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class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>First Dzungar-Qing War</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-First_Dzungar-Qing_War-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Second_Dzungar-Qing_War,_in_Tibet" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Second_Dzungar-Qing_War,_in_Tibet"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Second Dzungar-Qing War, in Tibet</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Second_Dzungar-Qing_War,_in_Tibet-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Third_Dzungar–Qing_War" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Third_Dzungar–Qing_War"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Third Dzungar–Qing War</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Third_Dzungar–Qing_War-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Final_conquest_of_the_Dzungars" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Final_conquest_of_the_Dzungars"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Final conquest of the Dzungars</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Final_conquest_of_the_Dzungars-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> 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.infobox.vevent .status>p:first-child{margin:0}</style><table class="infobox vevent" style="width:25.5em;border-spacing:2px;"><tbody><tr><th class="summary" colspan="2" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;font-size:110%;">Dzungar–Qing Wars</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" style="text-align:center;border-bottom:1px solid #aaa;line-height:1.5em;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Pacification_of_the_Dzungars.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/82/Pacification_of_the_Dzungars.jpg/300px-Pacification_of_the_Dzungars.jpg" decoding="async" width="300" height="290" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/82/Pacification_of_the_Dzungars.jpg/450px-Pacification_of_the_Dzungars.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/82/Pacification_of_the_Dzungars.jpg/600px-Pacification_of_the_Dzungars.jpg 2x" data-file-width="601" data-file-height="580" /></a></span><br />The Dzungar army surrenders to the Qing dynasty after <a href="/wiki/Dawachi" title="Dawachi">Dawachi</a> being captured in 1756.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2"><table style="width:100%;margin:0;padding:0;border:0;display:inline-table"><tbody><tr><th style="padding-right:1em">Date</th><td>1687–1758</td></tr><tr><th style="padding-right:1em">Location</th><td><div class="location"><a href="/wiki/Inner_Mongolia" title="Inner Mongolia">Inner</a> and <a href="/wiki/Outer_Mongolia" title="Outer Mongolia">Outer Mongolia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tibet" title="Tibet">Tibet</a>, <a href="/wiki/Qinghai" title="Qinghai">Qinghai</a>, <a href="/wiki/Xinjiang" title="Xinjiang">Xinjiang</a></div></td></tr><tr><th style="padding-right:1em">Result</th><td class="status"> <p>Qing victory </p> <ul><li>Start of the <a href="/wiki/Dzungar_genocide" title="Dzungar genocide">Dzungar genocide</a></li></ul></td></tr><tr><th style="padding-right:1em">Territorial<br />changes</th><td> <a href="/wiki/Outer_Mongolia" title="Outer Mongolia">Outer Mongolia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tibet" title="Tibet">Tibet</a>, <a href="/wiki/Qinghai" title="Qinghai">Qinghai</a> and <a href="/wiki/Xinjiang" title="Xinjiang">Xinjiang</a> conquered and added into the Qing Empire</td></tr></tbody></table></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;font-size:110%;">Belligerents</th></tr><tr><td style="width:50%;border-right:1px dotted #aaa;"> <a href="/wiki/Dzungar_Khanate" title="Dzungar Khanate">Dzungar Khanate</a></td><td style="width:50%;padding-left:0.25em"> <p><a href="/wiki/Qing_dynasty" title="Qing dynasty">Qing dynasty</a> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Khalkha_Mongols" title="Khalkha Mongols">Khalkha Mongols</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kumul_Khanate" title="Kumul Khanate">Kumul Khanate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khoshut_Khanate" title="Khoshut Khanate">Khoshut Khanate</a></li></ul></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;font-size:110%;">Commanders and leaders</th></tr><tr><td style="width:50%;border-right:1px dotted #aaa;"> <a href="/wiki/Galdan_Boshugtu_Khan" title="Galdan Boshugtu Khan">Galdan Boshugtu Khan</a> <br /> <a href="/wiki/Tsewang_Rabtan" title="Tsewang Rabtan">Tsewang Rabtan</a> <br /> <a href="/wiki/Amursana" title="Amursana">Amursana</a></td><td style="width:50%;padding-left:0.25em"> <a href="/wiki/Kangxi_Emperor" title="Kangxi Emperor">Kangxi Emperor</a> <br /> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Sun_Sike&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Sun Sike (page does not exist)">Sun Ssu-k'o</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%AD%AB%E6%80%9D%E5%85%8B" class="extiw" title="zh:孫思克">zh</a>]</span><sup id="cite_ref-Watson1991_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Watson1991-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <br /> <a href="/wiki/T%C3%BCsheet_Khan" title="Tüsheet Khan">Tüsheet Khan</a> Chakhundorji <br /> Abdullah Beg (額貝都拉) <br /> <a href="/wiki/Yongzheng_Emperor" title="Yongzheng Emperor">Yongzheng Emperor</a> <br /> <a href="/wiki/Yue_Zhongqi" title="Yue Zhongqi">Yue Zhongqi</a><sup id="cite_ref-Tyler2003_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Tyler2003-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><br /> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Tsering&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Tsering (page does not exist)">Tsering</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%AD%96%E6%A3%B1" class="extiw" title="zh:策棱">zh</a>]</span> <br /> <a href="/wiki/Nian_Gengyao" title="Nian Gengyao">Nian Gengyao</a> <br /><a href="/wiki/Qianlong_Emperor" title="Qianlong Emperor">Qianlong Emperor</a> <br /><a href="/wiki/Ming_Rui" class="mw-redirect" title="Ming Rui">Ming Rui</a> <br /> <a href="/wiki/Agui" title="Agui">Agui</a> <br /> <a href="/wiki/Emin_Khoja" title="Emin Khoja">Emin Khoja</a></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>The <b>Dzungar–Qing Wars</b> (<a href="/wiki/Mongolian_language" title="Mongolian language">Mongolian</a>: <span lang="mn">Зүүнгар-Чин улсын дайн</span>, <a href="/wiki/Simplified_Chinese_characters" title="Simplified Chinese characters">simplified Chinese</a>: <span lang="zh-Hans">准噶尔之役</span>; <a href="/wiki/Traditional_Chinese_characters" title="Traditional Chinese characters">traditional Chinese</a>: <span lang="zh-Hant">準噶爾之役</span>; <a href="/wiki/Pinyin" title="Pinyin">pinyin</a>: <i><span lang="zh-Latn">Zhǔngá'ěr zhī Yì</span></i>; <abbr title="Literal translation"><small>lit.</small></abbr> 'Dzungar Campaign') were a decades-long series of conflicts that pitted the <a href="/wiki/Dzungar_Khanate" title="Dzungar Khanate">Dzungar Khanate</a> against the <a href="/wiki/Qing_dynasty" title="Qing dynasty">Qing dynasty</a> and its Mongol vassals. Fighting took place over a wide swath of <a href="/wiki/Inner_Asia" title="Inner Asia">Inner Asia</a>, from present-day central and eastern <a href="/wiki/Mongolia" title="Mongolia">Mongolia</a> to <a href="/wiki/Tibet" title="Tibet">Tibet</a>, <a href="/wiki/Qinghai" title="Qinghai">Qinghai</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Xinjiang" title="Xinjiang">Xinjiang</a> regions of present-day China. Qing victories ultimately led to the incorporation of <a href="/wiki/Outer_Mongolia" title="Outer Mongolia">Outer Mongolia</a>, Tibet and Xinjiang into the Qing Empire that was to last until the <a href="/wiki/1911_Revolution" title="1911 Revolution">fall of the dynasty</a> in 1911–1912, and the <a href="/wiki/Dzungar_genocide" title="Dzungar genocide">genocide of much of the Dzungar population</a> in the conquered areas. </p> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol 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(page does not exist)">Lake Olgoi</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Battle_of_the_Uldza&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Battle of the Uldza (page does not exist)">Ulahui River</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Ulan_Butung" title="Battle of Ulan Butung">Ulan Butung</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Jao_Modo" title="Battle of Jao Modo">Jao Modo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Salween_River" title="Battle of the Salween River">Salween River</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_expedition_to_Tibet_(1720)" title="Chinese expedition to Tibet (1720)">Tibet</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Battle_of_Hoton_Nor&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Battle of Hoton Nor (page does not exist)">Hoton Nor</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Battle_of_Erdene_Zuu&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Battle of Erdene Zuu (page does not exist)">Erdene Zuu</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Battle_of_Oroi-Jalatu&action=edit&redlink=1" 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style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Ten_Great_Campaigns" title="Template:Ten Great Campaigns"><abbr title="View this template" style="color:inherit">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Ten_Great_Campaigns" title="Template talk:Ten Great Campaigns"><abbr title="Discuss this template" style="color:inherit">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Ten_Great_Campaigns" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Ten Great Campaigns"><abbr title="Edit this template" style="color:inherit">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Ten_Great_Campaigns" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><span style="line-height:1.6em"><a href="/wiki/Ten_Great_Campaigns" title="Ten Great Campaigns"><span class="wrap">Ten Great Campaigns</span></a></span></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Conquest of Dzungar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amursana#Revolt_against_the_Qing" title="Amursana">Amursana rebellion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Revolt_of_the_Altishahr_Khojas" title="Revolt of the Altishahr Khojas">Revolt of the Altishahr Khojas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sino-Burmese_War_(1765%E2%80%931769)" class="mw-redirect" title="Sino-Burmese War (1765–1769)">Sino-Burmese War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jinchuan_campaigns" title="Jinchuan campaigns">Jinchuan campaigns</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lin_Shuangwen_rebellion" title="Lin Shuangwen rebellion">Lin Shuangwen rebellion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Ng%E1%BB%8Dc_H%E1%BB%93i-%C4%90%E1%BB%91ng_%C4%90a" title="Battle of Ngọc Hồi-Đống Đa">Invasion of Đại Việt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sino-Nepalese_War" title="Sino-Nepalese War">Campaigns against the Gurkhas</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Background">Background</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Dzungar%E2%80%93Qing_Wars&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Background"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Northern_Yuan" title="Northern Yuan">Northern Yuan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Qing_dynasty_in_Inner_Asia" title="Qing dynasty in Inner Asia">Qing dynasty in Inner Asia</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Dzungar_conquest_of_Altishahr" title="Dzungar conquest of Altishahr">Dzungar conquest of Altishahr</a></div> <p>After the collapse of the <a href="/wiki/Yuan_dynasty" title="Yuan dynasty">Yuan dynasty</a> in 1368, <a href="/wiki/China" title="China">China</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Mongol" class="mw-redirect" title="Mongol">Mongol</a> rulers withdrew to <a href="/wiki/Mongolia" title="Mongolia">Mongolia</a> and became known as the <a href="/wiki/Northern_Yuan" title="Northern Yuan">Northern Yuan</a>. Over time, the Mongol state disintegrated into a series of <a href="/wiki/Khanate" title="Khanate">Khanates</a>, ruled by various descendants of <a href="/wiki/Genghis_Khan" title="Genghis Khan">Genghis Khan</a>. The Qing dynasty defeated the Inner <a href="/wiki/Chahars" title="Chahars">Chahar</a> Mongol leader <a href="/wiki/Ligdan_Khan" title="Ligdan Khan">Ligdan Khan</a> and annexed Inner Mongolia. While the Eastern Mongols (Outer and Inner Mongols) were ruled by <a href="/wiki/Chingisids" class="mw-redirect" title="Chingisids">Chingisids</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Oirats" title="Oirats">Oirats</a> were ruled by the <a href="/wiki/Choros_(clan)" class="mw-redirect" title="Choros (clan)">Choros</a> clan. The Dzungar Oirats under <a href="/wiki/Erdeni_Batur" title="Erdeni Batur">Erdeni Batur</a> and <a href="/wiki/Zaya_Pandita" title="Zaya Pandita">Zaya Pandita</a> held a pan-Oirat-Mongol conference in 1640 with all Oirat and Mongol tribes participating except the Inner Mongols under Qing rule. The conference ended in failure. By the 1650s, the <a href="/wiki/Dzungar_Khanate" title="Dzungar Khanate">Dzungar Khanate</a>, an <a href="/wiki/Oirats" title="Oirats">Oirat</a> state centered in <a href="/wiki/Dzungaria" title="Dzungaria">Dzungaria</a> and western Mongolia, had risen to become the preeminent khanate in the region and was often in conflict with <a href="/wiki/Khalkha_Mongols" title="Khalkha Mongols">Khalkha Mongols</a>, the remnants of the Northern Yuan, of eastern Mongolia. Upon assuming the throne after the death of his brother <a href="/wiki/Sengge" title="Sengge">Sengge</a> in 1670, <a href="/wiki/Galdan_Boshugtu_Khan" title="Galdan Boshugtu Khan">Galdan Boshugtu Khan</a> launched a series of successful campaigns to expand his territory as far as present-day eastern <a href="/wiki/Kazakhstan" title="Kazakhstan">Kazakhstan</a>, and from present-day northern <a href="/wiki/Kyrgyzstan" title="Kyrgyzstan">Kyrgyzstan</a> to southern <a href="/wiki/Siberia" title="Siberia">Siberia</a>. Through skillful diplomacy, Galdan maintained peaceful relations with the <a href="/wiki/Qing_dynasty" title="Qing dynasty">Qing dynasty</a> while also establishing relations with Russia. However, when Galdan's brother Dorjijab was killed in a skirmish with troops loyal to the Khalkha khan in 1687, Galdan took the pretext to launch a full-scale invasion of eastern Mongolia. He destroyed several Khalkha tribes at the battle of Olgoi Nor (Olgoi Lake) in 1688, sending twenty thousand refugees fleeing south to Qing territory.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Khalkha rulers, defeated, fled to <a href="/wiki/Hohhot" title="Hohhot">Hohhot</a> and sought Qing assistance.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Meanwhile, the Qing had secured a peace treaty with the <a href="/wiki/Cossacks" title="Cossacks">Cossacks</a> on their northern border, who had previously been inclined to support Galdan. The <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Nerchinsk" title="Treaty of Nerchinsk">Treaty of Nerchinsk</a> prevented an alliance between Galdan and the Russians, leaving the Qing free to attack their Mongol rivals.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Fearing a united Mongol state ruled by the hostile Dzungars, the Qing now turned their powerful war machine on the Oirats.<sup id="cite_ref-autogenerated2_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-autogenerated2-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Dzungars had conquered and subjugated the <a href="/wiki/Uyghurs" title="Uyghurs">Uyghurs</a> during the <a href="/wiki/Dzungar_conquest_of_Altishahr" title="Dzungar conquest of Altishahr">Dzungar conquest of Altishahr</a> after being invited by the Afaqi Khoja to invade the Chingisid Chagatai ruled <a href="/wiki/Yarkent_Khanate" title="Yarkent Khanate">Yarkent Khanate</a>. Heavy taxes were imposed upon the Uyghurs by the Dzungars, provoking resentment.<sup id="cite_ref-DaniMasson2003_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-DaniMasson2003-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This led to uprisings and Uyghur rebels from Turfan and Kumul who were rebelling against Dzungar rule joined the Qing in their war against the Dzungars. The <a href="/wiki/Yarkent_Khanate" title="Yarkent Khanate">Yarkent Khanate</a> under <a href="/wiki/Muhammad_Amin_Khan" title="Muhammad Amin Khan">Muhammad Amin Khan</a> presented tribute to the Qing dynasty twice to request aid against the Dzungar attack.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Dzungars used the Zamburak, <a href="/wiki/Zamburak" title="Zamburak">camel mounted miniature cannons</a>, in battle, notably at <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Ulan_Butung" title="Battle of Ulan Butung">Ulan Butung</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Gunpowder weapons like guns and cannons were deployed by the Qing and the Dzungars at the same time against each other.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="First_Dzungar-Qing_War">First Dzungar-Qing War</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Dzungar%E2%80%93Qing_Wars&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: First Dzungar-Qing War"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r963460841"><table class="infobox vevent" style="width:25.5em;border-spacing:2px;"><tbody><tr><th class="summary" colspan="2" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;font-size:110%;">First Dzungar – Qing War</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" style="text-align:center;border-bottom:1px solid #aaa;line-height:1.5em;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:The_Emperor_at_the_Kherlen_river.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bb/The_Emperor_at_the_Kherlen_river.jpg/300px-The_Emperor_at_the_Kherlen_river.jpg" decoding="async" width="300" height="287" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bb/The_Emperor_at_the_Kherlen_river.jpg/450px-The_Emperor_at_the_Kherlen_river.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bb/The_Emperor_at_the_Kherlen_river.jpg/600px-The_Emperor_at_the_Kherlen_river.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1916" data-file-height="1832" /></a></span><br />Military camp of the Chinese Emperor at <a href="/wiki/Kherlen_River" title="Kherlen River">Kherlen River</a> during the campaign of 1696</td></tr><tr><td colspan="2"><table style="width:100%;margin:0;padding:0;border:0;display:inline-table"><tbody><tr><th style="padding-right:1em">Date</th><td>1687–1697</td></tr><tr><th style="padding-right:1em">Location</th><td><div class="location"><a href="/wiki/Mongolia" title="Mongolia">Mongolia</a></div></td></tr><tr><th style="padding-right:1em">Result</th><td class="status"> Qing victory, Dzungar Khanate weakened, death of Galdan Boshugtu Khan.</td></tr></tbody></table></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;font-size:110%;">Belligerents</th></tr><tr><td style="width:50%;border-right:1px dotted #aaa;"> <a href="/wiki/Dzungar_Khanate" title="Dzungar Khanate">Dzungar Khanate</a></td><td style="width:50%;padding-left:0.25em"> <p><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b6/Flag_of_China_%281889%E2%80%931912%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_China_%281889%E2%80%931912%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b6/Flag_of_China_%281889%E2%80%931912%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_China_%281889%E2%80%931912%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b6/Flag_of_China_%281889%E2%80%931912%29.svg/45px-Flag_of_China_%281889%E2%80%931912%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="341" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Qing_dynasty" title="Qing dynasty">Qing dynasty</a> </p> <ul><li>Remnants of the <a href="/wiki/Northern_Yuan_dynasty" class="mw-redirect" title="Northern Yuan dynasty">Northern Yuan</a> (Vassal of the Qing)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kumul_Khanate" title="Kumul Khanate">Kumul Khanate</a> (Vassal of the Qing)</li></ul></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;font-size:110%;">Commanders and leaders</th></tr><tr><td style="width:50%;border-right:1px dotted #aaa;"> <a href="/wiki/Galdan_Boshugtu_Khan" title="Galdan Boshugtu Khan">Galdan Boshugtu Khan</a></td><td style="width:50%;padding-left:0.25em"> <a href="/wiki/Kangxi_Emperor" title="Kangxi Emperor">Kangxi Emperor</a> <br /> Chakhundorji <br /> Abdullah Beg</td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;font-size:110%;">Strength</th></tr><tr><td style="width:50%;border-right:1px dotted #aaa;"> 20,000–30,000<sup id="cite_ref-autogenerated148_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-autogenerated148-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td><td style="width:50%;padding-left:0.25em"> 100,000<sup id="cite_ref-autogenerated148_14-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-autogenerated148-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;font-size:110%;">Casualties and losses</th></tr><tr><td style="width:50%;border-right:1px dotted #aaa;"> Unknown</td><td style="width:50%;padding-left:0.25em"> Unknown</td></tr></tbody></table> <p>The First Dzungar–Qing War was a military conflict fought from 1687 to 1697 between the <a href="/wiki/Dzungar_Khanate" title="Dzungar Khanate">Dzungar Khanate</a> and an alliance of the <a href="/wiki/Qing_dynasty" title="Qing dynasty">Qing dynasty</a> and the northern <a href="/wiki/Khalkha_Mongols" title="Khalkha Mongols">Khalkhas</a>, remnants of the <a href="/wiki/Northern_Yuan_dynasty" class="mw-redirect" title="Northern Yuan dynasty">Northern Yuan dynasty</a>. The war resulted from a Dzungar attack on the Northern Yuan dynasty based in <a href="/wiki/Outer_Mongolia" title="Outer Mongolia">Outer Mongolia</a>, who were heavily defeated in 1688. Their rulers and twenty thousand refugees fled south to the Qing dynasty, which feared the growing power of the Dzungar state. Motivated by the opportunity to gain control over Mongolia and by the threat posed to them by a strong, unified Mongol state such as the Oirats threatened to form, the Qing sent their army north to subdue the Dzungars in 1690.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Qing scouts attacked a Dzungar party north of the Great Wall. However, this proved to be the main Dzungar army, which destroyed the Qing detachment easily.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A large Qing army under <a href="/wiki/Fuquan_(prince)" class="mw-redirect" title="Fuquan (prince)">Prince Fuquan</a> advanced North into <a href="/wiki/Inner_Mongolia" title="Inner Mongolia">Inner Mongolia</a>, hoping to trap and crush the mobile Dzungar army. However, they were constrained by bad weather and difficult terrain. It took some Qing troops twelve days to cross the Gobi Desert, and the horses were left exhausted. Running low on supplies, the Qing finally confronted the Dzungars at <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Ulan_Butung" title="Battle of Ulan Butung">Ulan Butung</a> in September 1690. Although outnumbered 5 to 1, the Dzungars formed a camel wall, beat back a pair of artillery-supported Qing assaults, and escaped into the hills. The Qing commander claimed victory, but his failure to completely destroy the Dzungar forces led to his dismissal and early retirement.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Galdan was left in control of Mongolia from the <a href="/wiki/Selenga_River" class="mw-redirect" title="Selenga River">Selenga River</a> in the north to <a href="/wiki/Khalkhyn_Gol" class="mw-redirect" title="Khalkhyn Gol">Khalkhyn Gol</a> in the south.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>A pause in the conflict ensued. The Khalkha rulers declared themselves Qing vassals at <a href="/wiki/Dolon_Nor" title="Dolon Nor">Dolon Nor</a> (the site of <a href="/wiki/Shangdu" title="Shangdu">Shangdu</a>, the pleasure palace of the Yuan Emperors) in 1691, a politically decisive step that officially ended the last remnants of the Yuan dynasty. It also allowed the Qing to assume the mantle of the <a href="/wiki/Genghisid" class="mw-redirect" title="Genghisid">Genghisid</a> khans, merging the Khalkha forces into the Qing army.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Kangxi_Emperor" title="Kangxi Emperor">Kangxi Emperor</a> had now become determined to "exterminate" Galdan. Negotiations between the two sides bore little fruit. The Dzungars cast about for allies, making overtures to the Russians and various Mongol princes, but were rejected.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Kangxi set about preparing the complex logistics necessary to support a planned 1696 expedition. This included procuring 1,333 carts, each carrying 6 shi of grain. Three armies eventually advanced north in 1696. One, under the command of Fiyanggu, numbering 30,000 and to be reinforced with a further 10,000, was to trap Galdan, while Kangxi personally led 32,000 men, including 235 cannon on camelback. A third, numbering 10,000, halted further to the east and would play no part in the coming campaign. The Dzungar army, heavily outnumbered and weakened by the <a href="/wiki/Plague_(disease)" title="Plague (disease)">plague</a>, was unable to offer serious resistance. Galdan's army attacked the western force at the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Jao_Modo" title="Battle of Jao Modo">Battle of Jao Modo</a> in May 1696, but was narrowly - albeit decisively- defeated. The Dzungar army, bereft of artillery, suffered heavily from Chinese musketry and cannon fire,<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> eventually breaking. The battle ended in a victory for the Qing army, who captured 20,000 sheep and 40,000 cattle, and captured, killed or scattered all but 40-50 of the Dzungar army, effectively destroying them as a military force. Galdan himself had managed to escape from an enemy encirclement, thanks in part to a counterattack led by his wife, <a href="/wiki/Queen_Anu" title="Queen Anu">Queen Anu</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Galdan's wife was killed, and Galdan fled west to the <a href="/wiki/Altai_Mountains" title="Altai Mountains">Altai Mountains</a>, where later he attempted to surrender to the Qing, but died of the plague<sup id="cite_ref-autogenerated2_9-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-autogenerated2-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> in 1697 with only a few loyal men at his side.<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>After the war, a Qing garrison was stationed in the area of present-day <a href="/wiki/Ulaanbaatar" title="Ulaanbaatar">Ulaanbaatar</a>, and Khalkha Mongolia was placed under Qing rule. <a href="/wiki/Outer_Mongolia" title="Outer Mongolia">Outer Mongolia</a> was effectively incorporated into the Qing Empire. On the other hand, <a href="/wiki/Tsewang_Rabtan" title="Tsewang Rabtan">Tsewang Rabtan</a>, a long-time anti-Galdan Oirat chief, who had actually provided intelligence to the Qing<sup id="cite_ref-autogenerated2_9-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-autogenerated2-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> at several points during the war, succeeded Galdan as Khan of the Dzungars. While the Qing managed to sideline the Dzungar in the 1690s, they would not completely eradicate them until they defeated the Dzungars in subsequent wars several decades later.<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Second_Dzungar-Qing_War,_in_Tibet"><span id="Second_Dzungar-Qing_War.2C_in_Tibet"></span>Second Dzungar-Qing War, in Tibet</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Dzungar%E2%80%93Qing_Wars&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Second Dzungar-Qing War, in Tibet"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:LhaBzangKhan.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/58/LhaBzangKhan.jpg/220px-LhaBzangKhan.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="208" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/5/58/LhaBzangKhan.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="284" /></a><figcaption>7th Dalai Lama pretender, Lha-bzang Khan</figcaption></figure><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Chinese_expedition_to_Tibet_(1720)" title="Chinese expedition to Tibet (1720)">Chinese expedition to Tibet (1720)</a></div> <p>In 1642, <a href="/wiki/G%C3%BCshi_Khan" title="Güshi Khan">Güshi Khan</a>, founder of the <a href="/wiki/Khoshut_Khanate" title="Khoshut Khanate">Khoshut Khanate</a>, overthrew the prince of <a href="/wiki/%C3%9C-Tsang" title="Ü-Tsang">Tsang</a> and made the <a href="/wiki/5th_Dalai_Lama" title="5th Dalai Lama">5th Dalai Lama</a> the highest spiritual and political authority in Tibet,<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> establishing the regime known as <a href="/wiki/Ganden_Phodrang" title="Ganden Phodrang">Ganden Phodrang</a>. <a href="/wiki/Tsewang_Rabtan" title="Tsewang Rabtan">Tsewang Rabtan</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Dzungar_Khanate" title="Dzungar Khanate">Dzungar Khanate</a> invaded Tibet in 1717, deposed the pretender to the position of <a href="/wiki/7th_Dalai_Lama" title="7th Dalai Lama">7th Dalai Lama</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lha-bzang_Khan" title="Lha-bzang Khan">Lha-bzang Khan</a>, the last ruler of the Khoshut Khanate, and killed Lha-bzang Khan and his entire family. They also viciously destroyed a small force in the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Salween_River" title="Battle of the Salween River">Battle of the Salween River</a> which the <a href="/wiki/Kangxi_Emperor" title="Kangxi Emperor">Kangxi Emperor</a> of the Qing dynasty had sent to clear traditional trade routes in 1718.<sup id="cite_ref-Mullin288_26-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Mullin288-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In response, <a href="/wiki/Chinese_expedition_to_Tibet_(1720)" title="Chinese expedition to Tibet (1720)">an expedition</a> sent by Kangxi Emperor, together with Tibetan forces under <a href="/wiki/Polhan%C3%A9_S%C3%B6nam_Topgy%C3%A9" title="Polhané Sönam Topgyé">Polhané Sönam Topgyé</a> of Tsang and <a href="/wiki/Khangchenn%C3%A9" title="Khangchenné">Kangchennas</a> (also spelled Gangchenney), the governor of Western Tibet,<sup id="cite_ref-Mullin290_27-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Mullin290-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Smith125_28-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Smith125-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> expelled the Dzungars from Tibet in 1720. This began the <a href="/wiki/Tibet_under_Qing_rule" title="Tibet under Qing rule">Qing rule of Tibet</a>, which lasted until the fall of the Qing dynasty in 1912. The Han Chinese General Yue Zhongqi (a descendant of <a href="/wiki/Yue_Fei" title="Yue Fei">Yue Fei</a>) <a href="/wiki/Chinese_expedition_to_Tibet_(1720)" title="Chinese expedition to Tibet (1720)">conquered Tibet for the Qing</a> during the <a href="/wiki/Dzungar%E2%80%93Qing_War" class="mw-redirect" title="Dzungar–Qing War">Dzungar–Qing War</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-yue1_29-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-yue1-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-yue2_30-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-yue2-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Jalangga, a Manchu Bannermen, succeeded the Han General Yue Zhongqi as commander in 1732.<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Manchu <a href="/wiki/Kangxi_emperor" class="mw-redirect" title="Kangxi emperor">Kangxi emperor</a> incited anti-Muslim sentiment among the Mongols of <a href="/wiki/Qinghai" title="Qinghai">Qinghai</a> (Kokonor) in order to gain support against the <a href="/wiki/Dzungar_people" title="Dzungar people">Dzungar</a> <a href="/wiki/Oirats" title="Oirats">Oirat</a> Mongol leader <a href="/wiki/Galdan" class="mw-redirect" title="Galdan">Galdan</a>. Kangxi claimed that Chinese Muslims inside China such as <a href="/wiki/Salar_people" title="Salar people">Turkic Muslims in Qinghai</a> (Kokonor) were plotting with <a href="/wiki/Galdan" class="mw-redirect" title="Galdan">Galdan</a>, who he falsely claimed converted to Islam. Kangxi falsely claimed that Galdan had spurned and turned his back on Buddhism and the Dalai Lama and that he was plotting to install a Muslim as ruler of China after invading it in a conspiracy with Chinese Muslims. Kangxi also distrusted Muslims of Turfan and Hami.<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Third_Dzungar–Qing_War"><span id="Third_Dzungar.E2.80.93Qing_War"></span>Third Dzungar–Qing War</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Dzungar%E2%80%93Qing_Wars&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Third Dzungar–Qing War"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In 1723, the <a href="/wiki/Kangxi_Emperor" title="Kangxi Emperor">Kangxi Emperor</a>'s successor, the <a href="/wiki/Yongzheng_Emperor" title="Yongzheng Emperor">Yongzheng Emperor</a>, sent an army of 230,000 led by <a href="/wiki/Nian_Gengyao" title="Nian Gengyao">Nian Gengyao</a> to quell a <a href="/wiki/Dzungars" class="mw-redirect" title="Dzungars">Dzungar</a> uprising in <a href="/wiki/Qinghai" title="Qinghai">Qinghai</a> on the <a href="/wiki/Qinghai-Tibet_plateau" class="mw-redirect" title="Qinghai-Tibet plateau">Qinghai-Tibet plateau</a>. Due to geography, the Qing army (although superior in numbers) was at first unable to engage their more mobile enemy. Eventually, they met the Dzungars and defeated them. This campaign cost the treasury at least eight million silver <a href="/wiki/Tael" title="Tael">taels</a>. Later in Yongzheng's reign, he sent a small army of 10,000 to fight the Dzungars again. However, that army was annihilated near the <a href="/wiki/Khoton_Lake" title="Khoton Lake">Khoton Lake</a> in 1731 and the Qing Empire once again faced the danger of losing control of Mongolia. A <a href="/wiki/Khalkha_Mongols" title="Khalkha Mongols">Khalkha</a> ally of the Qing Empire would finally defeat the Dzungars a year later in 1732 near the <a href="/wiki/Erdene_Zuu_Monastery" title="Erdene Zuu Monastery">Erdene Zuu Monastery</a> in Mongolia. The Qing then made peace with the Dzungar Khanate and decided the border between them in a 1739 treaty.<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Oirats were fought by Yue Zhongqi in Ürümqi.<sup id="cite_ref-yue1_29-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-yue1-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-yue2_30-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-yue2-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Yue Zhongqi lived at the <a href="/wiki/Ji_Xiaolan_Residence" title="Ji Xiaolan Residence">Ji Xiaolan Residence</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Final_conquest_of_the_Dzungars">Final conquest of the Dzungars</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Dzungar%E2%80%93Qing_Wars&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Final conquest of the Dzungars"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Ten_Great_Campaigns#Three_campaigns_against_the_Dzungars_and_the_pacification_of_Xinjiang_(1755–1759)" title="Ten Great Campaigns">Ten Great Campaigns § Three campaigns against the Dzungars and the pacification of Xinjiang (1755–1759)</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Dzungar_genocide" title="Dzungar genocide">Dzungar genocide</a></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Qing_Dzungar_wars.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Qing_Dzungar_wars.jpg/350px-Qing_Dzungar_wars.jpg" decoding="async" width="350" height="247" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Qing_Dzungar_wars.jpg/525px-Qing_Dzungar_wars.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Qing_Dzungar_wars.jpg/700px-Qing_Dzungar_wars.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1061" data-file-height="750" /></a><figcaption>Map showing wars between the Qing dynasty and Dzungar Khanate</figcaption></figure> <p>In 1752, <a href="/wiki/Dawachi" title="Dawachi">Dawachi</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Khoit" class="mw-redirect" title="Khoit">Khoit</a>-<a href="/wiki/Oirats" title="Oirats">Oirat</a> prince <a href="/wiki/Amursana" title="Amursana">Amursana</a> competed for the title of Khan of the Dzungars. Amursana suffered several defeats at the hands of Dawachi and was thus forced to flee with his small army to the protection of the Qing imperial court. The <a href="/wiki/Yongzheng_Emperor" title="Yongzheng Emperor">Yongzheng Emperor</a>'s successor, the <a href="/wiki/Qianlong_Emperor" title="Qianlong Emperor">Qianlong Emperor</a>, pledged his support to Amursana, who recognized Qing authority; among those who supported Amursana and the Chinese were the <a href="/wiki/Khoja_(Turkestan)" title="Khoja (Turkestan)">Khoja</a> brothers <a href="/wiki/Burh%C4%81n_al-D%C4%ABn" class="mw-redirect" title="Burhān al-Dīn">Burhān al-Dīn</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%B3%A2%E7%BE%85%E5%B0%BC%E9%83%BD" class="extiw" title="zh:波羅尼都">zh</a>]</span> and <a href="/w/index.php?title=Khw%C4%81ja-i_Jah%C4%81n&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Khwāja-i Jahān (page does not exist)">Khwāja-i Jahān</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%9C%8D%E9%9B%86%E5%8D%A0" class="extiw" title="zh:霍集占">zh</a>]</span>. In 1755, Qianlong sent the Manchu general <a href="/wiki/Zhaohui" title="Zhaohui">Zhaohui</a>, who was aided by Amursana, Burhān al-Dīn and Khwāja-i Jahān, to lead a campaign against the Dzungars. After several skirmishes and small scale battles along the <a href="/wiki/Ili_River" title="Ili River">Ili River</a>, the Qing army, led by Zhaohui, approached Ili (<a href="/wiki/Yining_(city)" class="mw-redirect" title="Yining (city)">Gulja</a>) and forced Dawachi to surrender. Qianlong appointed Amursana as the Khan of <a href="/wiki/Khoid" title="Khoid">Khoid</a> and one of four equal khans – much to the displeasure of Amursana, who wanted to be the Khan of the Dzungars. </p><p>Amursana now rallied the majority of the remaining Oirats to rebel against Qing authority. In 1758, General Zhaohui defeated the Dzungars in two battles: the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Battle_of_Oroi-Jalatu&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Battle of Oroi-Jalatu (page does not exist)">Battle of Oroi-Jalatu</a> and the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Battle_of_Khurungui&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Battle of Khurungui (page does not exist)">Battle of Khurungui</a>. In the first battle, Zhaohui attacked Amursana's camp at night; Amursana was able to fight on until Zhaohui received enough reinforcements to drive him away. Between the battles of Oroi-Jalatu and Khurungui, the Chinese under <a href="/w/index.php?title=Cabdan-jab&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Cabdan-jab (page does not exist)">Prince Cabdan-jab</a> defeated Amursana at the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Battle_of_Khorgos&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Battle of Khorgos (page does not exist)">Battle of Khorgos</a> (known in the Qianlong engravings as the "Victory of Khorgos"). At Mount Khurungui, Zhaohui defeated Amursana in a night attack on his camp after crossing a river and drove him back. To commemorate Zhaohui's two victories, Qianlong had the <a href="/wiki/Puning_Temple_(Hebei)" title="Puning Temple (Hebei)">Puning Temple</a> of <a href="/wiki/Chengde" title="Chengde">Chengde</a> constructed, home to the world's tallest wooden sculpture of the <a href="/wiki/Bodhisattva" title="Bodhisattva">bodhisattva</a> <a href="/wiki/Avalokite%C5%9Bvara" title="Avalokiteśvara">Avalokiteśvara</a> and hence its alternate name, the 'Big Buddha Temple'. Afterwards, <a href="/wiki/Khojis" title="Khojis">Khojis</a> of <a href="/wiki/Us-Turfan" class="mw-redirect" title="Us-Turfan">Us-Turfan</a> submitted to the Qing Empire. After all of these battles, Amursana fled to Russia (where he died) while Chingünjav fled north to Darkhad but was captured at <a href="/w/index.php?title=Wang_Tolgoi&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Wang Tolgoi (page does not exist)">Wang Tolgoi</a> and executed in Beijing. </p> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-traditional center"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 215px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 210px; height: 140px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Receiving_the_surrender_of_the_Yili.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Zhaohui receives the surrender of Dawachi at Ili, 1755. Painting by Jesuit painter at the Qing court, Ignatius Sichelbart."><img alt="Zhaohui receives the surrender of Dawachi at Ili, 1755. Painting by Jesuit painter at the Qing court, Ignatius Sichelbart." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f7/Receiving_the_surrender_of_the_Yili.jpg/180px-Receiving_the_surrender_of_the_Yili.jpg" decoding="async" width="180" height="109" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f7/Receiving_the_surrender_of_the_Yili.jpg/270px-Receiving_the_surrender_of_the_Yili.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f7/Receiving_the_surrender_of_the_Yili.jpg/360px-Receiving_the_surrender_of_the_Yili.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1038" data-file-height="627" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Zhaohui receives the surrender of Dawachi at Ili, 1755. Painting by Jesuit painter at the Qing court, <a href="/wiki/Ignatius_Sichelbart" title="Ignatius Sichelbart">Ignatius Sichelbart</a>.</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 215px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 210px; height: 140px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Storming_of_the_Camp_at_Gadan-Ola.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title=""Storming of the Camp at Gädän-Ola", a scroll depicting a raid in 1755 in which the Kalmuk Ayusi, having gone to the Chinese side, attacks Dawa achi's camp on Mount Gadan. Painting by Giuseppe Castiglione."><img alt=""Storming of the Camp at Gädän-Ola", a scroll depicting a raid in 1755 in which the Kalmuk Ayusi, having gone to the Chinese side, attacks Dawa achi's camp on Mount Gadan. Painting by Giuseppe Castiglione." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b2/Storming_of_the_Camp_at_Gadan-Ola.jpg/180px-Storming_of_the_Camp_at_Gadan-Ola.jpg" decoding="async" width="180" height="109" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b2/Storming_of_the_Camp_at_Gadan-Ola.jpg/270px-Storming_of_the_Camp_at_Gadan-Ola.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b2/Storming_of_the_Camp_at_Gadan-Ola.jpg/360px-Storming_of_the_Camp_at_Gadan-Ola.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1035" data-file-height="626" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">"Storming of the Camp at Gädän-Ola", a scroll depicting a raid in 1755 in which the Kalmuk Ayusi, having gone to the Chinese side, attacks Dawa achi's camp on Mount Gadan. Painting by <a href="/wiki/Giuseppe_Castiglione_(Jesuit_painter)" title="Giuseppe Castiglione (Jesuit painter)">Giuseppe Castiglione</a>.</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 215px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 210px; height: 140px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Battle_of_Oroi-Jalatu.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="The Battle of Oroi-Jalatu, 1756. Chinese general Zhao Hui attacked the Zunghars at night in present Wusu, Xinjiang. Painting by Giuseppe Castiglione."><img alt="The Battle of Oroi-Jalatu, 1756. Chinese general Zhao Hui attacked the Zunghars at night in present Wusu, Xinjiang. Painting by Giuseppe Castiglione." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/Battle_of_Oroi-Jalatu.jpg/180px-Battle_of_Oroi-Jalatu.jpg" decoding="async" width="180" height="110" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/Battle_of_Oroi-Jalatu.jpg/270px-Battle_of_Oroi-Jalatu.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/Battle_of_Oroi-Jalatu.jpg/360px-Battle_of_Oroi-Jalatu.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2000" data-file-height="1217" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">The Battle of Oroi-Jalatu, 1756. Chinese general Zhao Hui attacked the Zunghars at night in present Wusu, Xinjiang. Painting by Giuseppe Castiglione.</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 215px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 210px; height: 140px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:The_Victory_of_Khorgos1.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title=""The Victory of Khorgos". The partisans of Amursana were defeated in 1758 by Prince Cäbdan-jab. Painting by Jean Denis Attiret.[35]"><img alt=""The Victory of Khorgos". The partisans of Amursana were defeated in 1758 by Prince Cäbdan-jab. Painting by Jean Denis Attiret.[35]" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/04/The_Victory_of_Khorgos1.jpg/180px-The_Victory_of_Khorgos1.jpg" decoding="async" width="180" height="110" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/04/The_Victory_of_Khorgos1.jpg/270px-The_Victory_of_Khorgos1.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/04/The_Victory_of_Khorgos1.jpg/360px-The_Victory_of_Khorgos1.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1600" data-file-height="974" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">"The Victory of Khorgos". The partisans of Amursana were defeated in 1758 by Prince Cäbdan-jab. Painting by <a href="/wiki/Jean_Denis_Attiret" title="Jean Denis Attiret">Jean Denis Attiret</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 215px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 210px; height: 140px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Battle_of_Khurungui.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Battle of Khurungui, 1758. General Zhao Hui ambushes and defeats the Zungarian forces of Amoursana on Mount Khurungui (near Almaty, Kazakhstan). Painted by Jean-Damascène Sallusti."><img alt="Battle of Khurungui, 1758. General Zhao Hui ambushes and defeats the Zungarian forces of Amoursana on Mount Khurungui (near Almaty, Kazakhstan). Painted by Jean-Damascène Sallusti." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/29/Battle_of_Khurungui.jpg/180px-Battle_of_Khurungui.jpg" decoding="async" width="180" height="109" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/29/Battle_of_Khurungui.jpg/270px-Battle_of_Khurungui.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/29/Battle_of_Khurungui.jpg/360px-Battle_of_Khurungui.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2000" data-file-height="1216" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Battle of Khurungui, 1758. General Zhao Hui ambushes and defeats the Zungarian forces of Amoursana on Mount Khurungui (near Almaty, Kazakhstan). Painted by <a href="/wiki/Jean-Damasc%C3%A8ne_Sallusti" title="Jean-Damascène Sallusti">Jean-Damascène Sallusti</a>.</div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Dzungar%E2%80%93Qing_Wars&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dzungar_genocide" title="Dzungar genocide">Dzungar genocide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ten_Great_Campaigns" title="Ten Great Campaigns">Ten Great Campaigns</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Galdan_Boshugtu_Khan" title="Galdan Boshugtu Khan">Galdan Boshugtu Khan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qing_dynasty_in_Inner_Asia" title="Qing dynasty in Inner Asia">Qing dynasty in Inner Asia</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mongolia_under_Qing_rule" title="Mongolia under Qing rule">Mongolia under Qing rule</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tibet_under_Qing_rule" title="Tibet under Qing rule">Tibet under Qing rule</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xinjiang_under_Qing_rule" title="Xinjiang under Qing rule">Xinjiang under Qing rule</a></li></ul></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Dzungar%E2%80%93Qing_Wars&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1 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class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRubie_Sharon_Watson1991" class="citation book cs1">Rubie Sharon Watson (1991). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=gAIcwz3V_JsC&pg=PA179"><i>Marriage and Inequality in Chinese Society</i></a>. University of California Press. pp. 179–. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-520-07124-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-520-07124-7"><bdi>978-0-520-07124-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Marriage+and+Inequality+in+Chinese+Society&rft.pages=179-&rft.pub=University+of+California+Press&rft.date=1991&rft.isbn=978-0-520-07124-7&rft.au=Rubie+Sharon+Watson&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DgAIcwz3V_JsC%26pg%3DPA179&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADzungar%E2%80%93Qing+Wars" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230411035242/https://lishi.zhuixue.net/renwu/kangxi/27507.html">"昭莫多之战：康熙亲征获胜，噶尔丹服毒自杀_中国历史网"</a>. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">May 1,</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=%E6%98%AD%E8%8E%AB%E5%A4%9A%E4%B9%8B%E6%88%98%EF%BC%9A%E5%BA%B7%E7%86%99%E4%BA%B2%E5%BE%81%E8%8E%B7%E8%83%9C%EF%BC%8C%E5%99%B6%E5%B0%94%E4%B8%B9%E6%9C%8D%E6%AF%92%E8%87%AA%E6%9D%80_%E4%B8%AD%E5%9B%BD%E5%8E%86%E5%8F%B2%E7%BD%91&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Flishi.zhuixue.net%2Frenwu%2Fkangxi%2F27507.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADzungar%E2%80%93Qing+Wars" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170822052701/http://www.8wxs.com/article.asp?id=777316">"Archived copy"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.8wxs.com/article.asp?id=777316">the original</a> on August 22, 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">May 1,</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Archived+copy&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.8wxs.com%2Farticle.asp%3Fid%3D777316&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADzungar%E2%80%93Qing+Wars" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_web" title="Template:Cite web">cite web</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_archived_copy_as_title" title="Category:CS1 maint: archived copy as title">link</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Tyler2003-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Tyler2003_5-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChristian_Tyler2003" class="citation book cs1">Christian Tyler (2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=bEzNwgtiVQ0C&pg=PA54"><i>Wild West China: The Taming of Xinjiang</i></a>. Rutgers University Press. pp. 54–. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8135-3533-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8135-3533-3"><bdi>978-0-8135-3533-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Wild+West+China%3A+The+Taming+of+Xinjiang&rft.pages=54-&rft.pub=Rutgers+University+Press&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=978-0-8135-3533-3&rft.au=Christian+Tyler&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DbEzNwgtiVQ0C%26pg%3DPA54&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADzungar%E2%80%93Qing+Wars" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Peter C. 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UNESCO. pp. 197–. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-92-3-103876-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-92-3-103876-1"><bdi>978-92-3-103876-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=History+of+Civilizations+of+Central+Asia%3A+Development+in+Contrast%3A+From+the+Sixteenth+to+the+Mid-Nineteenth+Century&rft.pages=197-&rft.pub=UNESCO&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=978-92-3-103876-1&rft.au=Ahmad+Hasan+Dani&rft.au=Vadim+Mikha%C4%ADlovich+Masson&rft.au=Unesco&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DAzG5llo3YCMC%26q%3DMasson%2Bdzungars%2BUighurs%26pg%3DPA197&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADzungar%E2%80%93Qing+Wars" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDaniMassonUnesco2003" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-long-vol">Dani, Ahmad Hasan; Masson, Vadim Mikhaĭlovich; Unesco, eds. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">April 22,</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=History+of+Civilizations+of+Central+Asia%3A+Development+in+Contrast%3A+From+the+Sixteenth+to+the+Mid-Nineteenth+Century&rft.series=Multiple+history+series&rft.pages=192&rft.edition=illustrated&rft.pub=UNESCO&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=9231038761&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DAzG5llo3YCMC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADzungar%E2%80%93Qing+Wars" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=8FVsWq31MtMC&pg=PA89">Millward 2007</a>, p. 89.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHaines2017" class="citation journal cs1">Haines, Spencer (2017). 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Perdue, China Marches West:The Qing Conquest of Central Asia,148- 189</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHaines2016" class="citation journal cs1">Haines, R Spencer (2016). "The Physical Remains of the Zunghar Legacy in Central Eurasia: Some Notes from the Field". <i>Paper Presented at the Social and Environmental Changes on the Mongolian Plateau Workshop, Canberra, ACT, Australia</i>. The Australian National University.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Paper+Presented+at+the+Social+and+Environmental+Changes+on+the+Mongolian+Plateau+Workshop%2C+Canberra%2C+ACT%2C+Australia&rft.atitle=The+Physical+Remains+of+the+Zunghar+Legacy+in+Central+Eurasia%3A+Some+Notes+from+the+Field&rft.date=2016&rft.aulast=Haines&rft.aufirst=R+Spencer&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADzungar%E2%80%93Qing+Wars" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">René Grousset, <i>The Empire of the Steppes</i>, New Brunswick 1970, p. 522</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Mullin288-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Mullin288_26-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Mullin 2001, p. 288</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Mullin290-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Mullin290_27-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Mullin 2001, p. 290</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Smith125-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Smith125_28-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Smith 1997, p. 125</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-yue1-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-yue1_29-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-yue1_29-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPeter_C_Perdue2009" class="citation book cs1">Peter C Perdue (June 30, 2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=J4L-_cjmSqoC&pg=PA253"><i>China Marches West: The Qing Conquest of Central Eurasia</i></a>. Harvard University Press. pp. 253–. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-674-04202-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-674-04202-5"><bdi>978-0-674-04202-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=China+Marches+West%3A+The+Qing+Conquest+of+Central+Eurasia&rft.pages=253-&rft.pub=Harvard+University+Press&rft.date=2009-06-30&rft.isbn=978-0-674-04202-5&rft.au=Peter+C+Perdue&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DJ4L-_cjmSqoC%26pg%3DPA253&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADzungar%E2%80%93Qing+Wars" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-yue2-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-yue2_30-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-yue2_30-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPeter_C_Perdue2009" class="citation book cs1">Peter C Perdue (June 30, 2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=J4L-_cjmSqoC&pg=PA331"><i>China Marches West: The Qing Conquest of Central Eurasia</i></a>. Harvard University Press. pp. 331–332. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-674-04202-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-674-04202-5"><bdi>978-0-674-04202-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=China+Marches+West%3A+The+Qing+Conquest+of+Central+Eurasia&rft.pages=331-332&rft.pub=Harvard+University+Press&rft.date=2009-06-30&rft.isbn=978-0-674-04202-5&rft.au=Peter+C+Perdue&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DJ4L-_cjmSqoC%26pg%3DPA331&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADzungar%E2%80%93Qing+Wars" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGregory2015" class="citation thesis cs1">Gregory, Eugene John (2015). <i>Desertion and the Militarization of Qing Legal Culture</i> (PhD thesis). Georgetown University. p. 160. <a href="/wiki/Hdl_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Hdl (identifier)">hdl</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://hdl.handle.net/10822%2F761498">10822/761498</a></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Adissertation&rft.title=Desertion+and+the+Militarization+of+Qing+Legal+Culture&rft.degree=PhD&rft.inst=Georgetown+University&rft.date=2015&rft_id=info%3Ahdl%2F10822%2F761498&rft.aulast=Gregory&rft.aufirst=Eugene+John&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADzungar%E2%80%93Qing+Wars" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPerdue2009" class="citation book cs1">Perdue, Peter C (2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=J4L-_cjmSqoC&pg=PA191"><i>China Marches West: The Qing Conquest of Central Eurasia</i></a> (reprint ed.). Harvard University Press. pp. 191, 192. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0674042025" title="Special:BookSources/978-0674042025"><bdi>978-0674042025</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=China+Marches+West%3A+The+Qing+Conquest+of+Central+Eurasia&rft.pages=191%2C+192&rft.edition=reprint&rft.pub=Harvard+University+Press&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-0674042025&rft.aulast=Perdue&rft.aufirst=Peter+C&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DJ4L-_cjmSqoC%26pg%3DPA191&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADzungar%E2%80%93Qing+Wars" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFArthur_W._Hummel_Sr.2017" class="citation book cs1">Arthur W. Hummel Sr. (2017). <i>Eminent Chinese of the Qing Period</i>. Berkshire Publishing Group. p. 601. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781614728498" title="Special:BookSources/9781614728498"><bdi>9781614728498</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Eminent+Chinese+of+the+Qing+Period&rft.pages=601&rft.pub=Berkshire+Publishing+Group&rft.date=2017&rft.isbn=9781614728498&rft.au=Arthur+W.+Hummel+Sr.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADzungar%E2%80%93Qing+Wars" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGregory2015" class="citation thesis cs1">Gregory, Eugene John (2015). <i>Desertion and the Militarization of Qing Legal Culture</i> (PhD thesis). Georgetown University. p. 204. <a href="/wiki/Hdl_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Hdl (identifier)">hdl</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://hdl.handle.net/10822%2F761498">10822/761498</a></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Adissertation&rft.title=Desertion+and+the+Militarization+of+Qing+Legal+Culture&rft.degree=PhD&rft.inst=Georgetown+University&rft.date=2015&rft_id=info%3Ahdl%2F10822%2F761498&rft.aulast=Gregory&rft.aufirst=Eugene+John&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADzungar%E2%80%93Qing+Wars" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-35">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChuDing2015" class="citation book cs1">Chu, Petra ten-Doesschate; Ding, Ning (October 1, 2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=zWqmCgAAQBAJ&pg=PA129"><i>Qing Encounters: Artistic Exchanges between China and the West</i></a>. Getty Publications. p. 129. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-60606-457-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-60606-457-3"><bdi>978-1-60606-457-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Qing+Encounters%3A+Artistic+Exchanges+between+China+and+the+West&rft.pages=129&rft.pub=Getty+Publications&rft.date=2015-10-01&rft.isbn=978-1-60606-457-3&rft.aulast=Chu&rft.aufirst=Petra+ten-Doesschate&rft.au=Ding%2C+Ning&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DzWqmCgAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA129&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADzungar%E2%80%93Qing+Wars" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <p><br /> </p> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Qing_dynasty_topics" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Qing_dynasty_topics" title="Template:Qing dynasty topics"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Qing_dynasty_topics" title="Template talk:Qing dynasty topics"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Qing_dynasty_topics" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Qing dynasty topics"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Qing_dynasty_topics" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Qing_dynasty" title="Qing dynasty">Qing dynasty</a> topics</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: center;"><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Qing_dynasty" title="History of the Qing dynasty">History</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: center;">Early <div style="float: right;"><span style="font-size:85%;">(1616–1683)</span></div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jurchen_unification" title="Jurchen unification">Jurchen unification</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Later_Jin_(1616%E2%80%931636)" title="Later Jin (1616–1636)">Later Jin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seven_Grievances" title="Seven Grievances">Seven Grievances</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Later_Jin_invasion_of_Joseon" title="Later Jin invasion of Joseon">Later Jin invasion of Joseon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qing_invasion_of_Joseon" title="Qing invasion of Joseon">Qing invasion of Joseon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transition_from_Ming_to_Qing" title="Transition from Ming to Qing">Transition from Ming to Qing</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Shanhai_Pass" title="Battle of Shanhai Pass">Battle of Shanhai Pass</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Clearance" title="Great Clearance">Great Clearance</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Penghu" title="Battle of Penghu">Battle of Penghu</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Revolt_of_the_Three_Feudatories" title="Revolt of the Three Feudatories">Revolt of the Three Feudatories</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: center;"><a href="/wiki/High_Qing_era" title="High Qing era">High Qing</a> <div style="float: right;"><span style="font-size:85%;">(1683–1799)</span></div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sino-Russian_border_conflicts" title="Sino-Russian border conflicts">Sino-Russian border conflicts</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Dzungar–Qing Wars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_expedition_to_Tibet_(1720)" title="Chinese expedition to Tibet (1720)">Chinese expedition to Tibet (1720)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_Rites_controversy" title="Chinese Rites controversy">Chinese Rites controversy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ten_Great_Campaigns" title="Ten Great Campaigns">Ten Great Campaigns</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Miao_Rebellion_(1735%E2%80%931736)" title="Miao Rebellion (1735–1736)">Miao Rebellion (1735–1736)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lhasa_riot_of_1750" title="Lhasa riot of 1750">Lhasa riot of 1750</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Revolt_of_the_Altishahr_Khojas" title="Revolt of the Altishahr Khojas">Revolt of the Altishahr Khojas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Afaqi_Khoja_revolts" title="Afaqi Khoja revolts">Afaqi Khoja revolts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sino-Burmese_War" title="Sino-Burmese War">Sino-Burmese War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lin_Shuangwen_rebellion" title="Lin Shuangwen rebellion">Lin Shuangwen rebellion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Ng%E1%BB%8Dc_H%E1%BB%93i-%C4%90%E1%BB%91ng_%C4%90a" title="Battle of Ngọc Hồi-Đống Đa">Battle of Ngọc Hồi-Đống Đa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sino-Nepalese_War" title="Sino-Nepalese War">Sino-Nepalese War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Miao_Rebellion_(1795%E2%80%931806)" title="Miao Rebellion (1795–1806)">Miao Rebellion (1795–1806)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/White_Lotus_Rebellion" title="White Lotus Rebellion">White Lotus Rebellion</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: center;">19th century <div style="float: right;"><span style="font-size:85%;">(1801–1900)</span></div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Eight_Trigrams_uprising_of_1813" title="Eight Trigrams uprising of 1813">Eight Trigrams uprising of 1813</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Opium_War" title="First Opium War">First Opium War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dogra%E2%80%93Tibetan_war" title="Dogra–Tibetan war">Dogra–Tibetan war (Sino-Sikh war)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taiping_Rebellion" title="Taiping Rebellion">Taiping Rebellion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nian_Rebellion" title="Nian Rebellion">Nian Rebellion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Red_Turban_Rebellion_(1854%E2%80%931856)" title="Red Turban Rebellion (1854–1856)">Red Turban Rebellion (1854–1856)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Small_Swords_Society" title="Small Swords Society">Small Swords Society</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Miao_Rebellion_(1854%E2%80%931873)" title="Miao Rebellion (1854–1873)">Miao Rebellion (1854–1873)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nepal%E2%80%93Tibet_War_(1855%E2%80%931856)" title="Nepal–Tibet War (1855–1856)">Nepal–Tibet War (1855–1856)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Panthay_Rebellion" title="Panthay Rebellion">Panthay Rebellion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Opium_War" title="Second Opium War">Second Opium War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Punti%E2%80%93Hakka_Clan_Wars" title="Punti–Hakka Clan Wars">Punti–Hakka Clan Wars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amur_Annexation" title="Amur Annexation">Amur Annexation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Self-Strengthening_Movement" title="Self-Strengthening Movement">Self-Strengthening Movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tongzhi_Restoration" title="Tongzhi Restoration">Tongzhi Restoration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dungan_Revolt_(1862%E2%80%931877)" title="Dungan Revolt (1862–1877)">Dungan Revolt (1862–1877)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mudan_incident" title="Mudan incident">Mudan incident</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tianjin_Massacre" title="Tianjin Massacre">Tianjin Massacre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Margary_Affair" title="Margary Affair">Margary Affair</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_invasion_of_Taiwan_(1874)" title="Japanese invasion of Taiwan (1874)">Japanese invasion of Taiwan (1874)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northern_Chinese_Famine_of_1876%E2%80%931879" title="Northern Chinese Famine of 1876–1879">Northern Chinese Famine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qing_reconquest_of_Xinjiang" title="Qing reconquest of Xinjiang">Qing reconquest of Xinjiang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sino-French_War" title="Sino-French War">Sino-French War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sikkim_expedition" title="Sikkim expedition">Sikkim expedition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jindandao_incident" title="Jindandao incident">Jindandao incident</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Sino-Japanese_War" title="First Sino-Japanese War">First Sino-Japanese War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gongche_Shangshu_movement" title="Gongche Shangshu movement">Gongche Shangshu movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dungan_Revolt_(1895%E2%80%931896)" title="Dungan Revolt (1895–1896)">Dungan Revolt (1895–1896)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hundred_Days%27_Reform" title="Hundred Days' Reform">Hundred Days' Reform</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Third_plague_pandemic" title="Third plague pandemic">Third plague pandemic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boxer_Rebellion" title="Boxer Rebellion">Boxer Rebellion</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Red_Lanterns_(Boxer_Uprising)" title="Red Lanterns (Boxer Uprising)">Red Lanterns</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eight-Nation_Alliance" title="Eight-Nation Alliance">Eight-Nation Alliance</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Imperial_decree_of_declaration_of_war_against_foreign_powers" title="Imperial decree of declaration of war against foreign powers">Declaration of war</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: center;">20th century <div style="float: right;"><span style="font-size:85%;">(1901–1912)</span></div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Late_Qing_reforms" title="Late Qing reforms">Late Qing reforms</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_expedition_to_Tibet" title="British expedition to Tibet">British expedition to Tibet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Batang_uprising" title="Batang uprising">1905 Batang uprising</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Preparative_Constitutionalism" title="Preparative Constitutionalism">Preparative Constitutionalism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1909_Chinese_parliamentary_election" title="1909 Chinese parliamentary election">1909 Parliamentary election</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1909_Chinese_provincial_elections" title="1909 Chinese provincial elections">1909 Provincial Assembly elections</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_expedition_to_Tibet_(1910)" title="Chinese expedition to Tibet (1910)">Chinese expedition to Tibet (1910)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manchurian_plague" title="Manchurian plague">Manchurian plague</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Railway_Protection_Movement" title="Railway Protection Movement">Railway Protection Movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1911_Revolution" title="1911 Revolution">1911 Revolution</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Wuchang_Uprising" title="Wuchang Uprising">Wuchang Uprising</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xinhai_Lhasa_turmoil" title="Xinhai Lhasa turmoil">Xinhai Lhasa turmoil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mongolian_Revolution_of_1911" title="Mongolian Revolution of 1911">Mongolian Revolution of 1911</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1911_Revolution_in_Xinjiang" title="1911 Revolution in Xinjiang">1911 Revolution in Xinjiang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Imperial_Edict_of_the_Abdication_of_the_Qing_Emperor" title="Imperial Edict of the Abdication of the Qing Emperor">Imperial Edict of the Abdication of Puyi</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Articles_of_Favourable_Treatment_of_the_Great_Qing_Emperor_after_His_Abdication" title="Articles of Favourable Treatment of the Great Qing Emperor after His Abdication">Articles of Favourable Treatment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manchu_Restoration" title="Manchu Restoration">Manchu Restoration</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: center;"><a href="/wiki/Government_of_the_Qing_dynasty" title="Government of the Qing dynasty">Government</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Emperor_of_China" title="Emperor of China">Emperor</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_emperors_of_the_Qing_dynasty" title="List of emperors of the Qing dynasty">List</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_emperors_family_tree_(late)#Qing_dynasty" class="mw-redirect" title="Chinese emperors family tree (late)">Family tree</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Advisory_Council_(Qing_dynasty)" title="Advisory Council (Qing dynasty)">Advisory Council</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amban" title="Amban">Amban</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Consultative_Bureau" class="mw-redirect" title="Consultative Bureau">Consultative Bureau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cup_of_Solid_Gold" title="Cup of Solid Gold">Cup of Solid Gold</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dates_of_establishment_of_diplomatic_relations_with_the_Qing_dynasty" title="Dates of establishment of diplomatic relations with the Qing dynasty">Dates of establishment of diplomatic relations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Da-Qing_Bank" title="Da-Qing Bank">Da-Qing Bank</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deliberative_Council_of_Princes_and_Ministers" title="Deliberative Council of Princes and Ministers">Deliberative Council</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_diplomatic_missions_of_the_Qing_dynasty" title="List of diplomatic missions of the Qing dynasty">Diplomatic missions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flag_of_the_Qing_dynasty" title="Flag of the Qing dynasty">Flag of the Qing dynasty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grand_Council_(Qing_dynasty)" title="Grand Council (Qing dynasty)">Grand Council</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Qing_Legal_Code" title="Great Qing Legal Code">Great Qing Legal Code</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Imperial_Clan_Court" title="Imperial Clan Court">Imperial Clan Court</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Imperial_Commissioner_(China)" title="Imperial Commissioner (China)">Imperial Commissioner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Imperial_Household_Department" title="Imperial Household Department">Imperial Household Department</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lifan_Yuan" title="Lifan Yuan">Lifan Yuan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Posts_and_Communications" title="Ministry of Posts and Communications">Ministry of Posts and Communications</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nine_Gates_Infantry_Commander" title="Nine Gates Infantry Commander">Nine Gates Infantry Commander</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grand_coordinator_and_provincial_governor" title="Grand coordinator and provincial governor">Provincial governor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Provincial_military_commander" title="Provincial military commander">Provincial military commander</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Principles_of_the_Constitution_(1908)" class="mw-redirect" title="Principles of the Constitution (1908)">Principles of the Constitution (1908)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Royal_and_noble_ranks_of_the_Qing_dynasty" title="Royal and noble ranks of the Qing dynasty">Royal and noble ranks of the Qing dynasty</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ejen" title="Ejen">Ejen</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Administrative_divisions_of_the_Qing_dynasty" title="Administrative divisions of the Qing dynasty">Administrative divisions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Viceroys_in_China" title="Viceroys in China">Viceroys</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Viceroy_of_Zhili" title="Viceroy of Zhili">Zhili</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Viceroy_of_Shaan-Gan" title="Viceroy of Shaan-Gan">Shaan-Gan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Viceroy_of_Liangjiang" title="Viceroy of Liangjiang">Liangjiang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Viceroy_of_Huguang" title="Viceroy of Huguang">Huguang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Viceroy_of_Sichuan" title="Viceroy of Sichuan">Sichuan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Viceroy_of_Min-Zhe" title="Viceroy of Min-Zhe">Min-Zhe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Viceroy_of_Liangguang" title="Viceroy of Liangguang">Liangguang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Viceroy_of_Yun-Gui" title="Viceroy of Yun-Gui">Yun-Gui</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Viceroy_of_the_Three_Eastern_Provinces" title="Viceroy of the Three Eastern Provinces">Three Eastern Provinces</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zongli_Yamen" title="Zongli Yamen">Zongli Yamen</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: center;"><a href="/wiki/Military_of_the_Qing_dynasty" title="Military of the Qing dynasty">Military</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Beiyang_Army" title="Beiyang Army">Beiyang Army</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eight_Banners" title="Eight Banners">Eight Banners</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ever_Victorious_Army" title="Ever Victorious Army">Ever Victorious Army</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Green_Standard_Army" title="Green Standard Army">Green Standard Army</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Imperial_Guards_(Qing_dynasty)" title="Imperial Guards (Qing dynasty)">Imperial Guards</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Firearm_Battalion" title="Firearm Battalion">Firearm Battalion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peking_Field_Force" title="Peking Field Force">Peking Field Force</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Army" title="New Army">New Army</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hushenying" title="Hushenying">Hushenying</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shuishiying" title="Shuishiying">Shuishiying</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wuwei_Corps" title="Wuwei Corps">Wuwei Corps</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yong_Ying" title="Yong Ying">Yong Ying</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chu_Army" title="Chu Army">Chu Army</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Huai_Army" title="Huai Army">Huai Army</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xiang_Army" title="Xiang Army">Xiang Army</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Imperial_Chinese_Navy" title="Imperial Chinese Navy">Navy</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: center;">Special regions</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Qing_dynasty_in_Inner_Asia" title="Qing dynasty in Inner Asia">Inner Asia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manchuria_under_Qing_rule" title="Manchuria under Qing rule">Manchuria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mongolia_under_Qing_rule" title="Mongolia under Qing rule">Mongolia</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Administrative_divisions_of_Mongolia_during_Qing" title="Administrative divisions of Mongolia during Qing">Administrative divisions</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tibet_under_Qing_rule" title="Tibet under Qing rule">Tibet</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Golden_Urn" title="Golden Urn">Golden Urn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Qing_ambans_in_Tibet" title="List of Qing ambans in Tibet">List of ambans</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xinjiang_under_Qing_rule" title="Xinjiang under Qing rule">Xinjiang</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_Xinjiang_under_Qing_rule" title="Timeline of Xinjiang under Qing rule">Timeline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/General_of_Ili" title="General of Ili">General of Ili</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taiwan_under_Qing_rule" title="Taiwan under Qing rule">Taiwan</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Guest_House_of_Imperial_Envoys" title="Guest House of Imperial Envoys">Guest House of Imperial Envoys</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: center;">Palaces &<br />mausoleums</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chengde_Mountain_Resort" title="Chengde Mountain Resort">Chengde Mountain Resort</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Forbidden_City" title="Forbidden City">Forbidden City</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hetu_Ala" title="Hetu Ala">Hetu Ala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mukden_Palace" title="Mukden Palace">Mukden Palace</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Old_Summer_Palace" title="Old Summer Palace">Old Summer Palace</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Summer_Palace" title="Summer Palace">Summer Palace</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Qing_tombs" title="Eastern Qing tombs">Eastern Qing tombs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_Qing_tombs" title="Western Qing tombs">Western Qing tombs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fuling_Mausoleum" title="Fuling Mausoleum">Fuling Mausoleum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zhao_Mausoleum_(Qing_dynasty)" title="Zhao Mausoleum (Qing dynasty)">Zhao Mausoleum (Qing dynasty)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Imperial_Tombs_of_the_Ming_and_Qing_Dynasties" title="Imperial Tombs of the Ming and Qing Dynasties">Imperial Tombs of the Ming and Qing Dynasties</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: center;">Society &<br />culture</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Booi_Aha" title="Booi Aha">Booi Aha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Changzhou_School_of_Thought" title="Changzhou School of Thought">Changzhou School of Thought</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Complete_Classics_Collection_of_Ancient_China" title="Complete Classics Collection of Ancient China">Complete Classics Collection of Ancient China</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dibao" title="Dibao">Dibao</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_the_Qing_dynasty" title="Economy of the Qing dynasty">Economy</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Criticism_of_Qing_dynasty%27s_economic_performance" title="Criticism of Qing dynasty's economic performance">performance criticism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Four_Wangs" title="Four Wangs">Four Wangs</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/History_of_Ming" title="History of Ming">History of Ming</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Kangxi_Dictionary" title="Kangxi Dictionary">Kangxi Dictionary</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kaozheng" title="Kaozheng">Kaozheng</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Literary_inquisition" title="Literary inquisition">Literary inquisition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manchu_Han_Imperial_Feast" class="mw-redirect" title="Manchu Han Imperial Feast">Manchu Han Imperial Feast</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Peiwen_Yunfu" title="Peiwen Yunfu">Peiwen Yunfu</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Pentaglot_Dictionary" title="Pentaglot Dictionary">Pentaglot Dictionary</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qing_official_headwear" title="Qing official headwear">Qing official headwear</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qing_poetry" title="Qing poetry">Qing poetry</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Complete_Tang_Poems" title="Complete Tang Poems">Complete Tang Poems</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Queue_(hairstyle)" title="Queue (hairstyle)">Queue</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Researches_on_Manchu_Origins" title="Researches on Manchu Origins">Researches on Manchu Origins</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sacred_Edict_of_the_Kangxi_Emperor" title="Sacred Edict of the Kangxi Emperor">Sacred Edict of the Kangxi Emperor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shamanism_during_the_Qing_dynasty" title="Shamanism during the Qing dynasty">Shamanism during the Qing dynasty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_during_the_Qing_dynasty" title="Islam during the Qing dynasty">Islam during the Qing dynasty</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Siku_Quanshu" title="Siku Quanshu">Complete Library of the Four Treasuries</a></i> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Siku_Quanshu_Zongmu_Tiyao" title="Siku Quanshu Zongmu Tiyao">Annotated Bibliography</a></i></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: center;"><a href="/wiki/List_of_treaties_of_China_before_the_People%27s_Republic#Qing_dynasty" title="List of treaties of China before the People's Republic">Treaties</a><br /></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Kyakhta_(1727)" title="Treaty of Kyakhta (1727)">Treaty of Kyakhta (1727)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Nerchinsk" title="Treaty of Nerchinsk">Treaty of Nerchinsk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unequal_treaties" title="Unequal treaties">Unequal treaties</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Boxer_Protocol" title="Boxer Protocol">Boxer Protocol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Burlingame_Treaty" title="Burlingame Treaty">Burlingame Treaty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chefoo_Convention" title="Chefoo Convention">Chefoo Convention</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Convention_Between_Great_Britain_and_China_Respecting_Tibet" title="Convention Between Great Britain and China Respecting Tibet">Convention Between Great Britain and China Respecting Tibet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Convention_for_the_Extension_of_Hong_Kong_Territory" title="Convention for the Extension of Hong Kong Territory">Convention for the Extension of Hong Kong Territory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Convention_of_Peking" title="Convention of Peking">Convention of Peking</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Convention_of_Tientsin" title="Convention of Tientsin">Convention of Tientsin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Li%E2%80%93Lobanov_Treaty" title="Li–Lobanov Treaty">Li–Lobanov Treaty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sino-Portuguese_Treaty_of_Peking" title="Sino-Portuguese Treaty of Peking">Sino-Portuguese Treaty of Peking</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Aigun" title="Treaty of Aigun">Treaty of Aigun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_the_Bogue" title="Treaty of the Bogue">Treaty of the Bogue</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Canton" title="Treaty of Canton">Treaty of Canton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Kulja" title="Treaty of Kulja">Treaty of Kulja</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Nanking" title="Treaty of Nanking">Treaty of Nanking</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Saint_Petersburg_(1881)" title="Treaty of Saint Petersburg (1881)">Treaty of Saint Petersburg (1881)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Shimonoseki" title="Treaty of Shimonoseki">Treaty of Shimonoseki</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Tarbagatai" title="Treaty of Tarbagatai">Treaty of Tarbagatai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Tientsin" title="Treaty of Tientsin">Treaty of Tientsin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Wanghia" title="Treaty of Wanghia">Treaty of Wanghia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Whampoa" title="Treaty of Whampoa">Treaty of Whampoa</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: center;">Currency</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: center;"><a href="/wiki/Qing_dynasty_coinage" title="Qing dynasty coinage">Coinage</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Zhiqian" title="Zhiqian">Zhiqian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kangxi_Tongbao" title="Kangxi Tongbao">Kangxi Tongbao</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qianlong_Tongbao" title="Qianlong Tongbao">Qianlong Tongbao</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hongqian" title="Hongqian">Hongqian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Qing_Copper_Coin" title="Great Qing Copper Coin">Great Qing Copper Coin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Qing_Gold_Coin" title="Great Qing Gold Coin">Great Qing Gold Coin</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: center;"><a href="/wiki/Paper_money_of_the_Qing_dynasty" title="Paper money of the Qing dynasty">Paper money</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Great_Qing_Treasure_Note" title="Great Qing Treasure Note">Great Qing Treasure Note</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hubu_Guanpiao" title="Hubu Guanpiao">Hubu Guanpiao</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Banknotes_of_the_Da_Qing_Bank" title="Banknotes of the Da Qing Bank">Banknotes of the Da Qing Bank</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: center;">Other topics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aisin_Gioro" class="mw-redirect" title="Aisin Gioro">Aisin Gioro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Qing_sentiment" title="Anti-Qing sentiment">Anti-Qing sentiment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canton_System" title="Canton System">Canton System</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chuang_Guandong" title="Chuang Guandong">Chuang Guandong</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Draft_History_of_Qing" title="Draft History of Qing">Draft History of Qing</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/History_of_Qing_(People%27s_Republic)" title="History of Qing (People's Republic)">History of Qing (People's Republic)</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Imperial_hunt_of_the_Qing_dynasty" title="Imperial hunt of the Qing dynasty">Imperial hunt of the Qing dynasty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Legacy_of_the_Qing_dynasty" title="Legacy of the Qing dynasty">Legacy of the Qing dynasty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manchu_people" title="Manchu people">Manchu people</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Names_of_the_Qing_dynasty" title="Names of the Qing dynasty">Names of the Qing dynasty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Qing_History" title="New Qing History">New Qing History</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_late_anti-Qing_rebellions" title="Timeline of late anti-Qing rebellions">Timeline of late anti-Qing rebellions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_ports" title="Treaty ports">Treaty ports</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Willow_Palisade" title="Willow Palisade">Willow Palisade</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Inner_Asia_history_series" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Inner_Asia" title="Template:Inner Asia"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Inner_Asia" title="Template talk:Inner Asia"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Inner_Asia" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Inner Asia"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Inner_Asia_history_series" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Inner_Asia" title="Inner Asia">Inner Asia</a> history series</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Nomadic_empire" title="Nomadic empire">Nomadic empires</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Xiongnu" title="Xiongnu">Xiongnu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xianbei" title="Xianbei">Xianbei</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rouran_Khaganate" title="Rouran Khaganate">Rouran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/G%C3%B6kt%C3%BCrks" title="Göktürks">Göktürks</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/First_Turkic_Khaganate" title="First Turkic Khaganate">First Turkic Khaganate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Turkic_Khaganate" title="Eastern Turkic Khaganate">Eastern Turkic Khaganate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_Turkic_Khaganate" title="Western Turkic Khaganate">Western Turkic Khaganate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Turkic_Khaganate" title="Second Turkic Khaganate">Second Turkic Khaganate</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tibetan_Empire" title="Tibetan Empire">Tibetan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zubu" title="Zubu">Zubu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uyghur_Khaganate" title="Uyghur Khaganate">Uyghur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yenisei_Kyrgyz_Khaganate" class="mw-redirect" title="Yenisei Kyrgyz Khaganate">Kyrgyz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mongols" title="Mongols">Mongol</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tatar_confederation" title="Tatar confederation">Tatar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khamag_Mongol" title="Khamag Mongol">Khamag Mongol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mongol_Empire" title="Mongol Empire">Mongol Empire</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chagatai_Khanate" title="Chagatai Khanate">Chagatai</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timurid_Empire" title="Timurid Empire">Timurid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dzungar_Khanate" title="Dzungar Khanate">Dzungar</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="3" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Greater_Mongolia_(orthographic_projection).png" class="mw-file-description" title="Approximate range of Inner Asia"><img alt="Approximate range of Inner Asia" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6d/Greater_Mongolia_%28orthographic_projection%29.png/120px-Greater_Mongolia_%28orthographic_projection%29.png" decoding="async" width="120" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6d/Greater_Mongolia_%28orthographic_projection%29.png/180px-Greater_Mongolia_%28orthographic_projection%29.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6d/Greater_Mongolia_%28orthographic_projection%29.png/240px-Greater_Mongolia_%28orthographic_projection%29.png 2x" data-file-width="484" data-file-height="484" /></a></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Chinese_Empire" title="Chinese Empire">Chinese empires</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: center;"><a href="/wiki/Han_dynasty_in_Inner_Asia" title="Han dynasty in Inner Asia">Han</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Han%E2%80%93Xiongnu_War" class="mw-redirect" title="Han–Xiongnu War">against Xiongnu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Protectorate_of_the_Western_Regions" title="Protectorate of the Western Regions">Protectorate of the Western Regions</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chief_Official_of_the_Western_Regions" title="Chief Official of the Western Regions">Chief Official</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: center;"><a href="/wiki/Tang_dynasty_in_Inner_Asia" title="Tang dynasty in Inner Asia">Tang</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tang_campaigns_against_the_Western_Turks" title="Tang campaigns against the Western Turks">against Western Turks</a> / <a href="/wiki/Tang_campaign_against_the_Eastern_Turks" title="Tang campaign against the Eastern Turks">Eastern Turks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tang%E2%80%93Tibet_relations" title="Tang–Tibet relations">against Tibet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Protectorate_General_to_Pacify_the_North" title="Protectorate General to Pacify the North">Mongolian Plateau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beiting_Protectorate" title="Beiting Protectorate">Beiting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Protectorate_General_to_Pacify_the_West" title="Protectorate General to Pacify the West">Tarim Basin</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: center;"><a href="/wiki/Liao_dynasty" title="Liao dynasty">Liao</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Qara_Khitai" title="Qara Khitai">Western Liao</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northern_Liao" title="Northern Liao">Northern Liao</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Liao" title="Eastern Liao">Eastern Liao</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Later_Liao" title="Later Liao">Later Liao</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: center;"><a href="/wiki/Yuan_dynasty_in_Inner_Asia" title="Yuan dynasty in Inner Asia">Yuan</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kaidu%E2%80%93Kublai_war" title="Kaidu–Kublai war">against Northwest khanates</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manchuria_under_Yuan_rule" title="Manchuria under Yuan rule">Manchuria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mongolia_under_Yuan_rule" title="Mongolia under Yuan rule">Mongolia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tibet_under_Yuan_rule" title="Tibet under Yuan rule">Tibet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northern_Yuan" title="Northern Yuan">Northern Yuan</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: center;"><a href="/wiki/Ming_dynasty_in_Inner_Asia" title="Ming dynasty in Inner Asia">Ming</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Yongle_Emperor%27s_campaigns_against_the_Mongols" title="Yongle Emperor's campaigns against the Mongols">against Mongols</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ming%E2%80%93Turpan_conflict" title="Ming–Turpan conflict">against Turpan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manchuria_under_Ming_rule" title="Manchuria under Ming rule">Manchuria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ming%E2%80%93Tibet_relations" title="Ming–Tibet relations">Tibet</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: center;"><a href="/wiki/Qing_dynasty_in_Inner_Asia" title="Qing dynasty in Inner Asia">Qing</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">against Dzungar</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dzungar_genocide" title="Dzungar genocide">genocide</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lifan_Yuan" title="Lifan Yuan">Lifan Yuan</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Amban" title="Amban">Amban</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manchuria_under_Qing_rule" title="Manchuria under Qing rule">Manchuria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mongolia_under_Qing_rule" title="Mongolia under Qing rule">Mongolia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tibet_under_Qing_rule" title="Tibet under Qing rule">Tibet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xinjiang_under_Qing_rule" title="Xinjiang under Qing rule">Xinjiang</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related topics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Cambridge_History_of_Inner_Asia" title="The Cambridge History of Inner Asia">The Cambridge History of Inner Asia</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greater_Central_Asia" title="Greater Central Asia">Greater Central Asia</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Central_Asia" title="Central Asia">Central Asia</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eurasian_nomads" title="Eurasian nomads">Eurasian nomads</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tartary" title="Tartary">Tartary</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_Tartary" title="Chinese Tartary">Chinese Tartary</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_Regions" title="Western Regions">Western Regions</a> (<a href="/wiki/Chinese_Turkestan" title="Chinese Turkestan">Chinese Turkestan</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/China_proper" title="China proper">China proper</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sinosphere" title="Sinosphere">Sinosphere</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greater_China" title="Greater China">Greater China</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" 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