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class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span 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Available in 16 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-16" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">16 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zongli_Yamen" title="Zongli Yamen – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Zongli Yamen" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cung-li_ja-men" title="Cung-li ja-men – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Cung-li ja-men" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zongli_Yamen" title="Zongli Yamen – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Zongli Yamen" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zongli_Yamen" title="Zongli Yamen – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Zongli Yamen" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zongli_Yamen" title="Zongli Yamen – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Zongli Yamen" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%B4%9D%EB%A6%AC%EA%B0%81%EA%B5%AD%EC%82%AC%EB%AC%B4%EC%95%84%EB%AC%B8" title="총리각국사무아문 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="총리각국사무아문" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zongli_Yamen" title="Zongli Yamen – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Zongli Yamen" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zongli_Yamen" title="Zongli Yamen – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Zongli Yamen" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cungli_jamen" title="Cungli jamen – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Cungli jamen" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%B7%8F%E7%90%86%E5%90%84%E5%9B%BD%E4%BA%8B%E5%8B%99%E8%A1%99%E9%96%80" title="総理各国事務衙門 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="総理各国事務衙門" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zongli_Yamen" title="Zongli Yamen – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Zongli Yamen" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zongli_Yamen" title="Zongli Yamen – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Zongli Yamen" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A6%D0%B7%D1%83%D0%BD%D0%BB%D0%B8_%D1%8F%D0%BC%D1%8D%D0%BD%D1%8C" title="Цзунли ямэнь – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Цзунли ямэнь" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zongli_yamen" title="Zongli yamen – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Zongli yamen" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A6%D0%B7%D1%83%D0%BD%D0%BB%D1%96_%D1%8F%D0%BC%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%8C" title="Цзунлі ямень – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Цзунлі ямень" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%B8%BD%E7%90%86%E5%90%84%E5%9C%8B%E4%BA%8B%E5%8B%99%E8%A1%99%E9%96%80" title="總理各國事務衙門 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" 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id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Late-Qing dynasty foreign policy office</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Zongli_Yamen.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Zongli_Yamen.jpg/250px-Zongli_Yamen.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="172" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Zongli_Yamen.jpg/375px-Zongli_Yamen.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Zongli_Yamen.jpg/500px-Zongli_Yamen.jpg 2x" data-file-width="503" data-file-height="346" /></a><figcaption>Front gate of the <i>Zongli Yamen</i>. The tablet reads "中外禔福" (<i>Peace and Prosperity in China and Outside</i>), from the biography of <a href="/wiki/Sima_Xiangru" title="Sima Xiangru">Sima Xiangru</a> in the <i><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Han" title="Book of Han">Book of Han</a></i>. Photography c.1897–98 Marcel Monnier, le Tour d'Asie, Plon 1899</figcaption></figure> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="color: #202122;background-color:#b0c4de">Zongli Yamen</th></tr><tr style="display:none;"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Traditional_Chinese_characters" title="Traditional Chinese characters">Traditional Chinese</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh-Hant" style="font-size: 1rem;">總理衙門</span></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Simplified_Chinese_characters" title="Simplified Chinese characters">Simplified Chinese</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh-Hans" style="font-size: 1rem;">总理衙门</span></span></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"><table class="infobox-subbox mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style="display:inline-table; text-align: left;"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="font-size: 100%; text-align: left;color: #202122; background-color: #f9ffbc;">Transcriptions</th></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122;background-color: #dcffc9;"><a href="/wiki/Standard_Chinese" title="Standard Chinese">Standard Mandarin</a></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Hanyu_Pinyin" class="mw-redirect" title="Hanyu Pinyin">Hanyu Pinyin</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><span title="Chinese-language romanization"><span style="font-style: normal" lang="zh-Latn">Zǒnglǐ Yámén</span></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Wade%E2%80%93Giles" title="Wade–Giles">Wade–Giles</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><span title="Chinese-language romanization"><span style="font-style: normal" lang="zh-Latn">Tsung<sup>3</sup>-li<sup>3</sup> Ya<sup>2</sup>-men<sup>2</sup></span></span></td></tr></tbody></table></td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122;background-color: #b0c4de;">Office for the General Management of Affairs Concerning the Various Countries</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Traditional_Chinese_characters" title="Traditional Chinese characters">Traditional Chinese</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh-Hant" style="font-size: 1rem;">總理各國事務衙門</span></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Simplified_Chinese_characters" title="Simplified Chinese characters">Simplified Chinese</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh-Hans" style="font-size: 1rem;">总理各国事务衙门</span></span></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"><table class="infobox-subbox mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style="display:inline-table; text-align: left;"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="font-size: 100%; text-align: left;color: #202122; background-color: #f9ffbc;">Transcriptions</th></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122;background-color: #dcffc9;"><a href="/wiki/Standard_Chinese" title="Standard Chinese">Standard Mandarin</a></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Hanyu_Pinyin" class="mw-redirect" title="Hanyu Pinyin">Hanyu Pinyin</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><span title="Chinese-language romanization"><span style="font-style: normal" lang="zh-Latn">Zǒnglǐ Gèguó Shìwù Yámen</span></span></td></tr></tbody></table></td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr></tbody></table> <p>The <i><b>Zongli Yamen</b></i> (<a href="/wiki/Traditional_Chinese_characters" title="Traditional Chinese characters">Chinese</a>: <span lang="zh-Hant">總理衙門</span>), short for Office for the General Management of Affairs Concerning the Various Countries<sup id="cite_ref-Borthwick2018_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Borthwick2018-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> (<span lang="zh-Hant">總理各國事務衙門</span>), also known as Prime Minister's Office,<sup id="cite_ref-Ye2001_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ye2001-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Office of General Management,<sup id="cite_ref-Hayton2020_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hayton2020-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> was the government body in charge of <a href="/wiki/Foreign_policy" title="Foreign policy">foreign policy</a> in <a href="/wiki/Imperial_China" class="mw-redirect" title="Imperial China">imperial China</a> during the late <a href="/wiki/Qing_dynasty" title="Qing dynasty">Qing dynasty</a>. It was established by <a href="/wiki/Prince_Gong" title="Prince Gong">Prince Gong</a> on 11 March 1861<sup id="cite_ref-Weizheng2015_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Weizheng2015-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> after the <a href="/wiki/Convention_of_Peking" title="Convention of Peking">Convention of Beijing</a>. It was abolished by the <a href="/wiki/Qing_government" class="mw-redirect" title="Qing government">Qing government</a> in 1901<sup id="cite_ref-Perkins2013_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Perkins2013-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and replaced with a <a href="/w/index.php?title=Foreign_Office_(Qing_dynasty)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Foreign Office (Qing dynasty) (page does not exist)">Foreign Office</a> of ministry rank. </p><p>The former site of the <i>Zongli Yamen</i> is now located in Dongtangzi Hutong, <a href="/wiki/Dongcheng_District,_Beijing" class="mw-redirect" title="Dongcheng District, Beijing">Dongcheng District</a>, <a href="/wiki/Beijing" title="Beijing">Beijing</a>. Nearly all the buildings are preserved in good condition. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Meaning_of_name">Meaning of name</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Zongli_Yamen&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Meaning of name"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><i>Zongli Yamen</i> is a traditional abbreviation of the official name (<span lang="zh-Hant">總理各國事務衙門</span>; <span lang="zh-Hans">总理各国事務衙门</span>; <i><span lang="zh-Latn">Zǒnglǐ Gèguó Shìwù Yámén</span></i>), literally meaning "<b>Office in Charge of Affairs Concerning All Nations</b>".The corresponding name in <a href="/wiki/Manchu_language" title="Manchu language">Manchu</a>, the other official language of the Qing Empire, was <i>Geren gurun i baita be uherileme icihiyara yamun.</i> (<span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Yamun_mn1.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/89/Yamun_mn1.png/90px-Yamun_mn1.png" decoding="async" width="90" height="44" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/89/Yamun_mn1.png/135px-Yamun_mn1.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/89/Yamun_mn1.png/180px-Yamun_mn1.png 2x" data-file-width="233" data-file-height="114" /></a></span>) A common misconception is that the Zongli Yamen's name means the "<a href="/wiki/Premier_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China" class="mw-redirect" title="Premier of the People's Republic of China">Premier</a>'s Office". This arose because the term <i>zongli</i> (总理) is now used in Chinese to refer to the Premier or Prime Minister of a country. In fact, the name <i>Zongli Yamen</i> is an abbreviation of its full name, which makes it the <i>bona fide</i> office of foreign affairs. In contemporary English sources, it was also called the "<b>Board of Ministers for Foreign Affairs</b>".<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Function_in_the_Qing_government">Function in the Qing government</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Zongli_Yamen&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Function in the Qing government"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Grand_Council_(Qing_dynasty)" title="Grand Council (Qing dynasty)">Grand Council (Qing dynasty)</a> and <a href="/wiki/Three_Departments_and_Six_Ministries" title="Three Departments and Six Ministries">Three Departments and Six Ministries</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Zongli_Yamen_members_1894.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/Zongli_Yamen_members_1894.jpg/220px-Zongli_Yamen_members_1894.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="175" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/Zongli_Yamen_members_1894.jpg/330px-Zongli_Yamen_members_1894.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/Zongli_Yamen_members_1894.jpg/440px-Zongli_Yamen_members_1894.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1280" data-file-height="1018" /></a><figcaption>A photographic engraving of the members of the Zongli Yamen in 1894, at the time of the <a href="/wiki/First_Sino-Japanese_War" title="First Sino-Japanese War">First Sino-Japanese War</a>.</figcaption></figure> <p>Prior to the creation of the Zongli Yamen, Qing foreign relations were conducted by several different agencies, such as the <a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Rites" title="Ministry of Rites">Ministry of Rites</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Lifan_Yuan" title="Lifan Yuan">Lifan Yuan</a>. The Zongli Yamen was the first significant institutional innovation in the central Beijing bureaucracy that the Qing government had made since the <a href="/wiki/Yongzheng_Emperor" title="Yongzheng Emperor">Yongzheng Emperor</a> created the nucleus of the <a href="/wiki/Grand_Council_(Qing_dynasty)" title="Grand Council (Qing dynasty)">Grand Council</a> in 1729. The Zongli Yamen was supervised by a controlling board of five senior officials (initially all Manchus), among whom <a href="/wiki/Prince_Gong_(Qing_dynasty)" class="mw-redirect" title="Prince Gong (Qing dynasty)">Prince Gong</a> was the <i>de facto</i> leader. In their discussions on establishing the new agency, Qing officials reiterated that it was only to be a temporary institution, maintained until the current foreign and domestic crisis had passed. The Zongli Yamen had a relatively low formal status in the Qing administrative hierarchy and its members served concurrently in other government agencies, which further weakened its position. Furthermore, the Zongli Yamen was not the sole policy making body in foreign affairs, a prerogative which still rested in the hands of the emperor. While the Zongli Yamen remained an important body for a few decades after its foundation, its influence was soon overshadowed by influential officials such as <a href="/wiki/Zeng_Guofan" title="Zeng Guofan">Zeng Guofan</a> and <a href="/wiki/Li_Hongzhang" title="Li Hongzhang">Li Hongzhang</a>. Nevertheless, it became the means of communication between the Qing government and the foreign ministers to China in <a href="/wiki/Beijing_Legation_Quarter" class="mw-redirect" title="Beijing Legation Quarter">Beijing's legation quarter</a>. </p><p>The successor to the <a href="/wiki/Hanlin_Academy#Bureau_of_Translators" title="Hanlin Academy">Bureau of Translators</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Tongwen_Guan" title="Tongwen Guan">Tongwen Guan</a> was set up by the Qing dynasty for translating western languages and subordinated to the Zongli Yamen instead of the Hanlin. </p><p>In 1873, the Zongli Yamen got into a quarrel with the foreign ministers to China over the protocol that was to be followed at their audience with the <a href="/wiki/Tongzhi_Emperor" title="Tongzhi Emperor">Tongzhi Emperor</a>, as the foreign ministers not surprisingly refused to perform the ritual <a href="/wiki/Kowtow" title="Kowtow">kowtow</a> to the emperor, with an impasse eventually being solved thanks in part to the Japanese ambassador to China, <a href="/wiki/Soejima_Taneomi" title="Soejima Taneomi">Soejima Taneomi</a>. Similar protocol would be followed in 1891 with the ministers' audience with the <a href="/wiki/Guangxu_Emperor" title="Guangxu Emperor">Guangxu Emperor</a>. </p><p>In 1875, the Zongli Yamen began establishing <a href="/wiki/Consulate" title="Consulate">consulates</a> and <a href="/wiki/Legation" title="Legation">legations</a> in foreign countries staffed by Qing diplomats and assisted by both foreign staff and Qing interpreters trained at the <a href="/wiki/Tongwen_Guan" title="Tongwen Guan">Tongwen Guan</a>. Through these <a href="/wiki/List_of_diplomatic_missions_of_the_Qing_dynasty" title="List of diplomatic missions of the Qing dynasty">permanent diplomatic missions</a>, the Zongli Yamen gained a degree of autonomy in its self-representation and the ability to dispute the views of foreign diplomats in their home countries.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Following the <a href="/wiki/Boxer_Rebellion" title="Boxer Rebellion">Boxer Rebellion</a>, the Qing government was forced to change its foreign service. According to Article XII in the <a href="/wiki/Boxer_Protocol" title="Boxer Protocol">Boxer Protocol</a> 1901, the Zongli Yamen was replaced with a Foreign Office, known at the time as the <i>Waiwubu</i> (<span lang="zh-Hant">外務部</span>; <i><span lang="zh-Latn">Wàiwùbù</span></i>; 'External Affairs Department'), which ranked above the other <a href="/wiki/Three_Departments_and_Six_Ministries" title="Three Departments and Six Ministries">six boards in the government</a>; "as the course of subsequent events made clear, the Waiwubu was as ineffective in the establishment of good relations between China and the outside world as the Zongli Yamen had been."<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Zongli_Yamen&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Foreign_relations_of_Imperial_China" class="mw-redirect" title="Foreign relations of Imperial China">Foreign relations of Imperial China</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_diplomatic_missions_of_the_Qing_dynasty" title="List of diplomatic missions of the Qing dynasty">List of diplomatic missions of the Qing dynasty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dates_of_establishment_of_diplomatic_relations_with_the_Qing_dynasty" title="Dates of establishment of diplomatic relations with the Qing dynasty">Dates of establishment of diplomatic relations with the Qing dynasty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peking_Legation_Quarter" title="Peking Legation Quarter">Peking Legation Quarter</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Zongli_Yamen&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Notes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-Borthwick2018-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Borthwick2018_1-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFMark_Borthwick2018" class="citation book cs1">Mark Borthwick (20 April 2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=6INXDwAAQBAJ&pg=PT124"><i>Pacific Century: The Emergence of Modern Pacific Asia</i></a>. Taylor & Francis. pp. 124–. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-429-97452-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-429-97452-6"><bdi>978-0-429-97452-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Pacific+Century%3A+The+Emergence+of+Modern+Pacific+Asia&rft.pages=124-&rft.pub=Taylor+%26+Francis&rft.date=2018-04-20&rft.isbn=978-0-429-97452-6&rft.au=Mark+Borthwick&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D6INXDwAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPT124&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AZongli+Yamen" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Ye2001-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Ye2001_2-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFZhongling_Ye2001" class="citation book cs1">Zhongling Ye (2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=FXduAAAAMAAJ"><i>Wong Nai Siong and the Nanyang Chinese: An Anthology</i></a>. Singapore Society of Asian Studies. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-9971-9903-9-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-9971-9903-9-8"><bdi>978-9971-9903-9-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Wong+Nai+Siong+and+the+Nanyang+Chinese%3A+An+Anthology&rft.pub=Singapore+Society+of+Asian+Studies&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=978-9971-9903-9-8&rft.au=Zhongling+Ye&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DFXduAAAAMAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AZongli+Yamen" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Hayton2020-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Hayton2020_3-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBill_Hayton2020" class="citation book cs1">Bill Hayton (13 October 2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=4u8CEAAAQBAJ&pg=PA49"><i>The Invention of China</i></a>. Yale University Press. pp. 49–. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-300-25606-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-300-25606-2"><bdi>978-0-300-25606-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Invention+of+China&rft.pages=49-&rft.pub=Yale+University+Press&rft.date=2020-10-13&rft.isbn=978-0-300-25606-2&rft.au=Bill+Hayton&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D4u8CEAAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA49&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AZongli+Yamen" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Weizheng2015-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Weizheng2015_4-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFZhu_Weizheng2015" class="citation book cs1">Zhu Weizheng (23 April 2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=fTu2CAAAQBAJ&pg=PA305"><i>Rereading Modern Chinese History</i></a>. BRILL. pp. 305–. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-90-04-29331-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-90-04-29331-1"><bdi>978-90-04-29331-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Rereading+Modern+Chinese+History&rft.pages=305-&rft.pub=BRILL&rft.date=2015-04-23&rft.isbn=978-90-04-29331-1&rft.au=Zhu+Weizheng&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DfTu2CAAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA305&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AZongli+Yamen" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Perkins2013-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Perkins2013_5-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDorothy_Perkins2013" class="citation book cs1">Dorothy Perkins (19 November 2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=KMQeAgAAQBAJ&pg=PA631"><i>Encyclopedia of China: History and Culture</i></a>. Routledge. pp. 631–. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-135-93562-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-135-93562-7"><bdi>978-1-135-93562-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Encyclopedia+of+China%3A+History+and+Culture&rft.pages=631-&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2013-11-19&rft.isbn=978-1-135-93562-7&rft.au=Dorothy+Perkins&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DKMQeAgAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA631&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AZongli+Yamen" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">See, e.g. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.bailii.org/cgi-bin/markup.cgi?doc=/uk/cases/UKPC/1873/1873_9.html">Hart v Van Gumpach (China and Japan) [1873] UKPC 9 (28 January 1873)</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDay2021" class="citation journal cs1">Day, Jenny Huangfu (2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cambridge.org/core/product/identifier/S0026749X2000030X/type/journal_article">"Mediating Sovereignty: The Qing legation in London and its diplomatic representation of China, 1876–1901"</a>. <i>Modern Asian Studies</i>. <b>55</b> (4): 1151–1184. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1017%2FS0026749X2000030X">10.1017/S0026749X2000030X</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0026-749X">0026-749X</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:225314710">225314710</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Modern+Asian+Studies&rft.atitle=Mediating+Sovereignty%3A+The+Qing+legation+in+London+and+its+diplomatic+representation+of+China%2C+1876%E2%80%931901&rft.volume=55&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=1151-1184&rft.date=2021&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A225314710%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.issn=0026-749X&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1017%2FS0026749X2000030X&rft.aulast=Day&rft.aufirst=Jenny+Huangfu&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cambridge.org%2Fcore%2Fproduct%2Fidentifier%2FS0026749X2000030X%2Ftype%2Fjournal_article&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AZongli+Yamen" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">S. M. Meng, <i>The Tsungli Yamen: Its Organization And Functions</i>, p. 81.</span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Zongli_Yamen&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Immanuel C. Y. Hsü. <i>China's Entrance into the Family of Nations: The Diplomatic Phase, 1858 -1880.</i> Cambridge, Massachusetts: Harvard University Press, 1960.</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Masataka_Banno&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Masataka Banno (page does not exist)">Banno, Masataka</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%9D%82%E9%87%8E%E6%AD%A3%E9%AB%98" class="extiw" title="ja:坂野正高">ja</a>]</span> (坂野正高 <i>Banno Masataka</i>). <i><a href="/wiki/China_and_the_West,_1858%E2%80%931861:_The_Origins_of_the_Tsungli_Yamen" class="mw-redirect" title="China and the West, 1858–1861: The Origins of the Tsungli Yamen">China and the West, 1858–1861: The Origins of the Tsungli Yamen</a>.</i> <a href="/wiki/Cambridge,_Massachusetts" title="Cambridge, Massachusetts">Cambridge, Massachusetts</a>: <a href="/wiki/Harvard_University_Press" title="Harvard University Press">Harvard University Press</a>, 1964.</li> <li>Meng, S. M. <i>The Tsungli Yamen: Its Organization and Functions.</i> Cambridge, Massachusetts: East Asian Research Center, 1962.</li> <li>H B Morse. <i>International Relations of the Chinese Empire.</i> 3 volumes. London and New York: by Longman and Green, 1910–18.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jonathan_Spence" class="mw-redirect" title="Jonathan Spence">Spence, Jonathan D.</a> <i><a href="/wiki/The_Search_for_Modern_China" title="The Search for Modern China">The Search for Modern China</a></i>. New York and London: <a href="/wiki/W.W._Norton_%26_Company" class="mw-redirect" title="W.W. Norton & Company">W.W. Norton & Company</a>, 1990.</li> <li>Maria Bugrova <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://bumali.com/04tsungli.shtml">Tsungli Yamen</a> on Bumali Project</li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": 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id="Qing_dynasty_topics" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Qing_dynasty" title="Qing dynasty">Qing dynasty</a> topics</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: center;"><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Qing_dynasty" title="History of the Qing dynasty">History</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: center;">Early <div style="float: right;"><span style="font-size:85%;">(1616–1683)</span></div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jurchen_unification" title="Jurchen unification">Jurchen unification</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Later_Jin_(1616%E2%80%931636)" title="Later Jin (1616–1636)">Later Jin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seven_Grievances" title="Seven Grievances">Seven Grievances</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Later_Jin_invasion_of_Joseon" title="Later Jin invasion of Joseon">Later Jin invasion of Joseon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qing_invasion_of_Joseon" title="Qing invasion of Joseon">Qing invasion of Joseon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transition_from_Ming_to_Qing" title="Transition from Ming to Qing">Transition from Ming to Qing</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Shanhai_Pass" title="Battle of Shanhai Pass">Battle of Shanhai Pass</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Clearance" title="Great Clearance">Great Clearance</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Penghu" title="Battle of Penghu">Battle of Penghu</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Revolt_of_the_Three_Feudatories" title="Revolt of the Three Feudatories">Revolt of the Three Feudatories</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: center;"><a href="/wiki/High_Qing_era" title="High Qing era">High Qing</a> <div style="float: right;"><span style="font-size:85%;">(1683–1799)</span></div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sino-Russian_border_conflicts" title="Sino-Russian border conflicts">Sino-Russian border conflicts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dzungar%E2%80%93Qing_Wars" title="Dzungar–Qing Wars">Dzungar–Qing Wars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_expedition_to_Tibet_(1720)" title="Chinese expedition to Tibet (1720)">Chinese expedition to Tibet (1720)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_Rites_controversy" title="Chinese Rites controversy">Chinese Rites controversy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ten_Great_Campaigns" title="Ten Great Campaigns">Ten Great Campaigns</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Miao_Rebellion_(1735%E2%80%931736)" title="Miao Rebellion (1735–1736)">Miao Rebellion (1735–1736)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lhasa_riot_of_1750" title="Lhasa riot of 1750">Lhasa riot of 1750</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Revolt_of_the_Altishahr_Khojas" title="Revolt of the Altishahr Khojas">Revolt of the Altishahr Khojas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Afaqi_Khoja_revolts" title="Afaqi Khoja revolts">Afaqi Khoja revolts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sino-Burmese_War" title="Sino-Burmese War">Sino-Burmese War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lin_Shuangwen_rebellion" title="Lin Shuangwen rebellion">Lin Shuangwen rebellion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Ng%E1%BB%8Dc_H%E1%BB%93i-%C4%90%E1%BB%91ng_%C4%90a" title="Battle of Ngọc Hồi-Đống Đa">Battle of Ngọc Hồi-Đống Đa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sino-Nepalese_War" title="Sino-Nepalese War">Sino-Nepalese War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Miao_Rebellion_(1795%E2%80%931806)" title="Miao Rebellion (1795–1806)">Miao Rebellion (1795–1806)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/White_Lotus_Rebellion" title="White Lotus Rebellion">White Lotus Rebellion</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: center;">19th century <div style="float: right;"><span style="font-size:85%;">(1801–1900)</span></div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Eight_Trigrams_uprising_of_1813" title="Eight Trigrams uprising of 1813">Eight Trigrams uprising of 1813</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Opium_War" title="First Opium War">First Opium War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dogra%E2%80%93Tibetan_war" title="Dogra–Tibetan war">Dogra–Tibetan war (Sino-Sikh war)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taiping_Rebellion" title="Taiping Rebellion">Taiping Rebellion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nian_Rebellion" title="Nian Rebellion">Nian Rebellion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Red_Turban_Rebellion_(1854%E2%80%931856)" title="Red Turban Rebellion (1854–1856)">Red Turban Rebellion (1854–1856)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Small_Swords_Society" title="Small Swords Society">Small Swords Society</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Miao_Rebellion_(1854%E2%80%931873)" title="Miao Rebellion (1854–1873)">Miao Rebellion (1854–1873)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nepal%E2%80%93Tibet_War_(1855%E2%80%931856)" title="Nepal–Tibet War (1855–1856)">Nepal–Tibet War (1855–1856)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Panthay_Rebellion" title="Panthay Rebellion">Panthay Rebellion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Opium_War" title="Second Opium War">Second Opium War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Punti%E2%80%93Hakka_Clan_Wars" title="Punti–Hakka Clan Wars">Punti–Hakka Clan Wars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amur_Annexation" title="Amur Annexation">Amur Annexation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Self-Strengthening_Movement" title="Self-Strengthening Movement">Self-Strengthening Movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tongzhi_Restoration" title="Tongzhi Restoration">Tongzhi Restoration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dungan_Revolt_(1862%E2%80%931877)" title="Dungan Revolt (1862–1877)">Dungan Revolt (1862–1877)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mudan_incident" title="Mudan incident">Mudan incident</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tianjin_Massacre" title="Tianjin Massacre">Tianjin Massacre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Margary_Affair" title="Margary Affair">Margary Affair</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_invasion_of_Taiwan_(1874)" title="Japanese invasion of Taiwan (1874)">Japanese invasion of Taiwan (1874)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northern_Chinese_Famine_of_1876%E2%80%931879" title="Northern Chinese Famine of 1876–1879">Northern Chinese Famine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qing_reconquest_of_Xinjiang" title="Qing reconquest of Xinjiang">Qing reconquest of Xinjiang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sino-French_War" title="Sino-French War">Sino-French War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sikkim_expedition" title="Sikkim expedition">Sikkim expedition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jindandao_incident" title="Jindandao incident">Jindandao incident</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Sino-Japanese_War" title="First Sino-Japanese War">First Sino-Japanese War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gongche_Shangshu_movement" title="Gongche Shangshu movement">Gongche Shangshu movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dungan_Revolt_(1895%E2%80%931896)" title="Dungan Revolt (1895–1896)">Dungan Revolt (1895–1896)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hundred_Days%27_Reform" title="Hundred Days' Reform">Hundred Days' Reform</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Third_plague_pandemic" title="Third plague pandemic">Third plague pandemic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boxer_Rebellion" title="Boxer Rebellion">Boxer Rebellion</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Red_Lanterns_(Boxer_Uprising)" title="Red Lanterns (Boxer Uprising)">Red Lanterns</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eight-Nation_Alliance" title="Eight-Nation Alliance">Eight-Nation Alliance</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Imperial_decree_of_declaration_of_war_against_foreign_powers" title="Imperial decree of declaration of war against foreign powers">Declaration of war</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: center;">20th century <div style="float: right;"><span style="font-size:85%;">(1901–1912)</span></div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Late_Qing_reforms" title="Late Qing reforms">Late Qing reforms</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_expedition_to_Tibet" title="British expedition to Tibet">British expedition to Tibet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Batang_uprising" title="Batang uprising">1905 Batang uprising</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Preparative_Constitutionalism" title="Preparative Constitutionalism">Preparative Constitutionalism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1909_Chinese_parliamentary_election" title="1909 Chinese parliamentary election">1909 Parliamentary election</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1909_Chinese_provincial_elections" title="1909 Chinese provincial elections">1909 Provincial Assembly elections</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_expedition_to_Tibet_(1910)" title="Chinese expedition to Tibet (1910)">Chinese expedition to Tibet (1910)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manchurian_plague" title="Manchurian plague">Manchurian plague</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Railway_Protection_Movement" title="Railway Protection Movement">Railway Protection Movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1911_Revolution" title="1911 Revolution">1911 Revolution</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Wuchang_Uprising" title="Wuchang Uprising">Wuchang Uprising</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xinhai_Lhasa_turmoil" title="Xinhai Lhasa turmoil">Xinhai Lhasa turmoil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mongolian_Revolution_of_1911" title="Mongolian Revolution of 1911">Mongolian Revolution of 1911</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1911_Revolution_in_Xinjiang" title="1911 Revolution in Xinjiang">1911 Revolution in Xinjiang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Imperial_Edict_of_the_Abdication_of_the_Qing_Emperor" title="Imperial Edict of the Abdication of the Qing Emperor">Imperial Edict of the Abdication of Puyi</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Articles_of_Favourable_Treatment_of_the_Great_Qing_Emperor_after_His_Abdication" title="Articles of Favourable Treatment of the Great Qing Emperor after His Abdication">Articles of Favourable Treatment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manchu_Restoration" title="Manchu Restoration">Manchu Restoration</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: center;"><a href="/wiki/Government_of_the_Qing_dynasty" title="Government of the Qing dynasty">Government</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Emperor_of_China" title="Emperor of China">Emperor</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_emperors_of_the_Qing_dynasty" title="List of emperors of the Qing dynasty">List</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_emperors_family_tree_(late)#Qing_dynasty" class="mw-redirect" title="Chinese emperors family tree (late)">Family tree</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Advisory_Council_(Qing_dynasty)" title="Advisory Council (Qing dynasty)">Advisory Council</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amban" title="Amban">Amban</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Consultative_Bureau" class="mw-redirect" title="Consultative Bureau">Consultative Bureau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cup_of_Solid_Gold" title="Cup of Solid Gold">Cup of Solid Gold</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dates_of_establishment_of_diplomatic_relations_with_the_Qing_dynasty" title="Dates of establishment of diplomatic relations with the Qing dynasty">Dates of establishment of diplomatic relations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Da-Qing_Bank" title="Da-Qing Bank">Da-Qing Bank</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deliberative_Council_of_Princes_and_Ministers" title="Deliberative Council of Princes and Ministers">Deliberative Council</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_diplomatic_missions_of_the_Qing_dynasty" title="List of diplomatic missions of the Qing dynasty">Diplomatic missions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flag_of_the_Qing_dynasty" title="Flag of the Qing dynasty">Flag of the Qing dynasty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grand_Council_(Qing_dynasty)" title="Grand Council (Qing dynasty)">Grand Council</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Qing_Legal_Code" title="Great Qing Legal Code">Great Qing Legal Code</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Imperial_Clan_Court" title="Imperial Clan Court">Imperial Clan Court</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Imperial_Commissioner_(China)" title="Imperial Commissioner (China)">Imperial Commissioner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Imperial_Household_Department" title="Imperial Household Department">Imperial Household Department</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lifan_Yuan" title="Lifan Yuan">Lifan Yuan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Posts_and_Communications" title="Ministry of Posts and Communications">Ministry of Posts and Communications</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nine_Gates_Infantry_Commander" title="Nine Gates Infantry Commander">Nine Gates Infantry Commander</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grand_coordinator_and_provincial_governor" title="Grand coordinator and provincial governor">Provincial governor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Provincial_military_commander" title="Provincial military commander">Provincial military commander</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Principles_of_the_Constitution_(1908)" class="mw-redirect" title="Principles of the Constitution (1908)">Principles of the Constitution (1908)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Royal_and_noble_ranks_of_the_Qing_dynasty" title="Royal and noble ranks of the Qing dynasty">Royal and noble ranks of the Qing dynasty</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ejen" title="Ejen">Ejen</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Administrative_divisions_of_the_Qing_dynasty" title="Administrative divisions of the Qing dynasty">Administrative divisions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Viceroys_in_China" title="Viceroys in China">Viceroys</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Viceroy_of_Zhili" title="Viceroy of Zhili">Zhili</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Viceroy_of_Shaan-Gan" title="Viceroy of Shaan-Gan">Shaan-Gan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Viceroy_of_Liangjiang" title="Viceroy of Liangjiang">Liangjiang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Viceroy_of_Huguang" title="Viceroy of Huguang">Huguang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Viceroy_of_Sichuan" title="Viceroy of Sichuan">Sichuan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Viceroy_of_Min-Zhe" title="Viceroy of Min-Zhe">Min-Zhe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Viceroy_of_Liangguang" title="Viceroy of Liangguang">Liangguang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Viceroy_of_Yun-Gui" title="Viceroy of Yun-Gui">Yun-Gui</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Viceroy_of_the_Three_Eastern_Provinces" title="Viceroy of the Three Eastern Provinces">Three Eastern Provinces</a></li></ul></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Zongli Yamen</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: center;"><a href="/wiki/Military_of_the_Qing_dynasty" title="Military of the Qing dynasty">Military</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Beiyang_Army" title="Beiyang Army">Beiyang Army</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eight_Banners" title="Eight Banners">Eight Banners</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ever_Victorious_Army" title="Ever Victorious Army">Ever Victorious Army</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Green_Standard_Army" title="Green Standard Army">Green Standard Army</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Imperial_Guards_(Qing_dynasty)" title="Imperial Guards (Qing dynasty)">Imperial Guards</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Firearm_Battalion" title="Firearm Battalion">Firearm Battalion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peking_Field_Force" title="Peking Field Force">Peking Field Force</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Army" title="New Army">New Army</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hushenying" title="Hushenying">Hushenying</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shuishiying" title="Shuishiying">Shuishiying</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wuwei_Corps" title="Wuwei Corps">Wuwei Corps</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yong_Ying" title="Yong Ying">Yong Ying</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chu_Army" title="Chu Army">Chu Army</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Huai_Army" title="Huai Army">Huai Army</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xiang_Army" title="Xiang Army">Xiang Army</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Imperial_Chinese_Navy" title="Imperial Chinese Navy">Navy</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: center;">Special regions</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Qing_dynasty_in_Inner_Asia" title="Qing dynasty in Inner Asia">Inner Asia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manchuria_under_Qing_rule" title="Manchuria under Qing rule">Manchuria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mongolia_under_Qing_rule" title="Mongolia under Qing rule">Mongolia</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Administrative_divisions_of_Mongolia_during_Qing" title="Administrative divisions of Mongolia during Qing">Administrative divisions</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tibet_under_Qing_rule" title="Tibet under Qing rule">Tibet</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Golden_Urn" title="Golden Urn">Golden Urn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Qing_ambans_in_Tibet" title="List of Qing ambans in Tibet">List of ambans</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xinjiang_under_Qing_rule" title="Xinjiang under Qing rule">Xinjiang</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_Xinjiang_under_Qing_rule" title="Timeline of Xinjiang under Qing rule">Timeline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/General_of_Ili" title="General of Ili">General of Ili</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taiwan_under_Qing_rule" title="Taiwan under Qing rule">Taiwan</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Guest_House_of_Imperial_Envoys" title="Guest House of Imperial Envoys">Guest House of Imperial Envoys</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: center;">Palaces &<br />mausoleums</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chengde_Mountain_Resort" title="Chengde Mountain Resort">Chengde Mountain Resort</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Forbidden_City" title="Forbidden City">Forbidden City</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hetu_Ala" title="Hetu Ala">Hetu Ala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mukden_Palace" title="Mukden Palace">Mukden Palace</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Old_Summer_Palace" title="Old Summer Palace">Old Summer Palace</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Summer_Palace" title="Summer Palace">Summer Palace</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Qing_tombs" title="Eastern Qing tombs">Eastern Qing tombs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_Qing_tombs" title="Western Qing tombs">Western Qing tombs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fuling_Mausoleum" title="Fuling Mausoleum">Fuling Mausoleum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zhao_Mausoleum_(Qing_dynasty)" title="Zhao Mausoleum (Qing dynasty)">Zhao Mausoleum (Qing dynasty)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Imperial_Tombs_of_the_Ming_and_Qing_Dynasties" title="Imperial Tombs of the Ming and Qing Dynasties">Imperial Tombs of the Ming and Qing Dynasties</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: center;">Society &<br />culture</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Booi_Aha" title="Booi Aha">Booi Aha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Changzhou_School_of_Thought" title="Changzhou School of Thought">Changzhou School of Thought</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Complete_Classics_Collection_of_Ancient_China" title="Complete Classics Collection of Ancient China">Complete Classics Collection of Ancient China</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dibao" title="Dibao">Dibao</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_the_Qing_dynasty" title="Economy of the Qing dynasty">Economy</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Criticism_of_Qing_dynasty%27s_economic_performance" title="Criticism of Qing dynasty's economic performance">performance criticism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Four_Wangs" title="Four Wangs">Four Wangs</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/History_of_Ming" title="History of Ming">History of Ming</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Kangxi_Dictionary" title="Kangxi Dictionary">Kangxi Dictionary</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kaozheng" title="Kaozheng">Kaozheng</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Literary_inquisition" title="Literary inquisition">Literary inquisition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manchu_Han_Imperial_Feast" class="mw-redirect" title="Manchu Han Imperial Feast">Manchu Han Imperial Feast</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Peiwen_Yunfu" title="Peiwen Yunfu">Peiwen Yunfu</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Pentaglot_Dictionary" title="Pentaglot Dictionary">Pentaglot Dictionary</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qing_official_headwear" title="Qing official headwear">Qing official headwear</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qing_poetry" title="Qing poetry">Qing poetry</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Complete_Tang_Poems" title="Complete Tang Poems">Complete Tang Poems</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Queue_(hairstyle)" title="Queue (hairstyle)">Queue</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Researches_on_Manchu_Origins" title="Researches on Manchu Origins">Researches on Manchu Origins</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sacred_Edict_of_the_Kangxi_Emperor" title="Sacred Edict of the Kangxi Emperor">Sacred Edict of the Kangxi Emperor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shamanism_during_the_Qing_dynasty" title="Shamanism during the Qing dynasty">Shamanism during the Qing dynasty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_during_the_Qing_dynasty" title="Islam during the Qing dynasty">Islam during the Qing dynasty</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Siku_Quanshu" title="Siku Quanshu">Complete Library of the Four Treasuries</a></i> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Siku_Quanshu_Zongmu_Tiyao" title="Siku Quanshu Zongmu Tiyao">Annotated Bibliography</a></i></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: center;"><a href="/wiki/List_of_treaties_of_China_before_the_People%27s_Republic#Qing_dynasty" title="List of treaties of China before the People's Republic">Treaties</a><br /></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Kyakhta_(1727)" title="Treaty of Kyakhta (1727)">Treaty of Kyakhta (1727)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Nerchinsk" title="Treaty of Nerchinsk">Treaty of Nerchinsk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unequal_treaties" title="Unequal treaties">Unequal treaties</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Boxer_Protocol" title="Boxer Protocol">Boxer Protocol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Burlingame_Treaty" title="Burlingame Treaty">Burlingame Treaty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chefoo_Convention" title="Chefoo Convention">Chefoo Convention</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Convention_Between_Great_Britain_and_China_Respecting_Tibet" title="Convention Between Great Britain and China Respecting Tibet">Convention Between Great Britain and China Respecting Tibet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Convention_for_the_Extension_of_Hong_Kong_Territory" title="Convention for the Extension of Hong Kong Territory">Convention for the Extension of Hong Kong Territory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Convention_of_Peking" title="Convention of Peking">Convention of Peking</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Convention_of_Tientsin" title="Convention of Tientsin">Convention of Tientsin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Li%E2%80%93Lobanov_Treaty" title="Li–Lobanov Treaty">Li–Lobanov Treaty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sino-Portuguese_Treaty_of_Peking" title="Sino-Portuguese Treaty of Peking">Sino-Portuguese Treaty of Peking</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Aigun" title="Treaty of Aigun">Treaty of Aigun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_the_Bogue" title="Treaty of the Bogue">Treaty of the Bogue</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Canton" title="Treaty of Canton">Treaty of Canton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Kulja" title="Treaty of Kulja">Treaty of Kulja</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Nanking" title="Treaty of Nanking">Treaty of Nanking</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Saint_Petersburg_(1881)" title="Treaty of Saint Petersburg (1881)">Treaty of Saint Petersburg (1881)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Shimonoseki" title="Treaty of Shimonoseki">Treaty of Shimonoseki</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Tarbagatai" title="Treaty of Tarbagatai">Treaty of Tarbagatai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Tientsin" title="Treaty of Tientsin">Treaty of Tientsin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Wanghia" title="Treaty of Wanghia">Treaty of Wanghia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Whampoa" title="Treaty of Whampoa">Treaty of Whampoa</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: center;">Currency</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: center;"><a href="/wiki/Qing_dynasty_coinage" title="Qing dynasty coinage">Coinage</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Zhiqian" title="Zhiqian">Zhiqian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kangxi_Tongbao" title="Kangxi Tongbao">Kangxi Tongbao</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qianlong_Tongbao" title="Qianlong Tongbao">Qianlong Tongbao</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hongqian" title="Hongqian">Hongqian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Qing_Copper_Coin" title="Great Qing Copper Coin">Great Qing Copper Coin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Qing_Gold_Coin" title="Great Qing Gold Coin">Great Qing Gold Coin</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: center;"><a href="/wiki/Paper_money_of_the_Qing_dynasty" title="Paper money of the Qing dynasty">Paper money</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Great_Qing_Treasure_Note" title="Great Qing Treasure Note">Great Qing Treasure Note</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hubu_Guanpiao" title="Hubu Guanpiao">Hubu Guanpiao</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Banknotes_of_the_Da_Qing_Bank" title="Banknotes of the Da Qing Bank">Banknotes of the Da Qing Bank</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: center;">Other topics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aisin_Gioro" class="mw-redirect" title="Aisin Gioro">Aisin Gioro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Qing_sentiment" title="Anti-Qing sentiment">Anti-Qing sentiment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canton_System" title="Canton System">Canton System</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chuang_Guandong" title="Chuang Guandong">Chuang Guandong</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Draft_History_of_Qing" title="Draft History of Qing">Draft History of Qing</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/History_of_Qing_(People%27s_Republic)" title="History of Qing (People's Republic)">History of Qing (People's Republic)</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Imperial_hunt_of_the_Qing_dynasty" title="Imperial hunt of the Qing dynasty">Imperial hunt of the Qing dynasty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Legacy_of_the_Qing_dynasty" title="Legacy of the Qing dynasty">Legacy of the Qing dynasty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manchu_people" title="Manchu people">Manchu people</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Names_of_the_Qing_dynasty" title="Names of the Qing dynasty">Names of the Qing dynasty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Qing_History" title="New Qing History">New Qing History</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_late_anti-Qing_rebellions" title="Timeline of late anti-Qing rebellions">Timeline of late anti-Qing rebellions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_ports" title="Treaty ports">Treaty ports</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Willow_Palisade" title="Willow Palisade">Willow Palisade</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Foreign_affairs_ministries_of_the_world" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Foreign_affairs_ministries_of_the_World" title="Template:Foreign affairs ministries of the World"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Foreign_affairs_ministries_of_the_World" title="Template talk:Foreign affairs ministries of the World"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Foreign_affairs_ministries_of_the_World" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Foreign affairs ministries of the World"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Foreign_affairs_ministries_of_the_world" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_foreign_affairs" title="Ministry of foreign affairs">Foreign affairs ministries of the world</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Africa</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Foreign_Affairs_(Algeria)" title="Ministry of Foreign Affairs (Algeria)">Algeria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_External_Relations_(Angola)" title="Ministry of External Relations (Angola)">Angola</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Foreign_Affairs_and_African_Integration_(Benin)" class="mw-redirect" title="Ministry of Foreign Affairs and African Integration (Benin)">Benin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Foreign_Affairs_and_International_Cooperation_(Botswana)" class="mw-redirect" title="Ministry of Foreign Affairs and International Cooperation (Botswana)">Botswana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_External_Relations_and_International_Cooperation_(Burundi)" class="mw-redirect" title="Ministry of External Relations and International Cooperation (Burundi)">Burundi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Foreign_Affairs_(Egypt)" title="Ministry of Foreign Affairs (Egypt)">Egypt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Foreign_Affairs_and_International_Cooperation_(Equatorial_Guinea)" title="Ministry of Foreign Affairs and International Cooperation (Equatorial Guinea)">Equatorial Guinea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Foreign_Affairs_(Eritrea)" title="Ministry of Foreign Affairs (Eritrea)">Eritrea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Foreign_Affairs_and_International_Cooperation_(Eswatini)" title="Ministry of Foreign Affairs and International Cooperation (Eswatini)">Eswatini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Foreign_Affairs_(Ethiopia)" title="Ministry of Foreign Affairs (Ethiopia)">Ethiopia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Foreign_Affairs_(Kenya)" class="mw-redirect" title="Ministry of Foreign Affairs (Kenya)">Kenya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Foreign_Affairs_and_International_Relations_(Lesotho)" title="Ministry of Foreign Affairs and International Relations (Lesotho)">Lesotho</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Foreign_Affairs_(Liberia)" title="Ministry of Foreign Affairs (Liberia)">Liberia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Foreign_Affairs_(Mauritania)" title="Ministry of Foreign Affairs (Mauritania)">Mauritania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Foreign_Affairs,_African_Cooperation_and_Moroccan_Expatriates" title="Ministry of Foreign Affairs, African Cooperation and Moroccan Expatriates">Morocco</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Foreign_Affairs,_Cooperation_and_African_Integration" title="Ministry of Foreign Affairs, Cooperation and African Integration">Niger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Foreign_Affairs_and_Cooperation_(Rwanda)" title="Ministry of Foreign Affairs and Cooperation (Rwanda)">Rwanda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Foreign_Affairs,_Cooperation_and_Communities" title="Ministry of Foreign Affairs, Cooperation and Communities">São Tomé and Príncipe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Foreign_Affairs_(Seychelles)" title="Ministry of Foreign Affairs (Seychelles)">Seychelles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Foreign_Affairs_(Somalia)" title="Ministry of Foreign Affairs (Somalia)">Somalia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Foreign_Affairs_(Somaliland)" title="Ministry of Foreign Affairs (Somaliland)">Somaliland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Department_of_International_Relations_and_Cooperation" title="Department of International Relations and Cooperation">South Africa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Foreign_Affairs_and_International_Cooperation_(South_Sudan)" title="Ministry of Foreign Affairs and International Cooperation (South Sudan)">South Sudan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Foreign_Affairs_(Sudan)" title="Ministry of Foreign Affairs (Sudan)">Sudan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Foreign_Affairs_and_East_African_Cooperation" title="Ministry of Foreign Affairs and East African Cooperation">Tanzania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Foreign_Affairs_(Tunisia)" title="Ministry of Foreign Affairs (Tunisia)">Tunisia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Foreign_Affairs_(Uganda)" title="Ministry of Foreign Affairs (Uganda)">Uganda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Foreign_Affairs_(Zambia)" title="Ministry of Foreign Affairs (Zambia)">Zambia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Foreign_Affairs_(Zimbabwe)" class="mw-redirect" title="Ministry of Foreign Affairs (Zimbabwe)">Zimbabwe</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Americas</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Foreign_Affairs,_Trade_and_Barbuda_Affairs" title="Ministry of Foreign Affairs, Trade and Barbuda Affairs">Antigua and Barbuda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Foreign_Affairs_and_Worship" class="mw-redirect" title="Ministry of Foreign Affairs and Worship">Argentina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Foreign_Affairs_(Bahamas)" class="mw-redirect" title="Ministry of Foreign Affairs (Bahamas)">Bahamas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Foreign_Affairs,_Foreign_Trade_and_International_Business_(Barbados)" title="Ministry of Foreign Affairs, Foreign Trade and International Business (Barbados)">Barbados</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Foreign_Affairs_(Belize)" title="Ministry of Foreign Affairs (Belize)">Belize</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Foreign_Affairs_(Bolivia)" title="Ministry of Foreign Affairs (Bolivia)">Bolivia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Foreign_Affairs_(Brazil)" title="Ministry of Foreign Affairs (Brazil)">Brazil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Global_Affairs_Canada" title="Global Affairs Canada">Canada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Foreign_Affairs_(Chile)" title="Ministry of Foreign Affairs (Chile)">Chile</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Foreign_Affairs_(Colombia)" title="Ministry of Foreign Affairs (Colombia)">Colombia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Foreign_Affairs_and_Worship_(Costa_Rica)" title="Ministry of Foreign Affairs and Worship (Costa Rica)">Costa Rica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Foreign_Affairs_(Cuba)" title="Ministry of Foreign Affairs (Cuba)">Cuba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_External_Relations_(Dominican_Republic)" title="Ministry of External Relations (Dominican Republic)">Dominican Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Foreign_Affairs_(Guatemala)" title="Ministry of Foreign Affairs (Guatemala)">Guatemala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Foreign_Affairs_(Guyana)" title="Ministry of Foreign Affairs (Guyana)">Guyana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Foreign_Affairs_(Haiti)" title="Ministry of Foreign Affairs (Haiti)">Haiti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Foreign_Affairs_and_Foreign_Trade_(Jamaica)" title="Ministry of Foreign Affairs and Foreign Trade (Jamaica)">Jamaica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Secretariat_of_Foreign_Affairs_(Mexico)" title="Secretariat of Foreign Affairs (Mexico)">Mexico</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Foreign_Affairs_(Peru)" title="Ministry of Foreign Affairs (Peru)">Peru</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Foreign_Affairs_(Saint_Kitts_and_Nevis)" title="Ministry of Foreign Affairs (Saint Kitts and Nevis)">Saint Kitts and Nevis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Department_of_State" title="United States Department of State">United States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Foreign_Relations_(Uruguay)" title="Ministry of Foreign Relations (Uruguay)">Uruguay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Foreign_Affairs_(Venezuela)" title="Ministry of Foreign Affairs (Venezuela)">Venezuela</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Asia</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Foreign_Affairs_(Afghanistan)" title="Ministry of Foreign Affairs (Afghanistan)">Afghanistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Foreign_Affairs_(Bahrain)" title="Ministry of Foreign Affairs (Bahrain)">Bahrain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Foreign_Affairs_(Bangladesh)" title="Ministry of Foreign Affairs (Bangladesh)">Bangladesh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Foreign_Affairs_(Bhutan)" title="Ministry of Foreign Affairs (Bhutan)">Bhutan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Foreign_Affairs_(Brunei)" title="Ministry of Foreign Affairs (Brunei)">Brunei</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Foreign_Affairs_and_International_Cooperation_(Cambodia)" title="Ministry of Foreign Affairs and International Cooperation (Cambodia)">Cambodia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Foreign_Affairs_(China)" title="Ministry of Foreign Affairs (China)">China</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Foreign_Affairs_and_Cooperation_(East_Timor)" title="Ministry of Foreign Affairs and Cooperation (East Timor)">East Timor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_External_Affairs_(India)" title="Ministry of External Affairs (India)">India</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Foreign_Affairs_(Indonesia)" title="Ministry of Foreign Affairs (Indonesia)">Indonesia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Foreign_Affairs_(Iran)" title="Ministry of Foreign Affairs (Iran)">Iran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Foreign_Affairs_(Iraq)" class="mw-redirect" title="Ministry of Foreign Affairs (Iraq)">Iraq</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Foreign_Affairs_(Israel)" title="Ministry of Foreign Affairs (Israel)">Israel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Foreign_Affairs_(Japan)" title="Ministry of Foreign Affairs (Japan)">Japan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Foreign_Affairs_(Kazakhstan)" title="Ministry of Foreign Affairs (Kazakhstan)">Kazakhstan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Foreign_Affairs_(Kuwait)" title="Ministry of Foreign Affairs (Kuwait)">Kuwait</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Foreign_Affairs_(Kyrgyzstan)" title="Ministry of Foreign Affairs (Kyrgyzstan)">Kyrgyzstan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Foreign_Affairs_(Laos)" title="Ministry of Foreign Affairs (Laos)">Laos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Foreign_Affairs_and_Emigrants_(Lebanon)" title="Ministry of Foreign Affairs and Emigrants (Lebanon)">Lebanon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Foreign_Affairs_(Malaysia)" title="Ministry of Foreign Affairs (Malaysia)">Malaysia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Foreign_Affairs_(Maldives)" title="Ministry of Foreign Affairs (Maldives)">Maldives</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Foreign_Affairs_(Myanmar)" title="Ministry of Foreign Affairs (Myanmar)">Myanmar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Foreign_Affairs_(Mongolia)" title="Ministry of Foreign Affairs (Mongolia)">Mongolia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Foreign_Affairs_(Nepal)" title="Ministry of Foreign Affairs (Nepal)">Nepal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Foreign_Affairs_(North_Korea)" title="Ministry of Foreign Affairs (North Korea)">North Korea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Foreign_Affairs_(Oman)" class="mw-redirect" title="Ministry of Foreign Affairs (Oman)">Oman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Foreign_Affairs_(Pakistan)" title="Ministry of Foreign Affairs (Pakistan)">Pakistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Department_of_Foreign_Affairs_(Philippines)" title="Department of Foreign Affairs (Philippines)">Philippines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Foreign_Affairs_(Qatar)" title="Ministry of Foreign Affairs (Qatar)">Qatar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Foreign_Affairs_(Saudi_Arabia)" title="Ministry of Foreign Affairs (Saudi Arabia)">Saudi Arabia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Foreign_Affairs_(Singapore)" title="Ministry of Foreign Affairs (Singapore)">Singapore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Foreign_Affairs_(South_Korea)" title="Ministry of Foreign Affairs (South Korea)">South Korea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Foreign_Affairs_(Sri_Lanka)" title="Ministry of Foreign Affairs (Sri Lanka)">Sri Lanka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Foreign_Affairs_and_Expatriates_(Syria)" title="Ministry of Foreign Affairs and Expatriates (Syria)">Syria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Foreign_Affairs_(Taiwan)" title="Ministry of Foreign Affairs (Taiwan)">Taiwan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Foreign_Affairs_of_the_Republic_of_Tajikistan" title="Ministry of Foreign Affairs of the Republic of Tajikistan">Tajikistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Foreign_Affairs_(Thailand)" title="Ministry of Foreign Affairs (Thailand)">Thailand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Foreign_Affairs_(Turkey)" title="Ministry of Foreign Affairs (Turkey)">Turkey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Foreign_Affairs_(Turkmenistan)" title="Ministry of Foreign Affairs (Turkmenistan)">Turkmenistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Foreign_Affairs_(Uzbekistan)" title="Ministry of Foreign Affairs (Uzbekistan)">Uzbekistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Foreign_Affairs_(Vietnam)" title="Ministry of Foreign Affairs (Vietnam)">Vietnam</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Europe</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ministry_for_Europe_and_Foreign_Affairs_(Albania)" title="Ministry for Europe and Foreign Affairs (Albania)">Albania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_External_Affairs_(Andorra)" title="Ministry of External Affairs (Andorra)">Andorra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Federal_Ministry_for_European_and_International_Affairs" class="mw-redirect" title="Federal Ministry for European and International Affairs">Austria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Foreign_Affairs_(Armenia)" title="Ministry of Foreign Affairs (Armenia)">Armenia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Foreign_Affairs_(Azerbaijan)" title="Ministry of Foreign Affairs (Azerbaijan)">Azerbaijan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Foreign_Affairs_(Belarus)" title="Ministry of Foreign Affairs (Belarus)">Belarus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Federal_Public_Service_Foreign_Affairs" title="Federal Public Service Foreign Affairs">Belgium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Foreign_Affairs_(Bosnia_and_Herzegovina)" title="Ministry of Foreign Affairs (Bosnia and Herzegovina)">Bosnia and Herzegovina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Foreign_Affairs_(Bulgaria)" title="Ministry of Foreign Affairs (Bulgaria)">Bulgaria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Foreign_and_European_Affairs_(Croatia)" title="Ministry of Foreign and European Affairs (Croatia)">Croatia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Foreign_Affairs_(Cyprus)" title="Ministry of Foreign Affairs (Cyprus)">Cyprus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Foreign_Affairs_(Czech_Republic)" 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