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id="toc-Harvesting" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Harvesting"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.1 Harvesting </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Harvesting-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Handling_and_storage" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Handling_and_storage"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.2 Handling and storage </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Handling_and_storage-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Pests_and_diseases" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Pests_and_diseases"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5 Pests and diseases </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Pests_and_diseases-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Pests and diseases subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Pests_and_diseases-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Viruses" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Viruses"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.1 Viruses </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Viruses-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Bacteria" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bacteria"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.2 Bacteria </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bacteria-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Fungi" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Fungi"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.3 Fungi </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Fungi-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Nematodes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Nematodes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.4 Nematodes </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Nematodes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Insects" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Insects"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.5 Insects </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Insects-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Production" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Production"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6 Production </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Production-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Toxicity" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Toxicity"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7 Toxicity </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Toxicity-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Uses" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Uses"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8 Uses </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Uses-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Uses subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Uses-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Food_and_drink" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Food_and_drink"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8.1 Food and drink </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Food_and_drink-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Preparation_of_bitter_cassava" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Preparation_of_bitter_cassava"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8.2 Preparation of bitter cassava </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Preparation_of_bitter_cassava-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Nutrition" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Nutrition"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8.3 Nutrition </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Nutrition-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Biofuel" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Biofuel"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8.4 Biofuel </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Biofuel-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Animal_feed" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Animal_feed"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8.5 Animal feed </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Animal_feed-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Laundry_starch" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Laundry_starch"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8.6 Laundry starch </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Laundry_starch-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Folklore" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Folklore"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9 Folklore </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Folklore-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 10 See also </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 11 References </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 12 External links </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" > Toggle the table of contents </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading">Cassava</h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 112 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-112" aria-hidden="true" > 112 languages </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Broodwortel" title="Broodwortel – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Broodwortel" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target">Afrikaans</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%D9%81%D8%B1%D8%A9" title="بفرة – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="بفرة" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">العربية</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manihot_esculenta" title="Manihot esculenta – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Manihot esculenta" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Asturianu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gn mw-list-item"><a href="https://gn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mandi%27o" title="Mandi'o – Guarani" lang="gn" hreflang="gn" data-title="Mandi'o" data-language-autonym="Avañe'ẽ" data-language-local-name="Guarani" class="interlanguage-link-target">Avañe'ẽ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maniok" title="Maniok – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Maniok" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target">Azərbaycanca</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ban mw-list-item"><a href="https://ban.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kas%C3%A9la" title="Kaséla – Balinese" lang="ban" hreflang="ban" data-title="Kaséla" data-language-autonym="Basa Bali" data-language-local-name="Balinese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Basa Bali</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bm mw-list-item"><a href="https://bm.wikipedia.org/wiki/Banaku" title="Banaku – Bambara" lang="bm" hreflang="bm" data-title="Banaku" data-language-autonym="Bamanankan" data-language-local-name="Bambara" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bamanankan</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%B6%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%AE%E0%A7%81%E0%A6%B2_%E0%A6%86%E0%A6%B2%E0%A7%81" title="শিমুল আলু – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="শিমুল আলু" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target">বাংলা</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bjn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bjn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jawaw" title="Jawaw – Banjar" lang="bjn" hreflang="bjn" data-title="Jawaw" data-language-autonym="Banjar" data-language-local-name="Banjar" class="interlanguage-link-target">Banjar</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chhi%C5%AB-ch%C3%AE" title="Chhiū-chî – Minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Chhiū-chî" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Minnan" class="interlanguage-link-target">閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%96%D1%91%D0%BA" title="Маніёк – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Маніёк" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Беларуская</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bcl mw-list-item"><a href="https://bcl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Balinghoy" title="Balinghoy – Central Bikol" lang="bcl" hreflang="bcl" data-title="Balinghoy" data-language-autonym="Bikol Central" data-language-local-name="Central Bikol" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bikol Central</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bi mw-list-item"><a href="https://bi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maniok" title="Maniok – Bislama" lang="bi" hreflang="bi" data-title="Maniok" data-language-autonym="Bislama" data-language-local-name="Bislama" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bislama</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%BE%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Маниока – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Маниока" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Български</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mandioca" title="Mandioca – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Mandioca" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Català</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ceb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ceb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manihot_esculenta" title="Manihot esculenta – Cebuano" lang="ceb" hreflang="ceb" data-title="Manihot esculenta" data-language-autonym="Cebuano" data-language-local-name="Cebuano" class="interlanguage-link-target">Cebuano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maniok_jedl%C3%BD" title="Maniok jedlý – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Maniok jedlý" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target">Čeština</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sn mw-list-item"><a href="https://sn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mufarinya" title="Mufarinya – Shona" lang="sn" hreflang="sn" data-title="Mufarinya" data-language-autonym="ChiShona" data-language-local-name="Shona" class="interlanguage-link-target">ChiShona</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-dag mw-list-item"><a href="https://dag.wikipedia.org/wiki/Banchi" title="Banchi – Dagbani" lang="dag" hreflang="dag" data-title="Banchi" data-language-autonym="Dagbanli" data-language-local-name="Dagbani" class="interlanguage-link-target">Dagbanli</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kassava" title="Kassava – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Kassava" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Dansk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maniok" title="Maniok – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Maniok" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target">Deutsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-dsb mw-list-item"><a href="https://dsb.wikipedia.org/wiki/P%C5%A1awy_maniok" title="Pšawy maniok – Lower Sorbian" lang="dsb" hreflang="dsb" data-title="Pšawy maniok" data-language-autonym="Dolnoserbski" data-language-local-name="Lower Sorbian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Dolnoserbski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%9A%CE%B1%CF%83%CE%AC%CE%B2%CE%B1" title="Κασάβα – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Κασάβα" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ελληνικά</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manihot_esculenta" title="Manihot esculenta – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Manihot esculenta" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Español</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manioko" title="Manioko – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Manioko" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target">Esperanto</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manioka" title="Manioka – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Manioka" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target">Euskara</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ee mw-list-item"><a href="https://ee.wikipedia.org/wiki/Agbeli" title="Agbeli – Ewe" lang="ee" hreflang="ee" data-title="Agbeli" data-language-autonym="Eʋegbe" data-language-local-name="Ewe" class="interlanguage-link-target">Eʋegbe</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%86%DB%8C%D9%88%DA%A9" title="مانیوک – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="مانیوک" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target">فارسی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manioc" title="Manioc – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Manioc" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target">Français</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Casabhach" title="Casabhach – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Casabhach" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gaeilge</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mandioca" title="Mandioca – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Mandioca" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target">Galego</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ki mw-list-item"><a href="https://ki.wikipedia.org/wiki/M%C4%A9anga" title="Mĩanga – Kikuyu" lang="ki" hreflang="ki" data-title="Mĩanga" data-language-autonym="Gĩkũyũ" data-language-local-name="Kikuyu" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gĩkũyũ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gu mw-list-item"><a href="https://gu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AA%AE%E0%AB%8B%E0%AA%97%E0%AB%8B" title="મોગો – Gujarati" lang="gu" hreflang="gu" data-title="મોગો" data-language-autonym="ગુજરાતી" data-language-local-name="Gujarati" class="interlanguage-link-target">ગુજરાતી</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%B9%B4%EC%82%AC%EB%B0%94" title="카사바 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="카사바" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target">한국어</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ha mw-list-item"><a href="https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rogo" title="Rogo – Hausa" lang="ha" hreflang="ha" data-title="Rogo" data-language-autonym="Hausa" data-language-local-name="Hausa" class="interlanguage-link-target">Hausa</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BE" title="कसावा – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="कसावा" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target">हिन्दी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hsb mw-list-item"><a href="https://hsb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prawy_maniok" title="Prawy maniok – Upper Sorbian" lang="hsb" hreflang="hsb" data-title="Prawy maniok" data-language-autonym="Hornjoserbsce" data-language-local-name="Upper Sorbian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Hornjoserbsce</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manioka" title="Manioka – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Manioka" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Hrvatski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manioko" title="Manioko – Ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Manioko" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="Ido" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ido</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ilo mw-list-item"><a href="https://ilo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Balinghoy" title="Balinghoy – Iloko" lang="ilo" hreflang="ilo" data-title="Balinghoy" data-language-autonym="Ilokano" data-language-local-name="Iloko" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ilokano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ubi_kayu" title="Ubi kayu – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Ubi kayu" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Indonesia</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kassavar%C3%B3t" title="Kassavarót – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Kassavarót" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Íslenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manihot_esculenta" title="Manihot esculenta – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Manihot esculenta" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Italiano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%9E%D7%A0%D7%99%D7%94%D7%95%D7%98_%D7%9E%D7%A6%D7%95%D7%99" title="מניהוט מצוי – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="מניהוט מצוי" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target">עברית</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jv mw-list-item"><a href="https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ket%C3%A9la_pohung" title="Ketéla pohung – Javanese" lang="jv" hreflang="jv" data-title="Ketéla pohung" data-language-autonym="Jawa" data-language-local-name="Javanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Jawa</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kn mw-list-item"><a href="https://kn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%AE%E0%B2%B0%E0%B2%97%E0%B3%86%E0%B2%A3%E0%B2%B8%E0%B3%81" title="ಮರಗೆಣಸು – Kannada" lang="kn" hreflang="kn" data-title="ಮರಗೆಣಸು" data-language-autonym="ಕನ್ನಡ" data-language-local-name="Kannada" class="interlanguage-link-target">ಕನ್ನಡ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-csb mw-list-item"><a href="https://csb.wikipedia.org/wiki/J%C3%B4dny_maniok" title="Jôdny maniok – Kashubian" lang="csb" hreflang="csb" data-title="Jôdny maniok" data-language-autonym="Kaszëbsczi" data-language-local-name="Kashubian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kaszëbsczi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muhogo" title="Muhogo – Swahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Muhogo" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="Swahili" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kiswahili</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kg mw-list-item"><a href="https://kg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mandyoko" title="Mandyoko – Kongo" lang="kg" hreflang="kg" data-title="Mandyoko" data-language-autonym="Kongo" data-language-local-name="Kongo" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kongo</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ht mw-list-item"><a href="https://ht.wikipedia.org/wiki/Many%C3%B2k_dous" title="Manyòk dous – Haitian Creole" lang="ht" hreflang="ht" data-title="Manyòk dous" data-language-autonym="Kreyòl ayisyen" data-language-local-name="Haitian Creole" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kreyòl ayisyen</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%BA%A1%E0%BA%B1%E0%BA%99%E0%BA%95%E0%BA%BB%E0%BB%89%E0%BA%99" title="ມັນຕົ້ນ – Lao" lang="lo" hreflang="lo" data-title="ມັນຕົ້ນ" data-language-autonym="ລາວ" data-language-local-name="Lao" class="interlanguage-link-target">ລາວ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manihot_esculenta" title="Manihot esculenta – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Manihot esculenta" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manioka" title="Manioka – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Manioka" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latviešu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Valgomasis_maniokas" title="Valgomasis maniokas – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Valgomasis maniokas" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lietuvių</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nia mw-list-item"><a href="https://nia.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gowirio" title="Gowirio – Nias" lang="nia" hreflang="nia" data-title="Gowirio" data-language-autonym="Li Niha" data-language-local-name="Nias" class="interlanguage-link-target">Li Niha</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ln mw-list-item"><a href="https://ln.wikipedia.org/wiki/Many%C9%94%CC%81k%C9%94" title="Manyɔ́kɔ – Lingala" lang="ln" hreflang="ln" data-title="Manyɔ́kɔ" data-language-autonym="Lingála" data-language-local-name="Lingala" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lingála</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mani%C3%B3ka" title="Manióka – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Manióka" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Magyar</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mad mw-list-item"><a href="https://mad.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sabbhr%C3%A2ng" title="Sabbhrâng – Madurese" lang="mad" hreflang="mad" data-title="Sabbhrâng" data-language-autonym="Madhurâ" data-language-local-name="Madurese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Madhurâ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mg mw-list-item"><a href="https://mg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mangahazo" title="Mangahazo – Malagasy" lang="mg" hreflang="mg" data-title="Mangahazo" data-language-autonym="Malagasy" data-language-local-name="Malagasy" class="interlanguage-link-target">Malagasy</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%AE%E0%B4%B0%E0%B4%9A%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%9A%E0%B5%80%E0%B4%A8%E0%B4%BF" title="മരച്ചീനി – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="മരച്ചീനി" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target">മലയാളം</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xmf mw-list-item"><a href="https://xmf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%9B%E1%83%90%E1%83%9C%E1%83%98%E1%83%9D%E1%83%99%E1%83%98" title="მანიოკი – Mingrelian" lang="xmf" hreflang="xmf" data-title="მანიოკი" data-language-autonym="მარგალური" data-language-local-name="Mingrelian" class="interlanguage-link-target">მარგალური</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%D9%81%D8%B1%D9%87" title="بفره – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="بفره" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">مصرى</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ubi_kayu" title="Ubi kayu – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Ubi kayu" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Melayu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-min mw-list-item"><a href="https://min.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ubi_Parancih" title="Ubi Parancih – Minangkabau" lang="min" hreflang="min" data-title="Ubi Parancih" data-language-autonym="Minangkabau" data-language-local-name="Minangkabau" class="interlanguage-link-target">Minangkabau</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-my mw-list-item"><a href="https://my.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%95%E1%80%AE%E1%80%9C%E1%80%B1%E1%80%AC%E1%80%95%E1%80%AE%E1%80%94%E1%80%B6" title="ပီလောပီနံ – Burmese" lang="my" hreflang="my" data-title="ပီလောပီနံ" data-language-autonym="မြန်မာဘာသာ" data-language-local-name="Burmese" class="interlanguage-link-target">မြန်မာဘာသာ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nah mw-list-item"><a href="https://nah.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cuauhcamohtli" title="Cuauhcamohtli – Nahuatl" lang="nah" hreflang="nah" data-title="Cuauhcamohtli" data-language-autonym="Nāhuatl" data-language-local-name="Nahuatl" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nāhuatl</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cassave" title="Cassave – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Cassave" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nederlands</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%AD%E3%83%A3%E3%83%83%E3%82%B5%E3%83%90" title="キャッサバ – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="キャッサバ" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">日本語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-frr mw-list-item"><a href="https://frr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maniok" title="Maniok – Northern Frisian" lang="frr" hreflang="frr" data-title="Maniok" data-language-autonym="Nordfriisk" data-language-local-name="Northern Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nordfriisk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maniok" title="Maniok – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Maniok" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk bokmål</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maniok" title="Maniok – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Maniok" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk nynorsk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mani%C3%B2c" title="Maniòc – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Maniòc" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Occitan</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maniok_jadalny" title="Maniok jadalny – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Maniok jadalny" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Polski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mandioca" title="Mandioca – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Mandioca" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Português</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ty mw-list-item"><a href="https://ty.wikipedia.org/wiki/M%C4%81niota" title="Māniota – Tahitian" lang="ty" hreflang="ty" data-title="Māniota" data-language-autonym="Reo tahiti" data-language-local-name="Tahitian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Reo tahiti</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manioc" title="Manioc – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Manioc" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Română</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-qu mw-list-item"><a href="https://qu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rumu" title="Rumu – Quechua" lang="qu" hreflang="qu" data-title="Rumu" data-language-autonym="Runa Simi" data-language-local-name="Quechua" class="interlanguage-link-target">Runa Simi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%BE%D0%BA" title="Маниок – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Маниок" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Русский</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sg mw-list-item"><a href="https://sg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gozo" title="Gozo – Sango" lang="sg" hreflang="sg" data-title="Gozo" data-language-autonym="Sängö" data-language-local-name="Sango" class="interlanguage-link-target">Sängö</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sco mw-list-item"><a href="https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cassava" title="Cassava – Scots" lang="sco" hreflang="sco" data-title="Cassava" data-language-autonym="Scots" data-language-local-name="Scots" class="interlanguage-link-target">Scots</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manjota" title="Manjota – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Manjota" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Shqip</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manioc" title="Manioc – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Manioc" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target">Simple English</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maniok_jedl%C3%BD" title="Maniok jedlý – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Maniok jedlý" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target">Slovenčina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manioka" title="Manioka – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Manioka" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Slovenščina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manioka" title="Manioka – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Manioka" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Српски / srpski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manioka" title="Manioka – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Manioka" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-su mw-list-item"><a href="https://su.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sampeu" title="Sampeu – Sundanese" lang="su" hreflang="su" data-title="Sampeu" data-language-autonym="Sunda" data-language-local-name="Sundanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Sunda</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maniokki" title="Maniokki – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Maniokki" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Suomi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maniok" title="Maniok – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Maniok" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Svenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kamoteng-kahoy" title="Kamoteng-kahoy – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Kamoteng-kahoy" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tagalog</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%AE%E0%AE%B0%E0%AE%B5%E0%AE%B3%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%B3%E0%AE%BF" title="மரவள்ளி – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="மரவள்ளி" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target">தமிழ்</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-te mw-list-item"><a href="https://te.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B0%95%E0%B0%B0%E0%B1%8D%E0%B0%B0_%E0%B0%AA%E0%B1%86%E0%B0%82%E0%B0%A1%E0%B0%B2%E0%B0%82" title="కర్ర పెండలం – Telugu" lang="te" hreflang="te" data-title="కర్ర పెండలం" data-language-autonym="తెలుగు" data-language-local-name="Telugu" class="interlanguage-link-target">తెలుగు</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%B3%E0%B8%9B%E0%B8%B0%E0%B8%AB%E0%B8%A5%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%87" title="มันสำปะหลัง – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="มันสำปะหลัง" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target">ไทย</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-din mw-list-item"><a href="https://din.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bafora" title="Bafora – Dinka" lang="din" hreflang="din" data-title="Bafora" data-language-autonym="Thuɔŋjäŋ" data-language-local-name="Dinka" class="interlanguage-link-target">Thuɔŋjäŋ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-to mw-list-item"><a href="https://to.wikipedia.org/wiki/M%C4%81nioke" title="Mānioke – Tongan" lang="to" hreflang="to" data-title="Mānioke" data-language-autonym="Lea faka-Tonga" data-language-local-name="Tongan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lea faka-Tonga</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manyok" title="Manyok – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Manyok" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Türkçe</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kcg mw-list-item"><a href="https://kcg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rogo" title="Rogo – Tyap" lang="kcg" hreflang="kcg" data-title="Rogo" data-language-autonym="Tyap" data-language-local-name="Tyap" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tyap</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%96%D0%BE%D0%BA_%D1%97%D1%81%D1%82%D1%96%D0%B2%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B9" title="Маніок їстівний – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Маніок їстівний" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Українська</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%A9%D8%B3%D8%A7%D9%88%DB%81" title="کساوہ – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="کساوہ" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target">اردو</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-za mw-list-item"><a href="https://za.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moegsawz" title="Moegsawz – Zhuang" lang="za" hreflang="za" data-title="Moegsawz" data-language-autonym="Vahcuengh" data-language-local-name="Zhuang" class="interlanguage-link-target">Vahcuengh</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/S%E1%BA%AFn" title="Sắn – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Sắn" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tiếng Việt</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-guc mw-list-item"><a href="https://guc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ai" title="Ai – Wayuu" lang="guc" hreflang="guc" data-title="Ai" data-language-autonym="Wayuunaiki" data-language-local-name="Wayuu" class="interlanguage-link-target">Wayuunaiki</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bilanghoy" title="Bilanghoy – Waray" lang="war" hreflang="war" 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For the flowering shrubs, see <a href="/wiki/Yucca" title="Yucca">Yucca</a>.</div> <table class="infobox biota" style="text-align: left; width: 200px; font-size: 100%"> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="2" style="color:inherit; text-align: center; background-color: rgb(180,250,180)">Cassava </th></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="text-align: center"><a href="/wiki/File:Manihot_esculenta_-_K%C3%B6hler%E2%80%93s_Medizinal-Pflanzen-090.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Botanical illustration of plant leaves and flowers" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f1/Manihot_esculenta_-_K%C3%B6hler%E2%80%93s_Medizinal-Pflanzen-090.jpg/220px-Manihot_esculenta_-_K%C3%B6hler%E2%80%93s_Medizinal-Pflanzen-090.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="284" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f1/Manihot_esculenta_-_K%C3%B6hler%E2%80%93s_Medizinal-Pflanzen-090.jpg/330px-Manihot_esculenta_-_K%C3%B6hler%E2%80%93s_Medizinal-Pflanzen-090.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f1/Manihot_esculenta_-_K%C3%B6hler%E2%80%93s_Medizinal-Pflanzen-090.jpg/440px-Manihot_esculenta_-_K%C3%B6hler%E2%80%93s_Medizinal-Pflanzen-090.jpg 2x" data-file-width="460" data-file-height="594" /></a> </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="text-align: center"><a href="/wiki/File:Manihot_esculenta_001.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Photograph of oblong brown tuberous root, waxed" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Manihot_esculenta_001.jpg/220px-Manihot_esculenta_001.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="98" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Manihot_esculenta_001.jpg/330px-Manihot_esculenta_001.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Manihot_esculenta_001.jpg/440px-Manihot_esculenta_001.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4112" data-file-height="1836" /></a> </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="text-align: center; font-size: 88%"><a href="/wiki/Tuber" title="Tuber">Tuber</a> (waxed) </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="2" style="color:inherit; min-width:15em; text-align: center; background-color: rgb(180,250,180)"><a href="/wiki/Taxonomy_(biology)" title="Taxonomy (biology)">Scientific classification</a> <a href="/wiki/Template:Taxonomy/Manihot" title="Edit this classification"><img alt="Edit this classification" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr.svg/23px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr.svg/30px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a> </th></tr> <tr> <td>Kingdom: </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Plant" title="Plant">Plantae</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Clade: </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Vascular_plant" title="Vascular plant">Tracheophytes</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Clade: </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Flowering_plant" title="Flowering plant">Angiosperms</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Clade: </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Eudicots" title="Eudicots">Eudicots</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Clade: </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Rosids" title="Rosids">Rosids</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Order: </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Malpighiales" title="Malpighiales">Malpighiales</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Family: </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Euphorbiaceae" title="Euphorbiaceae">Euphorbiaceae</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Genus: </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Manihot" title="Manihot">Manihot</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Species: </td> <td><div style="display:inline" class="species">M. esculenta</div> </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="2" style="color:inherit; text-align: center; background-color: rgb(180,250,180)"><a href="/wiki/Binomial_nomenclature" title="Binomial nomenclature">Binomial name</a> </th></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="text-align: center">Manihot esculenta <div style="font-size: 85%;"><a href="/wiki/Heinrich_Johann_Nepomuk_von_Crantz" title="Heinrich Johann Nepomuk von Crantz">Crantz</a><a href="#cite_note-POWO_2022-1">[1]</a></div> </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="2" style="color:inherit; text-align: center; background-color: rgb(180,250,180)"><a href="/wiki/Synonym_(taxonomy)" title="Synonym (taxonomy)">Synonyms</a><a href="#cite_note-POWO_2022-1">[1]</a> </th></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="text-align: left"> <ul><li>Janipha aipi (Pohl) J.Presl</li> <li>Janipha manihot (L.) Kunth</li> <li>Jatropha aipi (Pohl) Göpp.</li> <li>Jatropha diffusa (Pohl) Steud.</li> <li>Jatropha digitiformis (Pohl) Steud.</li> <li>Jatropha dulcis J.F.Gmel.</li> <li>Jatropha flabellifolia (Pohl) Steud.</li> <li>Jatropha loureiroi (Pohl) Steud.</li> <li>Jatropha manihot L.</li> <li>Jatropha mitis Rottb.</li> <li>Jatropha paniculata Ruiz & Pav. ex Pax</li> <li>Jatropha silvestris Vell.</li> <li>Jatropha stipulata Vell.</li> <li>Mandioca aipi (Pohl) Link</li> <li>Mandioca dulcis (J.F.Gmel.) D.Parodi</li> <li>Mandioca utilissima (Pohl) Link</li> <li>Manihot aipi Pohl</li> <li>Manihot aypi Spruce</li> <li>Manihot cannabina Sweet</li> <li>Manihot diffusa Pohl</li> <li>Manihot digitiformis Pohl</li> <li>Manihot dulcis (J.F.Gmel.) Baill.</li> <li>Manihot edule A.Rich.</li> <li>Manihot edulis A.Rich.</li> <li>Manihot flabellifolia Pohl</li> <li>Manihot flexuosa Pax & K.Hoffm.</li> <li>Manihot loureiroi Pohl</li> <li>Manihot melanobasis Müll. Arg.</li> <li>Manihot sprucei Pax</li> <li>Manihot utilissima Pohl</li></ul> </td></tr> </tbody></table><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238732961">@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox.biota tr{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox.biota img{background:transparent}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox.biota tr{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox.biota img{background:white}}.mw-parser-output .infobox.biota .taxobox-edit-taxonomy img{background:transparent!important}body.skin-vector .mw-parser-output table.biota.infobox{margin-top:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output table.biota.infobox tr.taxonrow td{padding:2px 10px}</style> Manihot esculenta, <a href="/wiki/Common_name" title="Common name">commonly called</a> cassava, manioc, or yuca (among numerous regional names), is a woody <a href="/wiki/Shrub" title="Shrub">shrub</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Spurge" class="mw-redirect" title="Spurge">spurge</a> family, <a href="/wiki/Euphorbiaceae" title="Euphorbiaceae">Euphorbiaceae</a>, native to South America, from Brazil, Paraguay and parts of the Andes. Although a perennial plant, cassava is extensively cultivated in <a href="/wiki/Tropical" class="mw-redirect" title="Tropical">tropical</a> and <a href="/wiki/Subtropical" class="mw-redirect" title="Subtropical">subtropical</a> regions as an annual <a href="/wiki/Crop" title="Crop">crop</a> for its edible <a href="/wiki/Starch" title="Starch">starchy</a> <a href="/wiki/Tuber" title="Tuber">tuberous</a> root. Cassava is predominantly consumed in boiled form, but substantial quantities are processed to extract cassava starch, called <a href="/wiki/Tapioca" title="Tapioca">tapioca</a>, which is used for food, animal feed, and industrial purposes. The Brazilian farofa, and the related <a href="/wiki/Garri" title="Garri">garri</a> of West Africa, is an edible coarse flour obtained by grating cassava roots, pressing moisture off the obtained grated pulp, and finally drying it (and roasting in the case of both farofa and garri). Cassava is the third-largest source of carbohydrates in food in the tropics, after <a href="/wiki/Rice" title="Rice">rice</a> and <a href="/wiki/Maize" title="Maize">maize</a>, making it an important <a href="/wiki/Staple_food" title="Staple food">staple</a>; more than 500 million people depend on it. It offers the advantage of being exceptionally <a href="/wiki/Drought-tolerant" class="mw-redirect" title="Drought-tolerant">drought-tolerant</a>, and able to grow productively on poor soil. The largest producer is Nigeria, while Thailand is the largest exporter of cassava starch. Cassava is grown in sweet and bitter varieties; both contain toxins, but the bitter varieties have them in much larger amounts. Cassava has to be prepared carefully for consumption, as improperly prepared material can contain sufficient <a href="/wiki/Cyanide" title="Cyanide">cyanide</a> to cause <a href="/wiki/Cyanide_poisoning" title="Cyanide poisoning">poisoning</a>. The more toxic varieties of cassava have been used in some places as <a href="/wiki/Famine_food" title="Famine food">famine food</a> during times of <a href="/wiki/Food_insecurity" class="mw-redirect" title="Food insecurity">food insecurity</a>. Farmers may however choose bitter cultivars to minimise crop losses. <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Etymology">Etymology</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Cassava&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Etymology">edit</a>]</div> The <a href="/wiki/Genus" title="Genus">generic</a> name <a href="/wiki/Manihot" title="Manihot">Manihot</a> and the common name "manioc" both derive from the <a href="/wiki/Guarani_language" title="Guarani language">Guarani</a> (Tupi) name mandioca or manioca for the plant.<a href="#cite_note-Etym_Dict_manioc-2">[2]</a><a href="#cite_note-3">[3]</a> The specific name esculenta is Latin for 'edible'.<a href="#cite_note-Etym_Dict_manioc-2">[2]</a> The common name "cassava" is a 16th century word from the French or Portuguese cassave, in turn from <a href="/wiki/Ta%C3%ADno" title="Taíno">Taíno</a> caçabi.<a href="#cite_note-4">[4]</a> The common name "yuca" or "yucca" is most likely also from Taíno, via Spanish yuca or juca.<a href="#cite_note-5">[5]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Description">Description</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Cassava&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Description">edit</a>]</div> The harvested part of a cassava plant is the root. This is long and tapered, with an easily detached rough brown rind. The white or yellowish flesh is firm and even in texture. Commercial <a href="/wiki/Cultivar" title="Cultivar">cultivars</a> can be 5 to 10 centimetres (2 to 4 in) wide at the top, and some 15 to 30 cm (6 to 12 in) long, with a woody vascular bundle running down the middle. The <a href="/wiki/Tuber" title="Tuber">tuberous</a> roots are largely <a href="/wiki/Starch" title="Starch">starch</a>, with small amounts of calcium (16 milligrams per 100 grams), phosphorus (27 mg/100 g), and <a href="/wiki/Vitamin_C" title="Vitamin C">vitamin C</a> (20.6 mg/100 g).<a href="#cite_note-6">[6]</a> Cassava roots contains little <a href="/wiki/Protein" title="Protein">protein</a>, whereas the leaves are rich in it,<a href="#cite_note-7">[7]</a> except for being low in <a href="/wiki/Methionine" title="Methionine">methionine</a>, an essential <a href="/wiki/Amino_acid" title="Amino acid">amino acid</a>.<a href="#cite_note-8">[8]</a> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-nolines center"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 225px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 220px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Cassava_cultivation_in_Kerala_(cropped).jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Cassava plant"><img alt="Cassava plant" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/Cassava_cultivation_in_Kerala_%28cropped%29.jpg/187px-Cassava_cultivation_in_Kerala_%28cropped%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="187" height="140" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/Cassava_cultivation_in_Kerala_%28cropped%29.jpg/281px-Cassava_cultivation_in_Kerala_%28cropped%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/Cassava_cultivation_in_Kerala_%28cropped%29.jpg/375px-Cassava_cultivation_in_Kerala_%28cropped%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2888" data-file-height="2160" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext">Cassava plant</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 225px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 220px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Manihot_esculenta_dsc07325.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Unprocessed tuberous roots"><img alt="Unprocessed tuberous roots" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8f/Manihot_esculenta_dsc07325.jpg/187px-Manihot_esculenta_dsc07325.jpg" decoding="async" width="187" height="140" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8f/Manihot_esculenta_dsc07325.jpg/280px-Manihot_esculenta_dsc07325.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8f/Manihot_esculenta_dsc07325.jpg/373px-Manihot_esculenta_dsc07325.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2592" data-file-height="1944" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext">Unprocessed tuberous roots</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 225px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 220px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Manihot_esculenta_-_cross_section_2.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Tuberous root in cross-section"><img alt="Tuberous root in cross-section" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/Manihot_esculenta_-_cross_section_2.jpg/211px-Manihot_esculenta_-_cross_section_2.jpg" decoding="async" width="211" height="140" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/Manihot_esculenta_-_cross_section_2.jpg/316px-Manihot_esculenta_-_cross_section_2.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/Manihot_esculenta_-_cross_section_2.jpg/422px-Manihot_esculenta_-_cross_section_2.jpg 2x" data-file-width="858" data-file-height="570" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext">Tuberous root in cross-section</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 225px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 220px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Cassava1_(3945716612).jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Leaf"><img alt="Leaf" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/10/Cassava1_%283945716612%29.jpg/211px-Cassava1_%283945716612%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="211" height="140" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/10/Cassava1_%283945716612%29.jpg/317px-Cassava1_%283945716612%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/10/Cassava1_%283945716612%29.jpg/422px-Cassava1_%283945716612%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1500" data-file-height="996" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext">Leaf</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 225px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 220px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Cassava2_(3945624614).jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Leaf detail"><img alt="Leaf detail" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Cassava2_%283945624614%29.jpg/211px-Cassava2_%283945624614%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="211" height="140" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Cassava2_%283945624614%29.jpg/317px-Cassava2_%283945624614%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Cassava2_%283945624614%29.jpg/422px-Cassava2_%283945624614%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1500" data-file-height="996" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext">Leaf detail</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 225px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 220px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Manihot_esculenta_cassava_flower_vijayanrajapuram.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Flower buds"><img alt="Flower buds" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/89/Manihot_esculenta_cassava_flower_vijayanrajapuram.jpg/187px-Manihot_esculenta_cassava_flower_vijayanrajapuram.jpg" decoding="async" width="187" height="140" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/89/Manihot_esculenta_cassava_flower_vijayanrajapuram.jpg/280px-Manihot_esculenta_cassava_flower_vijayanrajapuram.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/89/Manihot_esculenta_cassava_flower_vijayanrajapuram.jpg/373px-Manihot_esculenta_cassava_flower_vijayanrajapuram.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4624" data-file-height="3468" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext">Flower buds</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 225px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 220px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Manihot_esculenta_MHNT.BOT.2004.0.508.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Seeds"><img alt="Seeds" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/Manihot_esculenta_MHNT.BOT.2004.0.508.jpg/202px-Manihot_esculenta_MHNT.BOT.2004.0.508.jpg" decoding="async" width="202" height="140" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/Manihot_esculenta_MHNT.BOT.2004.0.508.jpg/304px-Manihot_esculenta_MHNT.BOT.2004.0.508.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/Manihot_esculenta_MHNT.BOT.2004.0.508.jpg/405px-Manihot_esculenta_MHNT.BOT.2004.0.508.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4134" data-file-height="2862" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext">Seeds</div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Genome">Genome</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Cassava&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Genome">edit</a>]</div> The complete and haplotype-resolved African cassava (TME204) genome has been reconstructed and made available using the Hi-C technology.<a href="#cite_note-Qi_2022-9">[9]</a> The genome shows abundant novel gene loci with enriched functionality related to chromatin organization, meristem development, and cell responses.<a href="#cite_note-Qi_2022-9">[9]</a> Differentially expressed transcripts of different haplotype origins were enriched for different functionality during tissue development. In each tissue, 20–30% of transcripts showed allele-specific expression differences with <2% of direction-shifting. Despite high gene synteny, the HiFi genome assembly revealed extensive chromosome rearrangements and abundant intra-genomic and inter-genomic divergent sequences, with significant structural variations mostly related to long terminal repeat retrotransposons.<a href="#cite_note-Qi_2022-9">[9]</a> Although <a href="/wiki/Smallholder" class="mw-redirect" title="Smallholder">smallholders</a> are otherwise <a href="/wiki/Economic_efficiency" title="Economic efficiency">economically inefficient</a> producers, they are vital to productivity at particular times.<a href="#cite_note-McGregor_2020-10">[10]</a> Small cassava farmers are no exception.<a href="#cite_note-McGregor_2020-10">[10]</a> <a href="/wiki/Crop_genetic_diversity" class="mw-redirect" title="Crop genetic diversity">Genetic diversity</a> is vital when productivity has declined due to <a href="/wiki/Crop_pest" class="mw-redirect" title="Crop pest">pests</a> and <a href="/wiki/List_of_cassava_diseases" title="List of cassava diseases">diseases</a>, and smallholders tend to retain less productive but more diverse <a href="/wiki/Gene_pool" title="Gene pool">gene pools</a>.<a href="#cite_note-McGregor_2020-10">[10]</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238216509">.mw-parser-output .vanchor>:target~.vanchor-text{background-color:#b1d2ff}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .vanchor>:target~.vanchor-text{background-color:#0f4dc9}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .vanchor>:target~.vanchor-text{background-color:#0f4dc9}}</style>MeFT1 (FT) is a gene producing FT proteins which affect the formation of storage roots in many plants, including this one.<a href="#cite_note-Zierer_2021-11">[11]</a> Alleles in cassava include MeFT1 and MeFT2.<a href="#cite_note-Zierer_2021-11">[11]</a> MeFT1 <a href="/wiki/Gene_expression" title="Gene expression">expression</a> in leaves seems to not be <a href="/wiki/Photoperiodic" class="mw-redirect" title="Photoperiodic">photoperiodic</a>, while MeFT2 clearly is.<a href="#cite_note-Zierer_2021-11">[11]</a> MeFT1 expression encourages motivation of <a href="/wiki/Sucrose" title="Sucrose">sucrose</a> towards the reproductive organs, as shown by experimental <a href="/wiki/Overexpression" class="mw-redirect" title="Overexpression">overexpression</a> reducing storage root accumulation.<a href="#cite_note-Zierer_2021-11">[11]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Cassava&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: History">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Ta%C3%ADno_women_preparing_cassava_bread.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/Ta%C3%ADno_women_preparing_cassava_bread.png/220px-Ta%C3%ADno_women_preparing_cassava_bread.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="203" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/Ta%C3%ADno_women_preparing_cassava_bread.png/330px-Ta%C3%ADno_women_preparing_cassava_bread.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/Ta%C3%ADno_women_preparing_cassava_bread.png/440px-Ta%C3%ADno_women_preparing_cassava_bread.png 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="739" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Ta%C3%ADno" title="Taíno">Taíno</a> women preparing <a href="/wiki/Cassava_bread" class="mw-redirect" title="Cassava bread">cassava bread</a> in 1565: grating tuberous roots into paste, shaping the bread, and cooking it on a fire-heated burén</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Albert_Eckhout_-_Mandioca.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7e/Albert_Eckhout_-_Mandioca.jpg/220px-Albert_Eckhout_-_Mandioca.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="221" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7e/Albert_Eckhout_-_Mandioca.jpg/330px-Albert_Eckhout_-_Mandioca.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7e/Albert_Eckhout_-_Mandioca.jpg/440px-Albert_Eckhout_-_Mandioca.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1800" data-file-height="1809" /></a><figcaption>17th-century painting by <a href="/wiki/Albert_Eckhout" title="Albert Eckhout">Albert Eckhout</a> in <a href="/wiki/Dutch_Brazil" title="Dutch Brazil">Dutch Brazil</a></figcaption></figure> Wild populations of M. esculenta subspecies flabellifolia, shown to be the progenitor of domesticated cassava, are centered in west-central Brazil, where it was likely first domesticated no more than 10,000 years ago.<a href="#cite_note-12">[12]</a> Forms of the modern domesticated species can also be found growing in the wild in the south of Brazil. By 4600 BC, cassava pollen appears in the <a href="/wiki/Gulf_of_Mexico" title="Gulf of Mexico">Gulf of Mexico</a> lowlands, at the <a href="/wiki/San_Andr%C3%A9s_(Mesoamerican_site)" title="San Andrés (Mesoamerican site)">San Andrés</a> archaeological site.<a href="#cite_note-13">[13]</a> The oldest direct evidence of cassava cultivation comes from a 1,400-year-old <a href="/wiki/Maya_civilization" title="Maya civilization">Maya</a> site, <a href="/wiki/Joya_de_Cer%C3%A9n" title="Joya de Cerén">Joya de Cerén</a>, in <a href="/wiki/El_Salvador" title="El Salvador">El Salvador</a>.<a href="#cite_note-14">[14]</a> It became a <a href="/wiki/Staple_food" title="Staple food">staple food</a> of the native populations of northern South America, southern Mesoamerica, and the <a href="/wiki/Ta%C3%ADno" title="Taíno">Taino</a> people in the <a href="/wiki/List_of_Caribbean_islands" title="List of Caribbean islands">Caribbean islands</a>, who grew it using a high-yielding form of <a href="/wiki/Shifting_cultivation" title="Shifting cultivation">shifting agriculture</a> by the time of European contact in 1492.<a href="#cite_note-15">[15]</a> Cassava was a staple food of <a href="/wiki/Pre-Columbian" class="mw-redirect" title="Pre-Columbian">pre-Columbian</a> peoples in the Americas and is often portrayed in <a href="/wiki/Pre-Columbian_art" title="Pre-Columbian art">indigenous art</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Moche_(culture)" class="mw-redirect" title="Moche (culture)">Moche</a> people often depicted cassava in their ceramics.<a href="#cite_note-16">[16]</a> <a href="/wiki/Spaniards" title="Spaniards">Spaniards</a> in their early occupation of Caribbean islands did not want to eat cassava or maize, which they considered insubstantial, dangerous, and not nutritious. They much preferred foods from Spain, specifically wheat bread, olive oil, red wine, and meat, and considered maize and cassava damaging to Europeans.<a href="#cite_note-17">[17]</a> The cultivation and consumption of cassava were nonetheless continued in both Portuguese and Spanish America. Mass production of cassava bread became the first Cuban industry established by the Spanish.<a href="#cite_note-18">[18]</a> Ships departing to Europe from Cuban ports such as <a href="/wiki/Havana" title="Havana">Havana</a>, <a href="/wiki/Santiago_de_Cuba" title="Santiago de Cuba">Santiago</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bayamo" title="Bayamo">Bayamo</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Baracoa" title="Baracoa">Baracoa</a> carried goods to Spain, but sailors needed to be provisioned for the voyage. The Spanish also needed to replenish their boats with dried meat, water, fruit, and large amounts of cassava bread.<a href="#cite_note-19">[19]</a> Sailors complained that it caused them digestive problems.<a href="#cite_note-20">[20]</a> Portuguese traders introduced cassava to Africa from Brazil in the 16th century. Around the same period, it was introduced to Asia through <a href="/wiki/Columbian_Exchange" class="mw-redirect" title="Columbian Exchange">Columbian Exchange</a> by Portuguese and Spanish traders, who planted it in their colonies in Goa, Malacca, Eastern Indonesia, Timor and the Philippines.<a href="#cite_note-Nweke_2005-21">[21]</a> Cassava has also become an important crop in Asia. While it is a valued food staple in parts of eastern Indonesia, it is primarily cultivated for starch extraction and bio-fuel production in Thailand, Cambodia and Vietnam.<a href="#cite_note-22">[22]</a> Cassava is sometimes described as the "bread of the tropics"<a href="#cite_note-23">[23]</a> but should not be confused with the tropical and equatorial <a href="/wiki/Bread_tree" class="mw-redirect" title="Bread tree">bread tree</a> (Encephalartos), the <a href="/wiki/Breadfruit" title="Breadfruit">breadfruit</a> (Artocarpus altilis) or the <a href="/wiki/African_breadfruit" class="mw-redirect" title="African breadfruit">African breadfruit</a> (Treculia africana). This description definitely holds in Africa and parts of South America; in Asian countries such as Vietnam fresh cassava barely features in human diets.<a href="#cite_note-Mota-Guttierez_2019-24">[24]</a> There is a legend that cassava was introduced in 1880–1885 CE to the South Indian state of <a href="/wiki/Kerala" title="Kerala">Kerala</a> by the King of <a href="/wiki/Travancore" title="Travancore">Travancore</a>, Vishakham Thirunal Maharaja, after a great famine hit the kingdom, as a substitute for rice.<a href="#cite_note-Saraswathy-2019-25">[25]</a> However, there are documented cases of cassava cultivation in parts of the state before the time of Vishakham Thirunal Maharaja.<a href="#cite_note-26">[26]</a> Cassava is called kappa or maricheeni in <a href="/wiki/Malayalam" title="Malayalam">Malayalam</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Tapioca" title="Tapioca">tapioca</a> in Indian English usage.<a href="#cite_note-27">[27]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Cultivation">Cultivation</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Cassava&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Cultivation">edit</a>]</div> Optimal conditions for cassava cultivation are mean annual temperatures between 20 and 29 °C (68 and 84 °F), annual precipitation between 1,000 and 2,500 mm (39 and 98 in), and an annual growth period of no less than 240 days.<a href="#cite_note-Del-Rosario-Arellano_2022-28">[28]</a> Cassava is propagated by cutting the stem into sections of approximately 15 cm (5.9 in), these being planted prior to the wet season.<a href="#cite_note-Howeler_2007-29">[29]</a> Cassava growth is favorable under temperatures ranging from 25 to 29 °C (77 to 84 °F), but it can tolerate temperatures as low as 12 °C (54 °F) and as high as 40 °C (104 °F).<a href="#cite_note-30">[30]</a> These conditions are found, among other places, in the northern part of the <a href="/wiki/Gulf_Coastal_Plain" title="Gulf Coastal Plain">Gulf Coastal Plain</a> in Mexico.<a href="#cite_note-Del-Rosario-Arellano_2022-28">[28]</a> In this part of Mexico the following soil types have been shown to be good for cassava cultivation: <a href="/wiki/Phaeozem" title="Phaeozem">phaeozem</a>, <a href="/wiki/Regosol" title="Regosol">regosol</a>, <a href="/wiki/Arenosol" class="mw-redirect" title="Arenosol">arenosol</a>, <a href="/wiki/Andosol" title="Andosol">andosol</a> and <a href="/wiki/Luvisol" title="Luvisol">luvisol</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Del-Rosario-Arellano_2022-28">[28]</a> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-nolines center"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 185px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 180px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Cassava_stakes1_(4627297822).jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Stakes"><img alt="Stakes" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d7/Cassava_stakes1_%284627297822%29.jpg/119px-Cassava_stakes1_%284627297822%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="119" height="180" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d7/Cassava_stakes1_%284627297822%29.jpg/179px-Cassava_stakes1_%284627297822%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d7/Cassava_stakes1_%284627297822%29.jpg/239px-Cassava_stakes1_%284627297822%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2848" data-file-height="4288" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext">Stakes</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 185px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 180px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Cassava_grafting7_(4425027331).jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Grafting"><img alt="Grafting" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/Cassava_grafting7_%284425027331%29.jpg/119px-Cassava_grafting7_%284425027331%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="119" height="180" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/Cassava_grafting7_%284425027331%29.jpg/179px-Cassava_grafting7_%284425027331%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/Cassava_grafting7_%284425027331%29.jpg/239px-Cassava_grafting7_%284425027331%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2848" data-file-height="4288" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Grafting" title="Grafting">Grafting</a></div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Harvesting">Harvesting</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Cassava&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Harvesting">edit</a>]</div> Before harvest, the leafy stems are removed. The harvest is gathered by pulling up the base of the stem and cutting off the tuberous roots.<a href="#cite_note-Howeler_2007-29">[29]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Handling_and_storage">Handling and storage</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Cassava&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Handling and storage">edit</a>]</div> Cassava deteriorates after harvest, when the tuberous roots are first cut. The healing mechanism produces <a href="/wiki/Coumaric_acid" title="Coumaric acid">coumaric acid</a>, which oxidizes and blackens the roots, making them inedible after a few days. This deterioration is related to the accumulation of <a href="/wiki/Reactive_oxygen_species" title="Reactive oxygen species">reactive oxygen species</a> initiated by cyanide release during mechanical harvesting. Cassava shelf life may be increased up to three weeks by overexpressing a cyanide-insensitive alternative oxidase, which suppressed ROS by 10-fold.<a href="#cite_note-31">[31]</a> Post-harvest deterioration is a major obstacle to the export of cassava. Fresh cassava can be preserved like potato, using <a href="/wiki/Thiabendazole" class="mw-redirect" title="Thiabendazole">thiabendazole</a> or bleach as a fungicide, then wrapping in plastic, freezing, or applying a wax coating.<a href="#cite_note-32">[32]</a> While alternative methods for controlling post-harvest deterioration have been proposed, such as preventing reactive oxygen species effects by using plastic bags during storage and transport, coating the roots with wax, or freezing roots, such strategies have proved to be economically or technically impractical, leading to <a href="/wiki/Plant_breeding" title="Plant breeding">breeding</a> of cassava varieties with improved durability after harvest, achieved by different mechanisms.<a href="#cite_note-Venturini-2016-33">[33]</a><a href="#cite_note-Morante-2010-34">[34]</a> One approach used <a href="/wiki/Gamma_ray" title="Gamma ray">gamma rays</a> to try to silence a gene involved in triggering deterioration; another strategy selected for plentiful <a href="/wiki/Carotenoid" title="Carotenoid">carotenoids</a>, <a href="/wiki/Antioxidant" title="Antioxidant">antioxidants</a> which may help to reduce oxidization after harvest.<a href="#cite_note-Morante-2010-34">[34]</a> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-nolines center"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 225px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 220px;"><a href="/wiki/File:NP_Cassava_Processing_7_(5867707684).jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Starch processing"><img alt="Starch processing" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9b/NP_Cassava_Processing_7_%285867707684%29.jpg/220px-NP_Cassava_Processing_7_%285867707684%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="146" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9b/NP_Cassava_Processing_7_%285867707684%29.jpg/330px-NP_Cassava_Processing_7_%285867707684%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9b/NP_Cassava_Processing_7_%285867707684%29.jpg/440px-NP_Cassava_Processing_7_%285867707684%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4288" data-file-height="2848" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext">Starch processing</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 225px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 220px;"><a href="/wiki/File:NP_Cassava_Starch_Processing_(5867152719).jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Starch flour"><img alt="Starch flour" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1d/NP_Cassava_Starch_Processing_%285867152719%29.jpg/220px-NP_Cassava_Starch_Processing_%285867152719%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="146" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1d/NP_Cassava_Starch_Processing_%285867152719%29.jpg/330px-NP_Cassava_Starch_Processing_%285867152719%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1d/NP_Cassava_Starch_Processing_%285867152719%29.jpg/440px-NP_Cassava_Starch_Processing_%285867152719%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4288" data-file-height="2848" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext">Starch flour </div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 225px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 220px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Vietnam_cassava_processing3_lo_(4070319057).jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Starch wet-processing"><img alt="Starch wet-processing" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/61/Vietnam_cassava_processing3_lo_%284070319057%29.jpg/119px-Vietnam_cassava_processing3_lo_%284070319057%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="119" height="180" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/61/Vietnam_cassava_processing3_lo_%284070319057%29.jpg/179px-Vietnam_cassava_processing3_lo_%284070319057%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/61/Vietnam_cassava_processing3_lo_%284070319057%29.jpg/239px-Vietnam_cassava_processing3_lo_%284070319057%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="996" data-file-height="1500" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext">Starch wet-processing</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 225px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 220px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Secando_casabe.JPG" class="mw-file-description" title="Spreading Casabe burrero (cassava bread) to dry, Venezuela"><img alt="Spreading Casabe burrero (cassava bread) to dry, Venezuela" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/07/Secando_casabe.JPG/220px-Secando_casabe.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/07/Secando_casabe.JPG/330px-Secando_casabe.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/07/Secando_casabe.JPG/440px-Secando_casabe.JPG 2x" data-file-width="2048" data-file-height="1536" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext">Spreading Casabe burrero (cassava bread) to dry, Venezuela</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 225px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 220px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Vietnam_cassava_processing24lo_(4070342389).jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Starch being prepared for packaging"><img alt="Starch being prepared for packaging" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dc/Vietnam_cassava_processing24lo_%284070342389%29.jpg/220px-Vietnam_cassava_processing24lo_%284070342389%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="146" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dc/Vietnam_cassava_processing24lo_%284070342389%29.jpg/330px-Vietnam_cassava_processing24lo_%284070342389%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dc/Vietnam_cassava_processing24lo_%284070342389%29.jpg/440px-Vietnam_cassava_processing24lo_%284070342389%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1500" data-file-height="996" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext">Starch being prepared for packaging</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 225px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 220px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Vietnam_cassava_cellophane_noodles.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Starch noodles packaged for shipping"><img alt="Starch noodles packaged for shipping" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7f/Vietnam_cassava_cellophane_noodles.jpg/135px-Vietnam_cassava_cellophane_noodles.jpg" decoding="async" width="135" height="180" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7f/Vietnam_cassava_cellophane_noodles.jpg/202px-Vietnam_cassava_cellophane_noodles.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7f/Vietnam_cassava_cellophane_noodles.jpg/270px-Vietnam_cassava_cellophane_noodles.jpg 2x" data-file-width="960" data-file-height="1280" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext">Starch noodles packaged for shipping</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 225px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 220px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Frozen_cassava_leaves.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Frozen leaves in a Los Angeles market"><img alt="Frozen leaves in a Los Angeles market" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e5/Frozen_cassava_leaves.jpg/220px-Frozen_cassava_leaves.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e5/Frozen_cassava_leaves.jpg/330px-Frozen_cassava_leaves.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e5/Frozen_cassava_leaves.jpg/440px-Frozen_cassava_leaves.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2592" data-file-height="1944" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext">Frozen leaves in a Los Angeles market</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 225px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 220px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Cassava_buds_(4733912948).jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Picked buds"><img alt="Picked buds" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e7/Cassava_buds_%284733912948%29.jpg/119px-Cassava_buds_%284733912948%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="119" height="180" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e7/Cassava_buds_%284733912948%29.jpg/179px-Cassava_buds_%284733912948%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e7/Cassava_buds_%284733912948%29.jpg/239px-Cassava_buds_%284733912948%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2848" data-file-height="4288" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext">Picked buds</div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Pests_and_diseases">Pests and diseases</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Cassava&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Pests and diseases">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/List_of_cassava_diseases" title="List of cassava diseases">List of cassava diseases</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Thailand_19_lo_(4039130033).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/Thailand_19_lo_%284039130033%29.jpg/220px-Thailand_19_lo_%284039130033%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="146" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/Thailand_19_lo_%284039130033%29.jpg/330px-Thailand_19_lo_%284039130033%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/Thailand_19_lo_%284039130033%29.jpg/440px-Thailand_19_lo_%284039130033%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4288" data-file-height="2848" /></a><figcaption>An agronomist examines a diseased cassava crop in Thailand.</figcaption></figure> Cassava is subject to pests from multiple taxonomic groups, including nematodes, and insects, as well as diseases caused by viruses, bacteria, and fungi. All cause reductions in yield, and some cause serious losses of crops.<a href="#cite_note-Alvarez_2012-35">[35]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Viruses">Viruses</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Cassava&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Viruses">edit</a>]</div> Several viruses cause enough damage to cassava crops to be of economic importance. The <a href="/wiki/African_cassava_mosaic_virus" title="African cassava mosaic virus">African cassava mosaic virus</a> causes the leaves of the cassava plant to wither, limiting the growth of the root.<a href="#cite_note-36">[36]</a> An outbreak of the virus in Africa in the 1920s led to a major famine.<a href="#cite_note-NYT_2010-37">[37]</a> The virus is spread by the <a href="/wiki/Whitefly" title="Whitefly">whitefly</a> and by the transplanting of diseased plants into new fields. Sometime in the late-1980s, a mutation occurred in Uganda that made the virus even more harmful, causing the complete loss of leaves. This mutated virus spread at a rate of 80 kilometres (50 miles) per year, and as of 2005 was found throughout Uganda, Rwanda, Burundi, the Democratic Republic of the Congo and the Republic of the Congo.<a href="#cite_note-38">[38]</a> Viruses are a severe production limitation in the tropics. They are the primary reason for the complete lack of yield increases in the 25 years up to 2021<a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Cassava&action=edit">[update]</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Afedraru-2019-39">[39]</a> <a href="/wiki/Cassava_brown_streak_virus_disease" title="Cassava brown streak virus disease">Cassava brown streak virus disease</a> is a major threat to cultivation worldwide.<a href="#cite_note-NYT_2010-37">[37]</a> <a href="/wiki/Cassava_mosaic_virus" title="Cassava mosaic virus">Cassava mosaic virus</a> (CMV) is widespread in Africa, causing cassava mosaic disease (CMD).<a href="#cite_note-Lebot-2020-40">[40]</a> Bredeson et al. 2016 find the M. esculenta cultivars most widely used on that continent have <a href="/wiki/Manihot_carthaginensis_subsp._glaziovii" title="Manihot carthaginensis subsp. glaziovii">M. carthaginensis subsp. glaziovii</a> genes of which some appear to be CMD <a href="/wiki/Plant_disease_resistance_gene" class="mw-redirect" title="Plant disease resistance gene">resistance genes</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Lebot-2020-40">[40]</a> Although the ongoing CMD <a href="/wiki/Pandemic" title="Pandemic">pandemic</a> affects both East and Central Africa, Legg et al. found that these two areas have two distinct <a href="/wiki/Subpopulation" class="mw-redirect" title="Subpopulation">subpopulations</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Vector_(epidemiology)" class="mw-redirect" title="Vector (epidemiology)">vector</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bemisia_tabaci" class="mw-redirect" title="Bemisia tabaci">Bemisia tabaci</a> whiteflies.<a href="#cite_note-41">[41]</a><a href="#cite_note-42">[42]</a> Genetically engineered cassava offers opportunities for the improvement of virus resistance, including CMV and CBSD resistance.<a href="#cite_note-43">[43]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Bacteria">Bacteria</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Cassava&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Bacteria">edit</a>]</div> Among the most serious bacterial pests is <a href="/wiki/Xanthomonas_axonopodis_pv._manihotis" class="mw-redirect" title="Xanthomonas axonopodis pv. manihotis">Xanthomonas axonopodis pv. manihotis</a>, which causes <a href="/wiki/Bacterial_blight_of_cassava" title="Bacterial blight of cassava">bacterial blight of cassava</a>. This disease originated in South America and has followed cassava around the world.<a href="#cite_note-Lozano-1986-44">[44]</a> Bacterial blight has been responsible for near catastrophic losses and famine in past decades, and its mitigation requires active management practices.<a href="#cite_note-Lozano-1986-44">[44]</a> Several other bacteria attack cassava, including the related <a href="/wiki/Xanthomonas_campestris" title="Xanthomonas campestris">Xanthomonas campestris</a> pv. cassavae, which causes bacterial angular leaf spot.<a href="#cite_note-Zárate-Chaves_2021-45">[45]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Fungi">Fungi</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Cassava&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Fungi">edit</a>]</div> Several fungi bring about significant crop losses, one of the most serious being cassava root rot; the <a href="/wiki/Pathogen" title="Pathogen">pathogens</a> involved are species of <a href="/wiki/Phytophthora" title="Phytophthora">Phytophthora</a>, the genus which causes potato blight. Cassava root rot can result in losses of as much as 80 percent of the crop.<a href="#cite_note-Alvarez_2012-35">[35]</a> A major pest is a <a href="/wiki/Rust_(fungus)" title="Rust (fungus)">rust</a> caused by Uromyces manihotis.<a href="#cite_note-CABI-ISC-2019-46">[46]</a> Superelongation disease, caused by <a href="/wiki/Elsino%C3%AB_brasiliensis" title="Elsinoë brasiliensis">Elsinoë brasiliensis</a>, can cause losses of over 80 percent of young cassava in Latin America and the Caribbean when temperature and rainfall are high.<a href="#cite_note-Alvarez_2012-35">[35]</a><a href="#cite_note-47">[47]</a><a href="#cite_note-Alleyne-2023-48">[48]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Nematodes">Nematodes</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Cassava&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Nematodes">edit</a>]</div> Nematode pests of cassava are thought to cause harms ranging from negligible to seriously damaging,<a href="#cite_note-49">[49]</a><a href="#cite_note-50">[50]</a><a href="#cite_note-Gapasin-1980-51">[51]</a> making the choice of management methods difficult.<a href="#cite_note-Coyne_1994-52">[52]</a> A wide range of plant parasitic nematodes have been reported associated with cassava worldwide. These include <a href="/wiki/Pratylenchus_brachyurus" title="Pratylenchus brachyurus">Pratylenchus brachyurus</a>, <a href="/wiki/Rotylenchulus_reniformis" title="Rotylenchulus reniformis">Rotylenchulus reniformis</a>, <a href="/wiki/Helicotylenchus" title="Helicotylenchus">Helicotylenchus</a> spp., <a href="/wiki/Scutellonema" title="Scutellonema">Scutellonema</a> spp. and <a href="/wiki/Root-knot_nematode" title="Root-knot nematode">Meloidogyne</a> spp., of which <a href="/wiki/Meloidogyne_incognita" title="Meloidogyne incognita">Meloidogyne incognita</a> and <a href="/wiki/Meloidogyne_javanica" title="Meloidogyne javanica">Meloidogyne javanica</a> are the most widely reported and economically important.<a href="#cite_note-53">[53]</a> Meloidogyne spp. feeding produces physically damaging galls with eggs inside them. Galls later merge as the females grow and enlarge, and they interfere with water and nutrient supply.<a href="#cite_note-Gapasin-1980-51">[51]</a> Cassava roots become tough with age and restrict the movement of the juveniles and the egg release. It is therefore possible that extensive galling can be observed even at low densities following infection.<a href="#cite_note-Coyne_1994-52">[52]</a> Other pests and diseases can gain entry through the physical damage caused by gall formation, leading to rots. They have not been shown to cause direct damage to the enlarged tuberous roots, but plant height can be reduced if the root system is reduced.<a href="#cite_note-54">[54]</a> Nematicides reduce the numbers of galls per feeder root, along with fewer rots in the tuberous roots.<a href="#cite_note-55">[55]</a> The organophosphorus nematicide femaniphos does not reduce crop growth or harvest yield. Nematicide use in cassava does not increase harvested yield significantly, but lower infestation at harvest and lower subsequent storage loss provide a higher effective yield. The use of tolerant and resistant cultivars is the most practical management method in most locales.<a href="#cite_note-Coyne-2018-56">[56]</a><a href="#cite_note-Coyne_1994-52">[52]</a><a href="#cite_note-Uchechukwumgemezu-2020-57">[57]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Insects">Insects</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Cassava&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Insects">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:A_Cassava_Pest_of_the_Southeastern_Nigeria.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2a/A_Cassava_Pest_of_the_Southeastern_Nigeria.jpg/170px-A_Cassava_Pest_of_the_Southeastern_Nigeria.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="227" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2a/A_Cassava_Pest_of_the_Southeastern_Nigeria.jpg/255px-A_Cassava_Pest_of_the_Southeastern_Nigeria.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2a/A_Cassava_Pest_of_the_Southeastern_Nigeria.jpg/340px-A_Cassava_Pest_of_the_Southeastern_Nigeria.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2448" data-file-height="3264" /></a><figcaption>Grasshoppers, here on cassava in Nigeria, are secondary pests of cassava.<a href="#cite_note-Alvarez_2012-35">[35]</a></figcaption></figure> Insects such as stem borers and other beetles, moths including <a href="/wiki/Chilomima_clarkei" class="mw-redirect" title="Chilomima clarkei">Chilomima clarkei</a>, scale insects, fruit flies, shootflies, <a href="/wiki/Burrower_bug" class="mw-redirect" title="Burrower bug">burrower bugs</a>, grasshoppers, leafhoppers, gall midges, leafcutter ants, and termites contribute to losses of cassava in the field,<a href="#cite_note-Alvarez_2012-35">[35]</a> while others contribute to serious losses, between 19% and 30%, of dried cassava in storage.<a href="#cite_note-58">[58]</a> In <a href="/wiki/Africa" title="Africa">Africa</a>, a previous issue was the cassava mealybug (<a href="/wiki/Phenacoccus_manihoti" title="Phenacoccus manihoti">Phenacoccus manihoti</a>) and cassava green mite (<a href="/wiki/Mononychellus_tanajoa" title="Mononychellus tanajoa">Mononychellus tanajoa</a>). These pests can cause up to 80 percent crop loss, which is extremely detrimental to the production of <a href="/wiki/Subsistence_economy" title="Subsistence economy">subsistence</a> farmers. These pests were rampant in the 1970s and 1980s but were brought under control following the establishment of the Biological Control Centre for Africa of the <a href="/wiki/International_Institute_of_Tropical_Agriculture" title="International Institute of Tropical Agriculture">International Institute of Tropical Agriculture</a> (IITA) under the leadership of <a href="/wiki/Hans_Rudolf_Herren" title="Hans Rudolf Herren">Hans Rudolf Herren</a>.<a href="#cite_note-59">[59]</a> The Centre investigated <a href="/wiki/Biological_control" class="mw-redirect" title="Biological control">biological control</a> for cassava pests; two <a href="/wiki/South_America" title="South America">South American</a> natural enemies Anagyrus lopezi (a <a href="/wiki/Parasitoid" title="Parasitoid">parasitoid</a> wasp) and <a href="/wiki/Typhlodromalus" title="Typhlodromalus">Typhlodromalus</a> aripo (a predatory mite) were found to effectively control the cassava mealybug and the cassava green mite, respectively.<a href="#cite_note-60">[60]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Production">Production</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Cassava&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Production">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Tapioca#Production" title="Tapioca">Tapioca § Production</a></div> <table class="wikitable" style="float:right; clear:right; width:14em; text-align:center; margin-right:1em;"> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="2">Cassava production – 2022 </th></tr> <tr> <th style="background:#ddf; width:75%;">Country </th> <th style="background:#ddf; width:25%;">millions of <a href="/wiki/Tonne" title="Tonne">tonnes</a> </th></tr> <tr> <td><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/Flag_of_Nigeria.svg/23px-Flag_of_Nigeria.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/Flag_of_Nigeria.svg/35px-Flag_of_Nigeria.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/Flag_of_Nigeria.svg/46px-Flag_of_Nigeria.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Nigeria" title="Nigeria">Nigeria</a></td> <td>60.8 </td></tr> <tr> <td><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/Flag_of_the_Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo.svg/20px-Flag_of_the_Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/Flag_of_the_Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo.svg/31px-Flag_of_the_Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/Flag_of_the_Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo.svg/40px-Flag_of_the_Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo" title="Democratic Republic of the Congo">Democratic Republic of the Congo</a></td> <td>48.8 </td></tr> <tr> <td><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Flag_of_Thailand.svg/23px-Flag_of_Thailand.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Flag_of_Thailand.svg/35px-Flag_of_Thailand.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Flag_of_Thailand.svg/45px-Flag_of_Thailand.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Thailand" title="Thailand">Thailand</a></td> <td>34.1 </td></tr> <tr> <td><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/Flag_of_Ghana.svg/23px-Flag_of_Ghana.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/Flag_of_Ghana.svg/35px-Flag_of_Ghana.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/Flag_of_Ghana.svg/45px-Flag_of_Ghana.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Ghana" title="Ghana">Ghana</a></td> <td>25.6 </td></tr> <tr> <td><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Flag_of_Cambodia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Cambodia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Flag_of_Cambodia.svg/35px-Flag_of_Cambodia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Flag_of_Cambodia.svg/46px-Flag_of_Cambodia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="640" /> <a href="/wiki/Cambodia" title="Cambodia">Cambodia</a></td> <td>17.7 </td></tr> <tr> <td><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/05/Flag_of_Brazil.svg/22px-Flag_of_Brazil.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/05/Flag_of_Brazil.svg/33px-Flag_of_Brazil.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/05/Flag_of_Brazil.svg/43px-Flag_of_Brazil.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="700" /> <a href="/wiki/Brazil" title="Brazil">Brazil</a></td> <td>17.6 </td></tr> <tr> <td>World</td> <td>330 </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2">Source: <a href="/wiki/FAOSTAT" class="mw-redirect" title="FAOSTAT">FAOSTAT</a> of the <a href="/wiki/United_Nations" title="United Nations">United Nations</a><a href="#cite_note-FAOSTAT-2024-61">[61]</a> </td></tr></tbody></table> In 2022, world production of cassava root was 330 million tonnes, led by Nigeria with 18% of the total (table). Other major growers were Democratic Republic of the Congo and Thailand. Cassava is the third-largest source of carbohydrates in food in the tropics, after <a href="/wiki/Rice" title="Rice">rice</a> and <a href="/wiki/Maize" title="Maize">maize</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FAO-2016-62">[62]</a><a href="#cite_note-Fauquet-1990-63">[63]</a><a href="#cite_note-Afedraru-2019-39">[39]</a> making it an important staple; more than 500 million people depend on it.<a href="#cite_note-64">[64]</a> It offers the advantage of being exceptionally <a href="/wiki/Drought-tolerant" class="mw-redirect" title="Drought-tolerant">drought-tolerant</a>, and able to grow productively on poor soil. Cassava grows well within 30° of the equator, where it can be produced at up to 2,000 m (7,000 ft) above sea level, and with 50 to 5,000 mm (2 to 200 in) of rain per year. These environmental tolerances suit it to conditions across much of South America and Africa.<a href="#cite_note-65">[65]</a> Cassava yields a large amount of food energy per unit area of land per day – 1,000,000 kJ/ha (250,000 kcal/ha), as compared with 650,000 kJ/ha (156,000 kcal/ha) for rice, 460,000 kJ/ha (110,000 kcal/ha) for wheat and 840,000 kJ/ha (200,000 kcal/ha) for maize.<a href="#cite_note-66">[66]</a> Cassava, <a href="/wiki/Yam_(vegetable)" title="Yam (vegetable)">yams</a> (<a href="/wiki/Dioscorea" title="Dioscorea">Dioscorea</a> spp.), and <a href="/wiki/Sweet_potato" title="Sweet potato">sweet potatoes</a> (Ipomoea batatas) are important sources of food in the tropics. The cassava plant gives the third-highest yield of <a href="/wiki/Carbohydrates" class="mw-redirect" title="Carbohydrates">carbohydrates</a> per cultivated area among crop plants, after <a href="/wiki/Sugarcane" title="Sugarcane">sugarcane</a> and <a href="/wiki/Sugar_beet" title="Sugar beet">sugar beets</a>.<a href="#cite_note-67">[67]</a> Cassava plays a particularly important role in agriculture in developing countries, especially in <a href="/wiki/Sub-Saharan_Africa" title="Sub-Saharan Africa">sub-Saharan Africa</a>, because it does well on poor soils and with low rainfall, and because it is a perennial that can be harvested as required. Its wide harvesting window allows it to act as a famine reserve and is invaluable in managing labor schedules. It offers flexibility to resource-poor farmers because it serves as either a subsistence or a cash crop.<a href="#cite_note-68">[68]</a> Worldwide, 800 million people depend on cassava as their primary food staple.<a href="#cite_note-69">[69]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Toxicity">Toxicity</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Cassava&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Toxicity">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Linamarin.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/Linamarin.svg/220px-Linamarin.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="190" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/Linamarin.svg/330px-Linamarin.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/Linamarin.svg/440px-Linamarin.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1078" data-file-height="932" /></a><figcaption>Raw cassava is dangerous to eat as it contains <a href="/wiki/Linamarin" title="Linamarin">linamarin</a> (illustrated) and other <a href="/wiki/Cyanogenic_glycoside" class="mw-redirect" title="Cyanogenic glycoside">cyanogenic glycosides</a>, which are broken down to release poisonous <a href="/wiki/Hydrogen_cyanide" title="Hydrogen cyanide">hydrogen cyanide</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Cereda_1996-70">[70]</a></figcaption></figure> Cassava roots, peels and leaves are dangerous to eat raw because they contain <a href="/wiki/Linamarin" title="Linamarin">linamarin</a> and <a href="/wiki/Lotaustralin" title="Lotaustralin">lotaustralin</a>, which are toxic <a href="/wiki/Cyanogenic_glycoside" class="mw-redirect" title="Cyanogenic glycoside">cyanogenic glycosides</a>. These are decomposed by the cassava enzyme <a href="/wiki/Linamarase" title="Linamarase">linamarase</a>, releasing poisonous <a href="/wiki/Hydrogen_cyanide" title="Hydrogen cyanide">hydrogen cyanide</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Cereda_1996-70">[70]</a> Cassava varieties are often categorized as either bitter (high in cyanogenic glycosides) or sweet (low in those bitter compounds). Sweet cultivars can contain as little as 20 milligrams of <a href="/wiki/Cyanide" title="Cyanide">cyanide</a> per kilogram of fresh roots, whereas bitter cultivars may contain as much as 1000 milligrams per kilogram. Cassavas grown during <a href="/wiki/Drought" title="Drought">drought</a> are especially high in these toxins.<a href="#cite_note-71">[71]</a><a href="#cite_note-72">[72]</a> A dose of 25 mg of pure cassava cyanogenic glucoside, which contains 2.5 mg of cyanide, is sufficient to kill a rat.<a href="#cite_note-73">[73]</a> Excess cyanide residue from improper preparation causes goiters and acute cyanide poisoning, and is linked to ataxia (a neurological disorder affecting the ability to walk, also known as <a href="/wiki/Konzo" title="Konzo">konzo</a>).<a href="#cite_note-FAO-1990-74">[74]</a> It has also been linked to tropical fibrocalcific <a href="/wiki/Pancreatitis" title="Pancreatitis">pancreatitis</a> in humans, leading to chronic pancreatitis.<a href="#cite_note-75">[75]</a><a href="#cite_note-Harford-2019-76">[76]</a> Symptoms of acute cyanide intoxication appear four or more hours after ingesting raw or poorly processed cassava: vertigo, vomiting, <a href="/wiki/Goiter" class="mw-redirect" title="Goiter">goiter</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ataxia" title="Ataxia">ataxia</a>, partial paralysis, collapse, and death.<a href="#cite_note-ProMED-2017-77">[77]</a><a href="#cite_note-78">[78]</a><a href="#cite_note-79">[79]</a><a href="#cite_note-80">[80]</a> It can be treated easily with an injection of <a href="/wiki/Thiosulfate" title="Thiosulfate">thiosulfate</a> (which makes sulfur available for the patient's body to detoxify by converting the poisonous cyanide into thiocyanate).<a href="#cite_note-FAO-1990-74">[74]</a> Chronic, low-level exposure to cyanide may contribute to both goiter and <a href="/wiki/Tropical_ataxic_neuropathy" title="Tropical ataxic neuropathy">tropical ataxic neuropathy</a>, also called <a href="/wiki/Konzo" title="Konzo">konzo</a>, which can be fatal. The risk is highest in famines, when as many as 3 percent of the population may be affected.<a href="#cite_note-81">[81]</a><a href="#cite_note-82">[82]</a> Like many other roots and tubers, both bitter and sweet varieties of cassava contain <a href="/wiki/Antinutrient" title="Antinutrient">antinutritional</a> factors and toxins, with the bitter varieties containing much larger amounts.<a href="#cite_note-FAO-1990-74">[74]</a> The more toxic varieties of cassava have been used in some places as <a href="/wiki/Famine_food" title="Famine food">famine food</a> during times of <a href="/wiki/Food_insecurity" class="mw-redirect" title="Food insecurity">food insecurity</a>.<a href="#cite_note-ProMED-2017-77">[77]</a><a href="#cite_note-FAO-1990-74">[74]</a> For example, during the <a href="/wiki/Shortages_in_Venezuela" title="Shortages in Venezuela">shortages in Venezuela</a> in the late 2010s, dozens of deaths were reported due to Venezuelans resorting to eating bitter cassava in order to curb starvation.<a href="#cite_note-83">[83]</a><a href="#cite_note-84">[84]</a> Cases of cassava poisoning were also documented during the famine accompanying the <a href="/wiki/Great_Leap_Forward" title="Great Leap Forward">Great Leap Forward</a> (1958–1962) in China.<a href="#cite_note-85">[85]</a> Farmers may select bitter cultivars to reduce crop losses.<a href="#cite_note-Jiggins-2002-86">[86]</a> Societies that traditionally eat cassava generally understand that processing (soaking, cooking, fermentation, etc.) is necessary to avoid getting sick. Brief soaking (four hours) of cassava is not sufficient, but soaking for 18–24 hours can remove up to half the level of cyanide. Drying may not be sufficient, either.<a href="#cite_note-FAO-1990-74">[74]</a> For some smaller-rooted, sweet varieties, cooking is sufficient to eliminate all toxicity. The cyanide is carried away in the processing water and the amounts produced in domestic consumption are too small to have environmental impact.<a href="#cite_note-Cereda_1996-70">[70]</a> The larger-rooted, bitter varieties used for production of flour or starch must be processed to remove the cyanogenic glucosides. The large roots are peeled and then ground into flour, which is then soaked in water, squeezed dry several times, and toasted. The starch grains that flow with the water during the soaking process are also used in cooking.<a href="#cite_note-87">[87]</a> The flour is used throughout South America and the <a href="/wiki/Caribbean" title="Caribbean">Caribbean</a>. Industrial production of cassava flour, even at the cottage level, may generate enough cyanide and cyanogenic glycosides in the effluents to have a severe environmental impact.<a href="#cite_note-Cereda_1996-70">[70]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Uses">Uses</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Cassava&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Uses">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Tapioca#Uses" title="Tapioca">Tapioca § Uses</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Food_and_drink">Food and drink</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Cassava&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Food and drink">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Wikibooks-logo-en-noslogan.svg/40px-Wikibooks-logo-en-noslogan.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Wikibooks-logo-en-noslogan.svg/60px-Wikibooks-logo-en-noslogan.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Wikibooks-logo-en-noslogan.svg/80px-Wikibooks-logo-en-noslogan.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="400" data-file-height="400" /></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikibooks <a href="https://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Cookbook" class="extiw" title="wikibooks:Cookbook">Cookbook</a> has a recipe/module on <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist" style="margin-left: 1.6em;"> <ul><li><a href="https://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Cookbook:Cassava" class="extiw" title="wikibooks:Cookbook:Cassava"> Cassava</a></li></ul> </div></div></div> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Cassava-based_dishes" title="Cassava-based dishes">Cassava-based dishes</a></div> There are <a href="/wiki/Cassava-based_dishes" title="Cassava-based dishes">many ways of cooking cassava</a>.<a href="#cite_note-88">[88]</a> It has to be prepared correctly to remove its toxicity.<a href="#cite_note-89">[89]</a> The root of the sweet variety is mild to the taste, like potatoes; Jewish households sometimes use it in <a href="/wiki/Cholent" title="Cholent">cholent</a>.<a href="#cite_note-90">[90]</a> It can be made into a flour that is used in breads, cakes and cookies. In Brazil, <a href="/wiki/Farofa" title="Farofa">farofa</a>, a dry meal made from cooked powdered cassava, is roasted in butter, eaten as a side dish, or sprinkled on other food.<a href="#cite_note-Zeldes-2010-91">[91]</a> In Taiwanese culture, now spread to the United States, cassava "juices" are dried to a fine powder and used to make tapioca, a popular starch used to make bubbles, a chewy topping in <a href="/wiki/Bubble_tea" title="Bubble tea">bubble tea</a>.<a href="#cite_note-92">[92]</a> <a href="/wiki/Alcoholic_beverage" title="Alcoholic beverage">Alcoholic beverages</a> made from cassava include <a href="/wiki/Cauim" title="Cauim">cauim</a> (Brazil),<a href="#cite_note-Schwan-2007-93">[93]</a> <a href="/wiki/Kasiri" title="Kasiri">kasiri</a> (Venezuela, Guyana, Suriname),<a href="#cite_note-94">[94]</a> <a href="/wiki/Parakari" title="Parakari">parakari</a> or kari (Venezuela, Guyana, Surinam),<a href="#cite_note-95">[95]</a> and <a href="/wiki/Nihamanchi" title="Nihamanchi">nihamanchi</a> (South America),<a href="#cite_note-96">[96]</a> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-nolines center"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 185px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 180px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Cassava_heavy_cake.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Heavy cake"><img alt="Heavy cake" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e7/Cassava_heavy_cake.jpg/180px-Cassava_heavy_cake.jpg" decoding="async" width="180" height="135" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e7/Cassava_heavy_cake.jpg/270px-Cassava_heavy_cake.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e7/Cassava_heavy_cake.jpg/360px-Cassava_heavy_cake.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="600" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext">Heavy cake</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 185px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 180px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Cassava_bread.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Bread"><img alt="Bread" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d2/Cassava_bread.jpg/180px-Cassava_bread.jpg" decoding="async" width="180" height="135" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d2/Cassava_bread.jpg/270px-Cassava_bread.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d2/Cassava_bread.jpg/360px-Cassava_bread.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2479" data-file-height="1859" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext">Bread</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 185px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 180px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Cambodia16_lo_(4039995158).jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Noodles, Cambodia"><img alt="Noodles, Cambodia" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/47/Cambodia16_lo_%284039995158%29.jpg/180px-Cambodia16_lo_%284039995158%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="180" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/47/Cambodia16_lo_%284039995158%29.jpg/270px-Cambodia16_lo_%284039995158%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/47/Cambodia16_lo_%284039995158%29.jpg/360px-Cambodia16_lo_%284039995158%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1500" data-file-height="996" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext">Noodles, Cambodia</div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Preparation_of_bitter_cassava">Preparation of bitter cassava</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Cassava&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Preparation of bitter cassava">edit</a>]</div> A safe processing method known as the "wetting method" is to mix the cassava flour with water into a thick paste, spread it in a thin layer over a basket and then let it stand for five hours at 30 °C in the shade.<a href="#cite_note-Bradbury-2006-97">[97]</a> In that time, about 83% of the cyanogenic <a href="/wiki/Glycoside" title="Glycoside">glycosides</a> are broken down by <a href="/wiki/Linamarase" title="Linamarase">linamarase</a>; the resulting hydrogen cyanide escapes to the atmosphere, making the flour safe for consumption the same evening.<a href="#cite_note-Bradbury-2006-97">[97]</a> The traditional method used in West Africa is to peel the roots and put them into water for three days to ferment. The roots are then dried or cooked. In Nigeria and several other west African countries, including Ghana, Cameroon, Benin, Togo, Ivory Coast, and Burkina Faso, they are usually grated and lightly fried in palm oil to preserve them. The result is a foodstuff called <a href="/wiki/Garri" title="Garri">garri</a>. Fermentation is also used in other places such as Indonesia, such as <a href="/wiki/Tapai" title="Tapai">Tapai</a>. The fermentation process also reduces the level of antinutrients, making the cassava a more nutritious food.<a href="#cite_note-98">[98]</a> The reliance on cassava as a food source and the resulting exposure to the <a href="/wiki/Goitrogen" title="Goitrogen">goitrogenic</a> effects of <a href="/wiki/Thiocyanate" title="Thiocyanate">thiocyanate</a> has been responsible for the endemic goiters seen in the <a href="/wiki/Akoko" title="Akoko">Akoko</a> area of southwestern Nigeria.<a href="#cite_note-Akindahunsi-1998-99">[99]</a><a href="#cite_note-100">[100]</a> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-nolines center"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 185px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 180px;"><a href="/wiki/File:PeeledCassava.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Tuber, peeled and soaking to reduce toxicity"><img alt="Tuber, peeled and soaking to reduce toxicity" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/PeeledCassava.jpg/180px-PeeledCassava.jpg" decoding="async" width="180" height="151" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/PeeledCassava.jpg/270px-PeeledCassava.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/b/bd/PeeledCassava.jpg 2x" data-file-width="357" data-file-height="300" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext">Tuber, peeled and soaking to reduce toxicity</div> </li> </ul> A traditional method used by the <a href="/wiki/Lucayan_people" title="Lucayan people">Lucayans</a> to detoxify cassava is by peeling, grinding, and mashing; filtering the mash through a basket tube to remove the hydrogen cyanide; and drying and sieving the mash for flour. The poisonous filtrate water was boiled to release the hydrogen cyanide, and used as a base for stews.<a href="#cite_note-Keegan-2008-101">[101]</a> <a href="/wiki/Bioengineering" class="mw-redirect" title="Bioengineering">Bioengineering</a> has been applied to grow cassava with lower <a href="/wiki/Cyanogenic_glycosides" class="mw-redirect" title="Cyanogenic glycosides">cyanogenic glycosides</a> combined with <a href="/wiki/Food_fortification" title="Food fortification">fortification</a> of <a href="/wiki/Vitamin_A" title="Vitamin A">vitamin A</a>, <a href="/wiki/Iron" title="Iron">iron</a> and protein to improve the nutrition of people in sub-Saharan Africa.<a href="#cite_note-102">[102]</a><a href="#cite_note-103">[103]</a> In Guyana the traditional <a href="/wiki/Cassareep" title="Cassareep">cassareep</a> is made from bitter cassava juice.<a href="#cite_note-104">[104]</a> The juice is boiled until it is reduced by half in volume,<a href="#cite_note-Jackson-1872-105">[105]</a> to the consistency of <a href="/wiki/Molasses" title="Molasses">molasses</a><a href="#cite_note-Nicholls-1906-106">[106]</a> and flavored with <a href="/wiki/Spice" title="Spice">spices</a>—including <a href="/wiki/Clove" title="Clove">cloves</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cinnamon" title="Cinnamon">cinnamon</a>, <a href="/wiki/Salt" title="Salt">salt</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sugar" title="Sugar">sugar</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Cayenne_pepper" title="Cayenne pepper">cayenne pepper</a>.<a href="#cite_note-107">[107]</a> Traditionally, cassareep was boiled in a soft pot, the actual "pepper pot", which would absorb the flavors and also impart them (even if dry) to foods such as rice and chicken cooked in it.<a href="#cite_note-108">[108]</a> The poisonous but volatile hydrogen cyanide is evaporated by heating.<a href="#cite_note-109">[109]</a> Nevertheless, improperly cooked cassava has been blamed for a number of deaths.<a href="#cite_note-110">[110]</a> Amerindians from Guyana reportedly made an antidote by steeping <a href="/wiki/Chili_pepper" title="Chili pepper">chili peppers</a> in <a href="/wiki/Rum" title="Rum">rum</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Nicholls-1906-106">[106]</a> The natives of Guyana traditionally brought the product to town in bottles,<a href="#cite_note-111">[111]</a> and it is available on the <a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">US market</a> in bottled form.<a href="#cite_note-112">[112]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Nutrition">Nutrition</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Cassava&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Nutrition">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox nowrap"><caption class="infobox-title" style="white-space:normal; padding-bottom:0.15em;">Cassava, raw</caption><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header">Nutritional value per 100 g (3.5 oz)</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Food_energy" title="Food energy">Energy</a></th><td class="infobox-data">670 kJ (160 kcal)</td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;font-weight:normal;padding-right:0.25em;"><div style="position:relative;left:-0.65em;"><a href="/wiki/Carbohydrate" title="Carbohydrate">Carbohydrates</a></div></th><td class="infobox-data" style="vertical-align:middle;padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;"><div style="position:relative;left:-0.65em;">38.1 g</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;font-weight:normal;padding-right:0.25em;"><a href="/wiki/Sugar" title="Sugar">Sugars</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="vertical-align:middle;padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;">1.7 g</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;font-weight:normal;padding-right:0.25em;"><a href="/wiki/Dietary_fiber" title="Dietary fiber">Dietary fiber</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="vertical-align:middle;padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;">1.8 g</td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;font-weight:normal;padding-right:0.25em;"><div style="position:relative;left:-0.65em;"><a href="/wiki/Fat" title="Fat">Fat</a></div></th><td class="infobox-data" style="vertical-align:middle;padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;"><div style="position:relative;left:-0.65em;">0.3 g</div></td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;font-weight:normal;padding-right:0.25em;"><div style="position:relative;left:-0.65em;"><a href="/wiki/Protein_(nutrient)" title="Protein (nutrient)">Protein</a></div></th><td class="infobox-data" style="vertical-align:middle;padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;"><div style="position:relative;left:-0.65em;">1.4 g</div></td></tr> <tr><td colspan="2"> <table class="mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style="; ; width:100%;"> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="2" style="line-height:normal; padding:0.2em; ;"><div style="text-align: center; padding: 0 0.4em; margin: 0 3.3em">Vitamins and minerals</div></th> </tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;font-weight:normal;padding-right:0.25em;"><a href="/wiki/Vitamin" title="Vitamin">Vitamins</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="vertical-align:middle;padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;">Quantity <div style="float: right;"><abbr title="Percentage of Daily Value">%DV</abbr>†</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;font-weight:normal;padding-right:0.25em;"><a href="/wiki/Thiamine" title="Thiamine">Thiamine (B1)</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="vertical-align:middle;padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;"><div style="float: right;">7%</div> 0.087 mg</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;font-weight:normal;padding-right:0.25em;"><a href="/wiki/Riboflavin" title="Riboflavin">Riboflavin (B2)</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="vertical-align:middle;padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;"><div style="float: right;">4%</div> 0.048 mg</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;font-weight:normal;padding-right:0.25em;"><a href="/wiki/Niacin_(nutrient)" class="mw-redirect" title="Niacin (nutrient)">Niacin (B3)</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="vertical-align:middle;padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;"><div style="float: right;">5%</div> 0.854 mg</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;font-weight:normal;padding-right:0.25em;"><a href="/wiki/Vitamin_B6" title="Vitamin B6">Vitamin B6</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="vertical-align:middle;padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;"><div style="float: right;">5%</div> 0.088 mg</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;font-weight:normal;padding-right:0.25em;"><a href="/wiki/Folate" title="Folate">Folate (B9)</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="vertical-align:middle;padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;"><div style="float: right;">7%</div> 27 μg</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;font-weight:normal;padding-right:0.25em;"><a href="/wiki/Vitamin_C" title="Vitamin C">Vitamin C</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="vertical-align:middle;padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;"><div style="float: right;">23%</div> 20.6 mg</td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;font-weight:normal;padding-right:0.25em;"><a href="/wiki/Mineral_(nutrient)" title="Mineral (nutrient)">Minerals</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="vertical-align:middle;padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;">Quantity <div style="float: right;"><abbr title="Percentage of Daily Value">%DV</abbr>†</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;font-weight:normal;padding-right:0.25em;"><a href="/wiki/Calcium_in_biology#Humans" title="Calcium in biology">Calcium</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="vertical-align:middle;padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;"><div style="float: right;">1%</div> 16 mg</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;font-weight:normal;padding-right:0.25em;"><a href="/wiki/Human_iron_metabolism" title="Human iron metabolism">Iron</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="vertical-align:middle;padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;"><div style="float: right;">2%</div> 0.27 mg</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;font-weight:normal;padding-right:0.25em;"><a href="/wiki/Magnesium_in_biology" title="Magnesium in biology">Magnesium</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="vertical-align:middle;padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;"><div style="float: right;">5%</div> 21 mg</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;font-weight:normal;padding-right:0.25em;"><a href="/wiki/Phosphorus#Biological_role" title="Phosphorus">Phosphorus</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="vertical-align:middle;padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;"><div style="float: right;">2%</div> 27 mg</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;font-weight:normal;padding-right:0.25em;"><a href="/wiki/Potassium_in_biology" title="Potassium in biology">Potassium</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="vertical-align:middle;padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;"><div style="float: right;">9%</div> 271 mg</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;font-weight:normal;padding-right:0.25em;"><a href="/wiki/Sodium_in_biology" title="Sodium in biology">Sodium</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="vertical-align:middle;padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;"><div style="float: right;">1%</div> 14 mg</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;font-weight:normal;padding-right:0.25em;"><a href="/wiki/Zinc#Biological_role" title="Zinc">Zinc</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="vertical-align:middle;padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;"><div style="float: right;">3%</div> 0.34 mg</td></tr><tr><td colspan="2"> </td></tr></tbody></table></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;font-weight:normal;padding-right:0.25em;">Other constituents</th><td class="infobox-data" style="vertical-align:middle;padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;">Quantity</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;font-weight:normal;padding-right:0.25em;">Water</th><td class="infobox-data" style="vertical-align:middle;padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;">60 g</td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><hr /><div class="wrap" style="padding:0.3em;line-height:1.2em;"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170712215400/https://ndb.nal.usda.gov/ndb/foods/show/2907?manu=&fgcd=&ds=Full">Link to USDA Database entry</a></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-below wrap" style="background:#e0e0e0;padding:0.3em;line-height:1.5em;font-weight:normal;font-size:0.9em">†Percentages estimated using <a href="/wiki/Reference_Daily_Intake#Daily_Values" title="Reference Daily Intake">US recommendations</a> for adults,<a href="#cite_note-FDADailyValues-113">[113]</a> except for potassium, which is estimated based on expert recommendation from <a href="/wiki/National_Academies_of_Sciences,_Engineering,_and_Medicine" title="National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine">the National Academies</a>.<a href="#cite_note-NationalAcademiesPotassium-114">[114]</a></td></tr></tbody></table> Raw cassava is 60% water, 38% carbohydrates, 1% protein, and has negligible <a href="/wiki/Fat" title="Fat">fat</a> (table).<a href="#cite_note-Tewe-2004-115">[115]</a> In a <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1154941027">.mw-parser-output .frac{white-space:nowrap}.mw-parser-output .frac .num,.mw-parser-output .frac .den{font-size:80%;line-height:0;vertical-align:super}.mw-parser-output .frac .den{vertical-align:sub}.mw-parser-output .sr-only{border:0;clip:rect(0,0,0,0);clip-path:polygon(0px 0px,0px 0px,0px 0px);height:1px;margin:-1px;overflow:hidden;padding:0;position:absolute;width:1px}</style>100-gram (3+1⁄2-ounce) reference serving, raw cassava provides 670 kilojoules (160 kilocalories) of <a href="/wiki/Food_energy" title="Food energy">food energy</a> and 23% of the <a href="/wiki/Daily_Value" class="mw-redirect" title="Daily Value">Daily Value</a> (DV) of vitamin C, but otherwise has no <a href="/wiki/Micronutrients" class="mw-redirect" title="Micronutrients">micronutrients</a> in significant content (i.e., above 10% of the relevant DV).<a href="#cite_note-Tewe-2004-115">[115]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Biofuel">Biofuel</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Cassava&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Biofuel">edit</a>]</div> Cassava has been studied as a feedstock to produce <a href="/wiki/Ethanol" title="Ethanol">ethanol</a> as a <a href="/wiki/Biofuel" title="Biofuel">biofuel</a>, including to improve the efficiency of conversion from cassava flour,<a href="#cite_note-Bakky-2021-116">[116]</a> and to convert crop residues such as stems and leaves as well as the more easily processed roots.<a href="#cite_note-Sivamani-2018-117">[117]</a> China has created facilities to produce substantial amounts of ethanol fuel from cassava roots.<a href="#cite_note-Anderson-Sprecher-118">[118]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Animal_feed">Animal feed</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Cassava&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Animal feed">edit</a>]</div> Cassava tubers and hay are used worldwide as animal feed. Young cassava hay is harvested at three to four month, when it reaches about 30 to 45 cm (12 to 18 in) above ground; it is dried in the sun until its dry matter content approaches 85 percent. The hay contains 20–27 percent <a href="/wiki/Protein_(nutrient)" title="Protein (nutrient)">protein</a> and 1.5–4 percent <a href="/wiki/Tannin" title="Tannin">tannin</a>. It is valued as a source of roughage for <a href="/wiki/Ruminant" title="Ruminant">ruminants</a> such as cattle.<a href="#cite_note-119">[119]</a> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-nolines center"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 185px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 180px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Cassava_being_grated.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Tubers being grated"><img alt="Tubers being grated" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e3/Cassava_being_grated.jpg/139px-Cassava_being_grated.jpg" decoding="async" width="139" height="180" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e3/Cassava_being_grated.jpg/209px-Cassava_being_grated.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e3/Cassava_being_grated.jpg/278px-Cassava_being_grated.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1237" data-file-height="1599" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext">Tubers being grated</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 185px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 180px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Close-up_of_grated_cassava.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="A close-up of the product"><img alt="A close-up of the product" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/Close-up_of_grated_cassava.jpg/180px-Close-up_of_grated_cassava.jpg" decoding="async" width="180" height="135" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/Close-up_of_grated_cassava.jpg/270px-Close-up_of_grated_cassava.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/Close-up_of_grated_cassava.jpg/360px-Close-up_of_grated_cassava.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1600" data-file-height="1200" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext">A close-up of the product</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 185px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 180px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Cassava_drying_on_a_road.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Drying on road to be used for pig and chicken feed"><img alt="Drying on road to be used for pig and chicken feed" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/Cassava_drying_on_a_road.jpg/180px-Cassava_drying_on_a_road.jpg" decoding="async" width="180" height="135" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/Cassava_drying_on_a_road.jpg/270px-Cassava_drying_on_a_road.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/Cassava_drying_on_a_road.jpg/360px-Cassava_drying_on_a_road.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1600" data-file-height="1200" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext">Drying on road to be used for pig and chicken feed</div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Laundry_starch">Laundry starch</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Cassava&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Laundry starch">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Laundry_starch" title="Laundry starch">Laundry starch</a></div> Cassava is used in laundry products, especially as <a href="/wiki/Laundry_starch" title="Laundry starch">starch</a> to stiffen shirts and other garments.<a href="#cite_note-120">[120]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Folklore">Folklore</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Cassava&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: Folklore">edit</a>]</div> In Java, a myth relates that food derives from the body of Dewi Teknowati, who killed herself rather than accept the advances of the god <a href="/wiki/Batara_Guru" title="Batara Guru">Batara Guru</a>. She was buried, and her lower leg grew into a cassava plant.<a href="#cite_note-Sudardi-2016-121">[121]</a> In Trinidad, folk stories tell of a saapina or snake-woman; the word is related to sabada, meaning to pound, for what is traditionally a woman's work of pounding cassava.<a href="#cite_note-Provost-2011-122">[122]</a> The identity of the <a href="/wiki/Macushi" title="Macushi">Macushi</a> people of Guyana is closely bound up with the growth and processing of cassava in their <a href="/wiki/Slash-and-burn" title="Slash-and-burn">slash-and-burn</a> subsistence lifestyle. A story tells that the great spirit Makunaima climbed a tree, cutting off pieces with his axe; when they landed on the ground, each piece became a type of animal. The opossum brought the people to the tree, where they found all the types of food, including bitter cassava. A bird told the people how to prepare the cassava safely.<a href="#cite_note-Schacht-2013-123">[123]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Cassava&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: See also">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1184024115">.mw-parser-output .div-col{margin-top:0.3em;column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .div-col-small{font-size:90%}.mw-parser-output .div-col-rules{column-rule:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .div-col dl,.mw-parser-output .div-col ol,.mw-parser-output .div-col ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .div-col li,.mw-parser-output .div-col dd{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}</style><div class="div-col"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Columbian_Exchange" class="mw-redirect" title="Columbian Exchange">Columbian Exchange</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Man%C3%AD_(Amazonian_legend)" title="Maní (Amazonian legend)">Maní (Amazonian legend)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yellow_cassava" title="Yellow cassava">Yellow cassava</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cassava-based_dishes" title="Cassava-based dishes">Cassava-based dishes</a></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Cassava&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: References">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-POWO_2022-1">^ <a href="#cite_ref-POWO_2022_1-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-POWO_2022_1-1">b</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://powo.science.kew.org/taxon/urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:351790-1#synonyms">"Manihot esculenta Crantz, Rei Herb. 1: 167 (1766)"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Plants_of_the_World_Online" title="Plants of the World Online">Plants of the World Online</a>. Board of Trustees of the Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew. 2022. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20221111131249/https://powo.science.kew.org/taxon/urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:351790-1#synonyms">Archived</a> from the original on 11 November 2022. Retrieved 11 November 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Plants+of+the+World+Online&rft.atitle=Manihot+esculenta+Crantz%2C+Rei+Herb.+1%3A+167+%281766%29&rft.date=2022&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fpowo.science.kew.org%2Ftaxon%2Furn%3Alsid%3Aipni.org%3Anames%3A351790-1%23synonyms&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACassava" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Etym_Dict_manioc-2">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Etym_Dict_manioc_2-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Etym_Dict_manioc_2-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nparks.gov.sg/florafaunaweb/flora/2/2/2210">"Manihot esculenta Crantz"</a>. Singapore National Parks. Retrieved 7 July 2024. <q>Genus Manihot is from the Tupi-Guarani name "manioca" which means cassava. 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Journal of Education and Social Science (3): 8–11.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Education+and+Social+Science&rft.atitle=The+Folklore+about+Food+Sustainability+according+Javanese+Culture&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=8-11&rft.date=2016&rft.aulast=Sudardi&rft.aufirst=Bani&rft.au=Widyastuti%2C+Hesti&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jesoc.com%2Fwp-content%2Fuploads%2F2016%2F03%2FKC3_17.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACassava" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Provost-2011-122"><a href="#cite_ref-Provost-2011_122-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFProvost2011" class="citation journal cs1">Provost, M. C. L. 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(2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.researchgate.net/publication/275521616">"Cassava and the Makushi: a shared history of resiliency and transformation""</a>. Food and Identity in the Caribbean: 15–29. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.5040%2F9781350042162.ch-001">10.5040/9781350042162.ch-001</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-350-04216-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-350-04216-2"><bdi>978-1-350-04216-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Food+and+Identity+in+the+Caribbean&rft.atitle=Cassava+and+the+Makushi%3A+a+shared+history+of+resiliency+and+transformation%22&rft.pages=15-29&rft.date=2013&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.5040%2F9781350042162.ch-001&rft.isbn=978-1-350-04216-2&rft.aulast=Schacht&rft.aufirst=Ryan+N.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.researchgate.net%2Fpublication%2F275521616&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACassava" class="Z3988"> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Cassava&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: External links">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1235681985"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1250146164">.mw-parser-output .sister-box .side-box-abovebelow{padding:0.75em 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .sister-box .side-box-abovebelow>b{display:block}.mw-parser-output .sister-box .side-box-text>ul{border-top:1px solid #aaa;padding:0.75em 0;width:217px;margin:0 auto}.mw-parser-output .sister-box .side-box-text>ul>li{min-height:31px}.mw-parser-output .sister-logo{display:inline-block;width:31px;line-height:31px;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .sister-link{display:inline-block;margin-left:4px;width:182px;vertical-align:middle}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div role="navigation" aria-labelledby="sister-projects" class="side-box metadata side-box-right sister-box sistersitebox plainlinks"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-abovebelow"> Cassava at Wikipedia's <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Wikimedia_sister_projects" title="Wikipedia:Wikimedia sister projects">sister projects</a></div> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-text plainlist"><ul><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/06/Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg/27px-Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="27" height="27" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/06/Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg/41px-Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/06/Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg/54px-Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="391" data-file-height="391" /><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/cassava" class="extiw" title="wikt:cassava">Definitions</a> from Wiktionary</li><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/20px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="27" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/40px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Manihot_esculenta" class="extiw" title="c:Manihot esculenta">Media</a> from Commons</li><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikibooks-logo.svg/27px-Wikibooks-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="27" height="27" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikibooks-logo.svg/41px-Wikibooks-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikibooks-logo.svg/54px-Wikibooks-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /><a href="https://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Cookbook:Cassava" class="extiw" title="b:Cookbook:Cassava">Recipes</a> from Wikibooks</li><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Wikispecies-logo.svg/23px-Wikispecies-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="27" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Wikispecies-logo.svg/35px-Wikispecies-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Wikispecies-logo.svg/46px-Wikispecies-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="941" data-file-height="1103" /><a href="https://species.wikimedia.org/wiki/Manihot_esculenta" class="extiw" title="species:Manihot esculenta">Taxa</a> from Wikispecies</li></ul></div></div> </div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.hort.purdue.edu/newcrop/CropFactSheets/cassava.html">Cassava – Purdue University Horticulture</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.today/20121205102237/http://www.new-ag.info/98-6/focuson/focuson9.html">Cassava Pests: From Crisis to Control</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.fao.org/ag/AGP/AGPC/gcds/index_en.html">Why cassava? Global Cassava Development Strategy</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20161107074144/http://www.fao.org/ag/AGP/AGPC/gcds/index_en.html">Archived</a> 7 November 2016 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output 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template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Bioenergy" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Bioenergy" title="Bioenergy">Bioenergy</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Biofuel" title="Biofuel">Biofuels</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alcohol_fuel" title="Alcohol fuel">Alcohol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Algae_fuel" title="Algae fuel">Algae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Babassu_oil" title="Babassu oil">Babassu oil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bagasse" title="Bagasse">Bagasse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Butanol_fuel" title="Butanol fuel">Biobutanol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biodiesel" title="Biodiesel">Biodiesel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biogas" title="Biogas">Biogas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biogasoline" title="Biogasoline">Biogasoline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bioliquids" title="Bioliquids">Bioliquids</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biomass_(energy)" title="Biomass (energy)">Biomass</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cooking_oil" title="Cooking oil">Cooking oil</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Vegetable_oil_fuel" title="Vegetable oil fuel">vegetable oil</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethanol_fuel" title="Ethanol fuel">Ethanol</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cellulosic_ethanol" title="Cellulosic ethanol">cellulosic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Common_ethanol_fuel_mixtures" title="Common ethanol fuel mixtures">mixtures</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Methanol_fuel" title="Methanol fuel">Methanol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stover" title="Stover">Stover</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Corn_stover" title="Corn stover">corn</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Straw" title="Straw">Straw</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pontederia_crassipes#Bioenergy" title="Pontederia crassipes">Water hyacinth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wood_gas" title="Wood gas">Wood gas</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Energy_crop" title="Energy crop">Energy from foodstock</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Camelina_sativa#Biodiesel_and_jet_fuel" title="Camelina sativa">Camelina sativa</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Cassava</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coconut_oil#Industry" title="Coconut oil">Coconut oil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grape" title="Grape">Grape</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hemp" title="Hemp">Hemp</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maize" title="Maize">Maize</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oat" title="Oat">Oat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palm_oil" title="Palm oil">Palm oil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Potato" title="Potato">Potato</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rapeseed" title="Rapeseed">Rapeseed</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rice" title="Rice">Rice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sorghum" title="Sorghum">Sorghum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soybean" title="Soybean">Soybean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sugar_beet" title="Sugar beet">Sugar beet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sugarcane" title="Sugarcane">Sugarcane</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Common_sunflower" title="Common sunflower">Sunflower</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wheat" title="Wheat">Wheat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yam_(vegetable)" title="Yam (vegetable)">Yam</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Nonfood_crop" title="Nonfood crop">Non-food energy crops</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arundo" title="Arundo">Arundo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andropogon_gerardi" title="Andropogon gerardi">Big bluestem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Camelina" title="Camelina">Camelina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Triadica_sebifera" title="Triadica sebifera">Chinese tallow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lemnoideae" title="Lemnoideae">Duckweed</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jatropha_curcas" title="Jatropha curcas">Jatropha curcas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Miscanthus_%C3%97_giganteus" title="Miscanthus × giganteus">Miscanthus × giganteus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pongamia" title="Pongamia">Pongamia pinnata</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salicornia#Industrial_use" title="Salicornia">Salicornia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Panicum_virgatum" title="Panicum virgatum">Switchgrass</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wood_fuel" title="Wood fuel">Wood</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Technology</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bioconversion_of_biomass_to_mixed_alcohol_fuels" title="Bioconversion of biomass to mixed alcohol fuels">Bioconversion of biomass to mixed alcohol fuels</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bioenergy_with_carbon_capture_and_storage" title="Bioenergy with carbon capture and storage">Bioenergy with carbon capture and storage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biomass_heating_system" title="Biomass heating system">Biomass heating systems</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biorefinery" title="Biorefinery">Biorefinery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fischer%E2%80%93Tropsch_process" title="Fischer–Tropsch process">Fischer–Tropsch process</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Industrial_biotechnology" class="mw-redirect" title="Industrial biotechnology">Industrial biotechnology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pellet_fuel" title="Pellet fuel">Pellet fuel</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pellet_mill" title="Pellet mill">mill</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pellet_stove" title="Pellet stove">stove</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sabatier_reaction" title="Sabatier reaction">Sabatier reaction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thermal_depolymerization" title="Thermal depolymerization">Thermal depolymerization</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Concepts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Agflation" title="Agflation">Agflation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cellulosic_ethanol_commercialization" class="mw-redirect" title="Cellulosic ethanol commercialization">Cellulosic ethanol commercialization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Energy_content_of_biofuel" title="Energy content of biofuel">Energy content of biofuel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Energy_crop" title="Energy crop">Energy crop</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Energy_forestry" title="Energy forestry">Energy forestry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Energy_return_on_investment" title="Energy return on investment">Energy return on investment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Food_vs._fuel" title="Food vs. fuel">Food vs. fuel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Issues_relating_to_biofuels" title="Issues relating to biofuels">Issues relating to biofuels</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sustainable_biofuel" title="Sustainable biofuel">Sustainable biofuel</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /> <a href="/wiki/Category:Bioenergy" title="Category:Bioenergy">Category</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Lists_of_countries_by_agricultural_output_rankings" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Agriculture_country_lists" title="Template:Agriculture country lists"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Agriculture_country_lists" title="Template talk:Agriculture country lists"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Agriculture_country_lists" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Agriculture country lists"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Lists_of_countries_by_agricultural_output_rankings" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Lists_of_sovereign_states_and_dependent_territories" title="Lists of sovereign states and dependent territories">Lists of countries</a> by <a href="/wiki/List_of_largest_producing_countries_of_agricultural_commodities" title="List of largest producing countries of agricultural commodities">agricultural output</a> <a href="/wiki/List_of_international_rankings" title="List of international rankings">rankings</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_by_cereal_production" title="List of countries by cereal production">Cereals</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_by_barley_production" title="List of countries by barley production">Barley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buckwheat#Production" title="Buckwheat">Buckwheat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_corn_production_statistics" class="mw-redirect" title="International corn production statistics">Corn/Maize</a> (<a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_by_maize_exports" title="List of countries by maize exports">exports</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Millet#Production" title="Millet">Millet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oat#Production_and_trade" title="Oat">Oat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_by_rice_production" title="List of countries by rice production">Rice</a> (<a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_by_rice_exports" title="List of countries by rice exports">exports</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rye#Production_and_consumption" title="Rye">Rye</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Commercial_sorghum#Cultivation_and_uses" class="mw-redirect" title="Commercial sorghum">Sorghum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Triticale#Conventional_breeding_approaches" title="Triticale">Triticale</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_wheat_production_statistics" class="mw-redirect" title="International wheat production statistics">Wheat</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_by_wheat_exports" title="List of countries by wheat exports">exports</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_by_fruit_production" title="List of countries by fruit production">Fruit</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_by_apple_production" title="List of countries by apple production">Apple</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_by_apricot_production" title="List of countries by apricot production">Apricot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_by_avocado_production" title="List of countries by avocado production">Avocado</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Banana#Production_and_export" title="Banana">Banana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_by_cherry_production" title="List of countries by cherry production">Cherry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Citrus_production" title="Citrus production">Citrus</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Orange_(fruit)#Production" title="Orange (fruit)">Orange</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_by_coconut_production" title="List of countries by coconut production">Coconut</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_by_cucumber_production" title="List of countries by cucumber production">Cucumber</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_by_eggplant_production" title="List of countries by eggplant production">Eggplant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_by_grape_production" title="List of countries by grape production">Grape</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lemon#Production" title="Lemon">Lemon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lime_(fruit)#Production" title="Lime (fruit)">Lime</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mango#Cultivation" title="Mango">Mango</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_by_papaya_production" title="List of countries by papaya production">Papaya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pear_production_by_country" class="mw-redirect" title="Pear production by country">Pear</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_by_pineapple_production" title="List of countries by pineapple production">Pineapple</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_by_plum_production" title="List of countries by plum production">Plum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raspberry#Production" title="Raspberry">Raspberry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_by_tomato_production" title="List of countries by tomato production">Tomato</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_by_vegetable_production" title="List of countries by vegetable production">Vegetables</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_by_artichoke_production" title="List of countries by artichoke production">Artichoke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carrot#Production" title="Carrot">Carrot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_by_garlic_production" title="List of countries by garlic production">Garlic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_by_onion_production" class="mw-redirect" title="List of countries by onion production">Onion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_by_potato_production" title="List of countries by potato production">Potato</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rapeseed#Production" title="Rapeseed">Rapeseed</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_by_soybean_production" title="List of countries by soybean production">Soybean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carrot#Production" title="Carrot">Turnip</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Theobroma_cacao#Cultivation" title="Theobroma cacao">Cacao</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Cassava</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_by_coffee_production" title="List of countries by coffee production">Coffee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cotton#Leading_producer_countries" title="Cotton">Cotton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fishing_industry_by_country" title="Fishing industry by country">Fish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_by_meat_production" title="List of countries by meat production">Meat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_by_milk_production" title="List of countries by milk production">Milk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palm_oil#Production" title="Palm oil">Palm oil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sugar_beet#Production_statistics" title="Sugar beet">Sugar beet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sugarcane#Production" title="Sugarcane">Sugar cane</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sunflower_seed#Cultivation" title="Sunflower seed">Sunflower seed</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tea#Production" title="Tea">Tea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tobacco_industry#Production_by_country_or_region" title="Tobacco industry">Tobacco</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_wine-producing_countries" class="mw-redirect" title="List of wine-producing countries">Wine</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_by_irrigated_land_area" title="List of countries by irrigated land area">Irrigated land</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Land_use_statistics_by_country" title="Land use statistics by country">Land use</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_by_organic_farmland" title="List of countries by organic farmland">Organic farmland</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><div class="hlist" style="text-align:center"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_international_rankings" title="List of international rankings">List of international rankings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lists_by_country" title="Lists by country">Lists by country</a></li></ul> </div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Taxon_identifiers" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Taxon_identifiers" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Help:Taxon_identifiers" title="Help:Taxon identifiers">Taxon identifiers</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: left;">Manihot esculenta</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Wikidata" title="Wikidata">Wikidata</a>: <a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q83124" class="extiw" title="wikidata:Q83124">Q83124</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikispecies" title="Wikispecies">Wikispecies</a>: <a href="https://species.wikimedia.org/wiki/Manihot_esculenta" class="extiw" title="wikispecies:Manihot esculenta">Manihot esculenta</a></li> <li>AoFP: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://florida.plantatlas.usf.edu/Plant.aspx?id=1813">1813</a></li> <li>APDB: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://africanplantdatabase.ch/en/nomen/107507">107507</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Australian_Plant_Name_Index" title="Australian Plant Name Index">APNI</a>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.biodiversity.org.au/name/apni/116740">116740</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catalogue_of_Life" title="Catalogue of Life">CoL</a>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.catalogueoflife.org/data/taxon/3XV44">3XV44</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ecocrop" title="Ecocrop">Ecocrop</a>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ecocrop.review.fao.org/ecocrop/srv/en/cropView?id=1420">1420</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Encyclopedia_of_Life" title="Encyclopedia of Life">EoL</a>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://eol.org/pages/1154718">1154718</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/EPPO_Code" title="EPPO Code">EPPO</a>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://gd.eppo.int/taxon/MANES">MANES</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flora_of_North_America" title="Flora of North America">FNA</a>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.efloras.org/florataxon.aspx?flora_id=1&taxon_id=200012596">200012596</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flora_of_China_(series)" title="Flora of China (series)">FoC</a>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.efloras.org/florataxon.aspx?flora_id=2&taxon_id=200012596">200012596</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Global_Biodiversity_Information_Facility" title="Global Biodiversity Information Facility">GBIF</a>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.gbif.org/species/3060998">3060998</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Germplasm_Resources_Information_Network" title="Germplasm Resources Information Network">GRIN</a>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://npgsweb.ars-grin.gov/gringlobal/taxonomydetail.aspx?id=431678">431678</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/INaturalist" title="INaturalist">iNaturalist</a>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://inaturalist.org/taxa/165138">165138</a></li> <li>IPA: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.invasiveplantatlas.org/subject.html?sub=14128">14128</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Plant_Names_Index" title="International Plant Names Index">IPNI</a>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ipni.org/n/351790-1">351790-1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Interim_Register_of_Marine_and_Nonmarine_Genera" title="Interim Register of Marine and Nonmarine Genera">IRMNG</a>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.irmng.org/aphia.php?p=taxdetails&id=11022519">11022519</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Integrated_Taxonomic_Information_System" title="Integrated Taxonomic Information System">ITIS</a>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.itis.gov/servlet/SingleRpt/SingleRpt?search_topic=TSN&search_value=503688">503688</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Missouri_Botanical_Garden" title="Missouri Botanical Garden">MoBotPF</a>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.missouribotanicalgarden.org/PlantFinder/PlantFinderDetails.aspx?taxonid=280113">280113</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/NatureServe" title="NatureServe">NatureServe</a>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://explorer.natureserve.org/Taxon/ELEMENT_GLOBAL.2.139193/">2.139193</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Center_for_Biotechnology_Information" title="National Center for Biotechnology Information">NCBI</a>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/Taxonomy/Browser/wwwtax.cgi?mode=Info&id=3983">3983</a></li> <li>NZOR: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nzor.org.nz/names/fff73974-a377-4d3e-9bbe-a7e09d99e78e">fff73974-a377-4d3e-9bbe-a7e09d99e78e</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ocean_Biodiversity_Information_System" title="Ocean Biodiversity Information System">OBIS</a>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://obis.org/taxon/1491974">1491974</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Open_Tree_of_Life" title="Open Tree of Life">Open Tree of Life</a>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://tree.opentreeoflife.org/taxonomy/browse?id=339369">339369</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plants_for_a_Future" title="Plants for a Future">PfaF</a>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Manihot+esculenta">Manihot esculenta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Plant_List" title="The Plant List">Plant List</a>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.theplantlist.org/tpl1.1/record/kew-119804">kew-119804</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Natural_Resources_Conservation_Service#Plants" title="Natural Resources Conservation Service">PLANTS</a>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://plants.sc.egov.usda.gov/plant-profile/MAES">MAES</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plants_of_the_World_Online" title="Plants of the World Online">POWO</a>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://powo.science.kew.org/taxon/urn%3Alsid%3Aipni.org%3Anames%3A351790-1">urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:351790-1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_African_National_Biodiversity_Institute" title="South African National Biodiversity Institute">SANBI</a>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://redlist.sanbi.org/species.php?species=589-1">589-1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tropicos" title="Tropicos">Tropicos</a>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://legacy.tropicos.org/Name/12800237">12800237</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_Flora_Online" title="World Flora Online">WFO</a>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://list.worldfloraonline.org/wfo-0000235507">wfo-0000235507</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div 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