $20 billion for fossil fuel investment and less than $1.5 billion for all alternative forms of energy.<a href="#cite_note-Amy_Goodman-312">[311]</a><a href="#cite_note-Kempff-313">[312]</a> Oil and energy analyst <a href="/wiki/Antonia_Juhasz" title="Antonia Juhasz">Antonia Juhasz</a> notes BP's investment in green technologies peaked at 4% of its exploratory budget prior to cutbacks, including the discontinuation of BP Solar and the closure of its alternative energy headquarters in London.<a href="#cite_note-reuters211211-136">[136]</a><a href="#cite_note-Amy_Goodman-312">[311]</a> According to Juhasz, "four percent...hardly qualifies the company to be Beyond Petroleum", citing BP's "aggressive modes of production, whether it's the tar sands [or] offshore".<a href="#cite_note-Amy_Goodman-312">[311]</a> BP attained a negative public image from the series of industrial accidents that occurred through the 2000s, and its public image was severely damaged after the Deepwater Horizon explosion and Gulf Oil spill. In the immediate aftermath of the spill, <a href="/wiki/Reactions_to_the_Deepwater_Horizon_oil_spill#BP_public_relations" title="Reactions to the Deepwater Horizon oil spill">BP initially downplayed the severity of the incident</a>, and made many of the same PR errors that Exxon had made after the Exxon Valdez disaster.<a href="#cite_note-314">[313]</a><a href="#cite_note-Wired-315">[314]</a> CEO Tony Hayward was criticised for his statements and had committed several gaffes, including stating that he "wanted his life back."<a href="#cite_note-316">[315]</a> Some in the media commended BP for some of its social media efforts, such as the use of Twitter and Facebook as well as a section of the company's website where it communicated its efforts to clean up the spill.<a href="#cite_note-Slate2010-317">[316]</a><a href="#cite_note-318">[317]</a><a href="#cite_note-319">[318]</a> In February 2012 BP North America launched a $500 million branding campaign to rebuild its brand.<a href="#cite_note-320">[319]</a> The company's advertising budget was about $5 million per week during the four-month spill in the Gulf of Mexico, totalling nearly $100 million.<a href="#cite_note-321">[320]</a><a href="#cite_note-322">[321]</a> In May 2012, BP tasked a press office staff member to openly join discussions on the Wikipedia article's talk page and suggest content to be posted by other editors.<a href="#cite_note-323">[322]</a> Controversy emerged in 2013 over the amount of content from BP that had entered this article.<a href="#cite_note-zdnet2013-324">[323]</a><a href="#cite_note-325">[324]</a> Wikipedia co-founder <a href="/wiki/Jimmy_Wales" title="Jimmy Wales">Jimmy Wales</a> stated that, by identifying himself as a BP staff member, the contributor in question had complied with site policy regarding conflicts of interest.<a href="#cite_note-zdnet2013-324">[323]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Integrity_and_compliance">Integrity and compliance</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=BP&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: Integrity and compliance">edit</a>]</div> Investigative journalism by <a href="/wiki/Panorama_(TV_programme)" class="mw-redirect" title="Panorama (TV programme)">BBC Panorama</a> and Africa Eye aired in June 2019 criticising BP for the way in which it had obtained the development rights of Cayar Offshore Profond and St. Louis Offshore Profond blocks, off the coast of <a href="/wiki/Senegal" title="Senegal">Senegal</a> in 2017. In 2012, a <a href="/wiki/Frank_Timi%C8%99" title="Frank Timiș">Frank Timiș</a> company, Petro-Tim, though previously unknown to the oil industry, was awarded a license to explore the blocks despite having no known record in the industry. Soon after, Aliou Sall, brother of Senegal's president, <a href="/wiki/Macky_Sall" title="Macky Sall">Macky Sall</a>, was hired at the company, implying a conflict of interest,<a href="#cite_note-:1-326">[325]</a> causing public outrage in Senegal. The 2019 program by BBC Panorama and Africa Eye accuses BP of a failure in <a href="/wiki/Due_diligence" title="Due diligence">due diligence</a> when it agreed on a deal with Timis Corporation in 2017. The deal by BP is expected to provide substantial royalties to Frank Timiș despite accusations of initially obtaining the exploration rights through corruption. <a href="/wiki/Kosmos_Energy" title="Kosmos Energy">Kosmos Energy</a> was also implicated.<a href="#cite_note-327">[326]</a> BP refutes any implications of improper conduct. Regarding the acquisition of Timis Corporation interests in Senegal in April 2017, BP states that it "paid what it considered a fair market value for the interests at this stage of exploration/development". However, BP has not made public what was the basis of the valuation, and states that "the details of the deal are confidential".<a href="#cite_note-328">[327]</a> BP argues that "the amount which would be paid separately by BP to Timis Corporation would be less than one percent of what the Republic of Senegal would receive". Senegal's justice ministry has called an inquiry into the energy contracts.<a href="#cite_note-:1-326">[325]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="LGBTQ_recognition">LGBTQ recognition</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=BP&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: LGBTQ recognition">edit</a>]</div> In 2014, BP backed a global study researching challenges for lesbian, gay, bisexual and transgender employees and for ways that companies can be a "force for change" for LGBT workers around the world.<a href="#cite_note-FT14-329">[328]</a> In 2015, <a href="/wiki/Reuters" title="Reuters">Reuters</a> wrote that BP is "known for their more liberal policies for gay and transgender workers".<a href="#cite_note-Driver15-330">[329]</a> A 2016 article in the Houston Chronicle said BP was "among the first major companies in the United States to offer LGBT workers equal protection and benefits roughly 20 years ago".<a href="#cite_note-331">[330]</a> BP scored a 100% on the 2018 Human Rights Campaign's Corporate Equality Index, which was released in 2017, although this was the most common score.<a href="#cite_note-EqualityIndex18-332">[331]</a> Also in 2017, BP added gender reassignment surgery to its list of benefits for U.S. employees.<a href="#cite_note-Hunn17-333">[332]</a> According to the Human Rights Campaign, BP is one of only a few oil and gas companies offering transgender benefits to its employees.<a href="#cite_note-Hunn17-333">[332]</a> BP ranked No. 51 on the list of Top 100 employers for lesbian, gay, bisexual and transgender staff on the 2017 Stonewall Workplace Equality Index.<a href="#cite_note-SWEI-334">[333]</a> Also in 2017, John Mingé, chairman and president of BP America, signed a letter alongside other Houston oil executives denouncing the proposed "bathroom bill" in Texas.<a href="#cite_note-Andrews17-335">[334]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Environmental_record">Environmental record</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=BP&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: Environmental record">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Climate_policy">Climate policy</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=BP&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: Climate policy">edit</a>]</div> Prior to 1997, BP was a member of the <a href="/wiki/Global_Climate_Coalition" title="Global Climate Coalition">Global Climate Coalition</a>, an industry organisation established to promote <a href="/wiki/Global_warming_scepticism" class="mw-redirect" title="Global warming scepticism">global warming scepticism</a>, but withdrew in 1997, saying "the time to consider the policy dimensions of <a href="/wiki/Climate_change" title="Climate change">climate change</a> is not when the link between <a href="/wiki/Greenhouse_gas" title="Greenhouse gas">greenhouse gases</a> and climate change is conclusively proven, but when the possibility cannot be discounted and is taken seriously by the society of which we are part. We in BP have reached that point.".<a href="#cite_note-336">[335]</a><a href="#cite_note-Stanford_GSB-337">[336]</a> BP was distinguished as the first multinational outside of the reinsurance industry to publicly support the <a href="/wiki/Scientific_consensus_on_climate_change" title="Scientific consensus on climate change">scientific consensus on climate change</a>, which <a href="/wiki/Pew_Center_on_Global_Climate_Change" class="mw-redirect" title="Pew Center on Global Climate Change">Pew Center on Global Climate Change</a> president <a href="/wiki/Eileen_Claussen" title="Eileen Claussen">Eileen Claussen</a> then described as a transformative moment on the issue.<a href="#cite_note-338">[337]</a> In March 2002, Lord John Browne, the group chief executive of BP that time, declared in a speech that <a href="/wiki/Global_warming" class="mw-redirect" title="Global warming">global warming</a> was real and that urgent action was needed.<a href="#cite_note-nyt050610-339">[338]</a> Notwithstanding this, from 1988 to 2015 BP was responsible for 1.53% of global industrial greenhouse gas emissions.<a href="#cite_note-guardian100717-12">[12]</a> In 2015, BP was listed by the UK-based non-profit organisation Influence Map as the fiercest opponent of action on climate change in Europe.<a href="#cite_note-guardian050610-340">[339]</a> In 2018, BP was the largest contributor to the campaign opposing <a href="/wiki/Washington_Initiative_1631" class="mw-redirect" title="Washington Initiative 1631">carbon fee initiative 1631</a> in Washington State.<a href="#cite_note-341">[340]</a> Robert Allendorfer, manager of BP's Cherry Point refinery, wrote the following in a letter to state lawmakers: "[Initiative 1631] would exempt six of the ten largest stationary source emitters in the state, including a coal-fired power plant, an aluminum smelter, and a number of pulp and paper plants."<a href="#cite_note-342">[341]</a> According to a 2019 <a href="/wiki/The_Guardian" title="The Guardian">Guardian</a> ranking, BP was the 6th largest emitter of greenhouse gases in the world.<a href="#cite_note-guardian-343">[342]</a> In February 2020, BP set a goal to cut its greenhouse gas emissions to net-zero by 2050. BP is seeking <a href="/wiki/Carbon_neutrality" class="mw-redirect" title="Carbon neutrality">net-zero</a> <a href="/wiki/Carbon_emissions" class="mw-redirect" title="Carbon emissions">carbon emissions</a> across its operations and the fuels the company sells, including emissions from cars, homes, and factories.<a href="#cite_note-LooneyCEO-159">[159]</a><a href="#cite_note-LAT-Emissions-344">[343]</a><a href="#cite_note-guardian120220-345">[344]</a> Details on the scope of this and how this will be achieved are publicly limited.<a href="#cite_note-346">[345]</a> BP said that it is restructuring its operations into four business groups to meet these goals: production and operations; customers and products; gas and low carbon; and innovation and engineering.<a href="#cite_note-LooneyCEO-159">[159]</a> The company discontinued involvement with <a href="/wiki/American_Fuel_and_Petrochemical_Manufacturers" title="American Fuel and Petrochemical Manufacturers">American Fuel and Petrochemical Manufacturers</a>, <a href="/wiki/Western_States_Petroleum_Association" title="Western States Petroleum Association">Western States Petroleum Association</a>, and Western Energy Alliance, involved in lobbying government within the United States, because of differences of position on the issue of methane and carbon policies, as a development of this new commitment.<a href="#cite_note-sky260220-347">[346]</a><a href="#cite_note-bloomberg260220-348">[347]</a> However, an investigation conducted by Unearthed, an investigations unit of <a href="/wiki/Greenpeace_UK" class="mw-redirect" title="Greenpeace UK">Greenpeace UK</a>, and <a href="/wiki/HuffPost" title="HuffPost">HuffPost</a> unveiled eight anti-climate trade associations BP failed to disclose, including Alliance of Western Energy Consumers, <a href="/wiki/Texas_Oil_and_Gas_Association" title="Texas Oil and Gas Association">Texas Oil and Gas Association</a>, <a href="/wiki/Australian_Petroleum_Production_and_Exploration_Association" class="mw-redirect" title="Australian Petroleum Production and Exploration Association">Australian Petroleum Production and Exploration Association</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Business_Council_of_Australia" title="Business Council of Australia">Business Council of Australia</a>, among others.<a href="#cite_note-huffpost280920-349">[348]</a> In August 2020, BP America's chairman David Lawler criticised elimination of federal requirements to install equipment to detect and fix <a href="/wiki/Methane_leaks" class="mw-redirect" title="Methane leaks">methane leaks</a> by saying that "direct federal regulation of <a href="/wiki/Methane_emissions" title="Methane emissions">methane emissions</a> is essential to preventing leaks throughout the industry and protecting the environment."<a href="#cite_note-350">[349]</a> BP is also a founding member of <a href="/w/index.php?title=Methane_Guiding_Principles&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Methane Guiding Principles (page does not exist)">Methane Guiding Principles</a>, an industry consortium that aims to drive methane reductions throughout the global energy supply chain.<a href="#cite_note-351">[350]</a> In BP's Energy Outlook 2020, BP stated that the changing energy landscape coupled with the <a href="/wiki/Financial_market_impact_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic#Oil_prices" title="Financial market impact of the COVID-19 pandemic">economic toll of the COVID-19 pandemic</a> means that the global crude demand <a href="/wiki/Peak_oil" title="Peak oil">will never again surpass 2019's average</a>. All three scenarios in the outlook see the consumption of coal, oil, and natural gas dropping while the role of renewable energy will soar. BP was also attempting to move from being an international oil company into becoming an integrated energy company that would focus on low-carbon technologies while also setting a target to reduce its overall oil and gas production by 40% by 2030.<a href="#cite_note-352">[351]</a> This plan was scrapped in October 2024, with BP looking to increase its oil and gas production instead.<a href="#cite_note-:4-265">[265]</a> In 2021, BP was ranked as the 5th most environmentally responsible company out of 120 oil, gas, and mining companies involved in resource extraction north of the Arctic Circle in the Arctic Environmental Responsibility Index (AERI).<a href="#cite_note-353">[352]</a> In December 2022, <a href="/wiki/United_States_House_Committee_on_Oversight_and_Reform" class="mw-redirect" title="United States House Committee on Oversight and Reform">U.S. House Oversight and Reform Committee</a> Chair <a href="/wiki/Carolyn_Maloney" title="Carolyn Maloney">Carolyn Maloney</a> and <a href="/wiki/United_States_House_Oversight_Subcommittee_on_Environment" title="United States House Oversight Subcommittee on Environment">U.S. House Oversight Environment Subcommittee</a> Chair <a href="/wiki/Ro_Khanna" title="Ro Khanna">Ro Khanna</a> sent a memorandum to all House Oversight and Reform Committee members summarizing additional findings from the Committee's investigation into the fossil fuel industry disinformation campaign to obscure the role of fossil fuels in causing global warming, and that upon reviewing internal company documents, accused BP along with <a href="/wiki/ExxonMobil" title="ExxonMobil">ExxonMobil</a>, <a href="/wiki/Chevron_Corporation" title="Chevron Corporation">Chevron</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Shell_plc" title="Shell plc">Shell</a> of <a href="/wiki/Greenwashing" title="Greenwashing">greenwashing</a> their <a href="/wiki/Paris_Agreement" title="Paris Agreement">Paris Agreement</a> <a href="/wiki/Carbon_neutrality" class="mw-redirect" title="Carbon neutrality">carbon neutrality</a> pledges while continuing long-term investment in fossil fuel production and sales, for engaging in a campaign to promote the use of natural gas as a clean energy source and bridge fuel to renewable energy, and of intimidating journalists reporting about the companies' climate actions and of obstructing the Committee's investigation.<a href="#cite_note-354">[353]</a><a href="#cite_note-355">[354]</a><a href="#cite_note-356">[355]</a> After initially pledging to reduce its emissions by 35% by 2030, BP stated in 2023 that it would aim for a 20-30% reduction instead.<a href="#cite_note-357">[356]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Indigenous_rights">Indigenous rights</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=BP&action=edit&section=27" title="Edit section: Indigenous rights">edit</a>]</div> In a 2016 study, conducted by <a href="/wiki/Indra_%C3%98verland" title="Indra Øverland">Indra Øverland</a> of <a href="/wiki/Norwegian_Institute_of_International_Affairs" title="Norwegian Institute of International Affairs">Norwegian Institute of International Affairs</a> BP was ranked 15th out of 18 levels (in total 37th out of 92 oil, gas and mining companies) on indigenous rights and resource extraction in the Arctic. The ranking of companies took into account 20 criteria, such as the companies' commitments to international standards, the presence of organisational units dedicated to handling indigenous rights, competent staffing, track records on indigenous issues, transparency, and procedures for consulting with indigenous peoples, but the actual performance of companies on indigenous rights was not assessed.<a href="#cite_note-358">[357]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Hazardous_substance_dumping_1993–1995">Hazardous substance dumping 1993–1995</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=BP&action=edit&section=28" title="Edit section: Hazardous substance dumping 1993–1995">edit</a>]</div> In September 1999, one of BP's US subsidiaries, BP Exploration Alaska (BPXA), pleaded guilty to criminal charges stemming from its illegally dumping of hazardous wastes on the <a href="/wiki/Alaska_North_Slope" title="Alaska North Slope">Alaska North Slope</a>, paying fines and penalties totalling $22 million. BP paid the maximum $500,000 in criminal fines, $6.5 million in civil penalties, and established a $15 million environmental management system at all of BP facilities in the US and Gulf of Mexico that are engaged in oil exploration, drilling or production. The charges stemmed from the 1993 to 1995 dumping of hazardous wastes on <a href="/wiki/Endicott_Island" title="Endicott Island">Endicott Island</a>, Alaska by BP's contractor Doyon Drilling. The firm illegally discharged <a href="/wiki/Waste_oil" title="Waste oil">waste oil</a>, paint thinner and other toxic and hazardous substances by injecting them down the outer rim, or annuli, of the oil wells. BPXA failed to report the illegal injections when it learned of the conduct, in violation of the <a href="/wiki/Comprehensive_Environmental_Response,_Compensation_and_Liability_Act" class="mw-redirect" title="Comprehensive Environmental Response, Compensation and Liability Act">Comprehensive Environmental Response, Compensation and Liability Act</a>.<a href="#cite_note-359">[358]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Air_pollution_violations">Air pollution violations</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=BP&action=edit&section=29" title="Edit section: Air pollution violations">edit</a>]</div> In 2000, BP Amoco acquired ARCO, a Los Angeles-based oil group.<a href="#cite_note-independent.co.uk-89">[89]</a> In 2003, California's <a href="/wiki/South_Coast_Air_Quality_Management_District" title="South Coast Air Quality Management District">South Coast Air Quality Management District</a> (AQMD) filed a complaint against BP/ARCO, seeking $319 million in penalties for thousands of air pollution violations over an 8-year period.<a href="#cite_note-360">[359]</a> In January 2005, the agency filed a second suit against BP based on violations between August 2002 and October 2004. The suit alleged that BP illegally released air pollutants by failing to adequately inspect, maintain, repair and properly operate thousands of pieces of equipment across the refinery as required by AQMD regulations. It was alleged that in some cases the violations were due to negligence, while in others the violations were knowingly and willfully committed by refinery officials.<a href="#cite_note-361">[360]</a> In 2005, a settlement was reached under which BP agreed to pay $25 million in cash penalties and $6 million in past emissions fees, while spending $20 million on environmental improvements at the refinery and $30 million on community programs focused on asthma diagnosis and treatment.<a href="#cite_note-362">[361]</a> In 2013, a total of 474 <a href="/wiki/Galveston_County" class="mw-redirect" title="Galveston County">Galveston County</a> residents living near the BP Texas City Refinery filed a $1 billion lawsuit against BP, accusing the company of "intentionally misleading the public about the seriousness" of a two-week release of toxic fumes which began on 10 November 2011. "BP reportedly released Sulfur Dioxide, Methyl Carpaptan, Dimethyl Disulfide and other toxic chemicals into the atmosphere" reads the report. The lawsuit further claims Galveston county has the worst air quality in the United States due to BP's violations of air pollution laws. BP had no comment and said it would address the suit in the court system.<a href="#cite_note-Courthouse-news-4-15-13-363">[362]</a><a href="#cite_note-364">[363]</a><a href="#cite_note-Rice-April162013-365">[364]</a><a href="#cite_note-366">[365]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Colombian_farmland_damages_claim">Colombian farmland damages claim</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=BP&action=edit&section=30" title="Edit section: Colombian farmland damages claim">edit</a>]</div> In 2006, a group of <a href="/wiki/Colombia" title="Colombia">Colombian</a> farmers reached a multimillion-dollar out-of-court settlement with BP for alleged environmental damage caused by the <a href="/wiki/Ocensa_pipeline" title="Ocensa pipeline">Ocensa pipeline</a>.<a href="#cite_note-367">[366]</a> The company was accused of benefiting from a regime of terror carried out by Colombian government paramilitaries to protect the 450-mile (720 km) Ocensa pipeline; BP said throughout that it has acted responsibly and that landowners were fairly compensated.<a href="#cite_note-368">[367]</a> In 2009, another group of 95 Colombian farmers filed a suit against BP, saying the company's Ocensa pipeline caused landslides and damage to soil and groundwater, affecting crops, livestock, and contaminating water supplies, making fish ponds unsustainable. Most of the land traversed by the pipeline was owned by peasant farmers who were illiterate and unable to read the environmental impact assessment conducted by BP prior to construction, which acknowledged significant and widespread risks of damage to the land.<a href="#cite_note-369">[368]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Supreme_Court_of_Justice_of_Colombia" title="Supreme Court of Justice of Colombia">Supreme Court of Justice of Colombia</a> handed down a judgement rejecting the case in August 2016.<a href="#cite_note-370">[369]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Canadian_oil_sands">Canadian oil sands</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=BP&action=edit&section=31" title="Edit section: Canadian oil sands">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/List_of_articles_about_Canadian_oil_sands" title="List of articles about Canadian oil sands">List of articles about Canadian oil sands</a></div> Since 2007, BP has been involved in oil sands projects,<a href="#cite_note-guardian061207-371">[370]</a> which Greenpeace has called a climate crime.<a href="#cite_note-guardian071207-372">[371]</a> Members of Canada's <a href="/wiki/First_Nations_in_Canada" title="First Nations in Canada">First Nations</a> have criticised BP's involvement for the impacts oil sands extraction has on the environment.<a href="#cite_note-Macalister2009-373">[372]</a> In 2010, BP pledged to use only in-situ technologies instead of open-pit mining.<a href="#cite_note-guardian150410-374">[373]</a> It uses <a href="/wiki/Steam-assisted_gravity_drainage" title="Steam-assisted gravity drainage">steam-assisted gravity drainage</a> in-situ technology to extract <a href="/wiki/Bitumen" title="Bitumen">bitumen</a>.<a href="#cite_note-ReutersJan2010-375">[374]</a> According to Greenpeace it is even more damaging to climate because while according to the <a href="/wiki/Pembina_Institute" title="Pembina Institute">Pembina Institute</a> in-situ techniques result in lower <a href="/wiki/Nitrogen_oxide" title="Nitrogen oxide">nitrogen oxide</a> emissions, and are less damaging to the landscape and rivers, they cause more greenhouse gas and <a href="/wiki/Sulphur_dioxide" class="mw-redirect" title="Sulphur dioxide">sulphur dioxide</a> emissions than mining.<a href="#cite_note-guardian150410-374">[373]</a> In 2010, activist shareholders asked BP for a full investigation of the Sunrise oil sands project, but were defeated.<a href="#cite_note-guardian150410-374">[373]</a><a href="#cite_note-wsj150410-376">[375]</a> In 2013, shareholders criticised the project for being <a href="/wiki/Emission_intensity" title="Emission intensity">carbon-intensive</a>.<a href="#cite_note-guardian100413-377">[376]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Violations_and_accidents">Violations and accidents</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=BP&action=edit&section=32" title="Edit section: Violations and accidents">edit</a>]</div> Citing conditions similar to those that resulted in the 2005 <a href="/wiki/Texas_City_refinery_explosion" title="Texas City refinery explosion">Texas City refinery explosion</a>, on 25 April 2006, the U.S. Department of Labor's <a href="/wiki/Occupational_Safety_and_Health_Administration" title="Occupational Safety and Health Administration">Occupational Safety and Health Administration</a> (OSHA) fined BP more than $2.4 million for unsafe operations at the company's <a href="/wiki/Oregon,_Ohio" title="Oregon, Ohio">Oregon, Ohio</a> refinery. An OSHA inspection resulted in 32 per-instance wilful citations including locating people in vulnerable buildings among the processing units, failing to correct depressurisation deficiencies and deficiencies with gas monitors, and failing to prevent the use of non-approved electrical equipment in locations in which hazardous concentrations of flammable gases or vapours may exist. BP was further fined for neglecting to develop shutdown procedures and designate responsibilities and to establish a system to promptly address and resolve recommendations made after an incident when a large feed pump failed three years prior to 2006. Penalties were also issued for five serious violations, including failure to develop operating procedures for a unit that removes sulphur compound; failure to ensure that operating procedures reflect current operating practice in the Isocracker Unit; failure to resolve process hazard analysis recommendations; failure to resolve process safety management compliance audit items in a timely manner; and failure to periodically inspect pressure piping systems.<a href="#cite_note-378">[377]</a><a href="#cite_note-CNN-4-25-06-379">[378]</a> In 2008, BP and several other major oil refiners agreed to pay $422 million to settle a class-action lawsuit stemming from water contamination tied to the gasoline additive <a href="/wiki/MTBE" class="mw-redirect" title="MTBE">MTBE</a>, a chemical that was once a key gasoline ingredient. Leaked from storage tanks, MTBE has been found in several water systems across the United States. The plaintiffs maintain that the industry knew about the environmental dangers but that they used it instead of other possible alternatives because it was less expensive. The companies will also be required to pay 70% of cleanup costs for any wells newly affected at any time over the next 30 years.<a href="#cite_note-380">[379]</a><a href="#cite_note-381">[380]</a> BP has one of the worst safety records of any major oil company that operates in the United States. Between 2007 and 2010, BP refineries in Ohio and Texas accounted for 97% of "egregious, willful" violations handed out by the U.S. Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA). BP had 760 "egregious, willful" violations during that period, while Sunoco and Conoco-Phillips each had eight, Citgo two and Exxon had one.<a href="#cite_note-ABC-5-2010-382">[381]</a> The deputy assistant secretary of labour at OSHA, said "The only thing you can conclude is that BP has a serious, systemic safety problem in their company."<a href="#cite_note-383">[382]</a> A report in <a href="/wiki/ProPublica" title="ProPublica">ProPublica</a>, published in <a href="/wiki/The_Washington_Post" title="The Washington Post">The Washington Post</a>'' in 2010, found that over a decade of internal investigations of BP's Alaska operations during the 2000s warned senior BP managers that the company repeatedly disregarded safety and environmental rules and risked a serious accident if it did not change its ways. ProPublica found that "Taken together, these documents portray a company that systemically ignored its own safety policies across its North American operations – from Alaska to the Gulf of Mexico to California and Texas. Executives were not held accountable for the failures, and some were promoted despite them."<a href="#cite_note-Lustgarten-6-2010-384">[383]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Project_On_Government_Oversight" title="Project On Government Oversight">Project On Government Oversight</a>, an independent non-profit organisation in the United States which investigates and seeks to expose corruption and other misconduct, lists BP as number one on their listing of the 100 worst corporations based on instances of misconduct.<a href="#cite_note-385">[384]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="1965_Sea_Gem_offshore_oil_rig_disaster">1965 Sea Gem offshore oil rig disaster</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=BP&action=edit&section=33" title="Edit section: 1965 Sea Gem offshore oil rig disaster">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Sea_Gem" title="Sea Gem">Sea Gem</a></div> In December 1965, Britain's first oil rig, Sea Gem, capsized when two of the legs collapsed during an operation to move it to a new location. The oil rig had been hastily converted in an effort to quickly start drilling operations after the <a href="/wiki/North_Sea" title="North Sea">North Sea</a> was opened for exploration. Thirteen crew members were killed. No hydrocarbons were released in the accident.<a href="#cite_note-386">[385]</a><a href="#cite_note-dukeswood-387">[386]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Texas_City_refinery_explosion_and_leaks">Texas City refinery explosion and leaks</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=BP&action=edit&section=34" title="Edit section: Texas City refinery explosion and leaks">edit</a>]</div> The former <a href="/wiki/Amoco" title="Amoco">Amoco</a> oil refinery at <a href="/wiki/Texas_City,_Texas" title="Texas City, Texas">Texas City, Texas</a>, was beset by environmental issues, including chemical leaks and a 2005 explosion that killed 15 people and injured hundreds. <a href="/wiki/Bloomberg_News" title="Bloomberg News">Bloomberg News</a> described the incident, which led to a guilty plea by BP to a felony <a href="/wiki/Clean_Air_Act_(United_States)" title="Clean Air Act (United States)">Clean Air Act</a> charge, as "one of the deadliest U.S. industrial accidents in 20 years." The refinery was sold to <a href="/wiki/Marathon_Petroleum" title="Marathon Petroleum">Marathon Petroleum</a> in October 2012.<a href="#cite_note-Bloomberg-Texas_City_refinery_sale-388">[387]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="2005_explosion">2005 explosion</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=BP&action=edit&section=35" title="Edit section: 2005 explosion">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Texas_City_refinery_explosion" title="Texas City refinery explosion">Texas City refinery explosion</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:BP_PLANT_EXPLOSION-1_lowres2.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/BP_PLANT_EXPLOSION-1_lowres2.jpg/220px-BP_PLANT_EXPLOSION-1_lowres2.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="146" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/BP_PLANT_EXPLOSION-1_lowres2.jpg/330px-BP_PLANT_EXPLOSION-1_lowres2.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/BP_PLANT_EXPLOSION-1_lowres2.jpg/440px-BP_PLANT_EXPLOSION-1_lowres2.jpg 2x" data-file-width="504" data-file-height="334" /></a><figcaption>Fire-extinguishing operations after the Texas City refinery explosion</figcaption></figure> In March 2005, the Texas City refinery, one of the largest refineries owned then by BP, exploded causing 15 deaths, injuring 180 people and forcing thousands of nearby residents to remain sheltered in their homes.<a href="#cite_note-McClatchy_Washington_Bureau-389">[388]</a> A 20-foot (6.1 m) column filled with hydrocarbon overflowed to form a vapour cloud, which ignited. The explosion caused all the casualties and substantial damage to the rest of the plant.<a href="#cite_note-NYT_12_July_2010-390">[389]</a> The incident came as the culmination of a series of less serious accidents at the refinery, and the engineering problems were not addressed by the management. Maintenance and safety at the plant had been cut as a cost-saving measure, the responsibility ultimately resting with executives in London.<a href="#cite_note-baker-391">[390]</a> The fallout from the accident clouded BP's corporate image because of the mismanagement at the plant. There had been several investigations of the disaster, the most recent being that from the <a href="/wiki/U.S._Chemical_Safety_and_Hazard_Investigation_Board" class="mw-redirect" title="U.S. Chemical Safety and Hazard Investigation Board">US Chemical Safety and Hazard Investigation Board</a><a href="#cite_note-392">[391]</a> which "offered a scathing assessment of the company." OSHA found "organizational and safety deficiencies at all levels of the BP Corporation" and said management failures could be traced from Texas to London.<a href="#cite_note-McClatchy_Washington_Bureau-389">[388]</a> The company pleaded guilty to a <a href="/wiki/Felony" title="Felony">felony</a> violation of the <a href="/wiki/Clean_Air_Act_(United_States)" title="Clean Air Act (United States)">Clean Air Act</a>, was fined $50 million, the largest ever assessed under the Clean Air Act, and sentenced to three years probation.<a href="#cite_note-justice.gov-393">[392]</a> On 30 October 2009, the US <a href="/wiki/Occupational_Safety_and_Health_Administration" title="Occupational Safety and Health Administration">Occupational Safety and Health Administration</a> (OSHA) fined BP an additional $87 million, the largest fine in OSHA history, for failing to correct safety hazards documented in the 2005 explosion. Inspectors found 270 safety violations that had been cited but not fixed and 439 new violations. BP appealed the fine.<a href="#cite_note-McClatchy_Washington_Bureau-389">[388]</a><a href="#cite_note-394">[393]</a> In July 2012, the company agreed to pay $13 million to settle the new violations. At that time OSHA found "no imminent dangers" at the Texas plant. Thirty violations remained under discussion.<a href="#cite_note-reuters120712-395">[394]</a> In March 2012, US Department of Justice officials said the company had met all of its obligations and subsequently ended the probationary period.<a href="#cite_note-396">[395]</a> In November 2011, BP agreed to pay the state of Texas $50 million for violating state emissions standards at its Texas City refinery during and after the 2005 explosion at the refinery. The state Attorney General said BP was responsible for 72 separate pollutant emissions that have been occurring every few months since March 2005. It was the largest fine ever imposed under the Texas Clean Air Act.<a href="#cite_note-Florian-4-13-397">[396]</a><a href="#cite_note-ChronNov32011-398">[397]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="2007_toxic_substance_release">2007 toxic substance release</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=BP&action=edit&section=36" title="Edit section: 2007 toxic substance release">edit</a>]</div> In 2007, 143 workers at the Texas City refinery claimed that they were injured when a toxic substance was released at the plant. In December 2009, after a three-week trial, a federal jury in Galveston awarded ten of those workers $10 million each in punitive damages, in addition to smaller damages for medical expenses and pain and suffering. The plant had a history of chemical releases.<a href="#cite_note-Times_-_AP_-_Texas_refinery_-_2009-399">[398]</a> In March 2010, the federal judge hearing the case reduced the jury's award to less than $500,000. U.S. District Judge Kenneth M. Hoyt said the plaintiffs failed to prove BP was grossly negligent.<a href="#cite_note-Chron_-_2010_Texas_City-400">[399]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="2010_chemical_leak">2010 chemical leak</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=BP&action=edit&section=37" title="Edit section: 2010 chemical leak">edit</a>]</div> In August 2010, the Texas Attorney General charged BP with illegally emitting harmful air pollutants from its <a href="/wiki/Texas_City" class="mw-redirect" title="Texas City">Texas City</a> refinery for more than a month. BP has admitted that malfunctioning equipment led to the release of over 530,000 pounds (240,000 kg) of chemicals into the air of Texas City and surrounding areas from 6 April to 16 May 2010. The leak included 17,000 pounds (7,700 kg) of <a href="/wiki/Benzene" title="Benzene">benzene</a>, 37,000 pounds (17,000 kg) of <a href="/wiki/Nitrogen_oxides" class="mw-redirect" title="Nitrogen oxides">nitrogen oxides</a>, and 186,000 pounds (84,000 kg) of <a href="/wiki/Carbon_monoxide" title="Carbon monoxide">carbon monoxide</a>. The State's investigation showed that BP's failure to properly maintain its equipment caused the malfunction. When the equipment malfunctioned and caught fire, BP workers shut it down and routed escaping gases to flares. Rather than shut down associated units while compressor repairs were made, BP chose to keep operating those other units, which led to unlawful release of contaminants for almost 40 days. The Attorney General is seeking civil penalties of no less than $50 nor greater than $25,000 per day of each violation of state air quality laws, as well as attorneys' fees and investigative costs.<a href="#cite_note-ChronNov32011-398">[397]</a><a href="#cite_note-401">[400]</a><a href="#cite_note-The_Attorney_General_of_Texas-402">[401]</a> In June 2012, over 50,000 Texas City residents joined a class-action suit against BP, alleging they became sick in 2010 as a result of the emissions release from the refinery. BP said the release harmed no one.<a href="#cite_note-403">[402]</a> In October 2013, a trial designed as a test for a larger suit that includes 45,000 people found that BP was negligent in the case, but due to the lack of substantial evidence linking illness to the emissions, decided the company would be absolved of any wrongdoing.<a href="#cite_note-404">[403]</a><a href="#cite_note-405">[404]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Prudhoe_Bay">Prudhoe Bay</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=BP&action=edit&section=38" title="Edit section: Prudhoe Bay">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Prudhoe_Bay_oil_spill" title="Prudhoe Bay oil spill">Prudhoe Bay oil spill</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Aerial_view_of_prudhoe_bay.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7b/Aerial_view_of_prudhoe_bay.jpg/220px-Aerial_view_of_prudhoe_bay.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="151" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7b/Aerial_view_of_prudhoe_bay.jpg/330px-Aerial_view_of_prudhoe_bay.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7b/Aerial_view_of_prudhoe_bay.jpg/440px-Aerial_view_of_prudhoe_bay.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2100" data-file-height="1446" /></a><figcaption>Aerial view of Prudhoe Bay</figcaption></figure> In March 2006, corrosion of a BP Exploration Alaska (BPXA) oil transit pipeline in <a href="/wiki/Prudhoe_Bay" class="mw-redirect" title="Prudhoe Bay">Prudhoe Bay</a> transporting oil to the <a href="/wiki/Trans-Alaska_Pipeline_System" title="Trans-Alaska Pipeline System">Trans-Alaska Pipeline</a> led to a five-day leak and the largest oil spill on <a href="/wiki/Alaska_North_Slope" title="Alaska North Slope">Alaska's North Slope</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Roach2006-13">[13]</a> According to the Alaska Department of Environmental Conservation (ADEC), a total of 212,252 US gallons (5,053.6 bbl; 803.46 m3) of oil was spilled, covering 2 acres (0.81 ha) of the North Slope.<a href="#cite_note-ADECMar2008-406">[405]</a> BP admitted that cost-cutting measures had resulted in a lapse in monitoring and maintenance of the pipeline and the consequent leak. At the moment of the leak, <a href="/wiki/Pipeline_inspection_gauges" class="mw-redirect" title="Pipeline inspection gauges">pipeline inspection gauges</a> (known as "pigs") had not been run through the pipeline since 1998.<a href="#cite_note-Rosen2007-407">[406]</a><a href="#cite_note-Baltimore2007-408">[407]</a><a href="#cite_note-409">[408]</a><a href="#cite_note-410">[409]</a> BP completed the clean-up of the spill by May 2006, including removal of contaminated gravel and vegetation, which was replaced with new material from the Arctic tundra.<a href="#cite_note-ADECMar2008-406">[405]</a><a href="#cite_note-Benschoten2006-411">[410]</a> Following the spill, the company was ordered by regulators to inspect the 35 kilometres (22 mi) of pipelines in Prudhoe Bay using "smart pigs".<a href="#cite_note-Kleiner2006-412">[411]</a> In late July 2006, the "smart pigs" monitoring the pipelines found 16 places where corrosion had thinned pipeline walls. A BP crew sent to inspect the pipe in early August discovered a leak and small spill,<a href="#cite_note-Kleiner2006-412">[411]</a><a href="#cite_note-Isidore2006-413">[412]</a> following which, BP announced that the eastern portion of the Alaskan field would be shut down for repairs on the pipeline,<a href="#cite_note-Isidore2006-413">[412]</a><a href="#cite_note-Zibel2007-414">[413]</a> with approval from the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Department_of_Transportation" title="United States Department of Transportation">Department of Transportation</a>. The shutdown resulted in a reduction of 200,000 barrels per day (32,000 m3/d) until work began to bring the eastern field to full production on 2 October 2006.<a href="#cite_note-Alaska_Update-415">[414]</a> In total, 23 barrels (3.7 m3) of oil were spilled and 176 barrels (28.0 m3) were "contained and recovered", according to ADEC. The spill was cleaned up and there was no impact upon wildlife.<a href="#cite_note-ADECAug2006-416">[415]</a> After the shutdown, BP pledged to replace 26 kilometres (16 mi) of its Alaskan oil transit pipelines<a href="#cite_note-Nelson2007-417">[416]</a><a href="#cite_note-HeraldMar2008-418">[417]</a> and the company completed work on the 16 miles (26 km) of new pipeline by the end of 2008.<a href="#cite_note-BPPrudhoeBayFact-419">[418]</a> In November 2007, BP Exploration, Alaska pleaded guilty to negligent discharge of oil, a misdemeanour under the federal <a href="/wiki/Clean_Water_Act" title="Clean Water Act">Clean Water Act</a> and was fined US$20 million.<a href="#cite_note-corrosion-420">[419]</a> There was no charge brought for the smaller spill in August 2006 due to BP's quick response and clean-up.<a href="#cite_note-Rosen2007-407">[406]</a> On 16 October 2007, ADEC officials reported a "toxic spill" from a BP pipeline in Prudhoe Bay comprising 2,000 US gallons (7,600 L; 1,700 imp gal) of primarily <a href="/wiki/Methanol" title="Methanol">methanol (methyl alcohol)</a> mixed with crude oil and water, which spilled onto a gravel pad and frozen tundra pond.<a href="#cite_note-ktuu-421">[420]</a> In the settlement of a civil suit, in July 2011 investigators from the U.S. Department of Transportation's Pipeline and Hazardous Materials Safety Administration determined that the 2006 spills were a result of BPXA's failure to properly inspect and maintain the pipeline to prevent corrosion. The government issued a Corrective Action Order to BP XA that addressed the pipeline's risks and ordered pipeline repair or replacement. The U.S. Environmental Protection Agency had investigated the extent of the oil spills and oversaw BPXA's cleanup. When BP XA did not fully comply with the terms of the corrective action, a complaint was filed in March 2009 alleging violations of the Clean Water Act, the Clean Air Act and the Pipeline Safety Act. In July 2011, the U.S. District Court for the District of Alaska entered a consent decree between the United States and BPXA resolving the government's claims. Under the consent decree, BPXA paid a $25 million civil penalty, the largest per-barrel penalty at that time for an oil spill, and agreed to take measures to significantly improve inspection and maintenance of its pipeline infrastructure on the North Slope to reduce the threat of additional oil spills.<a href="#cite_note-autogenerated1-422">[421]</a><a href="#cite_note-APMay32011-423">[422]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="2008_Caspian_Sea_gas_leak">2008 Caspian Sea gas leak</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=BP&action=edit&section=39" title="Edit section: 2008 Caspian Sea gas leak">edit</a>]</div> On 17 September 2008, a small gas leak was discovered and one gas-injection well broached to surface in the area of the Central Azeri platform at the <a href="/wiki/Azeri_oilfield" title="Azeri oilfield">Azeri oilfield</a>, a part of the <a href="/wiki/Azeri%E2%80%93Chirag%E2%80%93Guneshli" class="mw-redirect" title="Azeri–Chirag–Guneshli">Azeri–Chirag–Guneshli</a> (ACG) project, in the Azerbaijan sector of <a href="/wiki/Caspian_Sea" title="Caspian Sea">Caspian Sea</a>.<a href="#cite_note-reuters170908-424">[423]</a><a href="#cite_note-time181210-425">[424]</a> The platform was shut down and the staff was evacuated.<a href="#cite_note-reuters170908-424">[423]</a> As the West Azeri Platform was being powered by a cable from the Central Azeri Platform, it was also shut down.<a href="#cite_note-wikileaks081008-426">[425]</a> Production at the West Azeri Platform resumed on 9 October 2008 and at the Central Azeri Platform in December 2008.<a href="#cite_note-reuters101008-427">[426]</a><a href="#cite_note-reuters231208-428">[427]</a> According to leaked US Embassy cables, BP had been "exceptionally circumspect in disseminating information" and showed that BP thought the cause for the blowout was a bad cement job. The cables further said that some of BP's ACG partners complained that the company was so secretive that it was withholding information even from them.<a href="#cite_note-time181210-425">[424]</a><a href="#cite_note-429">[428]</a><a href="#cite_note-wikileaks150109-430">[429]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="California_storage_tanks">California storage tanks</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=BP&action=edit&section=40" title="Edit section: California storage tanks">edit</a>]</div> Santa Barbara County District Attorney sued BP West Coast Products LLC, BP Products North America, Inc., and Atlantic Richfield Company over allegations that the companies violated state laws regarding operating and maintaining motor vehicle fuel underground storage tank laws. BP settled a lawsuit for $14 million. The complaint alleged that BP failed to properly inspect and maintain underground tanks used to store gasoline for retail sale at approximately 780 gas stations in California over a period of ten years and violated other hazardous material and hazardous waste laws. The case settled in November 2016 and was the result of collaboration among the California Attorney General's Office and several district attorney's offices across the state.<a href="#cite_note-431">[430]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Deepwater_Horizon_explosion_and_oil_spill">Deepwater Horizon explosion and oil spill</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=BP&action=edit&section=41" title="Edit section: Deepwater Horizon explosion and oil spill">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1246091330">.mw-parser-output .sidebar{width:22em;float:right;clear:right;margin:0.5em 0 1em 1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa);border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.2em;text-align:center;line-height:1.4em;font-size:88%;border-collapse:collapse;display:table}body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output 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series about the</td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle" style="background:#006A4E; color:white; font-size:125%; padding:0.3em 0.3em;"><a href="/wiki/Deepwater_Horizon_oil_spill" title="Deepwater Horizon oil spill">Deepwater Horizon oil spill</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-image"><a href="/wiki/File:Q4000-Discoverer-Enterprise.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Q4000-Discoverer-Enterprise.jpg/200px-Q4000-Discoverer-Enterprise.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="133" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Q4000-Discoverer-Enterprise.jpg/300px-Q4000-Discoverer-Enterprise.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Q4000-Discoverer-Enterprise.jpg/400px-Q4000-Discoverer-Enterprise.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3641" data-file-height="2418" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">BP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deepwater_Horizon" title="Deepwater Horizon">Deepwater Horizon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deepwater_Horizon_explosion" title="Deepwater Horizon explosion">Explosion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deepwater_Horizon_oil_spill" title="Deepwater Horizon oil spill">Oil spill</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_Deepwater_Horizon_oil_spill" title="Timeline of the Deepwater Horizon oil spill">Timeline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Volume_and_extent_of_the_Deepwater_Horizon_oil_spill" title="Volume and extent of the Deepwater Horizon oil spill">Volume and extent</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Efforts_to_stem_the_Deepwater_Horizon_oil_spill" title="Efforts to stem the Deepwater Horizon oil spill">Closure</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deepwater_Horizon_oil_spill_response" title="Deepwater Horizon oil spill response">Response</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_impact_of_the_Deepwater_Horizon_oil_spill" title="Environmental impact of the Deepwater Horizon oil spill">Environmental impact</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Health_consequences_of_the_Deepwater_Horizon_oil_spill" title="Health consequences of the Deepwater Horizon oil spill">Health consequences</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economic_effects_of_the_Deepwater_Horizon_oil_spill" title="Economic effects of the Deepwater Horizon oil spill">Economic effects</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reactions_to_the_Deepwater_Horizon_oil_spill" title="Reactions to the Deepwater Horizon oil spill">Reactions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deepwater_Horizon_investigation" title="Deepwater Horizon investigation">Investigation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deepwater_Horizon_litigation" title="Deepwater Horizon litigation">Litigation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deepwater_Horizon_Oil_Spill_Trust" title="Deepwater Horizon Oil Spill Trust">Compensation</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style 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href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Deepwater_Horizon_oil_spill" title="Deepwater Horizon oil spill">Deepwater Horizon oil spill</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Deepwater_Horizon_explosion" title="Deepwater Horizon explosion">Deepwater Horizon explosion</a>, <a href="/wiki/Deepwater_Horizon_litigation" title="Deepwater Horizon litigation">Deepwater Horizon litigation</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Deepwater_Horizon_Oil_Spill_Trust" title="Deepwater Horizon Oil Spill Trust">Deepwater Horizon Oil Spill Trust</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"><table class="infobox" style="width: 210px; clear: right; float:right;margin:0 0 1.5em 1.5em"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="font-size:115%">External videos</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="text-align: left"><img alt="video icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Nuvola_apps_kaboodle.svg/16px-Nuvola_apps_kaboodle.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Nuvola_apps_kaboodle.svg/24px-Nuvola_apps_kaboodle.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Nuvola_apps_kaboodle.svg/32px-Nuvola_apps_kaboodle.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="128" data-file-height="128" /> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://video.pbs.org/video/1625293496/">Frontline: The Spill</a> (54:25), <a href="/wiki/Frontline_(U.S._TV_series)" class="mw-redirect" title="Frontline (U.S. TV series)">Frontline</a> on <a href="/wiki/PBS" title="PBS">PBS</a><a href="#cite_note-PBS_A-432">[431]</a></td></tr></tbody></table><figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Deepwater_Horizon_offshore_drilling_unit_on_fire_2010.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9d/Deepwater_Horizon_offshore_drilling_unit_on_fire_2010.jpg/220px-Deepwater_Horizon_offshore_drilling_unit_on_fire_2010.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9d/Deepwater_Horizon_offshore_drilling_unit_on_fire_2010.jpg/330px-Deepwater_Horizon_offshore_drilling_unit_on_fire_2010.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9d/Deepwater_Horizon_offshore_drilling_unit_on_fire_2010.jpg/440px-Deepwater_Horizon_offshore_drilling_unit_on_fire_2010.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3219" data-file-height="2412" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Anchor_handling_tug_supply_vessel" title="Anchor handling tug supply vessel">Anchor handling tugs</a> combat the fire on the Deepwater Horizon while the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Coast_Guard" title="United States Coast Guard">United States Coast Guard</a> searches for missing crew.</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Bay_Jimmy,_Plaquemines_Parish_(9152010).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e0/Bay_Jimmy%2C_Plaquemines_Parish_%289152010%29.jpg/220px-Bay_Jimmy%2C_Plaquemines_Parish_%289152010%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e0/Bay_Jimmy%2C_Plaquemines_Parish_%289152010%29.jpg/330px-Bay_Jimmy%2C_Plaquemines_Parish_%289152010%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e0/Bay_Jimmy%2C_Plaquemines_Parish_%289152010%29.jpg/440px-Bay_Jimmy%2C_Plaquemines_Parish_%289152010%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3072" data-file-height="2304" /></a><figcaption>Heavy oiling of Bay Jimmy, Plaquemines Parish, 15 September 2010</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Striped_Dolphins.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/Striped_Dolphins.jpg/220px-Striped_Dolphins.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/Striped_Dolphins.jpg/330px-Striped_Dolphins.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/Striped_Dolphins.jpg/440px-Striped_Dolphins.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1290" data-file-height="860" /></a><figcaption>Striped dolphins (<a href="/wiki/Stenella_coeruleoalba" class="mw-redirect" title="Stenella coeruleoalba">Stenella coeruleoalba</a>) observed in emulsified oil on 29 April 2010</figcaption></figure> The Deepwater Horizon oil spill was a major industrial accident on the <a href="/wiki/Gulf_of_Mexico" title="Gulf of Mexico">Gulf of Mexico</a>, which killed 11 people and injured 16 others, leaked about 4.9 million barrels (210 million US gal; 780,000 m3) of oil with plus or minus 10% uncertainty,<a href="#cite_note-report2011-14">[14]</a> which makes it the largest accidental marine oil spill in the history of the petroleum industry,<a href="#cite_note-AccidentalRelease-15">[15]</a><a href="#cite_note-MHL-433">[432]</a> and cost to the company more than $65 billion of cleanup costs, charges and penalties.<a href="#cite_note-reuters160118-20">[20]</a><a href="#cite_note-ft010518-21">[21]</a> On 20 April 2010, the semi-submersible exploratory offshore drilling rig <a href="/wiki/Deepwater_Horizon" title="Deepwater Horizon">Deepwater Horizon</a> located in the <a href="/wiki/Macondo_Prospect" title="Macondo Prospect">Macondo Prospect</a> in the Gulf of Mexico <a href="/wiki/Deepwater_Horizon_explosion" title="Deepwater Horizon explosion">exploded</a> after a <a href="/wiki/Blowout_(well_drilling)" title="Blowout (well drilling)">blowout</a>. After burning for two days, the rig sank. The well was finally capped on 15 July 2010. Of 4.9 million barrels (210 million US gal; 780,000 m3) of leaked oil 810,000 barrels (34 million US gal; 129,000 m3) was collected or burned while 4.1 million barrels (170 million US gal; 650,000 m3) entered the Gulf waters.<a href="#cite_note-reuters220213-434">[433]</a><a href="#cite_note-chron270413-435">[434]</a> 1.8 million US gallons (6,800 m3) of <a href="/wiki/Corexit" title="Corexit">Corexit</a> dispersant was applied.<a href="#cite_note-436">[435]</a><a href="#cite_note-437">[436]</a> The spill had a strong economic impact on the <a href="/wiki/Gulf_Coast" class="mw-redirect" title="Gulf Coast">Gulf Coast</a>'s economy sectors such as fishing and tourism.<a href="#cite_note-bloomberg070313-438">[437]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Environmental_impact">Environmental impact</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=BP&action=edit&section=42" title="Edit section: Environmental impact">edit</a>]</div> Oil spill caused damages across a range of species and habitats in the Gulf.<a href="#cite_note-ainsworth-439">[438]</a> Researchers say the oil and dispersant mixture, including <a href="/wiki/Polycyclic_aromatic_hydrocarbon" title="Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon">PAHs</a>, permeated the <a href="/wiki/Food_chain" title="Food chain">food chain</a> through <a href="/wiki/Zooplankton" title="Zooplankton">zooplankton</a>.<a href="#cite_note-AutoBB-174-440">[439]</a><a href="#cite_note-ortmann-441">[440]</a><a href="#cite_note-AutoBB-187-442">[441]</a> Toxicological effects have been documented in <a href="/wiki/Benthic" class="mw-redirect" title="Benthic">benthic</a> and <a href="/wiki/Pelagic" class="mw-redirect" title="Pelagic">pelagic</a> fish, <a href="/wiki/Estuarine" class="mw-redirect" title="Estuarine">estuarine</a> communities, mammals, birds and turtles, deep-water corals, plankton, <a href="/wiki/Foraminifera" title="Foraminifera">foraminifera</a>, and microbial communities. Effects on different populations consist of increased mortality or as sub-lethal impairment on the organisms' ability to forage, reproduce and avoid predators.<a href="#cite_note-ainsworth-439">[438]</a> In 2013, it was reported that dolphins and other marine life continued to die in record numbers with infant dolphins dying at six times the normal rate,<a href="#cite_note-443">[442]</a> and half the <a href="/wiki/Dolphin" title="Dolphin">dolphins</a> examined in a December 2013 study were seriously ill or dying. BP said the report was "inconclusive as to any causation associated with the spill."<a href="#cite_note-dolphins-huffpo-2-14-444">[443]</a><a href="#cite_note-Independent-dolphins-2-14-445">[444]</a> Studies in 2013 suggested that as much as one-third of the released oil remains in the gulf. Further research suggested that the oil on the bottom of the seafloor was not degrading.<a href="#cite_note-bathtub-446">[445]</a> Oil in affected coastal areas increased erosion due to the death of mangrove trees and marsh grass.<a href="#cite_note-447">[446]</a><a href="#cite_note-Dermansky_4-20-13-448">[447]</a><a href="#cite_note-449">[448]</a> Researchers looking at sediment, seawater, biota, and seafood found toxic compounds in high concentrations that they said was due to the added oil and dispersants.<a href="#cite_note-450">[449]</a> Although Gulf fisheries recovered in 2011,<a href="#cite_note-NOAA-2011_fisheries-451">[450]</a> a 2014 study of the effects of the oil spill on <a href="/wiki/Bluefin_tuna" title="Bluefin tuna">bluefin tuna</a> by researchers at <a href="/wiki/Stanford_University" title="Stanford University">Stanford University</a> and the <a href="/wiki/National_Oceanic_and_Atmospheric_Administration" title="National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration">National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration</a>, published in the journal <a href="/wiki/Science_(journal)" title="Science (journal)">Science</a>, found that toxins released by the oil spill sent fish into cardiac arrest. The study found that even very low concentrations of crude oil can slow the pace of fish heartbeats. BP disputed the study, which was conducted as part of the federal Natural Resource Damage Assessment process required by the Oil Pollution Act.<a href="#cite_note-LATimes-fish-toxins-452">[451]</a><a href="#cite_note-NOLA_2-14-453">[452]</a> The study also found that oil already broken down by wave action and chemical dispersants was more toxic than fresh oil.<a href="#cite_note-Australian_-_2014_bluefin_study-454">[453]</a> Another peer-reviewed study, released in March 2014 and conducted by 17 scientists from the United States and Australia and published in Proceedings of the <a href="/wiki/National_Academy_of_Sciences" title="National Academy of Sciences">National Academy of Sciences</a>, found that tuna and amberjack that were exposed to oil from the spill developed deformities of the heart and other organs. BP responded that the concentrations of oil in the study were a level rarely seen in the Gulf, but The New York Times reported that the BP statement was contradicted by the study.<a href="#cite_note-Wines-24-March-14-455">[454]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Effects_on_human_health">Effects on human health</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=BP&action=edit&section=43" title="Edit section: Effects on human health">edit</a>]</div> Research discussed at a 2013 conference included preliminary results of an ongoing study being done by the <a href="/wiki/National_Institute_for_Environmental_Health_Sciences" class="mw-redirect" title="National Institute for Environmental Health Sciences">National Institute for Environmental Health Sciences</a> indicating that oil spill cleanup workers carry <a href="/wiki/Biomarkers" class="mw-redirect" title="Biomarkers">biomarkers</a> of chemicals contained in the spilled oil and the dispersants used.<a href="#cite_note-nola220113-456">[455]</a> A separate study is following the health issues of women and children affected by the spill. Several studies found that a "significant percentage" of Gulf residents reported mental health problems such as anxiety, depression and <a href="/wiki/PTSD" class="mw-redirect" title="PTSD">PTSD</a>.<a href="#cite_note-nola220113-456">[455]</a> According to a <a href="/wiki/Columbia_University" title="Columbia University">Columbia University</a> study investigating the health effects among children living less than 10 miles from the coast, more than a third of the parents report physical or mental health symptoms among their children.<a href="#cite_note-nola220113-456">[455]</a> Australia's <a href="/wiki/60_Minutes_(Australian_TV_program)" title="60 Minutes (Australian TV program)">60 Minutes</a> reported that people living along the gulf coast were becoming sick from the mixture of Corexit and oil.<a href="#cite_note-457">[456]</a> <a href="/wiki/Susan_Shaw_(conservationist)" title="Susan Shaw (conservationist)">Susan Shaw</a>, of the Deepwater Horizon oil spill Strategic Sciences Working Group, says "BP told the public that Corexit was 'as harmless as Dawn dishwashing liquid'...But BP and the EPA clearly knew about the toxicity of the Corexit long before this spill." According to Shaw, BP's own safety sheet on Corexit says that there are "high and immediate human health hazards".<a href="#cite_note-458">[457]</a> Cleanup workers were not provided safety equipment by the company, and the safety manuals were "rarely if ever" followed, or distributed to workers, according to a <a href="/wiki/Newsweek" title="Newsweek">Newsweek</a> investigation. The safety manuals read: "Avoid breathing vapor" and "Wear suitable protective clothing."<a href="#cite_note-459">[458]</a><a href="#cite_note-460">[459]</a> Oil clean up workers reported that they were not allowed to use respirators, and that their jobs were threatened if they did.<a href="#cite_note-461">[460]</a><a href="#cite_note-462">[461]</a><a href="#cite_note-463">[462]</a> A peer-reviewed study published in <a href="/wiki/The_American_Journal_of_Medicine" title="The American Journal of Medicine">The American Journal of Medicine</a> reported significantly altered blood profiles of individuals exposed to the spilled oil and dispersants that put them at increased risk of developing liver cancer, leukemia and other disorders.<a href="#cite_note-464">[463]</a> BP disputed its methodology and said other studies supported its position that dispersants did not create a danger to health.<a href="#cite_note-BP_gulf_website_-_13_Nov_2013-465">[464]</a> In 2014, a study was published in Proceedings of the <a href="/wiki/National_Academy_of_Sciences" title="National Academy of Sciences">National Academy of Sciences</a> which found heart deformities in fish exposed to oil from the spill. The researchers said that their results probably apply to humans as well as fish.<a href="#cite_note-Wines-24-March-14-455">[454]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Civil_and_criminal_suits">Civil and criminal suits</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=BP&action=edit&section=44" title="Edit section: Civil and criminal suits">edit</a>]</div> On 15 December 2010, the Department of Justice filed a civil and criminal suit against BP and other defendants for violations under the <a href="/wiki/Clean_Water_Act" title="Clean Water Act">Clean Water Act</a> in the U.S. District Court for the Eastern District of Louisiana.<a href="#cite_note-466">[465]</a><a href="#cite_note-467">[466]</a>: 70  The case was consolidated with about 200 others, including those brought by state governments, individuals, and companies under Multi-District Litigation docket MDL No. 2179, before U.S. District Judge <a href="/wiki/Carl_Barbier" title="Carl Barbier">Carl Barbier</a>.<a href="#cite_note-468">[467]</a><a href="#cite_note-469">[468]</a> In November 2012, BP and the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Department_of_Justice" title="United States Department of Justice">Department of Justice</a> reached a $4 billion settlement of all federal criminal charges related to the explosion and spill. Under the settlement, BP agreed to plead guilty to 11 felony counts of manslaughter, two misdemeanors, and a felony count of lying to Congress and agreed to four years of government monitoring of its safety practices and ethics. BP also paid $525 million to settle civil charges by the Securities and Exchange Commission that it misled investors about the flow rate of oil from the well.<a href="#cite_note-NYTimes2012-11-17">[17]</a><a href="#cite_note-470">[469]</a> At the same time, the US government filed criminal charges against three BP employees; two site managers were charged with manslaughter and negligence, and one former vice president with obstruction.<a href="#cite_note-NYTimes2012-11-17">[17]</a> Judge Barbier ruled in the first phase of the case that BP had committed gross negligence and that "its employees took risks that led to the largest environmental disaster in U.S. history." He apportioned fault at 67% for BP, 30% for <a href="/wiki/Transocean" title="Transocean">Transocean</a> and 3% for <a href="/wiki/Halliburton" title="Halliburton">Halliburton</a>. Barbier ruled that BP was "reckless" and had acted with "conscious disregard of known risks."<a href="#cite_note-Bloomberg-sept-5-14-471">[470]</a><a href="#cite_note-Times_-_barbier_-_18_billion-472">[471]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Claims_settlement">Claims settlement</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=BP&action=edit&section=45" title="Edit section: Claims settlement">edit</a>]</div> In June 2010, after a meeting in the White House between President <a href="/wiki/Barack_Obama" title="Barack Obama">Barack Obama</a> and BP executives, the president announced that BP would pay $20 billion into a <a href="/wiki/Deepwater_Horizon_Oil_Spill_Trust" title="Deepwater Horizon Oil Spill Trust">trust fund</a> that will be used to compensate victims of the oil spill. BP also set aside $100 million to compensate oil workers who lost their jobs because of the spill.<a href="#cite_note-NPR_-_gulf_spill_fund-473">[472]</a><a href="#cite_note-WSJ_-_6-10-10-474">[473]</a> On 2 March 2012, BP and businesses and residents affected by the spill reached a settlement of roughly 100,000 suits claiming economic losses. BP estimated that the settlement cost more than $9.2 billion.<a href="#cite_note-2014_appeal_fail-475">[474]</a><a href="#cite_note-settleAP-476">[475]</a> In 2015, BP and five states agreed to an $18.5 billion settlement to be used for Clean Water Act penalties and various claims.<a href="#cite_note-abc020715-19">[19]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="2022_Ohio_refinery_fire">2022 Ohio refinery fire</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=BP&action=edit&section=46" title="Edit section: 2022 Ohio refinery fire">edit</a>]</div> On 20 September 2022, a fire at BP's Husky <a href="/wiki/Toledo,_Ohio" title="Toledo, Ohio">Toledo</a> refinery caused the death of two workers there. The fire was put out that day, but the refinery remained shut down. The refinery's shutdown was expected to increase American petrol prices.<a href="#cite_note-477">[476]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Political_influence">Political influence</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=BP&action=edit&section=47" title="Edit section: Political influence">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Lobbying_for_Libyan_prisoner_transfer_release">Lobbying for Libyan prisoner transfer release</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=BP&action=edit&section=48" title="Edit section: Lobbying for Libyan prisoner transfer release">edit</a>]</div> BP lobbied the British government to conclude a prisoner-transfer agreement which the Libyan government had wanted to secure the release of <a href="/wiki/Abdelbaset_al-Megrahi" title="Abdelbaset al-Megrahi">Abdelbaset al-Megrahi</a>, the only person convicted for the 1988 <a href="/wiki/Pan_Am_Flight_103" title="Pan Am Flight 103">Lockerbie bombing</a> over Scotland, which killed 270 people. BP stated that it pressed for the conclusion of prisoner transfer agreement amid fears that delays would damage its "commercial interests" and disrupt its £900 million offshore drilling operations in the region, but it said that it had not been involved in negotiations concerning the release of Megrahi.<a href="#cite_note-478">[477]</a><a href="#cite_note-479">[478]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Political_contributions_and_lobbying">Political contributions and lobbying</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=BP&action=edit&section=49" title="Edit section: Political contributions and lobbying">edit</a>]</div> In February 2002, BP's then-chief executive, <a href="/wiki/Lord_Browne_of_Madingley" class="mw-redirect" title="Lord Browne of Madingley">Lord Browne of Madingley</a>, renounced the practice of corporate <a href="/wiki/Campaign_contributions" class="mw-redirect" title="Campaign contributions">campaign contributions</a>, saying: "That's why we've decided, as a global policy, that from now on we will make no political contributions from corporate funds anywhere in the world."<a href="#cite_note-480">[479]</a> When the Washington Post reported in June 2010 that BP North America "donated at least $4.8 million in corporate contributions in the past seven years to political groups, partisan organizations and campaigns engaged in federal and state elections", mostly to oppose ballot measures in two states aiming to raise taxes on the oil industry, the company said that the commitment had only applied to contributions to individual candidates.<a href="#cite_note-481">[480]</a> During the 2008 U.S. election cycle, BP employees contributed to various candidates, with Barack Obama receiving the largest amount of money,<a href="#cite_note-482">[481]</a> broadly in line with contributions from Shell and Chevron, but significantly less than those of Exxon Mobil.<a href="#cite_note-483">[482]</a> In 2009, BP spent nearly $16 million <a href="/wiki/Lobbying" title="Lobbying">lobbying</a> the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Congress" title="United States Congress">U.S. Congress</a>.<a href="#cite_note-484">[483]</a> In 2011, BP spent a total of $8,430,000 on lobbying and had 47 registered lobbyists.<a href="#cite_note-autogenerated7-485">[484]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Oman_1954_War">Oman 1954 War</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=BP&action=edit&section=50" title="Edit section: Oman 1954 War">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Jebel_Akhdar_War" title="Jebel Akhdar War">Jebel Akhdar War</a></div> In 1937, <a href="/wiki/Iraq_Petroleum_Company" title="Iraq Petroleum Company">Iraq Petroleum Company</a> (IPC), 23.75% owned by BP,<a href="#cite_note-RLA-42">[42]</a> signed an oil concession agreement with the Sultan of Muscat. In 1952, IPC offered financial support to raise an armed force that would assist the Sultan in occupying the interior region of Oman, an area that geologists believed to be rich in oil. This led to the 1954 outbreak of <a href="/wiki/Jebel_Akhdar_War" title="Jebel Akhdar War">Jebel Akhdar War</a> in Oman that lasted for more than five years.<a href="#cite_note-OmansInsurgencies-43">[43]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Market_manipulation_investigations_and_sanctions">Market manipulation investigations and sanctions</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=BP&action=edit&section=51" title="Edit section: Market manipulation investigations and sanctions">edit</a>]</div> The <a href="/wiki/US_Justice_Department" class="mw-redirect" title="US Justice Department">US Justice Department</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Commodity_Futures_Trading_Commission" title="Commodity Futures Trading Commission">Commodity Futures Trading Commission</a> filed charges against BP Products North America Inc. (subsidiary of BP plc) and several BP traders, alleging they conspired to raise the price of <a href="/wiki/Propane" title="Propane">propane</a> by seeking to <a href="/wiki/Corner_the_market" class="mw-redirect" title="Corner the market">corner the propane market</a> in 2004.<a href="#cite_note-cftc-486">[485]</a><a href="#cite_note-msnbc290606-487">[486]</a><a href="#cite_note-chron290111-488">[487]</a> In 2006, one former trader pleaded guilty.<a href="#cite_note-msnbc290606-487">[486]</a> In 2007, BP paid $303 million in restitution and fines as part of an agreement to defer prosecution.<a href="#cite_note-reuters200412-489">[488]</a> BP was charged with cornering and manipulating the price of TET propane in 2003 and 2004. BP paid a $125 million civil monetary penalty to the CFTC, established a compliance and ethics program, and installed a monitor to oversee BP's trading activities in the commodities markets. BP also paid $53 million into a restitution fund for victims, a $100 million criminal penalty, plus $25 million into a consumer fraud fund, as well as other payments.<a href="#cite_note-CFTC-2007-490">[489]</a> Also in 2007, four other former traders were charged. These charges were dismissed by a US District Court in 2009 on the grounds that the transactions were exempt under the Commodities Exchange Act because they didn't occur in a marketplace but were negotiated contracts among sophisticated companies. The dismissal was upheld by the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Court_of_Appeals_for_the_Fifth_Circuit" title="United States Court of Appeals for the Fifth Circuit">Court of Appeals for the 5th Circuit</a> in 2011.<a href="#cite_note-chron290111-488">[487]</a> In November 2010, US regulators <a href="/wiki/FERC" class="mw-redirect" title="FERC">FERC</a> and <a href="/wiki/Commodity_Futures_Trading_Commission" title="Commodity Futures Trading Commission">CFTC</a> began an investigation of BP for allegedly manipulating the gas market. The investigation relates to trading activity that occurred in October and November 2008.<a href="#cite_note-guardian020211-491">[490]</a><a href="#cite_note-reuters020211-492">[491]</a> At that time, CFTC Enforcement staff provided BP with a notice of intent to recommend charges of attempted market manipulation in violation of the Commodity Exchange Act. BP denied that it engaged in "any inappropriate or unlawful activity." In July 2011, the FERC staff issued a "Notice of Alleged Violations" saying it had preliminarily determined that several BP entities fraudulently traded physical natural gas in the Houston Ship Channel and Katy markets and trading points to increase the value of their financial swing spread positions.<a href="#cite_note-naturalgasintel010811-493">[492]</a> In May 2013, the <a href="/wiki/European_Commission" title="European Commission">European Commission</a> started an investigation into allegations the companies reported distorted prices to the price reporting agency <a href="/wiki/Platts" class="mw-redirect" title="Platts">Platts</a>, in order to "manipulate the published prices" for several oil and biofuel products.<a href="#cite_note-reuters150513-494">[493]</a><a href="#cite_note-ec140513-495">[494]</a> The investigation was dropped in December 2015 due to lack of evidence.<a href="#cite_note-Bloomberg071215-496">[495]</a> A dataset of gasoline prices of BP, <a href="/wiki/Caltex" title="Caltex">Caltex</a>, <a href="/wiki/Woolworths_Group_(Australia)" title="Woolworths Group (Australia)">Woolworths</a>, <a href="/wiki/Coles_Group" title="Coles Group">Coles</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Gull_Petroleum" title="Gull Petroleum">Gull</a> from <a href="/wiki/Perth" title="Perth">Perth</a> gathered in the years 2001 to 2015 was used to show by <a href="/wiki/Statistical_analysis" class="mw-redirect" title="Statistical analysis">statistical analysis</a> the <a href="/wiki/Tacit_collusion" title="Tacit collusion">tacit collusion</a> between these retailers.<a href="#cite_note-497">[496]</a> Documents from a 2016 bid to drill in the Great Australian Bight revealed claims by BP that a large-scale cleanup operation following a massive oil spill would bring a "welcome boost to local economies."<a href="#cite_note-massiveoilspill-498">[497]</a> In the same bid BP also stated that a diesel spill would be "socially acceptable" due to a lack of "unresolved stakeholder concerns".<a href="#cite_note-massiveoilspill-498">[497]</a> An internal email from mid 2017, was leaked in April 2018 in New Zealand. The email laid out that pricing was to be raised at certain sites in a region around Otaki in order to regain volume lost at that branch.<a href="#cite_note-499">[498]</a> This led to the Government asking the Commerce Commission to investigate regional prices: initial indications were that motorists were paying too much across most of the country.<a href="#cite_note-500">[499]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=BP&action=edit&section=52" title="Edit section: See also">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_companies_based_in_London" title="List of companies based in London">List of companies based in London</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=BP&action=edit&section=53" title="Edit section: Notes">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-lower-alpha"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-297"><a href="#cite_ref-297">^</a> Data is based on the 2022 <a href="/wiki/Fortune_500" title="Fortune 500">Fortune 500</a>. </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=BP&action=edit&section=54" title="Edit section: References">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-AR23-glance-1">^ <a href="#cite_ref-AR23-glance_1-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-AR23-glance_1-1">b</a> <a href="#AR23">BP (2023)</a>, pp. 1 </li> <li id="cite_note-AR23-finances-2">^ <a href="#cite_ref-AR23-finances_2-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-AR23-finances_2-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-AR23-finances_2-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-AR23-finances_2-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-AR23-finances_2-4">e</a> <a href="#AR23">BP (2023)</a>, pp. 164–167 </li> <li id="cite_note-reut1808-3"><a href="#cite_ref-reut1808_3-0">^</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px 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Retrieved 20 August 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=NZ+Herald&rft.atitle=Petrol+prices%3A+Motorists+pay+too+much+at+pump+says+Commerce+Commission&rft.date=2019-08-20&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nzherald.co.nz%2Fnz%2Fnews%2Farticle.cfm%3Fc_id%3D1%26objectid%3D12260020&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABP" class="Z3988"> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Bibliography">Bibliography</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=BP&action=edit&section=55" title="Edit section: Bibliography">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Commissioned_works">Commissioned works</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=BP&action=edit&section=56" title="Edit section: Commissioned works">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239549316">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%}}</style><div class="refbegin" style=""> (In chronological order) <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="RefFerrier1982" class="citation book cs1">Ferrier, R.W. (1982). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=aNBQnow_wbYC">The History of the British Petroleum Company: The Developing Years 1901–1932</a>. Vol. I. Cambridge: <a href="/wiki/Cambridge_University_Press" title="Cambridge University Press">Cambridge University Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780521246477" title="Special:BookSources/9780521246477"><bdi>9780521246477</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+History+of+the+British+Petroleum+Company%3A+The+Developing+Years+1901%E2%80%931932&rft.place=Cambridge&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1982&rft.isbn=9780521246477&rft.aulast=Ferrier&rft.aufirst=R.W.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DaNBQnow_wbYC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABP" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="RefJames1994" class="citation book cs1">Bamberg, James H (1994). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=PduotC73nh0C">The History of the British Petroleum Company: The Anglo-Iranian Years, 1928–1954</a>. Vol. II. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780521259507" title="Special:BookSources/9780521259507"><bdi>9780521259507</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+History+of+the+British+Petroleum+Company%3A+The+Anglo-Iranian+Years%2C+1928%E2%80%931954&rft.place=Cambridge&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1994&rft.isbn=9780521259507&rft.aulast=Bamberg&rft.aufirst=James+H&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DPduotC73nh0C&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABP" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="RefJames2000" class="citation book cs1">Bamberg, James H (2000). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=LVC0VlPOJxEC">The History of the British Petroleum Company: British Petroleum and Global Oil, 1950–1975: The Challenge of Nationalism</a>. Vol. III. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780521785150" title="Special:BookSources/9780521785150"><bdi>9780521785150</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+History+of+the+British+Petroleum+Company%3A+British+Petroleum+and+Global+Oil%2C+1950%E2%80%931975%3A+The+Challenge+of+Nationalism&rft.place=Cambridge&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=9780521785150&rft.aulast=Bamberg&rft.aufirst=James+H&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DLVC0VlPOJxEC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABP" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="AR18" class="citation book cs1">BP. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bp.com/content/dam/bp/business-sites/en/global/corporate/pdfs/investors/bp-annual-report-and-form-20f-2018.pdf">Annual Report and Form 20-F 2018</a> (PDF).</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Annual+Report+and+Form+20-F+2018&rft.au=BP&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bp.com%2Fcontent%2Fdam%2Fbp%2Fbusiness-sites%2Fen%2Fglobal%2Fcorporate%2Fpdfs%2Finvestors%2Fbp-annual-report-and-form-20f-2018.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABP" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="AR23" class="citation book cs1">BP. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bp.com/content/dam/bp/business-sites/en/global/corporate/pdfs/investors/bp-annual-report-and-form-20f-2023.pdf">Annual Report and Form 20-F 2023</a> (PDF).</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Annual+Report+and+Form+20-F+2023&rft.au=BP&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bp.com%2Fcontent%2Fdam%2Fbp%2Fbusiness-sites%2Fen%2Fglobal%2Fcorporate%2Fpdfs%2Finvestors%2Fbp-annual-report-and-form-20f-2023.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABP" class="Z3988"></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Other_works">Other works</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=BP&action=edit&section=57" title="Edit section: Other works">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239549316"><div class="refbegin" style=""> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="alsharhan" class="citation book cs1">Alsharhan, A. S.; Nairn, A. E. M. (1997). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=0Ug0GdmopWMC&pg=PA471">Sedimentary basins and petroleum geology of the Middle East</a> (2 ed.). <a href="/wiki/Elsevier" title="Elsevier">Elsevier</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-444-82465-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-444-82465-3"><bdi>978-0-444-82465-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Sedimentary+basins+and+petroleum+geology+of+the+Middle+East&rft.edition=2&rft.pub=Elsevier&rft.date=1997&rft.isbn=978-0-444-82465-3&rft.aulast=Alsharhan&rft.aufirst=A.+S.&rft.au=Nairn%2C+A.+E.+M.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D0Ug0GdmopWMC%26pg%3DPA471&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABP" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="Atabaki" class="citation book cs1">Atabaki, Touraj; Bini, Elisabetta; Ehsani, Kaveh, eds. (2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=ZbZIDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA196">Working for Oil: Comparative Social Histories of Labor in the Global Oil Industry</a>. <a href="/wiki/Springer_Publishing" title="Springer Publishing">Springer</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9783319564456" title="Special:BookSources/9783319564456"><bdi>9783319564456</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Working+for+Oil%3A+Comparative+Social+Histories+of+Labor+in+the+Global+Oil+Industry&rft.pub=Springer&rft.date=2018&rft.isbn=9783319564456&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DZbZIDwAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA196&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABP" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBailey1978" class="citation book cs1">Bailey, Martin (1978). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=VQAvAQAAIAAJ">Shell and BP in South Africa</a> (2nd ed.). Birmingham: Haslemere Group/Anti-Apartheid. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0905094026" title="Special:BookSources/0905094026"><bdi>0905094026</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Shell+and+BP+in+South+Africa.&rft.place=Birmingham&rft.edition=2nd&rft.pub=Haslemere+Group%2FAnti-Apartheid&rft.date=1978&rft.isbn=0905094026&rft.aulast=Bailey&rft.aufirst=Martin&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DVQAvAQAAIAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABP" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="RefWilliam1991" class="citation book cs1">Bayne Fisher, W. William; Avery, P.; Hambly, G. R. G.; Melville, C. (1991). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=H20Xt157iYUC&pg=PA665">The Cambridge History of Iran, Volume 7</a>. Cambridge University Press. p. 1096. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780521200950" title="Special:BookSources/9780521200950"><bdi>9780521200950</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Cambridge+History+of+Iran%2C+Volume+7&rft.pages=1096&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1991&rft.isbn=9780521200950&rft.aulast=Bayne+Fisher&rft.aufirst=W.+William&rft.au=Avery%2C+P.&rft.au=Hambly%2C+G.+R.+G.&rft.au=Melville%2C+C.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DH20Xt157iYUC%26pg%3DPA665&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABP" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="RefBeale" class="citation book cs1">Beale, Nicholas (2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=aoV22XMeZswC&pg=PA52">Constructive Engagement: Directors and Investors in Action</a>. <a href="/wiki/Gower_Publishing" class="mw-redirect" title="Gower Publishing">Gower Publishing</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781409457824" title="Special:BookSources/9781409457824"><bdi>9781409457824</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Constructive+Engagement%3A+Directors+and+Investors+in+Action&rft.pub=Gower+Publishing&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=9781409457824&rft.aulast=Beale&rft.aufirst=Nicholas&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DaoV22XMeZswC%26pg%3DPA52&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABP" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBlack2011" class="citation book cs1">Black, Edwin (2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=PKt8RAAACAAJ">British Petroleum and the Redline Agreement The West's Secret Pact to Get Mideast Oil</a>. Washington, DC: Dialog Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780914153153" title="Special:BookSources/9780914153153"><bdi>9780914153153</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=British+Petroleum+and+the+Redline+Agreement+The+West%27s+Secret+Pact+to+Get+Mideast+Oil&rft.place=Washington%2C+DC&rft.pub=Dialog+Press&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=9780914153153&rft.aulast=Black&rft.aufirst=Edwin&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DPKt8RAAACAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABP" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="RefChristine2008" class="citation book cs1">Boscheck, Ralf (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=QBLZfywCoJMC&pg=PA235">Strategies, Markets and Governance: Exploring Commercial and Regulatory Agendas</a>. Cambridge University Press. p. 360. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780521868457" title="Special:BookSources/9780521868457"><bdi>9780521868457</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Strategies%2C+Markets+and+Governance%3A+Exploring+Commercial+and+Regulatory+Agendas&rft.pages=360&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=9780521868457&rft.aulast=Boscheck&rft.aufirst=Ralf&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DQBLZfywCoJMC%26pg%3DPA235&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABP" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="brune" class="citation book cs1">Brune, Lester H. (2003). Burns, Richard Dean (ed.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=nSe0gs-YaTkC&pg=PA499">Chronological History of U.S. Foreign Relations: 1932–1988</a> (2 ed.). <a href="/wiki/Routledge" title="Routledge">Routledge</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-415-93916-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-415-93916-4"><bdi>978-0-415-93916-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Chronological+History+of+U.S.+Foreign+Relations%3A+1932%E2%80%931988&rft.edition=2&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=978-0-415-93916-4&rft.aulast=Brune&rft.aufirst=Lester+H.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DnSe0gs-YaTkC%26pg%3DPA499&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABP" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="RefStephen2003" class="citation book cs1">Kinzer, Stephen (2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Wv4B6C-wTG8C">All the Shah's Men: An American Coup and the Roots of Middle East Terror</a>. Wiley. p. 272. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780471265177" title="Special:BookSources/9780471265177"><bdi>9780471265177</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=All+the+Shah%27s+Men%3A+An+American+Coup+and+the+Roots+of+Middle+East+Terror&rft.pages=272&rft.pub=Wiley&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=9780471265177&rft.aulast=Kinzer&rft.aufirst=Stephen&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DWv4B6C-wTG8C&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABP" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="RefLauterpacht1973" class="citation book cs1">Lauterpacht, E. (1973). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=ZIWcxX5jB5MC&pg=PA375">International Law Reports</a>. Cambridge University Press. p. 560. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780521463911" title="Special:BookSources/9780521463911"><bdi>9780521463911</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=International+Law+Reports&rft.pages=560&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1973&rft.isbn=9780521463911&rft.aulast=Lauterpacht&rft.aufirst=E.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DZIWcxX5jB5MC%26pg%3DPA375&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABP" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="RefRoger2007" class="citation book cs1">Louis, Wm. Roger (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=NQnpQNKeKKAC&pg=PA775">Ends of British Imperialism: The Scramble for Empire, Suez, and Decolonization</a>. I.B.Tauris. p. 1082. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781845113476" title="Special:BookSources/9781845113476"><bdi>9781845113476</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Ends+of+British+Imperialism%3A+The+Scramble+for+Empire%2C+Suez%2C+and+Decolonization&rft.pages=1082&rft.pub=I.B.Tauris&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=9781845113476&rft.aulast=Louis&rft.aufirst=Wm.+Roger&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DNQnpQNKeKKAC%26pg%3DPA775&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABP" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="RefMarwick" class="citation book cs1">Marwick, William Hutton (1964). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/scotlandinmodern0000marw">Scotland in Modern Times: An Outline of Economic and Social Development Since the Union Of 1707</a>. Frank Cass and Company Limited. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/scotlandinmodern0000marw/page/175">175</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780714613420" title="Special:BookSources/9780714613420"><bdi>9780714613420</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Scotland+in+Modern+Times%3A+An+Outline+of+Economic+and+Social+Development+Since+the+Union+Of+1707&rft.pages=175&rft.pub=Frank+Cass+and+Company+Limited&rft.date=1964&rft.isbn=9780714613420&rft.aulast=Marwick&rft.aufirst=William+Hutton&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fscotlandinmodern0000marw&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABP" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="RefKarl2008" class="citation book cs1">Meyer, Karl E; Brysac, Shareen (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/kingmakersinvent0000meye">Kingmakers: The Invention of the Modern Middle East</a>. New York: <a href="/wiki/W._W._Norton_%26_Company" title="W. W. Norton & Company">W.W. Norton</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780393061994" title="Special:BookSources/9780393061994"><bdi>9780393061994</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Kingmakers%3A+The+Invention+of+the+Modern+Middle+East&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=W.W.+Norton&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=9780393061994&rft.aulast=Meyer&rft.aufirst=Karl+E&rft.au=Brysac%2C+Shareen&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fkingmakersinvent0000meye&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABP" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRitchie1995" class="citation book cs1">Ritchie, Berry (1995). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=_GaiQHkad-8C">Portrait in Oil: An Illustrated History of BP</a>. London: James & James. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/090738367X" title="Special:BookSources/090738367X"><bdi>090738367X</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Portrait+in+Oil%3A+An+Illustrated+History+of+BP&rft.place=London&rft.pub=James+%26+James&rft.date=1995&rft.isbn=090738367X&rft.aulast=Ritchie&rft.aufirst=Berry&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D_GaiQHkad-8C&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABP" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSafina2011" class="citation book cs1">Safina, Carl (2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/seainflamesdeepw0000safi">A Sea in Flames:The Deepwater Horizon Oil Blowout</a>. Crown Publishers. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780307887351" title="Special:BookSources/9780307887351"><bdi>9780307887351</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Sea+in+Flames%3AThe+Deepwater+Horizon+Oil+Blowout&rft.pub=Crown+Publishers&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=9780307887351&rft.aulast=Safina&rft.aufirst=Carl&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fseainflamesdeepw0000safi&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABP" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSampson1975" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Anthony_Sampson" title="Anthony Sampson">Sampson, Anthony</a> (1975). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=hqu0AAAAIAAJ">The Seven Sisters: The Great Oil Companies And The World They Shaped</a>. New York: Viking Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/067063591X" title="Special:BookSources/067063591X"><bdi>067063591X</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Seven+Sisters%3A+The+Great+Oil+Companies+And+The+World+They+Shaped&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Viking+Press&rft.date=1975&rft.isbn=067063591X&rft.aulast=Sampson&rft.aufirst=Anthony&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dhqu0AAAAIAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABP" class="Z3988"> (<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAlso_4th,_revised,_edition1991" class="citation book cs1">Also 4th, revised, edition (1991). The Seven Sisters: The 100-year battle for the world's oil supply. New York: Bantam Books. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0553242377" title="Special:BookSources/0553242377"><bdi>0553242377</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Seven+Sisters%3A+The+100-year+battle+for+the+world%27s+oil+supply&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Bantam+Books&rft.date=1991&rft.isbn=0553242377&rft.au=Also+4th%2C+revised%2C+edition&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABP" class="Z3988"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_book" title="Template:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_multiple_names:_authors_list" title="Category:CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list">link</a>) CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_numeric_names:_authors_list" title="Category:CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list">link</a>))</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="RefJerzy1984" class="citation book cs1">Sztucki, Jerzy (1984). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=3yDlnBv6Y8cC&pg=PA43">Interim measures in the Hague Court</a>. Brill Archive. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9789065440938" title="Special:BookSources/9789065440938"><bdi>9789065440938</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Interim+measures+in+the+Hague+Court&rft.pub=Brill+Archive&rft.date=1984&rft.isbn=9789065440938&rft.aulast=Sztucki&rft.aufirst=Jerzy&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D3yDlnBv6Y8cC%26pg%3DPA43&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABP" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="RefVassiliou2009" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Marius_Vassiliou" title="Marius Vassiliou">Vassiliou, M. S.</a> (2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=vArc08DO9ykC&pg=PA269">Historical Dictionary of the Petroleum Industry : Volume 3</a>. Scarecrow Press. p. 662. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780810859937" title="Special:BookSources/9780810859937"><bdi>9780810859937</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Historical+Dictionary+of+the+Petroleum+Industry+%3A+Volume+3&rft.pages=662&rft.pub=Scarecrow+Press&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=9780810859937&rft.aulast=Vassiliou&rft.aufirst=M.+S.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DvArc08DO9ykC%26pg%3DPA269&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABP" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFYergin1991" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Daniel_Yergin" title="Daniel Yergin">Yergin, Daniel</a> (1991). <a href="/wiki/The_Prize:_The_Epic_Quest_for_Oil,_Money,_and_Power" title="The Prize: The Epic Quest for Oil, Money, and Power">The Prize: The Epic Quest for Oil, Money, and Power</a>. New York: Simon & Schuster. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0671502484" title="Special:BookSources/0671502484"><bdi>0671502484</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Prize%3A+The+Epic+Quest+for+Oil%2C+Money%2C+and+Power&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Simon+%26+Schuster&rft.date=1991&rft.isbn=0671502484&rft.aulast=Yergin&rft.aufirst=Daniel&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABP" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFYergin2011" class="citation book cs1">——————— (2011). <a href="/wiki/The_Quest:_Energy,_Security,_and_the_Remaking_of_the_Modern_World" title="The Quest: Energy, Security, and the Remaking of the Modern World">The Quest: Energy, Security, and the Remaking of the Modern World</a>. New York: Penguin Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781594202834" title="Special:BookSources/9781594202834"><bdi>9781594202834</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Quest%3A+Energy%2C+Security%2C+and+the+Remaking+of+the+Modern+World&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Penguin+Press&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=9781594202834&rft.aulast=Yergin&rft.aufirst=Daniel&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABP" class="Z3988"></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=BP&action=edit&section=58" title="Edit section: External links">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media 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</div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://bp.com">Official website</a> <a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q152057#P856" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></li> <li class="mw-empty-elt"></li> <li>Business data for BP plc: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><div class="hlist inline"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bloomberg.com/quote/BP:US">Bloomberg</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/finance/quote/BP">Google</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.sec.gov/cgi-bin/browse-edgar?action=getcompany&CIK=313807">SEC filings</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://finance.yahoo.com/quote/BP">Yahoo!</a></li></ul></div></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://opencorporates.com/corporate_groupings/bp">BP companies</a> grouped at <a href="/wiki/OpenCorporates" title="OpenCorporates">OpenCorporates</a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox 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.navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-title{background-color:#ddf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-abovebelow{background-color:#e6e6ff}.mw-parser-output .navbox-even{background-color:#f7f7f7}.mw-parser-output .navbox-odd{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ul,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ul{padding:0.125em 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="BP" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:BP" title="Template:BP"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:BP" title="Template talk:BP"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:BP" title="Special:EditPage/Template:BP"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="BP" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">BP</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Divisions</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Air_BP" title="Air BP">Air BP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/BP_Canada" title="BP Canada">BP Canada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lightsource_BP" title="Lightsource BP">Lightsource BP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/BP_Prudhoe_Bay_Royalty_Trust" title="BP Prudhoe Bay Royalty Trust">Prudhoe Bay Trust</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rosneft" title="Rosneft">Rosneft (19.75%)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/BP_Shipping" title="BP Shipping">BP Shipping</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Subsidiaries</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aral_AG" title="Aral AG">Aral</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/BP_Pulse" title="BP Pulse">BP Pulse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Castrol" title="Castrol">Castrol</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Castrol_India" title="Castrol India">Castrol India</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jio-bp" title="Jio-bp">Jio-bp</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/TravelCenters_of_America" title="TravelCenters of America">TravelCenters of America</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Brands</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ampm" title="Ampm">Ampm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amoco" title="Amoco">Amoco</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ARCO" title="ARCO">ARCO</a> (Northern CA, OR, and WA locations)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thorntons_LLC" title="Thorntons LLC">Thorntons</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=To_Go_(convenience_store)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="To Go (convenience store) (page does not exist)">To Go</a> (BP and Amoco only)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Facilities</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Atlantis_PQ" title="Atlantis PQ">Atlantis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Castrol_Technology_Centre" title="Castrol Technology Centre">Castrol Technology Centre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingsbury_Oil_Terminal" title="Kingsbury Oil Terminal">Kingsbury</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iolair" title="Iolair">Iolair</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mad_Dog_Oil_Field" class="mw-redirect" title="Mad Dog Oil Field">Mad Dog</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northstar_Island" title="Northstar Island">Northstar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oil_fields_operated_by_BP" title="Oil fields operated by BP">Oil fields</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sangachal_Terminal" title="Sangachal Terminal">Sangachal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sea_Quest_(drilling_rig)" title="Sea Quest (drilling rig)">Sea Quest</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sullom_Voe_Terminal" title="Sullom Voe Terminal">Sullom Voe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sunbury_Research_Centre" title="Sunbury Research Centre">Sunbury</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thunder_Horse_PDQ" title="Thunder Horse PDQ">Thunder Horse</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Sponsorships</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ford_World_Rally_Team" title="Ford World Rally Team">BP Ford World Rally Team</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/BP_National_Championships" title="BP National Championships">BP National Championships</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Natural_World_Book_Prize" title="Natural World Book Prize">BP Natural World Book Prize</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/BP_Pedestrian_Bridge" title="BP Pedestrian Bridge">BP Pedestrian Bridge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/BP_Portrait_Award" title="BP Portrait Award">BP Portrait Award</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MTN_8" title="MTN 8">BP Top 8</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Acropolis_Rally" title="Acropolis Rally">BP Ultimate Acropolis Rally</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">People</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Orville_Anderson" title="Robert Orville Anderson">Robert Anderson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sylvia_Baca" title="Sylvia Baca">Sylvia Baca</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Browne,_Baron_Browne_of_Madingley" title="John Browne, Baron Browne of Madingley">John Browne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bob_Dudley" title="Bob Dudley">Robert Dudley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Fraser,_1st_Baron_Strathalmond" title="William Fraser, 1st Baron Strathalmond">William Fraser</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Knox_D%27Arcy" title="William Knox D'Arcy">William D'Arcy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tony_Hayward" title="Tony Hayward">Tony Hayward</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Horton_(businessman)" title="Robert Horton (businessman)">Robert Horton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Angela_Strank" title="Angela Strank">Angela Strank</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Doug_Suttles" title="Doug Suttles">Doug Suttles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carl-Henric_Svanberg" title="Carl-Henric Svanberg">Carl-Henric Svanberg</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Controversies</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abadan_Crisis" title="Abadan Crisis">Abadan crisis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1990_ARCO_explosion" title="1990 ARCO explosion">ARCO explosion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deepwater_Horizon_explosion" title="Deepwater Horizon explosion">Deepwater Horizon explosion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deepwater_Horizon_oil_spill" title="Deepwater Horizon oil spill">Deepwater Horizon oil spill</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anglo-Soviet_invasion_of_Iran" title="Anglo-Soviet invasion of Iran">Invasion of Iran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1953_Iranian_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="1953 Iranian coup d'état">Iranian coup</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prudhoe_Bay_oil_spill" title="Prudhoe Bay oil spill">Prudhoe Bay oil spill</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Texas_City_refinery_explosion" title="Texas City refinery explosion">Texas City refinery explosion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Torrey_Canyon_oil_spill" title="Torrey Canyon oil spill">Torrey Canyon oil spill</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Historical units</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alyeska_Pipeline_Service_Company" title="Alyeska Pipeline Service Company">Alyeska Pipeline Service Company</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amoco" title="Amoco">Amoco</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anglo-Egyptian_Oilfields" title="Anglo-Egyptian Oilfields">Anglo-Egyptian Oilfields</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anglo-Persian_Oil_Company" title="Anglo-Persian Oil Company">Anglo-Persian Oil Company</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aral_AG" title="Aral AG">Aral</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ARCO" title="ARCO">Atlantic Richfield</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/BP_Biofuels_Highlands" title="BP Biofuels Highlands">BP Biofuels Highlands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/BP_Solar" title="BP Solar">BP Solar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Britoil" title="Britoil">Britoil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Burmah_Oil" title="Burmah Oil">Burmah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Commonwealth_Oil_Refineries" title="Commonwealth Oil Refineries">Commonwealth Oil Refineries</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deepwater_Horizon" title="Deepwater Horizon">Deepwater Horizon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/FPSO_Noble_Seillean" title="FPSO Noble Seillean">FPSO Noble Seillean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iraq_Petroleum_Company" title="Iraq Petroleum Company">Iraq</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kent_Refinery" title="Kent Refinery">Kent Refinery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Helios_House" title="Helios House">Helios House</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Llandarcy_Oil_Refinery" title="Llandarcy Oil Refinery">Llandarcy Oil Refinery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Benzole" title="National Benzole">National Benzole</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pure_Planet" title="Pure Planet">Pure Planet</a> (24%)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shell-Mex_%26_BP" class="mw-redirect" title="Shell-Mex & BP">Shell-Mex & BP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Standard_Oil_of_Ohio" title="Standard Oil of Ohio">Sohio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trans-Alaska_Pipeline_System" title="Trans-Alaska Pipeline System">Trans-Alaska Pipeline System</a> (49%)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anglo-Iranian_Oil_Co._case" title="Anglo-Iranian Oil Co. case">Anglo-Iranian Oil Co. case</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/BP_America_Production_Co._v._Burton" title="BP America Production Co. v. Burton">BP America Production Co. v. Burton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/BP_Structure" title="BP Structure">BP Structure</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Burmah_Oil_Co_Ltd_v_Lord_Advocate" title="Burmah Oil Co Ltd v Lord Advocate">Burmah Oil Co Ltd v Lord Advocate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/D%27Arcy_Concession" title="D'Arcy Concession">D'Arcy Concession</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bond_Offshore_Helicopters_Flight_85N" title="Bond Offshore Helicopters Flight 85N">North Sea crash</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Opal_(fuel)" title="Opal (fuel)">Opal</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow hlist" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /> <a href="/wiki/Category:BP" title="Category:BP">Category</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/12px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/18px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/24px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /> <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:BP" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:BP">Commons</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="23x15px&#124;border_&#124;alt=United_Kingdom&#124;link=United_Kingdom_FTSE_100_companies_of_the_United_Kingdom_→_FTSE_250" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:FTSE_100_Index_constituents" title="Template:FTSE 100 Index constituents"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:FTSE_100_Index_constituents" title="Template talk:FTSE 100 Index constituents"><abbr title="Discuss this 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href="/wiki/FTSE_100_Index" title="FTSE 100 Index">FTSE 100</a> companies of the United Kingdom   → <a href="/wiki/FTSE_250_Index" title="FTSE 250 Index">FTSE 250</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/3i" title="3i">3i</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Admiral_Group" title="Admiral Group">Admiral Group</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Airtel_Africa" title="Airtel Africa">Airtel Africa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anglo_American_plc" title="Anglo American plc">Anglo American</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antofagasta_plc" title="Antofagasta plc">Antofagasta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ashtead_Group" title="Ashtead Group">Ashtead Group</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Associated_British_Foods" title="Associated British Foods">Associated British Foods</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/AstraZeneca" title="AstraZeneca">AstraZeneca</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Auto_Trader_Group" title="Auto Trader Group">Auto Trader Group</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aviva" title="Aviva">Aviva</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/B%26M" title="B&M">B&M</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/BAE_Systems" title="BAE Systems">BAE Systems</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barclays" title="Barclays">Barclays</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barratt_Redrow" title="Barratt Redrow">Barratt Redrow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beazley_plc" title="Beazley plc">Beazley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Berkeley_Group_Holdings" title="Berkeley Group Holdings">Berkeley Group Holdings</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">BP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_American_Tobacco" title="British American Tobacco">British American Tobacco</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_Land" title="British Land">British Land</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/BT_Group" title="BT Group">BT Group</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bunzl" title="Bunzl">Bunzl</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Centrica" title="Centrica">Centrica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coca-Cola_Hellenic_Bottling_Company" title="Coca-Cola Hellenic Bottling Company">Coca-Cola HBC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Compass_Group" title="Compass Group">Compass Group</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Convatec" title="Convatec">Convatec</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Croda_International" title="Croda International">Croda International</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/DCC_plc" title="DCC plc">DCC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diageo" title="Diageo">Diageo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diploma_plc" title="Diploma plc">Diploma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/EasyJet" title="EasyJet">EasyJet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Endeavour_Mining" title="Endeavour Mining">Endeavour Mining</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Entain" title="Entain">Entain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Experian" title="Experian">Experian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/F_%26_C_Investment_Trust" title="F & C Investment Trust">F & C Investment Trust</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frasers_Group" title="Frasers Group">Frasers Group</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fresnillo_plc" title="Fresnillo plc">Fresnillo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glencore" title="Glencore">Glencore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GSK_plc" title="GSK plc">GSK</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Haleon" title="Haleon">Haleon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Halma_plc" title="Halma plc">Halma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hargreaves_Lansdown" title="Hargreaves Lansdown">Hargreaves Lansdown</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hikma_Pharmaceuticals" title="Hikma Pharmaceuticals">Hikma Pharmaceuticals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hiscox" title="Hiscox">Hiscox</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Howdens_Joinery" title="Howdens Joinery">Howdens Joinery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HSBC" title="HSBC">HSBC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IHG_Hotels_%26_Resorts" title="IHG Hotels & Resorts">IHG Hotels & Resorts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IMI_plc" title="IMI plc">IMI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Imperial_Brands" title="Imperial Brands">Imperial Brands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Informa" title="Informa">Informa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intermediate_Capital_Group" title="Intermediate Capital Group">Intermediate Capital Group</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Airlines_Group" title="International Airlines Group">International Airlines Group</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intertek" title="Intertek">Intertek</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/JD_Sports" title="JD Sports">JD Sports</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingfisher_plc" title="Kingfisher plc">Kingfisher</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Landsec" title="Landsec">Land Securities</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Legal_%26_General" title="Legal & General">Legal & General</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lloyds_Banking_Group" title="Lloyds Banking Group">Lloyds Banking Group</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LondonMetric_Property" title="LondonMetric Property">LondonMetric Property</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/London_Stock_Exchange_Group" title="London Stock Exchange Group">London Stock Exchange Group</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/M%26G" title="M&G">M&G</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marks_%26_Spencer" title="Marks & Spencer">Marks & Spencer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Melrose_Industries" title="Melrose Industries">Melrose Industries</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mondi" title="Mondi">Mondi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Grid_plc" title="National Grid plc">National Grid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/NatWest_Group" title="NatWest Group">NatWest Group</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Next_plc" title="Next plc">Next</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pearson_plc" title="Pearson plc">Pearson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pershing_Square_Holdings" title="Pershing Square Holdings">Pershing Square Holdings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persimmon_plc" title="Persimmon plc">Persimmon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phoenix_Group" title="Phoenix Group">Phoenix Group</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prudential_plc" title="Prudential plc">Prudential</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reckitt" title="Reckitt">Reckitt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/RELX" title="RELX">RELX</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rentokil_Initial" title="Rentokil Initial">Rentokil Initial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rightmove" title="Rightmove">Rightmove</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rio_Tinto_(corporation)" title="Rio Tinto (corporation)">Rio Tinto</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rolls-Royce_Holdings" title="Rolls-Royce Holdings">Rolls-Royce</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sage_Group" title="Sage Group">Sage Group</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sainsbury%27s" title="Sainsbury's">J Sainsbury</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Schroders" title="Schroders">Schroders</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scottish_Mortgage_Investment_Trust" title="Scottish Mortgage Investment Trust">Scottish Mortgage Investment Trust</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Segro" title="Segro">Segro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Severn_Trent" title="Severn Trent">Severn Trent</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shell_plc" title="Shell plc">Shell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/DS_Smith" title="DS Smith">DS Smith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Smith_%26_Nephew" title="Smith & Nephew">Smith & Nephew</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Smiths_Group" title="Smiths Group">Smiths Group</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spirax_Group" title="Spirax Group">Spirax Group</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SSE_plc" title="SSE plc">SSE</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Standard_Chartered" title="Standard Chartered">Standard Chartered</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taylor_Wimpey" title="Taylor Wimpey">Taylor Wimpey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tesco" title="Tesco">Tesco</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unilever" title="Unilever">Unilever</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Utilities" title="United Utilities">United Utilities</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unite_Students" title="Unite Students">Unite Group</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vistry_Group" title="Vistry Group">Vistry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vodafone" title="Vodafone">Vodafone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Weir_Group" title="Weir Group">Weir Group</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Whitbread" title="Whitbread">Whitbread</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/WPP_plc" title="WPP plc">WPP</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Energy_in_the_United_Kingdom" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Energy_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Template:Energy in the United Kingdom"><abbr title="View this 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href="/wiki/Category:Energy_companies_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="Category:Energy companies of the United Kingdom">Companies</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0;line-height:1.6em;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: left;"><a href="/wiki/Category:Coal_companies_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="Category:Coal companies of the United Kingdom">Coal</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anglo_American_plc" title="Anglo American plc">Anglo American</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/BHP" title="BHP">BHP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eurasian_Natural_Resources_Corporation" title="Eurasian Natural Resources Corporation">ENRC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GCM_Resources" title="GCM Resources">GCM Resources</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glencore" title="Glencore">Glencore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rio_Tinto_(corporation)" title="Rio Tinto (corporation)">Rio Tinto</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/UK_Coal" title="UK Coal">UK Coal</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: left;"><a href="/wiki/Category:Oil_and_gas_companies_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="Category:Oil and gas companies of the United Kingdom">Oil and gas</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: left;background-color: #eee;">Integrated</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">BP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shell_plc" title="Shell plc">Shell</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: left;background-color: #eee;">Exploration and production</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Afren" title="Afren">Afren</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/BHP" title="BHP">BHP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Capricorn_Energy" title="Capricorn Energy">Capricorn Energy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Centrica" title="Centrica">Centrica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dana_Petroleum" title="Dana Petroleum">Dana Petroleum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Desire_Petroleum" title="Desire Petroleum">Desire Petroleum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emerald_Energy" title="Emerald Energy">Emerald Energy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/EnQuest" title="EnQuest">EnQuest</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Essar_Energy" title="Essar Energy">Essar Energy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harbour_Energy" title="Harbour Energy">Harbour Energy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hardy_Oil_and_Gas" title="Hardy Oil and Gas">Hardy Oil and Gas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/JKX_Oil_%26_Gas" title="JKX Oil & Gas">JKX Oil & Gas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Melrose_Resources" title="Melrose Resources">Melrose Resources</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ophir_Energy" title="Ophir Energy">Ophir Energy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Perenco" title="Perenco">Perenco</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pharos_Energy" title="Pharos Energy">Pharos Energy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Regal_Petroleum" title="Regal Petroleum">Regal Petroleum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rockhopper_Exploration" title="Rockhopper Exploration">Rockhopper Exploration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Star_Energy" title="Star Energy">Star Energy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tullow_Oil" title="Tullow Oil">Tullow Oil</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: left;background-color: #eee;">Supply</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Greenergy" title="Greenergy">Greenergy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Murco_Petroleum" title="Murco Petroleum">Murco Petroleum</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: left;background-color: #eee;">Support</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abbot_Group" title="Abbot Group">Abbot Group</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amec_Foster_Wheeler" title="Amec Foster Wheeler">Amec Foster Wheeler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Expro" title="Expro">Expro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hunting_plc" title="Hunting plc">Hunting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Wood_Group" title="John Wood Group">John Wood Group</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Petrofac" title="Petrofac">Petrofac</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qserv" title="Qserv">Qserv</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Weir_Group" title="Weir Group">Weir Group</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/WesternGeco" title="WesternGeco">WesternGeco</a>1</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: left;"><a href="/wiki/Category:Electric_power_companies_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="Category:Electric power companies of the United Kingdom">Utilities</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: left;background-color: #eee;">Integrated</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Centrica" title="Centrica">Centrica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/E.ON_UK" title="E.ON UK">E.ON UK</a>1</li> <li><a href="/wiki/EDF_Energy" title="EDF Energy">EDF Energy</a>1</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Npower_(United_Kingdom)" title="Npower (United Kingdom)">Npower</a>1</li> <li><a href="/wiki/ScottishPower" title="ScottishPower">ScottishPower</a>1</li> <li><a href="/wiki/SSE_plc" title="SSE plc">SSE</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: left;background-color: #eee;">Generation and supply</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: left;background-color: #eee;"><a href="/wiki/Generation" title="Generation">Generation</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Drax_Group" title="Drax Group">Drax Group</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Engie_Energy_International" title="Engie Energy International">Engie Energy International</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Horizon_Nuclear_Power" title="Horizon Nuclear Power">Horizon Nuclear Power</a>1</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Renantis" title="Renantis">Renantis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vattenfall_UK" title="Vattenfall UK">Vattenfall UK</a>1</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vedanta_Resources" title="Vedanta Resources">Vedanta Resources</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: left;background-color: #eee;"><a href="/wiki/Energy_supply" title="Energy supply">Supply</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/100Green" title="100Green">100Green</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bristol_Energy" title="Bristol Energy">Bristol Energy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Co-op_Energy" title="Co-op Energy">Co-op Energy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ecotricity" title="Ecotricity">Ecotricity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ESB_Group" title="ESB Group">ESB Group</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Firmus_Energy" title="Firmus Energy">Firmus Energy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Good_Energy" title="Good Energy">Good Energy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Octopus_Energy" title="Octopus Energy">Octopus Energy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Opus_Energy" title="Opus Energy">Opus Energy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Outfox_the_Market" title="Outfox the Market">Outfox the Market</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/OVO_Energy" title="OVO Energy">OVO Energy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phoenix_Natural_Gas" title="Phoenix Natural Gas">Phoenix Natural Gas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shell_Energy" title="Shell Energy">Shell Energy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/TotalEnergies_Gas_%26_Power" title="TotalEnergies Gas & Power">TotalEnergies Gas & Power</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Utilita_Energy" title="Utilita Energy">Utilita Energy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Utility_Warehouse" title="Utility Warehouse">Utility Warehouse</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: left;background-color: #eee;"><a href="/wiki/Electric_power_distribution" title="Electric power distribution">Distribution</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: left;background-color: #eee;"><a href="/wiki/Distribution_network_operator" title="Distribution network operator">Electricity</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Electricity_North_West" title="Electricity North West">Electricity North West</a>1</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northern_Powergrid" title="Northern Powergrid">Northern Powergrid</a>1</li> <li><a href="/wiki/ScottishPower#Energy_Networks" title="ScottishPower">SP Energy Networks</a>1</li> <li><a href="/wiki/SSE_plc#Operations" title="SSE plc">SSE Power Distribution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/UK_Power_Networks" title="UK Power Networks">UK Power Networks</a>1</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_Power_Distribution" title="Western Power Distribution">Western Power Distribution</a>1</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: left;background-color: #eee;">Gas</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cadent_Gas" title="Cadent Gas">Cadent Gas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Firmus_Energy" title="Firmus Energy">Firmus Energy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northern_Gas_Networks" title="Northern Gas Networks">Northern Gas Networks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phoenix_Natural_Gas" title="Phoenix Natural Gas">Phoenix Natural Gas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SGN_(company)" title="SGN (company)">SGN</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wales_%26_West_Utilities" title="Wales & West Utilities">Wales & West Utilities</a>1</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: left;background-color: #eee;"><a href="/wiki/Electric_power_transmission" title="Electric power transmission">Transmission</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: left;background-color: #eee;"><a href="/wiki/National_Grid_(Great_Britain)" title="National Grid (Great Britain)">Electricity</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/National_Grid_plc" title="National Grid plc">National Grid</a>2</li> <li><a href="/wiki/SSE_plc#Operations" title="SSE plc">Scottish Hydro Electric Transmission</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ScottishPower#Energy_Networks" title="ScottishPower">SP Energy Networks</a>1</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: left;background-color: #eee;"><a href="/wiki/National_Transmission_System" title="National Transmission System">Gas</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/National_Grid_plc" title="National Grid plc">National Grid</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: left;">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aggreko" title="Aggreko">Aggreko</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/APX_Group" title="APX Group">APX Group</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aquamarine_Power" title="Aquamarine Power">Aquamarine Power</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/EnServe" title="EnServe">EnServe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hi-Gen_Power" title="Hi-Gen Power">Hi-Gen Power</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mark_Group" title="Mark Group">Mark Group</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Downs_Deep_Geothermal_Power" title="United Downs Deep Geothermal Power">United Downs Deep Geothermal Power</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wavegen" title="Wavegen">Wavegen</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div>Companies with headquarters and/or registered office in the UK but no applicable energy operations within the country shown in italics 1Ultimate parent company is not UK-based 2Integrated in the United States, no generation or supply activities in the UK</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Energy_sources" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Energy sources</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0;line-height:1.6em;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: left;"><a href="/wiki/Coal_mining_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Coal mining in the United Kingdom">Coal</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Coal_Authority" title="Coal Authority">Coal Authority</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Coal-fired_power_stations_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Category:Coal-fired power stations in the United Kingdom">Coal-fired power stations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Coal_mines_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Category:Coal mines in the United Kingdom">Coal mines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Coal_mining_regions_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Category:Coal mining regions in the United Kingdom">Coal mining regions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Confederation_of_UK_Coal_Producers" title="Confederation of UK Coal Producers">Confederation of UK Coal Producers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greenhouse_gas_emissions_by_the_United_Kingdom" title="Greenhouse gas emissions by the United Kingdom">Greenhouse gas emissions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coal_mining_in_the_United_Kingdom#History" title="Coal mining in the United Kingdom">History</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1984%E2%80%931985_United_Kingdom_miners%27_strike" title="1984–1985 United Kingdom miners' strike">miners' strike</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Coal_Board" title="National Coal Board">National Coal Board</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Open-pit_coal_mining_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Open-pit coal mining in the United Kingdom">Open-pit coal mining</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: left;"><a href="/wiki/Electricity_sector_in_the_United_Kingdom" class="mw-redirect" title="Electricity sector in the United Kingdom">Electricity</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Association_of_Electricity_Producers" title="Association of Electricity Producers">Association of Electricity Producers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/BritNed" title="BritNed">BritNed</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/East%E2%80%93West_Interconnector" title="East–West Interconnector">East–West Interconnector</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_7" title="Economy 7">Economy 7</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_10" title="Economy 10">Economy 10</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Electricity_billing_in_the_UK" title="Electricity billing in the UK">Electricity billing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Energy_switching_services_in_the_UK" title="Energy switching services in the UK">Energy switching services</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Green_electricity_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Green electricity in the United Kingdom">Green electricity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grid_Trade_Master_Agreement" title="Grid Trade Master Agreement">Grid Trade Master Agreement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gridlink_Interconnector" title="Gridlink Interconnector">Gridlink Interconnector</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HVDC_Cross-Channel" title="HVDC Cross-Channel">HVDC Cross-Channel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isle_of_Man_to_England_Interconnector" title="Isle of Man to England Interconnector">Isle of Man to England Interconnector</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moyle_Interconnector" title="Moyle Interconnector">Moyle Interconnector</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Grid_(Great_Britain)" title="National Grid (Great Britain)">National Grid</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Control_of_the_National_Grid" class="mw-redirect" title="Control of the National Grid">Control</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Grid_Reserve_Service" title="National Grid Reserve Service">Reserve Service</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Electricity_Trading_Arrangements" title="New Electricity Trading Arrangements">New Electricity Trading Arrangements</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_Sea_Link" title="North Sea Link">North Sea Link</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Power_stations_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Category:Power stations in the United Kingdom">Power stations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_UK_electricity_supply_industry" title="Timeline of the UK electricity supply industry">Timeline of the electricity supply industry</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: left;"><a href="/wiki/Nuclear_power_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Nuclear power in the United Kingdom">Nuclear</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Advanced_Gas-cooled_Reactor" class="mw-redirect" title="Advanced Gas-cooled Reactor">Advanced Gas-cooled Reactor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Franco-British_Nuclear_Forum" title="Franco-British Nuclear Forum">Franco-British Nuclear Forum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Magnox" title="Magnox">Magnox</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Nuclear_Laboratory" title="National Nuclear Laboratory">National Nuclear Laboratory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nuclear_Decommissioning_Authority" title="Nuclear Decommissioning Authority">Nuclear Decommissioning Authority</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nuclear_Liabilities_Fund" title="Nuclear Liabilities Fund">Nuclear Liabilities Fund</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Nuclear_power_stations_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Category:Nuclear power stations in the United Kingdom">Nuclear power stations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Office_for_Nuclear_Regulation" title="Office for Nuclear Regulation">Office for Nuclear Regulation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sellafield" title="Sellafield">Sellafield</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom_Atomic_Energy_Authority" title="United Kingdom Atomic Energy Authority">United Kingdom Atomic Energy Authority</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: left;"><a href="/wiki/Oil_and_gas_industry_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Oil and gas industry in the United Kingdom">Oil and gas</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/BBL_Pipeline" title="BBL Pipeline">BBL Pipeline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dash_for_Gas" title="Dash for Gas">Dash for Gas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Forties_pipeline_system" title="Forties pipeline system">Forties pipeline system</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fuel_protests_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Fuel protests in the United Kingdom">Fuel protests</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Natural_gas_infrastructure_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Category:Natural gas infrastructure in the United Kingdom">Gas infrastructure</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greenhouse_gas_emissions_by_the_United_Kingdom" title="Greenhouse gas emissions by the United Kingdom">Greenhouse gas emissions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hydrocarbon_Oil_Duty" title="Hydrocarbon Oil Duty">Hydrocarbon Oil Duty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Transmission_System" title="National Transmission System">National Transmission System</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Natural_gas_fields_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Category:Natural gas fields in the United Kingdom">Natural gas fields</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Natural_gas-fired_power_stations_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Category:Natural gas-fired power stations in the United Kingdom">Natural gas-fired power stations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_Sea_oil" title="North Sea oil">North Sea oil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_Sea_Transition_Authority" title="North Sea Transition Authority">North Sea Transition Authority</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Offshore_Energies_UK" title="Offshore Energies UK">Offshore Energies UK</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Oil_fields_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="Category:Oil fields of the United Kingdom">Oil fields</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Oil-fired_power_stations_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Category:Oil-fired power stations in the United Kingdom">Oil-fired power stations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Petroleum_infrastructure_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Category:Petroleum infrastructure in the United Kingdom">Oil infrastructure</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Oil_refineries_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Category:Oil refineries in the United Kingdom">Oil refineries</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Petroleum_Revenue_Tax" title="Petroleum Revenue Tax">Petroleum Revenue Tax</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: left;"><a href="/wiki/Renewable_energy_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Renewable energy in the United Kingdom">Renewables</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: left;background-color: #eee;"><a href="/wiki/Biofuel_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Biofuel in the United Kingdom">Biofuels</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Biofuel_power_stations_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Category:Biofuel power stations in the United Kingdom">Biofuel power stations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/NNFCC" title="NNFCC">NNFCC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Renewable_Fuels_Agency" title="Renewable Fuels Agency">Renewable Fuels Agency</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Renewable_Transport_Fuel_Obligation" title="Renewable Transport Fuel Obligation">Renewable Transport Fuel Obligation</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: left;background-color: #eee;"><a href="/wiki/Geothermal_power_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Geothermal power in the United Kingdom">Geothermal</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Geothermal_power_stations_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Category:Geothermal power stations in the United Kingdom">Geothermal power stations</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: left;background-color: #eee;"><a href="/wiki/Category:Hydroelectricity_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Category:Hydroelectricity in the United Kingdom">Hydroelectricity</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Hydroelectric_power_stations_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Category:Hydroelectric power stations in the United Kingdom">Hydroelectric power stations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mersey_Barrage" title="Mersey Barrage">Mersey Barrage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Severn_Barrage" title="Severn Barrage">Severn Barrage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Wave_farms_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Category:Wave farms in the United Kingdom">Wave farms</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: left;background-color: #eee;"><a href="/wiki/Solar_power_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Solar power in the United Kingdom">Solar power</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: left;background-color: #eee;"><a href="/wiki/Wind_power_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Wind power in the United Kingdom">Wind power</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Offshore_wind_power_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Offshore wind power in the United Kingdom">Offshore wind power</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_offshore_wind_farms_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="List of offshore wind farms in the United Kingdom">List of offshore wind farms</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_onshore_wind_farms_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="List of onshore wind farms in the United Kingdom">List of onshore wind farms</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_Seas_Energy_Cooperation" title="North Seas Energy Cooperation">North Seas Energy Cooperation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wind_power_in_Scotland" title="Wind power in Scotland">Wind power in Scotland</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Government_and_regulation" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Government and regulation</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0;line-height:1.6em;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: left;">Organisations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Carbon_Trust" title="Carbon Trust">Carbon Trust</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cenex" title="Cenex">Cenex</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate_Change_Committee" title="Climate Change Committee">Climate Change Committee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Department_for_Energy_Security_and_Net_Zero" title="Department for Energy Security and Net Zero">Department for Energy Security and Net Zero</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Department_for_Environment,_Food_and_Rural_Affairs" title="Department for Environment, Food and Rural Affairs">Department for Environment, Food and Rural Affairs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Energy_Saving_Trust" title="Energy Saving Trust">Energy Saving Trust</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environment_Agency" title="Environment Agency">Environment Agency</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Office_of_Gas_and_Electricity_Markets" title="Office of Gas and Electricity Markets">Office of Gas and Electricity Markets</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: left;"><a href="/wiki/Energy_policy_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="Energy policy of the United Kingdom">Legislation and initiatives</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Carbon_Emission_Reduction_Target" title="Carbon Emission Reduction Target">Carbon Emission Reduction Target</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate_Change_Act_2008" title="Climate Change Act 2008">Climate Change Act 2008</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate_Change_Agreement_(UK)" title="Climate Change Agreement (UK)">Climate Change Agreement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate_Change_and_Sustainable_Energy_Act_2006" title="Climate Change and Sustainable Energy Act 2006">Climate Change and Sustainable Energy Act 2006</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate_Change_Levy" title="Climate Change Levy">Climate Change Levy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CRC_Energy_Efficiency_Scheme" title="CRC Energy Efficiency Scheme">CRC Energy Efficiency Scheme</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Decarbonisation_measures_in_proposed_UK_electricity_market_reform" class="mw-redirect" title="Decarbonisation measures in proposed UK electricity market reform">Decarbonisation measures in proposed UK electricity market reform</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Display_Energy_Certificate" title="Display Energy Certificate">Display Energy Certificate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Energy_Act_2013" title="Energy Act 2013">Energy Act 2013</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Energy_performance_certificate" title="Energy performance certificate">Energy performance certificate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fossil_Fuel_Levy" title="Fossil Fuel Levy">Fossil Fuel Levy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Low_Carbon_Building_Programme" title="Low Carbon Building Programme">Low Carbon Building Programme</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Non-Fossil_Fuel_Obligation" title="Non-Fossil Fuel Obligation">Non-Fossil Fuel Obligation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Planning_Act_2008" title="Planning Act 2008">Planning Act 2008</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Renewable_Heat_Incentive" title="Renewable Heat Incentive">Renewable Heat Incentive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Renewables_Obligation_(United_Kingdom)" title="Renewables Obligation (United Kingdom)">Renewables Obligation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom_Climate_Change_Programme" title="United Kingdom Climate Change Programme">United Kingdom Climate Change Programme</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Non-governmental_organisations" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Non-governmental organisations</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0;line-height:1.6em;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: left;">Charities and pressure groups</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ashden_Award" class="mw-redirect" title="Ashden Award">Ashden Award</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bioregional" title="Bioregional">Bioregional</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Campaign_against_Climate_Change" title="Campaign against Climate Change">Campaign against Climate Change</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Centre_for_Alternative_Technology" title="Centre for Alternative Technology">Centre for Alternative Technology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Energy_Action" title="National Energy Action">National Energy Action</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stop_Climate_Chaos" title="Stop Climate Chaos">Stop Climate Chaos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tyndall_Centre" title="Tyndall Centre">Tyndall Centre</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: left;">Industry bodies</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Association_for_Decentralised_Energy" title="Association for Decentralised Energy">Association for Decentralised Energy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Energy_Institute" title="Energy Institute">Energy Institute</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Energy_Networks_Association_(United_Kingdom)" title="Energy Networks Association (United Kingdom)">Energy Networks Association</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Energy_Retail_Association" title="Energy Retail Association">Energy Retail Association</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Green_Power_Forum" title="Green Power Forum">Green Power Forum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/RenewableUK" title="RenewableUK">RenewableUK</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Utilities_Intermediaries_Association" title="Utilities Intermediaries Association">Utilities Intermediaries Association</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: left;">Research</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Centre_for_Renewable_Energy_Systems_Technology" title="Centre for Renewable Energy Systems Technology">Centre for Renewable Energy Systems Technology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Energy_Technologies_Institute" title="Energy Technologies Institute">Energy Technologies Institute</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Met_Office_Hadley_Centre" title="Met Office Hadley Centre">Met Office Hadley Centre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Narec" title="Narec">Narec</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oil_Depletion_Analysis_Centre" title="Oil Depletion Analysis Centre">Oil Depletion Analysis Centre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sunbury_Research_Centre" title="Sunbury Research Centre">Sunbury Research Centre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/UK_Energy_Research_Centre" title="UK Energy Research Centre">UK Energy Research Centre</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Energy_conservation" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Energy_conservation_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Energy conservation in the United Kingdom">Energy conservation</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0;line-height:1.6em;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Association_for_the_Conservation_of_Energy" title="Association for the Conservation of Energy">Association for the Conservation of Energy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_Energy_Efficiency_Federation" title="British Energy Efficiency Federation">British Energy Efficiency Federation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Close_the_Door_campaign" title="Close the Door campaign">Close the Door campaign</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Code_for_Sustainable_Homes" title="Code for Sustainable Homes">Code for Sustainable Homes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Double_Glazing_%26_Conservatory_Ombudsman_Scheme" title="Double Glazing & Conservatory Ombudsman Scheme">Double Glazing & Conservatory Ombudsman Scheme</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/EcoHomes" title="EcoHomes">EcoHomes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Energy_efficiency_in_British_housing" title="Energy efficiency in British housing">Energy efficiency in British housing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Energy_Saving_Trust" title="Energy Saving Trust">Energy Saving Trust</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Energy_Saving_Trust_Recommended" title="Energy Saving Trust Recommended">Energy Saving Trust Recommended</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greenhouse_gas_emissions_by_the_United_Kingdom" title="Greenhouse gas emissions by the United Kingdom">Greenhouse gas emissions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heat_loss_due_to_linear_thermal_bridging" title="Heat loss due to linear thermal bridging">HTB</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Home_Energy_Rating" title="National Home Energy Rating">National Home Energy Rating</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e0/Symbol_question.svg/16px-Symbol_question.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e0/Symbol_question.svg/23px-Symbol_question.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e0/Symbol_question.svg/31px-Symbol_question.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /> <a href="/wiki/Category:Energy_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Category:Energy in the United Kingdom">Category</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Petroleum_industry" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Petroleum_industry" title="Template:Petroleum industry"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Petroleum_industry" title="Template talk:Petroleum industry"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Petroleum_industry" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Petroleum industry"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Petroleum_industry" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Petroleum_industry" title="Petroleum industry">Petroleum industry</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Petroleum" title="Petroleum">Petroleum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Primary_energy" title="Primary energy">Primary energy</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Benchmark_(crude_oil)" title="Benchmark (crude oil)">Benchmarks</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Argus_Sour_Crude_Index" title="Argus Sour Crude Index">Argus Sour</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bonny_Light_oil" title="Bonny Light oil">Bonny Light</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brent_Crude" title="Brent Crude">Brent</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dubai_Crude" title="Dubai Crude">Dubai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_Basket" title="Indian Basket">Indian Basket</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indonesian_Crude_Price" title="Indonesian Crude Price">Indonesian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isthmus-34_Light" title="Isthmus-34 Light">Isthmus-34 Light</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japan_Crude_Cocktail" title="Japan Crude Cocktail">Japan Cocktail</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/OPEC_Reference_Basket" title="OPEC Reference Basket">OPEC Reference Basket</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tapis_crude" title="Tapis crude">Tapis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Urals_oil" title="Urals oil">Urals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/West_Texas_Intermediate" title="West Texas Intermediate">West Texas Intermediate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_Canadian_Select" title="Western Canadian Select">Western Canadian Select</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:left;">Data</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:left; font-weight:normal;">Natural gas</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_by_natural_gas_consumption" title="List of countries by natural gas consumption">Consumption</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_by_natural_gas_production" title="List of countries by natural gas production">Production</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_by_natural_gas_proven_reserves" title="List of countries by natural gas proven reserves">Reserves</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_by_natural_gas_imports" title="List of countries by natural gas imports">Imports</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_by_natural_gas_exports" title="List of countries by natural gas exports">Exports</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Natural_gas_prices" title="Natural gas prices">Price</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:left; font-weight:normal;">Petroleum</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_by_oil_consumption" title="List of countries by oil consumption">Consumption</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_by_oil_production" title="List of countries by oil production">Production</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_by_proven_oil_reserves" title="List of countries by proven oil reserves">Reserves</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_by_oil_imports" title="List of countries by oil imports">Imports</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_by_oil_exports" title="List of countries by oil exports">Exports</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Posted_oil_price" title="Posted oil price">Posted oil price</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Price_of_oil" title="Price of oil">Price</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gasoline_and_diesel_usage_and_pricing" title="Gasoline and diesel usage and pricing">of gasoline and diesel</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Hydrocarbon_exploration" title="Hydrocarbon exploration">Exploration</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Core_sample" title="Core sample">Core sampling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Exploration_geophysics" title="Exploration geophysics">Geophysics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Integrated_asset_modelling" title="Integrated asset modelling">Integrated asset modelling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Petroleum_engineering" title="Petroleum engineering">Petroleum engineering</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Reservoir_simulation" title="Reservoir simulation">Reservoir simulation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reservoir_modeling" title="Reservoir modeling">Reservoir modeling</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Petroleum_geology" title="Petroleum geology">Petroleum geology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Petrophysics" title="Petrophysics">Petrophysics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reflection_seismology" title="Reflection seismology">Reflection seismology</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Seismic_inversion" title="Seismic inversion">Seismic inversion</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seismic_source" title="Seismic source">Seismic source</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Oil_well" title="Oil well">Drilling</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Blowout_(well_drilling)" title="Blowout (well drilling)">Blowout</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Completion_(oil_and_gas_wells)" title="Completion (oil and gas wells)">Completion</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Squeeze_job" title="Squeeze job">Squeeze job</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Differential_sticking" title="Differential sticking">Differential sticking</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Directional_drilling" title="Directional drilling">Directional drilling</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Geosteering" title="Geosteering">Geosteering</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Drill_stem_test" title="Drill stem test">Drill stem test</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Drilling_engineering" title="Drilling engineering">Drilling engineering</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Drilling_fluid" title="Drilling fluid">Drilling fluid</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Drilling_fluid_invasion" title="Drilling fluid invasion">invasion</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lost_circulation" title="Lost circulation">Lost circulation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Measurement_while_drilling" title="Measurement while drilling">Measurement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shale_oil_extraction" title="Shale oil extraction">Shale oil extraction</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fredrik_Ljungstr%C3%B6m#Shale_oil_extraction" title="Fredrik Ljungström">Ljungström method</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tracer_use_in_the_oil_industry" title="Tracer use in the oil industry">Tracers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Underbalanced_drilling" title="Underbalanced drilling">Underbalanced drilling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Well_logging" title="Well logging">Well logging</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Extraction_of_petroleum" title="Extraction of petroleum">Production</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Petroleum_fiscal_regime" title="Petroleum fiscal regime">Petroleum fiscal regime</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Petroleum_licensing" title="Petroleum licensing">Concessions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Production_sharing_agreement" title="Production sharing agreement">Production sharing agreements</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Artificial_lift" title="Artificial lift">Artificial lift</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gas_lift" title="Gas lift">Gas lift</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pumpjack" title="Pumpjack">Pumpjack</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Submersible_pump" title="Submersible pump">Submersible pump (ESP)</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Downstream_(petroleum_industry)" title="Downstream (petroleum industry)">Downstream</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Enhanced_oil_recovery" title="Enhanced oil recovery">Enhanced oil recovery (EOR)</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gas_reinjection" title="Gas reinjection">Gas reinjection</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Steam_injection_(oil_industry)" title="Steam injection (oil industry)">Steam injection</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Midstream" title="Midstream">Midstream</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Petroleum_product" title="Petroleum product">Petroleum product</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pipeline" title="Pipeline">Pipeline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oil_refinery" title="Oil refinery">Refining</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Upstream_(petroleum_industry)" title="Upstream (petroleum industry)">Upstream</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Water_injection_(oil_production)" title="Water injection (oil production)">Water injection</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Well_intervention" title="Well intervention">Well intervention</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christmas_tree_(oil_well)" title="Christmas tree (oil well)">XT</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_petroleum_industry" title="History of the petroleum industry">History</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1967_Oil_Embargo" title="1967 Oil Embargo">1967 Oil Embargo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1973_oil_crisis" title="1973 oil crisis">1973 oil crisis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1979_oil_crisis" title="1979 oil crisis">1979 oil crisis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1980s_oil_glut" title="1980s oil glut">1980s oil glut</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1990_oil_price_shock" title="1990 oil price shock">1990 oil price shock</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2000s_energy_crisis" title="2000s energy crisis">2000s energy crisis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2010s_oil_glut" title="2010s oil glut">2010s oil glut</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2020_Russia%E2%80%93Saudi_Arabia_oil_price_war" title="2020 Russia–Saudi Arabia oil price war">2020 Russia–Saudi Arabia oil price war</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nationalization_of_oil_supplies" title="Nationalization of oil supplies">Nationalization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gas_Exporting_Countries_Forum" title="Gas Exporting Countries Forum">GECF</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/OPEC" title="OPEC">OPEC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seven_Sisters_(oil_companies)" class="mw-redirect" title="Seven Sisters (oil companies)">Seven Sisters</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Standard_Oil" title="Standard Oil">Standard Oil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_petroleum_industry_in_Canada" title="History of the petroleum industry in Canada">Canada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_petroleum_industry_in_France" title="History of the petroleum industry in France">France</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_oil_industry_in_India" title="History of the oil industry in India">India</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Petroleum_industry_in_Iraq" title="Petroleum industry in Iraq">Iraq</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_petroleum_industry_in_Norway" title="History of the petroleum industry in Norway">Norway</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_oil_industry_in_Saudi_Arabia" title="History of the oil industry in Saudi Arabia">Saudi Arabia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_petroleum_industry_in_the_United_States" title="History of the petroleum industry in the United States">United States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Venezuelan_oil_industry" title="History of the Venezuelan oil industry">Venezuela</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:left;">Provinces and fields</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_natural_gas_fields" title="List of natural gas fields">List of natural gas fields</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_oil_fields" title="List of oil fields">List of oil fields</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caspian_Sea" title="Caspian Sea">Caspian Sea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/East_Midlands_Oil_Province" title="East Midlands Oil Province">East Midlands Oil Province</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/East_Texas_Oil_Field" title="East Texas Oil Field">East Texas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gulf_of_Mexico" title="Gulf of Mexico">Gulf of Mexico</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Niger_Delta#Nigerian_oil" title="Niger Delta">Niger Delta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_Sea_oil" title="North Sea oil">North Sea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Permian_Basin_(North_America)" title="Permian Basin (North America)">Permian Basin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persian_Gulf" title="Persian Gulf">Persian Gulf</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prudhoe_Bay_Oil_Field" title="Prudhoe Bay Oil Field">Prudhoe Bay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oil_reserves_in_Russia" title="Oil reserves in Russia">Russia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oil_reserves_in_Venezuela" title="Oil reserves in Venezuela">Venezuela</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_Canadian_Sedimentary_Basin" class="mw-redirect" title="Western Canadian Sedimentary Basin">Western Canadian Sedimentary Basin</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:left;">Other topics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_abbreviations_in_oil_and_gas_exploration_and_production" title="List of abbreviations in oil and gas exploration and production">Abbreviations</a></li> <li>Classification <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sweet_crude_oil" title="Sweet crude oil">sweet oil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sour_crude_oil" title="Sour crude oil">sour oil</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oil_shale_gas" title="Oil shale gas">Oil shale gas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orphan_wells" title="Orphan wells">Orphan wells</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peak_oil" title="Peak oil">Peak oil</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fossil_fuel_phase-out" title="Fossil fuel phase-out">fossil fuel phase-out</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Predicting_the_timing_of_peak_oil" title="Predicting the timing of peak oil">timing</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Petrocurrency" title="Petrocurrency">Petrocurrency</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Petrodollar_recycling" title="Petrodollar recycling">Petrodollar recycling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Petrofiction" title="Petrofiction">Petrofiction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shale_band" title="Shale band">Shale band</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shale_gas" title="Shale gas">Shale gas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swing_producer" title="Swing producer">Swing producer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unconventional_(oil_and_gas)_reservoir" title="Unconventional (oil and gas) reservoir">Unconventional (oil and gas) reservoir</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Heavy_crude_oil" title="Heavy crude oil">heavy crude</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oil_sands" title="Oil sands">oil sands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oil_shale" title="Oil shale">oil shale</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tight_oil" title="Tight oil">tight oil</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:left;">Companies and organisations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:left;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Major <a href="/wiki/List_of_oil_exploration_and_production_companies" title="List of oil exploration and production companies">petroleum companies</a></div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:left; font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Big_Oil" title="Big Oil">Supermajors</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">BP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chevron_Corporation" title="Chevron Corporation">Chevron</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eni" title="Eni">Eni</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ExxonMobil" title="ExxonMobil">ExxonMobil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shell_plc" title="Shell plc">Shell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/TotalEnergies" title="TotalEnergies">TotalEnergies</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:left; font-weight:normal;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><a href="/wiki/National_oil_company" title="National oil company">National oil companies</a></div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abu_Dhabi_National_Oil_Company" title="Abu Dhabi National Oil Company">Abu Dhabi National Oil Company</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ANCAP_(Uruguay)" title="ANCAP (Uruguay)">ANCAP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bharat_Petroleum" title="Bharat Petroleum">Bharat Petroleum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/China_National_Offshore_Oil_Corporation" title="China National Offshore Oil Corporation">China National Offshore Oil Corporation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/China_National_Petroleum_Corporation" title="China National Petroleum Corporation">China National Petroleum Corporation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ecopetrol" title="Ecopetrol">Ecopetrol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Equinor" title="Equinor">Equinor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gazprom" title="Gazprom">Gazprom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hindustan_Petroleum" title="Hindustan Petroleum">Hindustan Petroleum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_Oil_Corporation" title="Indian Oil Corporation">Indian Oil Corporation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iraq_National_Oil_Company" title="Iraq National Oil Company">Iraq National Oil Company</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/KazMunayGas" title="KazMunayGas">KazMunayGas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kuwait_Petroleum_Corporation" title="Kuwait Petroleum Corporation">Kuwait Petroleum Corporation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grupa_Lotos" title="Grupa Lotos">Lotos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Naftogaz" title="Naftogaz">Naftogaz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Iranian_Oil_Company" title="National Iranian Oil Company">National Iranian Oil Company</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Iranian_South_Oil_Company" title="National Iranian South Oil Company">National Iranian South Oil Company</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/NNPC_Limited" title="NNPC Limited">NNPC Limited</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oil_%26_Gas_Development_Company" title="Oil & Gas Development Company">Oil & Gas Development Company</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oil_and_Natural_Gas_Corporation" title="Oil and Natural Gas Corporation">Oil and Natural Gas Corporation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orlen" title="Orlen">Orlen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/PDVSA" title="PDVSA">PDVSA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pemex" title="Pemex">Pemex</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pertamina" title="Pertamina">Pertamina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Petrobangla" title="Petrobangla">Petrobangla</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Petrobras" title="Petrobras">Petrobras</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/PetroChina" title="PetroChina">PetroChina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Petronas" title="Petronas">Petronas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Petrovietnam" title="Petrovietnam">Petrovietnam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/PTT_Public_Company_Limited" title="PTT Public Company Limited">PTT Public Company Limited</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/QatarEnergy" title="QatarEnergy">QatarEnergy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rosneft" title="Rosneft">Rosneft</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saudi_Aramco" title="Saudi Aramco">Saudi Aramco</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sinopec" title="Sinopec">Sinopec</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SOCAR" title="SOCAR">SOCAR</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sonangol_Group" title="Sonangol Group">Sonangol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sonatrach" title="Sonatrach">Sonatrach</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/TPAO" title="TPAO">TPAO</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/YPF" title="YPF">YPF</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:left; font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Energy_trading" class="mw-redirect" title="Energy trading">Energy trading</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Enron" title="Enron">Enron</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glencore" title="Glencore">Glencore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gunvor" title="Gunvor">Gunvor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mercuria" title="Mercuria">Mercuria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Naftiran_Intertrade" title="Naftiran Intertrade">Naftiran Intertrade</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trafigura" title="Trafigura">Trafigura</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vitol" title="Vitol">Vitol</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:left; font-weight:normal;">Others</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/APA_Corporation" title="APA Corporation">APA Corporation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cenovus_Energy" title="Cenovus Energy">Cenovus Energy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cepsa" title="Cepsa">Cepsa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ConocoPhillips" title="ConocoPhillips">ConocoPhillips</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Devon_Energy" title="Devon Energy">Devon Energy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eneos_Holdings" title="Eneos Holdings">Eneos Holdings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Galp_Energia" title="Galp Energia">Galp Energia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hess_Corporation" title="Hess Corporation">Hess Corporation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Husky_Energy" title="Husky Energy">Husky Energy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Imperial_Oil" title="Imperial Oil">Imperial Oil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lukoil" title="Lukoil">Lukoil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marathon_Oil" title="Marathon Oil">Marathon Oil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marathon_Petroleum" title="Marathon Petroleum">Marathon Petroleum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Occidental_Petroleum" title="Occidental Petroleum">Occidental Petroleum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/OMV" title="OMV">OMV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phillips_66" title="Phillips 66">Phillips 66</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Port_Harcourt_Refining_Company" title="Port Harcourt Refining Company">Port Harcourt Refining Company</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reliance_Industries" title="Reliance Industries">Reliance Industries</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Repsol" title="Repsol">Repsol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suncor_Energy" title="Suncor Energy">Suncor Energy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sunoco" title="Sunoco">Sunoco</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Surgutneftegas" title="Surgutneftegas">Surgutneftegas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/TechnipFMC" title="TechnipFMC">TechnipFMC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/TNK-BP" title="TNK-BP">TNK-BP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tullow_Oil" title="Tullow Oil">Tullow Oil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/T%C3%BCpra%C5%9F" title="Tüpraş">Tüpraş</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Valero_Energy" title="Valero Energy">Valero Energy</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:left;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Major <a href="/wiki/List_of_oilfield_service_companies" title="List of oilfield service companies">services companies</a></div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Amec_Foster_Wheeler" title="Amec Foster Wheeler">Amec Foster Wheeler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baker_Hughes" title="Baker Hughes">Baker Hughes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cameron_International" title="Cameron International">Cameron International</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CGG_(company)" title="CGG (company)">CGG</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CH2M" title="CH2M">CH2M</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chicago_Bridge_%26_Iron_Company" title="Chicago Bridge & Iron Company">Chicago Bridge & Iron Company</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/China_Oilfield_Services" title="China Oilfield Services">China Oilfield Services</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Enbridge" title="Enbridge">Enbridge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GE_Power" title="GE Power">GE Power</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Halliburton" title="Halliburton">Halliburton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nabors_Industries" title="Nabors Industries">Nabors Industries</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Naftiran_Intertrade" title="Naftiran Intertrade">Naftiran Intertrade</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/NOV_Inc." title="NOV Inc.">NOV Inc.</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Petrofac" title="Petrofac">Petrofac</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saipem" title="Saipem">Saipem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Schlumberger" title="Schlumberger">Schlumberger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Snam" title="Snam">Snam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Subsea_7" title="Subsea 7">Subsea 7</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/TC_Energy" title="TC Energy">TC Energy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transocean" title="Transocean">Transocean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Valaris_Limited" title="Valaris Limited">Valaris Limited</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Weatherford_International" title="Weatherford International">Weatherford International</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Wood_Group" title="John Wood Group">John Wood Group</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:left;">Others</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/American_Petroleum_Institute" title="American Petroleum Institute">American Petroleum Institute</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canadian_petroleum_companies" title="Canadian petroleum companies">Canadian petroleum companies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intercontinental_Exchange_Futures" title="Intercontinental Exchange Futures">Intercontinental Exchange Futures</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Association_of_Oil_%26_Gas_Producers" title="International Association of Oil & Gas Producers">International Association of Oil & Gas Producers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Energy_Agency" title="International Energy Agency">International Energy Agency</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Society_of_Petroleum_Engineers" title="Society of Petroleum Engineers">Society of Petroleum Engineers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_Petroleum_Council" class="mw-redirect" title="World Petroleum Council">World Petroleum Council</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="font-weight:bold;"><div> <ul><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /> <a href="/wiki/Category:Petroleum_industry" title="Category:Petroleum industry">Category</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Deepwater_Horizon_oil_spill" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Deepwater_Horizon_oil_spill" title="Template:Deepwater Horizon oil spill"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Deepwater_Horizon_oil_spill" title="Template talk:Deepwater Horizon oil spill"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Deepwater_Horizon_oil_spill" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Deepwater Horizon oil spill"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Deepwater_Horizon_oil_spill" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Deepwater_Horizon_oil_spill" title="Deepwater Horizon oil spill">Deepwater Horizon oil spill</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_Deepwater_Horizon_oil_spill" title="Timeline of the Deepwater Horizon oil spill">Events</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Deepwater_Horizon_explosion" title="Deepwater Horizon explosion">Deepwater Horizon explosion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Volume_and_extent_of_the_Deepwater_Horizon_oil_spill" title="Volume and extent of the Deepwater Horizon oil spill">Volume and extent</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Efforts_to_stem_the_Deepwater_Horizon_oil_spill" title="Efforts to stem the Deepwater Horizon oil spill">Efforts to stem the spill</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_Deepwater_Horizon_oil_spill" title="Timeline of the Deepwater Horizon oil spill">Timeline</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_Deepwater_Horizon_oil_spill_(May_2010)" title="Timeline of the Deepwater Horizon oil spill (May 2010)">May 2010</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_Deepwater_Horizon_oil_spill_(June_2010)" title="Timeline of the Deepwater Horizon oil spill (June 2010)">June 2010</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_Deepwater_Horizon_oil_spill_(July_2010)" title="Timeline of the Deepwater Horizon oil spill (July 2010)">July 2010</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_Deepwater_Horizon_oil_spill_(August_2010)" title="Timeline of the Deepwater Horizon oil spill (August 2010)">August 2010</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Companies and organisations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color: #eee;">Owners</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anadarko_Petroleum" title="Anadarko Petroleum">Anadarko Petroleum</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">BP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mitsui_Oil_Exploration" title="Mitsui Oil Exploration">Mitsui Oil Exploration</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color: #eee;">Major contractors</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cameron_International" title="Cameron International">Cameron International</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Halliburton" title="Halliburton">Halliburton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nalco_Holding_Company" class="mw-redirect" title="Nalco Holding Company">Nalco Holding Company</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transocean" title="Transocean">Transocean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wild_Well_Control" title="Wild Well Control">Wild Well Control</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color: #eee;">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bureau_of_Ocean_Energy_Management" title="Bureau of Ocean Energy Management">Bureau of Ocean Energy Management</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flow_Rate_Technical_Group" title="Flow Rate Technical Group">Flow Rate Technical Group</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Minerals_Management_Service" title="Minerals Management Service">Minerals Management Service</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Commission_on_the_BP_Deepwater_Horizon_Oil_Spill_and_Offshore_Drilling" title="National Commission on the BP Deepwater Horizon Oil Spill and Offshore Drilling">National Commission on the BP Deepwater Horizon Oil Spill and Offshore Drilling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unified_Command_(Deepwater_Horizon_oil_spill)" title="Unified Command (Deepwater Horizon oil spill)">Unified Command</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Coast_Guard" title="United States Coast Guard">U. S. Coast Guard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Worst_Case_Discharge" title="Worst Case Discharge">Worst Case Discharge</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">People</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color: #eee;"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">BP</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bob_Dudley" title="Bob Dudley">Bob Dudley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tony_Hayward" title="Tony Hayward">Tony Hayward</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Doug_Suttles" title="Doug Suttles">Doug Suttles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carl-Henric_Svanberg" title="Carl-Henric Svanberg">Carl-Henric Svanberg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Darryl_Willis" title="Darryl Willis">Darryl Willis</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color: #eee;"><a href="/wiki/Minerals_Management_Service" title="Minerals Management Service">MMS</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/S._Elizabeth_Birnbaum" title="S. Elizabeth Birnbaum">S. Elizabeth Birnbaum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_Bromwich" title="Michael Bromwich">Michael Bromwich</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chris_Oynes" title="Chris Oynes">Chris Oynes</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color: #eee;"><a href="/wiki/United_States_Coast_Guard" title="United States Coast Guard">U.S. Coast Guard</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Thad_Allen" title="Thad Allen">Thad Allen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mary_Landry" title="Mary Landry">Mary Landry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peter_Neffenger" class="mw-redirect" title="Peter Neffenger">Peter Neffenger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_A._Watson" title="James A. Watson">James A. Watson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_F._Zukunft" title="Paul F. Zukunft">Paul F. Zukunft</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color: #eee;">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kenneth_Feinberg" title="Kenneth Feinberg">Kenneth Feinberg</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Places</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Macondo_Prospect" title="Macondo Prospect">Macondo Prospect</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mississippi_Canyon" title="Mississippi Canyon">Mississippi Canyon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Perdido_Pass" title="Perdido Pass">Perdido Pass</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Vessels</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color: #eee;">Drilling</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Deepwater_Horizon" title="Deepwater Horizon">Deepwater Horizon</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color: #eee;">Relief ships/rigs</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Development_Driller_III" title="Development Driller III">Development Driller III</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Discoverer_Clear_Leader" title="Discoverer Clear Leader">Discoverer Clear Leader</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Discoverer_Enterprise" title="Discoverer Enterprise">Discoverer Enterprise</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GSF_Development_Driller_II" title="GSF Development Driller II">GSF Development Driller II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Helix_Producer_1" title="Helix Producer 1">Helix Producer 1</a></li> <li>Loch Rannoch</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mighty_Servant_3" title="Mighty Servant 3">Mighty Servant 3</a></li> <li>Overseas Cascade</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Q4000" title="Q4000">Q4000</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seacor_Lee" title="Seacor Lee">Seacor Lee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Toisa_Pisces" title="Toisa Pisces">Toisa Pisces</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/A_Whale" title="A Whale">A Whale</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pacific_Responder" title="Pacific Responder">Pacific Responder</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/California_Responder" title="California Responder">California Responder</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Reactions_to_the_Deepwater_Horizon_oil_spill" title="Reactions to the Deepwater Horizon oil spill">Reactions</a> and impact</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color: #eee;">Environmental</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_impact_of_the_Deepwater_Horizon_oil_spill" title="Environmental impact of the Deepwater Horizon oil spill">Environmental impact</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Health_consequences_of_the_Deepwater_Horizon_oil_spill" title="Health consequences of the Deepwater Horizon oil spill">Health consequences</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GuLF_Study" title="GuLF Study">GuLF Study</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color: #eee;">Socio-economic</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/2010_United_States_deepwater_drilling_moratorium" title="2010 United States deepwater drilling moratorium">Deepwater drilling moratorium</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hornbeck_Offshore_Services_LLC_v._Salazar" title="Hornbeck Offshore Services LLC v. Salazar">court case</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economic_effects_of_the_Deepwater_Horizon_oil_spill" title="Economic effects of the Deepwater Horizon oil spill">Economic effects</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deepwater_Horizon_investigation" title="Deepwater Horizon investigation">Investigation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deepwater_Horizon_litigation" title="Deepwater Horizon litigation">Litigation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deepwater_Horizon_Oil_Spill_Trust" title="Deepwater Horizon Oil Spill Trust">Response fund</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/If_God_Is_Willing_and_da_Creek_Don%27t_Rise" title="If God Is Willing and da Creek Don't Rise">If God Is Willing and da Creek Don't Rise (2010 documentary)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deepwater_Horizon_(film)" title="Deepwater Horizon (film)">Deepwater Horizon (2016 film)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hornbeck_Offshore_Services_LLC_v._Salazar" title="Hornbeck Offshore Services LLC v. Salazar">Hornbeck Offshore Services LLC v. Salazar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spillcam" title="Spillcam">Spillcam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wendy_Schmidt_Oil_Cleanup_X_Challenge" title="Wendy Schmidt Oil Cleanup X Challenge">Wendy Schmidt Oil Cleanup X Challenge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_offshore_drilling_debate" title="United States offshore drilling debate">United States offshore drilling debate</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /> <a href="/wiki/Category:Deepwater_Horizon_oil_spill" title="Category:Deepwater Horizon oil spill">Category</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/12px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/18px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/24px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /> <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Deepwater_Horizon_oil_spill" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Deepwater Horizon oil spill">Commons</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1038841319">.mw-parser-output .tooltip-dotted{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-labelledby="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q152057#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q152057#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a> <a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q152057#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">International</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://isni.org/isni/0000000107909434">ISNI</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://viaf.org/viaf/139890535">VIAF</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/no2002055097">United States</a><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/n80044909">2</a></li></ul></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=kn20020322266&CON_LNG=ENG">Czech Republic</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://olduli.nli.org.il/F/?func=find-b&local_base=NLX10&find_code=UID&request=987007347007805171">Israel</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://musicbrainz.org/label/c87cd830-5e7c-4ed0-b8b2-b64367e96090">MusicBrainz label</a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=BP&oldid=1258492022">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=BP&oldid=1258492022</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Help:Category" title="Help:Category">Categories</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:BP" title="Category:BP">BP</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Multinational_oil_companies" title="Category:Multinational oil companies">Multinational oil companies</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Oil_and_gas_companies_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="Category:Oil and gas companies of the United Kingdom">Oil and gas companies of the United Kingdom</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Oil_pipeline_companies" title="Category:Oil pipeline companies">Oil pipeline companies</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Automotive_fuel_retailers" title="Category:Automotive fuel retailers">Automotive fuel retailers</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:British_brands" title="Category:British brands">British brands</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Chemical_companies_based_in_London" title="Category:Chemical companies based in London">Chemical companies based in London</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Retail_companies_established_in_1909" title="Category:Retail companies established in 1909">Retail companies established in 1909</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Energy_companies_established_in_1909" title="Category:Energy companies established in 1909">Energy companies established in 1909</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Non-renewable_resource_companies_established_in_1909" title="Category:Non-renewable resource companies established in 1909">Non-renewable resource companies established in 1909</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:1909_establishments_in_England" title="Category:1909 establishments in England">1909 establishments in England</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Companies_listed_on_the_London_Stock_Exchange" title="Category:Companies listed on the London Stock Exchange">Companies listed on the London Stock Exchange</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Companies_in_the_FTSE_100_Index" title="Category:Companies in the FTSE 100 Index">Companies in the FTSE 100 Index</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Companies_in_the_Dow_Jones_Global_Titans_50" title="Category:Companies in the Dow Jones Global Titans 50">Companies in the Dow Jones Global Titans 50</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Multinational_companies_headquartered_in_England" title="Category:Multinational companies headquartered in England">Multinational companies headquartered in England</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Former_nationalised_industries_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="Category:Former nationalised industries of the United Kingdom">Former nationalised industries of the United Kingdom</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Gas_stations_in_the_United_States" title="Category:Gas stations in the United States">Gas stations in the United States</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:British_companies_established_in_1909" title="Category:British companies established in 1909">British companies established in 1909</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Ig_Nobel_laureates" title="Category:Ig Nobel laureates">Ig Nobel laureates</a></li></ul></div><div id="mw-hidden-catlinks" class="mw-hidden-catlinks 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