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<style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Several terms redirect here. For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/Jesus_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Jesus (disambiguation)">Jesus (disambiguation)</a>, <a href="/wiki/Christ_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Christ (disambiguation)">Christ (disambiguation)</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jesus_Christ_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Jesus Christ (disambiguation)">Jesus Christ (disambiguation)</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Jesus_of_Nazareth_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Jesus of Nazareth (disambiguation)">Jesus of Nazareth (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style>Jesus<a href="#cite_note-13">[d]</a> (<abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 6 to 4 <a href="/wiki/Before_Christ" class="mw-redirect" title="Before Christ">BC</a> – <a href="/wiki/Anno_Domini" title="Anno Domini">AD</a> 30 or 33), also referred to as Jesus Christ,<a href="#cite_note-14">[e]</a> Jesus of Nazareth, and many <a href="/wiki/Names_and_titles_of_Jesus_in_the_New_Testament" title="Names and titles of Jesus in the New Testament">other names and titles</a>, was a 1st-century <a href="/wiki/Jews" title="Jews">Jewish</a> preacher and religious leader.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVermes198120,_26,_27,_29-15">[10]</a> He is the central figure of <a href="/wiki/Christianity" title="Christianity">Christianity</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Major_religious_groups" title="Major religious groups">world's largest religion</a>. Most <a href="/wiki/Christian_denominations" class="mw-redirect" title="Christian denominations">Christian denominations</a> believe Jesus to be <a href="/wiki/Incarnation_(Christianity)" title="Incarnation (Christianity)">the incarnation</a> of <a href="/wiki/God_the_Son" title="God the Son">God the Son</a> and the awaited <a href="/wiki/Messiah#Christianity" title="Messiah">messiah</a>, or <a href="/wiki/Christ_(title)" title="Christ (title)">Christ</a>, a descendant from the <a href="/wiki/Davidic_line" title="Davidic line">Davidic line</a> that is prophesied in the <a href="/wiki/Old_Testament" title="Old Testament">Old Testament</a>. Virtually all modern scholars of <a href="/wiki/Classical_antiquity" title="Classical antiquity">antiquity</a> agree that <a href="/wiki/Historicity_of_Jesus" title="Historicity of Jesus">Jesus existed historically</a>.<a href="#cite_note-exist-23">[f]</a> Accounts of <a href="/wiki/Life_of_Jesus" title="Life of Jesus">Jesus's life</a> are contained in the <a href="/wiki/Gospel" title="Gospel">Gospels</a>, especially the <a href="/wiki/Canonical_gospels" class="mw-redirect" title="Canonical gospels">four canonical Gospels</a> in the <a href="/wiki/New_Testament" title="New Testament">New Testament</a>. <a href="/wiki/Quest_for_the_historical_Jesus" title="Quest for the historical Jesus">Academic research</a> has yielded various views on the <a href="/wiki/Historical_reliability_of_the_Gospels" title="Historical reliability of the Gospels">historical reliability of the Gospels</a> and how closely they reflect the <a href="/wiki/Historical_Jesus" title="Historical Jesus">historical Jesus</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPowell1998168%E2%80%9373-24">[18]</a><a href="#cite_note-27">[g]</a><a href="#cite_note-28">[21]</a><a href="#cite_note-29">[22]</a> <table class="infobox biography vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="font-size:125%;"><div class="fn">Jesus</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><a href="/wiki/File:Spas_vsederzhitel_sinay_(cropped1).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3b/Spas_vsederzhitel_sinay_%28cropped1%29.jpg/220px-Spas_vsederzhitel_sinay_%28cropped1%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="428" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3b/Spas_vsederzhitel_sinay_%28cropped1%29.jpg/330px-Spas_vsederzhitel_sinay_%28cropped1%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3b/Spas_vsederzhitel_sinay_%28cropped1%29.jpg/440px-Spas_vsederzhitel_sinay_%28cropped1%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1866" data-file-height="3626"></a><div class="infobox-caption"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">The <a href="/wiki/Christ_Pantocrator_(Sinai)" title="Christ Pantocrator (Sinai)">Christ Pantocrator</a> of <a href="/wiki/Saint_Catherine%27s_Monastery" title="Saint Catherine's Monastery">Saint Catherine's Monastery</a> at <a href="/wiki/Mount_Sinai" title="Mount Sinai">Mount Sinai</a>, 6th century AD</div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Born</th><td class="infobox-data"><abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> <a href="/wiki/Date_of_birth_of_Jesus" class="mw-redirect" title="Date of birth of Jesus">6 to 4 BC</a><a href="#cite_note-5">[a]</a> <div style="display:inline" class="birthplace"><a href="/wiki/Herodian_kingdom" title="Herodian kingdom">Herodian kingdom</a>, <a href="/wiki/Roman_Empire" title="Roman Empire">Roman Empire</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrown1977513-6">[5]</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Died</th><td class="infobox-data">AD 30 or 33 (aged 33 or 38) <div style="display:inline" class="deathplace"><a href="/wiki/Jerusalem" title="Jerusalem">Jerusalem</a>, <a href="/wiki/Judaea_(Roman_province)" title="Judaea (Roman province)">Judaea</a>, Roman Empire</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Cause of death</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Crucifixion_of_Jesus" title="Crucifixion of Jesus">Crucifixion</a><a href="#cite_note-11">[b]</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Known for</th><td class="infobox-data"> <ul><li>Central figure of <a href="/wiki/Christianity" title="Christianity">Christianity</a></li> <li>Major prophet <a href="/wiki/Jesus_in_Islam" title="Jesus in Islam">in Islam</a> and <a href="/wiki/Druze" title="Druze">Druze</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manifestation_of_God_(Bah%C3%A1%CA%BC%C3%AD_Faith)" title="Manifestation of God (Baháʼí Faith)">Manifestation of God</a> in <a href="/wiki/Bah%C3%A1%CA%BC%C3%AD_Faith" title="Baháʼí Faith">Baháʼí Faith</a></li></ul> </td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Parents</th><td class="infobox-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li::after{content:" · ";font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li:last-child::after{content:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:first-child::before{content:" (";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:last-child::after{content:")";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol{counter-reset:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li{counter-increment:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li::before{content:" "counter(listitem)"\a0 "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li ol>li:first-child::before{content:" ("counter(listitem)"\a0 "}</style><div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mary,_mother_of_Jesus" title="Mary, mother of Jesus">Mary</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Saint_Joseph" title="Saint Joseph">Joseph</a><a href="#cite_note-12">[c]</a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> Jesus <a href="/wiki/Circumcision_of_Jesus" title="Circumcision of Jesus">was circumcised</a> at eight days old, <a href="/wiki/Baptism_of_Jesus" title="Baptism of Jesus">was baptized</a> by <a href="/wiki/John_the_Baptist" title="John the Baptist">John the Baptist</a> as a young adult, and after 40 days and nights of fasting in the wilderness, began <a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Jesus" title="Ministry of Jesus">his own ministry</a>. He was an <a href="/wiki/Itinerant_teacher" title="Itinerant teacher">itinerant teacher</a> who interpreted the <a href="/wiki/Biblical_law" title="Biblical law">law of God</a> with divine authority and was often referred to as "<a href="/wiki/Rabbi" title="Rabbi">rabbi</a>".<a href="#cite_note-ISBEO-30">[23]</a> Jesus often debated with his fellow-Jews on how best to follow <a href="/wiki/God_in_Christianity" title="God in Christianity">God</a>, and he engaged in healings, taught in <a href="/wiki/Parables_of_Jesus" title="Parables of Jesus">parables</a>, and gathered followers, among whom <a href="/wiki/Apostles_in_the_New_Testament" title="Apostles in the New Testament">twelve</a> were appointed as his chosen <a href="/wiki/Apostles_in_the_New_Testament" title="Apostles in the New Testament">apostles</a>. He was arrested in <a href="/wiki/Jerusalem" title="Jerusalem">Jerusalem</a> and tried by the <a href="/wiki/Sanhedrin" title="Sanhedrin">Jewish authorities</a>,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESanders199311-31">[24]</a> turned over to the <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Rome" title="Ancient Rome">Roman</a> government, and <a href="/wiki/Crucifixion" title="Crucifixion">crucified</a> on the order of <a href="/wiki/Pontius_Pilate" title="Pontius Pilate">Pontius Pilate</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Roman_governor" title="Roman governor">Roman prefect</a> of <a href="/wiki/Judaea_(Roman_province)" title="Judaea (Roman province)">Judaea</a>. After his death, his followers became convinced that he <a href="/wiki/Resurrection_of_Jesus" title="Resurrection of Jesus">rose from the dead</a>, and following his ascension, the community they formed eventually became the <a href="/wiki/Early_Christianity" title="Early Christianity">early Christian Church</a> that expanded as a <a href="/wiki/Spread_of_Christianity" title="Spread of Christianity">worldwide movement</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESanders199311,_14-32">[25]</a> It is hypothesized that accounts of his teachings and life were <a href="/wiki/Oral_gospel_traditions" title="Oral gospel traditions">initially conserved by oral transmission</a>, which was the source of the written Gospels.<a href="#cite_note-Dunn2013-33">[26]</a> <a href="/wiki/Christian_theology" title="Christian theology">Christian theology</a> includes the beliefs that Jesus was conceived by the <a href="/wiki/Holy_Spirit_in_Christianity" title="Holy Spirit in Christianity">Holy Spirit</a>, was <a href="/wiki/Virgin_birth_of_Jesus" title="Virgin birth of Jesus">born of a virgin</a> named <a href="/wiki/Mary,_mother_of_Jesus" title="Mary, mother of Jesus">Mary</a>, performed <a href="/wiki/Miracles_of_Jesus" title="Miracles of Jesus">miracles</a>, founded the <a href="/wiki/Christian_Church" title="Christian Church">Christian Church</a>, <a href="/wiki/Crucifixion_of_Jesus" title="Crucifixion of Jesus">died by crucifixion</a> as a sacrifice to achieve <a href="/wiki/Atonement_in_Christianity" class="mw-redirect" title="Atonement in Christianity">atonement for sin</a>, rose from the dead, and <a href="/wiki/Ascension_of_Jesus" title="Ascension of Jesus">ascended</a> into <a href="/wiki/Heaven_in_Christianity" title="Heaven in Christianity">Heaven</a>, from where he <a href="/wiki/Second_Coming" title="Second Coming">will return</a>. Commonly, <a href="/wiki/Jesus_in_Christianity" title="Jesus in Christianity">Christians believe Jesus</a> enables people to be reconciled to God. The <a href="/wiki/Nicene_Creed" title="Nicene Creed">Nicene Creed</a> asserts that Jesus will <a href="/wiki/Last_Judgment" title="Last Judgment">judge the living and the dead</a>, either <a href="/wiki/Intermediate_state_(Christianity)" title="Intermediate state (Christianity)">before</a> or <a href="/wiki/Christian_mortalism" title="Christian mortalism">after</a> their <a href="/wiki/Resurrection_of_the_dead#Christianity" class="mw-redirect" title="Resurrection of the dead">bodily resurrection</a>, an event tied to the <a href="/wiki/Second_Coming" title="Second Coming">Second Coming</a> of Jesus in <a href="/wiki/Christian_eschatology" title="Christian eschatology">Christian eschatology</a>. The great majority of Christians worship Jesus as the incarnation of God the Son, the second of three <a href="/wiki/Prosopon" title="Prosopon">persons</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Trinity" title="Trinity">Trinity</a>.<a href="#cite_note-34">[h]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Nativity_of_Jesus" title="Nativity of Jesus">birth of Jesus</a> is celebrated annually, generally on 25 December,<a href="#cite_note-35">[i]</a> as <a href="/wiki/Christmas" title="Christmas">Christmas</a>. His crucifixion is honoured on <a href="/wiki/Good_Friday" title="Good Friday">Good Friday</a> and his resurrection on <a href="/wiki/Easter" title="Easter">Easter Sunday</a>. The world's most widely used <a href="/wiki/Calendar_era" title="Calendar era">calendar era</a>—in which the current year is <a href="/wiki/Anno_Domini" title="Anno Domini">AD</a> <a href="/wiki/2024" title="2024">2024</a> (or 2024 <a href="/wiki/Common_Era" title="Common Era">CE</a>)—is based on the approximate <a href="/wiki/Date_of_the_birth_of_Jesus" title="Date of the birth of Jesus">birthdate of Jesus</a>.<a href="#cite_note-36">[27]</a> <a href="/wiki/Jesus_in_Islam" title="Jesus in Islam">In Islam</a>, Jesus<a href="#cite_note-37">[j]</a> is considered the <a href="/wiki/Messiah#Islam" title="Messiah">messiah</a> and a <a href="/wiki/Prophets_and_messengers_in_Islam" title="Prophets and messengers in Islam">prophet</a> of <a href="/wiki/God_in_Islam" title="God in Islam">God</a>, who was sent to the <a href="/wiki/Israelites" title="Israelites">Israelites</a> and <a href="/wiki/Second_Coming#Islam" title="Second Coming">will return to Earth</a> before the <a href="/wiki/Judgement_Day_in_Islam" title="Judgement Day in Islam">Day of Judgement</a>. <a href="/wiki/Muslims" title="Muslims">Muslims</a> believe Jesus was born of the virgin <a href="/wiki/Mary_in_Islam" title="Mary in Islam">Mary</a> but was neither God nor a son of God. Most Muslims <a href="/wiki/Islamic_views_on_Jesus%27s_death" title="Islamic views on Jesus's death">do not believe that he was killed or crucified</a> but that God <a href="/wiki/Entering_heaven_alive" title="Entering heaven alive">raised him into Heaven while he was still alive</a>.<a href="#cite_note-38">[k]</a> Jesus is also revered in the <a href="/wiki/Bah%C3%A1%CA%BC%C3%AD_Faith" title="Baháʼí Faith">Baháʼí Faith</a>, <a href="/wiki/Druze" title="Druze">Druze Faith</a> and <a href="/wiki/Rastafari" title="Rastafari">Rastafari</a>. In contrast, <a href="/wiki/Jewish_views_on_Jesus" title="Jewish views on Jesus">Judaism rejects the belief</a> that Jesus was the awaited Messiah, arguing that he did not fulfill <a href="/wiki/Messiah_in_Judaism" title="Messiah in Judaism">messianic prophecies</a>, was not <a href="/wiki/Anointing" title="Anointing">lawfully anointed</a>, and was neither divine nor resurrected. <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r886046785">.mw-parser-output .toclimit-2 .toclevel-1 ul,.mw-parser-output .toclimit-3 .toclevel-2 ul,.mw-parser-output .toclimit-4 .toclevel-3 ul,.mw-parser-output .toclimit-5 .toclevel-4 ul,.mw-parser-output .toclimit-6 .toclevel-5 ul,.mw-parser-output .toclimit-7 .toclevel-6 ul{display:none}</style><div class="toclimit-3"><div id="toc" class="toc" role="navigation" aria-labelledby="mw-toc-heading"><input type="checkbox" role="button" id="toctogglecheckbox" class="toctogglecheckbox" style="display:none"><div class="toctitle" lang="en" dir="ltr"><h2 id="mw-toc-heading">Contents</h2><label class="toctogglelabel" for="toctogglecheckbox"></label></div> <ul> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-1"><a href="#Name">1 Name</a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-2"><a href="#Jesus_Christ">1.1 Jesus Christ</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-3"><a href="#Life_and_teachings_in_the_New_Testament">2 Life and teachings in the New Testament</a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-4"><a href="#Canonical_gospels">2.1 Canonical gospels</a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-5"><a href="#Authorship,_date,_and_reliability">2.1.1 Authorship, date, and reliability</a></li> <li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-6"><a href="#Comparative_structure_and_content">2.1.2 Comparative structure and content</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-7"><a href="#Genealogy_and_nativity">2.2 Genealogy and nativity</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-8"><a href="#Early_life,_family,_and_profession">2.3 Early life, family, and profession</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-9"><a href="#Baptism_and_temptation">2.4 Baptism and temptation</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-10"><a href="#Public_ministry">2.5 Public ministry</a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-11"><a href="#Disciples_and_followers">2.5.1 Disciples and followers</a></li> <li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-12"><a href="#Teachings_and_miracles">2.5.2 Teachings and miracles</a></li> <li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-13"><a href="#Proclamation_as_Christ_and_Transfiguration">2.5.3 Proclamation as Christ and Transfiguration</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-14"><a href="#Passion_Week">2.6 Passion Week</a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-15"><a href="#Activities_in_Jerusalem">2.6.1 Activities in Jerusalem</a></li> <li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-16"><a href="#Last_Supper">2.6.2 Last Supper</a></li> <li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-17"><a href="#Agony_in_the_Garden,_betrayal,_and_arrest">2.6.3 Agony in the Garden, betrayal, and arrest</a></li> <li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-18"><a href="#Trials_by_the_Sanhedrin,_Herod,_and_Pilate">2.6.4 Trials by the Sanhedrin, Herod, and Pilate</a></li> <li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-19"><a href="#Crucifixion_and_entombment">2.6.5 Crucifixion and entombment</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-20"><a href="#Resurrection_and_ascension">2.7 Resurrection and ascension</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-21"><a href="#Early_Christianity">3 Early Christianity</a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-22"><a href="#Historical_views">4 Historical views</a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-23"><a href="#Judea_and_Galilee_in_the_1st_century">4.1 Judea and Galilee in the 1st century</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-24"><a href="#Sources">4.2 Sources</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-25"><a href="#Chronology">4.3 Chronology</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-26"><a href="#Historicity_of_events">4.4 Historicity of events</a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-27"><a href="#Family">4.4.1 Family</a></li> <li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-28"><a href="#Baptism">4.4.2 Baptism</a></li> <li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-29"><a href="#Ministry_in_Galilee">4.4.3 Ministry in Galilee</a></li> <li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-30"><a href="#Role">4.4.4 Role</a></li> <li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-31"><a href="#Passover_and_crucifixion_in_Jerusalem">4.4.5 Passover and crucifixion in Jerusalem</a></li> <li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-32"><a href="#After_crucifixion">4.4.6 After crucifixion</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-33"><a href="#Portraits_of_Jesus">4.5 Portraits of Jesus</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-34"><a href="#Language,_ethnicity,_and_appearance">4.6 Language, ethnicity, and appearance</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-35"><a href="#Christ_myth_theory">4.7 Christ myth theory</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-36"><a href="#Religious_perspectives">5 Religious perspectives</a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-37"><a href="#Christianity">5.1 Christianity</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-38"><a href="#Judaism's_view">5.2 Judaism's view</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-39"><a href="#Manichaeism">5.3 Manichaeism</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-40"><a href="#Islam">5.4 Islam</a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-41"><a href="#Ahmadiyya_Islam">5.4.1 Ahmadiyya Islam</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-42"><a href="#Druze">5.5 Druze</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-43"><a href="#Bah%C3%A1%CA%BC%C3%AD_Faith">5.6 Baháʼí Faith</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-44"><a href="#Other">5.7 Other</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-45"><a href="#Artistic_depictions">6 Artistic depictions</a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-46"><a href="#Associated_relics">7 Associated relics</a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-47"><a href="#See_also">8 See also</a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-48"><a href="#Notes">9 Notes</a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-49"><a href="#References">10 References</a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-50"><a href="#Sources_2">10.1 Sources</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-51"><a href="#External_links">11 External links</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(1)"><h2 id="Name">Name</h2></div><section class="mf-section-1 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-1"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Jesus_(name)" title="Jesus (name)">Jesus (name)</a>, <a href="/wiki/Holy_Name_of_Jesus" title="Holy Name of Jesus">Holy Name of Jesus</a>, <a href="/wiki/Names_and_titles_of_Jesus_in_the_New_Testament" title="Names and titles of Jesus in the New Testament">Names and titles of Jesus in the New Testament</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Names_of_God_in_Christianity" title="Names of God in Christianity">Names of God in Christianity</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1246091330">.mw-parser-output .sidebar{width:22em;float:right;clear:right;margin:0.5em 0 1em 1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa);border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.2em;text-align:center;line-height:1.4em;font-size:88%;border-collapse:collapse;display:table}body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:table!important;float:right!important;margin:0.5em 0 1em 1em!important}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-subgroup{width:100%;margin:0;border-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-left{float:left;clear:left;margin:0.5em 1em 1em 0}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-none{float:none;clear:both;margin:0.5em 1em 1em 0}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-outer-title{padding:0 0.4em 0.2em;font-size:125%;line-height:1.2em;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-top-image{padding:0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-top-caption,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-pretitle-with-top-image,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-caption{padding:0.2em 0.4em 0;line-height:1.2em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-pretitle{padding:0.4em 0.4em 0;line-height:1.2em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-title,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{padding:0.2em 0.8em;font-size:145%;line-height:1.2em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{padding:0.1em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-image{padding:0.2em 0.4em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-heading{padding:0.1em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-content{padding:0 0.5em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-content-with-subgroup{padding:0.1em 0.4em 0.2em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-above,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-below{padding:0.3em 0.8em;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-collapse .sidebar-above,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-collapse .sidebar-below{border-top:1px solid #aaa;border-bottom:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-navbar{text-align:right;font-size:115%;padding:0 0.4em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-list-title{padding:0 0.4em;text-align:left;font-weight:bold;line-height:1.6em;font-size:105%}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-list-title-c{padding:0 0.4em;text-align:center;margin:0 3.3em}@media(max-width:640px){body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .sidebar{width:100%!important;clear:both;float:none!important;margin-left:0!important;margin-right:0!important}}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .sidebar a>img{max-width:none!important}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:none!important}}</style> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:JesusYeshua2.svg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a7/JesusYeshua2.svg/300px-JesusYeshua2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="300" height="127" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="819" data-file-height="348"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 300px;height: 127px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a7/JesusYeshua2.svg/300px-JesusYeshua2.svg.png" data-width="300" data-height="127" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a7/JesusYeshua2.svg/450px-JesusYeshua2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a7/JesusYeshua2.svg/600px-JesusYeshua2.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>From top-left: <a href="/wiki/Aramaic" title="Aramaic">Aramaic</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hebrew_language" title="Hebrew language">Hebrew</a>, <a href="/wiki/Greek_language" title="Greek language">Greek</a>, <a href="/wiki/Latin" title="Latin">Latin</a>, and English transcriptions of the name Jesus</figcaption></figure> A typical Jew in Jesus's time <a href="/wiki/Jewish_name" title="Jewish name">had only one name</a>, sometimes <a href="/wiki/Patronymic" title="Patronymic">followed by the phrase "son of [father's name]"</a>, or the individual's hometown.<a href="#cite_note-Britannica-39">[28]</a> Thus, in the New Testament, Jesus is commonly referred to as "Jesus of <a href="/wiki/Nazareth" title="Nazareth">Nazareth</a>".<a href="#cite_note-40">[l]</a> Jesus's neighbours in Nazareth referred to him as "the carpenter, the son of <a href="/wiki/Mary,_mother_of_Jesus" title="Mary, mother of Jesus">Mary</a> and brother of <a href="/wiki/James,_brother_of_Jesus" title="James, brother of Jesus">James</a> and <a href="/wiki/Joses,_brother_of_James_the_younger" class="mw-redirect" title="Joses, brother of James the younger">Joses</a> and <a href="/wiki/Jude,_brother_of_Jesus" title="Jude, brother of Jesus">Judas</a> and <a href="/wiki/Simon,_brother_of_Jesus" title="Simon, brother of Jesus">Simon</a>", "the carpenter's son", or "<a href="/wiki/Saint_Joseph" title="Saint Joseph">Joseph</a>'s son"; in the Gospel of John, the disciple <a href="/wiki/Philip_the_Apostle" title="Philip the Apostle">Philip</a> refers to him as "Jesus son of Joseph from Nazareth". The English name Jesus, from Greek Iēsous, is a rendering of Joshua (Hebrew Yehoshua, later Yeshua), and was not uncommon in Judea at the time of the birth of Jesus. Popular etymology linked the names Yehoshua and Yeshua to the verb meaning "save" and the noun "salvation".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHare199311-41">[29]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Gospel_of_Matthew" title="Gospel of Matthew">Gospel of Matthew</a> tells of an <a href="/wiki/Angel" title="Angel">angel</a> that appeared to Joseph instructing him "to name him Jesus, for he will save his people from their sins".<a href="#cite_note-42">[30]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Jesus_Christ">Jesus Christ</h3></div> Since the early period of Christianity, Christians have commonly referred to Jesus as "Jesus Christ".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDoninger1999212-43">[31]</a> The word <a href="/wiki/Christ_(title)" title="Christ (title)">Christ</a> was a <a href="/wiki/Threefold_office" title="Threefold office">title or office</a> ("the Christ"), not a given name.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPannenberg196830%E2%80%9331-44">[32]</a><a href="#cite_note-45">[33]</a> It derives from the Greek <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%CE%A7%CF%81%CE%B9%CF%83%CF%84%CF%8C%CF%82" class="extiw" title="wikt:Χριστός">Χριστός</a> (Christos),<a href="#cite_note-46">[34]</a><a href="#cite_note-47">[35]</a> a translation of the Hebrew <a href="/wiki/Messiah_in_Judaism" title="Messiah in Judaism">mashiakh</a> (<a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%D7%9E%D6%B8%D7%A9%D6%B4%D7%81%D7%99%D7%97%D6%B7" class="extiw" title="wikt:מָשִׁיחַ">משיח</a>) meaning "<a href="/wiki/Anointing" title="Anointing">anointed</a>", and is usually transliterated into English as "<a href="/wiki/Messiah" title="Messiah">messiah</a>".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVine1940274%E2%80%9375-48">[36]</a> In biblical Judaism, <a href="/wiki/Holy_anointing_oil" title="Holy anointing oil">sacred oil</a> was used to anoint certain exceptionally holy people and objects as part of their religious investiture.<a href="#cite_note-49">[37]</a> Christians of the time designated Jesus as "the Christ" because they believed him to be the messiah, whose arrival is <a href="/wiki/Jesus_and_messianic_prophecy" class="mw-redirect" title="Jesus and messianic prophecy">prophesied</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Hebrew_Bible" title="Hebrew Bible">Hebrew Bible</a> and Old Testament. In postbiblical usage, Christ became viewed as a name—one part of "Jesus Christ". <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/etymon" class="extiw" title="wikt:etymon">Etymons</a> of the term <a href="/wiki/Christians" title="Christians">Christian</a> (meaning a follower of Christ) has been in use since the 1st century.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMillsBullard1998%5Bhttpsbooksgooglecombooksidgoq0VWw9rGICpgPA142_142%5D-50">[38]</a> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(2)"><h2 id="Life_and_teachings_in_the_New_Testament">Life and teachings in the New Testament</h2></div><section class="mf-section-2 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-2"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Life_of_Jesus" title="Life of Jesus">Life of Jesus</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/New_Testament_places_associated_with_Jesus" title="New Testament places associated with Jesus">New Testament places associated with Jesus</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1246091330"> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Canonical_gospels">Canonical gospels</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Gospel" title="Gospel">Gospel</a>, <a href="/wiki/Gospel_harmony" title="Gospel harmony">Gospel harmony</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Historical_reliability_of_the_Gospels" title="Historical reliability of the Gospels">Historical reliability of the Gospels</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:P._Chester_Beatty_I,_folio_13-14,_recto.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img alt="A four-page papyrus manuscript, which is torn in many places" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/P._Chester_Beatty_I%2C_folio_13-14%2C_recto.jpg/300px-P._Chester_Beatty_I%2C_folio_13-14%2C_recto.jpg" decoding="async" width="300" height="144" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="287"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 300px;height: 144px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/P._Chester_Beatty_I%2C_folio_13-14%2C_recto.jpg/300px-P._Chester_Beatty_I%2C_folio_13-14%2C_recto.jpg" data-alt="A four-page papyrus manuscript, which is torn in many places" data-width="300" data-height="144" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/P._Chester_Beatty_I%2C_folio_13-14%2C_recto.jpg/450px-P._Chester_Beatty_I%2C_folio_13-14%2C_recto.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/da/P._Chester_Beatty_I%2C_folio_13-14%2C_recto.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>A 3rd-century Greek <a href="/wiki/Papyrus" title="Papyrus">papyrus</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Gospel_of_Luke" title="Gospel of Luke">Gospel of Luke</a></figcaption></figure> The four <a href="/wiki/Canonical_gospel" class="mw-redirect" title="Canonical gospel">canonical gospels</a> (<a href="/wiki/Gospel_of_Matthew" title="Gospel of Matthew">Matthew</a>, <a href="/wiki/Gospel_of_Mark" title="Gospel of Mark">Mark</a>, <a href="/wiki/Gospel_of_Luke" title="Gospel of Luke">Luke</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Gospel_of_John" title="Gospel of John">John</a>) are the foremost sources for the life and message of Jesus.<a href="#cite_note-Britannica-39">[28]</a> But other parts of the New Testament also include references to key episodes in his life, such as the <a href="/wiki/Last_Supper" title="Last Supper">Last Supper</a> in <a href="/wiki/1_Corinthians_11" class="mw-redirect" title="1 Corinthians 11">1 Corinthians 11</a>:23–26.<a href="#cite_note-51">[39]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBlomberg2009441%E2%80%9342-52">[40]</a><a href="#cite_note-Fahlbusch52-53">[41]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEvans2003465%E2%80%9377-54">[42]</a> <a href="/wiki/Acts_of_the_Apostles" title="Acts of the Apostles">Acts of the Apostles</a><a href="#cite_note-55">[43]</a> refers to Jesus's early ministry and its anticipation by <a href="/wiki/John_the_Baptist" title="John the Baptist">John the Baptist</a>.<a href="#cite_note-56">[44]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERausch200377-57">[45]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVermes198120,_26,_27,_29-15">[10]</a> Acts 1:1–11<a href="#cite_note-58">[46]</a> says more about the <a href="/wiki/Ascension_of_Jesus" title="Ascension of Jesus">Ascension of Jesus</a><a href="#cite_note-59">[47]</a> than the canonical gospels do.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEvans2003521%E2%80%9330-60">[48]</a> In the <a href="/wiki/Pauline_epistles#Authenticity" title="Pauline epistles">undisputed Pauline letters</a>, which were written earlier than the Gospels, Jesus's words or instructions are cited several times.<a href="#cite_note-61">[49]</a><a href="#cite_note-64">[m]</a> Some <a href="/wiki/Early_Christianity" title="Early Christianity">early Christian</a> groups had separate descriptions of Jesus's life and teachings that are not in the New Testament. These include the <a href="/wiki/Gospel_of_Thomas" title="Gospel of Thomas">Gospel of Thomas</a>, <a href="/wiki/Gospel_of_Peter" title="Gospel of Peter">Gospel of Peter</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Gospel_of_Judas" title="Gospel of Judas">Gospel of Judas</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Apocryphon_of_James" title="Apocryphon of James">Apocryphon of James</a>, and <a href="/wiki/New_Testament_apocrypha" title="New Testament apocrypha">many other apocryphal writings</a>. Most scholars conclude that these were written much later and are less reliable accounts than the canonical gospels.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrown1997835%E2%80%9340-65">[52]</a><a href="#cite_note-66">[53]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKeener200956-67">[54]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Authorship,_date,_and_reliability">Authorship, date, and reliability</h4></div> The canonical gospels are four accounts, each by a different author. The authors of the Gospels are pseudonymous, attributed by tradition to the <a href="/wiki/Four_evangelists" class="mw-redirect" title="Four evangelists">four evangelists</a>, each with close ties to Jesus:<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFunkHooverThe_Jesus_Seminar19933-68">[55]</a> Mark by <a href="/wiki/John_Mark" title="John Mark">John Mark</a>, an associate of <a href="/wiki/Saint_Peter" title="Saint Peter">Peter</a>;<a href="#cite_note-May_Metzger_Mark-69">[56]</a> <a href="/wiki/Matthew_the_Apostle" title="Matthew the Apostle">Matthew</a> by one of Jesus's disciples;<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFunkHooverThe_Jesus_Seminar19933-68">[55]</a> <a href="/wiki/Luke_the_Evangelist" title="Luke the Evangelist">Luke</a> by a companion of <a href="/wiki/Paul_the_Apostle" title="Paul the Apostle">Paul</a> mentioned in a few epistles;<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFunkHooverThe_Jesus_Seminar19933-68">[55]</a> and John by another of Jesus's disciples,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFunkHooverThe_Jesus_Seminar19933-68">[55]</a> the "<a href="/wiki/Beloved_disciple" class="mw-redirect" title="Beloved disciple">beloved disciple</a>".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECrossLivingstone2005John,_St.-70">[57]</a> According to the <a href="/wiki/Marcan_priority" title="Marcan priority">Marcan priority</a>, the first to be written was the Gospel of Mark (written AD 60–75), followed by the Gospel of Matthew (AD 65–85), the Gospel of Luke (AD 65–95), and the Gospel of John (AD 75–100).<a href="#cite_note-71">[58]</a> Most scholars agree that the authors of Matthew and Luke used Mark as a source for their gospels. Since Matthew and Luke also share some content not found in Mark, many scholars assume that they used another source (commonly called the "<a href="/wiki/Q_source" title="Q source">Q source</a>") in addition to Mark.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELicona2010210%E2%80%9321-72">[59]</a> One important aspect of the study of the Gospels is the <a href="/wiki/Literary_genre" title="Literary genre">literary genre</a> under which they fall. Genre "is a key convention guiding both the composition and the interpretation of writings".<a href="#cite_note-73">[60]</a> Whether the gospel authors set out to write novels, myths, histories, or biographies has a tremendous impact on how they ought to be interpreted. Some recent studies suggest that the genre of the Gospels ought to be situated within the realm of ancient biography.<a href="#cite_note-74">[61]</a><a href="#cite_note-75">[62]</a><a href="#cite_note-76">[63]</a> Although not without critics,<a href="#cite_note-77">[64]</a> the position that the Gospels are a type of ancient biography is the consensus among scholars today.<a href="#cite_note-78">[65]</a><a href="#cite_note-79">[66]</a> Concerning the accuracy of the accounts, viewpoints run the gamut from considering them <a href="/wiki/Biblical_inerrancy" title="Biblical inerrancy">inerrant</a> descriptions of Jesus's life,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGrudem199490%E2%80%9391-80">[67]</a> to doubting whether they are historically reliable on a number of points,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESanders19933-81">[68]</a> to considering them to provide very little historical information about his life beyond the basics.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEK%C3%B6stenbergerKellumQuarles2009117%E2%80%9325-82">[69]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEhrman199922%E2%80%9323-83">[70]</a> According to a broad scholarly consensus, the <a href="/wiki/Synoptic_Gospels" title="Synoptic Gospels">Synoptic Gospels</a> (the first three—Matthew, Mark, and Luke) are the most reliable sources of information about Jesus.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESanders199371-84">[71]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETheissenMerz199817%E2%80%9362-85">[72]</a><a href="#cite_note-Britannica-39">[28]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Comparative_structure_and_content">Comparative structure and content</h4></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1246091330"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1246091330"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1246091330"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"> Matthew, Mark, and Luke are known as the Synoptic Gospels, from the Greek σύν (syn, 'together') and ὄψις (opsis, 'view'),<a href="#cite_note-Haffner-2008-86">[73]</a><a href="#cite_note-Scroggie-1995-87">[74]</a><a href="#cite_note-88">[75]</a> because they are similar in content, narrative arrangement, language and paragraph structure, and one can easily set them next to each other and synoptically compare what is in them.<a href="#cite_note-Haffner-2008-86">[73]</a><a href="#cite_note-Scroggie-1995-87">[74]</a><a href="#cite_note-89">[76]</a> Scholars generally agree that it is impossible to find any direct literary relationship between the Synoptic Gospels and the Gospel of John.<a href="#cite_note-90">[77]</a> While the flow of many events (e.g., Jesus's baptism, <a href="/wiki/Transfiguration_of_Jesus" title="Transfiguration of Jesus">transfiguration</a>, crucifixion and interactions with his <a href="/wiki/Apostles_in_the_New_Testament" title="Apostles in the New Testament">apostles</a>) are shared among the Synoptic Gospels, incidents such as the transfiguration and Jesus's exorcising demons<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWitherington1997113-91">[78]</a> do not appear in John, which also differs on other matters, such as the <a href="/wiki/Cleansing_of_the_Temple" title="Cleansing of the Temple">Cleansing of the Temple</a>.<a href="#cite_note-92">[79]</a> The Synoptics emphasize different aspects of Jesus. In Mark, Jesus is the <a href="/wiki/Son_of_God_(Christianity)" title="Son of God (Christianity)">Son of God</a> whose mighty works demonstrate the presence of <a href="/wiki/God%27s_Kingdom" class="mw-redirect" title="God's Kingdom">God's Kingdom</a>.<a href="#cite_note-May_Metzger_Mark-69">[56]</a> He is a tireless wonder worker, the servant of both God and man.<a href="#cite_note-ThompsonPortraits-93">[80]</a> This short gospel records a few of Jesus's words or teachings.<a href="#cite_note-May_Metzger_Mark-69">[56]</a> The Gospel of Matthew emphasizes that Jesus is the fulfilment of God's will as revealed in the Old Testament, and the Lord of the Church.<a href="#cite_note-94">[81]</a> He is the "<a href="/wiki/Davidic_line" title="Davidic line">Son of David</a>", a "king", and the Messiah.<a href="#cite_note-ThompsonPortraits-93">[80]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMcGrath20064%E2%80%936-95">[82]</a> Luke presents Jesus as the divine-human saviour who shows compassion to the needy.<a href="#cite_note-May_Metzger_Luke-96">[83]</a> He is the friend of sinners and outcasts, who came to seek and save the lost.<a href="#cite_note-ThompsonPortraits-93">[80]</a> This gospel includes well-known parables, such as the <a href="/wiki/Parable_of_the_Good_Samaritan" title="Parable of the Good Samaritan">Good Samaritan</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Parable_of_the_Prodigal_Son" title="Parable of the Prodigal Son">Prodigal Son</a>.<a href="#cite_note-May_Metzger_Luke-96">[83]</a> The <a href="/wiki/John_1:1" title="John 1:1">prologue to the Gospel of John</a> identifies Jesus as an incarnation of the divine Word (<a href="/wiki/Logos_(Christianity)" title="Logos (Christianity)">Logos</a>).<a href="#cite_note-MayMetzgerJohn-97">[84]</a> As the Word, Jesus was eternally present with God, active in all creation, and the source of humanity's moral and spiritual nature.<a href="#cite_note-MayMetzgerJohn-97">[84]</a> Jesus is not only greater than any past human prophet but greater than any prophet could be. He not only speaks God's Word; he is God's Word.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHarris1985302%E2%80%9310-98">[85]</a> In the Gospel of John, Jesus reveals his divine role publicly. Here he is the <a href="/wiki/Bread_of_Life" class="mw-redirect" title="Bread of Life">Bread of Life</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Light_of_the_World" title="Light of the World">Light of the World</a>, the <a href="/wiki/True_Vine" title="True Vine">True Vine</a> and more.<a href="#cite_note-ThompsonPortraits-93">[80]</a> In general, the authors of the New Testament showed little interest in an absolute <a href="/wiki/Chronology_of_Jesus" title="Chronology of Jesus">chronology of Jesus</a> or in synchronizing the episodes of his life with the secular history of the age.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERahner2004730%E2%80%9331-99">[86]</a> As stated in <a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Bible_(American_Standard)/John#21:25" class="extiw" title="s:Bible (American Standard)/John">John 21:25</a>, the Gospels do not claim to provide an exhaustive list of the events in Jesus's life.<a href="#cite_note-100">[87]</a> The accounts were primarily written as theological documents in the context of <a href="/wiki/Early_Christianity" title="Early Christianity">early Christianity</a>, with timelines as a secondary consideration.<a href="#cite_note-Wiarda75-101">[88]</a> In this respect, it is noteworthy that the Gospels devote about one third of their text to the last week of Jesus's life in <a href="/wiki/Jerusalem" title="Jerusalem">Jerusalem</a>, referred to as <a href="/wiki/Passion_(Christianity)" class="mw-redirect" title="Passion (Christianity)">the Passion</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Turner613-102">[89]</a> The Gospels do not provide enough details to satisfy the demands of modern historians regarding exact dates, but it is possible to draw from them a general picture of Jesus's life story.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESanders19933-81">[68]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERahner2004730%E2%80%9331-99">[86]</a><a href="#cite_note-Wiarda75-101">[88]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Genealogy_and_nativity">Genealogy and nativity</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Genealogy_of_Jesus" title="Genealogy of Jesus">Genealogy of Jesus</a> and <a href="/wiki/Nativity_of_Jesus" title="Nativity of Jesus">Nativity of Jesus</a></div> Jesus was Jewish,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVermes198120,_26,_27,_29-15">[10]</a> born to <a href="/wiki/Mary,_mother_of_Jesus" title="Mary, mother of Jesus">Mary</a>, wife of <a href="/wiki/Saint_Joseph" title="Saint Joseph">Joseph</a>.<a href="#cite_note-103">[90]</a> The Gospels of Matthew and Luke offer two accounts of his <a href="/wiki/Genealogy" title="Genealogy">genealogy</a>. Matthew traces Jesus's ancestry to <a href="/wiki/Abraham" title="Abraham">Abraham</a> through <a href="/wiki/David" title="David">David</a>.<a href="#cite_note-104">[91]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESanders199380%E2%80%9391-105">[92]</a> Luke traces Jesus's ancestry through <a href="/wiki/Adam" title="Adam">Adam</a> to God.<a href="#cite_note-106">[93]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrown1978%5BhttpsbooksgooglecombooksidML1mnUBwmhcCpgPA163_163%5D-107">[94]</a> The lists are identical between Abraham and David but differ radically from that point. Matthew has 27 generations from David to Joseph, whereas Luke has 42, with almost no overlap between the names on the two lists.<a href="#cite_note-108">[n]</a><a href="#cite_note-109">[95]</a> Various theories have been put forward to explain why the two genealogies are so different.<a href="#cite_note-110">[o]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Gerard_van_Honthorst_-_Adoration_of_the_Shepherds_(1622).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img alt="A Nativity scene; men and animals surround Mary and newborn Jesus, who are covered in light" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/05/Gerard_van_Honthorst_-_Adoration_of_the_Shepherds_%281622%29.jpg/220px-Gerard_van_Honthorst_-_Adoration_of_the_Shepherds_%281622%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="181" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="2057" data-file-height="1690"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 181px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/05/Gerard_van_Honthorst_-_Adoration_of_the_Shepherds_%281622%29.jpg/220px-Gerard_van_Honthorst_-_Adoration_of_the_Shepherds_%281622%29.jpg" data-alt="A Nativity scene; men and animals surround Mary and newborn Jesus, who are covered in light" data-width="220" data-height="181" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/05/Gerard_van_Honthorst_-_Adoration_of_the_Shepherds_%281622%29.jpg/330px-Gerard_van_Honthorst_-_Adoration_of_the_Shepherds_%281622%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/05/Gerard_van_Honthorst_-_Adoration_of_the_Shepherds_%281622%29.jpg/440px-Gerard_van_Honthorst_-_Adoration_of_the_Shepherds_%281622%29.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>Adoration of the Shepherds by <a href="/wiki/Gerard_van_Honthorst" title="Gerard van Honthorst">Gerard van Honthorst</a>, 1622</figcaption></figure> Matthew and Luke each describe Jesus's birth, especially that Jesus was born to a virgin named Mary in <a href="/wiki/Bethlehem" title="Bethlehem">Bethlehem</a> in fulfilment of <a href="/wiki/Prophecy" title="Prophecy">prophecy</a>. Luke's account emphasizes events before the <a href="/wiki/Nativity_of_Jesus" title="Nativity of Jesus">birth of Jesus</a> and centers on Mary, while Matthew's mostly covers those after the birth and centers on Joseph.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMillsBullard1998556-111">[96]</a><a href="#cite_note-marsh37-112">[97]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMorris199226-113">[98]</a> Both accounts state that Mary, was engaged to a man named Joseph, who was descended from King David and was not his biological father, and both support the doctrine of the <a href="/wiki/Virgin_birth_of_Jesus" title="Virgin birth of Jesus">virgin birth of Jesus</a>, according to which Jesus was miraculously conceived by the <a href="/wiki/Holy_Spirit" title="Holy Spirit">Holy Spirit</a> in Mary's womb when she was still a virgin.<a href="#cite_note-Jeffrey-114">[99]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECoxEasley200730%E2%80%9337-115">[100]</a><a href="#cite_note-116">[101]</a> At the same time, there is evidence, at least in the Lukan <a href="/wiki/Acts_of_the_Apostles" title="Acts of the Apostles">Acts of the Apostles</a>, that Jesus was thought to have had, like many figures in antiquity, a dual paternity, since there it is stated he descended from the seed or loins of David.<a href="#cite_note-117">[102]</a> By <a href="/wiki/Adoption_in_Judaism" title="Adoption in Judaism">taking him as his own</a>, Joseph will give him the necessary Davidic descent.<a href="#cite_note-118">[103]</a> Some scholars suggest that Jesus had <a href="/wiki/Levite" title="Levite">Levite</a> heritage from Mary, based on her blood relationship with <a href="/wiki/Elizabeth_(biblical_figure)" title="Elizabeth (biblical figure)">Elizabeth</a>.<a href="#cite_note-119">[104]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Bellini-circumcision-NG1455-fm.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img alt="74.9 x 102.2 cm" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/40/Bellini-circumcision-NG1455-fm.jpg/220px-Bellini-circumcision-NG1455-fm.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="163" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="3000" data-file-height="2217"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 163px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/40/Bellini-circumcision-NG1455-fm.jpg/220px-Bellini-circumcision-NG1455-fm.jpg" data-alt="74.9 x 102.2 cm" data-width="220" data-height="163" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/40/Bellini-circumcision-NG1455-fm.jpg/330px-Bellini-circumcision-NG1455-fm.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/40/Bellini-circumcision-NG1455-fm.jpg/440px-Bellini-circumcision-NG1455-fm.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>The Circumcision by <a href="/wiki/Giovanni_Bellini" title="Giovanni Bellini">Giovanni Bellini</a>, <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 1500. The work depicts the <a href="/wiki/Circumcision_of_Jesus" title="Circumcision of Jesus">circumcision of Jesus</a>.</figcaption></figure> In Matthew, Joseph is troubled because Mary, his betrothed, is pregnant,<a href="#cite_note-120">[105]</a> but in the first of <a href="/wiki/St._Joseph%27s_dream" class="mw-redirect" title="St. Joseph's dream">Joseph's four dreams</a> an angel assures him not to be afraid to take Mary as his wife because her child was conceived by the Holy Spirit.<a href="#cite_note-Talbert-121">[106]</a> In <a href="/wiki/Matthew_2:1" title="Matthew 2:1">Matthew 2:1</a>–<a href="/wiki/Matthew_2:12" title="Matthew 2:12">12</a>, <a href="/wiki/Biblical_Magi" title="Biblical Magi">wise men</a> or <a href="/wiki/Magi" title="Magi">Magi</a> from the East bring gifts to the young Jesus as the <a href="/wiki/Jesus,_King_of_the_Jews" title="Jesus, King of the Jews">King of the Jews</a>. They find him in a house in Bethlehem. <a href="/wiki/Herod_the_Great" title="Herod the Great">Herod the Great</a> hears of Jesus's birth and, wanting him killed, <a href="/wiki/Massacre_of_the_Innocents" title="Massacre of the Innocents">orders the murders of male infants</a> in Bethlehem and its surroundings. But an angel warns Joseph in his second dream, and the family <a href="/wiki/Flight_to_Egypt" class="mw-redirect" title="Flight to Egypt">flees to Egypt</a>—later to return and settle in <a href="/wiki/Nazareth" title="Nazareth">Nazareth</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Talbert-121">[106]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHarris1985272%E2%80%9385-122">[107]</a><a href="#cite_note-123">[108]</a> In Luke 1:31–38, Mary learns from the angel <a href="/wiki/Gabriel" title="Gabriel">Gabriel</a> that she will conceive and bear a child called Jesus through the action of the Holy Spirit.<a href="#cite_note-marsh37-112">[97]</a><a href="#cite_note-Jeffrey-114">[99]</a> When Mary is due to give birth, she and Joseph travel from Nazareth to Joseph's ancestral home in Bethlehem to register in the census ordered by <a href="/wiki/Augustus" title="Augustus">Caesar Augustus</a>. While there Mary gives birth to Jesus, and as they have found no room in the inn, she places the newborn in a <a href="/wiki/Manger" title="Manger">manger</a>.<a href="#cite_note-124">[109]</a> An <a href="/wiki/Annunciation_to_the_shepherds" title="Annunciation to the shepherds">angel announces the birth to a group of shepherds</a>, who go to Bethlehem to see Jesus, and subsequently spread the news abroad.<a href="#cite_note-125">[110]</a> Luke 2:21 tells how Joseph and Mary <a href="/wiki/Circumcision_of_Jesus" title="Circumcision of Jesus">have their baby circumcised on the eighth day after birth</a>, and name him Jesus, as Gabriel had commanded Mary.<a href="#cite_note-126">[111]</a> After the <a href="/wiki/Presentation_of_Jesus_at_the_Temple" class="mw-redirect" title="Presentation of Jesus at the Temple">presentation of Jesus at the Temple</a>, Joseph, Mary and Jesus return to Nazareth.<a href="#cite_note-marsh37-112">[97]</a><a href="#cite_note-Jeffrey-114">[99]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Early_life,_family,_and_profession">Early life, family, and profession</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Christ_Child" title="Christ Child">Christ Child</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Return_of_the_family_of_Jesus_to_Nazareth" title="Return of the family of Jesus to Nazareth">Return of the family of Jesus to Nazareth</a>, <a href="/wiki/Unknown_years_of_Jesus" title="Unknown years of Jesus">Unknown years of Jesus</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Brothers_of_Jesus" title="Brothers of Jesus">Brothers of Jesus</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:William_Holman_Hunt_-_The_Finding_of_the_Saviour_in_the_Temple_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img alt="Mary and Joseph find Jesus in the Temple" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/William_Holman_Hunt_-_The_Finding_of_the_Saviour_in_the_Temple_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg/260px-William_Holman_Hunt_-_The_Finding_of_the_Saviour_in_the_Temple_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg" decoding="async" width="260" height="159" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="8858" data-file-height="5428"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 260px;height: 159px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/William_Holman_Hunt_-_The_Finding_of_the_Saviour_in_the_Temple_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg/260px-William_Holman_Hunt_-_The_Finding_of_the_Saviour_in_the_Temple_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg" data-alt="Mary and Joseph find Jesus in the Temple" data-width="260" data-height="159" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/William_Holman_Hunt_-_The_Finding_of_the_Saviour_in_the_Temple_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg/390px-William_Holman_Hunt_-_The_Finding_of_the_Saviour_in_the_Temple_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/William_Holman_Hunt_-_The_Finding_of_the_Saviour_in_the_Temple_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg/520px-William_Holman_Hunt_-_The_Finding_of_the_Saviour_in_the_Temple_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/The_Finding_of_the_Saviour_in_the_Temple" title="The Finding of the Saviour in the Temple">The Finding of the Saviour in the Temple</a>, by <a href="/wiki/William_Holman_Hunt" title="William Holman Hunt">William Holman Hunt</a>, 1860</figcaption></figure> Jesus's childhood home is identified in the Gospels of Luke and Matthew as Nazareth, a town in <a href="/wiki/Galilee" title="Galilee">Galilee</a> in present-day <a href="/wiki/Israel" title="Israel">Israel</a>, where he lived with his family. Although Joseph appears in descriptions of Jesus's childhood, no mention is made of him thereafter.<a href="#cite_note-127">[112]</a><a href="#cite_note-128">[113]</a> His other family members, including his mother, <a href="/wiki/Mary,_mother_of_Jesus" title="Mary, mother of Jesus">Mary</a>, <a href="/wiki/Brothers_of_Jesus" title="Brothers of Jesus">his four brothers</a> <a href="/wiki/James,_brother_of_Jesus" title="James, brother of Jesus">James</a>, <a href="/wiki/Joses,_brother_of_Jesus" class="mw-redirect" title="Joses, brother of Jesus">Joses (or Joseph)</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jude,_brother_of_Jesus" title="Jude, brother of Jesus">Judas</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Simon,_brother_of_Jesus" title="Simon, brother of Jesus">Simon</a>, and his unnamed sisters, are mentioned in the Gospels and other sources.<a href="#cite_note-129">[114]</a> Jesus's maternal grandparents are named <a href="/wiki/Joachim" title="Joachim">Joachim</a> and <a href="/wiki/Saint_Anne" title="Saint Anne">Anne</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Gospel_of_James" title="Gospel of James">Gospel of James</a>.<a href="#cite_note-130">[115]</a> The Gospel of Luke records that Mary was a relative of Elizabeth, the mother of John the Baptist.<a href="#cite_note-131">[116]</a> Extra-biblical contemporary sources consider Jesus and John the Baptist to be second cousins through the belief that Elizabeth was the daughter of <a href="/wiki/Sobe_(sister_of_Saint_Anne)" title="Sobe (sister of Saint Anne)">Sobe</a>, the sister of Anne.<a href="#cite_note-132">[117]</a><a href="#cite_note-133">[118]</a><a href="#cite_note-134">[119]</a> The Gospel of Mark reports that at the beginning of <a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Jesus" title="Ministry of Jesus">his ministry</a>, Jesus comes into conflict with his neighbours and family.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHarris1985270%E2%80%9372-135">[120]</a> Jesus's mother and brothers come to get him<a href="#cite_note-136">[121]</a> because people are saying that <a href="/wiki/Mental_health_of_Jesus" title="Mental health of Jesus">he is crazy</a>.<a href="#cite_note-137">[122]</a> Jesus responds that his followers are his true family. In the Gospel of John, Jesus and his mother attend a <a href="/wiki/Wedding_at_Cana" title="Wedding at Cana">wedding at Cana</a>, where he performs his first miracle at her request.<a href="#cite_note-138">[123]</a> Later, she follows him to his crucifixion, and he expresses concern over her well-being.<a href="#cite_note-139">[124]</a> Jesus is called a τέκτων (<a href="/wiki/Tekt%C5%8Dn" title="Tektōn">tektōn</a>) in <a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Bible_(American_Standard)/Mark#6:3" class="extiw" title="s:Bible (American Standard)/Mark">Mark 6:3</a>, a term traditionally understood as carpenter but could also refer to makers of objects in various materials, including builders.<a href="#cite_note-140">[125]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDickson200868%E2%80%9369-141">[126]</a> The Gospels indicate that Jesus could read, paraphrase, and debate scripture, but this does not necessarily mean that he received formal scribal training.<a href="#cite_note-142">[127]</a> The Gospel of Luke reports two journeys of Jesus and his parents in <a href="/wiki/Jerusalem" title="Jerusalem">Jerusalem</a> during his childhood. They come to the <a href="/wiki/Temple_in_Jerusalem" title="Temple in Jerusalem">Temple in Jerusalem</a> for the <a href="/wiki/Presentation_of_Jesus" title="Presentation of Jesus">presentation of Jesus</a> as a baby in accordance with Jewish Law, where a man named <a href="/wiki/Simeon_(Gospel_of_Luke)" title="Simeon (Gospel of Luke)">Simeon</a> prophesies about Jesus and Mary.<a href="#cite_note-143">[128]</a> When Jesus, at the age of twelve, goes missing on a pilgrimage to Jerusalem for <a href="/wiki/Passover" title="Passover">Passover</a>, his parents <a href="/wiki/Finding_in_the_Temple" title="Finding in the Temple">find him in the temple</a> sitting among the teachers, listening to them and asking questions, and the people are amazed at his understanding and answers. Mary scolds Jesus for going missing, to which Jesus replies that he must "be in his father's house".<a href="#cite_note-144">[129]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Baptism_and_temptation">Baptism and temptation</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Baptism_of_Jesus" title="Baptism of Jesus">Baptism of Jesus</a> and <a href="/wiki/Temptation_of_Christ" title="Temptation of Christ">Temptation of Christ</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:El_bautismo_de_Jes%C3%BAs,_por_Jos%C3%A9_Ferraz_de_Almeida_J%C3%BAnior.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img alt="Jesus is baptised by John. The Holy Spirit in the form of a dove is overhead." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/El_bautismo_de_Jes%C3%BAs%2C_por_Jos%C3%A9_Ferraz_de_Almeida_J%C3%BAnior.jpg/170px-El_bautismo_de_Jes%C3%BAs%2C_por_Jos%C3%A9_Ferraz_de_Almeida_J%C3%BAnior.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="263" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1222" data-file-height="1890"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 170px;height: 263px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/El_bautismo_de_Jes%C3%BAs%2C_por_Jos%C3%A9_Ferraz_de_Almeida_J%C3%BAnior.jpg/170px-El_bautismo_de_Jes%C3%BAs%2C_por_Jos%C3%A9_Ferraz_de_Almeida_J%C3%BAnior.jpg" data-alt="Jesus is baptised by John. The Holy Spirit in the form of a dove is overhead." data-width="170" data-height="263" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/El_bautismo_de_Jes%C3%BAs%2C_por_Jos%C3%A9_Ferraz_de_Almeida_J%C3%BAnior.jpg/255px-El_bautismo_de_Jes%C3%BAs%2C_por_Jos%C3%A9_Ferraz_de_Almeida_J%C3%BAnior.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/El_bautismo_de_Jes%C3%BAs%2C_por_Jos%C3%A9_Ferraz_de_Almeida_J%C3%BAnior.jpg/340px-El_bautismo_de_Jes%C3%BAs%2C_por_Jos%C3%A9_Ferraz_de_Almeida_J%C3%BAnior.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Baptism_of_Jesus" title="Baptism of Jesus">The Baptism of Christ</a> by <a href="/wiki/John_the_Baptist" title="John the Baptist">John the Baptist</a>, by <a href="/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_Ferraz_de_Almeida_J%C3%BAnior" title="José Ferraz de Almeida Júnior">José Ferraz de Almeida Júnior</a>, 1895</figcaption></figure> The <a href="/wiki/Synoptic_gospels" class="mw-redirect" title="Synoptic gospels">synoptic gospels</a> describe <a href="/wiki/Baptism_of_Jesus" title="Baptism of Jesus">Jesus's baptism</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Jordan_River" title="Jordan River">Jordan River</a> and <a href="/wiki/Temptation_of_Christ" title="Temptation of Christ">the temptations he suffered</a> while spending forty days in the <a href="/wiki/Judaean_Desert" title="Judaean Desert">Judaean Desert</a>, as a preparation for his <a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Jesus" title="Ministry of Jesus">public ministry</a>.<a href="#cite_note-145">[130]</a> The accounts of Jesus's baptism are all preceded by information about <a href="/wiki/John_the_Baptist" title="John the Baptist">John the Baptist</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBlomberg2009224%E2%80%9329-146">[131]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEK%C3%B6stenbergerKellumQuarles2009141%E2%80%9343-147">[132]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMcGrath200616%E2%80%9322-148">[133]</a> They show John preaching penance and repentance for the remission of sins and encouraging the giving of <a href="/wiki/Alms" title="Alms">alms</a> to the poor<a href="#cite_note-149">[134]</a> as he baptizes people in the area of the Jordan River around <a href="/wiki/Perea" title="Perea">Perea</a> and foretells the arrival of someone "more powerful" than he.<a href="#cite_note-150">[135]</a><a href="#cite_note-151">[136]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Ary_Scheffer_-_The_Temptation_of_Christ_(1854).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Ary_Scheffer_-_The_Temptation_of_Christ_%281854%29.jpg/170px-Ary_Scheffer_-_The_Temptation_of_Christ_%281854%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="244" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1500" data-file-height="2152"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 170px;height: 244px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Ary_Scheffer_-_The_Temptation_of_Christ_%281854%29.jpg/170px-Ary_Scheffer_-_The_Temptation_of_Christ_%281854%29.jpg" data-width="170" data-height="244" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Ary_Scheffer_-_The_Temptation_of_Christ_%281854%29.jpg/255px-Ary_Scheffer_-_The_Temptation_of_Christ_%281854%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Ary_Scheffer_-_The_Temptation_of_Christ_%281854%29.jpg/340px-Ary_Scheffer_-_The_Temptation_of_Christ_%281854%29.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>Jesus and the devil depicted in The Temptation of Christ, by <a href="/wiki/Ary_Scheffer" title="Ary Scheffer">Ary Scheffer</a>, 1854</figcaption></figure> In the Gospel of Mark, John the Baptist baptizes Jesus, and as he comes out of the water he sees the <a href="/wiki/Holy_Spirit" title="Holy Spirit">Holy Spirit</a> descending to him like a dove and a voice comes from heaven declaring him to be God's Son.<a href="#cite_note-152">[137]</a> This is one of two events described in the Gospels where a voice from Heaven calls Jesus "Son", the other being the <a href="/wiki/Transfiguration_of_Jesus" title="Transfiguration of Jesus">Transfiguration</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELee200421%E2%80%9330-153">[138]</a><a href="#cite_note-Nobbs-154">[139]</a> The spirit then drives him into the wilderness where he is tempted by <a href="/wiki/Satan" title="Satan">Satan</a>.<a href="#cite_note-155">[140]</a> Jesus then begins his ministry in <a href="/wiki/Galilee" title="Galilee">Galilee</a> after John's arrest.<a href="#cite_note-156">[141]</a> In the Gospel of Matthew, as Jesus comes to him to be baptized, John protests, saying, "I need to be baptized by you."<a href="#cite_note-157">[142]</a> Jesus instructs him to carry on with the baptism "to fulfill all righteousness".<a href="#cite_note-158">[143]</a> Matthew details three temptations that Satan offers Jesus in the wilderness.<a href="#cite_note-159">[144]</a> In the Gospel of Luke, the Holy Spirit descends as a dove after everyone has been baptized and Jesus is <a href="/wiki/Prayers_of_Jesus" title="Prayers of Jesus">praying</a>.<a href="#cite_note-160">[145]</a> Later John implicitly recognizes Jesus after sending his followers to ask about him.<a href="#cite_note-161">[146]</a> Luke also describes three temptations received by Jesus in the wilderness, before starting his ministry in Galilee.<a href="#cite_note-162">[147]</a> The Gospel of John leaves out Jesus's baptism and temptation.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECrossLivingstone2005Jesus_Christ-163">[148]</a> Here, John the Baptist testifies that he saw the Spirit descend on Jesus.<a href="#cite_note-164">[149]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBoringCraddock2004%5BhttpsbooksgooglecombooksidN0tLXRIiIe0CpgPA292_292%5D-165">[150]</a> John publicly proclaims Jesus as the sacrificial <a href="/wiki/Lamb_of_God" title="Lamb of God">Lamb of God</a>, and some of John's followers become disciples of Jesus.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETheissenMerz199817%E2%80%9362-85">[72]</a> Before John is imprisoned, Jesus leads his followers to baptize disciples as well,<a href="#cite_note-166">[151]</a> and they baptize more people than John.<a href="#cite_note-167">[152]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Public_ministry"> Public ministry</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Jesus" title="Ministry of Jesus">Ministry of Jesus</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Bloch-SermonOnTheMount.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img alt="Jesus sits atop a mount, preaching to a crowd" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Bloch-SermonOnTheMount.jpg/220px-Bloch-SermonOnTheMount.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="247" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1377" data-file-height="1545"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 247px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Bloch-SermonOnTheMount.jpg/220px-Bloch-SermonOnTheMount.jpg" data-alt="Jesus sits atop a mount, preaching to a crowd" data-width="220" data-height="247" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Bloch-SermonOnTheMount.jpg/330px-Bloch-SermonOnTheMount.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Bloch-SermonOnTheMount.jpg/440px-Bloch-SermonOnTheMount.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>Sermon on the Mount, by <a href="/wiki/Carl_Bloch" title="Carl Bloch">Carl Bloch</a>, 1877, depicts <a href="/wiki/Sermon_on_the_Mount" title="Sermon on the Mount">Jesus's important discourse</a>.</figcaption></figure> The Synoptics depict two distinct geographical settings in Jesus's ministry. The first takes place north of <a href="/wiki/Judea" title="Judea">Judea</a>, in Galilee, where Jesus conducts a successful ministry, and the second shows Jesus rejected and killed when he travels to Jerusalem.<a href="#cite_note-ISBEO-30">[23]</a> Often referred to as "<a href="/wiki/Rabbi" title="Rabbi">rabbi</a>",<a href="#cite_note-ISBEO-30">[23]</a> Jesus preaches his message orally.<a href="#cite_note-Dunn2013-33">[26]</a> Notably, Jesus forbids those who recognize him as the messiah to speak of it, including people he heals and demons he exorcises (see <a href="/wiki/Messianic_Secret" title="Messianic Secret">Messianic Secret</a>).<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHarris1985285%E2%80%9396-168">[153]</a> John depicts Jesus's ministry as largely taking place in and around Jerusalem, rather than in Galilee; and Jesus's divine identity is openly proclaimed and immediately recognized.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHarris1985302%E2%80%9310-98">[85]</a> Scholars divide the ministry of Jesus into several stages. The Galilean ministry begins when Jesus returns to Galilee from the <a href="/wiki/Judaean_Desert" title="Judaean Desert">Judaean Desert</a> after rebuffing the temptation of <a href="/wiki/Satan" title="Satan">Satan</a>. Jesus preaches around Galilee, and in <a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Bible_(American_Standard)/Matthew#4:18" class="extiw" title="s:Bible (American Standard)/Matthew">Matthew 4:18–20</a>, <a href="/wiki/First_disciples_of_Jesus" class="mw-redirect" title="First disciples of Jesus">his first disciples</a>, who will eventually form the core of the early Church, encounter him and begin to travel with him.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMcGrath200616%E2%80%9322-148">[133]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERedford2007117%E2%80%9330-169">[154]</a> This period includes the <a href="/wiki/Sermon_on_the_Mount" title="Sermon on the Mount">Sermon on the Mount</a>, one of Jesus's major discourses,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERedford2007117%E2%80%9330-169">[154]</a><a href="#cite_note-170">[155]</a> as well as the <a href="/wiki/Calming_the_storm" title="Calming the storm">calming of the storm</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Feeding_the_multitude" title="Feeding the multitude">feeding of the 5,000</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jesus_walking_on_water" title="Jesus walking on water">walking on water</a> and a number of other miracles and <a href="/wiki/Parables_of_Jesus" title="Parables of Jesus">parables</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERedford2007143%E2%80%9360-171">[156]</a> It ends with the <a href="/wiki/Confession_of_Peter" title="Confession of Peter">Confession of Peter</a> and the Transfiguration.<a href="#cite_note-172">[157]</a><a href="#cite_note-Barton132-173">[158]</a> As Jesus travels towards Jerusalem, in the <a href="/wiki/Perea" title="Perea">Perean</a> ministry, he returns to the area where he was baptized, about a third of the way down from the <a href="/wiki/Sea_of_Galilee" title="Sea of Galilee">Sea of Galilee</a> along the <a href="/wiki/Jordan_River" title="Jordan River">Jordan River</a>.<a href="#cite_note-174">[159]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECoxEasley2007137-175">[160]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERedford2007211%E2%80%9329-176">[161]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Jesus#Final_ministry_in_Jerusalem" title="Ministry of Jesus">final ministry in Jerusalem</a> begins with Jesus's <a href="/wiki/Triumphal_entry_into_Jerusalem" title="Triumphal entry into Jerusalem">triumphal entry</a> into the city on <a href="/wiki/Palm_Sunday" title="Palm Sunday">Palm Sunday</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECoxEasley2007155%E2%80%9370-177">[162]</a> In the Synoptic Gospels, during that week Jesus <a href="/wiki/Cleansing_of_the_Temple" title="Cleansing of the Temple">drives the money changers</a> from the <a href="/wiki/Second_Temple" title="Second Temple">Second Temple</a> and <a href="/wiki/Bargain_of_Judas" title="Bargain of Judas">Judas bargains to betray</a> him. This period culminates in the <a href="/wiki/Last_Supper" title="Last Supper">Last Supper</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Farewell_Discourse" title="Farewell Discourse">Farewell Discourse</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBlomberg2009224%E2%80%9329-146">[131]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECoxEasley2007155%E2%80%9370-177">[162]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERedford2007257%E2%80%9374-178">[163]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Disciples_and_followers">Disciples and followers</h4></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Apostles_in_the_New_Testament" title="Apostles in the New Testament">Apostles in the New Testament</a> and <a href="/wiki/Commissioning_of_the_Twelve_Apostles" title="Commissioning of the Twelve Apostles">Commissioning of the Twelve Apostles</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Brooklyn_Museum_-_The_Exhortation_to_the_Apostles_(Recommandation_aux_ap%C3%B4tres)_-_James_Tissot.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/78/Brooklyn_Museum_-_The_Exhortation_to_the_Apostles_%28Recommandation_aux_ap%C3%B4tres%29_-_James_Tissot.jpg/220px-Brooklyn_Museum_-_The_Exhortation_to_the_Apostles_%28Recommandation_aux_ap%C3%B4tres%29_-_James_Tissot.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1507" data-file-height="1128"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 165px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/78/Brooklyn_Museum_-_The_Exhortation_to_the_Apostles_%28Recommandation_aux_ap%C3%B4tres%29_-_James_Tissot.jpg/220px-Brooklyn_Museum_-_The_Exhortation_to_the_Apostles_%28Recommandation_aux_ap%C3%B4tres%29_-_James_Tissot.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="165" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/78/Brooklyn_Museum_-_The_Exhortation_to_the_Apostles_%28Recommandation_aux_ap%C3%B4tres%29_-_James_Tissot.jpg/330px-Brooklyn_Museum_-_The_Exhortation_to_the_Apostles_%28Recommandation_aux_ap%C3%B4tres%29_-_James_Tissot.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/78/Brooklyn_Museum_-_The_Exhortation_to_the_Apostles_%28Recommandation_aux_ap%C3%B4tres%29_-_James_Tissot.jpg/440px-Brooklyn_Museum_-_The_Exhortation_to_the_Apostles_%28Recommandation_aux_ap%C3%B4tres%29_-_James_Tissot.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>The Exhortation to the Apostles, by <a href="/wiki/James_Tissot" title="James Tissot">James Tissot</a>, portrays Jesus talking to his 12 disciples.</figcaption></figure> Near the beginning of his ministry, Jesus <a href="/wiki/Commissioning_of_the_Twelve_Apostles" title="Commissioning of the Twelve Apostles">appoints twelve apostles</a>. In Matthew and Mark, despite Jesus only briefly requesting that they join him, Jesus's first four apostles, who were fishermen, are described as immediately consenting, and abandoning their nets and boats to do so.<a href="#cite_note-179">[164]</a> In John, Jesus's first two apostles were disciples of John the Baptist. The Baptist sees Jesus and calls him the Lamb of God; the two hear this and follow Jesus.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrown198825%E2%80%9327-180">[165]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBoringCraddock2004292%E2%80%9393-181">[166]</a> In addition to the Twelve Apostles, the opening of the passage of the <a href="/wiki/Sermon_on_the_Plain" title="Sermon on the Plain">Sermon on the Plain</a> identifies a much larger group of people as disciples.<a href="#cite_note-182">[167]</a> Also, in <a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Bible_(American_Standard)/Luke#10:1" class="extiw" title="s:Bible (American Standard)/Luke">Luke 10:1–16</a> Jesus sends <a href="/wiki/Seventy_disciples" title="Seventy disciples">70 or 72 of his followers</a> in pairs to prepare towns for his prospective visit. They are instructed to accept hospitality, heal the sick, and spread the word that the <a href="/wiki/Kingship_and_kingdom_of_God" title="Kingship and kingdom of God">Kingdom of God</a> is coming.<a href="#cite_note-183">[168]</a> In Mark, the disciples are notably obtuse. They fail to understand Jesus's miracles,<a href="#cite_note-184">[169]</a> his parables,<a href="#cite_note-185">[170]</a> or what "rising from the dead" means.<a href="#cite_note-186">[171]</a> When Jesus is later arrested, they desert him.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHarris1985285%E2%80%9396-168">[153]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Teachings_and_miracles"> Teachings and miracles</h4></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Sermon_on_the_Mount" title="Sermon on the Mount">Sermon on the Mount</a>, <a href="/wiki/Parables_of_Jesus" title="Parables of Jesus">Parables of Jesus</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Miracles_of_Jesus" title="Miracles of Jesus">Miracles of Jesus</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Sermon_on_the_Plain" title="Sermon on the Plain">Sermon on the Plain</a>, <a href="/wiki/Five_Discourses_of_Matthew" title="Five Discourses of Matthew">Five Discourses of Matthew</a>, <a href="/wiki/Farewell_Discourse" title="Farewell Discourse">Farewell Discourse</a>, <a href="/wiki/Olivet_Discourse" title="Olivet Discourse">Olivet Discourse</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Bread_of_Life_Discourse" title="Bread of Life Discourse">Bread of Life Discourse</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Hoffman-ChristAndTheRichYoungRuler.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/Hoffman-ChristAndTheRichYoungRuler.jpg/220px-Hoffman-ChristAndTheRichYoungRuler.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="174" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="4324" data-file-height="3412"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 174px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/Hoffman-ChristAndTheRichYoungRuler.jpg/220px-Hoffman-ChristAndTheRichYoungRuler.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="174" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/Hoffman-ChristAndTheRichYoungRuler.jpg/330px-Hoffman-ChristAndTheRichYoungRuler.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/Hoffman-ChristAndTheRichYoungRuler.jpg/440px-Hoffman-ChristAndTheRichYoungRuler.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Jesus_and_the_rich_young_man" title="Jesus and the rich young man">Jesus and the rich young man</a> by <a href="/wiki/Heinrich_Hofmann_(painter)" title="Heinrich Hofmann (painter)">Heinrich Hofmann</a>, 1889</figcaption></figure> In the Synoptics, Jesus teaches extensively, often in <a href="/wiki/Parable" title="Parable">parables</a>,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETheissenMerz1998316%E2%80%9346-187">[172]</a> about the Kingdom of God (or, in Matthew, the <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Heaven_(Gospel_of_Matthew)" class="mw-redirect" title="Kingdom of Heaven (Gospel of Matthew)">Kingdom of Heaven</a>). The Kingdom is described as both imminent<a href="#cite_note-188">[173]</a> and already present in the ministry of Jesus.<a href="#cite_note-189">[174]</a> Jesus promises inclusion in the Kingdom for those who accept his message.<a href="#cite_note-190">[175]</a> He talks of the "<a href="/wiki/Son_of_man" title="Son of man">Son of man</a>", an <a href="/wiki/Apocalypse" title="Apocalypse">apocalyptic</a> figure who will come to gather the chosen.<a href="#cite_note-Britannica-39">[28]</a> Jesus calls people to repent their sins and to devote themselves completely to God.<a href="#cite_note-Britannica-39">[28]</a> He tells his followers to adhere to <a href="/wiki/Jewish_law" class="mw-redirect" title="Jewish law">Jewish law</a>, although he is perceived by some to have broken the law himself, for example regarding the <a href="/wiki/Sabbath" title="Sabbath">Sabbath</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Britannica-39">[28]</a> When asked what the greatest commandment is, Jesus replies: "You shall love the Lord your God with all your heart, and with all your soul, and with all your mind ... And a second is like it: 'You shall love your neighbor as yourself.'"<a href="#cite_note-191">[176]</a> Other ethical teachings of Jesus include <a href="/wiki/Matthew_5:44" title="Matthew 5:44">loving your enemies</a>, refraining from hatred and lust, <a href="/wiki/Turning_the_other_cheek" title="Turning the other cheek">turning the other cheek</a>, and forgiving people who have sinned against you.<a href="#cite_note-192">[177]</a><a href="#cite_note-193">[178]</a> John's Gospel presents the teachings of Jesus not merely as his own preaching, but as divine <a href="/wiki/Revelation" title="Revelation">revelation</a>. John the Baptist, for example, states in <a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Bible_(American_Standard)/John#3:34" class="extiw" title="s:Bible (American Standard)/John">John 3:34</a>: "He whom God has sent speaks the words of God, for he gives the Spirit without measure." In <a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Bible_(American_Standard)/John#7:16" class="extiw" title="s:Bible (American Standard)/John">John 7:16</a> Jesus says, "My teaching is not mine but his who sent me." He asserts the same thing in <a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Bible_(American_Standard)/John#14:10" class="extiw" title="s:Bible (American Standard)/John">John 14:10</a>: "Do you not believe that I am in the Father and the Father is in me? The words that I say to you I do not speak on my own; but the Father who dwells in me does his works."<a href="#cite_note-Osborn-1993-194">[179]</a><a href="#cite_note-195">[180]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Pompeo_Batoni_003.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c0/Pompeo_Batoni_003.jpg/170px-Pompeo_Batoni_003.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="236" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="2531" data-file-height="3519"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 170px;height: 236px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c0/Pompeo_Batoni_003.jpg/170px-Pompeo_Batoni_003.jpg" data-width="170" data-height="236" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c0/Pompeo_Batoni_003.jpg/255px-Pompeo_Batoni_003.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c0/Pompeo_Batoni_003.jpg/340px-Pompeo_Batoni_003.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Parable_of_the_Prodigal_Son" title="Parable of the Prodigal Son">The Return of the Prodigal Son</a> by <a href="/wiki/Pompeo_Batoni" title="Pompeo Batoni">Pompeo Batoni</a>, 1773</figcaption></figure> Approximately 30 parables form about one-third of Jesus's recorded teachings.<a href="#cite_note-Osborn-1993-194">[179]</a><a href="#cite_note-196">[181]</a> The parables appear within longer sermons and at other places in the narrative.<a href="#cite_note-197">[182]</a> They often contain symbolism, and usually relate the physical world to the <a href="/wiki/Spirituality" title="Spirituality">spiritual</a>.<a href="#cite_note-198">[183]</a><a href="#cite_note-199">[184]</a> Common themes in these tales include the kindness and generosity of God and the perils of transgression.<a href="#cite_note-200">[185]</a> Some of his parables, such as the <a href="/wiki/Parable_of_the_Prodigal_Son" title="Parable of the Prodigal Son">Prodigal Son</a>,<a href="#cite_note-201">[186]</a> are relatively simple, while others, such as the <a href="/wiki/Parable_of_the_Growing_Seed" title="Parable of the Growing Seed">Growing Seed</a>,<a href="#cite_note-202">[187]</a> are sophisticated, profound and abstruse.<a href="#cite_note-203">[188]</a> When asked by his disciples why he speaks in parables to the people, Jesus replies that the chosen disciples have been given to "know the secrets of the kingdom of heaven", unlike the rest of their people, "For the one who has will be given more and he will have in abundance. But the one who does not have will be deprived even more", going on to say that the majority of their generation have grown "dull hearts" and thus are unable to understand.<a href="#cite_note-204">[189]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Christ_cleans_leper_man.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img alt="Jesus, his head surrounded by a halo, puts his hands on a leper, thereby healing him" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/42/Christ_cleans_leper_man.jpg/180px-Christ_cleans_leper_man.jpg" decoding="async" width="180" height="257" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="689" data-file-height="985"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 180px;height: 257px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/42/Christ_cleans_leper_man.jpg/180px-Christ_cleans_leper_man.jpg" data-alt="Jesus, his head surrounded by a halo, puts his hands on a leper, thereby healing him" data-width="180" data-height="257" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/42/Christ_cleans_leper_man.jpg/270px-Christ_cleans_leper_man.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/42/Christ_cleans_leper_man.jpg/360px-Christ_cleans_leper_man.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Jesus_cleansing_a_leper" title="Jesus cleansing a leper">Jesus cleansing a leper</a>, medieval <a href="/wiki/Mosaic" title="Mosaic">mosaic</a> from the <a href="/wiki/Monreale_Cathedral" title="Monreale Cathedral">Monreale Cathedral</a>, late 12th to mid-13th centuries</figcaption></figure> In the gospel accounts, Jesus devotes a large portion of his ministry to performing <a href="/wiki/Miracle" title="Miracle">miracles</a>, especially healings.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGreenMcKnightMarshall1992299-205">[190]</a> The miracles can be classified into two main categories: healing miracles and nature miracles.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETwelftree1999350-206">[191]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELevine20064-207">[192]</a><a href="#cite_note-208">[193]</a> The healing miracles include cures for physical ailments, <a href="/wiki/Exorcism" title="Exorcism">exorcisms</a>,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWitherington1997113-91">[78]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETheissenMerz1998298-209">[194]</a> and <a href="/wiki/Miracles_of_Jesus#Resurrection_of_the_dead" title="Miracles of Jesus">resurrections of the dead</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGreenMcKnightMarshall1992300-210">[195]</a><a href="#cite_note-Oxford_Companion-211">[196]</a><a href="#cite_note-212">[197]</a><a href="#cite_note-213">[198]</a> The nature miracles show Jesus's power over nature, and include <a href="/wiki/Turning_water_into_wine" class="mw-redirect" title="Turning water into wine">turning water into wine</a>, walking on water, and calming a storm, among others. Jesus states that his miracles are from a divine source. When his opponents suddenly accuse him of performing exorcisms by the power of <a href="/wiki/Beelzebul" class="mw-redirect" title="Beelzebul">Beelzebul</a>, the prince of demons, Jesus counters that he performs them by the "Spirit of God" (<a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Bible_(American_Standard)/Matthew#12:28" class="extiw" title="s:Bible (American Standard)/Matthew">Matthew 12:28</a>) or "finger of God", arguing that all logic suggests that Satan would not let his demons assist the Children of God because it would divide Satan's house and bring his kingdom to desolation; furthermore, he asks his opponents that if he exorcises by <a href="/wiki/Beelzebub" title="Beelzebub">Beelzebub</a>, "by whom do your sons cast them out?".<a href="#cite_note-214">[199]</a><a href="#cite_note-Britannica-39">[28]</a><a href="#cite_note-215">[200]</a> In <a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Bible_(American_Standard)/Matthew#12:28" class="extiw" title="s:Bible (American Standard)/Matthew">Matthew 12:31–32</a>, he goes on to say that while all manner of sin, "even insults against God" or "insults against the son of man", shall be forgiven, whoever insults goodness (or "The <a href="/wiki/Holy_Spirit" title="Holy Spirit">Holy Spirit</a>") shall never be forgiven; they carry the guilt of their sin forever. In John, Jesus's miracles are described as "signs", performed to prove his mission and divinity.<a href="#cite_note-Sign-216">[201]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEhrman2009%5Bhttpsarchiveorgdetailsjesusinterrupted00ehrm_0page84_84%5D-217">[202]</a> In the Synoptics, when asked by some teachers of the Law and some Pharisees to give miraculous signs to prove his authority, Jesus refuses,<a href="#cite_note-Sign-216">[201]</a> saying that no sign shall come to corrupt and evil people except the sign of the prophet <a href="/wiki/Jonah" title="Jonah">Jonah</a>. Also, in the Synoptic Gospels, the crowds regularly respond to Jesus's miracles with awe and press on him to heal their sick. In John's Gospel, Jesus is presented as unpressured by the crowds, who often respond to his miracles with trust and faith.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETwelftree1999236-218">[203]</a> One characteristic shared among all miracles of Jesus in the gospel accounts is that he performed them freely and never requested or accepted any form of payment.<a href="#cite_note-219">[204]</a> The gospel episodes that include descriptions of the miracles of Jesus also often include teachings, and the miracles themselves involve an element of teaching.<a href="#cite_note-220">[205]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETwelftree199995-221">[206]</a> Many of the miracles teach the importance of faith. In the <a href="/wiki/Cleansing_ten_lepers" title="Cleansing ten lepers">cleansing of ten lepers</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Daughter_of_Jairus" class="mw-redirect" title="Daughter of Jairus">raising of Jairus's daughter</a>, for instance, the beneficiaries are told that their healing was due to their faith.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDonahueHarrington2002182-222">[207]</a><a href="#cite_note-223">[208]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Proclamation_as_Christ_and_Transfiguration">Proclamation as Christ and Transfiguration</h4></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Confession_of_Peter" title="Confession of Peter">Confession of Peter</a> and <a href="/wiki/Transfiguration_of_Jesus" title="Transfiguration of Jesus">Transfiguration of Jesus</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Transfigurationbloch.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/15/Transfigurationbloch.jpg/180px-Transfigurationbloch.jpg" decoding="async" width="180" height="224" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="734" data-file-height="912"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 180px;height: 224px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/15/Transfigurationbloch.jpg/180px-Transfigurationbloch.jpg" data-width="180" data-height="224" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/15/Transfigurationbloch.jpg/270px-Transfigurationbloch.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/15/Transfigurationbloch.jpg/360px-Transfigurationbloch.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Transfiguration_of_Jesus" title="Transfiguration of Jesus">Transfiguration of Jesus</a>, depicted by <a href="/wiki/Carl_Bloch" title="Carl Bloch">Carl Bloch</a>, 19th century</figcaption></figure> At about the middle of each of the three Synoptic Gospels are two significant events: the Confession of <a href="/wiki/Saint_Peter" title="Saint Peter">Peter</a> and the Transfiguration of Jesus.<a href="#cite_note-Barton132-173">[158]</a><a href="#cite_note-224">[209]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELee200421%E2%80%9330-153">[138]</a><a href="#cite_note-Nobbs-154">[139]</a> These two events are not mentioned in the Gospel of John.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECrossLivingstone2005John,_Gospel_of-225">[210]</a> In his Confession, <a href="/wiki/Saint_Peter" title="Saint Peter">Peter</a> tells Jesus, "You are the Messiah, the Son of the living God."<a href="#cite_note-226">[211]</a><a href="#cite_note-227">[212]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDonahueHarrington2002336-228">[213]</a> Jesus affirms that Peter's confession is divinely revealed truth.<a href="#cite_note-229">[214]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPannenberg196853%E2%80%9354-230">[215]</a> After the confession, Jesus tells his disciples about his upcoming death and resurrection.<a href="#cite_note-231">[216]</a> In the Transfiguration,<a href="#cite_note-232">[217]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELee200421%E2%80%9330-153">[138]</a><a href="#cite_note-Nobbs-154">[139]</a><a href="#cite_note-Barton132-173">[158]</a> Jesus takes Peter and two other apostles up an unnamed mountain, where "he was transfigured before them, and his face shone like the sun, and his clothes became dazzling white".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELee200472%E2%80%9376-233">[218]</a> A bright cloud appears around them, and a voice from the cloud says, "This is my Son, the Beloved; with him I am well pleased; listen to him."<a href="#cite_note-234">[219]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELee200421%E2%80%9330-153">[138]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Passion_Week">Passion Week</h3></div> The description of the last week of the life of Jesus (often called <a href="/wiki/Passion_Week" class="mw-redirect" title="Passion Week">Passion Week</a>) occupies about one-third of the narrative in the canonical gospels,<a href="#cite_note-Turner613-102">[89]</a> starting with Jesus's <a href="/wiki/Triumphal_entry_into_Jerusalem" title="Triumphal entry into Jerusalem">triumphal entry into Jerusalem</a> and ending with his Crucifixion.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBlomberg2009224%E2%80%9329-146">[131]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECoxEasley2007155%E2%80%9370-177">[162]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Activities_in_Jerusalem">Activities in Jerusalem</h4></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Triumphal_entry_into_Jerusalem" title="Triumphal entry into Jerusalem">Triumphal entry into Jerusalem</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cleansing_of_the_Temple" title="Cleansing of the Temple">Cleansing of the Temple</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Bargain_of_Judas" title="Bargain of Judas">Bargain of Judas</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:G%C3%A9r%C3%B4me_-_L%27entr%C3%A9e_du_Christ_%C3%A0_J%C3%A9rusalem_-_cadre.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img alt="Jesus, riding a donkey colt, rides towards Jerusalem. A large crowd greets him outside the walls." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c4/G%C3%A9r%C3%B4me_-_L%27entr%C3%A9e_du_Christ_%C3%A0_J%C3%A9rusalem_-_cadre.jpg/260px-G%C3%A9r%C3%B4me_-_L%27entr%C3%A9e_du_Christ_%C3%A0_J%C3%A9rusalem_-_cadre.jpg" decoding="async" width="260" height="169" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="2191" data-file-height="1422"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 260px;height: 169px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c4/G%C3%A9r%C3%B4me_-_L%27entr%C3%A9e_du_Christ_%C3%A0_J%C3%A9rusalem_-_cadre.jpg/260px-G%C3%A9r%C3%B4me_-_L%27entr%C3%A9e_du_Christ_%C3%A0_J%C3%A9rusalem_-_cadre.jpg" data-alt="Jesus, riding a donkey colt, rides towards Jerusalem. A large crowd greets him outside the walls." data-width="260" data-height="169" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c4/G%C3%A9r%C3%B4me_-_L%27entr%C3%A9e_du_Christ_%C3%A0_J%C3%A9rusalem_-_cadre.jpg/390px-G%C3%A9r%C3%B4me_-_L%27entr%C3%A9e_du_Christ_%C3%A0_J%C3%A9rusalem_-_cadre.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c4/G%C3%A9r%C3%B4me_-_L%27entr%C3%A9e_du_Christ_%C3%A0_J%C3%A9rusalem_-_cadre.jpg/520px-G%C3%A9r%C3%B4me_-_L%27entr%C3%A9e_du_Christ_%C3%A0_J%C3%A9rusalem_-_cadre.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>A painting of Jesus's <a href="/wiki/Triumphal_entry_into_Jerusalem" title="Triumphal entry into Jerusalem">final entry into Jerusalem</a>, by <a href="/wiki/Jean-L%C3%A9on_G%C3%A9r%C3%B4me" title="Jean-Léon Gérôme">Jean-Léon Gérôme</a>, 1897</figcaption></figure> In the Synoptics, the last week in Jerusalem is the conclusion of the journey through Perea and <a href="/wiki/Judea" title="Judea">Judea</a> that Jesus began in Galilee.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECoxEasley2007155%E2%80%9370-177">[162]</a> Jesus rides a young donkey into Jerusalem, reflecting the tale of <a href="/wiki/The_Messiah%27s_Donkey" title="The Messiah's Donkey">the Messiah's Donkey</a>, an oracle from the <a href="/wiki/Book_of_Zechariah" title="Book of Zechariah">Book of Zechariah</a> in which the Jews' humble king enters Jerusalem this way.<a href="#cite_note-235">[220]</a><a href="#cite_note-May_Metzger_Mark-69">[56]</a> People along the way lay cloaks and small branches of trees (known as <a href="/wiki/Palm_branch" title="Palm branch">palm fronds</a>) in front of him and sing part of Psalms 118:25–26.<a href="#cite_note-236">[221]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBoringCraddock2004256%E2%80%9358-237">[222]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMajern%C3%ADkPonessaManhardt2005133%E2%80%9334-238">[223]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEvans2003381%E2%80%9395-239">[224]</a> Jesus next expels the money changers from the <a href="/wiki/Second_Temple" title="Second Temple">Second Temple</a>, accusing them of turning it into a den of thieves through their commercial activities. He then prophesies about the coming destruction, including false prophets, wars, earthquakes, celestial disorders, persecution of the faithful, the appearance of an "abomination of desolation", and unendurable tribulations.<a href="#cite_note-240">[225]</a> The mysterious "Son of Man", he says, will dispatch angels to gather the faithful from all parts of the earth.<a href="#cite_note-241">[226]</a> Jesus warns that these wonders will occur in the lifetimes of the hearers.<a href="#cite_note-242">[227]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHarris1985285%E2%80%9396-168">[153]</a> In John, the Cleansing of the Temple occurs at the beginning of Jesus's ministry instead of at the end.<a href="#cite_note-243">[228]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHarris1985302%E2%80%9310-98">[85]</a> Jesus comes into conflict with the Jewish elders, such as when they <a href="/wiki/Authority_of_Jesus_questioned" class="mw-redirect" title="Authority of Jesus questioned">question his authority</a> and when he <a href="/wiki/Woes_of_the_Pharisees" title="Woes of the Pharisees">criticizes them and calls them hypocrites</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBoringCraddock2004256%E2%80%9358-237">[222]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEvans2003381%E2%80%9395-239">[224]</a> <a href="/wiki/Judas_Iscariot" title="Judas Iscariot">Judas Iscariot</a>, one of the <a href="/wiki/Twelve_apostles" class="mw-redirect" title="Twelve apostles">twelve apostles</a>, secretly strikes a bargain with the Jewish elders, agreeing to betray Jesus to them for <a href="/wiki/Thirty_pieces_of_silver" title="Thirty pieces of silver">30 silver coins</a>.<a href="#cite_note-244">[229]</a><a href="#cite_note-245">[230]</a> The Gospel of John recounts two other feasts in which Jesus taught in Jerusalem before the Passion Week.<a href="#cite_note-246">[231]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHarris1985270%E2%80%9372-135">[120]</a> In <a href="/wiki/Bethany_(biblical_village)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bethany (biblical village)">Bethany</a>, a village near Jerusalem, Jesus <a href="/wiki/Raising_of_Lazarus" class="mw-redirect" title="Raising of Lazarus">raises Lazarus from the dead</a>. This potent sign<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHarris1985302%E2%80%9310-98">[85]</a> increases the tension with authorities,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECoxEasley2007155%E2%80%9370-177">[162]</a> who conspire to kill him.<a href="#cite_note-247">[232]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHarris1985270%E2%80%9372-135">[120]</a> <a href="/wiki/Mary_of_Bethany" title="Mary of Bethany">Mary of Bethany</a> anoints Jesus's feet, foreshadowing his entombment.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFunkHooverThe_Jesus_Seminar1993401%E2%80%9370-248">[233]</a> Jesus then makes his messianic entry into Jerusalem.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHarris1985270%E2%80%9372-135">[120]</a> The cheering crowds greeting Jesus as he enters Jerusalem add to the animosity between him and the establishment.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECoxEasley2007155%E2%80%9370-177">[162]</a> In John, Jesus has already cleansed the Second Temple during an earlier Passover visit to Jerusalem. John next recounts Jesus's Last Supper with his disciples.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHarris1985270%E2%80%9372-135">[120]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Last_Supper">Last Supper</h4></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Last_Supper" title="Last Supper">Last Supper</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Jesus_predicts_his_betrayal" title="Jesus predicts his betrayal">Jesus predicts his betrayal</a>, <a href="/wiki/Denial_of_Peter" title="Denial of Peter">Denial of Peter</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Last_Supper_in_Christian_art" title="Last Supper in Christian art">Last Supper in Christian art</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:%C3%9Altima_Cena_-_Juan_de_Juanes.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img alt="A depiction of the Last Supper. Jesus sits in the center, his apostles gathered around on either side of him." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/%C3%9Altima_Cena_-_Juan_de_Juanes.jpg/260px-%C3%9Altima_Cena_-_Juan_de_Juanes.jpg" decoding="async" width="260" height="165" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1920" data-file-height="1215"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 260px;height: 165px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/%C3%9Altima_Cena_-_Juan_de_Juanes.jpg/260px-%C3%9Altima_Cena_-_Juan_de_Juanes.jpg" data-alt="A depiction of the Last Supper. Jesus sits in the center, his apostles gathered around on either side of him." data-width="260" data-height="165" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/%C3%9Altima_Cena_-_Juan_de_Juanes.jpg/390px-%C3%9Altima_Cena_-_Juan_de_Juanes.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/%C3%9Altima_Cena_-_Juan_de_Juanes.jpg/520px-%C3%9Altima_Cena_-_Juan_de_Juanes.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Last_Supper" title="Last Supper">Last Supper</a>, depicted by <a href="/wiki/Juan_de_Juanes" class="mw-redirect" title="Juan de Juanes">Juan de Juanes</a>, <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 1562</figcaption></figure> The Last Supper is the final meal that Jesus shared with his twelve apostles in Jerusalem before his crucifixion. The Last Supper is mentioned in all four canonical gospels; Paul's <a href="/wiki/First_Epistle_to_the_Corinthians" title="First Epistle to the Corinthians">First Epistle to the Corinthians</a><a href="#cite_note-249">[234]</a> also refers to it.<a href="#cite_note-Fahlbusch52-53">[41]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEvans2003465%E2%80%9377-54">[42]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECoxEasley2007180%E2%80%9391-250">[235]</a> During the meal, <a href="/wiki/Jesus_predicts_his_betrayal" title="Jesus predicts his betrayal">Jesus predicts</a> that one of his apostles will betray him.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECoxEasley2007182-251">[236]</a> Despite each Apostle's assertion that he would not betray him, Jesus reiterates that the betrayer would be one of those present. Matthew 26:23–25 and John 13:26–27 specifically identify Judas as the traitor.<a href="#cite_note-Fahlbusch52-53">[41]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEvans2003465%E2%80%9377-54">[42]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECoxEasley2007182-251">[236]</a> In the Synoptics, Jesus takes bread, breaks it, and gives it to the disciples, saying, "This is my body, which is given for you." He then has them all drink from a cup, saying, "This cup that is poured out for you is the new covenant in my blood."<a href="#cite_note-252">[237]</a><a href="#cite_note-Fahlbusch52-53">[41]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECrossLivingstone2005Eucharist-253">[238]</a> The Christian <a href="/wiki/Sacrament" title="Sacrament">sacrament</a> or <a href="/wiki/Ordinance_(Christian)" class="mw-redirect" title="Ordinance (Christian)">ordinance</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Eucharist" title="Eucharist">Eucharist</a> is based on these events.<a href="#cite_note-254">[239]</a> Although the Gospel of John does not include a description of the bread-and-wine ritual during the Last Supper, most scholars agree that John 6:22–59 (the <a href="/wiki/Bread_of_Life_Discourse" title="Bread of Life Discourse">Bread of Life Discourse</a>) has a eucharistic character and resonates with the <a href="/wiki/Origin_of_the_Eucharist#Institution_narratives" title="Origin of the Eucharist">institution narratives</a> in the Synoptic Gospels and in the Pauline writings on the Last Supper.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFreedman2000792-255">[240]</a> In all four gospels, Jesus predicts that Peter will deny knowledge of him three times before the <a href="/wiki/Rooster" class="mw-redirect" title="Rooster">rooster</a> crows the next morning.<a href="#cite_note-Denial-256">[241]</a><a href="#cite_note-257">[242]</a> In Luke and John, the prediction is made during the Supper.<a href="#cite_note-258">[243]</a> In Matthew and Mark, the prediction is made after the Supper; Jesus also predicts that all his disciples will desert him.<a href="#cite_note-259">[244]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWalvoordZuck198383%E2%80%9385-260">[245]</a> The Gospel of John provides the only account of <a href="/wiki/Maundy_(foot_washing)" title="Maundy (foot washing)">Jesus washing his disciples' feet</a> after the meal.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHarris1985272%E2%80%9385-122">[107]</a> John also includes a long sermon by Jesus, preparing his disciples (now without Judas) for his departure. Chapters 14–17 of the Gospel of John are known as the <a href="/wiki/Farewell_Discourse" title="Farewell Discourse">Farewell Discourse</a> and are a significant source of <a href="/wiki/Christology" title="Christology">Christological</a> content.<a href="#cite_note-261">[246]</a><a href="#cite_note-262">[247]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Agony_in_the_Garden,_betrayal,_and_arrest">Agony in the Garden, betrayal, and arrest</h4></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Agony_in_the_Garden" title="Agony in the Garden">Agony in the Garden</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kiss_of_Judas" title="Kiss of Judas">Kiss of Judas</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Arrest_of_Jesus" title="Arrest of Jesus">Arrest of Jesus</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:The_Taking_of_Christ-Caravaggio_(c.1602).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img alt="Judas kisses Jesus, and soldiers rush to seize the latter." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4d/The_Taking_of_Christ-Caravaggio_%28c.1602%29.jpg/220px-The_Taking_of_Christ-Caravaggio_%28c.1602%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="170" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="9893" data-file-height="7666"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 170px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4d/The_Taking_of_Christ-Caravaggio_%28c.1602%29.jpg/220px-The_Taking_of_Christ-Caravaggio_%28c.1602%29.jpg" data-alt="Judas kisses Jesus, and soldiers rush to seize the latter." data-width="220" data-height="170" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4d/The_Taking_of_Christ-Caravaggio_%28c.1602%29.jpg/330px-The_Taking_of_Christ-Caravaggio_%28c.1602%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4d/The_Taking_of_Christ-Caravaggio_%28c.1602%29.jpg/440px-The_Taking_of_Christ-Caravaggio_%28c.1602%29.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>A depiction of the <a href="/wiki/Kiss_of_Judas" title="Kiss of Judas">kiss of Judas</a> and <a href="/wiki/Arrest_of_Jesus" title="Arrest of Jesus">arrest of Jesus</a>, by <a href="/wiki/Caravaggio" title="Caravaggio">Caravaggio</a>, <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 1602</figcaption></figure> In the Synoptics, Jesus and his disciples go to the garden <a href="/wiki/Gethsemane" title="Gethsemane">Gethsemane</a>, where Jesus prays to be spared his coming ordeal. Then Judas comes with an armed mob, sent by the chief priests, <a href="/wiki/Scribe#Judaism" title="Scribe">scribes</a> and elders. He <a href="/wiki/Kiss_of_Judas" title="Kiss of Judas">kisses Jesus</a> to identify him to the crowd, which then <a href="/wiki/Arrest_of_Jesus" title="Arrest of Jesus">arrests Jesus</a>. In an attempt to stop them, an unnamed disciple of Jesus uses a sword to cut off the ear <a href="/wiki/Malchus" title="Malchus">of a man</a> in the crowd. After Jesus's arrest, his disciples go into hiding, and Peter, when questioned, thrice <a href="/wiki/Denial_of_Peter" title="Denial of Peter">denies</a> knowing Jesus. After the third denial, Peter hears the rooster crow and recalls Jesus's prediction about his denial. Peter then weeps bitterly.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWalvoordZuck198383%E2%80%9385-260">[245]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHarris1985285%E2%80%9396-168">[153]</a><a href="#cite_note-Denial-256">[241]</a> In John 18:1–11, Jesus does not pray to be spared his crucifixion, as the gospel portrays him as scarcely touched by such human weakness.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECrossLivingstone2005Jesus-263">[248]</a> The people who arrest him are <a href="/wiki/Imperial_Roman_army" title="Imperial Roman army">Roman soldiers</a> and Temple guards.<a href="#cite_note-264">[249]</a> Instead of being betrayed by a kiss, Jesus proclaims his identity, and when he does, the soldiers and officers fall to the ground. The gospel identifies Peter as the disciple who used the sword, and Jesus rebukes him for it. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Trials_by_the_Sanhedrin,_Herod,_and_Pilate">Trials by the Sanhedrin, Herod, and Pilate</h4></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Sanhedrin_trial_of_Jesus" title="Sanhedrin trial of Jesus">Sanhedrin trial of Jesus</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pilate%27s_Court" class="mw-redirect" title="Pilate's Court">Pilate's Court</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Jesus_at_Herod%27s_Court" class="mw-redirect" title="Jesus at Herod's Court">Jesus at Herod's Court</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Jesus,_King_of_the_Jews" title="Jesus, King of the Jews">Jesus, King of the Jews</a>; <a href="/wiki/John_18:38" title="John 18:38">John 18:38</a>; and <a href="/wiki/Ecce_homo" title="Ecce homo">Ecce homo</a></div> After his arrest, Jesus is taken late at night to the private residence of the high priest, <a href="/wiki/Caiaphas" title="Caiaphas">Caiaphas</a>, who had been installed by Pilate's predecessor, the Roman procurator <a href="/wiki/Valerius_Gratus" title="Valerius Gratus">Valerius Gratus</a>.<a href="#cite_note-265">[250]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Sanhedrin" title="Sanhedrin">Sanhedrin</a> was a Jewish judicial body.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrown1997146-266">[251]</a> The gospel accounts differ on the <a href="/wiki/Sanhedrin_trial_of_Jesus" title="Sanhedrin trial of Jesus">details of the trials</a>.<a href="#cite_note-267">[252]</a> In Matthew 26:57, Mark 14:53, and Luke 22:54, Jesus is taken to the house of the high priest, Caiaphas, where he is <a href="/wiki/Mocking_of_Jesus" title="Mocking of Jesus">mocked</a> and beaten that night. Early the next morning, the chief priests and scribes lead Jesus away into their council.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEvans2003487%E2%80%93500-268">[253]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBlomberg2009396%E2%80%93400-269">[254]</a><a href="#cite_note-Holman608-270">[255]</a> John 18:12–14 states that Jesus is first taken to <a href="/wiki/Annas" title="Annas">Annas</a>, Caiaphas's father-in-law, and then to the high priest.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEvans2003487%E2%80%93500-268">[253]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBlomberg2009396%E2%80%93400-269">[254]</a><a href="#cite_note-Holman608-270">[255]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Ecce_homo_by_Antonio_Ciseri_(1).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img alt="A depiction of Jesus' public trial" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/de/Ecce_homo_by_Antonio_Ciseri_%281%29.jpg/260px-Ecce_homo_by_Antonio_Ciseri_%281%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="260" height="200" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="3072" data-file-height="2358"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 260px;height: 200px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/de/Ecce_homo_by_Antonio_Ciseri_%281%29.jpg/260px-Ecce_homo_by_Antonio_Ciseri_%281%29.jpg" data-alt="A depiction of Jesus' public trial" data-width="260" data-height="200" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/de/Ecce_homo_by_Antonio_Ciseri_%281%29.jpg/390px-Ecce_homo_by_Antonio_Ciseri_%281%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/de/Ecce_homo_by_Antonio_Ciseri_%281%29.jpg/520px-Ecce_homo_by_Antonio_Ciseri_%281%29.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>Ecce homo! <a href="/wiki/Antonio_Ciseri" title="Antonio Ciseri">Antonio Ciseri</a>'s 1871 depiction of <a href="/wiki/Pontius_Pilate" title="Pontius Pilate">Pontius Pilate</a> presenting Jesus to the public</figcaption></figure> During the trials Jesus speaks very little, mounts no defence, and gives very infrequent and indirect answers to the priests' questions, prompting an officer to slap him. In Matthew 26:62, Jesus's unresponsiveness leads Caiaphas to ask him, "Have you no answer?".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEvans2003487%E2%80%93500-268">[253]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBlomberg2009396%E2%80%93400-269">[254]</a><a href="#cite_note-Holman608-270">[255]</a> In Mark 14:61, the high priest then asks Jesus, "Are you the Messiah, the Son of the Blessed One?". Jesus replies, "I am", and then predicts the coming of the <a href="/wiki/Son_of_man_(Christianity)" title="Son of man (Christianity)">Son of Man</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Britannica-39">[28]</a> This provokes Caiaphas to tear his own robe in anger and to accuse Jesus of blasphemy. In Matthew and Luke, Jesus's answer is more ambiguous:<a href="#cite_note-Britannica-39">[28]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEvans2003495-271">[256]</a> in Matthew 26:64, he responds, "You have said so", and in Luke 22:70 he says, "You say that I am."<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBlomberg2009396%E2%80%9398-272">[257]</a><a href="#cite_note-273">[258]</a> The Jewish elders take Jesus to <a href="/wiki/Pilate%27s_Court" class="mw-redirect" title="Pilate's Court">Pilate's Court</a> and ask the Roman governor, <a href="/wiki/Pontius_Pilate" title="Pontius Pilate">Pontius Pilate</a>, to judge and condemn Jesus for various allegations: subverting the nation, opposing the payment of tribute, claiming to be Christ, a king, and claiming to be the son of God.<a href="#cite_note-274">[259]</a><a href="#cite_note-Holman608-270">[255]</a> The use of the word "king" is central to the discussion between Jesus and Pilate. In John 18:36, Jesus states, "My kingdom is not from this world", but he does not unequivocally deny being the King of the Jews.<a href="#cite_note-275">[260]</a><a href="#cite_note-276">[261]</a> In Luke 23:7–15, Pilate realizes that Jesus is a Galilean, and thus comes under the jurisdiction of <a href="/wiki/Herod_Antipas" title="Herod Antipas">Herod Antipas</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Herodian_Tetrarchy" class="mw-redirect" title="Herodian Tetrarchy">Tetrarch</a> of Galilee and Perea.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENiswonger1992172-277">[262]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMajern%C3%ADkPonessaManhardt2005181-278">[263]</a> Pilate sends Jesus to Herod to be tried,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECarter2003120%E2%80%9321-279">[264]</a> but Jesus says almost nothing in response to Herod's questions. Herod and his soldiers mock Jesus, put an expensive robe on him to make him look like a king, and return him to Pilate,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENiswonger1992172-277">[262]</a> who then calls together the Jewish elders and announces that he has "not found this man guilty".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECarter2003120%E2%80%9321-279">[264]</a> Observing a <a href="/wiki/Passover" title="Passover">Passover</a> custom of the time, Pilate allows one prisoner chosen by the crowd to be released. He gives the people a choice between Jesus and a murderer called <a href="/wiki/Barabbas" title="Barabbas">Barabbas</a> (<a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%D7%91%D7%A8-%D7%90%D7%91%D7%90" class="extiw" title="wikt:בר-אבא">בר-אבא</a> or Bar-abbâ, "son of the father", from the common given name <a href="/wiki/Abba_(given_name)" title="Abba (given name)">Abba</a>: 'father').<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEvans2012b453-280">[265]</a> Persuaded by the elders,<a href="#cite_note-281">[266]</a> the mob chooses to release Barabbas and crucify Jesus.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBlomberg2009400%E2%80%9301-282">[267]</a> Pilate writes a sign in Hebrew, Latin, and Greek that reads "Jesus of Nazareth, the King of the Jews" (abbreviated as <a href="/wiki/INRI" class="mw-redirect" title="INRI">INRI</a> in depictions) to be affixed to Jesus's cross,<a href="#cite_note-283">[268]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrown198893-284">[269]</a> then <a href="/wiki/Flagellation_of_Christ" title="Flagellation of Christ">scourges Jesus</a> and sends him to be crucified. The soldiers place a <a href="/wiki/Crown_of_thorns" title="Crown of thorns">crown of thorns</a> on Jesus's head and ridicule him as the King of the Jews. They beat and taunt him before taking him to <a href="/wiki/Calvary" title="Calvary">Calvary</a>,<a href="#cite_note-285">[270]</a> also called Golgotha, for crucifixion.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEvans2003487%E2%80%93500-268">[253]</a><a href="#cite_note-Holman608-270">[255]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBlomberg2009402-286">[271]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Crucifixion_and_entombment">Crucifixion and entombment</h4></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Crucifixion_of_Jesus" title="Crucifixion of Jesus">Crucifixion of Jesus</a> and <a href="/wiki/Burial_of_Jesus" title="Burial of Jesus">Burial of Jesus</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Sayings_of_Jesus_on_the_cross" title="Sayings of Jesus on the cross">Sayings of Jesus on the cross</a> and <a href="/wiki/Crucifixion_darkness" title="Crucifixion darkness">Crucifixion darkness</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Pietro_Perugino_040.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img alt="A depiction of Jesus on the cross." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Pietro_Perugino_040.jpg/180px-Pietro_Perugino_040.jpg" decoding="async" width="180" height="328" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="2195" data-file-height="4000"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 180px;height: 328px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Pietro_Perugino_040.jpg/180px-Pietro_Perugino_040.jpg" data-alt="A depiction of Jesus on the cross." data-width="180" data-height="328" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Pietro_Perugino_040.jpg/270px-Pietro_Perugino_040.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Pietro_Perugino_040.jpg/360px-Pietro_Perugino_040.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Pietro_Perugino" title="Pietro Perugino">Pietro Perugino</a>'s depiction of the <a href="/wiki/Crucifixion_of_Jesus" title="Crucifixion of Jesus">Crucifixion</a> as <a href="/wiki/Stabat_Mater_(art)" title="Stabat Mater (art)">Stabat Mater</a>, 1482</figcaption></figure> Jesus's crucifixion is described in all four canonical gospels. After the trials, Jesus is led to Calvary <a href="/wiki/Christ_Carrying_the_Cross" title="Christ Carrying the Cross">carrying his cross</a>; the route traditionally thought to have been taken is known as the <a href="/wiki/Via_Dolorosa" title="Via Dolorosa">Via Dolorosa</a>. The three Synoptic Gospels indicate that <a href="/wiki/Simon_of_Cyrene" title="Simon of Cyrene">Simon of Cyrene</a> assists him, having been compelled by the Romans to do so.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEvans2003509%E2%80%9320-287">[272]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEK%C3%B6stenbergerKellumQuarles2009211%E2%80%9314-288">[273]</a> In Luke 23:27–28, Jesus tells the women in the multitude of people following him not to weep for him but for themselves and their children.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEvans2003509%E2%80%9320-287">[272]</a> At Calvary, Jesus is offered a sponge soaked in a concoction usually offered as a <a href="/wiki/Analgesic" title="Analgesic">painkiller</a>. According to Matthew and Mark, he refuses it.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEvans2003509%E2%80%9320-287">[272]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEK%C3%B6stenbergerKellumQuarles2009211%E2%80%9314-288">[273]</a> The soldiers then crucify Jesus and <a href="/wiki/Sortes_(ancient_Rome)" title="Sortes (ancient Rome)">cast lots</a> for his clothes. Above Jesus's head on the cross is Pilate's inscription, "Jesus of Nazareth, the King of the Jews." Soldiers and passersby <a href="/wiki/Mocking_of_Jesus" title="Mocking of Jesus">mock</a> him about it. Two convicted thieves are crucified along with Jesus. In Matthew and Mark, both thieves mock Jesus. In Luke, <a href="/wiki/Impenitent_thief" title="Impenitent thief">one of them</a> rebukes Jesus, while <a href="/wiki/Penitent_thief" title="Penitent thief">the other</a> defends him.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEvans2003509%E2%80%9320-287">[272]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDoninger1999271-289">[274]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEhrman2009%5Bhttpsarchiveorgdetailsjesusinterrupted00ehrm_0page82_82%5D-290">[275]</a> Jesus tells the latter: "today you will be with me in Paradise."<a href="#cite_note-291">[276]</a> The four gospels mention the presence of <a href="/wiki/Women_at_the_crucifixion" title="Women at the crucifixion">a group of female disciples of Jesus</a> at the crucifixion. In John, Jesus sees his mother <a href="/wiki/Mary,_mother_of_Jesus" title="Mary, mother of Jesus">Mary</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Beloved_disciple" class="mw-redirect" title="Beloved disciple">beloved disciple</a> and tells him to take care of her.<a href="#cite_note-292">[277]</a> In John 19:33–34, Roman soldiers break the two thieves' legs to hasten their death, but not those of Jesus, as he is already dead. Instead, <a href="/wiki/Longinus" title="Longinus">one soldier</a> pierces Jesus's side with a <a href="/wiki/Holy_Lance" title="Holy Lance">lance</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Five_Holy_Wounds" title="Five Holy Wounds">blood and water</a> flows out.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDoninger1999271-289">[274]</a> The Synoptics report a <a href="/wiki/Crucifixion_darkness" title="Crucifixion darkness">period of darkness</a>, and the heavy curtain in the Temple is torn when Jesus dies. In Matthew 27:51–54, an earthquake breaks open tombs. In Matthew and Mark, terrified by the events, a Roman <a href="/wiki/Centurion" title="Centurion">centurion</a> states that Jesus was the <a href="/wiki/Son_of_God_(Christianity)" title="Son of God (Christianity)">Son of God</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEvans2003509%E2%80%9320-287">[272]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEK%C3%B6stenbergerKellumQuarles2009213%E2%80%9314-293">[278]</a> On the same day, <a href="/wiki/Joseph_of_Arimathea" title="Joseph of Arimathea">Joseph of Arimathea</a>, with Pilate's permission and with <a href="/wiki/Nicodemus" title="Nicodemus">Nicodemus</a>'s help, <a href="/wiki/Descent_from_the_Cross" title="Descent from the Cross">removes Jesus's body from the cross</a>, wraps him in a clean cloth, and buries him in his new <a href="/wiki/Sepulchre" class="mw-redirect" title="Sepulchre">rock-hewn tomb</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEvans2003509%E2%80%9320-287">[272]</a> In Matthew 27:62–66, on the following day the chief Jewish priests ask Pilate for the tomb to be secured, and with Pilate's permission the priests place seals on the large stone covering the entrance.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEvans2003509%E2%80%9320-287">[272]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMorris1992727-294">[279]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Resurrection_and_ascension">Resurrection and ascension</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Resurrection_of_Jesus" title="Resurrection of Jesus">Resurrection of Jesus</a>, <a href="/wiki/Empty_tomb" title="Empty tomb">Empty tomb</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Ascension_of_Jesus" title="Ascension of Jesus">Ascension of Jesus</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Overview_of_resurrection_appearances_in_the_Gospels_and_Paul" title="Overview of resurrection appearances in the Gospels and Paul">Overview of resurrection appearances in the Gospels and Paul</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Resurrection_of_Jesus_in_Christian_art" title="Resurrection of Jesus in Christian art">Resurrection of Jesus in Christian art</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ascension_of_Jesus_in_Christian_art" title="Ascension of Jesus in Christian art">Ascension of Jesus in Christian art</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Alexander_Ivanov_-_Christ%27s_Appearance_to_Mary_Magdalene_after_the_Resurrection_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img alt="Jesus appearing to Mary Magdalene after his resurrection from the dead, depicted by Alexander Andreyevich Ivanov." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d8/Alexander_Ivanov_-_Christ%27s_Appearance_to_Mary_Magdalene_after_the_Resurrection_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg/260px-Alexander_Ivanov_-_Christ%27s_Appearance_to_Mary_Magdalene_after_the_Resurrection_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg" decoding="async" width="260" height="196" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="4725" data-file-height="3556"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 260px;height: 196px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d8/Alexander_Ivanov_-_Christ%27s_Appearance_to_Mary_Magdalene_after_the_Resurrection_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg/260px-Alexander_Ivanov_-_Christ%27s_Appearance_to_Mary_Magdalene_after_the_Resurrection_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg" data-alt="Jesus appearing to Mary Magdalene after his resurrection from the dead, depicted by Alexander Andreyevich Ivanov." data-width="260" data-height="196" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d8/Alexander_Ivanov_-_Christ%27s_Appearance_to_Mary_Magdalene_after_the_Resurrection_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg/390px-Alexander_Ivanov_-_Christ%27s_Appearance_to_Mary_Magdalene_after_the_Resurrection_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d8/Alexander_Ivanov_-_Christ%27s_Appearance_to_Mary_Magdalene_after_the_Resurrection_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg/520px-Alexander_Ivanov_-_Christ%27s_Appearance_to_Mary_Magdalene_after_the_Resurrection_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>Appearance of Jesus Christ to Maria Magdalena by <a href="/wiki/Alexander_Andreyevich_Ivanov" title="Alexander Andreyevich Ivanov">Alexander Andreyevich Ivanov</a>, 1835</figcaption></figure> The Gospels do not describe the moment of the <a href="/wiki/Resurrection_of_Jesus" title="Resurrection of Jesus">resurrection of Jesus</a>. They describe the discovery of his <a href="/wiki/Empty_tomb" title="Empty tomb">empty tomb</a> and several appearances of Jesus, with distinct differences in each narrative.<a href="#cite_note-295">[280]</a> In the four Gospels, <a href="/wiki/Mary_Magdalene" title="Mary Magdalene">Mary Magdalene</a> goes to the tomb on Sunday morning, alone or with one or several <a href="/wiki/Myrrhbearers" title="Myrrhbearers">other women</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHarris1985308%E2%80%9309-296">[281]</a> The tomb is empty, with the stone rolled away, and there are one or two angels, depending on the accounts. In the Synoptics, the women are told that Jesus is not here and that he is risen.<a href="#cite_note-297">[282]</a> In Mark and Matthew, the angel also instructs them to tell the disciples to meet Jesus in Galilee.<a href="#cite_note-298">[283]</a> In Luke, <a href="/wiki/Saint_Peter" title="Saint Peter">Peter</a> visits the tomb after he is told it is empty.<a href="#cite_note-299">[284]</a> In John, he goes there with the beloved disciple.<a href="#cite_note-300">[285]</a> Matthew mentions Roman guards at the tomb,<a href="#cite_note-301">[286]</a> who report to the priests of Jerusalem what happened. The priests bribe them to say that the disciples <a href="/wiki/Stolen_body_hypothesis" title="Stolen body hypothesis">stole Jesus's body</a> during the night.<a href="#cite_note-302">[287]</a> The four Gospels then describe various appearances of Jesus in his resurrected body. Jesus first reveals himself to Mary Magdalene in Mark 16:9 and John 20:14–17,<a href="#cite_note-303">[288]</a> along with "the other Mary" in Matthew 28:9,<a href="#cite_note-304">[289]</a> while in Luke the first reported appearance is to <a href="/wiki/Road_to_Emmaus_appearance" title="Road to Emmaus appearance">two disciples</a> heading to <a href="/wiki/Emmaus" title="Emmaus">Emmaus</a>.<a href="#cite_note-305">[290]</a> Jesus then reveals himself to the eleven disciples, in Jerusalem or in Galilee.<a href="#cite_note-306">[291]</a> In Luke 24:36–43, he eats and shows them his <a href="/wiki/Five_Holy_Wounds" title="Five Holy Wounds">tangible wounds</a> to prove that he is not a spirit.<a href="#cite_note-307">[292]</a> He also shows them to <a href="/wiki/Thomas_the_Apostle" title="Thomas the Apostle">Thomas</a> to end <a href="/wiki/Doubting_Thomas" title="Doubting Thomas">his doubts</a>, in John 20:24–29.<a href="#cite_note-308">[293]</a> In the Synoptics, Jesus <a href="/wiki/Great_Commission" title="Great Commission">commissions the disciples</a> to spread the gospel message to all nations,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHarris1985272%E2%80%9385-122">[107]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHarris1985297%E2%80%93301-309">[294]</a> while in <a href="/wiki/John_21" title="John 21">John 21</a>, he <a href="/wiki/Restoration_of_Peter" title="Restoration of Peter">tells Peter</a> to take care of his sheep.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEvans2003521%E2%80%9330-60">[48]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECoxEasley2007216%E2%80%9326-310">[295]</a> Jesus's <a href="/wiki/Entering_Heaven_alive" class="mw-redirect" title="Entering Heaven alive">ascension into Heaven</a> is described in Luke 24:50–53, Acts 1:1–11, and mentioned in 1 Timothy 3:16. In the <a href="/wiki/Acts_of_the_Apostles" title="Acts of the Apostles">Acts of the Apostles</a>, forty days after the Resurrection, as the disciples look on, "he was lifted up, and a cloud took him out of their sight". 1 Peter 3:22 states that Jesus has "gone into heaven and is at the right hand of God".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEvans2003521%E2%80%9330-60">[48]</a> The Acts of the Apostles describes several appearances of Jesus after his Ascension. In Acts 7:55, <a href="/wiki/Saint_Stephen" title="Saint Stephen">Stephen</a> gazes into heaven and sees "Jesus standing at the right hand of God" just before his death.<a href="#cite_note-311">[296]</a> On the road to <a href="/wiki/Damascus" title="Damascus">Damascus</a>, the Apostle <a href="/wiki/Conversion_of_Paul_the_Apostle" title="Conversion of Paul the Apostle">Paul is converted</a> to Christianity after seeing a blinding light and hearing a voice saying, "I am Jesus, whom you are persecuting."<a href="#cite_note-312">[297]</a> In Acts 9:10–18, Jesus instructs <a href="/wiki/Ananias_of_Damascus" title="Ananias of Damascus">Ananias of Damascus</a> in a vision to heal Paul.<a href="#cite_note-313">[298]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Book_of_Revelation" title="Book of Revelation">Book of Revelation</a> includes a revelation from Jesus concerning the <a href="/wiki/Christian_eschatology" title="Christian eschatology">last days of Earth</a>.<a href="#cite_note-314">[299]</a> <div style="clear:both;" class=""></div> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(3)"><h2 id="Early_Christianity">Early Christianity</h2></div><section class="mf-section-3 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-3"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Early_Christianity" title="Early Christianity">Early Christianity</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Good_shepherd_02b_close.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/Good_shepherd_02b_close.jpg/180px-Good_shepherd_02b_close.jpg" decoding="async" width="180" height="254" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="272" data-file-height="384"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 180px;height: 254px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/Good_shepherd_02b_close.jpg/180px-Good_shepherd_02b_close.jpg" data-width="180" data-height="254" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/Good_shepherd_02b_close.jpg/270px-Good_shepherd_02b_close.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/ce/Good_shepherd_02b_close.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>A 3rd-century depiction of Jesus as the <a href="/wiki/Good_Shepherd" title="Good Shepherd">Good Shepherd</a></figcaption></figure> After Jesus's life, his followers, as described in the first chapters of the <a href="/wiki/Acts_of_the_Apostles" title="Acts of the Apostles">Acts of the Apostles</a>, were all Jews either by birth or <a href="/wiki/Conversion_to_Judaism" title="Conversion to Judaism">conversion</a>, for which the biblical term "<a href="/wiki/Proselyte" title="Proselyte">proselyte</a>" is used,<a href="#cite_note-315">[300]</a> and referred to by historians as <a href="/wiki/Jewish_Christian" class="mw-redirect" title="Jewish Christian">Jewish Christians</a>. The early Gospel message was spread <a href="/wiki/Oral_gospel_traditions" title="Oral gospel traditions">orally</a>, probably in <a href="/wiki/Aramaic_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Aramaic language">Aramaic</a>,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEhrman201287%E2%80%9390-316">[301]</a> but almost immediately also in <a href="/wiki/Koine_Greek" title="Koine Greek">Greek</a>.<a href="#cite_note-317">[302]</a> The <a href="/wiki/New_Testament" title="New Testament">New Testament</a>'s Acts of the Apostles and <a href="/wiki/Epistle_to_the_Galatians" title="Epistle to the Galatians">Epistle to the Galatians</a> record that the first Christian community was <a href="/wiki/First_Christian_church" class="mw-redirect" title="First Christian church">centered in Jerusalem</a> and its leaders included <a href="/wiki/Saint_Peter" title="Saint Peter">Peter</a>, <a href="/wiki/James_(brother_of_Jesus)" class="mw-redirect" title="James (brother of Jesus)">James, the brother of Jesus</a>, and <a href="/wiki/John_the_Apostle" title="John the Apostle">John the Apostle</a>.<a href="#cite_note-318">[303]</a> After <a href="/wiki/Conversion_of_Paul_the_Apostle" title="Conversion of Paul the Apostle">his conversion</a>, <a href="/wiki/Paul_the_Apostle" title="Paul the Apostle">Paul the Apostle</a> spread the teachings of Jesus to various <a href="/wiki/Gentiles" class="mw-redirect" title="Gentiles">non-Jewish</a> communities throughout the eastern Mediterranean region. Paul's influence on Christian thinking is said to be more significant than that of any other <a href="/wiki/Authorship_of_the_New_Testament" class="mw-redirect" title="Authorship of the New Testament">New Testament author</a>.<a href="#cite_note-319">[304]</a> By the end of the <a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_the_1st_century" title="Christianity in the 1st century">1st century</a>, Christianity began to be recognized internally and externally as a <a href="/wiki/Split_of_early_Christianity_and_Judaism" class="mw-redirect" title="Split of early Christianity and Judaism">separate religion from Judaism</a> which itself was refined and developed further in the centuries after the <a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Jerusalem_(70_CE)" title="Siege of Jerusalem (70 CE)">destruction</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Second_Temple" title="Second Temple">Second Temple</a>.<a href="#cite_note-320">[305]</a> Numerous quotations in the New Testament and other Christian writings of the first centuries indicate that early Christians generally used and revered the <a href="/wiki/Hebrew_Bible" title="Hebrew Bible">Hebrew Bible</a> (the <a href="/wiki/Tanakh" class="mw-redirect" title="Tanakh">Tanakh</a>) as <a href="/wiki/Religious_text" title="Religious text">religious text</a>, mostly in the Greek (<a href="/wiki/Septuagint" title="Septuagint">Septuagint</a>) or Aramaic (<a href="/wiki/Targum" title="Targum">Targum</a>) translations.<a href="#cite_note-321">[306]</a> Early Christians wrote many religious works, including the ones included in the <a href="/wiki/Canon_of_the_New_Testament" class="mw-redirect" title="Canon of the New Testament">canon of the New Testament</a>. The canonical texts, which have become the main sources used by historians to try to understand the historical Jesus and sacred texts within Christianity, were probably written between 50 and 120 AD.<a href="#cite_note-322">[307]</a> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(4)"><h2 id="Historical_views">Historical views</h2></div><section class="mf-section-4 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-4"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Historical_Jesus" title="Historical Jesus">Historical Jesus</a>, <a href="/wiki/Quest_for_the_historical_Jesus" title="Quest for the historical Jesus">Quest for the historical Jesus</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Scholarly_interpretation_of_Gospel_elements" title="Scholarly interpretation of Gospel elements">Scholarly interpretation of Gospel elements</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Biblical_criticism" title="Biblical criticism">Biblical criticism</a></div> Prior to the <a href="/wiki/Age_of_Enlightenment" title="Age of Enlightenment">Enlightenment</a>, the Gospels were usually regarded as accurate historical accounts, but since then scholars have emerged who question the reliability of the Gospels and draw a distinction between the Jesus described in the Gospels and the Jesus of history.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELevine20065-323">[308]</a> Since the 18th century, three separate scholarly quests for the historical Jesus have taken place, each with distinct characteristics and based on different research criteria, which were often developed during the quest that applied them.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWitherington1997113-91">[78]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPowell199819%E2%80%9323-324">[309]</a> While there is widespread scholarly agreement on the existence of Jesus,<a href="#cite_note-exist-23">[f]</a> and a basic consensus on the general outline of his life,<a href="#cite_note-326">[p]</a> the portraits of Jesus constructed by various scholars often differ from each other, and from the image portrayed in the gospel accounts.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETheissenWinter20025-327">[311]</a><a href="#cite_note-328">[312]</a> Approaches to the historical reconstruction of the life of Jesus have varied from the "maximalist" approaches of the 19th century, in which the gospel accounts were accepted as reliable evidence wherever it is possible, to the "minimalist" approaches of the early 20th century, where hardly anything about Jesus was accepted as historical.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKeener2012163-329">[313]</a> In the 1950s, as the second quest for the historical Jesus gathered pace, the minimalist approaches faded away, and in the 21st century, minimalists such as <a href="/wiki/Robert_M._Price" title="Robert M. Price">Price</a> are a small minority.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChiltonEvans199827-330">[314]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEvans2012a4%E2%80%935-331">[315]</a> Although a belief in the <a href="/wiki/Biblical_inerrancy" title="Biblical inerrancy">inerrancy</a> of the Gospels cannot be supported historically, many scholars since the 1980s have held that, beyond the few facts considered to be historically certain, certain other elements of Jesus's life are "historically probable".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChiltonEvans199827-330">[314]</a><a href="#cite_note-332">[316]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETheissenWinter2002142%E2%80%93143-333">[317]</a> Modern scholarly research on the historical Jesus thus focuses on identifying the most probable elements.<a href="#cite_note-334">[318]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMeier2006124-335">[319]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Judea_and_Galilee_in_the_1st_century">Judea and Galilee in the 1st century</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:The_Ministry_of_Jesus.svg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img alt="Topographical map of Palestine in the First Century highlighting places mentioned in the canonical gospels." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/The_Ministry_of_Jesus.svg/300px-The_Ministry_of_Jesus.svg.png" decoding="async" width="300" height="450" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1800" data-file-height="2700"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 300px;height: 450px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/The_Ministry_of_Jesus.svg/300px-The_Ministry_of_Jesus.svg.png" data-alt="Topographical map of Palestine in the First Century highlighting places mentioned in the canonical gospels." data-width="300" data-height="450" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/The_Ministry_of_Jesus.svg/450px-The_Ministry_of_Jesus.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/The_Ministry_of_Jesus.svg/600px-The_Ministry_of_Jesus.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Judea" title="Judea">Judea</a>, <a href="/wiki/Galilee" title="Galilee">Galilee</a> and neighbouring areas at the time of Jesus</figcaption></figure> In AD 6, <a href="/wiki/Judea" title="Judea">Judea</a>, <a href="/wiki/Edom" title="Edom">Idumea</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Samaria" title="Samaria">Samaria</a> were transformed from a <a href="/wiki/Herodian_dynasty" title="Herodian dynasty">Herodian</a> client kingdom of the <a href="/wiki/Roman_Empire" title="Roman Empire">Roman Empire</a> into an imperial province, also called <a href="/wiki/Judea_(Roman_province)" class="mw-redirect" title="Judea (Roman province)">Judea</a>. A Roman <a href="/wiki/Prefect" title="Prefect">prefect</a>, rather than a client king, ruled the land. The prefect ruled from <a href="/wiki/Caesarea_Maritima" title="Caesarea Maritima">Caesarea Maritima</a>, leaving <a href="/wiki/Jerusalem" title="Jerusalem">Jerusalem</a> to be run by the <a href="/wiki/List_of_High_Priests_of_Israel" class="mw-redirect" title="List of High Priests of Israel">High Priest of Israel</a>. As an exception, the prefect came to Jerusalem during religious festivals, when religious and patriotic enthusiasm sometimes inspired unrest or uprisings. Gentile lands surrounded the Jewish territories of Judea and <a href="/wiki/Galilee" title="Galilee">Galilee</a>, but Roman law and practice allowed Jews to remain separate legally and culturally. Galilee was evidently prosperous, and poverty was limited enough that it did not threaten the social order.<a href="#cite_note-Britannica-39">[28]</a> This was the era of <a href="/wiki/Hellenistic_Judaism" title="Hellenistic Judaism">Hellenistic Judaism</a>, which combined <a href="/wiki/Judaism" title="Judaism">Jewish religious tradition</a> with elements of <a href="/wiki/Hellenistic" class="mw-redirect" title="Hellenistic">Hellenistic</a> Greek culture. Until the <a href="/wiki/Fall_of_the_Western_Roman_Empire" title="Fall of the Western Roman Empire">fall of the Western Roman Empire</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Early_Muslim_conquests" title="Early Muslim conquests">Muslim conquests</a> of the Eastern Mediterranean, the main centers of Hellenistic Judaism were <a href="/wiki/Alexandria" title="Alexandria">Alexandria</a> (Egypt) and <a href="/wiki/Antioch" title="Antioch">Antioch</a> (now Southern Turkey), the two main <a href="/wiki/Greek_colonies" class="mw-redirect" title="Greek colonies">Greek urban settlements</a> of the <a href="/wiki/MENA" class="mw-redirect" title="MENA">Middle East and North Africa</a> area, both founded at the end of the 4th century BC in the wake of the conquests of <a href="/wiki/Alexander_the_Great" title="Alexander the Great">Alexander the Great</a>. Hellenistic Judaism also existed in <a href="/wiki/Jerusalem_during_the_Second_Temple_Period" class="mw-redirect" title="Jerusalem during the Second Temple Period">Jerusalem during the Second Temple Period</a>, where there was conflict between <a href="/w/index.php?title=Hellenizers&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Hellenizers (page does not exist)">Hellenizers</a> and traditionalists (sometimes called <a href="/wiki/Judaizers" title="Judaizers">Judaizers</a>). The <a href="/wiki/Hebrew_Bible" title="Hebrew Bible">Hebrew Bible</a> was translated from <a href="/wiki/Biblical_Hebrew" title="Biblical Hebrew">Biblical Hebrew</a> and <a href="/wiki/Biblical_Aramaic" title="Biblical Aramaic">Biblical Aramaic</a> into <a href="/wiki/Jewish_Koine_Greek" title="Jewish Koine Greek">Jewish Koine Greek</a>; the <a href="/wiki/Targum" title="Targum">Targum</a> translations into Aramaic were also generated during this era, both due to the decline of knowledge of Hebrew.<a href="#cite_note-336">[320]</a> Jews based their faith and religious practice on the <a href="/wiki/Torah" title="Torah">Torah</a>, five books said to have been given by God to <a href="/wiki/Moses" title="Moses">Moses</a>. The three prominent religious parties were the <a href="/wiki/Pharisees" title="Pharisees">Pharisees</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Essenes" title="Essenes">Essenes</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Sadducees" title="Sadducees">Sadducees</a>. Together these parties represented only a small fraction of the population. Most Jews looked forward to a time when God would deliver them from their pagan rulers, possibly through war against the Romans.<a href="#cite_note-Britannica-39">[28]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Sources">Sources</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Sources_for_the_historicity_of_Jesus" title="Sources for the historicity of Jesus">Sources for the historicity of Jesus</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Josephus_on_Jesus" title="Josephus on Jesus">Josephus on Jesus</a> and <a href="/wiki/Tacitus_on_Christ" class="mw-redirect" title="Tacitus on Christ">Tacitus on Christ</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:WorksJosephus1640TP.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/WorksJosephus1640TP.jpg/180px-WorksJosephus1640TP.jpg" decoding="async" width="180" height="270" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="688" data-file-height="1032"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 180px;height: 270px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/WorksJosephus1640TP.jpg/180px-WorksJosephus1640TP.jpg" data-width="180" data-height="270" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/WorksJosephus1640TP.jpg/270px-WorksJosephus1640TP.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/WorksJosephus1640TP.jpg/360px-WorksJosephus1640TP.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>A 1640 edition of the works of Josephus, a 1st-century <a href="/wiki/Roman_Jews" class="mw-redirect" title="Roman Jews">Roman-Jewish</a> historian who referred to Jesus<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBlomberg2009431%E2%80%9336-337">[321]</a></figcaption></figure> New Testament scholars face a formidable challenge when they analyse the canonical Gospels.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHarris1985263-338">[322]</a> The Gospels are not biographies in the modern sense, and the authors explain Jesus's theological significance and recount his public ministry while omitting many details of his life.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHarris1985263-338">[322]</a> The reports of supernatural events associated with Jesus's death and resurrection make the challenge even more difficult.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHarris1985263-338">[322]</a> Scholars regard the Gospels as compromised sources of information because the writers were trying to glorify Jesus.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESanders19933-81">[68]</a> Ed Sanders states that the sources for Jesus's life are better than sources scholars have for the life of <a href="/wiki/Alexander_the_Great" title="Alexander the Great">Alexander the Great</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESanders19933-81">[68]</a> Scholars use a number of criteria, such as the <a href="/wiki/Criterion_of_multiple_attestation" title="Criterion of multiple attestation">criterion of independent attestation</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Biblical_criticism#Coherence" title="Biblical criticism">criterion of coherence</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Criterion_of_discontinuity" class="mw-redirect" title="Criterion of discontinuity">criterion of discontinuity</a> to judge the historicity of events.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERausch200336%E2%80%9337-339">[323]</a> The historicity of an event also depends on the reliability of the source; indeed, the Gospels are not independent nor consistent records of Jesus's life. Mark, which is most likely the earliest written gospel, has been considered for many decades the most historically accurate.<a href="#cite_note-340">[324]</a> John, the latest written gospel, differs considerably from the Synoptic Gospels, and thus is generally considered less reliable, although more and more scholars now also recognize that it may contain a core of older material as historically valuable as the Synoptic tradition or even more so.<a href="#cite_note-341">[325]</a> Some scholars (most notably the <a href="/wiki/Jesus_Seminar" title="Jesus Seminar">Jesus Seminar</a>) believe that the non-canonical <a href="/wiki/Gospel_of_Thomas" title="Gospel of Thomas">Gospel of Thomas</a> might be an independent witness to many of Jesus's parables and aphorisms. For example, Thomas confirms that Jesus blessed the poor and that this saying circulated independently before being combined with similar sayings in the <a href="/wiki/Q_source" title="Q source">Q source</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFunkHooverThe_Jesus_Seminar1993471%E2%80%93532-342">[326]</a> However, the majority of scholars are sceptical about this text and believe it should be dated to the 2nd century AD.<a href="#cite_note-343">[327]</a><a href="#cite_note-344">[328]</a> Other select non-canonical Christian texts may also have value for historical Jesus research.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETheissenMerz199817%E2%80%9362-85">[72]</a> Early non-Christian sources that attest to the historical existence of Jesus include the works of the historians <a href="/wiki/Josephus" title="Josephus">Josephus</a> and <a href="/wiki/Tacitus" title="Tacitus">Tacitus</a>.<a href="#cite_note-346">[q]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBlomberg2009431%E2%80%9336-337">[321]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVan_Voorst200039%E2%80%9353-347">[330]</a> Josephus scholar <a href="/wiki/Louis_Feldman" title="Louis Feldman">Louis Feldman</a> has stated that "few have doubted the genuineness" of Josephus's reference to Jesus in <a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/The_Antiquities_of_the_Jews/Book_XX#Chapter_9" class="extiw" title="s:The Antiquities of the Jews/Book XX">book 20</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Antiquities_of_the_Jews" title="Antiquities of the Jews">Antiquities of the Jews</a>, and it is disputed only by a small number of scholars.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVan_Voorst200083-348">[331]</a><a href="#cite_note-349">[332]</a> Tacitus referred to Christ and his execution by Pilate in <a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/The_Annals_(Tacitus)/Book_15#44" class="extiw" title="s:The Annals (Tacitus)/Book 15">book 15</a> of his work <a href="/wiki/Annals_(Tacitus)" title="Annals (Tacitus)">Annals</a>. Scholars generally consider Tacitus's reference to the execution of Jesus to be both authentic and of historical value as an independent Roman source.<a href="#cite_note-350">[333]</a> Non-Christian sources are valuable in two ways. First, they show that even neutral or hostile parties never show any doubt that Jesus actually existed. Second, they present a rough picture of Jesus that is compatible with that found in the Christian sources: that Jesus was a teacher, had a reputation as a miracle worker, had a brother James, and died a violent death.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETheissenMerz1998-351">[334]</a> Archaeology helps scholars better understand Jesus's social world.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEReed200218-352">[335]</a> Recent archaeological work, for example, indicates that <a href="/wiki/Capernaum" title="Capernaum">Capernaum</a>, a city important in Jesus's ministry, was poor and small, without even a <a href="/wiki/Forum_(Roman)" title="Forum (Roman)">forum</a> or an <a href="/wiki/Agora" title="Agora">agora</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Gowler-353">[336]</a><a href="#cite_note-354">[337]</a> This archaeological discovery resonates well with the scholarly view that Jesus advocated reciprocal sharing among the destitute in that area of Galilee.<a href="#cite_note-Gowler-353">[336]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Chronology">Chronology</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Chronology_of_Jesus" title="Chronology of Jesus">Chronology of Jesus</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Anno_Domini" title="Anno Domini">Anno Domini</a> and <a href="/wiki/Saturnalia#Influence" title="Saturnalia">Saturnalia § Influence</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1246091330"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"> Jesus was a Galilean Jew,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVermes198120,_26,_27,_29-15">[10]</a> born around the beginning of the 1st century, who died in 30 or 33 AD in <a href="/wiki/Judea_(Roman_province)" class="mw-redirect" title="Judea (Roman province)">Judea</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHumphreysWaddington1992340-355">[338]</a> The general scholarly consensus is that Jesus was a contemporary of <a href="/wiki/John_the_Baptist" title="John the Baptist">John the Baptist</a> and was crucified as ordered by the Roman governor <a href="/wiki/Pontius_Pilate" title="Pontius Pilate">Pontius Pilate</a>,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELevine20064-207">[192]</a> who held office from 26 to 36 AD.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELevine20064-207">[192]</a> The Gospels offer several indications concerning the year of Jesus's birth. Matthew 2:1 associates the birth of Jesus with the reign of <a href="/wiki/Herod_the_Great" title="Herod the Great">Herod the Great</a>, who died around 4 BC, and Luke 1:5 mentions that Herod was on the throne shortly before the birth of Jesus,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMaier1989115%E2%80%9318-356">[339]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENiswonger1992121%E2%80%9322-357">[340]</a> although this gospel also associates the birth with the <a href="/wiki/Census_of_Quirinius" title="Census of Quirinius">Census of Quirinius</a> which took place ten years later.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEK%C3%B6stenbergerKellumQuarles2009137%E2%80%9338-358">[341]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENiswonger1992122%E2%80%9324-359">[342]</a> Luke 3:23 states that Jesus was "about thirty years old" at the start of his <a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Jesus" title="Ministry of Jesus">ministry</a>, which according to Acts 10:37–38 was preceded by John the Baptist's ministry, which was recorded in Luke 3:1–2 to have begun in the 15th year of <a href="/wiki/Tiberius" title="Tiberius">Tiberius</a>'s reign (28 or 29 AD).<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENiswonger1992121%E2%80%9322-357">[340]</a><a href="#cite_note-Vermes-2010-360">[343]</a> By collating the gospel accounts with historical data and using various other methods, most scholars arrive at a date of birth for Jesus between 6 and 4 BC,<a href="#cite_note-Vermes-2010-360">[343]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDunn2003324-361">[344]</a> but some propose estimates that include a wider range.<a href="#cite_note-362">[r]</a> The date range for Jesus's ministry has been estimated using several different approaches.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEK%C3%B6stenbergerKellumQuarles2009140-363">[345]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFreedman2000249-364">[346]</a> One of these applies the reference in Luke 3:1–2, Acts 10:37–38, and the dates of Tiberius's reign, which are well known, to give a date of around 28–29 AD for the start of Jesus's ministry.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMaier1989120%E2%80%9321-365">[347]</a> Another approach estimates a date around 27–29 AD by using the statement about the temple in John 2:13–20, which asserts that the <a href="/wiki/Second_Temple" title="Second Temple">temple in Jerusalem</a> was in its 46th year of construction at the start of Jesus's ministry, together with Josephus's statement<a href="#cite_note-366">[348]</a> that the temple's reconstruction was started by Herod the Great in the 18th year of his reign.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEK%C3%B6stenbergerKellumQuarles2009140-363">[345]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMaier1989123-367">[349]</a> A further method uses the date of the <a href="/wiki/Beheading_of_St._John_the_Baptist" class="mw-redirect" title="Beheading of St. John the Baptist">death of John the Baptist</a> and the marriage of <a href="/wiki/Herod_Antipas" title="Herod Antipas">Herod Antipas</a> to <a href="/wiki/Herodias" title="Herodias">Herodias</a>, based on the writings of Josephus, and correlates it with Matthew 14:4 and Mark 6:18.<a href="#cite_note-368">[350]</a><a href="#cite_note-369">[351]</a> Given that most scholars date the marriage of Herod and Herodias as AD 28–35, this yields a date about 28–29 AD.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFreedman2000249-364">[346]</a> A number of approaches have been used to estimate the year of the crucifixion of Jesus. Most scholars agree that he died in 30 or 33 AD.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHumphreysWaddington1992340-355">[338]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEK%C3%B6stenbergerKellumQuarles2009398-370">[352]</a> The Gospels state that the event occurred during the prefecture of Pilate, the Roman governor of Judea from 26 to 36 AD.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETheissenMerz199881%E2%80%9383-371">[353]</a><a href="#cite_note-372">[354]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECarter200344%E2%80%9345-373">[355]</a> The date for the <a href="/wiki/Conversion_of_Paul" class="mw-redirect" title="Conversion of Paul">conversion of Paul</a> (estimated to be 33–36 AD) acts as an upper bound for the date of Crucifixion. The dates for Paul's conversion and ministry can be determined by analysing the <a href="/wiki/Pauline_epistles" title="Pauline epistles">Pauline epistles</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Acts_of_the_Apostles" title="Acts of the Apostles">Acts of the Apostles</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEK%C3%B6stenbergerKellumQuarles2009398%E2%80%93400-374">[356]</a><a href="#cite_note-375">[357]</a> Astronomers have tried to estimate the precise date of the Crucifixion by analysing lunar motion and calculating historic dates of <a href="/wiki/Passover" title="Passover">Passover</a>, a festival based on the lunisolar <a href="/wiki/Hebrew_calendar" title="Hebrew calendar">Hebrew calendar</a>. The most widely accepted dates derived from this method are 7 April 30 AD, and 3 April 33 AD (both <a href="/wiki/Julian_calendar" title="Julian calendar">Julian</a>).<a href="#cite_note-376">[358]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Historicity_of_events">Historicity of events</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Historicity_of_Jesus" title="Historicity of Jesus">Historicity of Jesus</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Cultural_and_historical_background_of_Jesus" class="mw-redirect" title="Cultural and historical background of Jesus">Cultural and historical background of Jesus</a>, <a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_the_Roman_Empire" title="History of the Jews in the Roman Empire">History of the Jews in the Roman Empire</a>, <a href="/wiki/Historical_criticism" title="Historical criticism">Historical criticism</a>, <a href="/wiki/Textual_criticism" title="Textual criticism">Textual criticism</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Historical_reliability_of_the_Gospels" title="Historical reliability of the Gospels">Historical reliability of the Gospels</a></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237032888/mw-parser-output/.tmulti">.mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner{display:flex;flex-direction:column}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{display:flex;flex-direction:row;clear:left;flex-wrap:wrap;width:100%;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{margin:1px;float:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .theader{clear:both;font-weight:bold;text-align:center;align-self:center;background-color:transparent;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbcaption{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-left{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-right{text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-center{text-align:center}@media all and (max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbinner{width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:none!important;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{justify-content:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{float:none!important;max-width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle .thumbcaption{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow>.thumbcaption{text-align:center}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner img{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner img{background-color:white}}</style><div class="thumb tmulti tright"><div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:310px;max-width:310px"><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:152px;max-width:152px"><div class="thumbimage"><a href="/wiki/File:Wien-_Parlament-Tacitus.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img alt="A white statue of a man" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/Wien-_Parlament-Tacitus.jpg/150px-Wien-_Parlament-Tacitus.jpg" decoding="async" width="150" height="198" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1952" data-file-height="2576"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 150px;height: 198px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/Wien-_Parlament-Tacitus.jpg/150px-Wien-_Parlament-Tacitus.jpg" data-alt="A white statue of a man" data-width="150" data-height="198" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/Wien-_Parlament-Tacitus.jpg/225px-Wien-_Parlament-Tacitus.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/Wien-_Parlament-Tacitus.jpg/300px-Wien-_Parlament-Tacitus.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a></div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:154px;max-width:154px"><div class="thumbimage"><a href="/wiki/File:MII.png" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img alt="An apparently old document" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1d/MII.png/152px-MII.png" decoding="async" width="152" height="197" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="2600" data-file-height="3373"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 152px;height: 197px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1d/MII.png/152px-MII.png" data-alt="An apparently old document" data-width="152" data-height="197" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1d/MII.png/228px-MII.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1d/MII.png/304px-MII.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a></div></div></div><div class="trow" style="display:flex"><div class="thumbcaption">Roman senator and historian <a href="/wiki/Tacitus" title="Tacitus">Tacitus</a> (pictured left) mentioned the execution of "Christus" ('Jesus') by Pilate in a passage describing the <a href="/wiki/Great_Fire_of_Rome" title="Great Fire of Rome">Great Fire of Rome</a> and <a href="/wiki/Nero" title="Nero">Nero</a>'s persecution of Christians in the <a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/The_Annals_(Tacitus)/Book_15#44" class="extiw" title="s:The Annals (Tacitus)/Book 15">Annals</a>, a history of the Roman Empire during the 1st century.</div></div></div></div> Nearly all historians (both modern and historical) agree that Jesus was a real person who historically existed.<a href="#cite_note-exist-23">[f]</a> Scholars have reached a limited consensus on the basics of Jesus's life.<a href="#cite_note-White-377">[359]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Family">Family</h4></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Brothers_of_Jesus" title="Brothers of Jesus">Brothers of Jesus</a></div> Many scholars agree that Joseph, Jesus's father, died before Jesus began his ministry. Joseph is not mentioned in the Gospels during Jesus's ministry. Joseph's death would explain why in Mark 6:3, Jesus's neighbours refer to Jesus as the "son of Mary" (sons were usually identified by their fathers).<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrown1978%5BhttpsbooksgooglecombooksidML1mnUBwmhcCpgPA64_64%5D-378">[360]</a> According to Theissen and Merz, it is common for extraordinary <a href="/wiki/Charismatic_authority" title="Charismatic authority">charismatic leaders</a>, such as Jesus, to come into conflict with their ordinary families.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETheissenMerz1998194-379">[361]</a> In Mark, Jesus's family comes to get him, fearing that he is mad (Mark 3:20–34), and this account is thought to be historical because early Christians would probably not have invented it.<a href="#cite_note-380">[362]</a> After Jesus's death, many members of his family joined the Christian movement.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETheissenMerz1998194-379">[361]</a> Jesus's brother <a href="/wiki/James,_brother_of_Jesus" title="James, brother of Jesus">James</a> became a leader of the Jerusalem Church.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECrossLivingstone2005James,_St.-381">[363]</a> <a href="/wiki/G%C3%A9za_Vermes" title="Géza Vermes">Géza Vermes</a> says that the doctrine of the <a href="/wiki/Virgin_birth_of_Jesus" title="Virgin birth of Jesus">virgin birth of Jesus</a> arose from theological development rather than from historical events.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVermes1981283-382">[364]</a> Despite the widely held view that the authors of the Synoptic Gospels drew upon each other (the so-called <a href="/wiki/Synoptic_problem" class="mw-redirect" title="Synoptic problem">synoptic problem</a>), other scholars take it as significant that the virgin birth is <a href="/wiki/Criterion_of_multiple_attestation" title="Criterion of multiple attestation">attested</a> by two separate gospels, Matthew and Luke.<a href="#cite_note-383">[365]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKeener2009b%5Bhttpsbooksgooglecombooksid8C2Y_HaL5W0CpgPA83_83%5D-384">[366]</a><a href="#cite_note-385">[367]</a><a href="#cite_note-386">[368]</a><a href="#cite_note-387">[369]</a><a href="#cite_note-388">[370]</a> According to <a href="/wiki/E._P._Sanders" title="E. P. Sanders">E. P. Sanders</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Nativity_of_Jesus" title="Nativity of Jesus">birth narratives</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Gospel_of_Matthew" title="Gospel of Matthew">Gospel of Matthew</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Gospel_of_Luke" title="Gospel of Luke">Gospel of Luke</a> are the clearest cases of invention in the Gospel narratives of Jesus's life. Marcus Borg concurs, explaining that, "I (and most mainline scholars) do not see these stories as historically factual."<a href="#cite_note-389">[371]</a> Both accounts have Jesus born in <a href="/wiki/Bethlehem" title="Bethlehem">Bethlehem</a>, in accordance with Jewish salvation history, and both have him growing up in Nazareth. But Sanders points out that the two Gospels report completely different and irreconcilable explanations for how that happened. Luke's account of a census in which everyone returned to their ancestral cities is not plausible. Matthew's account is more plausible, but the story reads as though it was invented to identify Jesus as a new <a href="/wiki/Moses" title="Moses">Moses</a>, and the historian <a href="/wiki/Josephus" title="Josephus">Josephus</a> reports Herod the Great's brutality without ever mentioning that <a href="/wiki/Massacre_of_the_Innocents" title="Massacre of the Innocents">he massacred little boys</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESanders199385%E2%80%9388-390">[372]</a> The contradictions between the two Gospels were probably apparent to the early Christians already, since attempts to harmonize the two narratives are already present in the earlier apocryphal <a href="/wiki/Infancy_gospels" title="Infancy gospels">infancy gospels</a> (the <a href="/wiki/Infancy_Gospel_of_Thomas" title="Infancy Gospel of Thomas">Infancy Gospel of Thomas</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Gospel_of_James" title="Gospel of James">Gospel of James</a>), which are dated to the 2nd century AD.<a href="#cite_note-391">[373]</a><a href="#cite_note-392">[374]</a> Conservative scholars argue that despite the uncertainty of the details, the gospel birth narratives trace back to historical, or at least much earlier pre-gospel traditions.<a href="#cite_note-393">[375]</a><a href="#cite_note-394">[376]</a><a href="#cite_note-395">[377]</a><a href="#cite_note-396">[378]</a> For instance, according to <a href="/wiki/Ben_Witherington_III" title="Ben Witherington III">Ben Witherington</a>: <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style><blockquote class="templatequote">What we find in Matthew and Luke is not the story of… a [god] descending to earth and, in the guise of a man, mating with a human woman, but rather the story of a miraculous conception without the aid of any man, divine or otherwise. As such, this story is without precedent either in Jewish or pagan literature.<a href="#cite_note-397">[379]</a></blockquote> Sanders says that the genealogies of Jesus are based not on historical information but on the author's desire to show that Jesus was the universal Jewish saviour.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESanders199380%E2%80%9391-105">[92]</a> In any event, once the doctrine of the virgin birth of Jesus became established, that tradition superseded the earlier tradition that he was descended from <a href="/wiki/David" title="David">David</a> through Joseph.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETheissenMerz1998196-398">[380]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Gospel_of_Luke" title="Gospel of Luke">Gospel of Luke</a> reports that Jesus was a <a href="/wiki/Consanguinity" title="Consanguinity">blood relative</a> of <a href="/wiki/John_the_Baptist" title="John the Baptist">John the Baptist</a>, but scholars generally consider this connection to be invented.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESanders199380%E2%80%9391-105">[92]</a><a href="#cite_note-399">[381]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Baptism">Baptism</h4></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:%E1%80%97%E1%80%90%E1%80%B9%E1%80%90%E1%80%AD%E1%80%87%E1%80%B6.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4d/%E1%80%97%E1%80%90%E1%80%B9%E1%80%90%E1%80%AD%E1%80%87%E1%80%B6.jpg/220px-%E1%80%97%E1%80%90%E1%80%B9%E1%80%90%E1%80%AD%E1%80%87%E1%80%B6.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="220" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="3024" data-file-height="3024"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 220px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4d/%E1%80%97%E1%80%90%E1%80%B9%E1%80%90%E1%80%AD%E1%80%87%E1%80%B6.jpg/220px-%E1%80%97%E1%80%90%E1%80%B9%E1%80%90%E1%80%AD%E1%80%87%E1%80%B6.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="220" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4d/%E1%80%97%E1%80%90%E1%80%B9%E1%80%90%E1%80%AD%E1%80%87%E1%80%B6.jpg/330px-%E1%80%97%E1%80%90%E1%80%B9%E1%80%90%E1%80%AD%E1%80%87%E1%80%B6.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4d/%E1%80%97%E1%80%90%E1%80%B9%E1%80%90%E1%80%AD%E1%80%87%E1%80%B6.jpg/440px-%E1%80%97%E1%80%90%E1%80%B9%E1%80%90%E1%80%AD%E1%80%87%E1%80%B6.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>Baptism in the <a href="/wiki/Jordan_River" title="Jordan River">Jordan River</a>, the river where Jesus was baptized</figcaption></figure> Most modern scholars consider Jesus's baptism to be a definite historical fact, along with his crucifixion.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDunn2003339-7">[6]</a> Theologian <a href="/wiki/James_Dunn_(theologian)" title="James Dunn (theologian)">James D. G. Dunn</a> states that they "command almost universal assent" and "rank so high on the 'almost impossible to doubt or deny' scale of historical facts" that they are often the starting points for the study of the historical Jesus.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDunn2003339-7">[6]</a> Scholars adduce the <a href="/wiki/Criterion_of_embarrassment" title="Criterion of embarrassment">criterion of embarrassment</a>, saying that early Christians would not have invented a baptism that might imply that Jesus committed <a href="/wiki/Sin" title="Sin">sins</a> and wanted to <a href="/wiki/Repentance" title="Repentance">repent</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPowell199847-400">[382]</a><a href="#cite_note-401">[383]</a> According to Theissen and Merz, Jesus was inspired by <a href="/wiki/John_the_Baptist" title="John the Baptist">John the Baptist</a> and took over from him many elements of his teaching.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETheissenMerz1998235-402">[384]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Ministry_in_Galilee">Ministry in Galilee</h4></div> Most scholars hold that Jesus lived in <a href="/wiki/Galilee" title="Galilee">Galilee</a> and <a href="/wiki/Judea" title="Judea">Judea</a> and did not preach or study elsewhere.<a href="#cite_note-403">[385]</a> They agree that Jesus debated with Jewish authorities on the subject of God, performed some healings, taught in <a href="/wiki/Parable" title="Parable">parables</a> and gathered followers.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELevine20064-207">[192]</a> Jesus's Jewish critics considered his ministry to be scandalous because he feasted with sinners, fraternized with women, and allowed his followers to pluck grain on the Sabbath.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFunkHooverThe_Jesus_Seminar19933-68">[55]</a> According to Sanders, it is not plausible that disagreements over how to interpret the Law of Moses and the Sabbath would have led Jewish authorities to want Jesus killed.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESanders1993205%E2%80%9323-404">[386]</a> According to Ehrman, Jesus taught that a coming kingdom was everyone's proper focus, not anything in this life.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEhrman1999167%E2%80%9370-405">[387]</a> He taught about the Jewish Law, seeking its true meaning, sometimes in opposition to traditions.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEhrman1999164%E2%80%9367-406">[388]</a> Jesus put love at the center of the Law, and following that Law was an apocalyptic necessity.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEhrman1999164%E2%80%9367-406">[388]</a> His ethical teachings called for forgiveness, not judging others, loving enemies, and caring for the poor.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEhrman1999171%E2%80%9376-407">[389]</a> Funk and Hoover note that typical of Jesus were <a href="/wiki/Paradox" title="Paradox">paradoxical</a> or surprising turns of phrase, such as advising one, when struck on the cheek, <a href="/wiki/Turning_the_other_cheek" title="Turning the other cheek">to offer the other cheek</a> to be struck as well.<a href="#cite_note-408">[390]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFunkHooverThe_Jesus_Seminar1993294-409">[391]</a> The Gospels portray Jesus teaching in well-defined sessions, such as the <a href="/wiki/Sermon_on_the_Mount" title="Sermon on the Mount">Sermon on the Mount</a> in the Gospel of Matthew or the parallel <a href="/wiki/Sermon_on_the_Plain" title="Sermon on the Plain">Sermon on the Plain</a> in Luke. According to Gerd Theissen and Annette Merz, these teaching sessions include authentic teachings of Jesus, but the scenes were invented by the respective evangelists to frame these teachings, which had originally been recorded without context.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETheissenMerz199817%E2%80%9362-85">[72]</a> While Jesus's <a href="/wiki/Miracle" title="Miracle">miracles</a> fit within the social context of <a href="/wiki/Ancient_history" title="Ancient history">antiquity</a>, he defined them differently. First, he attributed them to the faith of those healed. Second, he connected them to <a href="/wiki/Eschatology" title="Eschatology">end times</a> prophecy.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETheissenMerz1998310-410">[392]</a> Jesus chose <a href="/wiki/Apostles_in_the_New_Testament" title="Apostles in the New Testament">twelve disciples</a> (the "Twelve"),<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESanders199310-411">[393]</a> evidently as an <a href="/wiki/Apocalypticism" title="Apocalypticism">apocalyptic</a> message.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEhrman1999186%E2%80%9387-412">[394]</a> All three Synoptics mention the Twelve, although the names on Luke's list vary from those in Mark and Matthew, suggesting that Christians were not certain who all the disciples were.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEhrman1999186%E2%80%9387-412">[394]</a> The twelve disciples might have represented the twelve original <a href="/wiki/Twelve_Tribes_of_Israel" title="Twelve Tribes of Israel">tribes of Israel</a>, which would be restored once God's rule was instituted.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEhrman1999186%E2%80%9387-412">[394]</a> The disciples were reportedly meant to be the rulers of the tribes in the coming Kingdom.<a href="#cite_note-413">[395]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEhrman1999186%E2%80%9387-412">[394]</a> According to Bart Ehrman, Jesus's promise that the Twelve would rule is historical, because the Twelve included <a href="/wiki/Judas_Iscariot" title="Judas Iscariot">Judas Iscariot</a>. In Ehrman's view, no Christians would have invented a line from Jesus, promising rulership to the disciple who betrayed him.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEhrman1999186%E2%80%9387-412">[394]</a> In Mark, the disciples play hardly any role other than a negative one. While others sometimes respond to Jesus with complete faith, his disciples are puzzled and doubtful.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESanders1993123%E2%80%9324-414">[396]</a> They serve as a <a href="/wiki/Foil_(literature)" class="mw-redirect" title="Foil (literature)">foil</a> to Jesus and to other characters.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESanders1993123%E2%80%9324-414">[396]</a> The failings of the disciples are probably exaggerated in Mark, and the disciples make a better showing in Matthew and Luke.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESanders1993123%E2%80%9324-414">[396]</a> Sanders says that Jesus's mission was not about <a href="/wiki/Repentance" title="Repentance">repentance</a>, although he acknowledges that this opinion is unpopular. He argues that repentance appears as a strong theme only in Luke, that repentance was <a href="/wiki/John_the_Baptist" title="John the Baptist">John the Baptist</a>'s message, and that Jesus's ministry would not have been scandalous if the sinners he ate with had been repentant.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESanders1993230%E2%80%9336-415">[397]</a> According to Theissen and Merz, Jesus taught that God was generously giving people an opportunity to repent.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETheissenMerz1998336-416">[398]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Role">Role</h4></div> Jesus taught that an apocalyptic figure, the "<a href="/wiki/Son_of_man_(Christianity)" title="Son of man (Christianity)">Son of Man</a>", would soon come on clouds of glory to gather the elect or chosen ones.<a href="#cite_note-417">[399]</a> He referred to himself as a "<a href="/wiki/Son_of_man" title="Son of man">son of man</a>" in the colloquial sense of "a person", but scholars do not know whether he also meant himself when he referred to the heavenly "Son of Man". <a href="/wiki/Paul_the_Apostle" title="Paul the Apostle">Paul the Apostle</a> and other early Christians interpreted the "Son of Man" as the risen Jesus.<a href="#cite_note-Britannica-39">[28]</a> The Gospels refer to Jesus not only as a messiah but in the absolute form as "the Messiah" or, equivalently, "the Christ". In early Judaism, this absolute form of the title is not found, but only phrases such as "his messiah". The tradition is ambiguous enough to leave room for debate as to whether Jesus defined his <a href="/wiki/Eschatology" title="Eschatology">eschatological</a> role as that of the Messiah.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECrossLivingstone2005Messiah-418">[400]</a> The Jewish messianic tradition included many different forms, some of them focused on a messiah figure and others not.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETheissenMerz1998533%E2%80%9340-419">[401]</a> Based on the Christian tradition, <a href="/wiki/Gerd_Theissen" title="Gerd Theissen">Gerd Theissen</a> advances the hypothesis that Jesus saw himself in messianic terms but did not claim the title "Messiah".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETheissenMerz1998533%E2%80%9340-419">[401]</a> Bart Ehrman argues that Jesus did consider himself to be the Messiah, albeit in the sense that he would be the king of the new political order that God would usher in,<a href="#cite_note-420">[402]</a> not in the sense that most people today think of the term.<a href="#cite_note-421">[403]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Passover_and_crucifixion_in_Jerusalem">Passover and crucifixion in Jerusalem</h4></div> Around AD 30, Jesus and his followers travelled from <a href="/wiki/Galilee" title="Galilee">Galilee</a> to <a href="/wiki/Jerusalem" title="Jerusalem">Jerusalem</a> to observe <a href="/wiki/Passover" title="Passover">Passover</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESanders199310-411">[393]</a> Jesus caused a disturbance in the <a href="/wiki/Second_Temple" title="Second Temple">Second Temple</a>,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESanders199311-31">[24]</a> which was the center of Jewish religious and civil authority. Sanders associates it with Jesus's prophecy that the Temple would be totally demolished.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESanders1993254%E2%80%9362-422">[404]</a> Jesus held a last meal with his disciples, which is the origin of the <a href="/wiki/Eucharist" title="Eucharist">Sacrament of the Holy Eucharist</a>. His words as recorded in the Synoptic gospels and Paul's <a href="/wiki/First_Epistle_to_the_Corinthians" title="First Epistle to the Corinthians">First Letter to the Corinthians</a> do not entirely agree, but this meal appears to have pointed to Jesus's place in the coming Kingdom of God when very probably Jesus knew he was about to be killed, although he may have still hoped that God might yet intervene.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESanders1993263%E2%80%9364-423">[405]</a> The Gospels say that Jesus was betrayed to the authorities by a disciple, and many scholars consider this report to be highly reliable.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECrossLivingstone2005Jesus_Christ-163">[148]</a> He was executed on the orders of <a href="/wiki/Pontius_Pilate" title="Pontius Pilate">Pontius Pilate</a>, the Roman <a href="/wiki/Prefect" title="Prefect">prefect</a> of <a href="/wiki/Judea_(Roman_province)" class="mw-redirect" title="Judea (Roman province)">Judaea</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESanders199311-31">[24]</a> Pilate most likely saw Jesus's reference to the Kingdom of God as a threat to Roman authority and worked with the Temple elites to have Jesus executed.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETheissenMerz1998465%E2%80%9366-424">[406]</a> The Sadducean high-priestly leaders of the Temple more plausibly had Jesus executed for political reasons than for his teaching.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECrossLivingstone2005Jesus_Christ-163">[148]</a> They may have regarded him as a threat to stability, especially after he caused a disturbance at the Second Temple.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECrossLivingstone2005Jesus_Christ-163">[148]</a><a href="#cite_note-JE1906-425">[407]</a> Other factors, such as Jesus's triumphal entry into Jerusalem, may have contributed to this decision.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESanders1993269%E2%80%9373-426">[408]</a> Most scholars consider Jesus's crucifixion to be factual because early Christians would not have invented the painful death of their leader.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDunn2003339-7">[6]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMeier2006126%E2%80%9328-427">[409]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="After_crucifixion">After crucifixion</h4></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:The_Resurrection_Beaufort_arms_in_border_(f._131)_Cropped.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6a/The_Resurrection_Beaufort_arms_in_border_%28f._131%29_Cropped.jpg/180px-The_Resurrection_Beaufort_arms_in_border_%28f._131%29_Cropped.jpg" decoding="async" width="180" height="230" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1894" data-file-height="2417"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 180px;height: 230px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6a/The_Resurrection_Beaufort_arms_in_border_%28f._131%29_Cropped.jpg/180px-The_Resurrection_Beaufort_arms_in_border_%28f._131%29_Cropped.jpg" data-width="180" data-height="230" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6a/The_Resurrection_Beaufort_arms_in_border_%28f._131%29_Cropped.jpg/270px-The_Resurrection_Beaufort_arms_in_border_%28f._131%29_Cropped.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6a/The_Resurrection_Beaufort_arms_in_border_%28f._131%29_Cropped.jpg/360px-The_Resurrection_Beaufort_arms_in_border_%28f._131%29_Cropped.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>The Resurrection of Christ from a 16th-century manuscript of La Passion de Nostre Seigneur</figcaption></figure> After Jesus's death, his followers said he was restored to life, although the exact details of their experiences are unclear. The gospel reports contradict each other, possibly suggesting competition among those claiming to have seen him first rather than deliberate fraud.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESanders1993276%E2%80%9381-428">[410]</a> On the other hand, <a href="/wiki/L._Michael_White" title="L. Michael White">L. Michael White</a> suggests that inconsistencies in the Gospels reflect differences in the agendas of their unknown authors.<a href="#cite_note-White-377">[359]</a> The followers of Jesus formed a community to wait for his return and the founding of his kingdom.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESanders199311-31">[24]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Portraits_of_Jesus">Portraits of Jesus</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Historical_Jesus" title="Historical Jesus">Historical Jesus</a> and <a href="/wiki/Quest_for_the_historical_Jesus" title="Quest for the historical Jesus">Quest for the historical Jesus</a></div> Modern research on the historical Jesus has not led to a unified picture of the historical figure, partly because of the variety of academic traditions represented by the scholars.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETheissenWinter20024%E2%80%935-429">[411]</a> Given the scarcity of historical sources, it is generally difficult for any scholar to construct a portrait of Jesus that can be considered historically valid beyond the basic elements of his life.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEK%C3%B6stenbergerKellumQuarles2009117%E2%80%9325-82">[69]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEhrman199922%E2%80%9323-83">[70]</a> The portraits of Jesus constructed in these quests often differ from each other, and from the image portrayed in the Gospels.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETheissenWinter20025-327">[311]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECrossLivingstone2005Historical_Jesus,_Quest_of_the-430">[412]</a> Jesus is seen as the founder of, in the words of Sanders, a "renewal movement within Judaism". One of the criteria used to discern historical details in the "third quest" is the criterion of plausibility, relative to Jesus's Jewish context and to his influence on Christianity. A disagreement in contemporary research is whether Jesus was <a href="/wiki/Apocalypticism" title="Apocalypticism">apocalyptic</a>. Most scholars conclude that he was an apocalyptic preacher, such as <a href="/wiki/John_the_Baptist" title="John the Baptist">John the Baptist</a> and <a href="/wiki/Paul_the_Apostle" title="Paul the Apostle">Paul the Apostle</a>. In contrast, certain prominent North American scholars, such as <a href="/wiki/Burton_Mack" class="mw-redirect" title="Burton Mack">Burton Mack</a> and John Dominic Crossan, advocate for a non-<a href="/wiki/Eschatology" title="Eschatology">eschatological</a> Jesus, one who is more of a Cynic <a href="/wiki/Sage_(philosophy)" title="Sage (philosophy)">sage</a> than an apocalyptic preacher.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETheissenMerz19981%E2%80%9315-431">[413]</a> In addition to portraying Jesus as an apocalyptic prophet, a charismatic healer or a <a href="/wiki/Cynicism_(philosophy)" title="Cynicism (philosophy)">cynic philosopher</a>, some scholars portray him as the true messiah or an <a href="/wiki/Egalitarianism" title="Egalitarianism">egalitarian</a> prophet of <a href="/wiki/Social_change" title="Social change">social change</a>.<a href="#cite_note-432">[414]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEK%C3%B6stenbergerKellumQuarles2009124%E2%80%9325-433">[415]</a> However, the attributes described in the portraits sometimes overlap, and scholars who differ on some attributes sometimes agree on others.<a href="#cite_note-434">[416]</a> Since the 18th century, scholars have occasionally put forth that Jesus was a political national messiah, but the evidence for this portrait is negligible. Likewise, the proposal that Jesus was a <a href="/wiki/Zealots_(Judea)" class="mw-redirect" title="Zealots (Judea)">Zealot</a> does not fit with the earliest strata of the Synoptic tradition.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECrossLivingstone2005Jesus_Christ-163">[148]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Language,_ethnicity,_and_appearance">Language, ethnicity, and appearance</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Language_of_Jesus" title="Language of Jesus">Language of Jesus</a> and <a href="/wiki/Race_and_appearance_of_Jesus" title="Race and appearance of Jesus">Race and appearance of Jesus</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:CompositeJesus.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img alt="Twelve depictions of Jesus from around the world." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/CompositeJesus.JPG/220px-CompositeJesus.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="322" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="272" data-file-height="398"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 322px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/CompositeJesus.JPG/220px-CompositeJesus.JPG" data-alt="Twelve depictions of Jesus from around the world." data-width="220" data-height="322" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/CompositeJesus.JPG 1.5x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>The ethnicity of Jesus in art has been influenced by cultural settings.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHoulden200663%E2%80%9399-435">[417]</a><a href="#cite_note-Erricker44-436">[418]</a></figcaption></figure> Jesus grew up in Galilee and much of his ministry took place there.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGreenMcKnightMarshall1992442-437">[419]</a> The languages spoken in Galilee and Judea during the 1st century AD include <a href="/wiki/Jewish_Palestinian_Aramaic" title="Jewish Palestinian Aramaic">Jewish Palestinian Aramaic</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hebrew_language" title="Hebrew language">Hebrew</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Koine_Greek" title="Koine Greek">Greek</a>, with Aramaic being predominant.<a href="#cite_note-438">[420]</a><a href="#cite_note-439">[421]</a> There is substantial consensus that Jesus gave most of his teachings in Aramaic<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDunn2003313%E2%80%9315-440">[422]</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Galilean_dialect" title="Galilean dialect">Galilean dialect</a>.<a href="#cite_note-441">[423]</a><a href="#cite_note-442">[424]</a> Other than Aramaic and Hebrew, it is likely that he was also able to speak in <a href="/wiki/Koine_Greek" title="Koine Greek">Koine Greek</a>.<a href="#cite_note-443">[425]</a><a href="#cite_note-444">[426]</a><a href="#cite_note-445">[427]</a> Modern scholars agree that Jesus was a Jew of 1st-century <a href="/wiki/Judea" title="Judea">Judea</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEhrman199996-446">[428]</a> <a href="/wiki/Ioudaios" title="Ioudaios">Ioudaios</a> in New Testament Greek<a href="#cite_note-449">[s]</a> is a term which in the contemporary context may refer to religion (<a href="/wiki/Second_Temple_Judaism" title="Second Temple Judaism">Second Temple Judaism</a>), ethnicity (of Judea), or both.<a href="#cite_note-450">[431]</a><a href="#cite_note-451">[432]</a><a href="#cite_note-452">[433]</a> In a review of the state of modern scholarship, <a href="/wiki/Amy-Jill_Levine" title="Amy-Jill Levine">Amy-Jill Levine</a> writes that the entire question of ethnicity is "fraught with difficulty", and that "beyond recognizing that 'Jesus was Jewish', rarely does the scholarship address what being 'Jewish' means".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELevine200610-453">[434]</a> The New Testament gives no description of the physical appearance of Jesus before his death—it is generally indifferent to racial appearances and does not refer to the features of the people it mentions.<a href="#cite_note-454">[435]</a><a href="#cite_note-Perkinson30-455">[436]</a><a href="#cite_note-456">[437]</a> Jesus probably looked like a typical Jewish man of his time and place; standing around 166 cm (5 ft 5 in) tall with a thin but fit build, <a href="/wiki/Olive_skin" title="Olive skin">olive-brown skin</a>, brown eyes and short, dark hair. He also probably had a beard that was not particularly long or heavy.<a href="#cite_note-457">[438]</a> His clothing may have suggested poverty, consisting of a mantle (shawl) with tassels, a knee-length basic tunic, and sandals.<a href="#cite_note-458">[439]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Christ_myth_theory">Christ myth theory</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Christ_myth_theory" title="Christ myth theory">Christ myth theory</a></div> The Christ myth theory is the hypothesis that Jesus of Nazareth never existed; or if he did, that he had virtually nothing to do with the founding of Christianity and the accounts in the <a href="/wiki/Gospels" class="mw-redirect" title="Gospels">gospels</a>.<a href="#cite_note-460">[t]</a> Stories of Jesus's birth, along with other key events, have so many mythic elements that some scholars have suggested that Jesus himself was a myth.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETheissenMerz1998113%E2%80%9315-461">[441]</a> <a href="/wiki/Bruno_Bauer" title="Bruno Bauer">Bruno Bauer</a> (1809–1882) taught that the first Gospel was a work of literature that produced history rather than described it.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETheissenMerz199890-462">[442]</a> According to <a href="/wiki/Albert_Kalthoff" title="Albert Kalthoff">Albert Kalthoff</a> (1850–1906), a social movement produced Jesus when it encountered Jewish messianic expectations.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETheissenMerz199890-462">[442]</a> <a href="/wiki/Arthur_Drews" title="Arthur Drews">Arthur Drews</a> (1865–1935) saw Jesus as the concrete form of a myth that predated Christianity.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETheissenMerz199890-462">[442]</a> Despite arguments put forward by authors who have questioned the existence of a <a href="/wiki/Historical_Jesus" title="Historical Jesus">historical Jesus</a>, virtually all scholars of antiquity accept that Jesus was a historical figure and consider Christ's myth theory fringe.<a href="#cite_note-463">[443]</a><a href="#cite_note-464">[444]</a><a href="#cite_note-465">[445]</a><a href="#cite_note-466">[446]</a><a href="#cite_note-467">[447]</a><a href="#cite_note-468">[448]</a><a href="#cite_note-469">[449]</a> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(5)"><h2 id="Religious_perspectives">Religious perspectives</h2></div><section class="mf-section-5 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-5"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Religious_perspectives_on_Jesus" title="Religious perspectives on Jesus">Religious perspectives on Jesus</a></div> Jesus's teachings and the retelling of his life story have significantly influenced the course of <a href="/wiki/Human_history" title="Human history">human history</a>, and have directly or indirectly affected the lives of billions of people, even non-Christians, worldwide.<a href="#cite_note-470">[450]</a><a href="#cite_note-471">[451]</a> He is considered by many people to be the most influential figure to have ever lived, finding a significant place in numerous cultural contexts.<a href="#cite_note-472">[452]</a><a href="#cite_note-473">[453]</a> Apart from his own disciples and followers,<a href="#cite_note-474">[454]</a> the Jews of Jesus's day generally <a href="/wiki/Rejection_of_Jesus" title="Rejection of Jesus">rejected him as the messiah</a>,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELevine200761-475">[455]</a> as does Judaism today.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELevine200717-476">[456]</a> Christian theologians, <a href="/wiki/Ecumenical_council" title="Ecumenical council">ecumenical councils</a>, reformers and others have written extensively about Jesus over the centuries. <a href="/wiki/Christian_denomination" title="Christian denomination">Christian denominations</a> have often been defined or characterized by their descriptions of Jesus. Meanwhile, <a href="/wiki/Manichaeism" title="Manichaeism">Manichaeans</a>, <a href="/wiki/Gnosticism" title="Gnosticism">Gnostics</a>, <a href="/wiki/Muslims" title="Muslims">Muslims</a>, <a href="/wiki/Druze" title="Druze">Druzes</a>,<a href="#cite_note-Hitti-477">[457]</a> the <a href="/wiki/Bah%C3%A1%CA%BC%C3%AD_Faith" title="Baháʼí Faith">Baháʼís</a>, and others, have found prominent places for Jesus in their religions.<a href="#cite_note-478">[458]</a><a href="#cite_note-479">[459]</a><a href="#cite_note-480">[460]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Christianity">Christianity</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Jesus_in_Christianity" title="Jesus in Christianity">Jesus in Christianity</a>, <a href="/wiki/Christ_(title)" title="Christ (title)">Christ (title)</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Christology" title="Christology">Christology</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Shield-Trinity-Scutum-Fidei-English.svg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b3/Shield-Trinity-Scutum-Fidei-English.svg/220px-Shield-Trinity-Scutum-Fidei-English.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="198" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="520" data-file-height="468"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 198px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b3/Shield-Trinity-Scutum-Fidei-English.svg/220px-Shield-Trinity-Scutum-Fidei-English.svg.png" data-width="220" data-height="198" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b3/Shield-Trinity-Scutum-Fidei-English.svg/330px-Shield-Trinity-Scutum-Fidei-English.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b3/Shield-Trinity-Scutum-Fidei-English.svg/440px-Shield-Trinity-Scutum-Fidei-English.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Trinity" title="Trinity">Trinity</a> is the belief in Christianity that God is one God in three persons: <a href="/wiki/God_the_Father" title="God the Father">God the Father</a>, <a href="/wiki/God_the_Son" title="God the Son">God the Son</a> (<a href="/wiki/Jesus_in_Christianity" title="Jesus in Christianity">Jesus</a>), and <a href="/wiki/Holy_Spirit_(Christianity)" class="mw-redirect" title="Holy Spirit (Christianity)">God the Holy Spirit</a>.</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Christ_with_beard.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8d/Christ_with_beard.jpg/220px-Christ_with_beard.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="235" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="558" data-file-height="595"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 235px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8d/Christ_with_beard.jpg/220px-Christ_with_beard.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="235" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8d/Christ_with_beard.jpg/330px-Christ_with_beard.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8d/Christ_with_beard.jpg/440px-Christ_with_beard.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>Jesus is depicted with the <a href="/wiki/Alpha_and_Omega" title="Alpha and Omega">Alpha and Omega</a> letters in the <a href="/wiki/Catacombs_of_Rome" title="Catacombs of Rome">Catacombs of Rome</a> from the 4th century.</figcaption></figure> Jesus is the central figure of Christianity.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMcGrath20064%E2%80%936-95">[82]</a> Although Christian views of Jesus vary, it is possible to summarize the key beliefs shared among major <a href="/wiki/Christian_denomination" title="Christian denomination">denominations</a>, as stated in their <a href="/wiki/Catechism" title="Catechism">catechetical</a> or <a href="/wiki/Confessionalism_(religion)" title="Confessionalism (religion)">confessional</a> texts.<a href="#cite_note-481">[461]</a><a href="#cite_note-482">[462]</a><a href="#cite_note-483">[463]</a> Christian views of Jesus are derived from the texts of the <a href="/wiki/New_Testament" title="New Testament">New Testament</a>, including the <a href="/wiki/Canonical_gospels" class="mw-redirect" title="Canonical gospels">canonical gospels</a> and letters such as the <a href="/wiki/Pauline_epistles" title="Pauline epistles">Pauline epistles</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Johannine_writings" class="mw-redirect" title="Johannine writings">Johannine writings</a>. These documents outline the key beliefs held by Christians about Jesus, including his divinity, humanity, and earthly life, and that he is the Christ and the <a href="/wiki/Son_of_God_(Christianity)" title="Son of God (Christianity)">Son of God</a>.<a href="#cite_note-484">[464]</a> Despite their many shared beliefs, not all Christian denominations agree on all doctrines, and both <a href="/wiki/East%E2%80%93West_Schism" title="East–West Schism">major and minor differences</a> on teachings and beliefs have persisted throughout Christianity for centuries.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECrossLivingstone2005Great_Schism-485">[465]</a> The New Testament states that the <a href="/wiki/Resurrection_of_Jesus" title="Resurrection of Jesus">resurrection of Jesus</a> is the foundation of the Christian faith.<a href="#cite_note-486">[466]</a><a href="#cite_note-487">[467]</a> Christians believe that through his sacrificial death and resurrection, humans can be <a href="/wiki/Reconciliation_(theology)" title="Reconciliation (theology)">reconciled with God</a> and are thereby offered <a href="/wiki/Salvation_in_Christianity" title="Salvation in Christianity">salvation</a> and the promise of <a href="/wiki/Eternal_life_(Christianity)" title="Eternal life (Christianity)">eternal life</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Oxford_Companion-211">[196]</a> Recalling the words of <a href="/wiki/John_the_Baptist" title="John the Baptist">John the Baptist</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Gospel_of_John" title="Gospel of John">gospel of John</a>, these doctrines sometimes refer to Jesus as the <a href="/wiki/Lamb_of_God" title="Lamb of God">Lamb of God</a>, who was crucified to fulfill his role as the servant of God.<a href="#cite_note-488">[468]</a><a href="#cite_note-489">[469]</a> Jesus is thus seen as the <a href="/wiki/New_Adam" class="mw-redirect" title="New Adam">new and last Adam</a>, whose obedience contrasts with <a href="/wiki/Fall_of_man" title="Fall of man">Adam's disobedience</a>.<a href="#cite_note-490">[470]</a> Christians view Jesus as a role model, whose God-focused life believers are encouraged to imitate.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMcGrath20064%E2%80%936-95">[82]</a> At present, most Christians believe that Jesus is both human and the Son of God.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEhrman2014-491">[471]</a> While there has been <a href="/wiki/Christological_controversies" class="mw-redirect" title="Christological controversies">theological debate</a> over his nature,<a href="#cite_note-493">[u]</a> Trinitarian Christians generally believe that Jesus is the Logos, God's incarnation and <a href="/wiki/God_the_Son" title="God the Son">God the Son</a>, both fully divine and fully human. However, the doctrine of the Trinity is not universally accepted among Christians.<a href="#cite_note-494">[473]</a><a href="#cite_note-495">[474]</a> With the <a href="/wiki/Reformation" title="Reformation">Reformation</a>, Christians such as <a href="/wiki/Michael_Servetus" title="Michael Servetus">Michael Servetus</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Socinian" class="mw-redirect" title="Socinian">Socinians</a> started questioning the ancient creeds that had established Jesus's two natures.<a href="#cite_note-Britannica-39">[28]</a> Nontrinitarian Christian groups include <a href="/wiki/The_Church_of_Jesus_Christ_of_Latter-day_Saints" title="The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints">the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints</a>,<a href="#cite_note-496">[475]</a> <a href="/wiki/Unitarianism" title="Unitarianism">Unitarians</a> and <a href="/wiki/Jehovah%27s_Witnesses" title="Jehovah's Witnesses">Jehovah's Witnesses</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECrossLivingstone2005Antitrinitarianism-492">[472]</a> Christians revere not only Jesus himself but also <a href="/wiki/Name_of_Jesus" class="mw-redirect" title="Name of Jesus">his name</a>. Devotions to the <a href="/wiki/Holy_Name_of_Jesus" title="Holy Name of Jesus">Holy Name of Jesus</a> go back to the earliest days of Christianity.<a href="#cite_note-497">[476]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHoulden2006426-498">[477]</a> These devotions and feasts exist in both <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Christianity" title="Eastern Christianity">Eastern</a> and <a href="/wiki/Western_Christianity" title="Western Christianity">Western Christianity</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHoulden2006426-498">[477]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Judaism's_view">Judaism's view</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Judaism%27s_view_of_Jesus" class="mw-redirect" title="Judaism's view of Jesus">Judaism's view of Jesus</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Jesus_in_the_Talmud" title="Jesus in the Talmud">Jesus in the Talmud</a></div> Judaism rejects the idea of Jesus (or any future Jewish messiah) being God,<a href="#cite_note-JE1906-425">[407]</a> or a mediator to God, or part of a Trinity.<a href="#cite_note-499">[478]</a> It holds that Jesus is not the messiah, arguing that he neither fulfilled the messianic prophecies in the <a href="/wiki/Tanakh" class="mw-redirect" title="Tanakh">Tanakh</a> nor embodied the personal qualifications of the Messiah.<a href="#cite_note-500">[479]</a> Jews argue that Jesus did not fulfill prophecies to build the <a href="/wiki/Third_Temple" title="Third Temple">Third Temple</a>,<a href="#cite_note-501">[480]</a> gather Jews back to Israel,<a href="#cite_note-502">[481]</a> bring world peace,<a href="#cite_note-503">[482]</a> and unite humanity under the God of Israel.<a href="#cite_note-504">[483]</a><a href="#cite_note-505">[484]</a> Furthermore, according to Jewish tradition, there were no prophets after <a href="/wiki/Malachi" title="Malachi">Malachi</a>,<a href="#cite_note-506">[485]</a> who delivered his prophecies in the 5th century BC.<a href="#cite_note-507">[486]</a> Judaic criticism of Jesus is long-standing, and includes a <a href="/wiki/Jesus_in_the_Talmud" title="Jesus in the Talmud">range of stories</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Talmud" title="Talmud">Talmud</a>, written and compiled from the 3rd to the 5th century AD.<a href="#cite_note-508">[487]</a> In one such story, <a href="/wiki/Yeshu" title="Yeshu">Yeshu</a> HaNozri ('Jesus the Nazarene'), a lewd apostate, is executed by the Jewish high court for spreading idolatry and practising magic.<a href="#cite_note-509">[488]</a> According to some, the form Yeshu is an <a href="/wiki/Acronym" title="Acronym">acronym</a> which in Hebrew reads "may his name and memory be blotted out".<a href="#cite_note-510">[489]</a> The majority of contemporary scholars consider that this material provides no information on the historical Jesus.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETheissenMerz199874%E2%80%9375-511">[490]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Mishneh_Torah" title="Mishneh Torah">Mishneh Torah</a>, a late 12th-century work of <a href="/wiki/Halakha" title="Halakha">Jewish law</a> written by <a href="/wiki/Moses_Maimonides" class="mw-redirect" title="Moses Maimonides">Moses Maimonides</a>, states that Jesus is a "stumbling block" who makes "the majority of the world to err and serve a god other than the Lord".<a href="#cite_note-512">[491]</a> Medieval Hebrew literature contains the anecdotal "Episode of Jesus" (known also as <a href="/wiki/Toledot_Yeshu" title="Toledot Yeshu">Toledot Yeshu</a>), in which Jesus is described as being the son of Joseph, the son of <a href="/wiki/Tiberius_Julius_Abdes_Pantera" title="Tiberius Julius Abdes Pantera">Pandera</a> (see: <a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Translation:Story_of_Jesus" class="extiw" title="s:Translation:Story of Jesus">Episode of Jesus</a>). The account portrays Jesus as an impostor.<a href="#cite_note-513">[492]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Manichaeism">Manichaeism</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Jesus_in_Manichaeism" title="Jesus in Manichaeism">Jesus in Manichaeism</a></div> <a href="/wiki/Manichaeism" title="Manichaeism">Manichaeism</a>, an ancient religious movement, became one of the earliest organized religions outside of Christianity to honor Jesus as a significant figure.<a href="#cite_note-514">[493]</a><a href="#cite_note-515">[494]</a><a href="#cite_note-516">[495]</a> Within the Manichaean belief system, Jesus is revered alongside other prominent prophets such as <a href="/wiki/Zoroaster" title="Zoroaster">Zoroaster</a>, <a href="/wiki/Gautama_Buddha" class="mw-redirect" title="Gautama Buddha">Gautama Buddha</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Mani_(prophet)" title="Mani (prophet)">Mani</a> himself.<a href="#cite_note-517">[496]</a><a href="#cite_note-518">[497]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Islam">Islam</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Jesus_in_Islam" title="Jesus in Islam">Jesus in Islam</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1246091330"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r886047488">.mw-parser-output .nobold{font-weight:normal}</style> A major figure in Islam,<a href="#cite_note-519">[498]</a><a href="#cite_note-520">[499]</a><a href="#cite_note-CEI-521">[500]</a> Jesus (often referred to by his Quranic name <a href="/wiki/Isa_(name)" title="Isa (name)">ʿĪsā</a>) is considered to be a <a href="/wiki/Prophets_and_messengers_in_Islam" title="Prophets and messengers in Islam">messenger</a> of <a href="/wiki/God_in_Islam" title="God in Islam">God</a> and the messiah (<a href="/wiki/Masih_(title)" title="Masih (title)">al-Masīḥ</a>) who was sent to guide the <a href="/wiki/Israelites" title="Israelites">Children of Israel</a> (Banī Isrāʾīl) with a new scripture, the Gospel (referred to in Islam as <a href="/wiki/Gospel_in_Islam" title="Gospel in Islam">Injīl</a>).<a href="#cite_note-CEI-521">[500]</a><a href="#cite_note-522">[501]</a> Muslims regard the gospels' accounts in the New Testament as partially authentic, and believe that Jesus's original message was altered (<a href="/wiki/Tahrif" title="Tahrif">taḥrīf</a>) and that <a href="/wiki/Muhammad_in_Islam" title="Muhammad in Islam">Muhammad</a> came later to revive it.<a href="#cite_note-523">[502]</a> Belief in Jesus (and all other <a href="/wiki/Prophets_in_Islam" class="mw-redirect" title="Prophets in Islam">messengers of God</a>) is a requirement for being a <a href="/wiki/Muslim" class="mw-redirect" title="Muslim">Muslim</a>.<a href="#cite_note-524">[503]</a> The Quran mentions Jesus by name 25 times—more often than Muhammad<a href="#cite_note-525">[504]</a><a href="#cite_note-526">[505]</a>—and emphasizes that Jesus was a mortal human who, like all other prophets, had been divinely chosen to spread God's message.<a href="#cite_note-comparative-527">[506]</a> While the Quran affirms the Virgin birth of Jesus, he is considered to be neither an incarnation nor a <a href="/wiki/Son_of_God_(Christianity)" title="Son of God (Christianity)">son of God</a>.<a href="#cite_note-528">[507]</a><a href="#cite_note-529">[508]</a><a href="#cite_note-Morgan-530">[509]</a> Islamic texts emphasize a strict notion of <a href="/wiki/Monotheism" title="Monotheism">monotheism</a> (<a href="/wiki/Taw%E1%B8%A5%C4%ABd" class="mw-redirect" title="Tawḥīd">tawḥīd</a>) and forbid the association of partners with God, which would be <a href="/wiki/Shirk_(Islam)" title="Shirk (Islam)">idolatry</a>.<a href="#cite_note-531">[510]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Virgin_Mary_and_Jesus_(old_Persian_miniature).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f4/Virgin_Mary_and_Jesus_%28old_Persian_miniature%29.jpg/180px-Virgin_Mary_and_Jesus_%28old_Persian_miniature%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="180" height="299" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="385" data-file-height="640"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 180px;height: 299px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f4/Virgin_Mary_and_Jesus_%28old_Persian_miniature%29.jpg/180px-Virgin_Mary_and_Jesus_%28old_Persian_miniature%29.jpg" data-width="180" data-height="299" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f4/Virgin_Mary_and_Jesus_%28old_Persian_miniature%29.jpg/270px-Virgin_Mary_and_Jesus_%28old_Persian_miniature%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f4/Virgin_Mary_and_Jesus_%28old_Persian_miniature%29.jpg/360px-Virgin_Mary_and_Jesus_%28old_Persian_miniature%29.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Persian_miniature" title="Persian miniature">Persian miniature</a> of Mary and Jesus</figcaption></figure> The Quran describes the annunciation to Mary (<a href="/wiki/Mary_in_Islam" title="Mary in Islam">Maryam</a>) by the Holy Spirit that she is to give birth to Jesus while remaining a virgin. It calls the virgin birth a miracle that occurred by the will of God.<a href="#cite_note-RobB32-532">[511]</a><a href="#cite_note-Peters23-533">[512]</a> The Quran (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://quran.com/21?startingVerse=91">21:91</a> and <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://quran.com/66?startingVerse=12">66:12</a>) states that God breathed <a href="/wiki/Holy_Spirit_(Islam)" class="mw-redirect" title="Holy Spirit (Islam)">his spirit</a> into Mary while she was chaste.<a href="#cite_note-RobB32-532">[511]</a><a href="#cite_note-Peters23-533">[512]</a> Jesus is called a "spirit from God" because he was born through the action of the Spirit,<a href="#cite_note-RobB32-532">[511]</a> but that belief does not imply <a href="/wiki/Pre-existence_of_Christ" title="Pre-existence of Christ">his pre-existence</a>.<a href="#cite_note-534">[513]</a> To aid in his ministry to the Jewish people, Jesus was given the ability to perform <a href="/wiki/Miracle" title="Miracle">miracles</a>, by permission of God rather than by his own power.<a href="#cite_note-Morgan-530">[509]</a> Through his ministry, Jesus is seen as a <a href="/wiki/Precursor_(religion)" title="Precursor (religion)">precursor</a> to Muhammad.<a href="#cite_note-comparative-527">[506]</a> In the Quran (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://quran.com/4?startingVerse=157">4:157–159</a>) it is said that Jesus was not killed but was merely made to appear that way to unbelievers,<a href="#cite_note-535">[514]</a> and that he was raised into the heavens while still alive by God.<a href="#cite_note-536">[515]</a> According to most classic <a href="/wiki/Sunni" class="mw-redirect" title="Sunni">Sunni</a> and <a href="/wiki/Twelver_Shi%27ite" class="mw-redirect" title="Twelver Shi'ite">Twelver Shi'ite</a> interpretations of these verses, the likeness of Jesus was cast upon a <a href="/wiki/Substitution_hypothesis" title="Substitution hypothesis">substitute</a> (most often one of the apostles), who was crucified in Jesus's stead.<a href="#cite_note-537">[516]</a> However, some medieval Muslims (among others, the <a href="/wiki/Ghulat" title="Ghulat">ghulāt</a> writing under the name of <a href="/wiki/Al-Mufaddal_ibn_Umar_al-Ju%27fi" title="Al-Mufaddal ibn Umar al-Ju'fi">al-Mufaddal ibn Umar al-Ju'fi</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Brethren_of_Purity" title="Brethren of Purity">Brethren of Purity</a>, various <a href="/wiki/Isma%27ili" class="mw-redirect" title="Isma'ili">Isma'ili</a> philosophers, and the Sunni mystic <a href="/wiki/Al-Ghazali" title="Al-Ghazali">al-Ghazali</a>) affirmed the historicity of Jesus's crucifixion. These thinkers held the <a href="/wiki/Docetic" class="mw-redirect" title="Docetic">docetic</a> view that, although Jesus's human form (his body) had died on the cross, his true divine nature (his spirit) had survived and ascended into heaven, so that his death was only an appearance.<a href="#cite_note-538">[517]</a> Nevertheless, to Muslims it is the <a href="/wiki/Ascension_of_Jesus" title="Ascension of Jesus">ascension</a> rather than the <a href="/wiki/Crucifixion_of_Jesus" title="Crucifixion of Jesus">crucifixion</a> that constitutes a major event in the life of Jesus.<a href="#cite_note-539">[518]</a> There is no mention of his resurrection on the third day, and his death plays no special role in <a href="/wiki/Soteriology#Islam" title="Soteriology">Islamic theories of salvation</a>.<a href="#cite_note-540">[519]</a> However, Jesus is a central figure in <a href="/wiki/Islamic_eschatology" title="Islamic eschatology">Islamic eschatology</a>: Muslims believe that <a href="/wiki/Second_Coming#Islam" title="Second Coming">he will return to Earth</a> at the <a href="/wiki/Eschatology" title="Eschatology">end of time</a> and defeat the <a href="/wiki/Antichrist" title="Antichrist">Antichrist</a> (<a href="/wiki/Masih_ad-Dajjal" class="mw-redirect" title="Masih ad-Dajjal">ad-Dajjal</a>) by killing him.<a href="#cite_note-CEI-521">[500]</a><a href="#cite_note-541">[520]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGrudem1994568%E2%80%93603-542">[521]</a><a href="#cite_note-543">[522]</a> According to the Quran, the coming of <a href="/wiki/Muhammad" title="Muhammad">Muhammad</a> (also called "Ahmad") was predicted by Jesus: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote">And ˹remember˺ when Jesus, son of Mary, said, "O children of Israel! I am truly Allah's messenger to you, confirming the Torah which came before me, and giving good news of a messenger after me whose name will be Aḥmad." Yet when the Prophet came to them with clear proofs, they said, "This is pure magic."<div class="templatequotecite">— <cite><a href="/wiki/As-Saff" title="As-Saff">Surah As-Saf</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://quran.com/61?startingVerse=6">61:6</a></cite></div></blockquote> Through this verse, early Arab Muslims claimed legitimacy for their new faith in the existing religious traditions and the alleged predictions of Jesus.<a href="#cite_note-544">[523]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Ahmadiyya_Islam">Ahmadiyya Islam</h4></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Jesus_in_Ahmadiyya_Islam" class="mw-redirect" title="Jesus in Ahmadiyya Islam">Jesus in Ahmadiyya Islam</a></div> The <a href="/wiki/Ahmadiyya" title="Ahmadiyya">Ahmadiyya</a> Muslim Community has several <a href="/wiki/Jesus_in_Ahmadiyya_Islam" class="mw-redirect" title="Jesus in Ahmadiyya Islam">distinct teachings</a> about Jesus.<a href="#cite_note-545">[524]</a> Ahmadis believe that he was a mortal man who survived his crucifixion and died a natural death at the age of 120 in <a href="/wiki/Kashmir" title="Kashmir">Kashmir</a>, India, and is buried at <a href="/wiki/Roza_Bal" title="Roza Bal">Roza Bal</a>.<a href="#cite_note-546">[525]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Druze">Druze</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Religious_perspectives_on_Jesus#Druze" title="Religious perspectives on Jesus">Religious perspectives on Jesus § Druze</a></div> In the <a href="/wiki/Druze" title="Druze">Druze</a> faith,<a href="#cite_note-Hitti-477">[457]</a> Jesus is considered and revered as one of the seven spokesmen or prophets (natiq), defined as messengers or intermediaries between God and mankind, along with figures including <a href="/wiki/Moses" title="Moses">Moses</a>, <a href="/wiki/Muhammad" title="Muhammad">Muhammad</a> and <a href="/wiki/Muhammad_ibn_Isma%27il" title="Muhammad ibn Isma'il">Muhammad ibn Isma'il</a>, each of them sent at a different period of history to preach the message of God.<a href="#cite_note-Hitti-477">[457]</a><a href="#cite_note-547">[526]</a><a href="#cite_note-548">[527]</a><a href="#cite_note-549">[528]</a><a href="#cite_note-550">[529]</a> In Druze tradition, Jesus is known under three titles: the True Messiah (al-Masih al-Haq), the Messiah of all Nations (Masih al-Umam), and the Messiah of Sinners. This is due, respectively, to the belief that Jesus delivered the true Gospel message, the belief that he was the Saviour of all nations, and the belief that he offers forgiveness.<a href="#cite_note-551">[530]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Baháʼí_Faith">Baháʼí Faith</h3></div> In the <a href="/wiki/Bah%C3%A1%CA%BC%C3%AD_Faith" title="Baháʼí Faith">Baháʼí Faith</a>, Jesus is considered one of the <a href="/wiki/Manifestation_of_God_(Bah%C3%A1%CA%BC%C3%AD_Faith)" title="Manifestation of God (Baháʼí Faith)">Manifestations of God</a>,<a href="#cite_note-552">[531]</a> defined as divine messengers or prophets sent by God to guide humanity, along with other religious figures such as Moses, <a href="/wiki/Krishna" title="Krishna">Krishna</a>, <a href="/wiki/Zoroaster" title="Zoroaster">Zoroaster</a>, <a href="/wiki/Buddha" class="mw-redirect" title="Buddha">Buddha</a>, Muhammad, and <a href="/wiki/Bah%C3%A1%CA%BCu%27ll%C3%A1h" title="Baháʼu'lláh">Baháʼu'lláh</a>. Baháʼís believe that these religious founders or leaders have contributed to the <a href="/wiki/Progressive_revelation_(Bah%C3%A1%CA%BC%C3%AD)" title="Progressive revelation (Baháʼí)">progressive revelation</a> by bringing spiritual and moral values to humanity in their own time and place.<a href="#cite_note-553">[532]</a><a href="#cite_note-554">[533]</a><a href="#cite_note-555">[534]</a><a href="#cite_note-556">[535]</a><a href="#cite_note-557">[536]</a> As a Manifestation of God, Jesus is believed to reflect God's qualities and attributes, but is not considered the only saviour of humanity nor the incarnation of God.<a href="#cite_note-558">[537]</a><a href="#cite_note-559">[538]</a><a href="#cite_note-560">[539]</a> Baháʼís believe in the virgin birth,<a href="#cite_note-561">[540]</a><a href="#cite_note-Cole-562">[541]</a> but see the resurrection and the miracles of Jesus as symbolic.<a href="#cite_note-563">[542]</a><a href="#cite_note-Cole-562">[541]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Other">Other</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Criticism_of_Jesus" title="Criticism of Jesus">Criticism of Jesus</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:The_Liberator_masthead,_1861_Jan_11.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/47/The_Liberator_masthead%2C_1861_Jan_11.jpg/220px-The_Liberator_masthead%2C_1861_Jan_11.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="79" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="3378" data-file-height="1209"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 79px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/47/The_Liberator_masthead%2C_1861_Jan_11.jpg/220px-The_Liberator_masthead%2C_1861_Jan_11.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="79" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/47/The_Liberator_masthead%2C_1861_Jan_11.jpg/330px-The_Liberator_masthead%2C_1861_Jan_11.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/47/The_Liberator_masthead%2C_1861_Jan_11.jpg/440px-The_Liberator_masthead%2C_1861_Jan_11.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>Jesus depicted as the liberator of Black slaves, on the masthead of the <a href="/wiki/Abolitionism_in_the_United_States" title="Abolitionism in the United States">abolitionist</a> paper <a href="/wiki/The_Liberator_(newspaper)" title="The Liberator (newspaper)">The Liberator</a></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Jesus_Image_on_a_Manichaean_Temple_Banner.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9b/Jesus_Image_on_a_Manichaean_Temple_Banner.jpg/220px-Jesus_Image_on_a_Manichaean_Temple_Banner.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="226" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1146" data-file-height="1176"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 226px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9b/Jesus_Image_on_a_Manichaean_Temple_Banner.jpg/220px-Jesus_Image_on_a_Manichaean_Temple_Banner.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="226" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9b/Jesus_Image_on_a_Manichaean_Temple_Banner.jpg/330px-Jesus_Image_on_a_Manichaean_Temple_Banner.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9b/Jesus_Image_on_a_Manichaean_Temple_Banner.jpg/440px-Jesus_Image_on_a_Manichaean_Temple_Banner.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>Enthroned Jesus image on a <a href="/wiki/Manichaeism" title="Manichaeism">Manichaean</a> temple banner from <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 10th-century <a href="/wiki/Qocho" title="Qocho">Qocho</a></figcaption></figure> In <a href="/wiki/Gnosticism" title="Gnosticism">Christian Gnosticism</a> (now a largely extinct religious movement),<a href="#cite_note-564">[543]</a> Jesus was sent from the divine realm and provided the secret knowledge (<a href="/wiki/Gnosis" title="Gnosis">gnosis</a>) necessary for salvation. Most Gnostics believed that Jesus was a human who became possessed by the spirit of "the Christ" at his baptism. This spirit left Jesus's body during the crucifixion but was rejoined to him when he was raised from the dead. Some Gnostics, however, were <a href="/wiki/Docetism" title="Docetism">docetics</a>, believing that Jesus did not have a physical body, but only appeared to possess one.<a href="#cite_note-565">[544]</a> Some <a href="/wiki/Hinduism" title="Hinduism">Hindus</a> consider Jesus to be an <a href="/wiki/Avatar" title="Avatar">avatar</a> or a <a href="/wiki/Sadhu" title="Sadhu">sadhu</a>.<a href="#cite_note-566">[545]</a> <a href="/wiki/Paramahansa_Yogananda" title="Paramahansa Yogananda">Paramahansa Yogananda</a>, an Indian <a href="/wiki/Guru" title="Guru">guru</a>, taught that Jesus was the reincarnation of <a href="/wiki/Elisha" title="Elisha">Elisha</a> and a student of <a href="/wiki/John_the_Baptist" title="John the Baptist">John the Baptist</a>, the reincarnation of <a href="/wiki/Elijah" title="Elijah">Elijah</a>.<a href="#cite_note-567">[546]</a> Some <a href="/wiki/Buddhist" class="mw-redirect" title="Buddhist">Buddhists</a>, including <a href="/wiki/Tenzin_Gyatso,_14th_Dalai_Lama" class="mw-redirect" title="Tenzin Gyatso, 14th Dalai Lama">Tenzin Gyatso, the 14th Dalai Lama</a>, regard Jesus as a <a href="/wiki/Bodhisattva" title="Bodhisattva">bodhisattva</a> who dedicated his life to the welfare of people.<a href="#cite_note-568">[547]</a> The <a href="/wiki/New_Age" title="New Age">New Age</a> movement entertains a wide variety of views on Jesus.<a href="#cite_note-569">[548]</a> <a href="/wiki/Theosophy_(Blavatskian)" class="mw-redirect" title="Theosophy (Blavatskian)">Theosophists</a>, from whom many New Age teachings originated,<a href="#cite_note-570">[549]</a> refer to Jesus as the <a href="/wiki/Master_Jesus" title="Master Jesus">Master Jesus</a>, a spiritual reformer, and they believe that Christ, after <a href="/wiki/Reincarnation" title="Reincarnation">various incarnations</a>, occupied the body of Jesus.<a href="#cite_note-571">[550]</a> <a href="/wiki/The_Urantia_Book" title="The Urantia Book">The Urantia Book</a> teaches Jesus is one of more than 700,000 heavenly sons of God.<a href="#cite_note-572">[551]</a> <a href="/wiki/Antony_Theodore" title="Antony Theodore">Antony Theodore</a> in the book Jesus Christ in Love writes that there is an underlying oneness of Jesus's teachings with the messages contained in <a href="/wiki/Quran" title="Quran">Quran</a>, <a href="/wiki/Vedas" title="Vedas">Vedas</a>, <a href="/wiki/Upanishads" title="Upanishads">Upanishads</a>, <a href="/wiki/Talmud" title="Talmud">Talmud</a> and <a href="/wiki/Avesta" title="Avesta">Avesta</a>.<a href="#cite_note-573">[552]</a> <a href="/wiki/Atheist" class="mw-redirect" title="Atheist">Atheists</a> reject Jesus's divinity, but have different views about him—from challenging <a href="/wiki/Mental_health_of_Jesus" title="Mental health of Jesus">his mental health</a><a href="#cite_note-574">[553]</a><a href="#cite_note-575">[554]</a> to emphasizing his "moral superiority" (<a href="/wiki/Richard_Dawkins" title="Richard Dawkins">Richard Dawkins</a>).<a href="#cite_note-576">[555]</a> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(6)"><h2 id="Artistic_depictions">Artistic depictions</h2></div><section class="mf-section-6 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-6"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Depiction_of_Jesus" title="Depiction of Jesus">Depiction of Jesus</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Christ_Healing_the_Paralytic_-_Dura-Europos_circa_232.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img alt="An ancient wall painting depicting Jesus" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Christ_Healing_the_Paralytic_-_Dura-Europos_circa_232.jpg/180px-Christ_Healing_the_Paralytic_-_Dura-Europos_circa_232.jpg" decoding="async" width="180" height="289" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1871" data-file-height="3000"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 180px;height: 289px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Christ_Healing_the_Paralytic_-_Dura-Europos_circa_232.jpg/180px-Christ_Healing_the_Paralytic_-_Dura-Europos_circa_232.jpg" data-alt="An ancient wall painting depicting Jesus" data-width="180" data-height="289" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Christ_Healing_the_Paralytic_-_Dura-Europos_circa_232.jpg/270px-Christ_Healing_the_Paralytic_-_Dura-Europos_circa_232.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Christ_Healing_the_Paralytic_-_Dura-Europos_circa_232.jpg/360px-Christ_Healing_the_Paralytic_-_Dura-Europos_circa_232.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>Jesus healing a paralytic in one of the first known images of Jesus from <a href="/wiki/Dura-Europos_church" title="Dura-Europos church">Dura Europos</a> in the 3rd century<a href="#cite_note-577">[556]</a></figcaption></figure> Some of the earliest depictions of Jesus at the <a href="/wiki/Dura-Europos_church" title="Dura-Europos church">Dura-Europos church</a> are firmly dated to before 256.<a href="#cite_note-578">[557]</a> Thereafter, despite the lack of biblical references or historical records, a wide range of depictions of Jesus appeared during the last two millennia, often influenced by cultural settings, political circumstances and theological contexts.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHoulden200663%E2%80%9399-435">[417]</a><a href="#cite_note-Erricker44-436">[418]</a><a href="#cite_note-Perkinson30-455">[436]</a> As in other <a href="/wiki/Early_Christian_art" class="mw-redirect" title="Early Christian art">Early Christian art</a>, the earliest depictions date to the late 2nd or early 3rd century, and surviving images are found especially in the <a href="/wiki/Catacombs_of_Rome" title="Catacombs of Rome">Catacombs of Rome</a>.<a href="#cite_note-579">[558]</a> The depiction of Christ in pictorial form was highly <a href="/wiki/Aniconism_in_Christianity" title="Aniconism in Christianity">controversial</a> in the early Church.<a href="#cite_note-580">[559]</a><a href="#cite_note-581">[v]</a><a href="#cite_note-582">[560]</a> From the 5th century onward, flat painted <a href="/wiki/Icon" title="Icon">icons</a> became popular in the Eastern Church.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECrossLivingstone2005Icons-583">[561]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Byzantine_Iconoclasm" title="Byzantine Iconoclasm">Byzantine Iconoclasm</a> acted as a barrier to developments in the East, but by the 9th century, art was permitted again.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHoulden200663%E2%80%9399-435">[417]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Protestant_Reformation" class="mw-redirect" title="Protestant Reformation">Protestant Reformation</a> brought renewed <a href="/wiki/Aniconism_in_Christianity" title="Aniconism in Christianity">resistance to imagery</a>, but total prohibition was atypical, and Protestant objections to images have tended to reduce since the 16th century. Although large images are generally avoided, few Protestants now object to book illustrations depicting Jesus.<a href="#cite_note-584">[562]</a><a href="#cite_note-585">[563]</a> The use of depictions of Jesus is advocated by the leaders of denominations such as <a href="/wiki/Anglicans" class="mw-redirect" title="Anglicans">Anglicans</a> and <a href="/wiki/Catholics" class="mw-redirect" title="Catholics">Catholics</a><a href="#cite_note-586">[564]</a><a href="#cite_note-587">[565]</a><a href="#cite_note-588">[566]</a> and is a key element of the <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Orthodox" class="mw-redirect" title="Eastern Orthodox">Eastern Orthodox</a> tradition.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDoninger1999231-589">[567]</a><a href="#cite_note-590">[568]</a> In Eastern Christian art, the <a href="/wiki/Transfiguration_of_Jesus_in_Christian_art" title="Transfiguration of Jesus in Christian art">Transfiguration</a> was a major theme, and every Eastern Orthodox monk who had trained in <a href="/wiki/Icon" title="Icon">icon</a> painting had to prove his craft by painting an icon depicting it.<a href="#cite_note-591">[569]</a> Icons receive the external marks of veneration, such as kisses and prostration, and they are thought to be powerful channels of divine grace.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECrossLivingstone2005Icons-583">[561]</a> In Western Europe, the <a href="/wiki/Renaissance" title="Renaissance">Renaissance</a> brought forth a number of artists who focused on depictions of Jesus; <a href="/wiki/Fra_Angelico" title="Fra Angelico">Fra Angelico</a> and others followed <a href="/wiki/Giotto" title="Giotto">Giotto</a> in the systematic development of uncluttered images.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHoulden200663%E2%80%9399-435">[417]</a> Before the Protestant Reformation, the <a href="/wiki/Crucifix" title="Crucifix">crucifix</a> was common in Western Christianity. It is a model of the cross with Jesus crucified on it. The crucifix became the central ornament of the altar in the 13th century, a use that has been nearly universal in Roman Catholic churches since then.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECrossLivingstone2005Crucifix-592">[570]</a> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(7)"><h2 id="Associated_relics">Associated relics</h2></div><section class="mf-section-7 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-7"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Relics_associated_with_Jesus" title="Relics associated with Jesus">Relics associated with Jesus</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Shroud_of_Turin_001.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/Shroud_of_Turin_001.jpg/220px-Shroud_of_Turin_001.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="145" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="960" data-file-height="632"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 145px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/Shroud_of_Turin_001.jpg/220px-Shroud_of_Turin_001.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="145" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/Shroud_of_Turin_001.jpg/330px-Shroud_of_Turin_001.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/Shroud_of_Turin_001.jpg/440px-Shroud_of_Turin_001.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Shroud_of_Turin" title="Shroud of Turin">Shroud of Turin</a>, Italy, is the best-known claimed relic of Jesus and one of the most studied artefacts in human history.<a href="#cite_note-593">[571]</a></figcaption></figure> The total destruction that ensued with the <a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Jerusalem_(70_CE)" title="Siege of Jerusalem (70 CE)">siege of Jerusalem</a> by the Romans in AD 70 made the survival of items from 1st-century Judea very rare and almost no direct records survive about the history of Judaism from the last part of the 1st century through the 2nd century.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELevine200624%E2%80%9325-594">[572]</a><a href="#cite_note-Koester382-595">[573]</a><a href="#cite_note-597">[w]</a> <a href="/wiki/Margaret_M._Mitchell" title="Margaret M. Mitchell">Margaret M. Mitchell</a> writes that although <a href="/wiki/Eusebius" title="Eusebius">Eusebius</a> reports (<a href="/wiki/Church_History_(Eusebius)" class="mw-redirect" title="Church History (Eusebius)">Ecclesiastical History</a> III 5.3) that the early Christians left Jerusalem for <a href="/wiki/Pella,_Jordan" title="Pella, Jordan">Pella</a> just before Jerusalem was subjected to the final lockdown, we must accept that no first-hand Christian items from the early Jerusalem Church have reached us.<a href="#cite_note-598">[575]</a> <a href="/wiki/Joe_Nickell" title="Joe Nickell">Joe Nickell</a> writes, "as investigation after investigation has shown, not a single, reliably authenticated relic of Jesus exists."<a href="#cite_note-599">[576]</a><a href="#cite_note-602">[x]</a> However, throughout the history of Christianity, a number of <a href="/wiki/Relic" title="Relic">relics</a> attributed to Jesus have been claimed, although doubt has been cast on them. The 16th-century Catholic theologian <a href="/wiki/Erasmus" title="Erasmus">Erasmus</a> wrote sarcastically about the proliferation of relics and the number of buildings that could have been constructed from the wood claimed to be from the <a href="/wiki/True_Cross" title="True Cross">cross used in the Crucifixion</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDillenberger19995-603">[579]</a> Similarly, while experts debate whether Jesus was crucified with three nails or with four, at least thirty <a href="/wiki/Holy_nail" class="mw-redirect" title="Holy nail">holy nails</a> continue to be venerated as relics across Europe.<a href="#cite_note-604">[580]</a> Some relics, such as purported remnants of the <a href="/wiki/Crown_of_thorns" title="Crown of thorns">crown of thorns</a> placed on the head of Jesus, receive only a modest number of <a href="/wiki/Christian_pilgrimage" title="Christian pilgrimage">pilgrims</a>, while the <a href="/wiki/Shroud_of_Turin" title="Shroud of Turin">Shroud of Turin</a> (which is associated with an approved <a href="/wiki/Catholic_devotion" class="mw-redirect" title="Catholic devotion">Catholic devotion</a> to the <a href="/wiki/Holy_Face_of_Jesus" title="Holy Face of Jesus">Holy Face of Jesus</a>), has received millions,<a href="#cite_note-605">[581]</a> including popes <a href="/wiki/John_Paul_II" class="mw-redirect" title="John Paul II">John Paul II</a> and <a href="/wiki/Pope_Benedict_XVI" title="Pope Benedict XVI">Benedict XVI</a>.<a href="#cite_note-606">[582]</a><a href="#cite_note-607">[583]</a> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(8)"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2></div><section class="mf-section-8 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-8"> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1184024115">.mw-parser-output .div-col{margin-top:0.3em;column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .div-col-small{font-size:90%}.mw-parser-output .div-col-rules{column-rule:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .div-col dl,.mw-parser-output .div-col ol,.mw-parser-output .div-col ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .div-col li,.mw-parser-output .div-col dd{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}</style><div class="div-col" style="column-width: 25em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_Jesus" title="Outline of Jesus">Outline of Jesus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jesuism" title="Jesuism">Jesuism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jesus_in_comparative_mythology" title="Jesus in comparative mythology">Jesus in comparative mythology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jesus_in_the_Talmud" title="Jesus in the Talmud">Jesus in the Talmud</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Language_of_Jesus" title="Language of Jesus">Language of Jesus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Last_Adam" title="Last Adam">Last Adam</a> – title of Jesus</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liminal_deity" title="Liminal deity">Liminal deity</a> – deity who is a crosser of boundaries</li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_books_about_Jesus" title="List of books about Jesus">List of books about Jesus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_founders_of_religious_traditions" title="List of founders of religious traditions">List of founders of religious traditions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_messiah_claimants" title="List of messiah claimants">List of messiah claimants</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_people_claimed_to_be_Jesus" title="List of people claimed to be Jesus">List of people claimed to be Jesus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_people_who_have_been_considered_deities" title="List of people who have been considered deities">List of people who have been considered deities</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_statues_of_Jesus" title="List of statues of Jesus">List of statues of Jesus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sexuality_and_marital_status_of_Jesus" title="Sexuality and marital status of Jesus">Sexuality and marital status of Jesus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tiberius_Julius_Abdes_Pantera" title="Tiberius Julius Abdes Pantera">Tiberius Julius Abdes Pantera</a> – Roman soldier, hypothesized to be connected to Jesus</li></ul> </div> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(9)"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2></div><section class="mf-section-9 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-9"> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-lower-alpha"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-5"><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a> <a href="/wiki/John_P._Meier" title="John P. Meier">John P. Meier</a> writes that Jesus's birth year is <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 7 or 6 BC.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMeier1991407-1">[1]</a> <a href="/wiki/Karl_Rahner" title="Karl Rahner">Karl Rahner</a> states that the consensus among Christian scholars is <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 4 BC.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERahner2004732-2">[2]</a> <a href="/wiki/E._P._Sanders" title="E. P. Sanders">E. P. Sanders</a> also favours <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 4 BC and refers to the general consensus.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESanders199310%E2%80%9311-3">[3]</a> <a href="/wiki/Jack_Finegan" title="Jack Finegan">Jack Finegan</a> uses the study of early Christian traditions to support <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 3 or 2 BC.<a href="#cite_note-Finegan-4">[4]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a> <a href="/wiki/James_Dunn_(theologian)" title="James Dunn (theologian)">James Dunn</a> writes that the baptism and crucifixion of Jesus "command almost universal assent" and "rank so high on the 'almost impossible to doubt or deny' scale of historical facts" that they are often the starting points for the study of the historical Jesus.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDunn2003339-7">[6]</a> <a href="/wiki/Bart_Ehrman" class="mw-redirect" title="Bart Ehrman">Bart Ehrman</a> states that the crucifixion of Jesus on the orders of Pontius Pilate is the most certain element about him.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEhrman1999101-8">[7]</a> <a href="/wiki/John_Dominic_Crossan" title="John Dominic Crossan">John Dominic Crossan</a> and Richard G. Watts state that the crucifixion of Jesus is as certain as any historical fact can be.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECrossanWatts199996-9">[8]</a> Paul R. Eddy and <a href="/wiki/Greg_Boyd_(theologian)" title="Greg Boyd (theologian)">Gregory A. Boyd</a> say that non-Christian confirmation of the crucifixion of Jesus is now "firmly established".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEddyBoyd2007173-10">[9]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a> Traditionally, Christians believe that Mary conceived her son miraculously by the agency of the Holy Spirit. Muslims believe that she conceived her son miraculously by the command of God. Joseph was from these perspectives and according to the canonical gospels the acting adoptive father of Jesus. </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1248666159">.mw-parser-output .tfd-dated{font-size:85%}.mw-parser-output .tfd-default{border-bottom:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);clear:both;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .tfd-tiny{font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .tfd-inline{border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1)}.mw-parser-output .tfd-sidebar{border-bottom:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);text-align:center;position:relative}@media(min-width:640px){.mw-parser-output .tfd-sidebar{clear:right;float:right;width:22em}}</style><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Templates_for_discussion/Log/2024_November_12#Template:Lang-grc-gre" title="Wikipedia:Templates for discussion/Log/2024 November 12">‹See Tfd›</a><a href="/wiki/Greek_language" title="Greek language">Greek</a>: Ἰησοῦς, romanized: Iēsoús, probably from <a href="/wiki/Hebrew" class="mw-redirect" title="Hebrew">Hebrew</a>/<a href="/wiki/Aramaic" title="Aramaic">Aramaic</a>: יֵשׁוּעַ, romanized: <a href="/wiki/Yeshua" title="Yeshua">Yēšūaʿ</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a> <a href="/wiki/Coptic_language" title="Coptic language">Coptic</a>: Ⲓⲏⲥⲟⲩⲥ Ⲡⲓⲭ́ρⲓⲥτⲟⲥ; <a href="/wiki/Ge%CA%BDez" title="Geʽez">Geʽez</a>: መሲህ ኢየሱስ; <a href="/wiki/Koine_Greek" title="Koine Greek">Greek</a>: Ἰησοῦς Χριστός; <a href="/wiki/Classical_Hebrew" class="mw-redirect" title="Classical Hebrew">Hebrew</a>: ישוע המשיח; <a href="/wiki/Latin" title="Latin">Latin</a>: Iesus Christus; <a href="/wiki/Church_Slavonic" title="Church Slavonic">Slavonic</a>: Исус Христос; <a href="/wiki/Classical_Syriac" class="mw-redirect" title="Classical Syriac">Syriac</a>: ܝܫܘܥ ܡܫܺܝܚܳܐ </li> <li id="cite_note-exist-23">^ <a href="#cite_ref-exist_23-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-exist_23-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-exist_23-2">c</a> In a 2011 review of the state of modern scholarship, <a href="/wiki/Bart_Ehrman" class="mw-redirect" title="Bart Ehrman">Bart Ehrman</a> wrote, "He certainly existed, as virtually every competent scholar of antiquity, Christian or non-Christian, agrees."<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEhrman2011%5Bhttpsarchiveorgdetailsforged_ehrm_2011_000_10544376pagen298_285%5D-16">[11]</a> <a href="/wiki/Richard_A._Burridge" class="mw-redirect" title="Richard A. Burridge">Richard A. Burridge</a> states: "There are those who argue that Jesus is a figment of the Church's imagination, that there never was a Jesus at all. I have to say that I do not know any respectable critical scholar who says that any more."<a href="#cite_note-17">[12]</a> <a href="/wiki/Robert_M._Price" title="Robert M. Price">Robert M. Price</a> does not believe that Jesus existed but agrees that this perspective runs against the views of the majority of scholars.<a href="#cite_note-18">[13]</a> <a href="/wiki/James_Dunn_(theologian)" title="James Dunn (theologian)">James D. G. Dunn</a> calls the theories of Jesus's non-existence "a thoroughly dead thesis".<a href="#cite_note-19">[14]</a> <a href="/wiki/Michael_Grant_(author)" class="mw-redirect" title="Michael Grant (author)">Michael Grant</a> (a <a href="/wiki/Classicist" class="mw-redirect" title="Classicist">classicist</a>) wrote in 1977, "In recent years, 'no serious scholar has ventured to postulate the non historicity of Jesus' or at any rate very few, and they have not succeeded in disposing of the much stronger, indeed very abundant, evidence to the contrary."<a href="#cite_note-20">[15]</a> <a href="/wiki/Robert_E._Van_Voorst" title="Robert E. Van Voorst">Robert E. Van Voorst</a> states that biblical scholars and classical historians regard theories of non-existence of Jesus as effectively refuted.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVan_Voorst200016-21">[16]</a> Writing on <a href="/wiki/The_Daily_Beast" title="The Daily Beast">The Daily Beast</a>, <a href="/wiki/Candida_Moss" title="Candida Moss">Candida Moss</a> and Joel Baden state that, "there is nigh universal consensus among biblical scholars – the authentic ones, at least – that Jesus was, in fact, a real guy."<a href="#cite_note-22">[17]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a> Ehrman writes: "The notion that the Gospel accounts are not completely accurate but still important for the religious truths they try to convey is widely shared in the scholarly world, even though it's not so widely known or believed outside of it."<a href="#cite_note-25">[19]</a> Sanders writes: "The earliest Christians did not write a narrative of Jesus' life, but rather made use of, and thus preserved, individual units—short passages about his words and deeds. These units were later moved and arranged by authors and editors. ... Some material has been revised and some created by early Christians."<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESanders199357-26">[20]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a> A small minority of Christian denominations reject trinitarianism, wholly or partly, as non-scriptural. </li> <li id="cite_note-35"><a href="#cite_ref-35">^</a> Part of the <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Christian" class="mw-redirect" title="Eastern Christian">Eastern Christian</a> churches celebrate Christmas on 25 December of the <a href="/wiki/Julian_calendar" title="Julian calendar">Julian calendar</a>, which currently corresponds to 7 January in the <a href="/wiki/Gregorian_calendar" title="Gregorian calendar">Gregorian calendar</a>. In many countries, Christmas is celebrated on 24 December. </li> <li id="cite_note-37"><a href="#cite_ref-37">^</a> Often referred to by his Quranic name, <a href="/wiki/Isa_(name)" title="Isa (name)">ʿĪsā</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-38"><a href="#cite_ref-38">^</a> Some medieval Muslims believed that Jesus was crucified, as do the members of the modern Ahmadiyya movement; see <a href="#Islam">§ Islamic perspectives</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-40"><a href="#cite_ref-40">^</a> This article uses quotes from the <a href="/wiki/New_Revised_Standard_Version" title="New Revised Standard Version">New Revised Standard Version</a> of the Bible. </li> <li id="cite_note-64"><a href="#cite_ref-64">^</a> Powell writes: "[Paul] does cite words or instructions of Jesus in a few places,<a href="#cite_note-62">[50]</a> but for the most part he displays little interest in the details of Jesus' earthly life and ministry."<a href="#cite_note-63">[51]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-108"><a href="#cite_ref-108">^</a> Compare <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.biblica.com/bible/?osis=niv:Matthew%201:6%E2%80%9316">Matthew 1:6–16</a> with <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.biblica.com/bible/?osis=niv:Luke%203:23%E2%80%9331">Luke 3:23–31</a>. See also <a href="/wiki/Genealogy_of_Jesus#Comparison_of_the_two_genealogies" title="Genealogy of Jesus">Genealogy of Jesus § Comparison of the two genealogies</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-110"><a href="#cite_ref-110">^</a> For an overview of such theories, see <a href="/wiki/Genealogy_of_Jesus#Explanations_for_divergence" title="Genealogy of Jesus">Genealogy of Jesus § Explanations for divergence</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-326"><a href="#cite_ref-326">^</a> <a href="/wiki/Amy-Jill_Levine" title="Amy-Jill Levine">Amy-Jill Levine</a> writes: "There is a consensus of sorts on a basic outline of Jesus' life. Most scholars agree that Jesus was baptized by John, debated with fellow Jews on how best to live according to God's will, engaged in healings and exorcisms, taught in parables, gathered male and female followers in Galilee, went to Jerusalem, and was crucified by Roman soldiers during the governorship of Pontius Pilate."<a href="#cite_note-325">[310]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-346"><a href="#cite_ref-346">^</a> Tuckett writes: "All this does at least render highly implausible any far-fetched theories that even Jesus' very existence was a Christian invention. The fact that Jesus existed, that he was crucified under Pontius Pilate (for whatever reason) and that he had a band of followers who continued to support his cause, seems to be part of the bedrock of historical tradition. If nothing else, the non-Christian evidence can provide us with certainty on that score."<a href="#cite_note-345">[329]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-362"><a href="#cite_ref-362">^</a> For example, John P. Meier states that Jesus's birth year is <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 7/6 BC,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMeier1991407-1">[1]</a> while Finegan favours <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 3/2 BC.<a href="#cite_note-Finegan-4">[4]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-449"><a href="#cite_ref-449">^</a> In the New Testament, Jesus is described as Jewish / Judean (<a href="/wiki/Ioudaios" title="Ioudaios">Ioudaios</a> as written in Koine Greek) on three occasions: by the Magi in <a href="/wiki/Matthew_2:2" title="Matthew 2:2">Matthew 2:2</a>, who referred to Jesus as "King of the Jews" (basileus ton ioudaion); by both the <a href="/wiki/Samaritan_woman_at_the_well" title="Samaritan woman at the well">Samaritan woman at the well</a> in <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.biblegateway.com/passage/?search=John+4:9&version=nkjv">John 4:9</a> and <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.biblegateway.com/passage/?search=John+4:20&version=nkjv">John 4:20</a> and by Jesus himself in <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.biblegateway.com/passage/?search=John+4:22&version=nkjv">John 4:22</a>; and (in all four gospels) during the Passion, by the Romans, who also used the phrase "King of the Jews". <a href="#cite_note-447">[429]</a> Jesus was also described as "King of Israel" in <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.biblegateway.com/passage/?search=John+1:49&version=nkjv">John 1:49</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.biblegateway.com/passage/?search=John+12:13&version=nkjv">John 12:13</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.biblegateway.com/passage/?search=Mark+15:32&version=nkjv">Mark 15:32</a> and <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.biblegateway.com/passage/?search=Matthew+27:42&version=nkjv">Matthew 27:42</a>.<a href="#cite_note-448">[430]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-460"><a href="#cite_ref-460">^</a> Ehrman writes: "In simpler terms, the historical Jesus did not exist. Or if he did, he had virtually nothing to do with the founding of Christianity." Further quoting as authoritative the fuller definition provided by <a href="/wiki/Earl_Doherty" title="Earl Doherty">Earl Doherty</a> in Jesus: Neither God Nor Man. Age of Reason, 2009, pp. vii–viii: it is "the theory that no historical Jesus worthy of the name existed, that Christianity began with a belief in a spiritual, mythical figure, that the Gospels are essentially allegory and fiction, and that no single identifiable person lay at the root of the Galilean preaching tradition".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEhrman201212-459">[440]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-493"><a href="#cite_ref-493">^</a> Following the <a href="/wiki/Apostolic_Age" class="mw-redirect" title="Apostolic Age">Apostolic Age</a>, there was fierce and often politicized debate in the <a href="/wiki/Early_centers_of_Christianity" class="mw-redirect" title="Early centers of Christianity">early church</a> on many interrelated issues. <a href="/wiki/Christology" title="Christology">Christology</a> was a major focus of these debates, and was addressed at every one of the <a href="/wiki/First_seven_ecumenical_councils" title="First seven ecumenical councils">first seven ecumenical councils</a>. Some early beliefs viewed Jesus as ontologically subordinate to the Father (<a href="/wiki/Subordinationism" title="Subordinationism">Subordinationism</a>), and others considered him an aspect of the Father rather than a separate person (<a href="/wiki/Sabellianism" title="Sabellianism">Sabellianism</a>), both were condemned as heresies by the Catholic Church.<a href="#cite_note-Britannica-39">[28]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECrossLivingstone2005Antitrinitarianism-492">[472]</a> The Church resolved the issues in ancient councils, which established the Holy Trinity, with Jesus both fully human and fully God.<a href="#cite_note-Britannica-39">[28]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-581"><a href="#cite_ref-581">^</a> Philip Schaff commenting on Irenaeus, wrote, 'This censure of images as a Gnostic peculiarity, and as a heathenish corruption, should be noted.' Footnote 300 on Contr. Her. .I.XXV.6. ANF. </li> <li id="cite_note-597"><a href="#cite_ref-597">^</a> <a href="/wiki/Flavius_Josephus" class="mw-redirect" title="Flavius Josephus">Flavius Josephus</a> writing (about 5 years later, c. AD 75) in <a href="/wiki/The_Jewish_War" title="The Jewish War">The Jewish War</a> (Book VII 1.1) stated that Jerusalem had been flattened to the point that "there was left nothing to make those that came thither believe it had ever been inhabited".<a href="#cite_note-596">[574]</a> And once what was left of the ruins of Jerusalem had been turned into the Roman settlement of <a href="/wiki/Aelia_Capitolina" title="Aelia Capitolina">Aelia Capitolina</a>, no Jews were allowed to set foot in it.<a href="#cite_note-Koester382-595">[573]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-602"><a href="#cite_ref-602">^</a> Polarized conclusions regarding the Shroud of Turin remain.<a href="#cite_note-600">[577]</a> According to former <a href="/wiki/Nature_(journal)" title="Nature (journal)">Nature</a> editor <a href="/wiki/Philip_Ball" title="Philip Ball">Philip Ball</a>, "it's fair to say that, despite the seemingly definitive tests in 1988, the status of the Shroud of Turin is murkier than ever. Not least, the nature of the image and how it was fixed on the cloth remain deeply puzzling."<a href="#cite_note-601">[578]</a> </li> </ol></div></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width reflist-lower-alpha" style="column-width: 30em;"> </div> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(10)"><h2 id="References">References</h2></div><section class="mf-section-10 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-10"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 20em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMeier1991407-1">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMeier1991407_1-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMeier1991407_1-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFMeier1991">Meier 1991</a>, p. 407. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERahner2004732-2"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERahner2004732_2-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFRahner2004">Rahner 2004</a>, p. 732. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESanders199310–11-3"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESanders199310%E2%80%9311_3-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFSanders1993">Sanders 1993</a>, pp. 10–11. </li> <li id="cite_note-Finegan-4">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Finegan_4-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Finegan_4-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFFinegan1998">Finegan 1998</a>, p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/handbookbiblical00fine/page/n350">319</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrown1977513-6"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBrown1977513_6-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBrown1977">Brown 1977</a>, p. 513. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDunn2003339-7">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDunn2003339_7-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDunn2003339_7-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDunn2003339_7-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDunn2003339_7-3">d</a> <a href="#CITEREFDunn2003">Dunn 2003</a>, p. 339. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEEhrman1999101-8"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEhrman1999101_8-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFEhrman1999">Ehrman 1999</a>, p. 101. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECrossanWatts199996-9"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECrossanWatts199996_9-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFCrossanWatts1999">Crossan & Watts 1999</a>, p. 96. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEEddyBoyd2007173-10"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEddyBoyd2007173_10-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFEddyBoyd2007">Eddy & Boyd 2007</a>, p. 173. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEVermes198120,_26,_27,_29-15">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVermes198120,_26,_27,_29_15-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVermes198120,_26,_27,_29_15-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVermes198120,_26,_27,_29_15-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVermes198120,_26,_27,_29_15-3">d</a> <a href="#CITEREFVermes1981">Vermes 1981</a>, pp. 20, 26, 27, 29. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEEhrman2011[httpsarchiveorgdetailsforged_ehrm_2011_000_10544376pagen298_285]-16"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEhrman2011%5Bhttpsarchiveorgdetailsforged_ehrm_2011_000_10544376pagen298_285%5D_16-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFEhrman2011">Ehrman 2011</a>, p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/forged_ehrm_2011_000_10544376/page/n298">285</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFBurridgeGould2004" class="citation book cs1">Burridge, Richard A.; Gould, Graham (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/jesusnowthen0000burr/page/34">Jesus Now and Then</a>. Wm. B. Eerdmans Publishing. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/jesusnowthen0000burr/page/34">34</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8028-0977-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8028-0977-3"><bdi>978-0-8028-0977-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Jesus+Now+and+Then&rft.pages=34&rft.pub=Wm.+B.+Eerdmans+Publishing&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=978-0-8028-0977-3&rft.aulast=Burridge&rft.aufirst=Richard+A.&rft.au=Gould%2C+Graham&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fjesusnowthen0000burr%2Fpage%2F34&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJesus" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPrice2009" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Price, Robert M. (2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=O33P7xrFnLQC&pg=PA55">"Jesus at the Vanishing Point"</a>. In Beilby, James K.; Eddy, Paul R. (eds.). The Historical Jesus: Five Views. InterVarsity. pp. 55, 61. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8308-7853-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8308-7853-6"><bdi>978-0-8308-7853-6</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150907112540/https://books.google.com/books?id=O33P7xrFnLQC&pg=PA55">Archived</a> from the original on 7 September 2015. Retrieved 14 August 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Jesus+at+the+Vanishing+Point&rft.btitle=The+Historical+Jesus%3A+Five+Views&rft.pages=55%2C+61&rft.pub=InterVarsity&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-0-8308-7853-6&rft.aulast=Price&rft.aufirst=Robert+M.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DO33P7xrFnLQC%26pg%3DPA55&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJesus" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSykes2007" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Sykes, Stephen W. (2007). "Paul's understanding of the death of Jesus". Sacrifice and Redemption. Cambridge University Press. pp. 35–36. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-04460-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-521-04460-8"><bdi>978-0-521-04460-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Paul%27s+understanding+of+the+death+of+Jesus&rft.btitle=Sacrifice+and+Redemption&rft.pages=35-36&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-0-521-04460-8&rft.aulast=Sykes&rft.aufirst=Stephen+W.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJesus" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGrant1977" class="citation book cs1">Grant, Michael (1977). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/jesushistoriansr00gran/page/200">Jesus: An Historian's Review of the Gospels</a>. Scribner's. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/jesushistoriansr00gran/page/200">200</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-684-14889-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-684-14889-2"><bdi>978-0-684-14889-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Jesus%3A+An+Historian%27s+Review+of+the+Gospels&rft.pages=200&rft.pub=Scribner%27s&rft.date=1977&rft.isbn=978-0-684-14889-2&rft.aulast=Grant&rft.aufirst=Michael&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fjesushistoriansr00gran%2Fpage%2F200&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJesus" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEVan_Voorst200016-21"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVan_Voorst200016_21-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFVan_Voorst2000">Van Voorst 2000</a>, p. 16. </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBaden2014" class="citation news cs1">Baden, Candida Moss (5 October 2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.thedailybeast.com/so-called-biblical-scholar-says-jesus-a-made-up-myth">"So-Called 'Biblical Scholar' Says Jesus a Made-Up Myth"</a>. The Daily Beast. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20211205210029/https://www.thedailybeast.com/so-called-biblical-scholar-says-jesus-a-made-up-myth">Archived</a> from the original on 5 December 2021. Retrieved 14 July 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Daily+Beast&rft.atitle=So-Called+%27Biblical+Scholar%27+Says+Jesus+a+Made-Up+Myth&rft.date=2014-10-05&rft.aulast=Baden&rft.aufirst=Candida+Moss&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.thedailybeast.com%2Fso-called-biblical-scholar-says-jesus-a-made-up-myth&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJesus" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPowell1998168–73-24"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPowell1998168%E2%80%9373_24-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFPowell1998">Powell 1998</a>, pp. 168–73. </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a> Bart D. Ehrman. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.thegreatcourses.com/courses/historical-jesus.html">Historical Jesus. 'Prophet of the New Millennium'</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190123155853/https://www.thegreatcourses.com/courses/historical-jesus.html">Archived</a> 23 January 2019 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> Course handbook, p. 10 (Lecture Three. V. B.), The Teaching Company, 2000, Lecture 24 </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESanders199357-26"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESanders199357_26-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFSanders1993">Sanders 1993</a>, p. 57. </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKomoszewskiBock2019" class="citation book cs1">Komoszewski, J. Ed; Bock, Darrell, eds. (2019). Jesus, Skepticism & The Problem of History: Criteria and Context in the Study of Christian Origins. Zondervan Academic. pp. 22–23. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780310534761" title="Special:BookSources/9780310534761"><bdi>9780310534761</bdi></a>. <q>...a considerable number of specific facts about Jesus are so well supported historically as to be widely acknowledged by most scholars, whether Christian (of any stripe) or not:...(lists 18 points)...Nevertheless, what can be known about Jesus with a high degree of confidence, apart from theological or ideological agendas, is perhaps surprisingly robust.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Jesus%2C+Skepticism+%26+The+Problem+of+History%3A+Criteria+and+Context+in+the+Study+of+Christian+Origins&rft.pages=22-23&rft.pub=Zondervan+Academic&rft.date=2019&rft.isbn=9780310534761&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJesus" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a> Craig Evans, "Life-of-Jesus Research and the Eclipse of Mythology", Theological Studies 54 (1993) pp. 13–14, "First, the New Testament Gospels are now viewed as useful, if not essentially reliable, historical sources. Gone is the extreme skepticism that for so many years dominated gospel research. Representative of many is the position of E. P. Sanders and Marcus Borg, who have concluded that it is possible to recover a fairly reliable picture of the historical Jesus." </li> <li id="cite_note-ISBEO-30">^ <a href="#cite_ref-ISBEO_30-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-ISBEO_30-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-ISBEO_30-2">c</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFOrr1939" class="citation web cs1">Orr, James, ed. (1939). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160817024703/http://www.internationalstandardbible.com/R/rabbi.html">"International Standard Bible Encyclopedia Online"</a>. Wm. B. Eerdmans Publishing Company. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.internationalstandardbible.com/R/rabbi.html">the original</a> on 17 August 2016. Retrieved 30 July 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=International+Standard+Bible+Encyclopedia+Online&rft.pub=Wm.+B.+Eerdmans+Publishing+Company&rft.date=1939&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.internationalstandardbible.com%2FR%2Frabbi.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJesus" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESanders199311-31">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESanders199311_31-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESanders199311_31-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESanders199311_31-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESanders199311_31-3">d</a> <a href="#CITEREFSanders1993">Sanders 1993</a>, p. 11. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESanders199311,_14-32"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESanders199311,_14_32-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFSanders1993">Sanders 1993</a>, pp. 11, 14. </li> <li id="cite_note-Dunn2013-33">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Dunn2013_33-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Dunn2013_33-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDunn2013" class="citation book cs1">Dunn, James D. G. (2013). The Oral Gospel Tradition. Wm. B. Eerdmans Publishing. pp. 290–291.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Oral+Gospel+Tradition&rft.pages=290-291&rft.pub=Wm.+B.+Eerdmans+Publishing&rft.date=2013&rft.aulast=Dunn&rft.aufirst=James+D.+G.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJesus" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-36"><a href="#cite_ref-36">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.m-w.com/dictionary/Anno%20Domini">"anno Domini"</a>. Merriam Webster Online Dictionary. Merriam-Webster. 2003. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20071222112520/http://www.m-w.com/dictionary/anno%20domini">Archived</a> from the original on 22 December 2007. Retrieved 3 November 2016. <q>Etymology: Medieval Latin, in the year of our Lord</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=anno+Domini&rft.btitle=Merriam+Webster+Online+Dictionary&rft.pub=Merriam-Webster&rft.date=2003&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.m-w.com%2Fdictionary%2FAnno%2520Domini&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJesus" class="Z3988">. </li> <li id="cite_note-Britannica-39">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Britannica_39-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Britannica_39-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Britannica_39-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Britannica_39-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Britannica_39-4">e</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Britannica_39-5">f</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Britannica_39-6">g</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Britannica_39-7">h</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Britannica_39-8">i</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Britannica_39-9">j</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Britannica_39-10">k</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Britannica_39-11">l</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Britannica_39-12">m</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Britannica_39-13">n</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Britannica_39-14">o</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/303091">Jesus Christ</a> at the <a href="/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica" title="Encyclopædia Britannica">Encyclopædia Britannica</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHare199311-41"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHare199311_41-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFHare1993">Hare 1993</a>, p. 11. </li> <li id="cite_note-42"><a href="#cite_ref-42">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://bible.oremus.org/?passage=Matthew%201:21&version=nrsv">Matthew 1:21</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDoninger1999212-43"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDoninger1999212_43-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFDoninger1999">Doninger 1999</a>, p. 212. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPannenberg196830–31-44"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPannenberg196830%E2%80%9331_44-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFPannenberg1968">Pannenberg 1968</a>, pp. 30–31. </li> <li id="cite_note-45"><a href="#cite_ref-45">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBultmann2007" class="citation book cs1">Bultmann, Rudolf K. (2007). Theology of the New Testament. Baylor University Press. p. 80. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-932792-93-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-932792-93-5"><bdi>978-1-932792-93-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Theology+of+the+New+Testament&rft.pages=80&rft.pub=Baylor+University+Press&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-1-932792-93-5&rft.aulast=Bultmann&rft.aufirst=Rudolf+K.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJesus" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-46"><a href="#cite_ref-46">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMaas1913" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Maas, Anthony J. (1913). <a class="external text" href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Catholic_Encyclopedia_(1913)/Origin_of_the_Name_of_Jesus_Christ">"Origin of the Name of Jesus Christ" </a>. In Herbermann, Charles (ed.). <a href="/wiki/Catholic_Encyclopedia" title="Catholic Encyclopedia">Catholic Encyclopedia</a>. New York: Robert Appleton Company.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Origin+of+the+Name+of+Jesus+Christ&rft.btitle=Catholic+Encyclopedia&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Robert+Appleton+Company&rft.date=1913&rft.aulast=Maas&rft.aufirst=Anthony+J.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJesus" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-47"><a href="#cite_ref-47">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHeil2010" class="citation book cs1">Heil, John P. (2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=i4u42_PsPNsC&pg=PA66">Philippians: Let Us Rejoice in Being Conformed to Christ</a>. Society of Biblical Literature. p. 66. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-58983-482-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-58983-482-8"><bdi>978-1-58983-482-8</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150907173832/https://books.google.com/books?id=i4u42_PsPNsC&pg=PA66">Archived</a> from the original on 7 September 2015. Retrieved 14 August 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Philippians%3A+Let+Us+Rejoice+in+Being+Conformed+to+Christ&rft.pages=66&rft.pub=Society+of+Biblical+Literature&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=978-1-58983-482-8&rft.aulast=Heil&rft.aufirst=John+P.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Di4u42_PsPNsC%26pg%3DPA66&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJesus" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEVine1940274–75-48"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVine1940274%E2%80%9375_48-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFVine1940">Vine 1940</a>, pp. 274–75. </li> <li id="cite_note-49"><a href="#cite_ref-49">^</a> See <a href="/wiki/Leviticus" class="mw-redirect" title="Leviticus">Leviticus</a> 8:10–12 and <a href="/wiki/Exodus_30" class="mw-redirect" title="Exodus 30">Exodus 30</a>:29. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMillsBullard1998[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidgoq0VWw9rGICpgPA142_142]-50"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMillsBullard1998%5Bhttpsbooksgooglecombooksidgoq0VWw9rGICpgPA142_142%5D_50-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFMillsBullard1998">Mills & Bullard 1998</a>, p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=goq0VWw9rGIC&pg=PA142">142</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-51"><a href="#cite_ref-51">^</a> <a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Bible_(King_James)/1_Corinthians#11:23" class="extiw" title="s:Bible (King James)/1 Corinthians">1 Corinthians 11:23–26</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBlomberg2009441–42-52"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBlomberg2009441%E2%80%9342_52-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBlomberg2009">Blomberg 2009</a>, pp. 441–42. </li> <li id="cite_note-Fahlbusch52-53">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Fahlbusch52_53-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Fahlbusch52_53-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Fahlbusch52_53-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Fahlbusch52_53-3">d</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFahlbusch2005" class="citation book cs1">Fahlbusch, Erwin (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=C5V7oyy69zgC&pg=PA53">The Encyclopedia of Christianity</a>. Vol. 4. Wm. B. Eerdmans Publishing. pp. 53–56. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8028-2416-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8028-2416-5"><bdi>978-0-8028-2416-5</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150907101720/https://books.google.com/books?id=C5V7oyy69zgC&pg=PA53">Archived</a> from the original on 7 September 2015. Retrieved 14 August 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Encyclopedia+of+Christianity&rft.pages=53-56&rft.pub=Wm.+B.+Eerdmans+Publishing&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=978-0-8028-2416-5&rft.aulast=Fahlbusch&rft.aufirst=Erwin&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DC5V7oyy69zgC%26pg%3DPA53&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJesus" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEEvans2003465–77-54">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEvans2003465%E2%80%9377_54-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEvans2003465%E2%80%9377_54-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEvans2003465%E2%80%9377_54-2">c</a> <a href="#CITEREFEvans2003">Evans 2003</a>, pp. 465–77. </li> <li id="cite_note-55"><a href="#cite_ref-55">^</a> <a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Bible_(King_James)/Acts#10:37" class="extiw" title="s:Bible (King James)/Acts">Acts 10:37–38</a> and <a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Bible_(King_James)/Acts#19:4" class="extiw" title="s:Bible (King James)/Acts">Acts 19:4</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-56"><a href="#cite_ref-56">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBruce1988" class="citation book cs1">Bruce, Frederick F. (1988). The Book of the Acts. Wm. B. Eerdmans Publishing. p. 362. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8028-2505-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8028-2505-6"><bdi>978-0-8028-2505-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Book+of+the+Acts&rft.pages=362&rft.pub=Wm.+B.+Eerdmans+Publishing&rft.date=1988&rft.isbn=978-0-8028-2505-6&rft.aulast=Bruce&rft.aufirst=Frederick+F.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJesus" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERausch200377-57"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERausch200377_57-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFRausch2003">Rausch 2003</a>, p. 77. </li> <li id="cite_note-58"><a href="#cite_ref-58">^</a> <a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Bible_(King_James)/Acts#1:1" class="extiw" title="s:Bible (King James)/Acts">Acts 1:1–11</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-59"><a href="#cite_ref-59">^</a> also mentioned in <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://bible.oremus.org/?passage=1%20Timothy%203:16&version=nrsv">1 Timothy 3:16</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEEvans2003521–30-60">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEvans2003521%E2%80%9330_60-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEvans2003521%E2%80%9330_60-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEvans2003521%E2%80%9330_60-2">c</a> <a href="#CITEREFEvans2003">Evans 2003</a>, pp. 521–30. </li> <li id="cite_note-61"><a href="#cite_ref-61">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.biblegateway.com/passage/?search=1+Corinthians+7:10%E2%80%9311,+9:14,+11:23%E2%80%9325&version=NRSV">1 Corinthians 7:10–11, 9:14, 11:23–25</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://bible.oremus.org/?passage=2%20Corinthians%2012:9&version=nrsv">2 Corinthians 12:9</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-62"><a href="#cite_ref-62">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.biblegateway.com/passage/?search=1+Cor.+7:10%E2%80%9311;+9:14;+11:23%E2%80%9325&version=NRSV">1 Cor. 7:10–11; 9:14; 11:23–25</a>; <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://bible.oremus.org/?passage=2%20Corinthians%2012:9&version=nrsv">2 Cor. 12:9</a>; cf. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://bible.oremus.org/?passage=Acts%2020:35&version=nrsv">Acts 20:35</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-63"><a href="#cite_ref-63">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPowell2009" class="citation book cs1">Powell, Mark A. (2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/introducingnewte00powe">Introducing the New Testament</a>. Baker Academic. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/introducingnewte00powe/page/248">248</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8010-2868-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8010-2868-7"><bdi>978-0-8010-2868-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Introducing+the+New+Testament&rft.pages=248&rft.pub=Baker+Academic&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-0-8010-2868-7&rft.aulast=Powell&rft.aufirst=Mark+A.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fintroducingnewte00powe&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJesus" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrown1997835–40-65"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBrown1997835%E2%80%9340_65-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBrown1997">Brown 1997</a>, pp. 835–40. </li> <li id="cite_note-66"><a href="#cite_ref-66">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEvans2008" class="citation book cs1">Evans, C. A. (2008). Exploring the Origins of the Bible. Baker Academic. p. 154.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Exploring+the+Origins+of+the+Bible&rft.pages=154&rft.pub=Baker+Academic&rft.date=2008&rft.aulast=Evans&rft.aufirst=C.+A.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJesus" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKeener200956-67"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKeener200956_67-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFKeener2009">Keener 2009</a>, p. 56. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFunkHooverThe_Jesus_Seminar19933-68">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFunkHooverThe_Jesus_Seminar19933_68-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFunkHooverThe_Jesus_Seminar19933_68-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFunkHooverThe_Jesus_Seminar19933_68-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFunkHooverThe_Jesus_Seminar19933_68-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFunkHooverThe_Jesus_Seminar19933_68-4">e</a> <a href="#CITEREFFunkHooverThe_Jesus_Seminar1993">Funk, Hoover & The Jesus Seminar 1993</a>, p. 3. </li> <li id="cite_note-May_Metzger_Mark-69">^ <a href="#cite_ref-May_Metzger_Mark_69-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-May_Metzger_Mark_69-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-May_Metzger_Mark_69-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-May_Metzger_Mark_69-3">d</a> May, Herbert G. and Bruce M. Metzger. The New Oxford Annotated Bible with the Apocrypha. 1977. "Mark" pp. 1213–1239. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECrossLivingstone2005John,_St.-70"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECrossLivingstone2005John,_St._70-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFCrossLivingstone2005">Cross & Livingstone 2005</a>, John, St.. </li> <li id="cite_note-71"><a href="#cite_ref-71">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRoberts2007" class="citation book cs1">Roberts, Mark D. (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=l2sloGWzzV8C&pg=PA58">Can We Trust the Gospels?: Investigating the Reliability of Matthew, Mark, Luke, and John</a>. Crossway. p. 58. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4335-1978-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4335-1978-9"><bdi>978-1-4335-1978-9</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150907174109/https://books.google.com/books?id=l2sloGWzzV8C&pg=PA58">Archived</a> from the original on 7 September 2015. Retrieved 14 August 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Can+We+Trust+the+Gospels%3F%3A+Investigating+the+Reliability+of+Matthew%2C+Mark%2C+Luke%2C+and+John&rft.pages=58&rft.pub=Crossway&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-1-4335-1978-9&rft.aulast=Roberts&rft.aufirst=Mark+D.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dl2sloGWzzV8C%26pg%3DPA58&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJesus" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELicona2010210–21-72"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELicona2010210%E2%80%9321_72-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFLicona2010">Licona 2010</a>, pp. 210–21. </li> <li id="cite_note-73"><a href="#cite_ref-73">^</a> Burridge, R. A. (2006). Gospels. In J. W. Rogerson & Judith M. Lieu (Eds.) The Oxford Handbook of Biblical Studies. Oxford, England: Oxford University Press. p. 433. </li> <li id="cite_note-74"><a href="#cite_ref-74">^</a> Talbert, C. H. (1977). What is a Gospel? The Genre of the Canonical Gospels. Philadelphia, Pennsylvania: Fortress Press. </li> <li id="cite_note-75"><a href="#cite_ref-75">^</a> Wills, L. M. (1997). The Quest of the Historical Gospel: Mark, John and the Origins of the Gospel Genre. London, England: Routledge. p. 10. </li> <li id="cite_note-76"><a href="#cite_ref-76">^</a> Burridge, R. A. (2004). What are the Gospels? A Comparison with Graeco-Roman Biography. revised updated edn. Grand Rapids, Michigan: Eerdmans. </li> <li id="cite_note-77"><a href="#cite_ref-77">^</a> e.g. Vines, M. E. (2002). The Problem of the Markan Genre: The Gospel of Mark and the Jewish Novel. Atlanta, Georgia: Society of Biblical Literature. pp. 161–162. </li> <li id="cite_note-78"><a href="#cite_ref-78">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStanton2004" class="citation book cs1">Stanton, Graham N. (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=A7wNGMrAiD0C">Jesus and Gospel</a>. Cambridge University Press. p. 192. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-00802-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-521-00802-0"><bdi>978-0-521-00802-0</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200226005236/https://books.google.com/books?id=A7wNGMrAiD0C">Archived</a> from the original on 26 February 2020. Retrieved 22 August 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Jesus+and+Gospel&rft.pages=192&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=978-0-521-00802-0&rft.aulast=Stanton&rft.aufirst=Graham+N.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DA7wNGMrAiD0C&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJesus" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-79"><a href="#cite_ref-79">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRogersonLieu2006" class="citation book cs1">Rogerson, J. W.; Lieu, Judith M. (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=eKZYMifS1fAC">The Oxford Handbook of Biblical Studies</a>. Oxford University Press. p. 437. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-925425-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-925425-5"><bdi>978-0-19-925425-5</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20191225204746/https://books.google.com/books?id=eKZYMifS1fAC">Archived</a> from the original on 25 December 2019. Retrieved 22 August 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Oxford+Handbook+of+Biblical+Studies&rft.pages=437&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=978-0-19-925425-5&rft.aulast=Rogerson&rft.aufirst=J.+W.&rft.au=Lieu%2C+Judith+M.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DeKZYMifS1fAC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJesus" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGrudem199490–91-80"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGrudem199490%E2%80%9391_80-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFGrudem1994">Grudem 1994</a>, pp. 90–91. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESanders19933-81">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESanders19933_81-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESanders19933_81-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESanders19933_81-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESanders19933_81-3">d</a> <a href="#CITEREFSanders1993">Sanders 1993</a>, p. 3. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKöstenbergerKellumQuarles2009117–25-82">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEK%C3%B6stenbergerKellumQuarles2009117%E2%80%9325_82-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEK%C3%B6stenbergerKellumQuarles2009117%E2%80%9325_82-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFK%C3%B6stenbergerKellumQuarles2009">Köstenberger, Kellum & Quarles 2009</a>, pp. 117–25. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEEhrman199922–23-83">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEhrman199922%E2%80%9323_83-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEhrman199922%E2%80%9323_83-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFEhrman1999">Ehrman 1999</a>, pp. 22–23. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESanders199371-84"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESanders199371_84-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFSanders1993">Sanders 1993</a>, p. 71. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTETheissenMerz199817–62-85">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETheissenMerz199817%E2%80%9362_85-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETheissenMerz199817%E2%80%9362_85-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETheissenMerz199817%E2%80%9362_85-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETheissenMerz199817%E2%80%9362_85-3">d</a> <a href="#CITEREFTheissenMerz1998">Theissen & Merz 1998</a>, pp. 17–62. </li> <li id="cite_note-Haffner-2008-86">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Haffner-2008_86-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Haffner-2008_86-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHaffner2008" class="citation book cs1">Haffner, Paul (2008). New Testament Theology. Gracewing. p. 135. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-88-902268-0-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-88-902268-0-9"><bdi>978-88-902268-0-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=New+Testament+Theology&rft.pages=135&rft.pub=Gracewing&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-88-902268-0-9&rft.aulast=Haffner&rft.aufirst=Paul&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJesus" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Scroggie-1995-87">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Scroggie-1995_87-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Scroggie-1995_87-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFScroggie1995" class="citation book cs1">Scroggie, W. Graham (1995). A Guide to the Gospels. <a href="/wiki/Kregel_Publications" title="Kregel Publications">Kregel Publications</a>. p. 128. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8254-9571-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8254-9571-7"><bdi>978-0-8254-9571-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Guide+to+the+Gospels&rft.pages=128&rft.pub=Kregel+Publications&rft.date=1995&rft.isbn=978-0-8254-9571-7&rft.aulast=Scroggie&rft.aufirst=W.+Graham&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJesus" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-88"><a href="#cite_ref-88">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFReference-OED-synoptic" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.oed.com/search/dictionary/?q=synoptic">"synoptic"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Oxford_English_Dictionary" title="Oxford English Dictionary">Oxford English Dictionary</a> (Online ed.). <a href="/wiki/Oxford_University_Press" title="Oxford University Press">Oxford University Press</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=synoptic&rft.btitle=Oxford+English+Dictionary&rft.edition=Online&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.oed.com%2Fsearch%2Fdictionary%2F%3Fq%3Dsynoptic&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJesus" class="Z3988"> (Subscription or <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.oed.com/public/login/loggingin#withyourlibrary">participating institution membership</a> required.) </li> <li id="cite_note-89"><a href="#cite_ref-89">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.britannica.com/topic/Synoptic-Gospels">Synoptic Gospels | Definition & Facts</a> at the <a href="/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica" title="Encyclopædia Britannica">Encyclopædia Britannica</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-90"><a href="#cite_ref-90">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMoloneyHarrington1998" class="citation book cs1">Moloney, Francis J.; Harrington, Daniel J. (1998). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/gospelofjohn0004molo/page/3">The Gospel of John</a>. Liturgical Press. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/gospelofjohn0004molo/page/3">3</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8146-5806-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8146-5806-2"><bdi>978-0-8146-5806-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Gospel+of+John&rft.pages=3&rft.pub=Liturgical+Press&rft.date=1998&rft.isbn=978-0-8146-5806-2&rft.aulast=Moloney&rft.aufirst=Francis+J.&rft.au=Harrington%2C+Daniel+J.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fgospelofjohn0004molo%2Fpage%2F3&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJesus" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWitherington1997113-91">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWitherington1997113_91-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWitherington1997113_91-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWitherington1997113_91-2">c</a> <a href="#CITEREFWitherington1997">Witherington 1997</a>, p. 113. </li> <li id="cite_note-92"><a href="#cite_ref-92">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLadd1993" class="citation book cs1">Ladd, George E. (1993). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=eIdkM00EdlAC&pg=PA251">A Theology of the New Testament</a>. Wm. B. Eerdmans Publishing. p. 251. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8028-0680-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8028-0680-2"><bdi>978-0-8028-0680-2</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150907103156/https://books.google.com/books?id=eIdkM00EdlAC&pg=PA251">Archived</a> from the original on 7 September 2015. Retrieved 14 August 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Theology+of+the+New+Testament&rft.pages=251&rft.pub=Wm.+B.+Eerdmans+Publishing&rft.date=1993&rft.isbn=978-0-8028-0680-2&rft.aulast=Ladd&rft.aufirst=George+E.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DeIdkM00EdlAC%26pg%3DPA251&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJesus" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-ThompsonPortraits-93">^ <a href="#cite_ref-ThompsonPortraits_93-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-ThompsonPortraits_93-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-ThompsonPortraits_93-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-ThompsonPortraits_93-3">d</a> Thompson, Frank Charles. The Thompson Chain-Reference Bible. Kirk Bride Bible Company & Zondervan Bible Publishers. 1983. pp. 1563–1564. </li> <li id="cite_note-94"><a href="#cite_ref-94">^</a> May, Herbert G. and Bruce M. Metzger. The New Oxford Annotated Bible with the Apocrypha. 1977. "Matthew" pp. 1171–1212. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMcGrath20064–6-95">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMcGrath20064%E2%80%936_95-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMcGrath20064%E2%80%936_95-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMcGrath20064%E2%80%936_95-2">c</a> <a href="#CITEREFMcGrath2006">McGrath 2006</a>, pp. 4–6. </li> <li id="cite_note-May_Metzger_Luke-96">^ <a href="#cite_ref-May_Metzger_Luke_96-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-May_Metzger_Luke_96-1">b</a> May, Herbert G. and Bruce M. Metzger. The New Oxford Annotated Bible with the Apocrypha. 1977. "Luke" pp. 1240–1285. </li> <li id="cite_note-MayMetzgerJohn-97">^ <a href="#cite_ref-MayMetzgerJohn_97-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-MayMetzgerJohn_97-1">b</a> May, Herbert G. and Bruce M. Metzger. The New Oxford Annotated Bible with the Apocrypha. 1977. "John" pp. 1286–1318. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHarris1985302–10-98">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHarris1985302%E2%80%9310_98-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHarris1985302%E2%80%9310_98-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHarris1985302%E2%80%9310_98-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHarris1985302%E2%80%9310_98-3">d</a> <a href="#CITEREFHarris1985">Harris 1985</a>, pp. 302–10. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERahner2004730–31-99">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERahner2004730%E2%80%9331_99-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERahner2004730%E2%80%9331_99-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFRahner2004">Rahner 2004</a>, pp. 730–31. </li> <li id="cite_note-100"><a href="#cite_ref-100">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFO'Collins2009" class="citation book cs1">O'Collins, Gerald (2009). Christology: A Biblical, Historical, and Systematic Study of Jesus. Oxford, England: Oxford University Press. pp. 1–3. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-955787-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-955787-5"><bdi>978-0-19-955787-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Christology%3A+A+Biblical%2C+Historical%2C+and+Systematic+Study+of+Jesus&rft.place=Oxford%2C+England&rft.pages=1-3&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-0-19-955787-5&rft.aulast=O%27Collins&rft.aufirst=Gerald&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJesus" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Wiarda75-101">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Wiarda75_101-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Wiarda75_101-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWiarda2010" class="citation book cs1">Wiarda, Timothy (2010). Interpreting Gospel Narratives: Scenes, People, and Theology. B&H Publishing Group. pp. 75–78. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8054-4843-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8054-4843-6"><bdi>978-0-8054-4843-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Interpreting+Gospel+Narratives%3A+Scenes%2C+People%2C+and+Theology&rft.pages=75-78&rft.pub=B%26H+Publishing+Group&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=978-0-8054-4843-6&rft.aulast=Wiarda&rft.aufirst=Timothy&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJesus" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Turner613-102">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Turner613_102-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Turner613_102-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTurner2008" class="citation book cs1">Turner, David L. (2008). Matthew. Baker Academic. p. 613. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8010-2684-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8010-2684-3"><bdi>978-0-8010-2684-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Matthew&rft.pages=613&rft.pub=Baker+Academic&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-0-8010-2684-3&rft.aulast=Turner&rft.aufirst=David+L.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJesus" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-103"><a href="#cite_ref-103">^</a> <a href="/wiki/Matthew_1" title="Matthew 1">Matthew 1</a>; <a href="/wiki/Luke_2" title="Luke 2">Luke 2</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-104"><a href="#cite_ref-104">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://bible.oremus.org/?passage=Matthew%201:1%E2%80%9316&version=nrsv">Matthew 1:1–16</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESanders199380–91-105">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESanders199380%E2%80%9391_105-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESanders199380%E2%80%9391_105-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESanders199380%E2%80%9391_105-2">c</a> <a href="#CITEREFSanders1993">Sanders 1993</a>, pp. 80–91. </li> <li id="cite_note-106"><a href="#cite_ref-106">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://bible.oremus.org/?passage=Luke%203:23%E2%80%9338&version=nrsv">Luke 3:23–38</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrown1978[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidML1mnUBwmhcCpgPA163_163]-107"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBrown1978%5BhttpsbooksgooglecombooksidML1mnUBwmhcCpgPA163_163%5D_107-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBrown1978">Brown 1978</a>, p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=ML1mnUBwmhcC&pg=PA163">163</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-109"><a href="#cite_ref-109">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFrance1985" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/R._T._France" title="R. T. France">France, R. T.</a> (1985). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=ttTgacXnLV8C&pg=PA72">The Gospel According to Matthew: An Introduction and Commentary</a>. Eerdmans. p. 72. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8028-0063-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8028-0063-3"><bdi>978-0-8028-0063-3</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200229004519/https://books.google.com/books?id=ttTgacXnLV8C&pg=PA72">Archived</a> from the original on 29 February 2020. Retrieved 15 October 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Gospel+According+to+Matthew%3A+An+Introduction+and+Commentary&rft.pages=72&rft.pub=Eerdmans&rft.date=1985&rft.isbn=978-0-8028-0063-3&rft.aulast=France&rft.aufirst=R.+T.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DttTgacXnLV8C%26pg%3DPA72&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJesus" class="Z3988"> "From David the two lists diverge, as Matthew follows the line of succession to the throne of Judah from Solomon, whereas Luke's list goes through Nathan, ... and converges with Matthew's only for the two names of Shealtiel and Zerubabbel until Joseph is reached." </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMillsBullard1998556-111"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMillsBullard1998556_111-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFMillsBullard1998">Mills & Bullard 1998</a>, p. 556. </li> <li id="cite_note-marsh37-112">^ <a href="#cite_ref-marsh37_112-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-marsh37_112-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-marsh37_112-2">c</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMarshMoyise,_Steve2006" class="citation book cs1">Marsh, Clive; Moyise, Steve (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=ecHpPzDLkhcC&pg=PA37">Jesus and the Gospels</a>. Clark International. p. 37. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-567-04073-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-567-04073-2"><bdi>978-0-567-04073-2</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150907095218/https://books.google.com/books?id=ecHpPzDLkhcC&pg=PA37">Archived</a> from the original on 7 September 2015. Retrieved 14 August 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Jesus+and+the+Gospels&rft.pages=37&rft.pub=Clark+International&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=978-0-567-04073-2&rft.aulast=Marsh&rft.aufirst=Clive&rft.au=Moyise%2C+Steve&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DecHpPzDLkhcC%26pg%3DPA37&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJesus" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMorris199226-113"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMorris199226_113-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFMorris1992">Morris 1992</a>, p. 26. </li> <li id="cite_note-Jeffrey-114">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Jeffrey_114-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Jeffrey_114-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Jeffrey_114-2">c</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJeffrey1992" class="citation book cs1">Jeffrey, David L. (1992). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=7R0IGTSvIVIC">A Dictionary of biblical tradition in English literature</a>. Wm. B. Eerdmans Publishing. pp. 538–540. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-85244-224-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-85244-224-1"><bdi>978-0-85244-224-1</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201008221946/https://books.google.com/books?id=7R0IGTSvIVIC">Archived</a> from the original on 8 October 2020. Retrieved 8 October 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Dictionary+of+biblical+tradition+in+English+literature&rft.pages=538-540&rft.pub=Wm.+B.+Eerdmans+Publishing&rft.date=1992&rft.isbn=978-0-85244-224-1&rft.aulast=Jeffrey&rft.aufirst=David+L.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D7R0IGTSvIVIC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJesus" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECoxEasley200730–37-115"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECoxEasley200730%E2%80%9337_115-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFCoxEasley2007">Cox & Easley 2007</a>, pp. 30–37. </li> <li id="cite_note-116"><a href="#cite_ref-116">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBrownrigg2002" class="citation book cs1">Brownrigg, Ronald (2002). Who's Who in the New Testament. Taylor & Francis. pp. 96–100. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-415-26036-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-415-26036-7"><bdi>978-0-415-26036-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Who%27s+Who+in+the+New+Testament&rft.pages=96-100&rft.pub=Taylor+%26+Francis&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=978-0-415-26036-7&rft.aulast=Brownrigg&rft.aufirst=Ronald&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJesus" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-117"><a href="#cite_ref-117">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLincoln2013" class="citation journal cs1">Lincoln, Andrew T. (2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/23487891">"Luke and Jesus' Conception: A Case of Double Paternity?"</a>. Journal of Biblical Literature. 132 (3): 639–658. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F23487891">10.2307/23487891</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0021-9231">0021-9231</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/23487891">23487891</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180720232133/https://www.jstor.org/stable/23487891">Archived</a> from the original on 20 July 2018. Retrieved 21 July 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Biblical+Literature&rft.atitle=Luke+and+Jesus%27+Conception%3A+A+Case+of+Double+Paternity%3F&rft.volume=132&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=639-658&rft.date=2013&rft.issn=0021-9231&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F23487891%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F23487891&rft.aulast=Lincoln&rft.aufirst=Andrew+T.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F23487891&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJesus" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-118"><a href="#cite_ref-118">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.thesevernforum.org.uk/palette/lecture_lincoln_2015.pdf">"Lincoln, Andrew T., "Conceiving Jesus: re-examining Jesus' conception in canon, Christology, and creed", Th Severn Forum, 5 March 2015, p. 4"</a> (PDF). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200510100248/http://www.thesevernforum.org.uk/palette/lecture_lincoln_2015.pdf">Archived</a> (PDF) from the original on 10 May 2020. Retrieved 2 July 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Lincoln%2C+Andrew+T.%2C+%22Conceiving+Jesus%3A+re-examining+Jesus%27+conception+in+canon%2C+Christology%2C+and+creed%22%2C+Th+Severn+Forum%2C+5+March+2015%2C+p.+4&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.thesevernforum.org.uk%2Fpalette%2Flecture_lincoln_2015.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJesus" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-119"><a href="#cite_ref-119">^</a> For example, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation cs2">Carmen 18</cite> </li> <li id="cite_note-120"><a href="#cite_ref-120">^</a> <a href="/wiki/Matthew_1:19" title="Matthew 1:19">Matthew 1:19</a>–<a href="/wiki/Matthew_1:20" title="Matthew 1:20">20</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-Talbert-121">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Talbert_121-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Talbert_121-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTalbert2010" class="citation book cs1">Talbert, Charles H. (2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=tbmoR2j0-sgC">Matthew</a>. Baker Academic. pp. 29–30. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8010-3192-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8010-3192-2"><bdi>978-0-8010-3192-2</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201008221946/https://books.google.com/books?id=tbmoR2j0-sgC">Archived</a> from the original on 8 October 2020. Retrieved 8 October 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Matthew&rft.pages=29-30&rft.pub=Baker+Academic&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=978-0-8010-3192-2&rft.aulast=Talbert&rft.aufirst=Charles+H.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DtbmoR2j0-sgC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJesus" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHarris1985272–85-122">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHarris1985272%E2%80%9385_122-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHarris1985272%E2%80%9385_122-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHarris1985272%E2%80%9385_122-2">c</a> <a href="#CITEREFHarris1985">Harris 1985</a>, pp. 272–85. </li> <li id="cite_note-123"><a href="#cite_ref-123">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSchnackenburg2002" class="citation book cs1">Schnackenburg, Rudolf (2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=pvR39Z9O01kC&pg=PA9">The Gospel of Matthew</a>. Wm.B. Eerdmans Publishing. pp. 9–11. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8028-4438-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8028-4438-5"><bdi>978-0-8028-4438-5</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150907052207/https://books.google.com/books?id=pvR39Z9O01kC&pg=PA9">Archived</a> from the original on 7 September 2015. Retrieved 14 August 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Gospel+of+Matthew&rft.pages=9-11&rft.pub=Wm.B.+Eerdmans+Publishing&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=978-0-8028-4438-5&rft.aulast=Schnackenburg&rft.aufirst=Rudolf&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DpvR39Z9O01kC%26pg%3DPA9&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJesus" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-124"><a href="#cite_ref-124">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://bible.oremus.org/?passage=Luke%202:1%E2%80%937&version=nrsv">Luke 2:1–7</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-125"><a href="#cite_ref-125">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://bible.oremus.org/?passage=Luke%202:8%E2%80%9320&version=nrsv">Luke 2:8–20</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-126"><a href="#cite_ref-126">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://bible.oremus.org/?passage=Luke%202:21&version=nrsv">Luke 2:21</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-127"><a href="#cite_ref-127">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPerrotta2000" class="citation book cs1">Perrotta, Louise B. (2000). Saint Joseph: His Life and His Role in the Church Today. Our Sunday Visitor Publishing. pp. 21, 110–112. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-87973-573-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-87973-573-9"><bdi>978-0-87973-573-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Saint+Joseph%3A+His+Life+and+His+Role+in+the+Church+Today&rft.pages=21%2C+110-112&rft.pub=Our+Sunday+Visitor+Publishing&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=978-0-87973-573-9&rft.aulast=Perrotta&rft.aufirst=Louise+B.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJesus" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-128"><a href="#cite_ref-128">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFReverend_Archdeacon_Kinane" class="citation book cs1">Reverend Archdeacon Kinane. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=EmUhCgAAQBAJ&pg=PT138">"Section VI – The perpetual virginity os St. Joseph"</a>. Saint Joseph: His Life, His Virtues, His Privileges, His Power. Aeterna Press. p. 138. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/972347083">972347083</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240309230526/https://books.google.com/books?id=EmUhCgAAQBAJ&pg=PT138#v=onepage&q&f=false">Archived</a> from the original on 9 March 2024. Retrieved 7 June 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Section+VI+%E2%80%93+The+perpetual+virginity+os+St.+Joseph&rft.btitle=Saint+Joseph%3A+His+Life%2C+His+Virtues%2C+His+Privileges%2C+His+Power&rft.pages=138&rft.pub=Aeterna+Press&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F972347083&rft.au=Reverend+Archdeacon+Kinane&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DEmUhCgAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPT138&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJesus" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-129"><a href="#cite_ref-129">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAslan2013" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Reza_Aslan" title="Reza Aslan">Aslan, Reza</a> (2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/zealotlifetimeso00reza/page/756">Zealot: The Life and Times of Jesus of Nazareth</a>. Random House. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/zealotlifetimeso00reza/page/756">36</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4000-6922-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4000-6922-4"><bdi>978-1-4000-6922-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Zealot%3A+The+Life+and+Times+of+Jesus+of+Nazareth&rft.pages=36&rft.pub=Random+House&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=978-1-4000-6922-4&rft.aulast=Aslan&rft.aufirst=Reza&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fzealotlifetimeso00reza%2Fpage%2F756&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJesus" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-130"><a href="#cite_ref-130">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBrownrigg2003" class="citation book cs1">Brownrigg, Ronald (2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=JXqBAgAAQBAJ&q=joachim">Who's Who in the New Testament</a>. New York: Routledge. p. 194. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-134-50949-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-134-50949-2"><bdi>978-1-134-50949-2</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240309230540/https://books.google.com/books?id=JXqBAgAAQBAJ&q=joachim#v=snippet&q=joachim&f=false">Archived</a> from the original on 9 March 2024. Retrieved 31 March 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Who%27s+Who+in+the+New+Testament&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=194&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=978-1-134-50949-2&rft.aulast=Brownrigg&rft.aufirst=Ronald&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DJXqBAgAAQBAJ%26q%3Djoachim&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJesus" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-131"><a href="#cite_ref-131">^</a> <a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Bible_(King_James)/Luke#1:5" class="extiw" title="s:Bible (King James)/Luke">Luke 1:5, 36</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-132"><a href="#cite_ref-132">^</a> <a href="/wiki/Patrologia_Graeca" title="Patrologia Graeca">PG</a> 97.1325. </li> <li id="cite_note-133"><a href="#cite_ref-133">^</a> <a href="/wiki/Patrologia_Graeca" title="Patrologia Graeca">PG</a> 120.189. </li> <li id="cite_note-134"><a href="#cite_ref-134">^</a> <a href="/wiki/Patrologia_Graeca" title="Patrologia Graeca">PG</a> 145.760 (<a href="/wiki/Nicephorus_Callistus_Xanthopoulos" class="mw-redirect" title="Nicephorus Callistus Xanthopoulos">Nicephorus Callistus</a>, Historia ecclesiastica, 2.3). </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHarris1985270–72-135">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHarris1985270%E2%80%9372_135-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHarris1985270%E2%80%9372_135-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHarris1985270%E2%80%9372_135-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHarris1985270%E2%80%9372_135-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHarris1985270%E2%80%9372_135-4">e</a> <a href="#CITEREFHarris1985">Harris 1985</a>, pp. 270–72. </li> <li id="cite_note-136"><a href="#cite_ref-136">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://bible.oremus.org/?passage=Mark%203:31%E2%80%9335&version=nrsv">Mark 3:31–35</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-137"><a href="#cite_ref-137">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://bible.oremus.org/?passage=Mark%203:21&version=nrsv">Mark 3:21</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-138"><a href="#cite_ref-138">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://bible.oremus.org/?passage=John%203:1%E2%80%9311&version=nrsv">John 3:1–11</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-139"><a href="#cite_ref-139">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://bible.oremus.org/?passage=John%2019:25%E2%80%9327&version=nrsv">John 19:25–27</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-140"><a href="#cite_ref-140">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLiddellScott1889" class="citation book cs1">Liddell, Henry G.; Scott, Robert (1889). An Intermediate Greek–English Lexicon: The Seventh Edition of Liddell and Scott's Greek–English Lexicon. Clarendon Press. p. 797.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=An+Intermediate+Greek%E2%80%93English+Lexicon%3A+The+Seventh+Edition+of+Liddell+and+Scott%27s+Greek%E2%80%93English+Lexicon&rft.pages=797&rft.pub=Clarendon+Press&rft.date=1889&rft.aulast=Liddell&rft.aufirst=Henry+G.&rft.au=Scott%2C+Robert&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJesus" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDickson200868–69-141"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDickson200868%E2%80%9369_141-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFDickson2008">Dickson 2008</a>, pp. 68–69. </li> <li id="cite_note-142"><a href="#cite_ref-142">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEvans2001" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Evans, Craig A. (2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=vSehrtQpcYcC&pg=PA14">"Context, family and formation"</a>. In Bockmuehl, Markus N. A. (ed.). Cambridge companion to Jesus. Cambridge University Press. pp. 14, 21. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-79678-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-521-79678-1"><bdi>978-0-521-79678-1</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150907175830/https://books.google.com/books?id=vSehrtQpcYcC&pg=PA14">Archived</a> from the original on 7 September 2015. Retrieved 14 August 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Context%2C+family+and+formation&rft.btitle=Cambridge+companion+to+Jesus&rft.pages=14%2C+21&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=978-0-521-79678-1&rft.aulast=Evans&rft.aufirst=Craig+A.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DvSehrtQpcYcC%26pg%3DPA14&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJesus" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-143"><a href="#cite_ref-143">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://bible.oremus.org/?passage=Luke%202:22%E2%80%9335&version=nrsv">Luke 2:22–35</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-144"><a href="#cite_ref-144">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://bible.oremus.org/?passage=Luke%202:41%E2%80%9352&version=nrsv">Luke 2:41–52</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-145"><a href="#cite_ref-145">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSheen2008" class="citation book cs1">Sheen, Fulton J. (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=KyqQKohpVR4C&pg=PA65">Life of Christ</a>. Random House. p. 65. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-385-52699-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-385-52699-9"><bdi>978-0-385-52699-9</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150910165309/https://books.google.com/books?id=KyqQKohpVR4C&pg=PA65">Archived</a> from the original on 10 September 2015. Retrieved 14 August 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Life+of+Christ&rft.pages=65&rft.pub=Random+House&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-0-385-52699-9&rft.aulast=Sheen&rft.aufirst=Fulton+J.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DKyqQKohpVR4C%26pg%3DPA65&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJesus" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBlomberg2009224–29-146">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBlomberg2009224%E2%80%9329_146-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBlomberg2009224%E2%80%9329_146-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBlomberg2009224%E2%80%9329_146-2">c</a> <a href="#CITEREFBlomberg2009">Blomberg 2009</a>, pp. 224–29. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKöstenbergerKellumQuarles2009141–43-147"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEK%C3%B6stenbergerKellumQuarles2009141%E2%80%9343_147-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFK%C3%B6stenbergerKellumQuarles2009">Köstenberger, Kellum & Quarles 2009</a>, pp. 141–43. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMcGrath200616–22-148">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMcGrath200616%E2%80%9322_148-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMcGrath200616%E2%80%9322_148-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFMcGrath2006">McGrath 2006</a>, pp. 16–22. </li> <li id="cite_note-149"><a href="#cite_ref-149">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://bible.oremus.org/?passage=Luke%203:11&version=nrsv">Luke 3:11</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-150"><a href="#cite_ref-150">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://bible.oremus.org/?passage=Luke%203:16&version=nrsv">Luke 3:16</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-151"><a href="#cite_ref-151">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDunnRogerson2003" class="citation book cs1">Dunn, James D. G.; Rogerson, John W. (2003). Eerdmans commentary on the Bible. Wm. B. Eerdmans Publishing. p. 1010. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8028-3711-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8028-3711-0"><bdi>978-0-8028-3711-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Eerdmans+commentary+on+the+Bible&rft.pages=1010&rft.pub=Wm.+B.+Eerdmans+Publishing&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=978-0-8028-3711-0&rft.aulast=Dunn&rft.aufirst=James+D.+G.&rft.au=Rogerson%2C+John+W.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJesus" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-152"><a href="#cite_ref-152">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://bible.oremus.org/?passage=Mark%201:9%E2%80%9311&version=nrsv">Mark 1:9–11</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELee200421–30-153">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELee200421%E2%80%9330_153-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELee200421%E2%80%9330_153-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELee200421%E2%80%9330_153-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELee200421%E2%80%9330_153-3">d</a> <a href="#CITEREFLee2004">Lee 2004</a>, pp. 21–30. </li> <li id="cite_note-Nobbs-154">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Nobbs_154-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Nobbs_154-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Nobbs_154-2">c</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHardingNobbs2010" class="citation book cs1">Harding, Mark; Nobbs, Alanna (2010). The Content and the Setting of the Gospel Tradition. Wm. B. Eerdmans Publishing. pp. 281–282. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8028-3318-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8028-3318-1"><bdi>978-0-8028-3318-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Content+and+the+Setting+of+the+Gospel+Tradition&rft.pages=281-282&rft.pub=Wm.+B.+Eerdmans+Publishing&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=978-0-8028-3318-1&rft.aulast=Harding&rft.aufirst=Mark&rft.au=Nobbs%2C+Alanna&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJesus" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-155"><a href="#cite_ref-155">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://bible.oremus.org/?passage=Mark%201:12%E2%80%9313&version=nrsv">Mark 1:12–13</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-156"><a href="#cite_ref-156">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://bible.oremus.org/?passage=Mark%201:14&version=nrsv">Mark 1:14</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-157"><a href="#cite_ref-157">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://bible.oremus.org/?passage=Matthew%203:14&version=nrsv">Matthew 3:14</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-158"><a href="#cite_ref-158">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://bible.oremus.org/?passage=Matthew%203:15&version=nrsv">Matthew 3:15</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-159"><a href="#cite_ref-159">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://bible.oremus.org/?passage=Matthew%204:3%E2%80%9311&version=nrsv">Matthew 4:3–11</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-160"><a href="#cite_ref-160">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://bible.oremus.org/?passage=Luke%203:21%E2%80%9322&version=nrsv">Luke 3:21–22</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-161"><a href="#cite_ref-161">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://bible.oremus.org/?passage=Luke%207:18%E2%80%9323&version=nrsv">Luke 7:18–23</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-162"><a href="#cite_ref-162">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://bible.oremus.org/?passage=Luke%204:1%E2%80%9314&version=nrsv">Luke 4:1–14</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECrossLivingstone2005Jesus_Christ-163">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECrossLivingstone2005Jesus_Christ_163-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECrossLivingstone2005Jesus_Christ_163-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECrossLivingstone2005Jesus_Christ_163-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECrossLivingstone2005Jesus_Christ_163-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECrossLivingstone2005Jesus_Christ_163-4">e</a> <a href="#CITEREFCrossLivingstone2005">Cross & Livingstone 2005</a>, Jesus Christ. </li> <li id="cite_note-164"><a href="#cite_ref-164">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://bible.oremus.org/?passage=John%201:32&version=nrsv">John 1:32</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBoringCraddock2004[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidN0tLXRIiIe0CpgPA292_292]-165"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBoringCraddock2004%5BhttpsbooksgooglecombooksidN0tLXRIiIe0CpgPA292_292%5D_165-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBoringCraddock2004">Boring & Craddock 2004</a>, p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=N0tLXRIiIe0C&pg=PA292">292</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-166"><a href="#cite_ref-166">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://bible.oremus.org/?passage=John%203:22%E2%80%9324&version=nrsv">John 3:22–24</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-167"><a href="#cite_ref-167">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://bible.oremus.org/?passage=John%204:1&version=nrsv">John 4:1</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHarris1985285–96-168">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHarris1985285%E2%80%9396_168-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHarris1985285%E2%80%9396_168-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHarris1985285%E2%80%9396_168-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHarris1985285%E2%80%9396_168-3">d</a> <a href="#CITEREFHarris1985">Harris 1985</a>, pp. 285–96. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERedford2007117–30-169">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERedford2007117%E2%80%9330_169-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERedford2007117%E2%80%9330_169-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFRedford2007">Redford 2007</a>, pp. 117–30. </li> <li id="cite_note-170"><a href="#cite_ref-170">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFVaught2001" class="citation book cs1">Vaught, Carl G. (2001). The Sermon on the mount: a theological investigation. Baylor University Press. pp. xi–xiv. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-918954-76-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-918954-76-3"><bdi>978-0-918954-76-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Sermon+on+the+mount%3A+a+theological+investigation&rft.pages=xi-xiv&rft.pub=Baylor+University+Press&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=978-0-918954-76-3&rft.aulast=Vaught&rft.aufirst=Carl+G.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJesus" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERedford2007143–60-171"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERedford2007143%E2%80%9360_171-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFRedford2007">Redford 2007</a>, pp. 143–60. </li> <li id="cite_note-172"><a href="#cite_ref-172">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNash1909" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Nash, Henry S. (1909). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=js5-eDk13TcC&pg=PA493">"Transfiguration, The"</a>. In Jackson, Samuel M. (ed.). The New Schaff-Herzog Encyclopedia of Religious Thought: Son of Man-Tremellius V11. Funk & Wagnalls Company. p. 493. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4286-3189-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4286-3189-2"><bdi>978-1-4286-3189-2</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150907052036/https://books.google.com/books?id=js5-eDk13TcC&pg=PA493">Archived</a> from the original on 7 September 2015. Retrieved 14 August 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Transfiguration%2C+The&rft.btitle=The+New+Schaff-Herzog+Encyclopedia+of+Religious+Thought%3A+Son+of+Man-Tremellius+V11&rft.pages=493&rft.pub=Funk+%26+Wagnalls+Company&rft.date=1909&rft.isbn=978-1-4286-3189-2&rft.aulast=Nash&rft.aufirst=Henry+S.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Djs5-eDk13TcC%26pg%3DPA493&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJesus" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Barton132-173">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Barton132_173-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Barton132_173-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Barton132_173-2">c</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBarton2006" class="citation book cs1">Barton, Stephen C. (23 November 2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/cambridgecompani00bart_994">The Cambridge Companion to the Gospels</a>. Cambridge University Press. pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/cambridgecompani00bart_994/page/n138">132</a>–133. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-80766-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-521-80766-1"><bdi>978-0-521-80766-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Cambridge+Companion+to+the+Gospels&rft.pages=132-133&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2006-11-23&rft.isbn=978-0-521-80766-1&rft.aulast=Barton&rft.aufirst=Stephen+C.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fcambridgecompani00bart_994&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJesus" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-174"><a href="#cite_ref-174">^</a> <a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Bible_(American_Standard)/John#10:40" class="extiw" title="wikisource:Bible (American Standard)/John">John 10:40–42</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECoxEasley2007137-175"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECoxEasley2007137_175-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFCoxEasley2007">Cox & Easley 2007</a>, p. 137. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERedford2007211–29-176"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERedford2007211%E2%80%9329_176-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFRedford2007">Redford 2007</a>, pp. 211–29. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECoxEasley2007155–70-177">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECoxEasley2007155%E2%80%9370_177-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECoxEasley2007155%E2%80%9370_177-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECoxEasley2007155%E2%80%9370_177-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECoxEasley2007155%E2%80%9370_177-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECoxEasley2007155%E2%80%9370_177-4">e</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECoxEasley2007155%E2%80%9370_177-5">f</a> <a href="#CITEREFCoxEasley2007">Cox & Easley 2007</a>, pp. 155–70. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERedford2007257–74-178"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERedford2007257%E2%80%9374_178-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFRedford2007">Redford 2007</a>, pp. 257–74. </li> <li id="cite_note-179"><a href="#cite_ref-179">^</a> <a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Bible_(American_Standard)/Matthew#4:18" class="extiw" title="wikisource:Bible (American Standard)/Matthew">Matthew 4:18–22</a>, <a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Bible_(American_Standard)/Mark#1:16" class="extiw" title="wikisource:Bible (American Standard)/Mark">Mark 1:16–20</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrown198825–27-180"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBrown198825%E2%80%9327_180-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBrown1988">Brown 1988</a>, pp. 25–27. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBoringCraddock2004292–93-181"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBoringCraddock2004292%E2%80%9393_181-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBoringCraddock2004">Boring & Craddock 2004</a>, pp. 292–93. </li> <li id="cite_note-182"><a href="#cite_ref-182">^</a> <a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Bible_(American_Standard)/Luke#6:17" class="extiw" title="wikisource:Bible (American Standard)/Luke">Luke 6:17</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-183"><a href="#cite_ref-183">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPatella2009" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Patella, Michael F. (2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=sdooTRyPMCwC&pg=PA255">"The Gospel According to Luke"</a>. In Durken, Daniel (ed.). New Collegeville Bible Commentary: New Testament. Liturgical Press. p. 255. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8146-3260-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8146-3260-4"><bdi>978-0-8146-3260-4</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150910044704/https://books.google.com/books?id=sdooTRyPMCwC&pg=PA255">Archived</a> from the original on 10 September 2015. Retrieved 14 August 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+Gospel+According+to+Luke&rft.btitle=New+Collegeville+Bible+Commentary%3A+New+Testament&rft.pages=255&rft.pub=Liturgical+Press&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-0-8146-3260-4&rft.aulast=Patella&rft.aufirst=Michael+F.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DsdooTRyPMCwC%26pg%3DPA255&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJesus" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-184"><a href="#cite_ref-184">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://bible.oremus.org/?passage=Mark%204:35%E2%80%9341&version=nrsv">Mark 4:35–41</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://bible.oremus.org/?passage=Mark%206:52&version=nrsv">Mark 6:52</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-185"><a href="#cite_ref-185">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://bible.oremus.org/?passage=Mark%204:13&version=nrsv">Mark 4:13</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-186"><a href="#cite_ref-186">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://bible.oremus.org/?passage=Mark%209:9%E2%80%9310&version=nrsv">Mark 9:9–10</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTETheissenMerz1998316–46-187"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETheissenMerz1998316%E2%80%9346_187-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFTheissenMerz1998">Theissen & Merz 1998</a>, pp. 316–46. </li> <li id="cite_note-188"><a href="#cite_ref-188">^</a> <a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Bible_(American_Standard)/Mark#1:15" class="extiw" title="wikisource:Bible (American Standard)/Mark">Mark 1:15</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-189"><a href="#cite_ref-189">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://bible.oremus.org/?passage=Luke%2017:21&version=nrsv">Luke 17:21</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-190"><a href="#cite_ref-190">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://bible.oremus.org/?passage=Mark%2010:13%E2%80%9327&version=nrsv">Mark 10:13–27</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-191"><a href="#cite_ref-191">^</a> <a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Bible_(American_Standard)/Matthew#22:37" class="extiw" title="wikisource:Bible (American Standard)/Matthew">Matthew 22:37–39</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-192"><a href="#cite_ref-192">^</a> <a href="/wiki/Sermon_on_the_Mount" title="Sermon on the Mount">Matthew 5–7</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-193"><a href="#cite_ref-193">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStassenGushee2003" class="citation book cs1">Stassen, Glen H.; Gushee, David P. (2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=LlMVrmA-b-4C">Kingdom Ethics: Following Jesus in Contemporary Context</a>. InterVarsity Press. pp. 102–103, 138–140, 197–198, 295–298. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8308-2668-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8308-2668-1"><bdi>978-0-8308-2668-1</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200226062140/https://books.google.com/books?id=LlMVrmA-b-4C">Archived</a> from the original on 26 February 2020. Retrieved 14 August 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Kingdom+Ethics%3A+Following+Jesus+in+Contemporary+Context&rft.pages=102-103%2C+138-140%2C+197-198%2C+295-298&rft.pub=InterVarsity+Press&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=978-0-8308-2668-1&rft.aulast=Stassen&rft.aufirst=Glen+H.&rft.au=Gushee%2C+David+P.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DLlMVrmA-b-4C&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJesus" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Osborn-1993-194">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Osborn-1993_194-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Osborn-1993_194-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFOsborn1993" class="citation book cs1">Osborn, Eric F. (1993). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/emergencechristi00osbo">The emergence of Christian theology</a>. Cambridge University Press. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/emergencechristi00osbo/page/n115">98</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-43078-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-521-43078-4"><bdi>978-0-521-43078-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+emergence+of+Christian+theology&rft.pages=98&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1993&rft.isbn=978-0-521-43078-4&rft.aulast=Osborn&rft.aufirst=Eric+F.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Femergencechristi00osbo&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJesus" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-195"><a href="#cite_ref-195">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKöstenberger1998" class="citation book cs1">Köstenberger, Andreas J. (1998). The missions of Jesus and the disciples according to the Fourth Gospel. Wm. B. Eerdmans Publishing. pp. 108–109. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8028-4255-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8028-4255-8"><bdi>978-0-8028-4255-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+missions+of+Jesus+and+the+disciples+according+to+the+Fourth+Gospel&rft.pages=108-109&rft.pub=Wm.+B.+Eerdmans+Publishing&rft.date=1998&rft.isbn=978-0-8028-4255-8&rft.aulast=K%C3%B6stenberger&rft.aufirst=Andreas+J.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJesus" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-196"><a href="#cite_ref-196">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPentecost1998" class="citation book cs1">Pentecost, J. Dwight (1998). The parables of Jesus: lessons in life from the Master Teacher. Kregel Publications. p. 10. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8254-9715-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8254-9715-5"><bdi>978-0-8254-9715-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+parables+of+Jesus%3A+lessons+in+life+from+the+Master+Teacher&rft.pages=10&rft.pub=Kregel+Publications&rft.date=1998&rft.isbn=978-0-8254-9715-5&rft.aulast=Pentecost&rft.aufirst=J.+Dwight&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJesus" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-197"><a href="#cite_ref-197">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHowick2003" class="citation book cs1">Howick, E. Keith (2003). The Sermons of Jesus the Messiah. WindRiver Publishing. pp. 7–9. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-886249-02-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-886249-02-8"><bdi>978-1-886249-02-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Sermons+of+Jesus+the+Messiah&rft.pages=7-9&rft.pub=WindRiver+Publishing&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=978-1-886249-02-8&rft.aulast=Howick&rft.aufirst=E.+Keith&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJesus" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-198"><a href="#cite_ref-198">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLisco1850" class="citation book cs1">Lisco, Friedrich G. (1850). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/bub_gb_OoIuAAAAYAAJ">The Parables of Jesus</a>. Daniels and Smith Publishers. pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/bub_gb_OoIuAAAAYAAJ/page/n12">9</a>–11.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Parables+of+Jesus&rft.pages=9-11&rft.pub=Daniels+and+Smith+Publishers&rft.date=1850&rft.aulast=Lisco&rft.aufirst=Friedrich+G.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fbub_gb_OoIuAAAAYAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJesus" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-199"><a href="#cite_ref-199">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFOxenden1864" class="citation book cs1">Oxenden, Ashton (1864). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/bub_gb_5bUCAAAAQAAJ">The parables of our Lord?</a>. William Macintosh Publishers. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/bub_gb_5bUCAAAAQAAJ/page/n15">6</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+parables+of+our+Lord%3F&rft.pages=6&rft.pub=William+Macintosh+Publishers&rft.date=1864&rft.aulast=Oxenden&rft.aufirst=Ashton&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fbub_gb_5bUCAAAAQAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJesus" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-200"><a href="#cite_ref-200">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBlomberg2012" class="citation book cs1">Blomberg, Craig L. (2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=dPdANFaNgagC&pg=448">Interpreting the Parables</a>. InterVarsity Press. p. 448. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8308-3967-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8308-3967-4"><bdi>978-0-8308-3967-4</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150910175429/https://books.google.com/books?id=dPdANFaNgagC&pg=448">Archived</a> from the original on 10 September 2015. Retrieved 14 August 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Interpreting+the+Parables&rft.pages=448&rft.pub=InterVarsity+Press&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=978-0-8308-3967-4&rft.aulast=Blomberg&rft.aufirst=Craig+L.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DdPdANFaNgagC%26pg%3D448&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJesus" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-201"><a href="#cite_ref-201">^</a> <a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Bible_(American_Standard)/Luke#15:11" class="extiw" title="wikisource:Bible (American Standard)/Luke">Luke 15:11–32</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-202"><a href="#cite_ref-202">^</a> <a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Bible_(American_Standard)/Mark#4:26" class="extiw" title="wikisource:Bible (American Standard)/Mark">Mark 4:26–29</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-203"><a href="#cite_ref-203">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBoucher" class="citation web cs1">Boucher, Madeleine I. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.pbs.org/wgbh/pages/frontline/shows/religion/jesus/parables.html">"The Parables"</a>. BBC. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130810144100/http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/pages/frontline/shows/religion/jesus/parables.html">Archived</a> from the original on 10 August 2013. Retrieved 3 June 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Parables&rft.pub=BBC&rft.aulast=Boucher&rft.aufirst=Madeleine+I.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.pbs.org%2Fwgbh%2Fpages%2Ffrontline%2Fshows%2Freligion%2Fjesus%2Fparables.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJesus" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-204"><a href="#cite_ref-204">^</a> <a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Bible_(American_Standard)/Matthew#13:10" class="extiw" title="wikisource:Bible (American Standard)/Matthew">Matthew 13:10–17</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGreenMcKnightMarshall1992299-205"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGreenMcKnightMarshall1992299_205-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFGreenMcKnightMarshall1992">Green, McKnight & Marshall 1992</a>, p. 299. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTETwelftree1999350-206"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETwelftree1999350_206-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFTwelftree1999">Twelftree 1999</a>, p. 350. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELevine20064-207">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELevine20064_207-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELevine20064_207-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELevine20064_207-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELevine20064_207-3">d</a> <a href="#CITEREFLevine2006">Levine 2006</a>, p. 4. </li> <li id="cite_note-208"><a href="#cite_ref-208">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCharlesworth2008" class="citation book cs1">Charlesworth, James H. (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=YTIGy5t45WgC&pg=PT113">The Historical Jesus: An Essential Guide</a>. Abingdon Press. p. 113. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4267-2475-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4267-2475-6"><bdi>978-1-4267-2475-6</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201008221947/https://books.google.com/books?id=YTIGy5t45WgC&pg=PT113">Archived</a> from the original on 8 October 2020. Retrieved 29 March 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Historical+Jesus%3A+An+Essential+Guide&rft.pages=113&rft.pub=Abingdon+Press&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-1-4267-2475-6&rft.aulast=Charlesworth&rft.aufirst=James+H.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DYTIGy5t45WgC%26pg%3DPT113&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJesus" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTETheissenMerz1998298-209"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETheissenMerz1998298_209-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFTheissenMerz1998">Theissen & Merz 1998</a>, p. 298. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGreenMcKnightMarshall1992300-210"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGreenMcKnightMarshall1992300_210-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFGreenMcKnightMarshall1992">Green, McKnight & Marshall 1992</a>, p. 300. </li> <li id="cite_note-Oxford_Companion-211">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Oxford_Companion_211-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Oxford_Companion_211-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMetzgerCoogan1993" class="citation book cs1">Metzger, Bruce M.; Coogan, Michael D. (1993). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/isbn_9780195046458">Oxford Companion to the Bible</a>. Oxford University Press. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/isbn_9780195046458/page/649">649</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-974391-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-974391-9"><bdi>978-0-19-974391-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Oxford+Companion+to+the+Bible&rft.pages=649&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=1993&rft.isbn=978-0-19-974391-9&rft.aulast=Metzger&rft.aufirst=Bruce+M.&rft.au=Coogan%2C+Michael+D.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fisbn_9780195046458&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJesus" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-212"><a href="#cite_ref-212">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTabor2013" class="citation web cs1">Tabor, James (22 March 2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160823115040/https://clas-pages.uncc.edu/james-tabor/ancient-judaism/death-afterlife-future/">"What the Bible Says About Death, Afterlife, and the Future"</a>. UNCC. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://clas-pages.uncc.edu/james-tabor/ancient-judaism/death-afterlife-future/">the original</a> on 23 August 2016. Retrieved 13 June 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=What+the+Bible+Says+About+Death%2C+Afterlife%2C+and+the+Future&rft.pub=UNCC&rft.date=2013-03-22&rft.aulast=Tabor&rft.aufirst=James&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fclas-pages.uncc.edu%2Fjames-tabor%2Fancient-judaism%2Fdeath-afterlife-future%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJesus" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-213"><a href="#cite_ref-213">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHoekema1994" class="citation book cs1">Hoekema, Anthony A. (1994). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=c2yT_7xw35sC">The Bible and the Future</a>. Eerdmans Publishing. pp. 88–89. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-85364-624-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-85364-624-2"><bdi>978-0-85364-624-2</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201008221946/https://books.google.com/books?id=c2yT_7xw35sC">Archived</a> from the original on 8 October 2020. Retrieved 8 October 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Bible+and+the+Future&rft.pages=88-89&rft.pub=Eerdmans+Publishing&rft.date=1994&rft.isbn=978-0-85364-624-2&rft.aulast=Hoekema&rft.aufirst=Anthony+A.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dc2yT_7xw35sC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJesus" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-214"><a href="#cite_ref-214">^</a> <a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Bible_(American_Standard)/Luke#11:20" class="extiw" title="wikisource:Bible (American Standard)/Luke">Luke 11:20</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-215"><a href="#cite_ref-215">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHindsonMitchell2010" class="citation book cs1">Hindson, Edward E.; Mitchell, Daniel R. (2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Js9nFESO0VAC&pg=PA100">Zondervan King James Version Commentary: New Testament</a>. Zondervan. p. 100. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-310-25150-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-310-25150-7"><bdi>978-0-310-25150-7</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150910171333/https://books.google.com/books?id=Js9nFESO0VAC&pg=PA100">Archived</a> from the original on 10 September 2015. Retrieved 14 August 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Zondervan+King+James+Version+Commentary%3A+New+Testament&rft.pages=100&rft.pub=Zondervan&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=978-0-310-25150-7&rft.aulast=Hindson&rft.aufirst=Edward+E.&rft.au=Mitchell%2C+Daniel+R.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DJs9nFESO0VAC%26pg%3DPA100&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJesus" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Sign-216">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Sign_216-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Sign_216-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAchtemeierGreenThompson2001" class="citation book cs1">Achtemeier, Paul J.; Green, Joel B.; Thompson, Marianne M. (2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/introducingnewte00paul/page/198">Introducing the New Testament: Its Literature and Theology</a>. Wm. B. Eerdmans Publishing. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/introducingnewte00paul/page/198">198</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8028-3717-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8028-3717-2"><bdi>978-0-8028-3717-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Introducing+the+New+Testament%3A+Its+Literature+and+Theology&rft.pages=198&rft.pub=Wm.+B.+Eerdmans+Publishing&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=978-0-8028-3717-2&rft.aulast=Achtemeier&rft.aufirst=Paul+J.&rft.au=Green%2C+Joel+B.&rft.au=Thompson%2C+Marianne+M.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fintroducingnewte00paul%2Fpage%2F198&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJesus" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEEhrman2009[httpsarchiveorgdetailsjesusinterrupted00ehrm_0page84_84]-217"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEhrman2009%5Bhttpsarchiveorgdetailsjesusinterrupted00ehrm_0page84_84%5D_217-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFEhrman2009">Ehrman 2009</a>, p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/jesusinterrupted00ehrm_0/page/84">84</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTETwelftree1999236-218"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETwelftree1999236_218-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFTwelftree1999">Twelftree 1999</a>, p. 236. </li> <li id="cite_note-219"><a href="#cite_ref-219">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFvan_der_Loos1965" class="citation book cs1">van der Loos, Hendrik (1965). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=n4geAAAAIAAJ&pg=PA197">The Miracles Of Jesus</a>. Brill. p. 197. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150910165838/https://books.google.com/books?id=n4geAAAAIAAJ&pg=PA197">Archived</a> from the original on 10 September 2015. Retrieved 14 August 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Miracles+Of+Jesus&rft.pages=197&rft.pub=Brill&rft.date=1965&rft.aulast=van+der+Loos&rft.aufirst=Hendrik&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dn4geAAAAIAAJ%26pg%3DPA197&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJesus" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-220"><a href="#cite_ref-220">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPentecost1981" class="citation book cs1">Pentecost, J. Dwight (1981). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=bh3M_AfgXZAC&pg=PA212">The words and works of Jesus Christ</a>. Zondervan. p. 212. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-310-30940-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-310-30940-6"><bdi>978-0-310-30940-6</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150910063513/https://books.google.com/books?id=bh3M_AfgXZAC&pg=PA212">Archived</a> from the original on 10 September 2015. Retrieved 14 August 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+words+and+works+of+Jesus+Christ&rft.pages=212&rft.pub=Zondervan&rft.date=1981&rft.isbn=978-0-310-30940-6&rft.aulast=Pentecost&rft.aufirst=J.+Dwight&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dbh3M_AfgXZAC%26pg%3DPA212&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJesus" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTETwelftree199995-221"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETwelftree199995_221-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFTwelftree1999">Twelftree 1999</a>, p. 95. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDonahueHarrington2002182-222"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDonahueHarrington2002182_222-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFDonahueHarrington2002">Donahue & Harrington 2002</a>, p. 182. </li> <li id="cite_note-223"><a href="#cite_ref-223">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLockyer1988" class="citation book cs1">Lockyer, Herbert (1988). All the Miracles of the Bible. Zondervan. p. 235. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-310-28101-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-310-28101-6"><bdi>978-0-310-28101-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=All+the+Miracles+of+the+Bible&rft.pages=235&rft.pub=Zondervan&rft.date=1988&rft.isbn=978-0-310-28101-6&rft.aulast=Lockyer&rft.aufirst=Herbert&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJesus" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-224"><a href="#cite_ref-224">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKingsbury1983" class="citation book cs1">Kingsbury, Jack D. (1983). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/christologyofmar0000king">The Christology of Mark's Gospel</a>. Fortress Press. pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/christologyofmar0000king/page/91">91</a>–95. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4514-1007-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4514-1007-5"><bdi>978-1-4514-1007-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Christology+of+Mark%27s+Gospel&rft.pages=91-95&rft.pub=Fortress+Press&rft.date=1983&rft.isbn=978-1-4514-1007-5&rft.aulast=Kingsbury&rft.aufirst=Jack+D.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fchristologyofmar0000king&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJesus" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECrossLivingstone2005John,_Gospel_of-225"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECrossLivingstone2005John,_Gospel_of_225-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFCrossLivingstone2005">Cross & Livingstone 2005</a>, John, Gospel of. </li> <li id="cite_note-226"><a href="#cite_ref-226">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKarris1992" class="citation book cs1">Karris, Robert J. (1992). The Collegeville Bible Commentary: New Testament. Liturgical Press. pp. 885–886. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8146-2211-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8146-2211-7"><bdi>978-0-8146-2211-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Collegeville+Bible+Commentary%3A+New+Testament&rft.pages=885-886&rft.pub=Liturgical+Press&rft.date=1992&rft.isbn=978-0-8146-2211-7&rft.aulast=Karris&rft.aufirst=Robert+J.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJesus" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-227"><a href="#cite_ref-227">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKingsburyPowellBauer1999" class="citation book cs1">Kingsbury, Jack D.; Powell, Mark A.; Bauer, David R. (1999). Who do you say that I am? Essays on Christology. Westminster John Knox Press. p. xvi. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-664-25752-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-664-25752-1"><bdi>978-0-664-25752-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Who+do+you+say+that+I+am%3F+Essays+on+Christology&rft.pages=xvi&rft.pub=Westminster+John+Knox+Press&rft.date=1999&rft.isbn=978-0-664-25752-1&rft.aulast=Kingsbury&rft.aufirst=Jack+D.&rft.au=Powell%2C+Mark+A.&rft.au=Bauer%2C+David+R.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJesus" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDonahueHarrington2002336-228"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDonahueHarrington2002336_228-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFDonahueHarrington2002">Donahue & Harrington 2002</a>, p. 336. </li> <li id="cite_note-229"><a href="#cite_ref-229">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFYieh2004" class="citation book cs1">Yieh, John Y. H. (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=g0-NaraCrAoC">One teacher: Jesus' teaching role in Matthew's gospel</a>. Walter de Gruyter. pp. 240–241. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-11-018151-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-11-018151-7"><bdi>978-3-11-018151-7</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201008221947/https://books.google.com/books?id=g0-NaraCrAoC">Archived</a> from the original on 8 October 2020. Retrieved 8 October 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=One+teacher%3A+Jesus%27+teaching+role+in+Matthew%27s+gospel&rft.pages=240-241&rft.pub=Walter+de+Gruyter&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=978-3-11-018151-7&rft.aulast=Yieh&rft.aufirst=John+Y.+H.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dg0-NaraCrAoC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJesus" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPannenberg196853–54-230"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPannenberg196853%E2%80%9354_230-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFPannenberg1968">Pannenberg 1968</a>, pp. 53–54. </li> <li id="cite_note-231"><a href="#cite_ref-231">^</a> Matthew 16:21, Mark 8:31, and Luke 9:22. </li> <li id="cite_note-232"><a href="#cite_ref-232">^</a> <a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Bible_(American_Standard)/Matthew#17:1" class="extiw" title="wikisource:Bible (American Standard)/Matthew">Matthew 17:1–9</a>, <a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Bible_(American_Standard)/Mark#9:2" class="extiw" title="wikisource:Bible (American Standard)/Mark">Mark 9:2–8</a>, and <a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Bible_(American_Standard)/Luke#9:28" class="extiw" title="wikisource:Bible (American Standard)/Luke">Luke 9:28–36</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELee200472–76-233"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELee200472%E2%80%9376_233-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFLee2004">Lee 2004</a>, pp. 72–76. </li> <li id="cite_note-234"><a href="#cite_ref-234">^</a> <a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Bible_(American_Standard)/Matthew#17:1" class="extiw" title="wikisource:Bible (American Standard)/Matthew">Matthew 17:1–9</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-235"><a href="#cite_ref-235">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://mechon-mamre.org/p/pt/pt2309.htm#9">Zechariah 9:9</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-236"><a href="#cite_ref-236">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://mechon-mamre.org/p/pt/pt26b8.htm#25">Psalms 118:25–26</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBoringCraddock2004256–58-237">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBoringCraddock2004256%E2%80%9358_237-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBoringCraddock2004256%E2%80%9358_237-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFBoringCraddock2004">Boring & Craddock 2004</a>, pp. 256–58. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMajerníkPonessaManhardt2005133–34-238"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMajern%C3%ADkPonessaManhardt2005133%E2%80%9334_238-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFMajern%C3%ADkPonessaManhardt2005">Majerník, Ponessa & Manhardt 2005</a>, pp. 133–34. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEEvans2003381–95-239">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEvans2003381%E2%80%9395_239-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEvans2003381%E2%80%9395_239-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFEvans2003">Evans 2003</a>, pp. 381–95. </li> <li id="cite_note-240"><a href="#cite_ref-240">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://bible.oremus.org/?passage=Mark%2013:1%E2%80%9323&version=nrsv">Mark 13:1–23</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-241"><a href="#cite_ref-241">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://bible.oremus.org/?passage=Mark%2013:24%E2%80%9327&version=nrsv">Mark 13:24–27</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-242"><a href="#cite_ref-242">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://bible.oremus.org/?passage=Mark%2013:28%E2%80%9332&version=nrsv">Mark 13:28–32</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-243"><a href="#cite_ref-243">^</a> <a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Bible_(American_Standard)/John#2:13" class="extiw" title="wikisource:Bible (American Standard)/John">John 2:13–16</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-244"><a href="#cite_ref-244">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLockyer1988" class="citation book cs1">Lockyer, Herbert (1988). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=-Q7l-_UFHmYC">All the Apostles of the Bible</a>. Zondervan. pp. 106–111. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-310-28011-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-310-28011-8"><bdi>978-0-310-28011-8</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200229044027/https://books.google.com/books?id=-Q7l-_UFHmYC">Archived</a> from the original on 29 February 2020. Retrieved 11 July 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=All+the+Apostles+of+the+Bible&rft.pages=106-111&rft.pub=Zondervan&rft.date=1988&rft.isbn=978-0-310-28011-8&rft.aulast=Lockyer&rft.aufirst=Herbert&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D-Q7l-_UFHmYC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJesus" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-245"><a href="#cite_ref-245">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHayes2009" class="citation book cs1">Hayes, Doremus A. (2009). The Synoptic Gospels and the Book of Acts. HardPress. p. 88. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-313-53490-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-313-53490-1"><bdi>978-1-313-53490-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Synoptic+Gospels+and+the+Book+of+Acts&rft.pages=88&rft.pub=HardPress&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-1-313-53490-1&rft.aulast=Hayes&rft.aufirst=Doremus+A.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJesus" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-246"><a href="#cite_ref-246">^</a> <a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Bible_(American_Standard)/John#7:1" class="extiw" title="wikisource:Bible (American Standard)/John">John 7:1–10:42</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-247"><a href="#cite_ref-247">^</a> <a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Bible_(American_Standard)/John#11:1" class="extiw" title="wikisource:Bible (American Standard)/John">John 11</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFunkHooverThe_Jesus_Seminar1993401–70-248"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFunkHooverThe_Jesus_Seminar1993401%E2%80%9370_248-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFFunkHooverThe_Jesus_Seminar1993">Funk, Hoover & The Jesus Seminar 1993</a>, pp. 401–70. </li> <li id="cite_note-249"><a href="#cite_ref-249">^</a> 1 Corinthians <a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Bible_(American_Standard)/1_Corinthians#11:23" class="extiw" title="wikisource:Bible (American Standard)/1 Corinthians">11:23–26</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECoxEasley2007180–91-250"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECoxEasley2007180%E2%80%9391_250-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFCoxEasley2007">Cox & Easley 2007</a>, pp. 180–91. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECoxEasley2007182-251">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECoxEasley2007182_251-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECoxEasley2007182_251-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFCoxEasley2007">Cox & Easley 2007</a>, p. 182. </li> <li id="cite_note-252"><a href="#cite_ref-252">^</a> <a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Bible_(American_Standard)/Luke#22:19" class="extiw" title="wikisource:Bible (American Standard)/Luke">Luke 22:19–20</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECrossLivingstone2005Eucharist-253"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECrossLivingstone2005Eucharist_253-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFCrossLivingstone2005">Cross & Livingstone 2005</a>, Eucharist. </li> <li id="cite_note-254"><a href="#cite_ref-254">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPohle1913" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Pohle, Joseph (1913). <a class="external text" href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Catholic_Encyclopedia_(1913)/The_Blessed_Eucharist_as_a_Sacrament">"The Blessed Eucharist as a Sacrament" </a>. In Herbermann, Charles (ed.). <a href="/wiki/Catholic_Encyclopedia" title="Catholic Encyclopedia">Catholic Encyclopedia</a>. New York: Robert Appleton Company.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+Blessed+Eucharist+as+a+Sacrament&rft.btitle=Catholic+Encyclopedia&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Robert+Appleton+Company&rft.date=1913&rft.aulast=Pohle&rft.aufirst=Joseph&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJesus" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFreedman2000792-255"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFreedman2000792_255-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFFreedman2000">Freedman 2000</a>, p. 792. </li> <li id="cite_note-Denial-256">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Denial_256-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Denial_256-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPerkins2000" class="citation book cs1">Perkins, Pheme (2000). Peter: apostle for the whole church. Fortress Press. p. 85. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4514-1598-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4514-1598-8"><bdi>978-1-4514-1598-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Peter%3A+apostle+for+the+whole+church&rft.pages=85&rft.pub=Fortress+Press&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=978-1-4514-1598-8&rft.aulast=Perkins&rft.aufirst=Pheme&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJesus" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-257"><a href="#cite_ref-257">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLange1865" class="citation book cs1">Lange, Johann P. (1865). The Gospel according to Matthew, Volume 1. Charles Scribner Co. p. 499.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Gospel+according+to+Matthew%2C+Volume+1&rft.pages=499&rft.pub=Charles+Scribner+Co&rft.date=1865&rft.aulast=Lange&rft.aufirst=Johann+P.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJesus" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-258"><a href="#cite_ref-258">^</a> <a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Bible_(American_Standard)/Luke#22:33" class="extiw" title="wikisource:Bible (American Standard)/Luke">Luke 22:34</a>, <a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Bible_(American_Standard)/John#22:33" class="extiw" title="wikisource:Bible (American Standard)/John">John 22:34</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-259"><a href="#cite_ref-259">^</a> <a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Bible_(American_Standard)/Matthew#26:31" class="extiw" title="wikisource:Bible (American Standard)/Matthew">Matthew 26:31–34</a>, <a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Bible_(American_Standard)/Mark#14:27" class="extiw" title="wikisource:Bible (American Standard)/Mark">Mark 14:27–30</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWalvoordZuck198383–85-260">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWalvoordZuck198383%E2%80%9385_260-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWalvoordZuck198383%E2%80%9385_260-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFWalvoordZuck1983">Walvoord & Zuck 1983</a>, pp. 83–85. </li> <li id="cite_note-261"><a href="#cite_ref-261">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFO'DayHylen2006" class="citation book cs1">O'Day, Gail R.; Hylen, Susan (2006). John. Westminster John Knox Press. pp. 142–168. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-664-25260-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-664-25260-1"><bdi>978-0-664-25260-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=John&rft.pages=142-168&rft.pub=Westminster+John+Knox+Press&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=978-0-664-25260-1&rft.aulast=O%27Day&rft.aufirst=Gail+R.&rft.au=Hylen%2C+Susan&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJesus" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-262"><a href="#cite_ref-262">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRidderbos1997" class="citation book cs1">Ridderbos, Herman (1997). The Gospel according to John. Wm. B. Eerdmans Publishing. pp. 546–576. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8028-0453-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8028-0453-2"><bdi>978-0-8028-0453-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Gospel+according+to+John&rft.pages=546-576&rft.pub=Wm.+B.+Eerdmans+Publishing&rft.date=1997&rft.isbn=978-0-8028-0453-2&rft.aulast=Ridderbos&rft.aufirst=Herman&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJesus" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECrossLivingstone2005Jesus-263"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECrossLivingstone2005Jesus_263-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFCrossLivingstone2005">Cross & Livingstone 2005</a>, Jesus. </li> <li id="cite_note-264"><a href="#cite_ref-264">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMichaels2011" class="citation book cs1">Michaels, J. Ramsey (2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=zGr-amBm4PUC&pg=PT187">John (Understanding the Bible Commentary Series)</a>. Baker Books. p. 187. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4412-3659-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4412-3659-3"><bdi>978-1-4412-3659-3</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200226071102/https://books.google.com/books?id=zGr-amBm4PUC&pg=PT187">Archived</a> from the original on 26 February 2020. Retrieved 7 September 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=John+%28Understanding+the+Bible+Commentary+Series%29&rft.pages=187&rft.pub=Baker+Books&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=978-1-4412-3659-3&rft.aulast=Michaels&rft.aufirst=J.+Ramsey&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DzGr-amBm4PUC%26pg%3DPT187&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJesus" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-265"><a href="#cite_ref-265">^</a> <a href="/wiki/Josephus" title="Josephus">Josephus</a> Antiquities 18.2.2. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrown1997146-266"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBrown1997146_266-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBrown1997">Brown 1997</a>, p. 146. </li> <li id="cite_note-267"><a href="#cite_ref-267">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBromiley1988" class="citation book cs1">Bromiley, Geoffrey W. (1988). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=yklDk6Vv0l4C&pg=PA1050">International Standard Bible Encyclopedia: E–J</a>. Wm. B. Eerdmans Publishing. pp. 1050–1052. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8028-3782-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8028-3782-0"><bdi>978-0-8028-3782-0</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150907182833/https://books.google.com/books?id=yklDk6Vv0l4C&pg=PA1050">Archived</a> from the original on 7 September 2015. Retrieved 14 August 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=International+Standard+Bible+Encyclopedia%3A+E%E2%80%93J&rft.pages=1050-1052&rft.pub=Wm.+B.+Eerdmans+Publishing&rft.date=1988&rft.isbn=978-0-8028-3782-0&rft.aulast=Bromiley&rft.aufirst=Geoffrey+W.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DyklDk6Vv0l4C%26pg%3DPA1050&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJesus" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEEvans2003487–500-268">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEvans2003487%E2%80%93500_268-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEvans2003487%E2%80%93500_268-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEvans2003487%E2%80%93500_268-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEvans2003487%E2%80%93500_268-3">d</a> <a href="#CITEREFEvans2003">Evans 2003</a>, pp. 487–500. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBlomberg2009396–400-269">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBlomberg2009396%E2%80%93400_269-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBlomberg2009396%E2%80%93400_269-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBlomberg2009396%E2%80%93400_269-2">c</a> <a href="#CITEREFBlomberg2009">Blomberg 2009</a>, pp. 396–400. </li> <li id="cite_note-Holman608-270">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Holman608_270-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Holman608_270-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Holman608_270-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Holman608_270-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Holman608_270-4">e</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1">Holman Concise Bible Dictionary. B&H Publishing Group. 2011. pp. 608–609. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8054-9548-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8054-9548-5"><bdi>978-0-8054-9548-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Holman+Concise+Bible+Dictionary&rft.pages=608-609&rft.pub=B%26H+Publishing+Group&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=978-0-8054-9548-5&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJesus" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEEvans2003495-271"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEvans2003495_271-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFEvans2003">Evans 2003</a>, p. 495. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBlomberg2009396–98-272"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBlomberg2009396%E2%80%9398_272-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBlomberg2009">Blomberg 2009</a>, pp. 396–98. </li> <li id="cite_note-273"><a href="#cite_ref-273">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFO'Toole2004" class="citation book cs1">O'Toole, Robert F. (2004). Luke's presentation of Jesus: a christology. Editrice Pontificio Istituto Biblico. p. 166. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-88-7653-625-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-88-7653-625-0"><bdi>978-88-7653-625-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Luke%27s+presentation+of+Jesus%3A+a+christology&rft.pages=166&rft.pub=Editrice+Pontificio+Istituto+Biblico&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=978-88-7653-625-0&rft.aulast=O%27Toole&rft.aufirst=Robert+F.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJesus" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-274"><a href="#cite_ref-274">^</a> Matthew: "claiming to be king of the Jews". Mark: "King of the Jews". Luke: "subverting nation, opposing payment of taxes to Caesar, claiming to be Christ, a king" John: "breaking Jewish law, claiming to be the son of God". </li> <li id="cite_note-275"><a href="#cite_ref-275">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBinz2004" class="citation book cs1">Binz, Stephen J. (2004). The Names of Jesus. Twenty-Third Publications. pp. 81–82. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-58595-315-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-58595-315-8"><bdi>978-1-58595-315-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Names+of+Jesus&rft.pages=81-82&rft.pub=Twenty-Third+Publications&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=978-1-58595-315-8&rft.aulast=Binz&rft.aufirst=Stephen+J.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJesus" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-276"><a href="#cite_ref-276">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFIronside2006" class="citation book cs1">Ironside, H. A. (2006). John. Kregel Academic. p. 454. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8254-9619-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8254-9619-6"><bdi>978-0-8254-9619-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=John&rft.pages=454&rft.pub=Kregel+Academic&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=978-0-8254-9619-6&rft.aulast=Ironside&rft.aufirst=H.+A.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJesus" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTENiswonger1992172-277">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTENiswonger1992172_277-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTENiswonger1992172_277-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFNiswonger1992">Niswonger 1992</a>, p. 172. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMajerníkPonessaManhardt2005181-278"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMajern%C3%ADkPonessaManhardt2005181_278-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFMajern%C3%ADkPonessaManhardt2005">Majerník, Ponessa & Manhardt 2005</a>, p. 181. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECarter2003120–21-279">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECarter2003120%E2%80%9321_279-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECarter2003120%E2%80%9321_279-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFCarter2003">Carter 2003</a>, pp. 120–21. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEEvans2012b453-280"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEvans2012b453_280-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFEvans2012b">Evans 2012b</a>, p. 453. </li> <li id="cite_note-281"><a href="#cite_ref-281">^</a> <a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Bible_(American_Standard)/Matthew#27:20" class="extiw" title="wikisource:Bible (American Standard)/Matthew">Matthew 27:20</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBlomberg2009400–01-282"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBlomberg2009400%E2%80%9301_282-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBlomberg2009">Blomberg 2009</a>, pp. 400–01. </li> <li id="cite_note-283"><a href="#cite_ref-283">^</a> <a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Bible_(American_Standard)/John#19:19" class="extiw" title="wikisource:Bible (American Standard)/John">John 19:19–20</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrown198893-284"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBrown198893_284-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBrown1988">Brown 1988</a>, p. 93. </li> <li id="cite_note-285"><a href="#cite_ref-285">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSenior1985" class="citation book cs1">Senior, Donald (1985). The Passion of Jesus in the Gospel of Matthew. Liturgical Press. p. 124. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8146-5460-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8146-5460-6"><bdi>978-0-8146-5460-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Passion+of+Jesus+in+the+Gospel+of+Matthew&rft.pages=124&rft.pub=Liturgical+Press&rft.date=1985&rft.isbn=978-0-8146-5460-6&rft.aulast=Senior&rft.aufirst=Donald&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJesus" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBlomberg2009402-286"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBlomberg2009402_286-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBlomberg2009">Blomberg 2009</a>, p. 402. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEEvans2003509–20-287">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEvans2003509%E2%80%9320_287-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEvans2003509%E2%80%9320_287-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEvans2003509%E2%80%9320_287-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEvans2003509%E2%80%9320_287-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEvans2003509%E2%80%9320_287-4">e</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEvans2003509%E2%80%9320_287-5">f</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEvans2003509%E2%80%9320_287-6">g</a> <a href="#CITEREFEvans2003">Evans 2003</a>, pp. 509–20. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKöstenbergerKellumQuarles2009211–14-288">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEK%C3%B6stenbergerKellumQuarles2009211%E2%80%9314_288-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEK%C3%B6stenbergerKellumQuarles2009211%E2%80%9314_288-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFK%C3%B6stenbergerKellumQuarles2009">Köstenberger, Kellum & Quarles 2009</a>, pp. 211–14. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDoninger1999271-289">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDoninger1999271_289-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDoninger1999271_289-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFDoninger1999">Doninger 1999</a>, p. 271. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEEhrman2009[httpsarchiveorgdetailsjesusinterrupted00ehrm_0page82_82]-290"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEhrman2009%5Bhttpsarchiveorgdetailsjesusinterrupted00ehrm_0page82_82%5D_290-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFEhrman2009">Ehrman 2009</a>, p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/jesusinterrupted00ehrm_0/page/82">82</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-291"><a href="#cite_ref-291">^</a> Luke 23:43. </li> <li id="cite_note-292"><a href="#cite_ref-292">^</a> John 19:26–27. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKöstenbergerKellumQuarles2009213–14-293"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEK%C3%B6stenbergerKellumQuarles2009213%E2%80%9314_293-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFK%C3%B6stenbergerKellumQuarles2009">Köstenberger, Kellum & Quarles 2009</a>, pp. 213–14. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMorris1992727-294"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMorris1992727_294-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFMorris1992">Morris 1992</a>, p. 727. </li> <li id="cite_note-295"><a href="#cite_ref-295">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFVermes2008" class="citation book cs1">Vermes, Geza (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=1PYcnn9WxVcC">The Resurrection</a>. London, England: Penguin. p. 141. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-14-191263-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-14-191263-9"><bdi>978-0-14-191263-9</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240309231513/https://books.google.com/books?id=1PYcnn9WxVcC">Archived</a> from the original on 9 March 2024. Retrieved 30 March 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Resurrection&rft.place=London%2C+England&rft.pages=141&rft.pub=Penguin&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-0-14-191263-9&rft.aulast=Vermes&rft.aufirst=Geza&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D1PYcnn9WxVcC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJesus" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHarris1985308–09-296"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHarris1985308%E2%80%9309_296-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFHarris1985">Harris 1985</a>, pp. 308–09. </li> <li id="cite_note-297"><a href="#cite_ref-297">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://bible.oremus.org/?passage=Mark%2016:5%E2%80%936&version=nrsv">Mark 16:5–6</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://bible.oremus.org/?passage=Matthew%2028:5%E2%80%936&version=nrsv">Matthew 28:5–6</a>, and <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://bible.oremus.org/?passage=Luke%2024:4%E2%80%936&version=nrsv">Luke 24:4–6</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-298"><a href="#cite_ref-298">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://bible.oremus.org/?passage=Mark%2016:7&version=nrsv">Mark 16:7</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://bible.oremus.org/?passage=Matthew%2028:7&version=nrsv">Matthew 28:7</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-299"><a href="#cite_ref-299">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://bible.oremus.org/?passage=Luke%2024:12&version=nrsv">Luke 24:12</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-300"><a href="#cite_ref-300">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://bible.oremus.org/?passage=John%2020:2%E2%80%938&version=nrsv">John 20:2–8</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-301"><a href="#cite_ref-301">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://bible.oremus.org/?passage=Matthew%2028:7&version=nrsv">Matthew 28:7</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-302"><a href="#cite_ref-302">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://bible.oremus.org/?passage=Matthew%2028:11%E2%80%9315&version=nrsv">Matthew 28:11–15</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-303"><a href="#cite_ref-303">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://bible.oremus.org/?passage=Mark%2016:9&version=nrsv">Mark 16:9</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://bible.oremus.org/?passage=John%2020:14%E2%80%9317&version=nrsv">John 20:14–17</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-304"><a href="#cite_ref-304">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://bible.oremus.org/?passage=Matthew%2028:9%E2%80%9310&version=nrsv">Matthew 28:9–10</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-305"><a href="#cite_ref-305">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://bible.oremus.org/?passage=Luke%2024:13%E2%80%9331&version=nrsv">Luke 24:13–31</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-306"><a href="#cite_ref-306">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://bible.oremus.org/?passage=Mark%2016:14&version=nrsv">Mark 16:14</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://bible.oremus.org/?passage=Matthew%2028:16%E2%80%9317&version=nrsv">Matthew 28:16–17</a>, and <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://bible.oremus.org/?passage=John%2020:19%E2%80%9323&version=nrsv">John 20:19–23</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-307"><a href="#cite_ref-307">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://bible.oremus.org/?passage=Luke%2024:36%E2%80%9343&version=nrsv">Luke 24:36–43</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-308"><a href="#cite_ref-308">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://bible.oremus.org/?passage=John%2020:24%E2%80%9329&version=nrsv">John 20:24–29</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHarris1985297–301-309"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHarris1985297%E2%80%93301_309-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFHarris1985">Harris 1985</a>, pp. 297–301. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECoxEasley2007216–26-310"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECoxEasley2007216%E2%80%9326_310-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFCoxEasley2007">Cox & Easley 2007</a>, pp. 216–26. </li> <li id="cite_note-311"><a href="#cite_ref-311">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBruce1990" class="citation book cs1">Bruce, Frederick F. (1990). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=2lN0ibbLOHEC&pg=PA210">The Acts of the Apostles</a>. Wm. B. Eerdmans Publishing. p. 210. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8028-0966-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8028-0966-7"><bdi>978-0-8028-0966-7</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201008222000/https://books.google.com/books?id=2lN0ibbLOHEC&pg=PA210">Archived</a> from the original on 8 October 2020. Retrieved 8 October 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Acts+of+the+Apostles&rft.pages=210&rft.pub=Wm.+B.+Eerdmans+Publishing&rft.date=1990&rft.isbn=978-0-8028-0966-7&rft.aulast=Bruce&rft.aufirst=Frederick+F.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D2lN0ibbLOHEC%26pg%3DPA210&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJesus" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-312"><a href="#cite_ref-312">^</a> <a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Bible_(American_Standard)/Acts#9:5" class="extiw" title="wikisource:Bible (American Standard)/Acts">Acts 9:5</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-313"><a href="#cite_ref-313">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJohnsonHarrington1992" class="citation book cs1">Johnson, Luke T.; Harrington, Daniel J. (1992). The Acts of the Apostles. Liturgical Press. pp. 164–167. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8146-5807-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8146-5807-9"><bdi>978-0-8146-5807-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Acts+of+the+Apostles&rft.pages=164-167&rft.pub=Liturgical+Press&rft.date=1992&rft.isbn=978-0-8146-5807-9&rft.aulast=Johnson&rft.aufirst=Luke+T.&rft.au=Harrington%2C+Daniel+J.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJesus" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-314"><a href="#cite_ref-314">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFVan_den_Biesen1913" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Van den Biesen, Christian (1913). <a class="external text" href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Catholic_Encyclopedia_(1913)/Apocalypse">"Apocalypse" </a>. In Herbermann, Charles (ed.). <a href="/wiki/Catholic_Encyclopedia" title="Catholic Encyclopedia">Catholic Encyclopedia</a>. New York: Robert Appleton Company.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Apocalypse&rft.btitle=Catholic+Encyclopedia&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Robert+Appleton+Company&rft.date=1913&rft.aulast=Van+den+Biesen&rft.aufirst=Christian&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJesus" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-315"><a href="#cite_ref-315">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.newadvent.org/cathen/12481c.htm">Catholic Encyclopedia: Proselyte</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170610204154/http://www.newadvent.org/cathen/12481c.htm">Archived</a> 10 June 2017 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>: "The English term 'proselyte' occurs only in the New Testament where it signifies a convert to the Jewish religion (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://bible.usccb.org/bible/Matthew/23?15">Matthew 23:15</a>; <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://bible.usccb.org/bible/Acts/2?11">Acts 2:11</a>; <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://bible.usccb.org/bible/Acts/6?5">6:5</a>; etc.), though the same Greek word is commonly used in the <a href="/wiki/Septuagint" title="Septuagint">Septuagint</a> to designate a foreigner living in Palestine. Thus the term seems to have passed from an original local and chiefly political sense, in which it was used as early as 300 BC, to a technical and religious meaning in the Judaism of the <a href="/wiki/Apostolic_Age" class="mw-redirect" title="Apostolic Age">New Testament epoch</a>." </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEEhrman201287–90-316"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEhrman201287%E2%80%9390_316-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFEhrman2012">Ehrman 2012</a>, pp. 87–90. </li> <li id="cite_note-317"><a href="#cite_ref-317">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJaeger1961" class="citation book cs1">Jaeger, Werner (1961). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=kYfAUnFMhPMC&pg=PA108">Early Christianity and Greek Paideia</a>. Harvard University Press. pp. 6, 108–109. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-674-22052-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-674-22052-2"><bdi>978-0-674-22052-2</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20191217042345/https://books.google.com/books?id=kYfAUnFMhPMC&pg=PA108">Archived</a> from the original on 17 December 2019. Retrieved 26 February 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Early+Christianity+and+Greek+Paideia&rft.pages=6%2C+108-109&rft.pub=Harvard+University+Press&rft.date=1961&rft.isbn=978-0-674-22052-2&rft.aulast=Jaeger&rft.aufirst=Werner&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DkYfAUnFMhPMC%26pg%3DPA108&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJesus" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-318"><a href="#cite_ref-318">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.biblica.com/bible/?osis=niv:Galatians%202:9">Galatians 2:9</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.biblica.com/bible/?osis=niv:Acts%201:13">Acts 1:13</a>; See <a href="/wiki/Historical_reliability_of_the_Acts_of_the_Apostles" title="Historical reliability of the Acts of the Apostles">Historical reliability of the Acts of the Apostles</a> for details. </li> <li id="cite_note-319"><a href="#cite_ref-319">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCross2005" class="citation book cs1">Cross, F. L., ed. (2005). "Paul". The Oxford Dictionary of the Christian Church (3rd rev. ed.). Oxford, England: Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-280290-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-280290-3"><bdi>978-0-19-280290-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Paul&rft.btitle=The+Oxford+Dictionary+of+the+Christian+Church&rft.place=Oxford%2C+England&rft.edition=3rd+rev.&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=978-0-19-280290-3&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJesus" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-320"><a href="#cite_ref-320">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCohen1987" class="citation book cs1">Cohen, Shaye J. D. (1 January 1987). From the Maccabees to the Mishnah. Philadelphia, Pa: Westminster John Knox Press. pp. 224–225. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-664-25017-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-664-25017-1"><bdi>978-0-664-25017-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=From+the+Maccabees+to+the+Mishnah&rft.place=Philadelphia%2C+Pa&rft.pages=224-225&rft.pub=Westminster+John+Knox+Press&rft.date=1987-01-01&rft.isbn=978-0-664-25017-1&rft.aulast=Cohen&rft.aufirst=Shaye+J.+D.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJesus" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-321"><a href="#cite_ref-321">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFeeStuart2014" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Gordon_Fee" title="Gordon Fee">Fee, Gordon</a>; <a href="/wiki/Douglas_Stuart_(biblical_scholar)" title="Douglas Stuart (biblical scholar)">Stuart, Douglas</a> (2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=sGBtAgAAQBAJ">How to Read the Bible for All Its Worth: Fourth Edition</a>. Zondervan. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-310-51783-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-310-51783-2"><bdi>978-0-310-51783-2</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190626225710/https://books.google.com/books?id=sGBtAgAAQBAJ">Archived</a> from the original on 26 June 2019. Retrieved 1 May 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=How+to+Read+the+Bible+for+All+Its+Worth%3A+Fourth+Edition&rft.pub=Zondervan&rft.date=2014&rft.isbn=978-0-310-51783-2&rft.aulast=Fee&rft.aufirst=Gordon&rft.au=Stuart%2C+Douglas&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DsGBtAgAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJesus" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-322"><a href="#cite_ref-322">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEhrman1997" class="citation book cs1">Ehrman, Bart D. (1997). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=xpoNAQAAMAAJ">The New Testament: A Historical Introduction to the Early Christian Writings</a>. Oxford University Press. p. 8. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-508481-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-508481-8"><bdi>978-0-19-508481-8</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190416082406/https://books.google.com/books?id=xpoNAQAAMAAJ">Archived</a> from the original on 16 April 2019. Retrieved 1 May 2018. <q>The New Testament contains twenty-seven books, written in Greek, by fifteen or sixteen different authors, who were addressing other Christian individuals or communities between the years 50 and 120 C.E. (see box 1.4). As we will see, it is difficult to know whether any of these books were written by Jesus' own disciples.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+New+Testament%3A+A+Historical+Introduction+to+the+Early+Christian+Writings&rft.pages=8&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=1997&rft.isbn=978-0-19-508481-8&rft.aulast=Ehrman&rft.aufirst=Bart+D.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DxpoNAQAAMAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJesus" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELevine20065-323"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELevine20065_323-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFLevine2006">Levine 2006</a>, p. 5. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPowell199819–23-324"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPowell199819%E2%80%9323_324-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFPowell1998">Powell 1998</a>, pp. 19–23. </li> <li id="cite_note-325"><a href="#cite_ref-325">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFLevine2006">Levine 2006</a>, p. 4 </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTETheissenWinter20025-327">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETheissenWinter20025_327-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETheissenWinter20025_327-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFTheissenWinter2002">Theissen & Winter 2002</a>, p. 5. </li> <li id="cite_note-328"><a href="#cite_ref-328">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCharlesworthPokorny2009" class="citation book cs1">Charlesworth, James H.; Pokorny, Petr (15 September 2009). Jesus Research. Grand Rapids, Mich: Wm. B. Eerdmans Publishing. pp. 1–2. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8028-6353-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8028-6353-9"><bdi>978-0-8028-6353-9</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/318971485">318971485</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Jesus+Research&rft.place=Grand+Rapids%2C+Mich&rft.pages=1-2&rft.pub=Wm.+B.+Eerdmans+Publishing&rft.date=2009-09-15&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F318971485&rft.isbn=978-0-8028-6353-9&rft.aulast=Charlesworth&rft.aufirst=James+H.&rft.au=Pokorny%2C+Petr&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJesus" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKeener2012163-329"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKeener2012163_329-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFKeener2012">Keener 2012</a>, p. 163. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEChiltonEvans199827-330">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChiltonEvans199827_330-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChiltonEvans199827_330-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFChiltonEvans1998">Chilton & Evans 1998</a>, p. 27. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEEvans2012a4–5-331"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEvans2012a4%E2%80%935_331-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFEvans2012a">Evans 2012a</a>, pp. 4–5. </li> <li id="cite_note-332"><a href="#cite_ref-332">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBorg1994" class="citation book cs1">Borg, Marcus J. (1994). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/jesusincontempor00borg/page/4">Jesus in Contemporary Scholarship</a>. Continuum. pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/jesusincontempor00borg/page/4">4–6</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-56338-094-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-56338-094-5"><bdi>978-1-56338-094-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Jesus+in+Contemporary+Scholarship&rft.pages=4-6&rft.pub=Continuum&rft.date=1994&rft.isbn=978-1-56338-094-5&rft.aulast=Borg&rft.aufirst=Marcus+J.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fjesusincontempor00borg%2Fpage%2F4&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJesus" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTETheissenWinter2002142–143-333"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETheissenWinter2002142%E2%80%93143_333-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFTheissenWinter2002">Theissen & Winter 2002</a>, pp. 142–143. </li> <li id="cite_note-334"><a href="#cite_ref-334">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAndersonJustThatcher2007" class="citation book cs1">Anderson, Paul N.; Just, Felix; Thatcher, Tom (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=ryybidJYMAQC">John, Jesus, and History, Volume 1: Critical Appraisals of Critical Views</a>. Society of Biblical Lit. p. 131. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-58983-293-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-58983-293-0"><bdi>978-1-58983-293-0</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170418011840/https://books.google.com/books?id=ryybidJYMAQC">Archived</a> from the original on 18 April 2017. Retrieved 14 August 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=John%2C+Jesus%2C+and+History%2C+Volume+1%3A+Critical+Appraisals+of+Critical+Views&rft.pages=131&rft.pub=Society+of+Biblical+Lit&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-1-58983-293-0&rft.aulast=Anderson&rft.aufirst=Paul+N.&rft.au=Just%2C+Felix&rft.au=Thatcher%2C+Tom&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DryybidJYMAQC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJesus" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMeier2006124-335"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMeier2006124_335-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFMeier2006">Meier 2006</a>, p. 124. </li> <li id="cite_note-336"><a href="#cite_ref-336">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBarr1989" class="citation book cs1">Barr, James (1989). "Chapter 3 – Hebrew, Aramaic and Greek in the Hellenistic age". In Davies, W. D.; Finkelstein, Louis (eds.). The Cambridge history of Judaism. Volume 2: The Hellenistic Age (1. publ. ed.). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. pp. 79–114. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-139-05512-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-139-05512-3"><bdi>978-1-139-05512-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Chapter+3+%E2%80%93+Hebrew%2C+Aramaic+and+Greek+in+the+Hellenistic+age&rft.btitle=The+Cambridge+history+of+Judaism.+Volume+2%3A+The+Hellenistic+Age&rft.place=Cambridge&rft.pages=79-114&rft.edition=1.+publ.&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1989&rft.isbn=978-1-139-05512-3&rft.aulast=Barr&rft.aufirst=James&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJesus" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBlomberg2009431–36-337">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBlomberg2009431%E2%80%9336_337-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBlomberg2009431%E2%80%9336_337-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFBlomberg2009">Blomberg 2009</a>, pp. 431–36. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHarris1985263-338">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHarris1985263_338-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHarris1985263_338-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHarris1985263_338-2">c</a> <a href="#CITEREFHarris1985">Harris 1985</a>, p. 263. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERausch200336–37-339"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERausch200336%E2%80%9337_339-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFRausch2003">Rausch 2003</a>, pp. 36–37. </li> <li id="cite_note-340"><a href="#cite_ref-340">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAndersonJustThatcher2007" class="citation book cs1">Anderson, Paul N.; Just, Felix; Thatcher, Tom (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=ryybidJYMAQC&pg=PA291">John, Jesus, and History</a>. Vol. 2. Society of Biblical Literature. p. 291. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-58983-293-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-58983-293-0"><bdi>978-1-58983-293-0</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150910170334/https://books.google.com/books?id=ryybidJYMAQC&pg=PA291">Archived</a> from the original on 10 September 2015. Retrieved 14 August 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=John%2C+Jesus%2C+and+History&rft.pages=291&rft.pub=Society+of+Biblical+Literature&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-1-58983-293-0&rft.aulast=Anderson&rft.aufirst=Paul+N.&rft.au=Just%2C+Felix&rft.au=Thatcher%2C+Tom&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DryybidJYMAQC%26pg%3DPA291&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJesus" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-341"><a href="#cite_ref-341">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAndersonJustThatcher2007" class="citation book cs1">Anderson, Paul N.; Just, Felix; Thatcher, Tom (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=ryybidJYMAQC&pg=PA291">John, Jesus, and History</a>. Vol. 2. Society of Biblical Literature. p. 292. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-58983-293-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-58983-293-0"><bdi>978-1-58983-293-0</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150910170334/https://books.google.com/books?id=ryybidJYMAQC&pg=PA291">Archived</a> from the original on 10 September 2015. Retrieved 14 August 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=John%2C+Jesus%2C+and+History&rft.pages=292&rft.pub=Society+of+Biblical+Literature&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-1-58983-293-0&rft.aulast=Anderson&rft.aufirst=Paul+N.&rft.au=Just%2C+Felix&rft.au=Thatcher%2C+Tom&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DryybidJYMAQC%26pg%3DPA291&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJesus" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFunkHooverThe_Jesus_Seminar1993471–532-342"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFunkHooverThe_Jesus_Seminar1993471%E2%80%93532_342-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFFunkHooverThe_Jesus_Seminar1993">Funk, Hoover & The Jesus Seminar 1993</a>, pp. 471–532. </li> <li id="cite_note-343"><a href="#cite_ref-343">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCasey2010" class="citation book cs1">Casey, Maurice (30 December 2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=lXK0auknD0YC">Jesus of Nazareth: An Independent Historian's Account of His Life and Teaching</a>. A&C Black. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-567-64517-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-567-64517-3"><bdi>978-0-567-64517-3</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240309232056/https://books.google.com/books?id=lXK0auknD0YC">Archived</a> from the original on 9 March 2024. Retrieved 18 May 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Jesus+of+Nazareth%3A+An+Independent+Historian%27s+Account+of+His+Life+and+Teaching&rft.pub=A%26C+Black&rft.date=2010-12-30&rft.isbn=978-0-567-64517-3&rft.aulast=Casey&rft.aufirst=Maurice&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DlXK0auknD0YC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJesus" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-344"><a href="#cite_ref-344">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEhrman1997" class="citation book cs1">Ehrman, Bart D. (1997). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=xpoNAQAAMAAJ">The New Testament: A Historical Introduction to the Early Christian Writings</a>. Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-508481-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-508481-8"><bdi>978-0-19-508481-8</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240309231638/https://books.google.com/books?id=xpoNAQAAMAAJ">Archived</a> from the original on 9 March 2024. Retrieved 1 May 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+New+Testament%3A+A+Historical+Introduction+to+the+Early+Christian+Writings&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=1997&rft.isbn=978-0-19-508481-8&rft.aulast=Ehrman&rft.aufirst=Bart+D.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DxpoNAQAAMAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJesus" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-345"><a href="#cite_ref-345">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTuckett2001" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Tuckett, Christopher (2001). "Sources and methods". In Bockmuehl, Markus N.A. (ed.). Cambridge Companion to Jesus. Cambridge University Press. pp. 123–24. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-79678-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-521-79678-1"><bdi>978-0-521-79678-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Sources+and+methods&rft.btitle=Cambridge+Companion+to+Jesus&rft.pages=123-24&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=978-0-521-79678-1&rft.aulast=Tuckett&rft.aufirst=Christopher&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJesus" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEVan_Voorst200039–53-347"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVan_Voorst200039%E2%80%9353_347-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFVan_Voorst2000">Van Voorst 2000</a>, pp. 39–53. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEVan_Voorst200083-348"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVan_Voorst200083_348-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFVan_Voorst2000">Van Voorst 2000</a>, p. 83. </li> <li id="cite_note-349"><a href="#cite_ref-349">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMaier1995" class="citation book cs1">Maier, Paul L. (1995). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=c2Tu1Yp3n0EC&pg=PA285">Josephus, the essential works: a condensation of Jewish antiquities and The Jewish war</a>. Kregel Academic. p. 285. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8254-3260-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8254-3260-6"><bdi>978-0-8254-3260-6</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150907111405/https://books.google.com/books?id=c2Tu1Yp3n0EC&pg=PA285">Archived</a> from the original on 7 September 2015. 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Brill. p. 42. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-391-04118-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-391-04118-9"><bdi>978-0-391-04118-9</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150910175221/https://books.google.com/books?id=DRcQ2bkLxc8C&pg=PA42">Archived</a> from the original on 10 September 2015. 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(2007). What are they saying about the historical Jesus?. Paulist Press. p. 102. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8091-4445-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8091-4445-7"><bdi>978-0-8091-4445-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=What+are+they+saying+about+the+historical+Jesus%3F&rft.pages=102&rft.pub=Paulist+Press&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-0-8091-4445-7&rft.aulast=Gowler&rft.aufirst=David+B.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJesus" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-354"><a href="#cite_ref-354">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCharlesworth2006" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Charlesworth, James H., ed. (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=QoIS7VApH6cC&pg=PA127">"Archived copy"</a>. Jesus and archaeology. Wm. B. Eerdmans Publishing. p. 127. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8028-4880-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8028-4880-2"><bdi>978-0-8028-4880-2</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150907182047/https://books.google.com/books?id=QoIS7VApH6cC&pg=PA127">Archived</a> from the original on 7 September 2015. Retrieved 14 August 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Archived+copy&rft.btitle=Jesus+and+archaeology&rft.pages=127&rft.pub=Wm.+B.+Eerdmans+Publishing&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=978-0-8028-4880-2&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DQoIS7VApH6cC%26pg%3DPA127&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJesus" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHumphreysWaddington1992340-355">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHumphreysWaddington1992340_355-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHumphreysWaddington1992340_355-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFHumphreysWaddington1992">Humphreys & Waddington 1992</a>, p. 340. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMaier1989115–18-356"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMaier1989115%E2%80%9318_356-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFMaier1989">Maier 1989</a>, pp. 115–18. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTENiswonger1992121–22-357">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTENiswonger1992121%E2%80%9322_357-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTENiswonger1992121%E2%80%9322_357-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFNiswonger1992">Niswonger 1992</a>, pp. 121–22. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKöstenbergerKellumQuarles2009137–38-358"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEK%C3%B6stenbergerKellumQuarles2009137%E2%80%9338_358-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFK%C3%B6stenbergerKellumQuarles2009">Köstenberger, Kellum & Quarles 2009</a>, pp. 137–38. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTENiswonger1992122–24-359"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTENiswonger1992122%E2%80%9324_359-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFNiswonger1992">Niswonger 1992</a>, pp. 122–24. </li> <li id="cite_note-Vermes-2010-360">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Vermes-2010_360-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Vermes-2010_360-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFVermes2010" class="citation book cs1">Vermes, Géza (2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=a9EiEU_Yz_kC&pg=PA81">The Nativity: History and Legend</a>. Random House Digital. pp. 81–82. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-307-49918-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-307-49918-9"><bdi>978-0-307-49918-9</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160503100006/https://books.google.com/books?id=a9EiEU_Yz_kC&pg=PA81">Archived</a> from the original on 3 May 2016. 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In Levine, Amy-Jill; Allison, Dale C.; Crossan, John D. (eds.). The Historical Jesus in Context. Princeton, New Jersey, USA: Princeton University Press. pp. 55–58. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-691-00992-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-691-00992-6"><bdi>978-0-691-00992-6</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160503120729/https://books.google.com/books?id=wMbEyeDSQQgC&pg=PA55">Archived</a> from the original on 3 May 2016. 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Liturgical Press. pp. 25–30. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8146-5108-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8146-5108-7"><bdi>978-0-8146-5108-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Herodias%3A+at+home+in+that+fox%27s+den&rft.pages=25-30&rft.pub=Liturgical+Press&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=978-0-8146-5108-7&rft.aulast=Gillman&rft.aufirst=Florence+M.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJesus" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKöstenbergerKellumQuarles2009398-370"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEK%C3%B6stenbergerKellumQuarles2009398_370-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFK%C3%B6stenbergerKellumQuarles2009">Köstenberger, Kellum & Quarles 2009</a>, p. 398. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTETheissenMerz199881–83-371"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETheissenMerz199881%E2%80%9383_371-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFTheissenMerz1998">Theissen & Merz 1998</a>, pp. 81–83. </li> <li id="cite_note-372"><a href="#cite_ref-372">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGreen1997" class="citation book cs1">Green, Joel B. (1997). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=wzRVN2S8cVgC">The gospel of Luke: New International Commentary on the New Testament Series</a>. Wm. B. Eerdmans Publishing. p. 168. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8028-2315-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8028-2315-1"><bdi>978-0-8028-2315-1</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200425204312/https://books.google.com/books?id=wzRVN2S8cVgC">Archived</a> from the original on 25 April 2020. Retrieved 8 October 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+gospel+of+Luke%3A+New+International+Commentary+on+the+New+Testament+Series&rft.pages=168&rft.pub=Wm.+B.+Eerdmans+Publishing&rft.date=1997&rft.isbn=978-0-8028-2315-1&rft.aulast=Green&rft.aufirst=Joel+B.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DwzRVN2S8cVgC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJesus" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECarter200344–45-373"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECarter200344%E2%80%9345_373-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFCarter2003">Carter 2003</a>, pp. 44–45. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKöstenbergerKellumQuarles2009398–400-374"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEK%C3%B6stenbergerKellumQuarles2009398%E2%80%93400_374-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFK%C3%B6stenbergerKellumQuarles2009">Köstenberger, Kellum & Quarles 2009</a>, pp. 398–400. </li> <li id="cite_note-375"><a href="#cite_ref-375">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBarnett2002" class="citation book cs1">Barnett, Paul (2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=NlFYY_iVt9cC&pg=PA21">Jesus & the Rise of Early Christianity: A History of New Testament Times</a>. InterVarsity Press. p. 21. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8308-2699-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8308-2699-5"><bdi>978-0-8308-2699-5</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160503144441/https://books.google.com/books?id=NlFYY_iVt9cC&pg=PA21">Archived</a> from the original on 3 May 2016. Retrieved 25 January 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Jesus+%26+the+Rise+of+Early+Christianity%3A+A+History+of+New+Testament+Times&rft.pages=21&rft.pub=InterVarsity+Press&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=978-0-8308-2699-5&rft.aulast=Barnett&rft.aufirst=Paul&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DNlFYY_iVt9cC%26pg%3DPA21&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJesus" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-376"><a href="#cite_ref-376">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPratt1991" class="citation journal cs1">Pratt, J. P. (1991). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.johnpratt.com/items/docs/newton.html">"Newton's Date for the Crucifixion"</a>. Journal of the Royal Astronomical Society. 32: 301–304. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1991QJRAS..32..301P">1991QJRAS..32..301P</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100116085454/http://johnpratt.com/items/docs/newton.html">Archived</a> from the original on 16 January 2010. Retrieved 17 May 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+the+Royal+Astronomical+Society&rft.atitle=Newton%27s+Date+for+the+Crucifixion&rft.volume=32&rft.pages=301-304&rft.date=1991&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F1991QJRAS..32..301P&rft.aulast=Pratt&rft.aufirst=J.+P.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.johnpratt.com%2Fitems%2Fdocs%2Fnewton.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJesus" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-White-377">^ <a href="#cite_ref-White_377-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-White_377-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWhite2010" class="citation book cs1">White, L. Michael (2010). Scripting Jesus: The Gospels in Rewrite. HarperOne.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Scripting+Jesus%3A+The+Gospels+in+Rewrite&rft.pub=HarperOne&rft.date=2010&rft.aulast=White&rft.aufirst=L.+Michael&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJesus" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrown1978[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidML1mnUBwmhcCpgPA64_64]-378"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBrown1978%5BhttpsbooksgooglecombooksidML1mnUBwmhcCpgPA64_64%5D_378-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBrown1978">Brown 1978</a>, p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=ML1mnUBwmhcC&pg=PA64">64</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTETheissenMerz1998194-379">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETheissenMerz1998194_379-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETheissenMerz1998194_379-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFTheissenMerz1998">Theissen & Merz 1998</a>, p. 194. </li> <li id="cite_note-380"><a href="#cite_ref-380">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFunkThe_Jesus_Seminar1998" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Robert_W._Funk" title="Robert W. Funk">Funk, Robert W.</a>; <a href="/wiki/Jesus_Seminar" title="Jesus Seminar">The Jesus Seminar</a> (1998). "Mark". The acts of Jesus: the search for the authentic deeds of Jesus. HarperSanFrancisco. pp. 51–161.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Mark&rft.btitle=The+acts+of+Jesus%3A+the+search+for+the+authentic+deeds+of+Jesus&rft.pages=51-161&rft.pub=HarperSanFrancisco&rft.date=1998&rft.aulast=Funk&rft.aufirst=Robert+W.&rft.au=The+Jesus+Seminar&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJesus" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECrossLivingstone2005James,_St.-381"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECrossLivingstone2005James,_St._381-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFCrossLivingstone2005">Cross & Livingstone 2005</a>, James, St.. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEVermes1981283-382"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVermes1981283_382-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFVermes1981">Vermes 1981</a>, p. 283. </li> <li id="cite_note-383"><a href="#cite_ref-383">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBromiley1979" class="citation book cs1">Bromiley, Geoffrey William (1979). The International Standard Bible Encyclopedia. Vol. 4. Grand Rapids, Mich: Wm. B. Eerdmans Publishing. p. 991. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8028-3784-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8028-3784-4"><bdi>978-0-8028-3784-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+International+Standard+Bible+Encyclopedia&rft.place=Grand+Rapids%2C+Mich&rft.pages=991&rft.pub=Wm.+B.+Eerdmans+Publishing&rft.date=1979&rft.isbn=978-0-8028-3784-4&rft.aulast=Bromiley&rft.aufirst=Geoffrey+William&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJesus" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKeener2009b[httpsbooksgooglecombooksid8C2Y_HaL5W0CpgPA83_83]-384"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKeener2009b%5Bhttpsbooksgooglecombooksid8C2Y_HaL5W0CpgPA83_83%5D_384-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFKeener2009b">Keener 2009b</a>, p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=8C2Y_HaL5W0C&pg=PA83">83</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-385"><a href="#cite_ref-385">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHagner1993" class="citation book cs1">Hagner, Donald A. (1993). Matthew 1-13. Nashville: Paternoster. pp. 14–15. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8499-0232-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8499-0232-1"><bdi>978-0-8499-0232-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Matthew+1-13&rft.place=Nashville&rft.pages=14-15&rft.pub=Paternoster&rft.date=1993&rft.isbn=978-0-8499-0232-1&rft.aulast=Hagner&rft.aufirst=Donald+A.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJesus" class="Z3988"> cited in the preceding. </li> <li id="cite_note-386"><a href="#cite_ref-386">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFErickson1998" class="citation book cs1">Erickson, Millard J. (August 1998). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=0PbBz6-XcssC&pg=PA761">Christian Theology</a>. Baker Publishing. p. 761. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4412-0010-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4412-0010-5"><bdi>978-1-4412-0010-5</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160913031951/https://books.google.com/books?id=0PbBz6-XcssC&pg=PA761">Archived</a> from the original on 13 September 2016. Retrieved 4 July 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Christian+Theology&rft.pages=761&rft.pub=Baker+Publishing&rft.date=1998-08&rft.isbn=978-1-4412-0010-5&rft.aulast=Erickson&rft.aufirst=Millard+J.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D0PbBz6-XcssC%26pg%3DPA761&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJesus" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-387"><a href="#cite_ref-387">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLowe2010" class="citation book cs1">Lowe, Scott C. (20 September 2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=2hYEngEACAAJ">Christmas – Philosophy for Everyone: Better Than a Lump of Coal</a>. Wiley. p. 28. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4443-3090-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4443-3090-8"><bdi>978-1-4443-3090-8</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160913014940/https://books.google.com/books?id=2hYEngEACAAJ">Archived</a> from the original on 13 September 2016. Retrieved 4 July 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Christmas+%E2%80%93+Philosophy+for+Everyone%3A+Better+Than+a+Lump+of+Coal&rft.pages=28&rft.pub=Wiley&rft.date=2010-09-20&rft.isbn=978-1-4443-3090-8&rft.aulast=Lowe&rft.aufirst=Scott+C.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D2hYEngEACAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJesus" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-388"><a href="#cite_ref-388">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBruner2004" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/F._Dale_Bruner" title="F. Dale Bruner">Bruner, Frederick Dale</a> (30 April 2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=5jZlfg1yxIEC&pg=PA41">Matthew a Commentary: The Christbook, Matthew 1–12, Volume 1</a>. Wm. B. Eerdmans Publishing. p. 41. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8028-1118-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8028-1118-9"><bdi>978-0-8028-1118-9</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160913024157/https://books.google.com/books?id=5jZlfg1yxIEC&pg=PA41">Archived</a> from the original on 13 September 2016. Retrieved 4 July 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Matthew+a+Commentary%3A+The+Christbook%2C+Matthew+1%E2%80%9312%2C+Volume+1&rft.pages=41&rft.pub=Wm.+B.+Eerdmans+Publishing&rft.date=2004-04-30&rft.isbn=978-0-8028-1118-9&rft.aulast=Bruner&rft.aufirst=Frederick+Dale&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D5jZlfg1yxIEC%26pg%3DPA41&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJesus" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-389"><a href="#cite_ref-389">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBorg2007" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Marcus_Borg" title="Marcus Borg">Borg, Marcus</a> (2007). The Meaning of Jesus: Two Visions. HarperOne. p. 179. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0061285547" title="Special:BookSources/978-0061285547"><bdi>978-0061285547</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Meaning+of+Jesus%3A+Two+Visions&rft.pages=179&rft.pub=HarperOne&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-0061285547&rft.aulast=Borg&rft.aufirst=Marcus&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJesus" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESanders199385–88-390"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESanders199385%E2%80%9388_390-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFSanders1993">Sanders 1993</a>, pp. 85–88. </li> <li id="cite_note-391"><a href="#cite_ref-391">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCousland2017" class="citation book cs1">Cousland, J. R. C. (16 November 2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=rMw6DwAAQBAJ&pg=PA3">Holy Terror: Jesus in the Infancy Gospel of Thomas</a>. Bloomsbury Publishing. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-567-66817-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-567-66817-2"><bdi>978-0-567-66817-2</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240309232719/https://books.google.com/books?id=rMw6DwAAQBAJ&pg=PA3#v=onepage&q&f=false">Archived</a> from the original on 9 March 2024. Retrieved 17 May 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Holy+Terror%3A+Jesus+in+the+Infancy+Gospel+of+Thomas&rft.pub=Bloomsbury+Publishing&rft.date=2017-11-16&rft.isbn=978-0-567-66817-2&rft.aulast=Cousland&rft.aufirst=J.+R.+C.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DrMw6DwAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA3&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJesus" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-392"><a href="#cite_ref-392">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGambero1999" class="citation book cs1">Gambero, Luigi (1999). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=dsZzsAtggnUC&q=L.+Gambero,+Mary+and+the+Fathers+of+the+Church">Mary and the Fathers of the Church: The Blessed Virgin Mary in Patristic Thought</a>. Ignatius Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-89870-686-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-89870-686-4"><bdi>978-0-89870-686-4</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240309232541/https://books.google.com/books?id=dsZzsAtggnUC&q=L.+Gambero,+Mary+and+the+Fathers+of+the+Church#v=snippet&q=L.%20Gambero%2C%20Mary%20and%20the%20Fathers%20of%20the%20Church&f=false">Archived</a> from the original on 9 March 2024. Retrieved 17 May 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Mary+and+the+Fathers+of+the+Church%3A+The+Blessed+Virgin+Mary+in+Patristic+Thought&rft.pub=Ignatius+Press&rft.date=1999&rft.isbn=978-0-89870-686-4&rft.aulast=Gambero&rft.aufirst=Luigi&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DdsZzsAtggnUC%26q%3DL.%2BGambero%2C%2BMary%2Band%2Bthe%2BFathers%2Bof%2Bthe%2BChurch&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJesus" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-393"><a href="#cite_ref-393">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.abc.net.au/religion/nt-wright-history-scepticism-and-virgin-birth/13686186">"History, scepticism, and the question of the virgin birth (N. T. Wright)"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Australian_Broadcasting_Corporation" title="Australian Broadcasting Corporation">Australian Broadcasting Corporation</a>. 21 December 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Australian+Broadcasting+Corporation&rft.atitle=History%2C+scepticism%2C+and+the+question+of+the+virgin+birth+%28N.+T.+Wright%29&rft.date=2021-12-21&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.abc.net.au%2Freligion%2Fnt-wright-history-scepticism-and-virgin-birth%2F13686186&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJesus" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-394"><a href="#cite_ref-394">^</a> <a href="/wiki/R._T._France" title="R. T. France">R. T. France</a> (2008), Matthew: An Introduction and Commentary, p.81-82 </li> <li id="cite_note-395"><a href="#cite_ref-395">^</a> <a href="/wiki/Craig_Blomberg" title="Craig Blomberg">Craig Blomberg</a> (2nd Ed. 2009), Jesus and the Gospels, p. 243-244 </li> <li id="cite_note-396"><a href="#cite_ref-396">^</a> <a href="/wiki/Raymond_E._Brown" title="Raymond E. Brown">Raymond Brown</a> (1977), The Birth of the Messiah: A Commentary on the Infancy Narratives in Matthew and Luke, pp. 104–121 </li> <li id="cite_note-397"><a href="#cite_ref-397">^</a> Witherington (1992), Dictionary of Jesus and the Gospels, p. 70 </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTETheissenMerz1998196-398"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETheissenMerz1998196_398-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFTheissenMerz1998">Theissen & Merz 1998</a>, p. 196. </li> <li id="cite_note-399"><a href="#cite_ref-399">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFunkThe_Jesus_Seminar1998" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Robert_W._Funk" title="Robert W. Funk">Funk, Robert W.</a>; <a href="/wiki/Jesus_Seminar" title="Jesus Seminar">The Jesus Seminar</a> (1998). "Birth & Infancy Stories". The acts of Jesus: the search for the authentic deeds of Jesus. HarperSanFrancisco. pp. 497–526.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Birth+%26+Infancy+Stories&rft.btitle=The+acts+of+Jesus%3A+the+search+for+the+authentic+deeds+of+Jesus&rft.pages=497-526&rft.pub=HarperSanFrancisco&rft.date=1998&rft.aulast=Funk&rft.aufirst=Robert+W.&rft.au=The+Jesus+Seminar&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJesus" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPowell199847-400"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPowell199847_400-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFPowell1998">Powell 1998</a>, p. 47. </li> <li id="cite_note-401"><a href="#cite_ref-401">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMurphy2003" class="citation book cs1">Murphy, Catherine (2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=so_G78SBXAoC&pg=PA29">John the Baptist: Prophet of Purity for a New Age</a>. Liturgical Press. pp. 29–30. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8146-5933-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8146-5933-5"><bdi>978-0-8146-5933-5</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150907065554/https://books.google.com/books?id=so_G78SBXAoC&pg=PA29">Archived</a> from the original on 7 September 2015. Retrieved 14 August 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=John+the+Baptist%3A+Prophet+of+Purity+for+a+New+Age&rft.pages=29-30&rft.pub=Liturgical+Press&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=978-0-8146-5933-5&rft.aulast=Murphy&rft.aufirst=Catherine&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dso_G78SBXAoC%26pg%3DPA29&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJesus" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTETheissenMerz1998235-402"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETheissenMerz1998235_402-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFTheissenMerz1998">Theissen & Merz 1998</a>, p. 235. </li> <li id="cite_note-403"><a href="#cite_ref-403">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBorg2006" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Borg, Marcus J. (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=37uJRUF6btAC&pg=PA303">"The Spirit-Filled Experience of Jesus"</a>. In Dunn, James D. G.; McKnight, Scot (eds.). The Historical Jesus in Recent Research. Eisenbrauns. p. 303. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-57506-100-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-57506-100-9"><bdi>978-1-57506-100-9</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150910073549/https://books.google.com/books?id=37uJRUF6btAC&pg=PA303">Archived</a> from the original on 10 September 2015. Retrieved 14 August 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+Spirit-Filled+Experience+of+Jesus&rft.btitle=The+Historical+Jesus+in+Recent+Research&rft.pages=303&rft.pub=Eisenbrauns&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=978-1-57506-100-9&rft.aulast=Borg&rft.aufirst=Marcus+J.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D37uJRUF6btAC%26pg%3DPA303&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJesus" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESanders1993205–23-404"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESanders1993205%E2%80%9323_404-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFSanders1993">Sanders 1993</a>, pp. 205–23. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEEhrman1999167–70-405"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEhrman1999167%E2%80%9370_405-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFEhrman1999">Ehrman 1999</a>, pp. 167–70. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEEhrman1999164–67-406">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEhrman1999164%E2%80%9367_406-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEhrman1999164%E2%80%9367_406-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFEhrman1999">Ehrman 1999</a>, pp. 164–67. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEEhrman1999171–76-407"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEhrman1999171%E2%80%9376_407-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFEhrman1999">Ehrman 1999</a>, pp. 171–76. </li> <li id="cite_note-408"><a href="#cite_ref-408">^</a> Luke 6:29. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFunkHooverThe_Jesus_Seminar1993294-409"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFunkHooverThe_Jesus_Seminar1993294_409-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFFunkHooverThe_Jesus_Seminar1993">Funk, Hoover & The Jesus Seminar 1993</a>, p. 294. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTETheissenMerz1998310-410"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETheissenMerz1998310_410-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFTheissenMerz1998">Theissen & Merz 1998</a>, p. 310. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESanders199310-411">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESanders199310_411-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESanders199310_411-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFSanders1993">Sanders 1993</a>, p. 10. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEEhrman1999186–87-412">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEhrman1999186%E2%80%9387_412-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEhrman1999186%E2%80%9387_412-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEhrman1999186%E2%80%9387_412-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEhrman1999186%E2%80%9387_412-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEhrman1999186%E2%80%9387_412-4">e</a> <a href="#CITEREFEhrman1999">Ehrman 1999</a>, pp. 186–87. </li> <li id="cite_note-413"><a href="#cite_ref-413">^</a> Matthew 19:28, Luke 22:30. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESanders1993123–24-414">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESanders1993123%E2%80%9324_414-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESanders1993123%E2%80%9324_414-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESanders1993123%E2%80%9324_414-2">c</a> <a href="#CITEREFSanders1993">Sanders 1993</a>, pp. 123–24. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESanders1993230–36-415"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESanders1993230%E2%80%9336_415-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFSanders1993">Sanders 1993</a>, pp. 230–36. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTETheissenMerz1998336-416"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETheissenMerz1998336_416-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFTheissenMerz1998">Theissen & Merz 1998</a>, p. 336. </li> <li id="cite_note-417"><a href="#cite_ref-417">^</a> Mark 13:24–27, Matthew 24:29–31, and Luke 21:25–28. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECrossLivingstone2005Messiah-418"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECrossLivingstone2005Messiah_418-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFCrossLivingstone2005">Cross & Livingstone 2005</a>, Messiah. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTETheissenMerz1998533–40-419">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETheissenMerz1998533%E2%80%9340_419-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETheissenMerz1998533%E2%80%9340_419-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFTheissenMerz1998">Theissen & Merz 1998</a>, pp. 533–40. </li> <li id="cite_note-420"><a href="#cite_ref-420">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEhrman2015" class="citation web cs1">Ehrman, Bart (1 December 2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://ehrmanblog.org/judas-and-the-messianic-secret/">"Judas and the Messianic Secret"</a>. The Bart Ehrman Blog. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160223091403/http://ehrmanblog.org/judas-and-the-messianic-secret/">Archived</a> from the original on 23 February 2016. Retrieved 15 February 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Bart+Ehrman+Blog&rft.atitle=Judas+and+the+Messianic+Secret&rft.date=2015-12-01&rft.aulast=Ehrman&rft.aufirst=Bart&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fehrmanblog.org%2Fjudas-and-the-messianic-secret%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJesus" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-421"><a href="#cite_ref-421">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEhrman2015" class="citation web cs1">Ehrman, Bart (1 December 2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://ehrmanblog.org/jesus-claim-to-be-the-messiah/">"Jesus' Claim to be the Messiah"</a>. The Bart Ehrman Blog. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160223082758/http://ehrmanblog.org/jesus-claim-to-be-the-messiah/">Archived</a> from the original on 23 February 2016. Retrieved 15 February 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Bart+Ehrman+Blog&rft.atitle=Jesus%27+Claim+to+be+the+Messiah&rft.date=2015-12-01&rft.aulast=Ehrman&rft.aufirst=Bart&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fehrmanblog.org%2Fjesus-claim-to-be-the-messiah%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJesus" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESanders1993254–62-422"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESanders1993254%E2%80%9362_422-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFSanders1993">Sanders 1993</a>, pp. 254–62. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESanders1993263–64-423"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESanders1993263%E2%80%9364_423-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFSanders1993">Sanders 1993</a>, pp. 263–64. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTETheissenMerz1998465–66-424"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETheissenMerz1998465%E2%80%9366_424-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFTheissenMerz1998">Theissen & Merz 1998</a>, pp. 465–66. </li> <li id="cite_note-JE1906-425">^ <a href="#cite_ref-JE1906_425-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-JE1906_425-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJacobsKohlerGottheilKrauss" class="citation web cs1">Jacobs, Joseph; Kohler, Kaufmann; Gottheil, Richard; Krauss, Samuel. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.jewishencyclopedia.com/articles/8616-jesus-of-nazareth">"Jesus of Nazareth"</a>. Jewish Encyclopedia. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160226102548/http://jewishencyclopedia.com/articles/8616-jesus-of-nazareth">Archived</a> from the original on 26 February 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Jewish+Encyclopedia&rft.atitle=Jesus+of+Nazareth&rft.aulast=Jacobs&rft.aufirst=Joseph&rft.au=Kohler%2C+Kaufmann&rft.au=Gottheil%2C+Richard&rft.au=Krauss%2C+Samuel&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.jewishencyclopedia.com%2Farticles%2F8616-jesus-of-nazareth&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJesus" class="Z3988"> See Avodah Zarah 17a:1, Sanhedrin 43a:20, Gittin 57a:3–4, and Sotah 47a:6. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESanders1993269–73-426"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESanders1993269%E2%80%9373_426-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFSanders1993">Sanders 1993</a>, pp. 269–73. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMeier2006126–28-427"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMeier2006126%E2%80%9328_427-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFMeier2006">Meier 2006</a>, pp. 126–28. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESanders1993276–81-428"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESanders1993276%E2%80%9381_428-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFSanders1993">Sanders 1993</a>, pp. 276–81. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTETheissenWinter20024–5-429"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETheissenWinter20024%E2%80%935_429-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFTheissenWinter2002">Theissen & Winter 2002</a>, pp. 4–5. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECrossLivingstone2005Historical_Jesus,_Quest_of_the-430"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECrossLivingstone2005Historical_Jesus,_Quest_of_the_430-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFCrossLivingstone2005">Cross & Livingstone 2005</a>, Historical Jesus, Quest of the. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTETheissenMerz19981–15-431"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETheissenMerz19981%E2%80%9315_431-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFTheissenMerz1998">Theissen & Merz 1998</a>, pp. 1–15. </li> <li id="cite_note-432"><a href="#cite_ref-432">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMitchellYoung2006" class="citation book cs1">Mitchell, Margaret M.; Young, Frances M. (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=6UTfmw_zStsC&pg=PA23">The Cambridge History of Christianity</a>. Vol. 1. Cambridge University Press. p. 23. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-81239-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-521-81239-9"><bdi>978-0-521-81239-9</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150907180601/https://books.google.com/books?id=6UTfmw_zStsC&pg=PA23">Archived</a> from the original on 7 September 2015. Retrieved 14 August 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Cambridge+History+of+Christianity&rft.pages=23&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=978-0-521-81239-9&rft.aulast=Mitchell&rft.aufirst=Margaret+M.&rft.au=Young%2C+Frances+M.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D6UTfmw_zStsC%26pg%3DPA23&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJesus" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKöstenbergerKellumQuarles2009124–25-433"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEK%C3%B6stenbergerKellumQuarles2009124%E2%80%9325_433-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFK%C3%B6stenbergerKellumQuarles2009">Köstenberger, Kellum & Quarles 2009</a>, pp. 124–25. </li> <li id="cite_note-434"><a href="#cite_ref-434">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBrown2011" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Brown, Colin (2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=LuKMmVu0tpMC&pg=PA1416">"Why Study the Historical Jesus?"</a>. In Holmen, Tom; Porter, Stanley E. (eds.). Handbook for the Study of the Historical Jesus. Brill. p. 1416. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-90-04-16372-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-90-04-16372-0"><bdi>978-90-04-16372-0</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150910170524/https://books.google.com/books?id=LuKMmVu0tpMC&pg=PA1416">Archived</a> from the original on 10 September 2015. Retrieved 14 August 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Why+Study+the+Historical+Jesus%3F&rft.btitle=Handbook+for+the+Study+of+the+Historical+Jesus&rft.pages=1416&rft.pub=Brill&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=978-90-04-16372-0&rft.aulast=Brown&rft.aufirst=Colin&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DLuKMmVu0tpMC%26pg%3DPA1416&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJesus" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHoulden200663–99-435">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHoulden200663%E2%80%9399_435-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHoulden200663%E2%80%9399_435-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHoulden200663%E2%80%9399_435-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHoulden200663%E2%80%9399_435-3">d</a> <a href="#CITEREFHoulden2006">Houlden 2006</a>, pp. 63–99. </li> <li id="cite_note-Erricker44-436">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Erricker44_436-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Erricker44_436-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFErricker1987" class="citation book cs1">Erricker, Clive (1987). Teaching Christianity: a world religions approach. James Clarke & Co. p. 44. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7188-2634-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7188-2634-5"><bdi>978-0-7188-2634-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Teaching+Christianity%3A+a+world+religions+approach&rft.pages=44&rft.pub=James+Clarke+%26+Co&rft.date=1987&rft.isbn=978-0-7188-2634-5&rft.aulast=Erricker&rft.aufirst=Clive&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJesus" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGreenMcKnightMarshall1992442-437"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGreenMcKnightMarshall1992442_437-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFGreenMcKnightMarshall1992">Green, McKnight & Marshall 1992</a>, p. 442. </li> <li id="cite_note-438"><a href="#cite_ref-438">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBarr1970" class="citation journal cs1">Barr, James (1970). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.escholar.manchester.ac.uk/uk-ac-man-scw:1m2973">"Which language did Jesus speak"</a>. Bulletin of the John Rylands University Library of Manchester. 53 (1): 9–29. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.7227%2FBJRL.53.1.2">10.7227/BJRL.53.1.2</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/2054-9318">2054-9318</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20181203184449/https://www.escholar.manchester.ac.uk/uk-ac-man-scw:1m2973">Archived</a> from the original on 3 December 2018. Retrieved 27 July 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Bulletin+of+the+John+Rylands+University+Library+of+Manchester&rft.atitle=Which+language+did+Jesus+speak&rft.volume=53&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=9-29&rft.date=1970&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.7227%2FBJRL.53.1.2&rft.issn=2054-9318&rft.aulast=Barr&rft.aufirst=James&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.escholar.manchester.ac.uk%2Fuk-ac-man-scw%3A1m2973&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJesus" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-439"><a href="#cite_ref-439">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPorter1997" class="citation book cs1">Porter, Stanley E. (1997). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/handbooktoexeges00port">Handbook to exegesis of the New Testament</a>. Brill. pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/handbooktoexeges00port/page/n124">110</a>–112. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-90-04-09921-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-90-04-09921-0"><bdi>978-90-04-09921-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Handbook+to+exegesis+of+the+New+Testament&rft.pages=110-112&rft.pub=Brill&rft.date=1997&rft.isbn=978-90-04-09921-0&rft.aulast=Porter&rft.aufirst=Stanley+E.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fhandbooktoexeges00port&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJesus" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDunn2003313–15-440"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDunn2003313%E2%80%9315_440-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFDunn2003">Dunn 2003</a>, pp. 313–15. </li> <li id="cite_note-441"><a href="#cite_ref-441">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMyers1987" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Myers, Allen C., ed. (1987). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/eerdmansbibledic00myer/page/72">"Aramaic"</a>. The Eerdmans Bible Dictionary. Grand Rapids, Michigan: William B. Eerdmans. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/eerdmansbibledic00myer/page/72">72</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8028-2402-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8028-2402-8"><bdi>978-0-8028-2402-8</bdi></a>. <q>It is generally agreed that Aramaic was the common language of Israel in the first century AD. Jesus and his disciples spoke the Galilean dialect, which was distinguished from that of Jerusalem (Matt. 26:73).</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Aramaic&rft.btitle=The+Eerdmans+Bible+Dictionary&rft.place=Grand+Rapids%2C+Michigan&rft.pages=72&rft.pub=William+B.+Eerdmans&rft.date=1987&rft.isbn=978-0-8028-2402-8&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Feerdmansbibledic00myer%2Fpage%2F72&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJesus" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-442"><a href="#cite_ref-442">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/32043">Aramaic language</a> at the <a href="/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica" title="Encyclopædia Britannica">Encyclopædia Britannica</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-443"><a href="#cite_ref-443">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPorter1997" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Stanley_E._Porter" title="Stanley E. Porter">Porter, Stanley E.</a> (1997). Handbook to exegesis of the New Testament. Brill. pp. 110–112. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/90-04-09921-2" title="Special:BookSources/90-04-09921-2"><bdi>90-04-09921-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Handbook+to+exegesis+of+the+New+Testament&rft.pages=110-112&rft.pub=Brill&rft.date=1997&rft.isbn=90-04-09921-2&rft.aulast=Porter&rft.aufirst=Stanley+E.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJesus" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-444"><a href="#cite_ref-444">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHoffmann1986" class="citation book cs1">Hoffmann, R. Joseph (1986). Jesus in history and myth. Prometheus Books. p. 98. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-87975-332-3" title="Special:BookSources/0-87975-332-3"><bdi>0-87975-332-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Jesus+in+history+and+myth&rft.pages=98&rft.pub=Prometheus+Books&rft.date=1986&rft.isbn=0-87975-332-3&rft.aulast=Hoffmann&rft.aufirst=R.+Joseph&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJesus" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-445"><a href="#cite_ref-445">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEvans2000" class="citation book cs1">Evans, Craig A. (1 June 2000). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=WbbUAwAAQBAJ&dq=G.R.+Selby,+Jesus,+Aramaic+and+Greek&pg=PA244">The Interpretation of Scripture in Early Judaism and Christianity: Studies in Language and Tradition</a>. A&C Black. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1841270760" title="Special:BookSources/978-1841270760"><bdi>978-1841270760</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230906220012/https://books.google.com/books?id=WbbUAwAAQBAJ&dq=G.R.+Selby,+Jesus,+Aramaic+and+Greek&pg=PA244">Archived</a> from the original on 6 September 2023. Retrieved 13 August 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Interpretation+of+Scripture+in+Early+Judaism+and+Christianity%3A+Studies+in+Language+and+Tradition&rft.pub=A%26C+Black&rft.date=2000-06-01&rft.isbn=978-1841270760&rft.aulast=Evans&rft.aufirst=Craig+A.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DWbbUAwAAQBAJ%26dq%3DG.R.%2BSelby%2C%2BJesus%2C%2BAramaic%2Band%2BGreek%26pg%3DPA244&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJesus" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEEhrman199996-446"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEhrman199996_446-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFEhrman1999">Ehrman 1999</a>, p. 96. </li> <li id="cite_note-447"><a href="#cite_ref-447">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFElliott2007" class="citation journal cs1">Elliott, John (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1177%2F1476869007079741">"Jesus the Israelite Was Neither a 'Jew' nor a 'Christian': On Correcting Misleading Nomenclature"</a>. Journal for the Study of the Historical Jesus. 5 (119): 119. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1177%2F1476869007079741">10.1177/1476869007079741</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+for+the+Study+of+the+Historical+Jesus&rft.atitle=Jesus+the+Israelite+Was+Neither+a+%27Jew%27+nor+a+%27Christian%27%3A+On+Correcting+Misleading+Nomenclature&rft.volume=5&rft.issue=119&rft.pages=119&rft.date=2007&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1177%2F1476869007079741&rft.aulast=Elliott&rft.aufirst=John&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1177%252F1476869007079741&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJesus" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-448"><a href="#cite_ref-448">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFrance2007" class="citation book cs1">France, R.T. (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=0ruP6J_XPCEC&pg=PA1048">The Gospel of Mathew</a>. Eerdmans Publishing. p. 1048. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8028-2501-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8028-2501-8"><bdi>978-0-8028-2501-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Gospel+of+Mathew&rft.pages=1048&rft.pub=Eerdmans+Publishing&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-0-8028-2501-8&rft.aulast=France&rft.aufirst=R.T.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D0ruP6J_XPCEC%26pg%3DPA1048&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJesus" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-450"><a href="#cite_ref-450">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGarroway2011" class="citation book cs1">Garroway, Rabbi Joshua (2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=DZRJ5zXUI2QC&pg=PA524">"Ioudaios"</a>. In Levine, Amy-Jill; Brettler, Marc Z. (eds.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/jewishannotatedn0000unse/page/524">The Jewish Annotated New Testament</a>. Oxford University Press. pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/jewishannotatedn0000unse/page/524">524–526</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-529770-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-529770-6"><bdi>978-0-19-529770-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Ioudaios&rft.btitle=The+Jewish+Annotated+New+Testament&rft.pages=524-526&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=978-0-19-529770-6&rft.aulast=Garroway&rft.aufirst=Rabbi+Joshua&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DDZRJ5zXUI2QC%26pg%3DPA524&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJesus" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-451"><a href="#cite_ref-451">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMiller2010" class="citation journal cs1">Miller, David M. (2010). "The Meaning of Ioudaios and its Relationship to Other Group Labels in Ancient 'Judaism'". Currents in Biblical Research. 9 (1): 98–126. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1177%2F1476993X09360724">10.1177/1476993X09360724</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:144383064">144383064</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Currents+in+Biblical+Research&rft.atitle=The+Meaning+of+Ioudaios+and+its+Relationship+to+Other+Group+Labels+in+Ancient+%27Judaism%27&rft.volume=9&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=98-126&rft.date=2010&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1177%2F1476993X09360724&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A144383064%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Miller&rft.aufirst=David+M.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJesus" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-452"><a href="#cite_ref-452">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMason2007" class="citation journal cs1">Mason, Steve (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150325062826/http://www.stevemason.eu/resources/SMason-JSJ-2007-Jews-Judaism.pdf">"Jews, Judaeans, Judaizing, Judaism: Problems of Categorization in Ancient History"</a> (PDF). Journal for the Study of Judaism. 38 (4): 457–512. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1163%2F156851507X193108">10.1163/156851507X193108</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.stevemason.eu/resources/SMason-JSJ-2007-Jews-Judaism.pdf">the original</a> (PDF) on 25 March 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+for+the+Study+of+Judaism&rft.atitle=Jews%2C+Judaeans%2C+Judaizing%2C+Judaism%3A+Problems+of+Categorization+in+Ancient+History&rft.volume=38&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=457-512&rft.date=2007&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1163%2F156851507X193108&rft.aulast=Mason&rft.aufirst=Steve&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.stevemason.eu%2Fresources%2FSMason-JSJ-2007-Jews-Judaism.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJesus" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELevine200610-453"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELevine200610_453-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFLevine2006">Levine 2006</a>, p. 10. </li> <li id="cite_note-454"><a href="#cite_ref-454">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJensen2010" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Jensen, Robin M. (2010). "Jesus in Christian art". In Burkett, Delbert (ed.). The Blackwell Companion to Jesus. John Wiley & Sons. pp. 477–502. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4443-5175-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4443-5175-0"><bdi>978-1-4443-5175-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Jesus+in+Christian+art&rft.btitle=The+Blackwell+Companion+to+Jesus&rft.pages=477-502&rft.pub=John+Wiley+%26+Sons&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=978-1-4443-5175-0&rft.aulast=Jensen&rft.aufirst=Robin+M.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJesus" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Perkinson30-455">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Perkinson30_455-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Perkinson30_455-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPerkinson2009" class="citation book cs1">Perkinson, Stephen (2009). The likeness of the king: a prehistory of portraiture in late medieval France. Chicago, Illinois, USA: University of Chicago Press. p. 30. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-226-65879-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-226-65879-7"><bdi>978-0-226-65879-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+likeness+of+the+king%3A+a+prehistory+of+portraiture+in+late+medieval+France&rft.place=Chicago%2C+Illinois%2C+USA&rft.pages=30&rft.pub=University+of+Chicago+Press&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-0-226-65879-7&rft.aulast=Perkinson&rft.aufirst=Stephen&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJesus" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-456"><a href="#cite_ref-456">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKidd2006" class="citation book cs1">Kidd, Colin (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/forgingracesrace00kidd">The forging of races: race and scripture in the Protestant Atlantic world</a>. Cambridge University Press. pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/forgingracesrace00kidd/page/n57">48</a>–51. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-139-45753-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-139-45753-8"><bdi>978-1-139-45753-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+forging+of+races%3A+race+and+scripture+in+the+Protestant+Atlantic+world&rft.pages=48-51&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=978-1-139-45753-8&rft.aulast=Kidd&rft.aufirst=Colin&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fforgingracesrace00kidd&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJesus" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-457"><a href="#cite_ref-457">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTaylor2018" class="citation book cs1">Taylor, Joan E. (2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bloomsbury.com/uk/what-did-jesus-look-like-9780567671509/">What did Jesus look like?</a> (1st ed.). London: Bloomsbury Publishing Plc. p. 168. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-567-67150-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-567-67150-9"><bdi>978-0-567-67150-9</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201008222012/https://www.bloomsbury.com/uk/what-did-jesus-look-like-9780567671509/">Archived</a> from the original on 8 October 2020. Retrieved 20 May 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=What+did+Jesus+look+like%3F&rft.place=London&rft.pages=168&rft.edition=1st&rft.pub=Bloomsbury+Publishing+Plc&rft.date=2018&rft.isbn=978-0-567-67150-9&rft.aulast=Taylor&rft.aufirst=Joan+E.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bloomsbury.com%2Fuk%2Fwhat-did-jesus-look-like-9780567671509%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJesus" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-458"><a href="#cite_ref-458">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTaylor" class="citation web cs1">Taylor, Joan. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://getpocket.com/explore/item/what-did-jesus-wear">"What Did Jesus Wear?"</a>. Pocket. Mozilla. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200520060147/https://getpocket.com/explore/item/what-did-jesus-wear">Archived</a> from the original on 20 May 2020. Retrieved 20 May 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Pocket&rft.atitle=What+Did+Jesus+Wear%3F&rft.aulast=Taylor&rft.aufirst=Joan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fgetpocket.com%2Fexplore%2Fitem%2Fwhat-did-jesus-wear&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJesus" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEEhrman201212-459"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEhrman201212_459-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFEhrman2012">Ehrman 2012</a>, p. 12. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTETheissenMerz1998113–15-461"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETheissenMerz1998113%E2%80%9315_461-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFTheissenMerz1998">Theissen & Merz 1998</a>, pp. 113–15. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTETheissenMerz199890-462">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETheissenMerz199890_462-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETheissenMerz199890_462-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETheissenMerz199890_462-2">c</a> <a href="#CITEREFTheissenMerz1998">Theissen & Merz 1998</a>, p. 90. </li> <li id="cite_note-463"><a href="#cite_ref-463">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFEhrman2011">Ehrman 2011</a>, pp. 256–257: "He certainly existed, as virtually every competent scholar of antiquity, Christian or non-Christian, agrees, based on certain and clear evidence." </li> <li id="cite_note-464"><a href="#cite_ref-464">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGullotta2017" class="citation journal cs1">Gullotta, Daniel N. (2017). "On Richard Carrier's Doubts: A Response to Richard Carrier's On the Historicity of Jesus: Why We Might Have Reason for Doubt". Journal for the Study of the Historical Jesus. 15 (2–3): 312. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1163%2F17455197-01502009">10.1163/17455197-01502009</a>. <q>[Per Jesus mythicism] Given the fringe status of these theories, the vast majority have remained unnoticed and unaddressed within scholarly circles.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+for+the+Study+of+the+Historical+Jesus&rft.atitle=On+Richard+Carrier%27s+Doubts%3A+A+Response+to+Richard+Carrier%27s+On+the+Historicity+of+Jesus%3A+Why+We+Might+Have+Reason+for+Doubt&rft.volume=15&rft.issue=2%E2%80%933&rft.pages=312&rft.date=2017&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1163%2F17455197-01502009&rft.aulast=Gullotta&rft.aufirst=Daniel+N.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJesus" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-465"><a href="#cite_ref-465">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDunn2007" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/James_D.G._Dunn" class="mw-redirect" title="James D.G. Dunn">Dunn, James D. G.</a> (3 December 2007). "Paul's understanding of the death of Jesus". In S. W. Sykes (ed.). Sacrifice and Redemption. Cambridge University Press. pp. 35–36. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-04460-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-521-04460-8"><bdi>978-0-521-04460-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Paul%27s+understanding+of+the+death+of+Jesus&rft.btitle=Sacrifice+and+Redemption&rft.pages=35-36&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2007-12-03&rft.isbn=978-0-521-04460-8&rft.aulast=Dunn&rft.aufirst=James+D.+G.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJesus" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-466"><a href="#cite_ref-466">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBurridgeGould2004" class="citation book cs1">Burridge, Richard A.; Gould, Graham (2004). Jesus Now and Then. Wm. B. Eerdmans Publishing. p. 34. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8028-0977-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8028-0977-3"><bdi>978-0-8028-0977-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Jesus+Now+and+Then&rft.pages=34&rft.pub=Wm.+B.+Eerdmans+Publishing&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=978-0-8028-0977-3&rft.aulast=Burridge&rft.aufirst=Richard+A.&rft.au=Gould%2C+Graham&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJesus" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-467"><a href="#cite_ref-467">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGrant2004" class="citation book cs1">Grant, Michael (2004). Jesus. Rigel Publications. p. 200. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-898799-88-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-898799-88-7"><bdi>978-1-898799-88-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Jesus&rft.pages=200&rft.pub=Rigel+Publications&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=978-1-898799-88-7&rft.aulast=Grant&rft.aufirst=Michael&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJesus" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-468"><a href="#cite_ref-468">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStanton1989" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Graham_Stanton" title="Graham Stanton">Stanton, Graham</a> (1989). The Gospels and Jesus. Oxford [England]; New York: Oxford University Press, USA. p. 145. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-213241-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-213241-3"><bdi>978-0-19-213241-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Gospels+and+Jesus&rft.place=Oxford+%5BEngland%5D%3B+New+York&rft.pages=145&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press%2C+USA&rft.date=1989&rft.isbn=978-0-19-213241-3&rft.aulast=Stanton&rft.aufirst=Graham&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJesus" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-469"><a href="#cite_ref-469">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFVoorst2000" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Robert_E._Van_Voorst" title="Robert E. Van Voorst">Voorst, Robert Van</a> (13 April 2000). Jesus Outside the New Testament: An Introduction to the Ancient Evidence. Grand Rapids, Mich: Wm. B. Eerdmans Publishing. p. 16. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8028-4368-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8028-4368-5"><bdi>978-0-8028-4368-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Jesus+Outside+the+New+Testament%3A+An+Introduction+to+the+Ancient+Evidence&rft.place=Grand+Rapids%2C+Mich&rft.pages=16&rft.pub=Wm.+B.+Eerdmans+Publishing&rft.date=2000-04-13&rft.isbn=978-0-8028-4368-5&rft.aulast=Voorst&rft.aufirst=Robert+Van&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJesus" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-470"><a href="#cite_ref-470">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBockmuehl2001" class="citation book cs1">Bockmuehl, Markus, ed. (8 November 2001). The Cambridge Companion to Jesus. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. pp. 156–157. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-521-79678-4" title="Special:BookSources/0-521-79678-4"><bdi>0-521-79678-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Cambridge+Companion+to+Jesus&rft.place=Cambridge&rft.pages=156-157&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2001-11-08&rft.isbn=0-521-79678-4&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJesus" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-471"><a href="#cite_ref-471">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEvans1996" class="citation book cs1">Evans, C. Stephen (1996). The Historical Christ and the Jesus of Faith. Oxford : New York: Oxford University Press. p. v. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-19-826397-X" title="Special:BookSources/0-19-826397-X"><bdi>0-19-826397-X</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Historical+Christ+and+the+Jesus+of+Faith&rft.place=Oxford+%3A+New+York&rft.pages=v&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=1996&rft.isbn=0-19-826397-X&rft.aulast=Evans&rft.aufirst=C.+Stephen&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJesus" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-472"><a href="#cite_ref-472">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBauckham2011" class="citation book cs1">Bauckham, Richard (2011). Jesus: A Very Short Introduction. United States: Oxford University Press. pp. 1–2. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0199575275" title="Special:BookSources/978-0199575275"><bdi>978-0199575275</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Jesus%3A+A+Very+Short+Introduction&rft.place=United+States&rft.pages=1-2&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=978-0199575275&rft.aulast=Bauckham&rft.aufirst=Richard&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJesus" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-473"><a href="#cite_ref-473">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSkienaWard2014" class="citation news cs1">Skiena, Steven; Ward, Charles B. (10 January 2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/books/2014/jan/30/whos-most-significant-historical-figure">"Who's the most significant historical figure?"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_Guardian" title="The Guardian">The Guardian</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20161204180532/https://www.theguardian.com/books/2014/jan/30/whos-most-significant-historical-figure">Archived</a> from the original on 4 December 2016. Retrieved 10 August 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Guardian&rft.atitle=Who%27s+the+most+significant+historical+figure%3F&rft.date=2014-01-10&rft.aulast=Skiena&rft.aufirst=Steven&rft.au=Ward%2C+Charles+B.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theguardian.com%2Fbooks%2F2014%2Fjan%2F30%2Fwhos-most-significant-historical-figure&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJesus" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-474"><a href="#cite_ref-474">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSkarsauneHvalvik2007" class="citation book cs1">Skarsaune, Oskar; Hvalvik, Reidar (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/jewishbelieversi0000unse/page/55">Jewish believers in Jesus: the early centuries</a>. Hendrickson Publishers. p. 55. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-56563-763-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-56563-763-4"><bdi>978-1-56563-763-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Jewish+believers+in+Jesus%3A+the+early+centuries&rft.pages=55&rft.pub=Hendrickson+Publishers&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-1-56563-763-4&rft.aulast=Skarsaune&rft.aufirst=Oskar&rft.au=Hvalvik%2C+Reidar&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fjewishbelieversi0000unse%2Fpage%2F55&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJesus" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELevine200761-475"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELevine200761_475-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFLevine2007">Levine 2007</a>, p. 61. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELevine200717-476"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELevine200717_476-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFLevine2007">Levine 2007</a>, p. 17. </li> <li id="cite_note-Hitti-477">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Hitti_477-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Hitti_477-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Hitti_477-2">c</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHitti1928" class="citation book cs1">Hitti, Philip K. (1928). The Origins of the Druze People and Religion: With Extracts from Their Sacred Writings. Library of Alexandria. p. 37. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4655-4662-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4655-4662-3"><bdi>978-1-4655-4662-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Origins+of+the+Druze+People+and+Religion%3A+With+Extracts+from+Their+Sacred+Writings&rft.pages=37&rft.pub=Library+of+Alexandria&rft.date=1928&rft.isbn=978-1-4655-4662-3&rft.aulast=Hitti&rft.aufirst=Philip+K.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJesus" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-478"><a href="#cite_ref-478">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWatson2001" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Watson, Francis (2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=vSehrtQpcYcC&pg=PA156">"The quest for the real Jesus"</a>. In Bockmuehl, Markus N. A. (ed.). Cambridge companion to Jesus. Cambridge University Press. pp. 156–157. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-79678-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-521-79678-1"><bdi>978-0-521-79678-1</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150910064807/https://books.google.com/books?id=vSehrtQpcYcC&pg=PA156">Archived</a> from the original on 10 September 2015. Retrieved 14 August 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+quest+for+the+real+Jesus&rft.btitle=Cambridge+companion+to+Jesus&rft.pages=156-157&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=978-0-521-79678-1&rft.aulast=Watson&rft.aufirst=Francis&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DvSehrtQpcYcC%26pg%3DPA156&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJesus" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-479"><a href="#cite_ref-479">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEvans1996" class="citation book cs1">Evans, C. Stephen (1996). The historical Christ and the Jesus of faith. 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John Wiley & Sons. p. 1. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4443-5175-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4443-5175-0"><bdi>978-1-4443-5175-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Blackwell+Companion+to+Jesus&rft.pages=1&rft.pub=John+Wiley+%26+Sons&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=978-1-4443-5175-0&rft.aulast=Delbert&rft.aufirst=Burkett&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJesus" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-481"><a href="#cite_ref-481">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJackson1993" class="citation book cs1">Jackson, Gregory L. (1993). Catholic, Lutheran, Protestant: a doctrinal comparison. Christian News. pp. 11–17. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-615-16635-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-615-16635-3"><bdi>978-0-615-16635-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Catholic%2C+Lutheran%2C+Protestant%3A+a+doctrinal+comparison&rft.pages=11-17&rft.pub=Christian+News&rft.date=1993&rft.isbn=978-0-615-16635-3&rft.aulast=Jackson&rft.aufirst=Gregory+L.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJesus" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-482"><a href="#cite_ref-482">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMcGuckin2010" class="citation book cs1">McGuckin, John A. (2010). The Orthodox Church: An Introduction to Its History, Doctrine. John Wiley & Sons. pp. 6–7. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4443-9383-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4443-9383-5"><bdi>978-1-4443-9383-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Orthodox+Church%3A+An+Introduction+to+Its+History%2C+Doctrine&rft.pages=6-7&rft.pub=John+Wiley+%26+Sons&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=978-1-4443-9383-5&rft.aulast=McGuckin&rft.aufirst=John+A.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJesus" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-483"><a href="#cite_ref-483">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLeith1993" class="citation book cs1">Leith, John H. (1993). Basic Christian doctrine. Westminster John Knox Press. pp. 1–2. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-664-25192-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-664-25192-5"><bdi>978-0-664-25192-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Basic+Christian+doctrine&rft.pages=1-2&rft.pub=Westminster+John+Knox+Press&rft.date=1993&rft.isbn=978-0-664-25192-5&rft.aulast=Leith&rft.aufirst=John+H.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJesus" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-484"><a href="#cite_ref-484">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSchreiner2008" class="citation book cs1">Schreiner, Thomas R. (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=elw8xkVeTTUC&pg=PA23">New Testament Theology: Magnifying God in Christ</a>. Baker Academic. pp. 23–37. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8010-2680-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8010-2680-5"><bdi>978-0-8010-2680-5</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150910052649/https://books.google.com/books?id=elw8xkVeTTUC&pg=PA23">Archived</a> from the original on 10 September 2015. 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The Christology of the New Testament. Westminster John Knox Press. p. 79. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-664-24351-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-664-24351-7"><bdi>978-0-664-24351-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Christology+of+the+New+Testament&rft.pages=79&rft.pub=Westminster+John+Knox+Press&rft.date=1959&rft.isbn=978-0-664-24351-7&rft.aulast=Cullmann&rft.aufirst=Oscar&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJesus" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-489"><a href="#cite_ref-489">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDeme2004" class="citation book cs1">Deme, Dániel (2004). The Christology of Anselm of Canterbury. Ashgate Publishing. pp. 199–200. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7546-3779-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7546-3779-0"><bdi>978-0-7546-3779-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Christology+of+Anselm+of+Canterbury&rft.pages=199-200&rft.pub=Ashgate+Publishing&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=978-0-7546-3779-0&rft.aulast=Deme&rft.aufirst=D%C3%A1niel&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJesus" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-490"><a href="#cite_ref-490">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPannenberg2004" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Wolfhart_Pannenberg" title="Wolfhart Pannenberg">Pannenberg, Wolfhart</a> (2004). Systematic Theology. Vol. 2. Continuum. pp. 297–303. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-567-08466-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-567-08466-8"><bdi>978-0-567-08466-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Systematic+Theology&rft.pages=297-303&rft.pub=Continuum&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=978-0-567-08466-8&rft.aulast=Pannenberg&rft.aufirst=Wolfhart&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJesus" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEEhrman2014-491"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEhrman2014_491-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFEhrman2014">Ehrman 2014</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECrossLivingstone2005Antitrinitarianism-492">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECrossLivingstone2005Antitrinitarianism_492-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECrossLivingstone2005Antitrinitarianism_492-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFCrossLivingstone2005">Cross & Livingstone 2005</a>, Antitrinitarianism. </li> <li id="cite_note-494"><a href="#cite_ref-494">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFriedmann" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Friedmann, Robert. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.gameo.org/encyclopedia/contents/A597.html">"Antitrinitarianism"</a>. Global Anabaptist Mennonite Encyclopedia. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20121020232847/http://www.gameo.org/encyclopedia/contents/A597.html">Archived</a> from the original on 20 October 2012. Retrieved 24 October 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Antitrinitarianism&rft.btitle=Global+Anabaptist+Mennonite+Encyclopedia&rft.aulast=Friedmann&rft.aufirst=Robert&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.gameo.org%2Fencyclopedia%2Fcontents%2FA597.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJesus" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-495"><a href="#cite_ref-495">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJoyce1913" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Joyce, George H. (1913). <a class="external text" href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Catholic_Encyclopedia_(1913)/Blessed_Trinity">"Blessed Trinity" </a>. 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New York: Robert Appleton Company.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Blessed+Trinity&rft.btitle=Catholic+Encyclopedia&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Robert+Appleton+Company&rft.date=1913&rft.aulast=Joyce&rft.aufirst=George+H.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJesus" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-496"><a href="#cite_ref-496">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation cs2"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20141021175426/http://www.mormonnewsroom.org/article/mormonism-101">"Mormonism 101: What is Mormonism"</a>, MormonNewsroom.org, LDS Church, 13 October 2014, archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.mormonnewsroom.org/article/mormonism-101">the original</a> on 21 October 2014, retrieved 21 October 2014</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=MormonNewsroom.org&rft.atitle=Mormonism+101%3A+What+is+Mormonism&rft.date=2014-10-13&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.mormonnewsroom.org%2Farticle%2Fmormonism-101&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJesus" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-497"><a href="#cite_ref-497">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHunter2010" class="citation book cs1">Hunter, Sylvester (2010). 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Nabu Press. p. 443. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-177-95809-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-177-95809-7"><bdi>978-1-177-95809-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Outlines+of+dogmatic+theology&rft.pages=443&rft.pub=Nabu+Press&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=978-1-177-95809-7&rft.aulast=Hunter&rft.aufirst=Sylvester&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJesus" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHoulden2006426-498">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHoulden2006426_498-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHoulden2006426_498-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFHoulden2006">Houlden 2006</a>, p. 426. </li> <li id="cite_note-499"><a href="#cite_ref-499">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKessler" class="citation web cs1">Kessler, Ed. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.co.uk/thepassion/articles/jesus_the_jew.shtml">"Jesus the Jew"</a>. BBC. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20121207081354/http://www.bbc.co.uk/thepassion/articles/jesus_the_jew.shtml">Archived</a> from the original on 7 December 2012. Retrieved 18 June 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Jesus+the+Jew&rft.pub=BBC&rft.aulast=Kessler&rft.aufirst=Ed&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.co.uk%2Fthepassion%2Farticles%2Fjesus_the_jew.shtml&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJesus" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-500"><a href="#cite_ref-500">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNorman2007" class="citation book cs1">Norman, Asher (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=tx5qrKz6dRMC&pg=PA59">Twenty-six reasons why Jews don't believe in Jesus</a>. Feldheim Publishers. pp. 59–70. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-9771937-0-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-9771937-0-7"><bdi>978-0-9771937-0-7</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150910065007/https://books.google.com/books?id=tx5qrKz6dRMC&pg=PA59">Archived</a> from the original on 10 September 2015. 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Aish.com. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20060316040138/http://www.aish.com/jewishissues/jewishsociety/Why_Jews_Dont_Believe_In_Jesus.asp">Archived</a> from the original on 16 March 2006. Retrieved 24 February 2006.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Why+Jews+Do+not+Believe+in+Jesus&rft.pub=Aish.com&rft.date=2004-03-06&rft.aulast=Simmons&rft.aufirst=Shraga&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.aish.com%2Fjewishissues%2Fjewishsociety%2FWhy_Jews_Dont_Believe_In_Jesus.asp&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJesus" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-507"><a href="#cite_ref-507">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.jewishencyclopedia.com/articles/10321-malachi-book-of">"Malachi, Book of"</a>. Jewish Encyclopedia. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130518045350/http://www.jewishencyclopedia.com/articles/10321-malachi-book-of">Archived</a> from the original on 18 May 2013. Retrieved 3 July 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Malachi%2C+Book+of&rft.btitle=Jewish+Encyclopedia&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.jewishencyclopedia.com%2Farticles%2F10321-malachi-book-of&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJesus" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-508"><a href="#cite_ref-508">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.jewishencyclopedia.com/articles/14213-talmud">"Talmud"</a>. Jewish Encyclopedia. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110906061120/http://www.jewishencyclopedia.com/view.jsp?artid=32&letter=T">Archived</a> from the original on 6 September 2011. Retrieved 3 July 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Talmud&rft.btitle=Jewish+Encyclopedia&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.jewishencyclopedia.com%2Farticles%2F14213-talmud&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJesus" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-509"><a href="#cite_ref-509">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKesslerWenborn2005" class="citation book cs1">Kessler, Edward; Wenborn, Neil (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=QkI_JNv3rIwC&pg=PA416">A Dictionary of Jewish-Christian Relations</a>. Cambridge University Press. p. 416. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-139-44750-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-139-44750-8"><bdi>978-1-139-44750-8</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150907090106/https://books.google.com/books?id=QkI_JNv3rIwC&pg=PA416">Archived</a> from the original on 7 September 2015. Retrieved 14 August 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Dictionary+of+Jewish-Christian+Relations&rft.pages=416&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=978-1-139-44750-8&rft.aulast=Kessler&rft.aufirst=Edward&rft.au=Wenborn%2C+Neil&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DQkI_JNv3rIwC%26pg%3DPA416&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJesus" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-510"><a href="#cite_ref-510">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNeuhaus" class="citation news cs1">Neuhaus, David M. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.haaretz.com/israel-news/2021-02-06/ty-article/.highlight/how-israeli-jews-fear-of-christianity-turned-into-hatred/0000017f-dbd5-d3ff-a7ff-fbf562150000">"How Israeli Jews' Fear of Christianity Turned Into Hatred"</a>. Haaretz. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230327165613/https://www.haaretz.com/israel-news/2021-02-06/ty-article/.highlight/how-israeli-jews-fear-of-christianity-turned-into-hatred/0000017f-dbd5-d3ff-a7ff-fbf562150000">Archived</a> from the original on 27 March 2023. Retrieved 24 July 2023. <q>The religious public in Israel is in many cases aware of the traditional interpretation of the term "Yeshu": an acronym in Hebrew for "may his name and memory be blotted out.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Haaretz&rft.atitle=How+Israeli+Jews%27+Fear+of+Christianity+Turned+Into+Hatred&rft.aulast=Neuhaus&rft.aufirst=David+M.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.haaretz.com%2Fisrael-news%2F2021-02-06%2Fty-article%2F.highlight%2Fhow-israeli-jews-fear-of-christianity-turned-into-hatred%2F0000017f-dbd5-d3ff-a7ff-fbf562150000&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJesus" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTETheissenMerz199874–75-511"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETheissenMerz199874%E2%80%9375_511-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFTheissenMerz1998">Theissen & Merz 1998</a>, pp. 74–75. </li> <li id="cite_note-512"><a href="#cite_ref-512">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJeffrey2009" class="citation book cs1">Jeffrey, Grant R. (2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=xCW8fjiE-DYC&pg=PA108">Heaven: The Mystery of Angels</a>. Random House Digital. p. 108. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-307-50940-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-307-50940-6"><bdi>978-0-307-50940-6</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150914213327/https://books.google.com/books?id=xCW8fjiE-DYC&pg=PA108">Archived</a> from the original on 14 September 2015. Retrieved 14 August 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Heaven%3A+The+Mystery+of+Angels&rft.pages=108&rft.pub=Random+House+Digital&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-0-307-50940-6&rft.aulast=Jeffrey&rft.aufirst=Grant+R.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DxCW8fjiE-DYC%26pg%3DPA108&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJesus" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-513"><a href="#cite_ref-513">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSutcliffe2005" class="citation book cs1">Sutcliffe, Adam (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=vjilDDXfmqEC&pg=PA141">Judaism and Enlightenment</a>. Cambridge University Press. pp. 141–. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-67232-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-521-67232-0"><bdi>978-0-521-67232-0</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20191208000728/https://books.google.com/books?id=vjilDDXfmqEC&pg=PA141">Archived</a> from the original on 8 December 2019. Retrieved 11 January 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Judaism+and+Enlightenment&rft.pages=141-&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=978-0-521-67232-0&rft.aulast=Sutcliffe&rft.aufirst=Adam&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DvjilDDXfmqEC%26pg%3DPA141&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJesus" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-514"><a href="#cite_ref-514">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAugustine_of_Hippo2006" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Augustine_of_Hippo" title="Augustine of Hippo">Augustine of Hippo</a> (2006). <a href="/wiki/Boniface_Ramsey" title="Boniface Ramsey">Ramsey, Boniface</a> (ed.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=57nFeeC3GKoC&q=Mani+declared+he+was+an+apostle+of+Jesus&pg=PA315">The Manichean Debate</a>. New City Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-56548-247-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-56548-247-0"><bdi>978-1-56548-247-0</bdi></a>. Retrieved 18 August 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Manichean+Debate&rft.pub=New+City+Press&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=978-1-56548-247-0&rft.au=Augustine+of+Hippo&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D57nFeeC3GKoC%26q%3DMani%2Bdeclared%2Bhe%2Bwas%2Ban%2Bapostle%2Bof%2BJesus%26pg%3DPA315&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJesus" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-515"><a href="#cite_ref-515">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFReeves1996" class="citation book cs1">Reeves, John C. (1996). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=ewM1xTuRQaoC&pg=PA6">Heralds of That Good Realm: Syro-Mesopotamian Gnosis and Jewish Traditions</a>. Brill. pp. 6–. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-90-04-10459-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-90-04-10459-4"><bdi>978-90-04-10459-4</bdi></a>. Retrieved 27 August 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Heralds+of+That+Good+Realm%3A+Syro-Mesopotamian+Gnosis+and+Jewish+Traditions&rft.pages=6-&rft.pub=Brill&rft.date=1996&rft.isbn=978-90-04-10459-4&rft.aulast=Reeves&rft.aufirst=John+C.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DewM1xTuRQaoC%26pg%3DPA6&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJesus" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-516"><a href="#cite_ref-516">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBevan1930" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Bevan, A. A. (1930). "Manichaeism". In Hastings, James (ed.). Encyclopaedia of Religion and Ethics. Vol. 8. Kessinger Publishing. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7661-3666-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7661-3666-3"><bdi>978-0-7661-3666-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Manichaeism&rft.btitle=Encyclopaedia+of+Religion+and+Ethics&rft.pub=Kessinger+Publishing&rft.date=1930&rft.isbn=978-0-7661-3666-3&rft.aulast=Bevan&rft.aufirst=A.+A.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJesus" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-517"><a href="#cite_ref-517">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGulácsi2015" class="citation book cs1">Gulácsi, Zsuzsanna (2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://gnosis.study/library/%D0%94%D1%80%D1%83%D0%B3%D0%B8%D0%B5%20%D1%83%D1%87%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%8F/%D0%9C%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%85%D0%B5%D0%B9%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B2%D0%BE/%D0%9A%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B3%D0%B8/ENG/Gul%C3%A1csi%20Z.%20-%20Mani's%20Pictures.pdf">Mani's Pictures: The Didactic Images of the Manichaeans from Sasanian Mesopotamia to Uygur Central Asia and Tang-Ming China</a> (PDF). Nag Hammadi and Manichaean Studies. Vol. 90. Leiden: Brill. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-90-04-30894-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-90-04-30894-7"><bdi>978-90-04-30894-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Mani%27s+Pictures%3A+The+Didactic+Images+of+the+Manichaeans+from+Sasanian+Mesopotamia+to+Uygur+Central+Asia+and+Tang-Ming+China&rft.place=Leiden&rft.series=Nag+Hammadi+and+Manichaean+Studies&rft.pub=Brill&rft.date=2015&rft.isbn=978-90-04-30894-7&rft.aulast=Gul%C3%A1csi&rft.aufirst=Zsuzsanna&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fgnosis.study%2Flibrary%2F%25D0%2594%25D1%2580%25D1%2583%25D0%25B3%25D0%25B8%25D0%25B5%2520%25D1%2583%25D1%2587%25D0%25B5%25D0%25BD%25D0%25B8%25D1%258F%2F%25D0%259C%25D0%25B0%25D0%25BD%25D0%25B8%25D1%2585%25D0%25B5%25D0%25B9%25D1%2581%25D1%2582%25D0%25B2%25D0%25BE%2F%25D0%259A%25D0%25BD%25D0%25B8%25D0%25B3%25D0%25B8%2FENG%2FGul%25C3%25A1csi%2520Z.%2520-%2520Mani%27s%2520Pictures.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJesus" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-518"><a href="#cite_ref-518">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLieu1992" class="citation book cs1">Lieu, Samuel N. C. (1992). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=hmNPz9teHqUC&q=manichaeism+divinity+of+Jesus&pg=PA161">Manichaeism in the Later Roman Empire and Medieval China</a>. J.C.B. Mohr. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-16-145820-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-16-145820-0"><bdi>978-3-16-145820-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Manichaeism+in+the+Later+Roman+Empire+and+Medieval+China&rft.pub=J.C.B.+Mohr&rft.date=1992&rft.isbn=978-3-16-145820-0&rft.aulast=Lieu&rft.aufirst=Samuel+N.+C.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DhmNPz9teHqUC%26q%3Dmanichaeism%2Bdivinity%2Bof%2BJesus%26pg%3DPA161&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJesus" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-519"><a href="#cite_ref-519">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150501064500/http://www.usc.edu/org/cmje/religious-texts/quran/verses/004-qmt.php">"Quran 3:46–158"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.usc.edu/org/cmje/religious-texts/quran/verses/004-qmt.php#004.157">the original</a> on 1 May 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Quran+3%3A46%E2%80%93158&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.usc.edu%2Forg%2Fcmje%2Freligious-texts%2Fquran%2Fverses%2F004-qmt.php%23004.157&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJesus" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-520"><a href="#cite_ref-520">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSiddiqui2013" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Mona_Siddiqui" title="Mona Siddiqui">Siddiqui, Mona</a> (2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/christiansmuslim0000sidd">Christians, Muslims, and Jesus</a>. Yale University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-300-16970-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-300-16970-6"><bdi>978-0-300-16970-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Christians%2C+Muslims%2C+and+Jesus&rft.pub=Yale+University+Press&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=978-0-300-16970-6&rft.aulast=Siddiqui&rft.aufirst=Mona&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fchristiansmuslim0000sidd&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJesus" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-CEI-521">^ <a href="#cite_ref-CEI_521-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-CEI_521-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-CEI_521-2">c</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGlassé2008" class="citation book cs1">Glassé, Cyril (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=D7tu12gt4JYC&pg=PA270">Concise Encyclopedia of Islam</a>. Rowman & Littlefield. pp. 270–271. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7425-6296-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7425-6296-7"><bdi>978-0-7425-6296-7</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150907070905/https://books.google.com/books?id=D7tu12gt4JYC&pg=PA270">Archived</a> from the original on 7 September 2015. Retrieved 14 August 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Concise+Encyclopedia+of+Islam&rft.pages=270-271&rft.pub=Rowman+%26+Littlefield&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-0-7425-6296-7&rft.aulast=Glass%C3%A9&rft.aufirst=Cyril&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DD7tu12gt4JYC%26pg%3DPA270&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJesus" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-522"><a href="#cite_ref-522">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEsposito2003" class="citation book cs1">Esposito, John L. (2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=E324pQEEQQcC&pg=PA159">The Oxford Dictionary of Islam</a>. Oxford University Press. p. 158. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-975726-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-975726-8"><bdi>978-0-19-975726-8</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150907105909/https://books.google.com/books?id=E324pQEEQQcC&pg=PA159">Archived</a> from the original on 7 September 2015. Retrieved 14 August 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Oxford+Dictionary+of+Islam&rft.pages=158&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=978-0-19-975726-8&rft.aulast=Esposito&rft.aufirst=John+L.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DE324pQEEQQcC%26pg%3DPA159&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJesus" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-523"><a href="#cite_ref-523">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPaget2001" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Paget, James C. (2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=vSehrtQpcYcC&pg=PA183">"Quests for the historical Jesus"</a>. In Bockmuehl, Markus N.A. (ed.). Cambridge companion to Jesus. Cambridge University Press. p. 183. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-79678-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-521-79678-1"><bdi>978-0-521-79678-1</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150910045903/https://books.google.com/books?id=vSehrtQpcYcC&pg=PA183">Archived</a> from the original on 10 September 2015. Retrieved 14 August 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Quests+for+the+historical+Jesus&rft.btitle=Cambridge+companion+to+Jesus&rft.pages=183&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=978-0-521-79678-1&rft.aulast=Paget&rft.aufirst=James+C.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DvSehrtQpcYcC%26pg%3DPA183&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJesus" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-524"><a href="#cite_ref-524">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation audio-visual cs1">Ashraf, Irshad (Director) (19 August 2007). The Muslim Jesus (Television production). ITV Productions.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Muslim+Jesus&rft.pub=ITV+Productions&rft.date=2007-08-19&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJesus" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-525"><a href="#cite_ref-525">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140702042354/http://www.oxfordislamicstudies.com/article/opr/t125/e1196">"Jesus, Son of Mary"</a>. Oxford Islamic Studies Online. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.oxfordislamicstudies.com/article/opr/t125/e1196">the original</a> on 2 July 2014. Retrieved 3 July 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Jesus%2C+Son+of+Mary&rft.pub=Oxford+Islamic+Studies+Online&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.oxfordislamicstudies.com%2Farticle%2Fopr%2Ft125%2Fe1196&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJesus" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-526"><a href="#cite_ref-526">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAboul-Enein2010" class="citation book cs1">Aboul-Enein, Youssef H. (2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=tX3suVDTJz0C&pg=PA20">Militant Islamist Ideology: Understanding the Global Threat</a>. Naval Institute Press. p. 20. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-61251-015-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-61251-015-6"><bdi>978-1-61251-015-6</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150914213353/https://books.google.com/books?id=tX3suVDTJz0C&pg=PA20">Archived</a> from the original on 14 September 2015. Retrieved 14 August 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Militant+Islamist+Ideology%3A+Understanding+the+Global+Threat&rft.pages=20&rft.pub=Naval+Institute+Press&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=978-1-61251-015-6&rft.aulast=Aboul-Enein&rft.aufirst=Youssef+H.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DtX3suVDTJz0C%26pg%3DPA20&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJesus" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-comparative-527">^ <a href="#cite_ref-comparative_527-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-comparative_527-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFaschingdeChant2001" class="citation book cs1">Fasching, Darrell J.; deChant, Dell (2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/comparativerelig0000fasc/page/241">Comparative Religious Ethics: A Narrative Approach</a>. John Wiley & Sons. pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/comparativerelig0000fasc/page/241">241, 274–275</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-631-20125-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-631-20125-0"><bdi>978-0-631-20125-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Comparative+Religious+Ethics%3A+A+Narrative+Approach&rft.pages=241%2C+274-275&rft.pub=John+Wiley+%26+Sons&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=978-0-631-20125-0&rft.aulast=Fasching&rft.aufirst=Darrell+J.&rft.au=deChant%2C+Dell&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fcomparativerelig0000fasc%2Fpage%2F241&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJesus" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-528"><a href="#cite_ref-528">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://quran.com/al-kahf?locale=en&font=v1&reading=false&translations=20%2C131">"Surah Al-Kahf – 4"</a>. quran.com. Retrieved 24 June 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=quran.com&rft.atitle=Surah+Al-Kahf+%E2%80%93+4&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fquran.com%2Fal-kahf%3Flocale%3Den%26font%3Dv1%26reading%3Dfalse%26translations%3D20%252C131&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJesus" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-529"><a href="#cite_ref-529">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://quran.com/al-kahf?locale=en&font=v1&reading=false&translations=20%2C131">"Surah Al-Kahf – 5"</a>. quran.com. Retrieved 24 June 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=quran.com&rft.atitle=Surah+Al-Kahf+%E2%80%93+5&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fquran.com%2Fal-kahf%3Flocale%3Den%26font%3Dv1%26reading%3Dfalse%26translations%3D20%252C131&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJesus" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Morgan-530">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Morgan_530-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Morgan_530-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMorgan2010" class="citation book cs1">Morgan, Diane (2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/essentialislamco0000morg">Essential Islam: A Comprehensive Guide to Belief and Practice</a>. ABC-CLIO. pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/essentialislamco0000morg/page/45">45</a>–46. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-313-36025-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-313-36025-1"><bdi>978-0-313-36025-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Essential+Islam%3A+A+Comprehensive+Guide+to+Belief+and+Practice&rft.pages=45-46&rft.pub=ABC-CLIO&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=978-0-313-36025-1&rft.aulast=Morgan&rft.aufirst=Diane&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fessentialislamco0000morg&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJesus" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-531"><a href="#cite_ref-531">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGeorge2002" class="citation book cs1">George, Timothy (2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=A5uVfN5xT3YC&pg=PA150">Is the Father of Jesus the God of Muhammad?: Understanding the Differences Between Christianity and Islam</a>. Zondervan. pp. 150–51. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-310-24748-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-310-24748-7"><bdi>978-0-310-24748-7</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150907174156/https://books.google.com/books?id=A5uVfN5xT3YC&pg=PA150">Archived</a> from the original on 7 September 2015. Retrieved 14 August 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Is+the+Father+of+Jesus+the+God+of+Muhammad%3F%3A+Understanding+the+Differences+Between+Christianity+and+Islam&rft.pages=150-51&rft.pub=Zondervan&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=978-0-310-24748-7&rft.aulast=George&rft.aufirst=Timothy&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DA5uVfN5xT3YC%26pg%3DPA150&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJesus" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-RobB32-532">^ <a href="#cite_ref-RobB32_532-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-RobB32_532-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-RobB32_532-2">c</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBurns2011" class="citation book cs1">Burns, Robert A. (2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=akWUGyN7fwEC&pg=PA32">Christianity, Islam, and the West</a>. University Press of America. p. 32. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7618-5560-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7618-5560-6"><bdi>978-0-7618-5560-6</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150910174421/https://books.google.com/books?id=akWUGyN7fwEC&pg=PA32">Archived</a> from the original on 10 September 2015. Retrieved 14 August 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Christianity%2C+Islam%2C+and+the+West&rft.pages=32&rft.pub=University+Press+of+America&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=978-0-7618-5560-6&rft.aulast=Burns&rft.aufirst=Robert+A.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DakWUGyN7fwEC%26pg%3DPA32&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJesus" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Peters23-533">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Peters23_533-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Peters23_533-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPeters2003" class="citation book cs1">Peters, F. E. (2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/islamguideforjew00fepe/page/23">Islam: A Guide for Jews and Christians</a>. Princeton University Press. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/islamguideforjew00fepe/page/23">23</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-691-11553-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-691-11553-5"><bdi>978-0-691-11553-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Islam%3A+A+Guide+for+Jews+and+Christians&rft.pages=23&rft.pub=Princeton+University+Press&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=978-0-691-11553-5&rft.aulast=Peters&rft.aufirst=F.+E.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fislamguideforjew00fepe%2Fpage%2F23&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJesus" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-534"><a href="#cite_ref-534">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCooperMaxwell2003" class="citation book cs1">Cooper, Anne; Maxwell, Elsie A. (2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=X4J-p1E1OkwC&pg=PA59">Ishmael My Brother: A Christian Introduction To Islam</a>. Monarch Books. p. 59. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8254-6223-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8254-6223-8"><bdi>978-0-8254-6223-8</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150907085409/https://books.google.com/books?id=X4J-p1E1OkwC&pg=PA59">Archived</a> from the original on 7 September 2015. Retrieved 14 August 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Ishmael+My+Brother%3A+A+Christian+Introduction+To+Islam&rft.pages=59&rft.pub=Monarch+Books&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=978-0-8254-6223-8&rft.aulast=Cooper&rft.aufirst=Anne&rft.au=Maxwell%2C+Elsie+A.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DX4J-p1E1OkwC%26pg%3DPA59&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJesus" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-535"><a href="#cite_ref-535">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://corpus.quran.com/translation.jsp?chapter=3&verse=54">"The Quranic Arabic Corpus – Translation"</a>. Corpus.quran.com. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160418170132/http://corpus.quran.com/translation.jsp?chapter=3&verse=54">Archived</a> from the original on 18 April 2016. Retrieved 20 May 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Quranic+Arabic+Corpus+%E2%80%93+Translation&rft.pub=Corpus.quran.com&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fcorpus.quran.com%2Ftranslation.jsp%3Fchapter%3D3%26verse%3D54&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJesus" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-536"><a href="#cite_ref-536">^</a> Quran <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://quran.com/4?startingVerse=157">4:157</a>: "and for boasting, "We killed the Messiah, Jesus, son of Mary, the messenger of Allah." But they neither killed nor crucified him—it was only made to appear so. Even those who argue for this ˹crucifixion˺ are in doubt. They have no knowledge whatsoever—only making assumptions. They certainly did not kill him." </li> <li id="cite_note-537"><a href="#cite_ref-537">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFRobinson2005">Robinson 2005</a>; <a href="#CITEREFLawson2009">Lawson 2009</a>. The substitution theory was criticized and rejected by the Sunni Quran commentator <a href="/wiki/Fakhr_al-Din_al-Razi" title="Fakhr al-Din al-Razi">Fakhr al-Din al-Razi</a> (1150–1210); see <a href="#CITEREFLawson2009">Lawson 2009</a>, pp. 156–162. According to <a href="/wiki/Abu_Mansur_al-Baghdadi" title="Abu Mansur al-Baghdadi">Abu Mansur al-Baghdadi</a> (d. 1037), the substitution theory was also applied to the death of <a href="/wiki/Ali_ibn_Abi_Talib" class="mw-redirect" title="Ali ibn Abi Talib">Ali ibn Abi Talib</a> by the semi-legendary 7th-century figure <a href="/wiki/Abdullah_ibn_Saba%27" class="mw-redirect" title="Abdullah ibn Saba'">Abdallah ibn Saba'</a>; see <a href="#CITEREFDe_Smet2016">De Smet 2016</a>, pp. 98–99. </li> <li id="cite_note-538"><a href="#cite_ref-538">^</a> On the writings attributed to al‐Mufaddal ibn Umar al‐Ju'fi, see <a href="#CITEREFDe_Smet2016">De Smet 2016</a>, p. 93. On the Brethren of Purity, see <a href="#CITEREFRobinson1991">Robinson 1991</a>, pp. 55–57, <a href="#CITEREFLawson2009">Lawson 2009</a>, pp. 129–133 and especially <a href="#CITEREFDe_Smet2016">De Smet 2016</a>, pp. 100–101. On the Isma'ili philosophers (who include <a href="/wiki/Abu_Hatim_Ahmad_ibn_Hamdan_al-Razi" title="Abu Hatim Ahmad ibn Hamdan al-Razi">Abu Hatim al-Razi</a>, Abu Tammam, <a href="/wiki/Ja%27far_ibn_Mansur_al-Yaman" title="Ja'far ibn Mansur al-Yaman">Ja'far ibn Mansur al-Yaman</a>, <a href="/wiki/Abu_Yaqub_al-Sijistani" class="mw-redirect" title="Abu Yaqub al-Sijistani">Abu Yaqub al-Sijistani</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ibrahim_ibn_al-Husayn_al-Hamidi" title="Ibrahim ibn al-Husayn al-Hamidi">Ibrahim al-Hamidi</a>), see <a href="#CITEREFLawson2009">Lawson 2009</a>, pp. 123–129 and especially <a href="#CITEREFDe_Smet2016">De Smet 2016</a>, pp. 101–107. On al-Ghazali, see <a href="#CITEREFLawson2009">Lawson 2009</a>, pp. 117–118. This type of interpretation of Quran 4:157–159 was specifically rejected by the Sunni Quran commentator al-<a href="/wiki/Qadi_Baydawi" title="Qadi Baydawi">Baydawi</a> (d. 1319); see <a href="#CITEREFLawson2009">Lawson 2009</a>, p. 155. </li> <li id="cite_note-539"><a href="#cite_ref-539">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKhalidi2001" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Tarif_Khalidi" title="Tarif Khalidi">Khalidi, Tarif</a> (2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/muslimjesussayin00/page/12">The Muslim Jesus: Sayings and Stories in Islamic Literature</a>. Harvard University Press. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/muslimjesussayin00/page/12">12</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-674-00477-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-674-00477-1"><bdi>978-0-674-00477-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Muslim+Jesus%3A+Sayings+and+Stories+in+Islamic+Literature&rft.pages=12&rft.pub=Harvard+University+Press&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=978-0-674-00477-1&rft.aulast=Khalidi&rft.aufirst=Tarif&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fmuslimjesussayin00%2Fpage%2F12&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJesus" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-540"><a href="#cite_ref-540">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFRobinson2005">Robinson 2005</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-541"><a href="#cite_ref-541">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGarrett2014" class="citation book cs1">Garrett, James L. (2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=WZEhBQAAQBAJ&pg=PA766">Systematic Theology, Volume 2, Second Edition: Biblical, Historical, and Evangelical</a>. Wipf and Stock Publishers. p. 766. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-62564-852-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-62564-852-5"><bdi>978-1-62564-852-5</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200125164743/https://books.google.com/books?id=WZEhBQAAQBAJ&pg=PA766">Archived</a> from the original on 25 January 2020. Retrieved 5 December 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Systematic+Theology%2C+Volume+2%2C+Second+Edition%3A+Biblical%2C+Historical%2C+and+Evangelical&rft.pages=766&rft.pub=Wipf+and+Stock+Publishers&rft.date=2014&rft.isbn=978-1-62564-852-5&rft.aulast=Garrett&rft.aufirst=James+L.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DWZEhBQAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA766&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJesus" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGrudem1994568–603-542"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGrudem1994568%E2%80%93603_542-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFGrudem1994">Grudem 1994</a>, pp. 568–603. </li> <li id="cite_note-543"><a href="#cite_ref-543">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWilhelm1911" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Wilhelm, Joseph (1911). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.newadvent.org/cathen/11049a.htm">"The Nicene Creed"</a>. The Catholic Encyclopedia. Vol. 11. Robert Appleton Company. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160417055109/http://www.newadvent.org/cathen/11049a.htm">Archived</a> from the original on 17 April 2016. Retrieved 11 April 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+Nicene+Creed&rft.btitle=The+Catholic+Encyclopedia&rft.pub=Robert+Appleton+Company&rft.date=1911&rft.aulast=Wilhelm&rft.aufirst=Joseph&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.newadvent.org%2Fcathen%2F11049a.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJesus" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-544"><a href="#cite_ref-544">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFVirani2011" class="citation journal cs1">Virani, Shafique N. (2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.academia.edu/36996009">"Taqiyya and Identity in a South Asian Community"</a>. The Journal of Asian Studies. 70 (1): 99–139. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1017%2FS0021911810002974">10.1017/S0021911810002974</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0021-9118">0021-9118</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:143431047">143431047</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Journal+of+Asian+Studies&rft.atitle=Taqiyya+and+Identity+in+a+South+Asian+Community&rft.volume=70&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=99-139&rft.date=2011&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A143431047%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.issn=0021-9118&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1017%2FS0021911810002974&rft.aulast=Virani&rft.aufirst=Shafique+N.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.academia.edu%2F36996009&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJesus" class="Z3988"> p. 128. </li> <li id="cite_note-545"><a href="#cite_ref-545">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFFriedmann1989">Friedmann 1989</a>, pp. 111–118. </li> <li id="cite_note-546"><a href="#cite_ref-546">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFFriedmann1989">Friedmann 1989</a>, p. 114; <a href="#CITEREFMelton2010">Melton 2010</a>, p. 55. </li> <li id="cite_note-547"><a href="#cite_ref-547">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDana2008" class="citation book cs1">Dana, Nissim (2008). The Druze in the Middle East: Their Faith, Leadership, Identity and Status. Michigan University Press. p. 47. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-903900-36-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-903900-36-9"><bdi>978-1-903900-36-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Druze+in+the+Middle+East%3A+Their+Faith%2C+Leadership%2C+Identity+and+Status&rft.pages=47&rft.pub=Michigan+University+Press&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-1-903900-36-9&rft.aulast=Dana&rft.aufirst=Nissim&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJesus" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-548"><a href="#cite_ref-548">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDana1980" class="citation book cs1">Dana, Nissim (1980). The Druse, a Religious Community in Transition. Turtledove. p. 11. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-965-200-028-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-965-200-028-6"><bdi>978-965-200-028-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Druse%2C+a+Religious+Community+in+Transition&rft.pages=11&rft.pub=Turtledove&rft.date=1980&rft.isbn=978-965-200-028-6&rft.aulast=Dana&rft.aufirst=Nissim&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJesus" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-549"><a href="#cite_ref-549">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBetts1988" class="citation book cs1">Betts, Robert Brenton (1988). The Druze. New Haven, CT: Yale University Press. p. 21. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-300-04810-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-300-04810-0"><bdi>978-0-300-04810-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Druze&rft.place=New+Haven%2C+CT&rft.pages=21&rft.pub=Yale+University+Press&rft.date=1988&rft.isbn=978-0-300-04810-0&rft.aulast=Betts&rft.aufirst=Robert+Brenton&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJesus" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-550"><a href="#cite_ref-550">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSwayd2019" class="citation book cs1">Swayd, Samy (2019). The A to Z of the Druzes. Rowman & Littlefield. p. xxxviii. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8108-7002-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8108-7002-4"><bdi>978-0-8108-7002-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+A+to+Z+of+the+Druzes&rft.pages=xxxviii&rft.pub=Rowman+%26+Littlefield&rft.date=2019&rft.isbn=978-0-8108-7002-4&rft.aulast=Swayd&rft.aufirst=Samy&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJesus" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-551"><a href="#cite_ref-551">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSwayd2019" class="citation book cs1">Swayd, Samy (2019). The A to Z of the Druzes. Rowman & Littlefield. p. 88. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8108-7002-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8108-7002-4"><bdi>978-0-8108-7002-4</bdi></a>. <q>Jesus is known in the Druze tradition as the "True Messiah" (al-Masih al-Haq), for he delivered what Druzes view as the true message. He is also referred to as the "Messiah of the Nations" (Masih al-Umam) because he was sent to the world as "Masih of Sins" because he is the one who forgives.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+A+to+Z+of+the+Druzes&rft.pages=88&rft.pub=Rowman+%26+Littlefield&rft.date=2019&rft.isbn=978-0-8108-7002-4&rft.aulast=Swayd&rft.aufirst=Samy&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJesus" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-552"><a href="#cite_ref-552">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://bahaiteachings.org/who-is-christ-to-bahais/">"Who is Christ to Baha'is?"</a>. 13 June 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Who+is+Christ+to+Baha%27is%3F&rft.date=2014-06-13&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbahaiteachings.org%2Fwho-is-christ-to-bahais%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJesus" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-553"><a href="#cite_ref-553">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHartz2009" class="citation book cs1">Hartz, Paula (2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/bahaifaith0000hart/page/14">Baha'i Faith</a>. New York: Chelsea House Publishers. pp. 14–15. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-60413-104-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-60413-104-8"><bdi>978-1-60413-104-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Baha%27i+Faith&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=14-15&rft.pub=Chelsea+House+Publishers&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-1-60413-104-8&rft.aulast=Hartz&rft.aufirst=Paula&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fbahaifaith0000hart%2Fpage%2F14&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJesus" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-554"><a href="#cite_ref-554">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMiller1974" class="citation book cs1">Miller, William McElwee (1974). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/bahaifaithitshis0000mill/page/355">The Baha'i faith: its history and teachings</a>. South Pasadena, CA: William Carey Library. p. 355. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-87808-137-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-87808-137-0"><bdi>978-0-87808-137-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Baha%27i+faith%3A+its+history+and+teachings&rft.place=South+Pasadena%2C+CA&rft.pages=355&rft.pub=William+Carey+Library&rft.date=1974&rft.isbn=978-0-87808-137-0&rft.aulast=Miller&rft.aufirst=William+McElwee&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fbahaifaithitshis0000mill%2Fpage%2F355&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJesus" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-555"><a href="#cite_ref-555">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStockman1992" class="citation journal cs1">Stockman, Robert (1992). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://bahai-library.com/stockman_jesus_bahai_writings">"Jesus Christ in the Baháʼí Writings"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Bah%C3%A1%CA%BC%C3%AD_Studies_Review" title="Baháʼí Studies Review">Baháʼí Studies Review</a>. 2 (1). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190607061448/http://bahai-library.com/stockman_jesus_bahai_writings">Archived</a> from the original on 7 June 2019. Retrieved 4 July 2010.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Bah%C3%A1%CA%BC%C3%AD+Studies+Review&rft.atitle=Jesus+Christ+in+the+Bah%C3%A1%CA%BC%C3%AD+Writings&rft.volume=2&rft.issue=1&rft.date=1992&rft.aulast=Stockman&rft.aufirst=Robert&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fbahai-library.com%2Fstockman_jesus_bahai_writings&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJesus" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-556"><a href="#cite_ref-556">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCole1982" class="citation journal cs1">Cole, Juan (1982). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://bahai-library.com/cole_concept_manifestation">"The Concept of Manifestation in the Bahaʼi Writings"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Bah%C3%A1%CA%BC%C3%AD_studies#Journals" title="Baháʼí studies">Études Baháʼí Studies</a>. 9: 1–38. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190517105145/http://bahai-library.com/cole_concept_manifestation">Archived</a> from the original on 17 May 2019. Retrieved 4 July 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=%C3%89tudes+Bah%C3%A1%CA%BC%C3%AD+Studies&rft.atitle=The+Concept+of+Manifestation+in+the+Baha%CA%BCi+Writings&rft.volume=9&rft.pages=1-38&rft.date=1982&rft.aulast=Cole&rft.aufirst=Juan&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fbahai-library.com%2Fcole_concept_manifestation&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJesus" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-557"><a href="#cite_ref-557">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSmith2008" class="citation book cs1">Smith, Peter (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=z7zdDFTzNr0C&pg=PA107">An Introduction to the Baha'i Faith</a>. Cambridge University Press. p. 107. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-86251-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-521-86251-6"><bdi>978-0-521-86251-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=An+Introduction+to+the+Baha%27i+Faith&rft.pages=107&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-0-521-86251-6&rft.aulast=Smith&rft.aufirst=Peter&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dz7zdDFTzNr0C%26pg%3DPA107&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJesus" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-558"><a href="#cite_ref-558">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAdamson2009" class="citation book cs1">Adamson, Hugh C. (2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/atozofbahaifaith0000adam/page/188">The A to Z of the Baháʼí Faith</a>. Lanham, MD: Scarecrow Press. p. 188. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8108-6853-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8108-6853-3"><bdi>978-0-8108-6853-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+A+to+Z+of+the+Bah%C3%A1%CA%BC%C3%AD+Faith&rft.place=Lanham%2C+MD&rft.pages=188&rft.pub=Scarecrow+Press&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-0-8108-6853-3&rft.aulast=Adamson&rft.aufirst=Hugh+C.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fatozofbahaifaith0000adam%2Fpage%2F188&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJesus" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-559"><a href="#cite_ref-559">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBeckwith1985" class="citation book cs1">Beckwith, Francis (1985). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/bahai0000beck/page/14">Bahaʼi</a>. Minneapolis, MN: Bethany House. pp. 13–15. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-87123-848-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-87123-848-1"><bdi>978-0-87123-848-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Baha%CA%BCi&rft.place=Minneapolis%2C+MN&rft.pages=13-15&rft.pub=Bethany+House&rft.date=1985&rft.isbn=978-0-87123-848-1&rft.aulast=Beckwith&rft.aufirst=Francis&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fbahai0000beck%2Fpage%2F14&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJesus" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-560"><a href="#cite_ref-560">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGarlington2005" class="citation book cs1">Garlington, William (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/bahaifaithinamer0000garl_r5j0/page/175">The Baha'i Faith in America</a>. Westport, CT: Praeger. p. 175. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7425-6234-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7425-6234-9"><bdi>978-0-7425-6234-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Baha%27i+Faith+in+America&rft.place=Westport%2C+CT&rft.pages=175&rft.pub=Praeger&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=978-0-7425-6234-9&rft.aulast=Garlington&rft.aufirst=William&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fbahaifaithinamer0000garl_r5j0%2Fpage%2F175&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJesus" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-561"><a href="#cite_ref-561">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLepard2008" class="citation book cs1">Lepard, Brian D. (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=v2ob2Tw2k3MC&pg=PA118">In the Glory of the Father: The Baháʼí Faith and Christianity</a>. Baháʼí Publishing Trust. p. 118. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-931847-34-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-931847-34-6"><bdi>978-1-931847-34-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=In+the+Glory+of+the+Father%3A+The+Bah%C3%A1%CA%BC%C3%AD+Faith+and+Christianity&rft.pages=118&rft.pub=Bah%C3%A1%CA%BC%C3%AD+Publishing+Trust&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-1-931847-34-6&rft.aulast=Lepard&rft.aufirst=Brian+D.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dv2ob2Tw2k3MC%26pg%3DPA118&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJesus" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Cole-562">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Cole_562-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Cole_562-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCole1997" class="citation journal cs1">Cole, Juan R. I. (1997). "Behold the Man: Baha'u'llah on the Life of Jesus". Journal of the American Academy of Religion. 65 (1): 51, 56, 60.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+the+American+Academy+of+Religion&rft.atitle=Behold+the+Man%3A+Baha%27u%27llah+on+the+Life+of+Jesus&rft.volume=65&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=51%2C+56%2C+60&rft.date=1997&rft.aulast=Cole&rft.aufirst=Juan+R.+I.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJesus" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-563"><a href="#cite_ref-563">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSmith2000" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Smith, Peter (2000). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/conciseencyclope0000smit/page/214">"peace"</a>. A concise encyclopedia of the Bahá'í Faith. Oneworld. p. 214. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-85168-184-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-85168-184-6"><bdi>978-1-85168-184-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=peace&rft.btitle=A+concise+encyclopedia+of+the+Bah%C3%A1%27%C3%AD+Faith&rft.pages=214&rft.pub=Oneworld&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=978-1-85168-184-6&rft.aulast=Smith&rft.aufirst=Peter&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fconciseencyclope0000smit%2Fpage%2F214&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJesus" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-564"><a href="#cite_ref-564">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMcManners2001" class="citation book cs1">McManners, John (2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=DhpKxQT8n74C&pg=PA27">The Oxford Illustrated History of Christianity</a>. Oxford University Press. p. 27. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-285439-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-285439-1"><bdi>978-0-19-285439-1</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150907102122/https://books.google.com/books?id=DhpKxQT8n74C&pg=PA27">Archived</a> from the original on 7 September 2015. Retrieved 14 August 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Oxford+Illustrated+History+of+Christianity&rft.pages=27&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=978-0-19-285439-1&rft.aulast=McManners&rft.aufirst=John&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DDhpKxQT8n74C%26pg%3DPA27&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJesus" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-565"><a href="#cite_ref-565">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEhrman2003" class="citation book cs1">Ehrman, Bart D. (2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=URdACxKubDIC&pg=PA124">Lost Christianities: The Battles For Scripture And The Faiths We Never Knew</a>. Oxford University Press. pp. 124–125. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-518249-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-518249-1"><bdi>978-0-19-518249-1</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201008222010/https://books.google.com/books?id=URdACxKubDIC&pg=PA124">Archived</a> from the original on 8 October 2020. Retrieved 8 October 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Lost+Christianities%3A+The+Battles+For+Scripture+And+The+Faiths+We+Never+Knew&rft.pages=124-125&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=978-0-19-518249-1&rft.aulast=Ehrman&rft.aufirst=Bart+D.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DURdACxKubDIC%26pg%3DPA124&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJesus" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-566"><a href="#cite_ref-566">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRishi_Das2009" class="citation web cs1">Rishi Das, Shaunaka (24 March 2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.co.uk/religion/religions/hinduism/beliefs/jesus_1.shtml">"Jesus in Hinduism"</a>. BBC. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20181125233747/http://www.bbc.co.uk/religion/religions/hinduism/beliefs/jesus_1.shtml">Archived</a> from the original on 25 November 2018. Retrieved 4 June 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Jesus+in+Hinduism&rft.pub=BBC&rft.date=2009-03-24&rft.aulast=Rishi+Das&rft.aufirst=Shaunaka&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.co.uk%2Freligion%2Freligions%2Fhinduism%2Fbeliefs%2Fjesus_1.shtml&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJesus" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-567"><a href="#cite_ref-567">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFYogananda2008" class="citation book cs1">Yogananda, Paramahansa (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=xsIi4ePN4hYC&pg=PA319">Autobiography of a Yogi</a>. Diamond Pocket Books. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-81-902562-0-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-81-902562-0-9"><bdi>978-81-902562-0-9</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150910173606/https://books.google.com/books?id=xsIi4ePN4hYC&pg=PA319">Archived</a> from the original on 10 September 2015. Retrieved 14 August 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Autobiography+of+a+Yogi&rft.pub=Diamond+Pocket+Books&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-81-902562-0-9&rft.aulast=Yogananda&rft.aufirst=Paramahansa&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DxsIi4ePN4hYC%26pg%3DPA319&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJesus" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-568"><a href="#cite_ref-568">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBeverley2011" class="citation web cs1">Beverley, James A. (11 June 2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.christianitytoday.com/ct/2001/june11/15.64.html?paging=off">"Hollywood's Idol"</a>. Christianity Today. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190329222548/https://www.christianitytoday.com/ct/2001/june11/15.64.html?paging=off">Archived</a> from the original on 29 March 2019. Retrieved 15 May 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Hollywood%27s+Idol&rft.pub=Christianity+Today&rft.date=2011-06-11&rft.aulast=Beverley&rft.aufirst=James+A.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.christianitytoday.com%2Fct%2F2001%2Fjune11%2F15.64.html%3Fpaging%3Doff&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJesus" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-569"><a href="#cite_ref-569">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHutson2006" class="citation book cs1">Hutson, Steven (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=sVnT_hSpSBAC&pg=PA57">What They Never Taught You in Sunday School: A Fresh Look at Following Jesus</a>. City Boy Enterprises. p. 57. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-59886-300-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-59886-300-0"><bdi>978-1-59886-300-0</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150907100719/https://books.google.com/books?id=sVnT_hSpSBAC&pg=PA57">Archived</a> from the original on 7 September 2015. Retrieved 14 August 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=What+They+Never+Taught+You+in+Sunday+School%3A+A+Fresh+Look+at+Following+Jesus&rft.pages=57&rft.pub=City+Boy+Enterprises&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=978-1-59886-300-0&rft.aulast=Hutson&rft.aufirst=Steven&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DsVnT_hSpSBAC%26pg%3DPA57&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJesus" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-570"><a href="#cite_ref-570">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPike2004" class="citation book cs1">Pike, Sarah M. (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/newageneopaganre00pike/page/56">New Age and neopagan religions in America</a>. Columbia University Press. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/newageneopaganre00pike/page/56">56</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-231-12402-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-231-12402-7"><bdi>978-0-231-12402-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=New+Age+and+neopagan+religions+in+America&rft.pages=56&rft.pub=Columbia+University+Press&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=978-0-231-12402-7&rft.aulast=Pike&rft.aufirst=Sarah+M.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fnewageneopaganre00pike%2Fpage%2F56&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJesus" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-571"><a href="#cite_ref-571">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBaileyKhul2005" class="citation book cs1">Bailey, Alice; Khul, Djwhal (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=3FAZi674omIC">A Treatise on Cosmic Fire</a>. Lucis Publishing Company. pp. 678, 1150, 1193. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-85330-117-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-85330-117-2"><bdi>978-0-85330-117-2</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201008222027/https://books.google.com/books?id=3FAZi674omIC">Archived</a> from the original on 8 October 2020. Retrieved 8 October 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Treatise+on+Cosmic+Fire&rft.pages=678%2C+1150%2C+1193&rft.pub=Lucis+Publishing+Company&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=978-0-85330-117-2&rft.aulast=Bailey&rft.aufirst=Alice&rft.au=Khul%2C+Djwhal&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D3FAZi674omIC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJesus" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-572"><a href="#cite_ref-572">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHouse2000" class="citation book cs1">House, Wayne (2000). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=rRbKQwAACAAJ">Charts of Cults, Sects and Religious Movements</a>. <a href="/wiki/Zondervan" title="Zondervan">Zondervan</a>. p. 262. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-310-38551-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-310-38551-6"><bdi>978-0-310-38551-6</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201008222014/https://www.google.com/books/edition/Charts_of_Cults_Sects_Religious_Movement/rRbKQwAACAAJ?hl=en">Archived</a> from the original on 8 October 2020. Retrieved 12 May 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Charts+of+Cults%2C+Sects+and+Religious+Movements&rft.pages=262&rft.pub=Zondervan&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=978-0-310-38551-6&rft.aulast=House&rft.aufirst=Wayne&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DrRbKQwAACAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJesus" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-573"><a href="#cite_ref-573">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTheodore2019" class="citation book cs1">Theodore, Antony (2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=-cwcEAAAQBAJ&q=jesus+christ+in+love+antony">Jesus Christ in Love</a>. Translated by Pradhan, Tapan Kumar. New Delhi, India: Kohinoor Books. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-8-194-28353-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-8-194-28353-9"><bdi>978-8-194-28353-9</bdi></a>. Retrieved 13 June 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Jesus+Christ+in+Love&rft.place=New+Delhi%2C+India&rft.pub=Kohinoor+Books&rft.date=2019&rft.isbn=978-8-194-28353-9&rft.aulast=Theodore&rft.aufirst=Antony&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D-cwcEAAAQBAJ%26q%3Djesus%2Bchrist%2Bin%2Blove%2Bantony&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJesus" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-574"><a href="#cite_ref-574">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSchweitzer1948" class="citation book cs1">Schweitzer, Albert (1948). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/psychiatricstudy00schw">The Psychiatric Study of Jesus: Exposition and Criticism</a>. Translated by Joy, Charles R. Boston, Massachusetts: Beacon Press. <a href="/wiki/LCCN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="LCCN (identifier)">LCCN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://lccn.loc.gov/48006488">48006488</a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/614572512">614572512</a>. <a href="/wiki/OL_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OL (identifier)">OL</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://openlibrary.org/books/OL6030284M">6030284M</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Psychiatric+Study+of+Jesus%3A+Exposition+and+Criticism&rft.place=Boston%2C+Massachusetts&rft.pub=Beacon+Press&rft.date=1948&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fopenlibrary.org%2Fbooks%2FOL6030284M%23id-name%3DOL&rft_id=info%3Alccn%2F48006488&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F614572512&rft.aulast=Schweitzer&rft.aufirst=Albert&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fpsychiatricstudy00schw&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJesus" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-575"><a href="#cite_ref-575">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBundy1922" class="citation book cs1">Bundy, Walter E. (1922). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/psychichealthofj00bund">The Psychic Health of Jesus</a>. New York: The Macmillan Company. <a href="/wiki/LCCN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="LCCN (identifier)">LCCN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://lccn.loc.gov/22005555">22005555</a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/644667928">644667928</a>. <a href="/wiki/OL_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OL (identifier)">OL</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://openlibrary.org/books/OL25583375M">25583375M</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Psychic+Health+of+Jesus&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=The+Macmillan+Company&rft.date=1922&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fopenlibrary.org%2Fbooks%2FOL25583375M%23id-name%3DOL&rft_id=info%3Alccn%2F22005555&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F644667928&rft.aulast=Bundy&rft.aufirst=Walter+E.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fpsychichealthofj00bund&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJesus" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-576"><a href="#cite_ref-576">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDawkins2008" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Richard_Dawkins" title="Richard Dawkins">Dawkins, Richard</a> (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=yq1xDpicghkC&pg=PA284">The God Delusion</a>. Houghton Mifflin Harcourt. p. 284. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-547-34866-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-547-34866-7"><bdi>978-0-547-34866-7</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150327215018/http://books.google.com/books?id=yq1xDpicghkC">Archived</a> from the original on 27 March 2015. Retrieved 13 December 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+God+Delusion&rft.pages=284&rft.pub=Houghton+Mifflin+Harcourt&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-0-547-34866-7&rft.aulast=Dawkins&rft.aufirst=Richard&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dyq1xDpicghkC%26pg%3DPA284&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJesus" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-577"><a href="#cite_ref-577">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170505112511/http://media.artgallery.yale.edu/duraeuropos/dura.html">"Dura-Europos: Excavating Antiquity | Yale University Art Gallery"</a>. media.artgallery.yale.edu. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://media.artgallery.yale.edu/duraeuropos/dura.html">the original</a> on 5 May 2017. Retrieved 3 March 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=media.artgallery.yale.edu&rft.atitle=Dura-Europos%3A+Excavating+Antiquity+%7C+Yale+University+Art+Gallery&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fmedia.artgallery.yale.edu%2Fduraeuropos%2Fdura.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJesus" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-578"><a href="#cite_ref-578">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGutmann1992" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Gutmann, Joseph (1992). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=jVyzbHAJ_hAC&pg=PA283">"Early Christian and Jewish Art"</a>. In Attridge, Harold W.; Hata, Gohei (eds.). Eusebius, Christianity, and Judaism. Wayne State University Press. pp. 283–284. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8143-2361-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8143-2361-8"><bdi>978-0-8143-2361-8</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150910060007/https://books.google.com/books?id=jVyzbHAJ_hAC&pg=PA283">Archived</a> from the original on 10 September 2015. Retrieved 14 August 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Early+Christian+and+Jewish+Art&rft.btitle=Eusebius%2C+Christianity%2C+and+Judaism&rft.pages=283-284&rft.pub=Wayne+State+University+Press&rft.date=1992&rft.isbn=978-0-8143-2361-8&rft.aulast=Gutmann&rft.aufirst=Joseph&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DjVyzbHAJ_hAC%26pg%3DPA283&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJesus" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-579"><a href="#cite_ref-579">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBenedetto2006" class="citation book cs1">Benedetto, Robert (2006). The New Westminster Dictionary of Church History. Westminster John Knox Press. pp. 51–53. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-664-22416-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-664-22416-5"><bdi>978-0-664-22416-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+New+Westminster+Dictionary+of+Church+History&rft.pages=51-53&rft.pub=Westminster+John+Knox+Press&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=978-0-664-22416-5&rft.aulast=Benedetto&rft.aufirst=Robert&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJesus" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-580"><a href="#cite_ref-580">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSchaff2006" class="citation book cs1">Schaff, Phillip (1 July 2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=NV8sAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA381">History of the Christian Church,8 volumes, 3rd edition</a>. Massachusetts: Hendrickson Publishers. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-56563-196-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-56563-196-0"><bdi>978-1-56563-196-0</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150910074209/https://books.google.com/books?id=NV8sAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA381">Archived</a> from the original on 10 September 2015. Retrieved 14 August 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=History+of+the+Christian+Church%2C8+volumes%2C+3rd+edition&rft.place=Massachusetts&rft.pub=Hendrickson+Publishers&rft.date=2006-07-01&rft.isbn=978-1-56563-196-0&rft.aulast=Schaff&rft.aufirst=Phillip&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DNV8sAAAAYAAJ%26pg%3DPA381&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJesus" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-582"><a href="#cite_ref-582">^</a> <a href="/wiki/Synod_of_Elvira" title="Synod of Elvira">Synod of Elvira</a>, 'Pictures are not to be placed in churches so that they do not become objects of worship and adoration', AD 306, Canon 36. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECrossLivingstone2005Icons-583">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECrossLivingstone2005Icons_583-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECrossLivingstone2005Icons_583-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFCrossLivingstone2005">Cross & Livingstone 2005</a>, Icons. </li> <li id="cite_note-584"><a href="#cite_ref-584">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMichalski1993" class="citation book cs1">Michalski, Sergiusz (1993). Reformation and the Visual Arts. Routledge. p. 195. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-134-92102-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-134-92102-7"><bdi>978-1-134-92102-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Reformation+and+the+Visual+Arts&rft.pages=195&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=1993&rft.isbn=978-1-134-92102-7&rft.aulast=Michalski&rft.aufirst=Sergiusz&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJesus" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-585"><a href="#cite_ref-585">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPayton2007" class="citation book cs1">Payton, James R. (2007). Light from the Christian East: An Introduction to the Orthodox Tradition. InterVarsity Press. pp. 178–179. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8308-2594-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8308-2594-3"><bdi>978-0-8308-2594-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Light+from+the+Christian+East%3A+An+Introduction+to+the+Orthodox+Tradition&rft.pages=178-179&rft.pub=InterVarsity+Press&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-0-8308-2594-3&rft.aulast=Payton&rft.aufirst=James+R.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJesus" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-586"><a href="#cite_ref-586">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWilliams2003" class="citation book cs1">Williams, Rowan (2003). The Dwelling of the Light: Praying with Icons of Christ. Wm. B. Eerdmans Publishing. p. 83. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8028-2778-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8028-2778-4"><bdi>978-0-8028-2778-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Dwelling+of+the+Light%3A+Praying+with+Icons+of+Christ&rft.pages=83&rft.pub=Wm.+B.+Eerdmans+Publishing&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=978-0-8028-2778-4&rft.aulast=Williams&rft.aufirst=Rowan&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJesus" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-587"><a href="#cite_ref-587">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWojtyła" class="citation web cs1">Wojtyła, Karol J. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.vatican.va/holy_father/john_paul_ii/audiences/1997/documents/hf_jp-ii_aud_29101997_en.html">"General audience 29 October 1997"</a>. Vatican Publishing House. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130303020028/http://www.vatican.va/holy_father/john_paul_ii/audiences/1997/documents/hf_jp-ii_aud_29101997_en.html">Archived</a> from the original on 3 March 2013. Retrieved 20 April 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=General+audience+29+October+1997&rft.pub=Vatican+Publishing+House&rft.aulast=Wojty%C5%82a&rft.aufirst=Karol+J.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.vatican.va%2Fholy_father%2Fjohn_paul_ii%2Faudiences%2F1997%2Fdocuments%2Fhf_jp-ii_aud_29101997_en.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJesus" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-588"><a href="#cite_ref-588">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRatzinger" class="citation web cs1">Ratzinger, Joseph A. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.vatican.va/holy_father/benedict_xvi/audiences/2009/documents/hf_ben-xvi_aud_20090506_en.html">"General audience 6 May 2009"</a>. Vatican Publishing House. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130303064734/https://www.vatican.va/holy_father/benedict_xvi/audiences/2009/documents/hf_ben-xvi_aud_20090506_en.html">Archived</a> from the original on 3 March 2013. Retrieved 20 April 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=General+audience+6+May+2009&rft.pub=Vatican+Publishing+House&rft.aulast=Ratzinger&rft.aufirst=Joseph+A.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.vatican.va%2Fholy_father%2Fbenedict_xvi%2Faudiences%2F2009%2Fdocuments%2Fhf_ben-xvi_aud_20090506_en.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJesus" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDoninger1999231-589"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDoninger1999231_589-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFDoninger1999">Doninger 1999</a>, p. 231. </li> <li id="cite_note-590"><a href="#cite_ref-590">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCasiday2012" class="citation book cs1">Casiday, Augustine (2012). The Orthodox Christian World. Routledge. p. 447. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-415-45516-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-415-45516-9"><bdi>978-0-415-45516-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Orthodox+Christian+World&rft.pages=447&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=978-0-415-45516-9&rft.aulast=Casiday&rft.aufirst=Augustine&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJesus" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-591"><a href="#cite_ref-591">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBigham1995" class="citation book cs1">Bigham, Steven (1995). The image of God the Father in Orthodox theology and iconography. St Vladimir's Seminary Press. pp. 226–227. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-879038-15-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-879038-15-8"><bdi>978-1-879038-15-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+image+of+God+the+Father+in+Orthodox+theology+and+iconography&rft.pages=226-227&rft.pub=St+Vladimir%27s+Seminary+Press&rft.date=1995&rft.isbn=978-1-879038-15-8&rft.aulast=Bigham&rft.aufirst=Steven&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJesus" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECrossLivingstone2005Crucifix-592"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECrossLivingstone2005Crucifix_592-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFCrossLivingstone2005">Cross & Livingstone 2005</a>, Crucifix. </li> <li id="cite_note-593"><a href="#cite_ref-593">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBall2008" class="citation journal cs1">Ball, P. (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1038%2Fnmat2170">"Material witness: Shrouded in mystery"</a>. Nature Materials. 7 (5): 349. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2008NatMa...7..349B">2008NatMa...7..349B</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1038%2Fnmat2170">10.1038/nmat2170</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/18432204">18432204</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Nature+Materials&rft.atitle=Material+witness%3A+Shrouded+in+mystery&rft.volume=7&rft.issue=5&rft.pages=349&rft.date=2008&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F18432204&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1038%2Fnmat2170&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2008NatMa...7..349B&rft.aulast=Ball&rft.aufirst=P.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1038%252Fnmat2170&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJesus" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELevine200624–25-594"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELevine200624%E2%80%9325_594-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFLevine2006">Levine 2006</a>, pp. 24–25. </li> <li id="cite_note-Koester382-595">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Koester382_595-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Koester382_595-1">b</a> <a href="/wiki/Helmut_Koester" title="Helmut Koester">Helmut Koester</a> Introduction to the New Testament, Vol. 1: History, Culture, and Religion of the Hellenistic Age. Berlin, Germany: <a href="/wiki/De_Gruyter_Press" class="mw-redirect" title="De Gruyter Press">de Gruyter Press</a>, 1995, p. 382. </li> <li id="cite_note-596"><a href="#cite_ref-596">^</a> Flavius Josephus, The Jewish War Book VII, section 1.1" </li> <li id="cite_note-598"><a href="#cite_ref-598">^</a> <a href="/wiki/Margaret_M._Mitchell" title="Margaret M. Mitchell">Margaret M. Mitchell</a> "The Cambridge History of Christianity, Volume 1: Origins to Constantine" Cambridge University Press 2006, p. 298. </li> <li id="cite_note-599"><a href="#cite_ref-599">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNickell2007" class="citation book cs1">Nickell, Joe (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/relicsofchrist00joen">Relics of the Christ</a>. University Press of Kentucky. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/relicsofchrist00joen/page/191">191</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8131-3731-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8131-3731-5"><bdi>978-0-8131-3731-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Relics+of+the+Christ&rft.pages=191&rft.pub=University+Press+of+Kentucky&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-0-8131-3731-5&rft.aulast=Nickell&rft.aufirst=Joe&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Frelicsofchrist00joen&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJesus" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-600"><a href="#cite_ref-600">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHabermas2011" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Habermas, Gary R. (2011). "Shroud of Turin". The Encyclopedia of Christian Civilization. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1002%2F9780470670606.wbecc1257">10.1002/9780470670606.wbecc1257</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4051-5762-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4051-5762-9"><bdi>978-1-4051-5762-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Shroud+of+Turin&rft.btitle=The+Encyclopedia+of+Christian+Civilization&rft.date=2011&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1002%2F9780470670606.wbecc1257&rft.isbn=978-1-4051-5762-9&rft.aulast=Habermas&rft.aufirst=Gary+R.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJesus" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-601"><a href="#cite_ref-601">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBall2008" class="citation journal cs1">Ball, P. (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1038%2Fnmat2170">"Material witness: Shrouded in mystery"</a>. Nature Materials. 7 (5): 349. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2008NatMa...7..349B">2008NatMa...7..349B</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1038%2Fnmat2170">10.1038/nmat2170</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/18432204">18432204</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Nature+Materials&rft.atitle=Material+witness%3A+Shrouded+in+mystery&rft.volume=7&rft.issue=5&rft.pages=349&rft.date=2008&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F18432204&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1038%2Fnmat2170&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2008NatMa...7..349B&rft.aulast=Ball&rft.aufirst=P.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1038%252Fnmat2170&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJesus" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDillenberger19995-603"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDillenberger19995_603-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFDillenberger1999">Dillenberger 1999</a>, p. 5. </li> <li id="cite_note-604"><a href="#cite_ref-604">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFThurston1913" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Thurston, Herbert (1913). <a class="external text" href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Catholic_Encyclopedia_(1913)/Holy_Nails">"Holy Nails" </a>. In Herbermann, Charles (ed.). <a href="/wiki/Catholic_Encyclopedia" title="Catholic Encyclopedia">Catholic Encyclopedia</a>. New York: Robert Appleton Company.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Holy+Nails&rft.btitle=Catholic+Encyclopedia&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Robert+Appleton+Company&rft.date=1913&rft.aulast=Thurston&rft.aufirst=Herbert&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJesus" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-605"><a href="#cite_ref-605">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDelaney2010" class="citation news cs1">Delaney, Sarah (24 May 2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://webarchive.loc.gov/all/20100608223917/http://www.catholicnews.com/data/stories/cns/1002157.htm">"Shroud exposition closes with more than 2 million visits"</a>. Catholic News Service. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.catholicnews.com/data/stories/cns/1002157.htm">the original</a> on 8 June 2010.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Shroud+exposition+closes+with+more+than+2+million+visits&rft.date=2010-05-24&rft.aulast=Delaney&rft.aufirst=Sarah&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.catholicnews.com%2Fdata%2Fstories%2Fcns%2F1002157.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJesus" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-606"><a href="#cite_ref-606">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWojtyła1998" class="citation web cs1">Wojtyła, Karol J. (24 May 1998). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://w2.vatican.va/content/john-paul-ii/en/travels/1998/documents/hf_jp-ii_spe_24051998_sindone.html">"Pope John Paul II's address in Turin Cathedral"</a>. Vatican Publishing House. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170219114758/https://w2.vatican.va/content/john-paul-ii/en/travels/1998/documents/hf_jp-ii_spe_24051998_sindone.html">Archived</a> from the original on 19 February 2017. Retrieved 18 February 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Pope+John+Paul+II%27s+address+in+Turin+Cathedral&rft.pub=Vatican+Publishing+House&rft.date=1998-05-24&rft.aulast=Wojty%C5%82a&rft.aufirst=Karol+J.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fw2.vatican.va%2Fcontent%2Fjohn-paul-ii%2Fen%2Ftravels%2F1998%2Fdocuments%2Fhf_jp-ii_spe_24051998_sindone.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJesus" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-607"><a href="#cite_ref-607">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSquires2010" class="citation news cs1">Squires, Nick (3 May 2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.csmonitor.com/World/Europe/2010/0503/Pope-Benedict-says-Shroud-of-Turin-authentic-burial-robe-of-Jesus">"Pope Benedict says Shroud of Turin authentic burial robe of Jesus"</a>. Christian Science Monitor. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130401072455/http://www.csmonitor.com/World/Europe/2010/0503/Pope-Benedict-says-Shroud-of-Turin-authentic-burial-robe-of-Jesus">Archived</a> from the original on 1 April 2013. Retrieved 19 June 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Christian+Science+Monitor&rft.atitle=Pope+Benedict+says+Shroud+of+Turin+authentic+burial+robe+of+Jesus&rft.date=2010-05-03&rft.aulast=Squires&rft.aufirst=Nick&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.csmonitor.com%2FWorld%2FEurope%2F2010%2F0503%2FPope-Benedict-says-Shroud-of-Turin-authentic-burial-robe-of-Jesus&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJesus" class="Z3988"> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Sources_2">Sources</h3></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239549316">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%}}</style><div class="refbegin refbegin-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em"> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHare1993" class="citation book cs1">Hare, Douglas (1993). Matthew. Westminster John Knox Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-664-23433-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-664-23433-1"><bdi>978-0-664-23433-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Matthew&rft.pub=Westminster+John+Knox+Press&rft.date=1993&rft.isbn=978-0-664-23433-1&rft.aulast=Hare&rft.aufirst=Douglas&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJesus" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBlomberg2009" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Craig_Blomberg" title="Craig Blomberg">Blomberg, Craig L.</a> (2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=U5rIPC1UgsgC">Jesus and the Gospels: An Introduction and Survey</a>. B&H Publishing Group. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8054-4482-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8054-4482-7"><bdi>978-0-8054-4482-7</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201008222031/https://books.google.com/books?id=U5rIPC1UgsgC">Archived</a> from the original on 8 October 2020. Retrieved 8 October 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Jesus+and+the+Gospels%3A+An+Introduction+and+Survey&rft.pub=B%26H+Publishing+Group&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-0-8054-4482-7&rft.aulast=Blomberg&rft.aufirst=Craig+L.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DU5rIPC1UgsgC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJesus" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBoringCraddock2004" class="citation book cs1">Boring, M. Eugene; <a href="/wiki/Fred_Craddock" title="Fred Craddock">Craddock, Fred B.</a> (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=N0tLXRIiIe0C">The People's New Testament Commentary</a>. Westminster John Knox Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-664-22754-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-664-22754-8"><bdi>978-0-664-22754-8</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140104165219/http://books.google.com/books?id=N0tLXRIiIe0C">Archived</a> from the original on 4 January 2014. Retrieved 14 August 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+People%27s+New+Testament+Commentary&rft.pub=Westminster+John+Knox+Press&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=978-0-664-22754-8&rft.aulast=Boring&rft.aufirst=M.+Eugene&rft.au=Craddock%2C+Fred+B.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DN0tLXRIiIe0C&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJesus" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBrown1977" class="citation book cs1">Brown, Raymond E. (1977). The Birth of the Messiah: A Commentary on the Infancy Narratives in Matthew and Luke. Doubleday. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-385-05907-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-385-05907-7"><bdi>978-0-385-05907-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Birth+of+the+Messiah%3A+A+Commentary+on+the+Infancy+Narratives+in+Matthew+and+Luke&rft.pub=Doubleday&rft.date=1977&rft.isbn=978-0-385-05907-7&rft.aulast=Brown&rft.aufirst=Raymond+E.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJesus" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBrown1978" class="citation book cs1">Brown, Raymond E. (1978). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=ML1mnUBwmhcC">Mary in the New Testament</a>. Paulist Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8091-2168-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8091-2168-7"><bdi>978-0-8091-2168-7</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140917011141/http://books.google.com/books?id=ML1mnUBwmhcC">Archived</a> from the original on 17 September 2014. Retrieved 14 August 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Mary+in+the+New+Testament&rft.pub=Paulist+Press&rft.date=1978&rft.isbn=978-0-8091-2168-7&rft.aulast=Brown&rft.aufirst=Raymond+E.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DML1mnUBwmhcC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJesus" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBrown1988" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Raymond_E._Brown" title="Raymond E. Brown">Brown, Raymond E.</a> (1988). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/gospelepistleso00brow">The Gospel and Epistles of John: A Concise Commentary</a>. Liturgical Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8146-1283-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8146-1283-5"><bdi>978-0-8146-1283-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Gospel+and+Epistles+of+John%3A+A+Concise+Commentary&rft.pub=Liturgical+Press&rft.date=1988&rft.isbn=978-0-8146-1283-5&rft.aulast=Brown&rft.aufirst=Raymond+E.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fgospelepistleso00brow&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJesus" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBrown1997" class="citation book cs1">Brown, Raymond E. (1997). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/introductiontone00brow_0">An Introduction to the New Testament</a>. Doubleday. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-385-24767-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-385-24767-2"><bdi>978-0-385-24767-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=An+Introduction+to+the+New+Testament&rft.pub=Doubleday&rft.date=1997&rft.isbn=978-0-385-24767-2&rft.aulast=Brown&rft.aufirst=Raymond+E.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fintroductiontone00brow_0&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJesus" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCarter2003" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Warren_Carter" title="Warren Carter">Carter, Warren</a> (2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=mvhHcXKK0UEC">Pontius Pilate: Portraits of a Roman Governor</a>. Liturgical Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8146-5113-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8146-5113-1"><bdi>978-0-8146-5113-1</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201008222031/https://books.google.com/books?id=mvhHcXKK0UEC">Archived</a> from the original on 8 October 2020. Retrieved 8 October 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Pontius+Pilate%3A+Portraits+of+a+Roman+Governor&rft.pub=Liturgical+Press&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=978-0-8146-5113-1&rft.aulast=Carter&rft.aufirst=Warren&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DmvhHcXKK0UEC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJesus" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChiltonEvans1998" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Bruce_Chilton" title="Bruce Chilton">Chilton, Bruce</a>; <a href="/wiki/Craig_A._Evans" title="Craig A. Evans">Evans, Craig A.</a> (1998). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=AJM9grxOjjMC">Studying the Historical Jesus: Evaluations of the State of Current Research</a>. Brill. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-90-04-11142-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-90-04-11142-4"><bdi>978-90-04-11142-4</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201004084608/https://books.google.com/books?id=AJM9grxOjjMC">Archived</a> from the original on 4 October 2020. Retrieved 8 October 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Studying+the+Historical+Jesus%3A+Evaluations+of+the+State+of+Current+Research&rft.pub=Brill&rft.date=1998&rft.isbn=978-90-04-11142-4&rft.aulast=Chilton&rft.aufirst=Bruce&rft.au=Evans%2C+Craig+A.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DAJM9grxOjjMC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJesus" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCoxEasley2007" class="citation book cs1">Cox, Steven L.; Easley, Kendell H (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=QjmwuFUksOQC">Harmony of the Gospels</a>. B&H Publishing Group. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8054-9444-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8054-9444-0"><bdi>978-0-8054-9444-0</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201008222032/https://books.google.com/books?id=QjmwuFUksOQC">Archived</a> from the original on 8 October 2020. Retrieved 8 October 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Harmony+of+the+Gospels&rft.pub=B%26H+Publishing+Group&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-0-8054-9444-0&rft.aulast=Cox&rft.aufirst=Steven+L.&rft.au=Easley%2C+Kendell+H&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DQjmwuFUksOQC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJesus" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCrossLivingstone2005" class="citation book cs1">Cross, Frank L.; Livingstone, E.A., eds. (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=fUqcAQAAQBAJ">The Oxford Dictionary of the Christian Church</a>. Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-280290-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-280290-3"><bdi>978-0-19-280290-3</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190515065637/https://books.google.com/books?id=fUqcAQAAQBAJ">Archived</a> from the original on 15 May 2019. Retrieved 8 October 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Oxford+Dictionary+of+the+Christian+Church&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=978-0-19-280290-3&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DfUqcAQAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJesus" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCrossanWatts1999" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/John_Dominic_Crossan" title="John Dominic Crossan">Crossan, John D.</a>; Watts, Richard G. (1999). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/whoisjesusanswer00cros">Who Is Jesus?: Answers to Your Questions About the Historical Jesus</a>. Westminster John Knox Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-664-25842-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-664-25842-9"><bdi>978-0-664-25842-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Who+Is+Jesus%3F%3A+Answers+to+Your+Questions+About+the+Historical+Jesus&rft.pub=Westminster+John+Knox+Press&rft.date=1999&rft.isbn=978-0-664-25842-9&rft.aulast=Crossan&rft.aufirst=John+D.&rft.au=Watts%2C+Richard+G.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fwhoisjesusanswer00cros&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJesus" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDe_Smet2016" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">De Smet, Daniel (2016). "Les racines docétistes de l'imamologie shi'ite". In Amir-Moezzi, Mohammad Ali; De Cillis, Maria; De Smet, Daniel; Mir-Kasimov, Orkhan (eds.). L'Ésotérisme shi'ite, ses racines et ses prolongements – Shi'i Esotericism: Its Roots and Developments. Bibliothèque de l'Ecole des Hautes Etudes, Sciences Religieuses (in French). Vol. 177. Turnhout: Brepols. pp. 87–112. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1484%2FM.BEHE-EB.4.01163">10.1484/M.BEHE-EB.4.01163</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-2-503-56874-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-2-503-56874-4"><bdi>978-2-503-56874-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Les+racines+doc%C3%A9tistes+de+l%27imamologie+shi%27ite&rft.btitle=L%27%C3%89sot%C3%A9risme+shi%27ite%2C+ses+racines+et+ses+prolongements+%E2%80%93+Shi%27i+Esotericism%3A+Its+Roots+and+Developments&rft.place=Turnhout&rft.series=Biblioth%C3%A8que+de+l%27Ecole+des+Hautes+Etudes%2C+Sciences+Religieuses&rft.pages=87-112&rft.pub=Brepols&rft.date=2016&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1484%2FM.BEHE-EB.4.01163&rft.isbn=978-2-503-56874-4&rft.aulast=De+Smet&rft.aufirst=Daniel&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJesus" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDickson2008" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/John_Dickson_(author)" title="John Dickson (author)">Dickson, John</a> (2008). Jesus: A Short Life. Kregel Publications. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8254-7802-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8254-7802-4"><bdi>978-0-8254-7802-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Jesus%3A+A+Short+Life&rft.pub=Kregel+Publications&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-0-8254-7802-4&rft.aulast=Dickson&rft.aufirst=John&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJesus" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDillenberger1999" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/John_Dillenberger" title="John Dillenberger">Dillenberger, John</a> (1999). Images and Relics: Theological Perceptions and Visual Images in Sixteenth-Century Europe. Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-976146-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-976146-3"><bdi>978-0-19-976146-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Images+and+Relics%3A+Theological+Perceptions+and+Visual+Images+in+Sixteenth-Century+Europe&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=1999&rft.isbn=978-0-19-976146-3&rft.aulast=Dillenberger&rft.aufirst=John&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJesus" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDonahueHarrington2002" class="citation book cs1">Donahue, John R.; <a href="/wiki/Daniel_J._Harrington" title="Daniel J. Harrington">Harrington, Daniel J.</a> (2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=xZAIsUZOwSQC">The Gospel of Mark</a>. Liturgical Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8146-5804-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8146-5804-8"><bdi>978-0-8146-5804-8</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140103010742/http://books.google.com/books?id=xZAIsUZOwSQC">Archived</a> from the original on 3 January 2014. Retrieved 8 October 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Gospel+of+Mark&rft.pub=Liturgical+Press&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=978-0-8146-5804-8&rft.aulast=Donahue&rft.aufirst=John+R.&rft.au=Harrington%2C+Daniel+J.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DxZAIsUZOwSQC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJesus" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDoninger1999" class="citation book cs1">Doninger, Wendy (1999). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/isbn_9780877790440">Merriam-Webster's Encyclopedia of World Religions</a>. Merriam-Webster. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-87779-044-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-87779-044-0"><bdi>978-0-87779-044-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Merriam-Webster%27s+Encyclopedia+of+World+Religions&rft.pub=Merriam-Webster&rft.date=1999&rft.isbn=978-0-87779-044-0&rft.aulast=Doninger&rft.aufirst=Wendy&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fisbn_9780877790440&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJesus" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDunn2003" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/James_Dunn_(theologian)" title="James Dunn (theologian)">Dunn, James D.G.</a> (2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=G4qpnvoautgC">Jesus Remembered</a>. Wm. B. Eerdmans Publishing. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8028-3931-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8028-3931-2"><bdi>978-0-8028-3931-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Jesus+Remembered&rft.pub=Wm.+B.+Eerdmans+Publishing&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=978-0-8028-3931-2&rft.aulast=Dunn&rft.aufirst=James+D.G.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DG4qpnvoautgC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJesus" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEddyBoyd2007" class="citation book cs1">Eddy, Paul R.; <a href="/wiki/Greg_Boyd_(theologian)" title="Greg Boyd (theologian)">Boyd, Gregory A.</a> (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=U26_85NmwPUC">The Jesus Legend: A Case for the Historical Reliability of the Synoptic Jesus tradition</a>. Baker Academic. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8010-3114-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8010-3114-4"><bdi>978-0-8010-3114-4</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201008222033/https://books.google.com/books?id=U26_85NmwPUC">Archived</a> from the original on 8 October 2020. Retrieved 8 October 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Jesus+Legend%3A+A+Case+for+the+Historical+Reliability+of+the+Synoptic+Jesus+tradition&rft.pub=Baker+Academic&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-0-8010-3114-4&rft.aulast=Eddy&rft.aufirst=Paul+R.&rft.au=Boyd%2C+Gregory+A.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DU26_85NmwPUC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJesus" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEhrman1999" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Bart_D._Ehrman" title="Bart D. Ehrman">Ehrman, Bart</a> (1999). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/jesusapocalyptic00ehrm">Jesus: Apocalyptic Prophet of the New Millennium</a>. Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-983943-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-983943-8"><bdi>978-0-19-983943-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Jesus%3A+Apocalyptic+Prophet+of+the+New+Millennium&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=1999&rft.isbn=978-0-19-983943-8&rft.aulast=Ehrman&rft.aufirst=Bart&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fjesusapocalyptic00ehrm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJesus" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEhrman2009" class="citation book cs1">Ehrman, Bart D. (2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/jesusinterrupted00ehrm_0/">Jesus, Interrupted: Revealing the Hidden Contradictions in the Bible (and Why We Don't Know About Them)</a>. HarperOne. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-06-117393-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-06-117393-6"><bdi>978-0-06-117393-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Jesus%2C+Interrupted%3A+Revealing+the+Hidden+Contradictions+in+the+Bible+%28and+Why+We+Don%27t+Know+About+Them%29&rft.pub=HarperOne&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-0-06-117393-6&rft.aulast=Ehrman&rft.aufirst=Bart+D.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fjesusinterrupted00ehrm_0%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJesus" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEhrman2014" class="citation book cs1">Ehrman, Bart D. (2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=dmspAgAAQBAJ">How Jesus Became God</a>. HarperCollins. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-06225-219-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-06225-219-7"><bdi>978-0-06225-219-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=How+Jesus+Became+God&rft.pub=HarperCollins&rft.date=2014&rft.isbn=978-0-06225-219-7&rft.aulast=Ehrman&rft.aufirst=Bart+D.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DdmspAgAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJesus" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEhrman2011" class="citation book cs1">Ehrman, Bart (2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/forged_ehrm_2011_000_10544376">Forged: Writing in the Name of God – Why the Bible's Authors Are Not Who We Think They Are</a>. HarperCollins. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-06-207863-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-06-207863-6"><bdi>978-0-06-207863-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Forged%3A+Writing+in+the+Name+of+God+%E2%80%93+Why+the+Bible%27s+Authors+Are+Not+Who+We+Think+They+Are&rft.pub=HarperCollins&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=978-0-06-207863-6&rft.aulast=Ehrman&rft.aufirst=Bart&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fforged_ehrm_2011_000_10544376&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJesus" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEhrman2012" class="citation book cs1">Ehrman, Bart D. (2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=hf5Rj8EtsPkC">Did Jesus Exist?: The Historical Argument for Jesus of Nazareth</a>. HarperOne. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-06-208994-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-06-208994-6"><bdi>978-0-06-208994-6</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200803200020/https://books.google.com/books?id=hf5Rj8EtsPkC">Archived</a> from the original on 3 August 2020. Retrieved 8 October 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Did+Jesus+Exist%3F%3A+The+Historical+Argument+for+Jesus+of+Nazareth&rft.pub=HarperOne&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=978-0-06-208994-6&rft.aulast=Ehrman&rft.aufirst=Bart+D.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dhf5Rj8EtsPkC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJesus" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEvans2003" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Craig_A._Evans" title="Craig A. Evans">Evans, Craig A.</a> (2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/bibleknowledgeba00crai">The Bible Knowledge Background Commentary: Matthew–Luke</a>. David C. Cook. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7814-3868-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7814-3868-1"><bdi>978-0-7814-3868-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Bible+Knowledge+Background+Commentary%3A+Matthew%E2%80%93Luke&rft.pub=David+C.+Cook&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=978-0-7814-3868-1&rft.aulast=Evans&rft.aufirst=Craig+A.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fbibleknowledgeba00crai&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJesus" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEvans2012a" class="citation book cs1">Evans, Craig A. (2012a). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=87x8TqW6MJQC">Jesus and His World: The Archaeological Evidence</a>. Westminster John Knox Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-664-23413-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-664-23413-3"><bdi>978-0-664-23413-3</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201008222033/https://books.google.com/books?id=87x8TqW6MJQC">Archived</a> from the original on 8 October 2020. Retrieved 8 October 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Jesus+and+His+World%3A+The+Archaeological+Evidence&rft.pub=Westminster+John+Knox+Press&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=978-0-664-23413-3&rft.aulast=Evans&rft.aufirst=Craig+A.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D87x8TqW6MJQC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJesus" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEvans2012b" class="citation book cs1">Evans, Craig A. (2012b). Matthew (New Cambridge Bible Commentary). Cambridge University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-01106-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-521-01106-8"><bdi>978-0-521-01106-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Matthew+%28New+Cambridge+Bible+Commentary%29&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=978-0-521-01106-8&rft.aulast=Evans&rft.aufirst=Craig+A.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJesus" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFinegan1998" class="citation book cs1">Finegan, Jack (1998). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/handbookbiblical00fine">Handbook of Biblical Chronology</a>. Hendrickson Publishers. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-56563-143-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-56563-143-4"><bdi>978-1-56563-143-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Handbook+of+Biblical+Chronology&rft.pub=Hendrickson+Publishers&rft.date=1998&rft.isbn=978-1-56563-143-4&rft.aulast=Finegan&rft.aufirst=Jack&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fhandbookbiblical00fine&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJesus" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFreedman2000" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/David_Noel_Freedman" title="David Noel Freedman">Freedman, David N.</a> (2000). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=P9sYIRXZZ2MC">Eerdmans Dictionary of the Bible</a>. Amsterdam University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8028-2400-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8028-2400-4"><bdi>978-0-8028-2400-4</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200803133406/https://books.google.com/books?id=P9sYIRXZZ2MC">Archived</a> from the original on 3 August 2020. Retrieved 8 October 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Eerdmans+Dictionary+of+the+Bible&rft.pub=Amsterdam+University+Press&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=978-0-8028-2400-4&rft.aulast=Freedman&rft.aufirst=David+N.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DP9sYIRXZZ2MC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJesus" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFriedmann1989" class="citation book cs1">Friedmann, Yohanan (1989). Prophecy Continuous: Aspects of Ahmadi Religious Thought and Its Medieval Background. Berkeley: University of California Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-520-05772-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-520-05772-2"><bdi>978-0-520-05772-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Prophecy+Continuous%3A+Aspects+of+Ahmadi+Religious+Thought+and+Its+Medieval+Background&rft.place=Berkeley&rft.pub=University+of+California+Press&rft.date=1989&rft.isbn=978-0-520-05772-2&rft.aulast=Friedmann&rft.aufirst=Yohanan&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJesus" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFunkHooverThe_Jesus_Seminar1993" class="citation book cs1">Funk, Robert W.; Hoover, Roy W.; <a href="/wiki/Jesus_Seminar" title="Jesus Seminar">The Jesus Seminar</a> (1993). The Five Gospels. Scribner. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-0254-1949-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-0254-1949-0"><bdi>978-0-0254-1949-0</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/819666252">819666252</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Five+Gospels&rft.pub=Scribner&rft.date=1993&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F819666252&rft.isbn=978-0-0254-1949-0&rft.aulast=Funk&rft.aufirst=Robert+W.&rft.au=Hoover%2C+Roy+W.&rft.au=The+Jesus+Seminar&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJesus" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGreenMcKnightMarshall1992" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Joel_B._Green" title="Joel B. Green">Green, Joel B.</a>; <a href="/wiki/Scot_McKnight" title="Scot McKnight">McKnight, Scot</a>; <a href="/wiki/I._Howard_Marshall" title="I. Howard Marshall">Marshall, I. Howard</a> (1992). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=9ntwNm-tOogC">Dictionary of Jesus and the Gospels</a>. InterVarsity Press. p. 442. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8308-1777-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8308-1777-1"><bdi>978-0-8308-1777-1</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201008222034/https://books.google.com/books?id=9ntwNm-tOogC">Archived</a> from the original on 8 October 2020. Retrieved 8 October 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Dictionary+of+Jesus+and+the+Gospels&rft.pages=442&rft.pub=InterVarsity+Press&rft.date=1992&rft.isbn=978-0-8308-1777-1&rft.aulast=Green&rft.aufirst=Joel+B.&rft.au=McKnight%2C+Scot&rft.au=Marshall%2C+I.+Howard&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D9ntwNm-tOogC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJesus" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGrudem1994" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Wayne_Grudem" title="Wayne Grudem">Grudem, Wayne</a> (1994). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/systematictheolo00grud_0">Systematic Theology: An Introduction to Biblical Doctrine</a>. Grand Rapids, MI: Zondervan. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-310-28670-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-310-28670-7"><bdi>978-0-310-28670-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Systematic+Theology%3A+An+Introduction+to+Biblical+Doctrine&rft.place=Grand+Rapids%2C+MI&rft.pub=Zondervan&rft.date=1994&rft.isbn=978-0-310-28670-7&rft.aulast=Grudem&rft.aufirst=Wayne&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fsystematictheolo00grud_0&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJesus" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHarris1985" class="citation book cs1">Harris, Stephen L. (1985). Understanding the Bible. Mayfield.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Understanding+the+Bible&rft.pub=Mayfield&rft.date=1985&rft.aulast=Harris&rft.aufirst=Stephen+L.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJesus" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHoulden2006" class="citation book cs1">Houlden, J. Leslie (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Ey8mZKV_jfkC">Jesus: The Complete Guide</a>. Continuum. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8264-8011-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8264-8011-8"><bdi>978-0-8264-8011-8</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201008222034/https://books.google.com/books?id=Ey8mZKV_jfkC">Archived</a> from the original on 8 October 2020. Retrieved 8 October 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Jesus%3A+The+Complete+Guide&rft.pub=Continuum&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=978-0-8264-8011-8&rft.aulast=Houlden&rft.aufirst=J.+Leslie&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DEy8mZKV_jfkC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJesus" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHumphreysWaddington1992" class="citation journal cs1">Humphreys, Colin J.; Waddington, W. G. (1992). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://legacy.tyndalehouse.com/tynbul/Library/TynBull_1992_43_2_06_Humphreys_DateChristsCrucifixion.pdf">"The Jewish Calendar, a Lunar Eclipse and the Date of Christ's Crucifixion"</a> (PDF). Tyndale Bulletin. 43 (2): 331–51. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.53751%2F001c.30487">10.53751/001c.30487</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:189519018">189519018</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190421091510/https://legacy.tyndalehouse.com/tynbul/Library/TynBull_1992_43_2_06_Humphreys_DateChristsCrucifixion.pdf">Archived</a> (PDF) from the original on 21 April 2019. Retrieved 21 April 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Tyndale+Bulletin&rft.atitle=The+Jewish+Calendar%2C+a+Lunar+Eclipse+and+the+Date+of+Christ%27s+Crucifixion&rft.volume=43&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=331-51&rft.date=1992&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.53751%2F001c.30487&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A189519018%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Humphreys&rft.aufirst=Colin+J.&rft.au=Waddington%2C+W.+G.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Flegacy.tyndalehouse.com%2Ftynbul%2FLibrary%2FTynBull_1992_43_2_06_Humphreys_DateChristsCrucifixion.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJesus" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKeener2009b" class="citation book cs1">Keener, Craig S. (2009b). The Gospel of Matthew: A Socio-Rhetorical Commentary. Wm. B. Eerdmans. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8028-6498-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8028-6498-7"><bdi>978-0-8028-6498-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Gospel+of+Matthew%3A+A+Socio-Rhetorical+Commentary&rft.pub=Wm.+B.+Eerdmans&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-0-8028-6498-7&rft.aulast=Keener&rft.aufirst=Craig+S.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJesus" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKeener2009" class="citation book cs1">Keener, Craig S. (2009). The Historical Jesus of the Gospels. William B. Eerdmans Publishing.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Historical+Jesus+of+the+Gospels&rft.pub=William+B.+Eerdmans+Publishing&rft.date=2009&rft.aulast=Keener&rft.aufirst=Craig+S.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJesus" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKeener2012" class="citation book cs1">Keener, Craig S. (2012). The Historical Jesus of the Gospels. William B. Eerdmans Publishing. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8028-6292-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8028-6292-1"><bdi>978-0-8028-6292-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Historical+Jesus+of+the+Gospels&rft.pub=William+B.+Eerdmans+Publishing&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=978-0-8028-6292-1&rft.aulast=Keener&rft.aufirst=Craig+S.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJesus" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKöstenbergerKellumQuarles2009" class="citation book cs1">Köstenberger, Andreas J.; Kellum, L. Scott; Quarles, Charles L (2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=g-MG9sFLAz0C">The Cradle, the Cross, and the Crown: An Introduction to the New Testament</a>. B&H Publishing Group. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8054-4365-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8054-4365-3"><bdi>978-0-8054-4365-3</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200727131059/https://books.google.com/books?id=g-MG9sFLAz0C">Archived</a> from the original on 27 July 2020. Retrieved 8 October 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Cradle%2C+the+Cross%2C+and+the+Crown%3A+An+Introduction+to+the+New+Testament&rft.pub=B%26H+Publishing+Group&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-0-8054-4365-3&rft.aulast=K%C3%B6stenberger&rft.aufirst=Andreas+J.&rft.au=Kellum%2C+L.+Scott&rft.au=Quarles%2C+Charles+L&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dg-MG9sFLAz0C&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJesus" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLawson2009" class="citation book cs1">Lawson, Todd (2009). The Crucifixion and the Qur'an: A Study in the History of Muslim Thought. Oxford: Oneworld. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-85168-635-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-85168-635-3"><bdi>978-1-85168-635-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Crucifixion+and+the+Qur%27an%3A+A+Study+in+the+History+of+Muslim+Thought&rft.place=Oxford&rft.pub=Oneworld&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-1-85168-635-3&rft.aulast=Lawson&rft.aufirst=Todd&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJesus" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLee2004" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Dorothy_Lee_(theologian)" title="Dorothy Lee (theologian)">Lee, Dorothy A.</a> (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=cYWwEefwCegC">Transfiguration</a>. Continuum. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8264-7595-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8264-7595-4"><bdi>978-0-8264-7595-4</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201008222034/https://books.google.com/books?id=cYWwEefwCegC">Archived</a> from the original on 8 October 2020. Retrieved 8 October 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Transfiguration&rft.pub=Continuum&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=978-0-8264-7595-4&rft.aulast=Lee&rft.aufirst=Dorothy+A.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DcYWwEefwCegC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJesus" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLevine2006" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a href="/wiki/Amy-Jill_Levine" title="Amy-Jill Levine">Levine, Amy-Jill</a> (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=HIp_0N3uPPcC">"Introduction"</a>. In Levine, Amy-Jill; <a href="/wiki/Dale_Allison" title="Dale Allison">Allison, Dale C.</a>; Crossan, John D. (eds.). The Historical Jesus in Context. Princeton Univ Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-691-00992-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-691-00992-6"><bdi>978-0-691-00992-6</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140410102712/http://books.google.com/books?id=HIp_0N3uPPcC">Archived</a> from the original on 10 April 2014. Retrieved 8 October 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Introduction&rft.btitle=The+Historical+Jesus+in+Context&rft.pub=Princeton+Univ+Press&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=978-0-691-00992-6&rft.aulast=Levine&rft.aufirst=Amy-Jill&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DHIp_0N3uPPcC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJesus" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLevine2007" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Amy-Jill_Levine" title="Amy-Jill Levine">Levine, Amy-Jill</a> (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/TheMisunderstoodJewTheChurchAndTheScandalOfTheJewishJesus">The Misunderstood Jew: The Church and the Scandal of the Jewish Jesus</a>. Harper-Collins. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-06-174811-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-06-174811-0"><bdi>978-0-06-174811-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Misunderstood+Jew%3A+The+Church+and+the+Scandal+of+the+Jewish+Jesus&rft.pub=Harper-Collins&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-0-06-174811-0&rft.aulast=Levine&rft.aufirst=Amy-Jill&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2FTheMisunderstoodJewTheChurchAndTheScandalOfTheJewishJesus&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJesus" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLicona2010" class="citation book cs1">Licona, Michael R. (2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=rv8xNoRBtxMC">The Resurrection of Jesus: A New Historiographical Approach</a>. InterVarsity Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8308-2719-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8308-2719-0"><bdi>978-0-8308-2719-0</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200218101307/https://books.google.com/books?id=rv8xNoRBtxMC">Archived</a> from the original on 18 February 2020. Retrieved 29 July 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Resurrection+of+Jesus%3A+A+New+Historiographical+Approach&rft.pub=InterVarsity+Press&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=978-0-8308-2719-0&rft.aulast=Licona&rft.aufirst=Michael+R.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Drv8xNoRBtxMC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJesus" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMaier1989" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a href="/wiki/Paul_L._Maier" title="Paul L. Maier">Maier, Paul L.</a> (1989). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=UCBBY_O88uYC&pg=PA113">"The Date of the Nativity and Chronology of Jesus"</a>. In <a href="/wiki/Jack_Finegan" title="Jack Finegan">Finegan, Jack</a>; Vardaman, Jerry; <a href="/wiki/Edwin_M._Yamauchi" title="Edwin M. Yamauchi">Yamauchi, Edwin M.</a> (eds.). Chronos, Kairos, Christos: Nativity and Chronological Studies. Eisenbrauns. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-931464-50-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-931464-50-8"><bdi>978-0-931464-50-8</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150907110057/https://books.google.com/books?id=UCBBY_O88uYC&pg=PA113">Archived</a> from the original on 7 September 2015. Retrieved 14 August 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+Date+of+the+Nativity+and+Chronology+of+Jesus&rft.btitle=Chronos%2C+Kairos%2C+Christos%3A+Nativity+and+Chronological+Studies&rft.pub=Eisenbrauns&rft.date=1989&rft.isbn=978-0-931464-50-8&rft.aulast=Maier&rft.aufirst=Paul+L.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DUCBBY_O88uYC%26pg%3DPA113&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJesus" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMajerníkPonessaManhardt2005" class="citation book cs1">Majerník, Ján; Ponessa, Joseph; Manhardt, Laurie W. (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=cqP5xHXGYPQC">The Synoptics: Matthew, Mark, Luke</a>. Emmaus Road Publishing. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-931018-31-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-931018-31-9"><bdi>978-1-931018-31-9</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200819025434/https://books.google.com/books?id=cqP5xHXGYPQC">Archived</a> from the original on 19 August 2020. Retrieved 8 October 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Synoptics%3A+Matthew%2C+Mark%2C+Luke&rft.pub=Emmaus+Road+Publishing&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=978-1-931018-31-9&rft.aulast=Majern%C3%ADk&rft.aufirst=J%C3%A1n&rft.au=Ponessa%2C+Joseph&rft.au=Manhardt%2C+Laurie+W.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DcqP5xHXGYPQC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJesus" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMcGrath2006" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Alister_McGrath" title="Alister McGrath">McGrath, Alister E.</a> (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=v26doW8jIyYC&pg=PA4">Christianity: An Introduction</a>. John Wiley & Sons. pp. 4–6. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4051-0899-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4051-0899-7"><bdi>978-1-4051-0899-7</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150910073956/https://books.google.com/books?id=v26doW8jIyYC&pg=PA4">Archived</a> from the original on 10 September 2015. Retrieved 14 August 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Christianity%3A+An+Introduction&rft.pages=4-6&rft.pub=John+Wiley+%26+Sons&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=978-1-4051-0899-7&rft.aulast=McGrath&rft.aufirst=Alister+E.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dv26doW8jIyYC%26pg%3DPA4&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJesus" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMeier1991" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/John_P._Meier" title="John P. Meier">Meier, John P.</a> (1991). A Marginal Jew: The Roots of the Problem and the Person. Yale University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-300-14018-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-300-14018-7"><bdi>978-0-300-14018-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Marginal+Jew%3A+The+Roots+of+the+Problem+and+the+Person&rft.pub=Yale+University+Press&rft.date=1991&rft.isbn=978-0-300-14018-7&rft.aulast=Meier&rft.aufirst=John+P.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJesus" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMeier2006" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Meier, John P. (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=37uJRUF6btAC">"How do we decide what comes from Jesus"</a>. In Dunn, James D.G.; McKnight, Scot (eds.). The Historical Jesus in Recent Research. Eisenbrauns. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-57506-100-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-57506-100-9"><bdi>978-1-57506-100-9</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201008222035/https://books.google.com/books?id=37uJRUF6btAC">Archived</a> from the original on 8 October 2020. Retrieved 14 August 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=How+do+we+decide+what+comes+from+Jesus&rft.btitle=The+Historical+Jesus+in+Recent+Research&rft.pub=Eisenbrauns&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=978-1-57506-100-9&rft.aulast=Meier&rft.aufirst=John+P.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D37uJRUF6btAC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJesus" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMelton2010" class="citation book cs1">Melton, J. Gordon (2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=v2yiyLLOj88C&pg=PA55">"Ahmad, Mirza Ghulam Hazrat"</a>. In Melton, J. Gordon; Baumann, Martin (eds.). Religions of the World: A Comprehensive Encyclopedia of Beliefs and Practices. Vol. 1 (2nd ed.). Santa Barbara: ABC-CLIO. pp. 54–56. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-59884-203-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-59884-203-6"><bdi>978-1-59884-203-6</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20161021175959/https://books.google.com/books?id=v2yiyLLOj88C&pg=PA55">Archived</a> from the original on 21 October 2016. Retrieved 14 August 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Ahmad%2C+Mirza+Ghulam+Hazrat&rft.btitle=Religions+of+the+World%3A+A+Comprehensive+Encyclopedia+of+Beliefs+and+Practices&rft.place=Santa+Barbara&rft.pages=54-56&rft.edition=2nd&rft.pub=ABC-CLIO&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=978-1-59884-203-6&rft.aulast=Melton&rft.aufirst=J.+Gordon&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dv2yiyLLOj88C%26pg%3DPA55&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJesus" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMillsBullard1998" class="citation book cs1">Mills, Watson E.; Bullard, Roger A. (1998). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=goq0VWw9rGIC">Mercer Dictionary of the Bible</a>. Mercer University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-86554-373-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-86554-373-7"><bdi>978-0-86554-373-7</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20171018095243/https://books.google.com/books?id=goq0VWw9rGIC">Archived</a> from the original on 18 October 2017. Retrieved 14 August 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Mercer+Dictionary+of+the+Bible&rft.pub=Mercer+University+Press&rft.date=1998&rft.isbn=978-0-86554-373-7&rft.aulast=Mills&rft.aufirst=Watson+E.&rft.au=Bullard%2C+Roger+A.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dgoq0VWw9rGIC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJesus" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMorris1992" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Leon_Morris" title="Leon Morris">Morris, Leon</a> (1992). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=-pwaSKcHyEEC">The Gospel According to Matthew</a>. Wm. B. Eerdmans Publishing. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-85111-338-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-85111-338-8"><bdi>978-0-85111-338-8</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200802002134/https://books.google.com/books?id=-pwaSKcHyEEC">Archived</a> from the original on 2 August 2020. Retrieved 8 October 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Gospel+According+to+Matthew&rft.pub=Wm.+B.+Eerdmans+Publishing&rft.date=1992&rft.isbn=978-0-85111-338-8&rft.aulast=Morris&rft.aufirst=Leon&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D-pwaSKcHyEEC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJesus" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNiswonger1992" class="citation book cs1">Niswonger, Richard L. (1992). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=uyAXaNnz9sUC">New Testament History</a>. Zondervan. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-310-31201-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-310-31201-7"><bdi>978-0-310-31201-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=New+Testament+History&rft.pub=Zondervan&rft.date=1992&rft.isbn=978-0-310-31201-7&rft.aulast=Niswonger&rft.aufirst=Richard+L.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DuyAXaNnz9sUC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJesus" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPannenberg1968" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Wolfhart_Pannenberg" title="Wolfhart Pannenberg">Pannenberg, Wolfhart</a> (1968). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=zWfvlpURwiIC">Jesus: God and Man</a>. S.C.M. Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-334-00783-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-334-00783-8"><bdi>978-0-334-00783-8</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201008222035/https://books.google.com/books?id=zWfvlpURwiIC">Archived</a> from the original on 8 October 2020. Retrieved 8 October 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Jesus%3A+God+and+Man&rft.pub=S.C.M.+Press&rft.date=1968&rft.isbn=978-0-334-00783-8&rft.aulast=Pannenberg&rft.aufirst=Wolfhart&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DzWfvlpURwiIC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJesus" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPowell1998" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Mark_Allan_Powell" title="Mark Allan Powell">Powell, Mark A.</a> (1998). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/jesusasfigureinh0000powe">Jesus as a Figure in History: How Modern Historians View the Man from Galilee</a>. Westminster John Knox Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-664-25703-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-664-25703-3"><bdi>978-0-664-25703-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Jesus+as+a+Figure+in+History%3A+How+Modern+Historians+View+the+Man+from+Galilee&rft.pub=Westminster+John+Knox+Press&rft.date=1998&rft.isbn=978-0-664-25703-3&rft.aulast=Powell&rft.aufirst=Mark+A.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fjesusasfigureinh0000powe&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJesus" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRahner2004" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Karl_Rahner" title="Karl Rahner">Rahner, Karl</a> (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=WtnR-6_PlJAC">Encyclopedia of Theology: A Concise Sacramentum Mundi</a>. Continuum. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-86012-006-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-86012-006-3"><bdi>978-0-86012-006-3</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200727115653/https://books.google.com/books?id=WtnR-6_PlJAC">Archived</a> from the original on 27 July 2020. Retrieved 8 October 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Encyclopedia+of+Theology%3A+A+Concise+Sacramentum+Mundi&rft.pub=Continuum&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=978-0-86012-006-3&rft.aulast=Rahner&rft.aufirst=Karl&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DWtnR-6_PlJAC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJesus" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRausch2003" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Rausch" title="Thomas Rausch">Rausch, Thomas P.</a> (2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=8OJCa6euw5gC">Who Is Jesus? An Introduction to Christology</a>. Liturgical Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8146-5078-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8146-5078-3"><bdi>978-0-8146-5078-3</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201008222036/https://books.google.com/books?id=8OJCa6euw5gC">Archived</a> from the original on 8 October 2020. Retrieved 8 October 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Who+Is+Jesus%3F+An+Introduction+to+Christology&rft.pub=Liturgical+Press&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=978-0-8146-5078-3&rft.aulast=Rausch&rft.aufirst=Thomas+P.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D8OJCa6euw5gC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJesus" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRedford2007" class="citation book cs1">Redford, Douglas (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=dDMQz5BVFbEC">The Life and Ministry of Jesus: The Gospels</a>. Standard Publishing. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7847-1900-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7847-1900-8"><bdi>978-0-7847-1900-8</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201008222036/https://books.google.com/books?id=dDMQz5BVFbEC">Archived</a> from the original on 8 October 2020. Retrieved 8 October 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Life+and+Ministry+of+Jesus%3A+The+Gospels&rft.pub=Standard+Publishing&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-0-7847-1900-8&rft.aulast=Redford&rft.aufirst=Douglas&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DdDMQz5BVFbEC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJesus" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFReed2002" class="citation book cs1">Reed, Jonathan L. (2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Xrav1ge-A_sC">Archaeology and the Galilean Jesus: A Re-examination of the Evidence</a>. Continuum. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-56338-394-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-56338-394-6"><bdi>978-1-56338-394-6</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160504050031/https://books.google.com/books?id=Xrav1ge-A_sC">Archived</a> from the original on 4 May 2016. Retrieved 8 October 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Archaeology+and+the+Galilean+Jesus%3A+A+Re-examination+of+the+Evidence&rft.pub=Continuum&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=978-1-56338-394-6&rft.aulast=Reed&rft.aufirst=Jonathan+L.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DXrav1ge-A_sC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJesus" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRobinson1991" class="citation book cs1">Robinson, Neal (1991). Christ in Islam and Christianity. Albany: State University of New York Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7914-0559-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7914-0559-8"><bdi>978-0-7914-0559-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Christ+in+Islam+and+Christianity&rft.place=Albany&rft.pub=State+University+of+New+York+Press&rft.date=1991&rft.isbn=978-0-7914-0559-8&rft.aulast=Robinson&rft.aufirst=Neal&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJesus" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRobinson2005" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Robinson, Neal (2005). "Jesus". In McAuliffe, Jane Dammen (ed.). Encyclopaedia of the Qurʾān. Brill. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1163%2F1875-3922_q3_EQCOM_00099">10.1163/1875-3922_q3_EQCOM_00099</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Jesus&rft.btitle=Encyclopaedia+of+the+Qur%CA%BE%C4%81n&rft.pub=Brill&rft.date=2005&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1163%2F1875-3922_q3_EQCOM_00099&rft.aulast=Robinson&rft.aufirst=Neal&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJesus" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSanders1993" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/E._P._Sanders" title="E. P. Sanders">Sanders, E. P.</a> (1993). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=lkbTL36ZgPIC">The Historical Figure of Jesus</a>. Allen Lane Penguin Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-14-192822-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-14-192822-7"><bdi>978-0-14-192822-7</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170418040039/https://books.google.com/books?id=lkbTL36ZgPIC">Archived</a> from the original on 18 April 2017. Retrieved 8 October 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Historical+Figure+of+Jesus&rft.pub=Allen+Lane+Penguin+Press&rft.date=1993&rft.isbn=978-0-14-192822-7&rft.aulast=Sanders&rft.aufirst=E.+P.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DlkbTL36ZgPIC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJesus" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTheissenMerz1998" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Gerd_Theissen" title="Gerd Theissen">Theissen, Gerd</a>; <a href="/wiki/Annette_Merz" title="Annette Merz">Merz, Annette</a> (1998). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=3ZU97DQMH6UC">The Historical Jesus: A Comprehensive Guide</a>. Fortress Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4514-0863-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4514-0863-8"><bdi>978-1-4514-0863-8</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200805091805/https://books.google.com/books?id=3ZU97DQMH6UC">Archived</a> from the original on 5 August 2020. Retrieved 8 October 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Historical+Jesus%3A+A+Comprehensive+Guide&rft.pub=Fortress+Press&rft.date=1998&rft.isbn=978-1-4514-0863-8&rft.aulast=Theissen&rft.aufirst=Gerd&rft.au=Merz%2C+Annette&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D3ZU97DQMH6UC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJesus" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTheissenWinter2002" class="citation book cs1">Theissen, Gerd; Winter, Dagmar (2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=qB5ulgKx4OUC">The Quest for the Plausible Jesus: The Question of Criteria</a>. Westminster John Knox Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-664-22537-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-664-22537-7"><bdi>978-0-664-22537-7</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201008222036/https://books.google.com/books?id=qB5ulgKx4OUC">Archived</a> from the original on 8 October 2020. Retrieved 8 October 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Quest+for+the+Plausible+Jesus%3A+The+Question+of+Criteria&rft.pub=Westminster+John+Knox+Press&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=978-0-664-22537-7&rft.aulast=Theissen&rft.aufirst=Gerd&rft.au=Winter%2C+Dagmar&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DqB5ulgKx4OUC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJesus" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTwelftree1999" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Graham_Twelftree" title="Graham Twelftree">Twelftree, Graham H.</a> (1999). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/jesusmiraclework00grah/page/95">Jesus the Miracle Worker: A Historical & Theological Study</a>. InterVarsity Press. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/jesusmiraclework00grah/page/95">95</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8308-1596-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8308-1596-8"><bdi>978-0-8308-1596-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Jesus+the+Miracle+Worker%3A+A+Historical+%26+Theological+Study&rft.pages=95&rft.pub=InterVarsity+Press&rft.date=1999&rft.isbn=978-0-8308-1596-8&rft.aulast=Twelftree&rft.aufirst=Graham+H.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fjesusmiraclework00grah%2Fpage%2F95&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJesus" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFVan_Voorst2000" class="citation book cs1">Van Voorst, Robert E (2000). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=lwzliMSRGGkC">Jesus Outside the New Testament: An Introduction to the Ancient Evidence</a>. Eerdmans Publishing. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8028-4368-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8028-4368-5"><bdi>978-0-8028-4368-5</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200819143206/https://books.google.com/books?id=lwzliMSRGGkC">Archived</a> from the original on 19 August 2020. Retrieved 8 October 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Jesus+Outside+the+New+Testament%3A+An+Introduction+to+the+Ancient+Evidence&rft.pub=Eerdmans+Publishing&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=978-0-8028-4368-5&rft.aulast=Van+Voorst&rft.aufirst=Robert+E&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DlwzliMSRGGkC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJesus" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFVine1940" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/William_Edwy_Vine" title="William Edwy Vine">Vine, William E.</a> (1940). Expository Dictionary of New Testament Words. Fleming H. Revell Company. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-916441-31-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-916441-31-9"><bdi>978-0-916441-31-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Expository+Dictionary+of+New+Testament+Words&rft.pub=Fleming+H.+Revell+Company&rft.date=1940&rft.isbn=978-0-916441-31-9&rft.aulast=Vine&rft.aufirst=William+E.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJesus" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFVermes1981" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Geza_Vermes" class="mw-redirect" title="Geza Vermes">Vermes, Geza</a> (1981). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=RvSEK2HALnwC">Jesus the Jew: A Historian's Reading of the Gospels</a>. Philadelphia: First Fortress. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8006-1443-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8006-1443-0"><bdi>978-0-8006-1443-0</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201008222037/https://books.google.com/books?id=RvSEK2HALnwC">Archived</a> from the original on 8 October 2020. Retrieved 8 October 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Jesus+the+Jew%3A+A+Historian%27s+Reading+of+the+Gospels&rft.place=Philadelphia&rft.pub=First+Fortress&rft.date=1981&rft.isbn=978-0-8006-1443-0&rft.aulast=Vermes&rft.aufirst=Geza&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DRvSEK2HALnwC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJesus" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWalvoordZuck1983" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/John_Walvoord" title="John Walvoord">Walvoord, John F.</a>; Zuck, Roy B. (1983). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=DP4UiA4gQNMC">The Bible Knowledge Commentary: New Testament</a>. David C. Cook. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-88207-812-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-88207-812-0"><bdi>978-0-88207-812-0</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201008222037/https://books.google.com/books?id=DP4UiA4gQNMC">Archived</a> from the original on 8 October 2020. Retrieved 8 October 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Bible+Knowledge+Commentary%3A+New+Testament&rft.pub=David+C.+Cook&rft.date=1983&rft.isbn=978-0-88207-812-0&rft.aulast=Walvoord&rft.aufirst=John+F.&rft.au=Zuck%2C+Roy+B.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DDP4UiA4gQNMC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJesus" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWitherington1997" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Ben_Witherington_III" title="Ben Witherington III">Witherington, Ben</a> (1997). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=IE_T3Xh2fyUC">The Jesus Quest: The Third Search for the Jew of Nazareth</a>. InterVarsity Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8308-1544-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8308-1544-9"><bdi>978-0-8308-1544-9</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201008222039/https://books.google.com/books?id=IE_T3Xh2fyUC">Archived</a> from the original on 8 October 2020. Retrieved 8 October 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Jesus+Quest%3A+The+Third+Search+for+the+Jew+of+Nazareth&rft.pub=InterVarsity+Press&rft.date=1997&rft.isbn=978-0-8308-1544-9&rft.aulast=Witherington&rft.aufirst=Ben&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DIE_T3Xh2fyUC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJesus" class="Z3988"></li></ul> </div> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(11)"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2></div><section class="mf-section-11 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-11"> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235611614">.mw-parser-output .spoken-wikipedia{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);margin:0.5em 0;padding:0.2em;line-height:1.5em;font-size:90%}.mw-parser-output .spoken-wikipedia-header{text-align:center}.mw-parser-output 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data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/47/Sound-icon.svg/68px-Sound-icon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/47/Sound-icon.svg/90px-Sound-icon.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </div><div class="spoken-wikipedia-disclaimer"><a href="/wiki/File:Jesus_Spoken_Version.ogg" title="File:Jesus Spoken Version.ogg">This audio file</a> was created from a revision of this article dated 28 October 2013 (2013-10-28), and does not reflect subsequent edits.</div><div class="spoken-wikipedia-footer">(<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Media_help" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:Media help">Audio help</a> · <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Spoken_articles" title="Wikipedia:Spoken articles">More spoken articles</a>)</div></div> <ul><li>LatinVulgate.com, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.latinvulgate.com/christverse.aspx">The Complete Sayings of Jesus Christ</a> in parallel Latin and English, provided by Mental Systems, 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.navbox+style+.portal-bar,.mw-parser-output .navbox+link+.portal-bar-bordered,.mw-parser-output .navbox+style+.portal-bar-bordered,.mw-parser-output .sister-bar+link+.portal-bar,.mw-parser-output .sister-bar+style+.portal-bar,.mw-parser-output .portal-bar+.navbox-styles+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .portal-bar+.navbox-styles+.sister-bar{margin-top:-1px}</style><div class="portal-bar noprint metadata noviewer portal-bar-bordered" role="navigation" aria-label="Portals"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Contents/Portals" title="Wikipedia:Contents/Portals">Portals</a>:<ul class="portal-bar-content"><li class="portal-bar-item"><a href="/wiki/File:P_christianity.svg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/P_christianity.svg/21px-P_christianity.svg.png" decoding="async" width="21" height="19" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="400" data-file-height="360"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 21px;height: 19px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/P_christianity.svg/21px-P_christianity.svg.png" data-alt="icon" data-width="21" data-height="19" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/P_christianity.svg/32px-P_christianity.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/P_christianity.svg/42px-P_christianity.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a> <a href="/wiki/Portal:Christianity" title="Portal:Christianity">Christianity</a></li><li class="portal-bar-item"><noscript><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Allah-green.svg/18px-Allah-green.svg.png" decoding="async" width="18" height="19" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="206" data-file-height="215"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 18px;height: 19px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Allah-green.svg/18px-Allah-green.svg.png" data-alt="" data-width="18" data-height="19" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Allah-green.svg/28px-Allah-green.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Allah-green.svg/36px-Allah-green.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element">  <a href="/wiki/Portal:Islam" title="Portal:Islam">Islam</a></li><li class="portal-bar-item"><a href="/wiki/File:P_religion_world.svg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/28/P_religion_world.svg/21px-P_religion_world.svg.png" decoding="async" width="21" height="19" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="400" data-file-height="360"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 21px;height: 19px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/28/P_religion_world.svg/21px-P_religion_world.svg.png" data-alt="icon" data-width="21" data-height="19" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/28/P_religion_world.svg/32px-P_religion_world.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/28/P_religion_world.svg/42px-P_religion_world.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a> <a href="/wiki/Portal:Religion" title="Portal:Religion">Religion</a></li><li class="portal-bar-item"><noscript><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/Bible.malmesbury.arp.jpg/21px-Bible.malmesbury.arp.jpg" decoding="async" width="21" height="14" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1993" data-file-height="1300"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 21px;height: 14px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/Bible.malmesbury.arp.jpg/21px-Bible.malmesbury.arp.jpg" data-alt="" data-width="21" data-height="14" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/Bible.malmesbury.arp.jpg/32px-Bible.malmesbury.arp.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/Bible.malmesbury.arp.jpg/42px-Bible.malmesbury.arp.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element">  <a href="/wiki/Portal:Bible" title="Portal:Bible">Bible</a></li><li class="portal-bar-item"><noscript><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/69/P_vip.svg/19px-P_vip.svg.png" decoding="async" width="19" height="19" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1911" data-file-height="1944"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 19px;height: 19px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/69/P_vip.svg/19px-P_vip.svg.png" data-alt="" data-width="19" data-height="19" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/69/P_vip.svg/28px-P_vip.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/69/P_vip.svg/37px-P_vip.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element">  <a href="/wiki/Portal:Biography" title="Portal:Biography">Biography</a></li></ul></div><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236088147">.mw-parser-output .sister-bar{display:flex;justify-content:center;align-items:baseline;font-size:88%;background-color:#fdfdfd;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;clear:both;margin:1em 0 0;padding:0 2em}.mw-parser-output .sister-bar-header{margin:0 1em 0 0.5em;padding:0.2em 0;flex:0 0 auto;min-height:24px;line-height:22px}.mw-parser-output .sister-bar-content{display:flex;flex-flow:row wrap;flex:0 1 auto;align-items:baseline;padding:0.2em 0;column-gap:1em;margin:0;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .sister-bar-item{display:flex;align-items:baseline;margin:0.15em 0;min-height:24px;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .sister-bar-logo{width:22px;line-height:22px;margin:0 0.2em;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .sister-bar-link{margin:0 0.2em;text-align:left}@media screen and (max-width:960px){.mw-parser-output .sister-bar{flex-flow:column wrap;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .sister-bar-header{flex:0 1}.mw-parser-output .sister-bar-content{flex:1;border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1;margin:0;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .sister-bar-item{flex:0 0 20em;min-width:20em}}.mw-parser-output .navbox+link+.sister-bar,.mw-parser-output .navbox+style+.sister-bar,.mw-parser-output .portal-bar+link+.sister-bar,.mw-parser-output .portal-bar+style+.sister-bar,.mw-parser-output .sister-bar+.navbox-styles+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .sister-bar+.navbox-styles+.portal-bar{margin-top:-1px}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sister-bar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="noprint metadata sister-bar" role="navigation" aria-label="sister-projects"><div class="sister-bar-header">Jesus at Wikipedia's <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Wikimedia_sister_projects" title="Wikipedia:Wikimedia sister projects">sister projects</a>:</div><ul class="sister-bar-content"><li class="sister-bar-item"><noscript><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/06/Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg/19px-Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="19" height="19" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="391" data-file-height="391"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 19px;height: 19px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/06/Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg/19px-Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg.png" data-alt="" data-width="19" data-height="19" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/06/Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg/29px-Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/06/Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg/38px-Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Jesus" class="extiw" title="wikt:Jesus">Definitions</a> from Wiktionary</li><li class="sister-bar-item"><noscript><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/14px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="14" height="19" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 14px;height: 19px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/14px-Commons-logo.svg.png" data-alt="" data-width="14" data-height="19" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/21px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/28px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/%D7%99%D7%A9%D7%95%D7%A2" class="extiw" title="c:ישוע">Media</a> from Commons</li><li class="sister-bar-item"><noscript><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/16px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="19" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="355"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 16px;height: 19px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/16px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png" data-alt="" data-width="16" data-height="19" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/24px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/32px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> <a href="https://en.wikiquote.org/wiki/Jesus" class="extiw" title="q:Jesus">Quotations</a> from Wikiquote</li><li class="sister-bar-item"><noscript><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/18px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="18" height="19" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="410" data-file-height="430"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 18px;height: 19px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/18px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png" data-alt="" data-width="18" data-height="19" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/28px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/36px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> <a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Author:Jesus_of_Nazareth" class="extiw" title="s:Author:Jesus of Nazareth">Texts</a> from Wikisource</li><li class="sister-bar-item"><noscript><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikibooks-logo.svg/19px-Wikibooks-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="19" height="19" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 19px;height: 19px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikibooks-logo.svg/19px-Wikibooks-logo.svg.png" data-alt="" data-width="19" data-height="19" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikibooks-logo.svg/29px-Wikibooks-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikibooks-logo.svg/38px-Wikibooks-logo.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> <a href="https://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Biblical_Studies/Christianity/Jesus" class="extiw" title="b:Biblical Studies/Christianity/Jesus">Textbooks</a> from Wikibooks</li><li class="sister-bar-item"><noscript><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg/21px-Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg.png" decoding="async" width="21" height="17" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="626" data-file-height="512"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 21px;height: 17px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg/21px-Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg.png" data-alt="" data-width="21" data-height="17" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg/32px-Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg/42px-Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> <a href="https://en.wikiversity.org/wiki/Jesus" class="extiw" title="v:Jesus">Resources</a> from Wikiversity</li><li class="sister-bar-item"><noscript><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Wikidata-logo.svg/21px-Wikidata-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="21" height="12" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1050" data-file-height="590"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 21px;height: 12px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Wikidata-logo.svg/21px-Wikidata-logo.svg.png" data-alt="" data-width="21" data-height="12" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Wikidata-logo.svg/32px-Wikidata-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Wikidata-logo.svg/42px-Wikidata-logo.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> <a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q302" class="extiw" title="d:Q302">Data</a> from Wikidata</li></ul></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1038841319">.mw-parser-output .tooltip-dotted{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319"></div>    </section></div> <noscript><img src="https://login.m.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1&mobile=1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Jesus&oldid=1259217414">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Jesus&oldid=1259217414</a>"</div></div> </div> <div class="post-content" id="page-secondary-actions"> </div> </main> <footer class="mw-footer minerva-footer" role="contentinfo"> <a class="last-modified-bar" href="/w/index.php?title=Jesus&action=history"> <div class="post-content last-modified-bar__content"> Last edited on 24 November 2024, at 00:31 </div> </a> <div class="post-content footer-content"> <div id='mw-data-after-content'> <div class="read-more-container"></div> </div> <div id="p-lang"> <h4>Languages</h4> <section> <ul id="p-variants" class="minerva-languages"></ul> <ul class="minerva-languages"><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kbd mw-list-item"><a href="https://kbd.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A5%D1%8C%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%8D-%D0%9C%D1%8D%D1%81%D1%8B%D1%85%D1%8C" title="Хьисэ-Мэсыхь – Kabardian" lang="kbd" hreflang="kbd" data-title="Хьисэ-Мэсыхь" data-language-autonym="Адыгэбзэ" data-language-local-name="Kabardian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Адыгэбзэ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jesus_van_Nasaret" title="Jesus van Nasaret – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Jesus van Nasaret" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target">Afrikaans</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-als mw-list-item"><a href="https://als.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jesus_Christus" title="Jesus Christus – Alemannic" lang="gsw" hreflang="gsw" data-title="Jesus Christus" data-language-autonym="Alemannisch" data-language-local-name="Alemannic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Alemannisch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-am mw-list-item"><a href="https://am.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%8A%A2%E1%8B%A8%E1%88%B1%E1%88%B5" title="ኢየሱስ – Amharic" lang="am" hreflang="am" data-title="ኢየሱስ" data-language-autonym="አማርኛ" data-language-local-name="Amharic" class="interlanguage-link-target">አማርኛ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-smn mw-list-item"><a href="https://smn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jeesus" title="Jeesus – Inari Sami" lang="smn" hreflang="smn" data-title="Jeesus" data-language-autonym="Anarâškielâ" data-language-local-name="Inari Sami" class="interlanguage-link-target">Anarâškielâ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-anp mw-list-item"><a href="https://anp.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%88%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%BE_%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%B9" title="ईसा मसीह – Angika" lang="anp" hreflang="anp" data-title="ईसा मसीह" data-language-autonym="अंगिका" data-language-local-name="Angika" class="interlanguage-link-target">अंगिका</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ang mw-list-item"><a href="https://ang.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iesus" title="Iesus – Old English" lang="ang" hreflang="ang" data-title="Iesus" data-language-autonym="Ænglisc" data-language-local-name="Old English" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ænglisc</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ab mw-list-item"><a href="https://ab.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%98%D0%B0%D1%81%D0%B0_%D2%9A%D1%8C%D1%8B%D1%80%D1%81%D0%B0" title="Иаса Қьырса – Abkhazian" lang="ab" hreflang="ab" data-title="Иаса Қьырса" data-language-autonym="Аԥсшәа" data-language-local-name="Abkhazian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Аԥсшәа</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%8A%D8%B3%D9%88%D8%B9" title="يسوع – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="يسوع" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">العربية</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-an mw-list-item"><a href="https://an.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ches%C3%BAs_de_Nazaret" title="Chesús de Nazaret – Aragonese" lang="an" hreflang="an" data-title="Chesús de Nazaret" data-language-autonym="Aragonés" data-language-local-name="Aragonese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Aragonés</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arc mw-list-item"><a href="https://arc.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DC%9D%DC%AB%DC%98%DC%A5" title="ܝܫܘܥ – Aramaic" lang="arc" hreflang="arc" data-title="ܝܫܘܥ" data-language-autonym="ܐܪܡܝܐ" data-language-local-name="Aramaic" class="interlanguage-link-target">ܐܪܡܝܐ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hyw mw-list-item"><a href="https://hyw.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%85%D5%AB%D5%BD%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%BD" title="Յիսուս – Western Armenian" lang="hyw" hreflang="hyw" data-title="Յիսուս" data-language-autonym="Արեւմտահայերէն" data-language-local-name="Western Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Արեւմտահայերէն</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-roa-rup mw-list-item"><a href="https://roa-rup.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isa_Hristo" title="Isa Hristo – Aromanian" lang="rup" hreflang="rup" data-title="Isa Hristo" data-language-autonym="Armãneashti" data-language-local-name="Aromanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Armãneashti</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-frp mw-list-item"><a href="https://frp.wikipedia.org/wiki/J%C3%A8sus_Crist" title="Jèsus Crist – Arpitan" lang="frp" hreflang="frp" data-title="Jèsus Crist" data-language-autonym="Arpetan" data-language-local-name="Arpitan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Arpetan</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-as mw-list-item"><a href="https://as.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%AF%E0%A7%80%E0%A6%B6%E0%A7%81" title="যীশু – Assamese" lang="as" hreflang="as" data-title="যীশু" data-language-autonym="অসমীয়া" data-language-local-name="Assamese" class="interlanguage-link-target">অসমীয়া</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xes%C3%BAs" title="Xesús – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Xesús" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Asturianu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-atj mw-list-item"><a href="https://atj.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cecoc" title="Cecoc – Atikamekw" lang="atj" hreflang="atj" data-title="Cecoc" data-language-autonym="Atikamekw" data-language-local-name="Atikamekw" class="interlanguage-link-target">Atikamekw</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gn mw-list-item"><a href="https://gn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hesu" title="Hesu – Guarani" lang="gn" hreflang="gn" data-title="Hesu" data-language-autonym="Avañe'ẽ" data-language-local-name="Guarani" class="interlanguage-link-target">Avañe'ẽ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ay mw-list-item"><a href="https://ay.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jesus" title="Jesus – Aymara" lang="ay" hreflang="ay" data-title="Jesus" data-language-autonym="Aymar aru" data-language-local-name="Aymara" class="interlanguage-link-target">Aymar aru</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%B0sa" title="İsa – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="İsa" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target">Azərbaycanca</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B9%DB%8C%D8%B3%DB%8C_%D9%BE%D8%A6%DB%8C%D8%BA%D9%85%D8%A8%D8%B1" title="عیسی پئیغمبر – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="عیسی پئیغمبر" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target">تۆرکجه</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bm mw-list-item"><a href="https://bm.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yesu_Krista" title="Yesu Krista – Bambara" lang="bm" hreflang="bm" data-title="Yesu Krista" data-language-autonym="Bamanankan" data-language-local-name="Bambara" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bamanankan</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%AF%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%B6%E0%A7%81" title="যিশু – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="যিশু" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target">বাংলা</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bjn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bjn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yesus_Kristus" title="Yesus Kristus – Banjar" lang="bjn" hreflang="bjn" data-title="Yesus Kristus" data-language-autonym="Banjar" data-language-local-name="Banjar" class="interlanguage-link-target">Banjar</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/I%C3%A2-so%CD%98" title="Iâ-so͘ – Minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Iâ-so͘" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Minnan" class="interlanguage-link-target">閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-map-bms mw-list-item"><a href="https://map-bms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yesus_Kristus" title="Yesus Kristus – Banyumasan" lang="jv-x-bms" hreflang="jv-x-bms" data-title="Yesus Kristus" data-language-autonym="Basa Banyumasan" data-language-local-name="Banyumasan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Basa Banyumasan</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ba mw-list-item"><a href="https://ba.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D2%92%D0%B0%D0%B9%D1%81%D0%B0_(%D0%BF%D3%99%D0%B9%D2%93%D3%99%D0%BC%D0%B1%D3%99%D1%80)" title="Ғайса (пәйғәмбәр) – Bashkir" lang="ba" hreflang="ba" data-title="Ғайса (пәйғәмбәр)" data-language-autonym="Башҡортса" data-language-local-name="Bashkir" class="interlanguage-link-target">Башҡортса</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%86%D1%81%D1%83%D1%81_%D0%A5%D1%80%D1%8B%D1%81%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%81" title="Ісус Хрыстос – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Ісус Хрыстос" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Беларуская</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%86%D1%81%D1%83%D1%81_%D0%A5%D1%80%D1%8B%D1%81%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%81" title="Ісус Хрыстос – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Ісус Хрыстос" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target">Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bh mw-list-item"><a href="https://bh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%88%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%BE_%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%B9" title="ईसा मसीह – Bhojpuri" lang="bh" hreflang="bh" data-title="ईसा मसीह" data-language-autonym="भोजपुरी" data-language-local-name="Bhojpuri" class="interlanguage-link-target">भोजपुरी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bcl mw-list-item"><a href="https://bcl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hesus" title="Hesus – Central Bikol" lang="bcl" hreflang="bcl" data-title="Hesus" data-language-autonym="Bikol Central" data-language-local-name="Central Bikol" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bikol Central</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bi mw-list-item"><a href="https://bi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jisas_Kraes" title="Jisas Kraes – Bislama" lang="bi" hreflang="bi" data-title="Jisas Kraes" data-language-autonym="Bislama" data-language-local-name="Bislama" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bislama</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%98%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%83%D1%81_%D0%A5%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%81" title="Иисус Христос – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Иисус Христос" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Български</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bar mw-list-item"><a href="https://bar.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jesus_vo_Nazaret" title="Jesus vo Nazaret – Bavarian" lang="bar" hreflang="bar" data-title="Jesus vo Nazaret" data-language-autonym="Boarisch" data-language-local-name="Bavarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Boarisch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bo mw-list-item"><a href="https://bo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%BD%A1%E0%BD%BA%E0%BC%8B%E0%BD%A4%E0%BD%B4%E0%BC%8D" title="ཡེ་ཤུ། – Tibetan" lang="bo" hreflang="bo" data-title="ཡེ་ཤུ།" data-language-autonym="བོད་ཡིག" data-language-local-name="Tibetan" class="interlanguage-link-target">བོད་ཡིག</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isus" title="Isus – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Isus" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bosanski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jezuz_Nazaret" title="Jezuz Nazaret – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Jezuz Nazaret" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target">Brezhoneg</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bxr mw-list-item"><a href="https://bxr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%98%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%83%D1%81_%D0%A5%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%81" title="Иисус Христос – Russia Buriat" lang="bxr" hreflang="bxr" data-title="Иисус Христос" data-language-autonym="Буряад" data-language-local-name="Russia Buriat" class="interlanguage-link-target">Буряад</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jes%C3%BAs_de_Natzaret" title="Jesús de Natzaret – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Jesús de Natzaret" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Català</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cv mw-list-item"><a href="https://cv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%98%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%83%D1%81_%D0%A5%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%81" title="Иисус Христос – Chuvash" lang="cv" hreflang="cv" data-title="Иисус Христос" data-language-autonym="Чӑвашла" data-language-local-name="Chuvash" class="interlanguage-link-target">Чӑвашла</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ceb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ceb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hes%C3%BAs" title="Hesús – Cebuano" lang="ceb" hreflang="ceb" data-title="Hesús" data-language-autonym="Cebuano" data-language-local-name="Cebuano" class="interlanguage-link-target">Cebuano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Je%C5%BE%C3%AD%C5%A1_Kristus" title="Ježíš Kristus – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Ježíš Kristus" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target">Čeština</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ny mw-list-item"><a href="https://ny.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yesu_Kristu" title="Yesu Kristu – Nyanja" lang="ny" hreflang="ny" data-title="Yesu Kristu" data-language-autonym="Chi-Chewa" data-language-local-name="Nyanja" class="interlanguage-link-target">Chi-Chewa</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sn mw-list-item"><a href="https://sn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yesu" title="Yesu – Shona" lang="sn" hreflang="sn" data-title="Yesu" data-language-autonym="ChiShona" data-language-local-name="Shona" class="interlanguage-link-target">ChiShona</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tum mw-list-item"><a href="https://tum.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yesu_Khristu" title="Yesu Khristu – Tumbuka" lang="tum" hreflang="tum" data-title="Yesu Khristu" data-language-autonym="ChiTumbuka" data-language-local-name="Tumbuka" class="interlanguage-link-target">ChiTumbuka</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-co mw-list-item"><a href="https://co.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ges%C3%B9_Cristu" title="Gesù Cristu – Corsican" lang="co" hreflang="co" data-title="Gesù Cristu" data-language-autonym="Corsu" data-language-local-name="Corsican" class="interlanguage-link-target">Corsu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iesu" title="Iesu – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Iesu" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target">Cymraeg</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-dag mw-list-item"><a href="https://dag.wikipedia.org/wiki/Issa" title="Issa – Dagbani" lang="dag" hreflang="dag" data-title="Issa" data-language-autonym="Dagbanli" data-language-local-name="Dagbani" class="interlanguage-link-target">Dagbanli</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da badge-Q17559452 badge-recommendedarticle mw-list-item" title="recommended article"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jesus" title="Jesus – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Jesus" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Dansk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ary mw-list-item"><a href="https://ary.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%8A%D8%B3%D9%88%D8%B9" title="يسوع – Moroccan Arabic" lang="ary" hreflang="ary" data-title="يسوع" data-language-autonym="الدارجة" data-language-local-name="Moroccan Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">الدارجة</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-se mw-list-item"><a href="https://se.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jesus" title="Jesus – Northern Sami" lang="se" hreflang="se" data-title="Jesus" data-language-autonym="Davvisámegiella" data-language-local-name="Northern Sami" class="interlanguage-link-target">Davvisámegiella</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pdc mw-list-item"><a href="https://pdc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yeesus_Grischdus" title="Yeesus Grischdus – Pennsylvania German" lang="pdc" hreflang="pdc" data-title="Yeesus Grischdus" data-language-autonym="Deitsch" data-language-local-name="Pennsylvania German" class="interlanguage-link-target">Deitsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jesus_Christus" title="Jesus Christus – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Jesus Christus" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target">Deutsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-dv mw-list-item"><a href="https://dv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DE%87%DE%A9%DE%90%DE%A7%DE%8E%DE%AC%DE%8A%DE%A7%DE%82%DE%AA" title="އީސާގެފާނު – Divehi" lang="dv" hreflang="dv" data-title="އީސާގެފާނު" data-language-autonym="ދިވެހިބަސް" data-language-local-name="Divehi" class="interlanguage-link-target">ދިވެހިބަސް</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nv mw-list-item"><a href="https://nv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doodaatsaahii_(J%C3%AD%C3%ADsas)" title="Doodaatsaahii (Jíísas) – Navajo" lang="nv" hreflang="nv" data-title="Doodaatsaahii (Jíísas)" data-language-autonym="Diné bizaad" data-language-local-name="Navajo" class="interlanguage-link-target">Diné bizaad</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-dsb mw-list-item"><a href="https://dsb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jezus_Kristus" title="Jezus Kristus – Lower Sorbian" lang="dsb" hreflang="dsb" data-title="Jezus Kristus" data-language-autonym="Dolnoserbski" data-language-local-name="Lower Sorbian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Dolnoserbski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jeesus" title="Jeesus – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Jeesus" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Eesti</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%99%CE%B7%CF%83%CE%BF%CF%8D%CF%82_%CE%A7%CF%81%CE%B9%CF%83%CF%84%CF%8C%CF%82" title="Ιησούς Χριστός – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Ιησούς Χριστός" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ελληνικά</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eml mw-list-item"><a href="https://eml.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ge%E1%B9%A1%C3%BC" title="Geṡü – Emiliano-Romagnolo" lang="egl" hreflang="egl" data-title="Geṡü" data-language-autonym="Emiliàn e rumagnòl" data-language-local-name="Emiliano-Romagnolo" class="interlanguage-link-target">Emiliàn e rumagnòl</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-myv mw-list-item"><a href="https://myv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%98%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%83%D1%81_%D0%A5%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%81" title="Иисус Христос – Erzya" lang="myv" hreflang="myv" data-title="Иисус Христос" data-language-autonym="Эрзянь" data-language-local-name="Erzya" class="interlanguage-link-target">Эрзянь</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jes%C3%BAs_de_Nazaret" title="Jesús de Nazaret – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Jesús de Nazaret" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Español</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jesuo_Kristo" title="Jesuo Kristo – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Jesuo Kristo" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target">Esperanto</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ext mw-list-item"><a href="https://ext.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jesucristu" title="Jesucristu – Extremaduran" lang="ext" hreflang="ext" data-title="Jesucristu" data-language-autonym="Estremeñu" data-language-local-name="Extremaduran" class="interlanguage-link-target">Estremeñu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jesus_Nazaretekoa" title="Jesus Nazaretekoa – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Jesus Nazaretekoa" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target">Euskara</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ee mw-list-item"><a href="https://ee.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yesu" title="Yesu – Ewe" lang="ee" hreflang="ee" data-title="Yesu" data-language-autonym="Eʋegbe" data-language-local-name="Ewe" class="interlanguage-link-target">Eʋegbe</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gur mw-list-item"><a href="https://gur.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yeesu" title="Yeesu – Frafra" lang="gur" hreflang="gur" data-title="Yeesu" data-language-autonym="Farefare" data-language-local-name="Frafra" class="interlanguage-link-target">Farefare</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="good article badge"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B9%DB%8C%D8%B3%DB%8C" title="عیسی – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="عیسی" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target">فارسی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hif mw-list-item"><a href="https://hif.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jesus" title="Jesus – Fiji Hindi" lang="hif" hreflang="hif" data-title="Jesus" data-language-autonym="Fiji Hindi" data-language-local-name="Fiji Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target">Fiji Hindi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fo mw-list-item"><a href="https://fo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jesus" title="Jesus – Faroese" lang="fo" hreflang="fo" data-title="Jesus" data-language-autonym="Føroyskt" data-language-local-name="Faroese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Føroyskt</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/J%C3%A9sus-Christ" title="Jésus-Christ – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Jésus-Christ" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target">Français</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy mw-list-item"><a href="https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jezus_(tradisjoneel-kristlik)" title="Jezus (tradisjoneel-kristlik) – Western Frisian" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" data-title="Jezus (tradisjoneel-kristlik)" data-language-autonym="Frysk" data-language-local-name="Western Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Frysk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ff mw-list-item"><a href="https://ff.wikipedia.org/wiki/Y%C3%A9esu_Kristaa" title="Yéesu Kristaa – Fula" lang="ff" hreflang="ff" data-title="Yéesu Kristaa" data-language-autonym="Fulfulde" data-language-local-name="Fula" class="interlanguage-link-target">Fulfulde</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fur mw-list-item"><a href="https://fur.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jesus" title="Jesus – Friulian" lang="fur" hreflang="fur" data-title="Jesus" data-language-autonym="Furlan" data-language-local-name="Friulian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Furlan</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%8Dosa_Cr%C3%ADost" title="Íosa Críost – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Íosa Críost" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gaeilge</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gv mw-list-item"><a href="https://gv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yeesey_Chreest" title="Yeesey Chreest – Manx" lang="gv" hreflang="gv" data-title="Yeesey Chreest" data-language-autonym="Gaelg" data-language-local-name="Manx" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gaelg</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gag mw-list-item"><a href="https://gag.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%B0isus" title="İisus – Gagauz" lang="gag" hreflang="gag" data-title="İisus" data-language-autonym="Gagauz" data-language-local-name="Gagauz" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gagauz</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gd mw-list-item"><a href="https://gd.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%8Cosa_Cr%C3%ACosd" title="Ìosa Crìosd – Scottish Gaelic" lang="gd" hreflang="gd" data-title="Ìosa Crìosd" data-language-autonym="Gàidhlig" data-language-local-name="Scottish Gaelic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gàidhlig</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xes%C3%BAs_de_Nazaret" title="Xesús de Nazaret – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Xesús de Nazaret" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target">Galego</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gan mw-list-item"><a href="https://gan.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%80%B6%E7%A9%8C" title="耶穌 – Gan" lang="gan" hreflang="gan" data-title="耶穌" data-language-autonym="贛語" data-language-local-name="Gan" class="interlanguage-link-target">贛語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gu mw-list-item"><a href="https://gu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AA%87%E0%AA%B8%E0%AB%81" title="ઇસુ – Gujarati" lang="gu" hreflang="gu" data-title="ઇસુ" data-language-autonym="ગુજરાતી" data-language-local-name="Gujarati" class="interlanguage-link-target">ગુજરાતી</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-got mw-list-item"><a href="https://got.wikipedia.org/wiki/%F0%90%8C%B9%F0%90%8C%B4%F0%90%8D%83%F0%90%8C%BF%F0%90%8D%83_%F0%90%8D%87%F0%90%8D%82%F0%90%8C%B9%F0%90%8D%83%F0%90%8D%84%F0%90%8C%BF%F0%90%8D%83" title="𐌹𐌴𐍃𐌿𐍃 𐍇𐍂𐌹𐍃𐍄𐌿𐍃 – Gothic" lang="got" hreflang="got" data-title="𐌹𐌴𐍃𐌿𐍃 𐍇𐍂𐌹𐍃𐍄𐌿𐍃" data-language-autonym="𐌲𐌿𐍄𐌹𐍃𐌺" data-language-local-name="Gothic" class="interlanguage-link-target">𐌲𐌿𐍄𐌹𐍃𐌺</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gom mw-list-item"><a href="https://gom.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%9C%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%9C%E0%A5%82_%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A4" title="जेजू क्रिस्त – Goan Konkani" lang="gom" hreflang="gom" data-title="जेजू क्रिस्त" data-language-autonym="गोंयची कोंकणी / Gõychi Konknni" data-language-local-name="Goan Konkani" class="interlanguage-link-target">गोंयची कोंकणी / Gõychi Konknni</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hak mw-list-item"><a href="https://hak.wikipedia.org/wiki/Y%C3%A2-s%C3%BB" title="Yâ-sû – Hakka Chinese" lang="hak" hreflang="hak" data-title="Yâ-sû" data-language-autonym="客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî" data-language-local-name="Hakka Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target">客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%98%88%EC%88%98" title="예수 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="예수" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target">한국어</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ha mw-list-item"><a href="https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isa" title="Isa – Hausa" lang="ha" hreflang="ha" data-title="Isa" data-language-autonym="Hausa" data-language-local-name="Hausa" class="interlanguage-link-target">Hausa</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-haw mw-list-item"><a href="https://haw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ies%C5%AB_Kristo" title="Iesū Kristo – Hawaiian" lang="haw" hreflang="haw" data-title="Iesū Kristo" data-language-autonym="Hawaiʻi" data-language-local-name="Hawaiian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Hawaiʻi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%80%D5%AB%D5%BD%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%BD" title="Հիսուս – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Հիսուս" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Հայերեն</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AF%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%B6%E0%A5%81" title="यीशु – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="यीशु" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target">हिन्दी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hsb mw-list-item"><a href="https://hsb.wikipedia.org/wiki/J%C4%9Bzus" title="Jězus – Upper Sorbian" lang="hsb" hreflang="hsb" data-title="Jězus" data-language-autonym="Hornjoserbsce" data-language-local-name="Upper Sorbian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Hornjoserbsce</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isus" title="Isus – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Isus" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Hrvatski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iesu_de_Nazaret" title="Iesu de Nazaret – Ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Iesu de Nazaret" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="Ido" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ido</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ig mw-list-item"><a href="https://ig.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jis%E1%BB%8Ds_Kra%E1%BB%8Bst" title="Jisọs Kraịst – Igbo" lang="ig" hreflang="ig" data-title="Jisọs Kraịst" data-language-autonym="Igbo" data-language-local-name="Igbo" class="interlanguage-link-target">Igbo</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ilo mw-list-item"><a href="https://ilo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hes%C3%BAs" title="Hesús – Iloko" lang="ilo" hreflang="ilo" data-title="Hesús" data-language-autonym="Ilokano" data-language-local-name="Iloko" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ilokano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yesus" title="Yesus – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Yesus" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Indonesia</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ia mw-list-item"><a href="https://ia.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jesus_Christo" title="Jesus Christo – Interlingua" lang="ia" hreflang="ia" data-title="Jesus Christo" data-language-autonym="Interlingua" data-language-local-name="Interlingua" class="interlanguage-link-target">Interlingua</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ie mw-list-item"><a href="https://ie.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jesu" title="Jesu – Interlingue" lang="ie" hreflang="ie" data-title="Jesu" data-language-autonym="Interlingue" data-language-local-name="Interlingue" class="interlanguage-link-target">Interlingue</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-iu mw-list-item"><a href="https://iu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%90%B1%E1%90%85%E1%93%95%E1%91%A6%E1%93%AF%E1%94%A8" title="ᐱᐅᓕᑦᓯᔨ – Inuktitut" lang="iu" hreflang="iu" data-title="ᐱᐅᓕᑦᓯᔨ" data-language-autonym="ᐃᓄᒃᑎᑐᑦ / inuktitut" data-language-local-name="Inuktitut" class="interlanguage-link-target">ᐃᓄᒃᑎᑐᑦ / inuktitut</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-os mw-list-item"><a href="https://os.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%99%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%BE_%D0%A7%D1%8B%D1%80%D1%8B%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B8" title="Йесо Чырысти – Ossetic" lang="os" hreflang="os" data-title="Йесо Чырысти" data-language-autonym="Ирон" data-language-local-name="Ossetic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ирон</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xh mw-list-item"><a href="https://xh.wikipedia.org/wiki/UYesu_Kristu" title="UYesu Kristu – Xhosa" lang="xh" hreflang="xh" data-title="UYesu Kristu" data-language-autonym="IsiXhosa" data-language-local-name="Xhosa" class="interlanguage-link-target">IsiXhosa</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zu mw-list-item"><a href="https://zu.wikipedia.org/wiki/UJesu" title="UJesu – Zulu" lang="zu" hreflang="zu" data-title="UJesu" data-language-autonym="IsiZulu" data-language-local-name="Zulu" class="interlanguage-link-target">IsiZulu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jes%C3%BAs" title="Jesús – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Jesús" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Íslenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ges%C3%B9" title="Gesù – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Gesù" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Italiano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%99%D7%A9%D7%95" title="ישו – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="ישו" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target">עברית</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jv mw-list-item"><a href="https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Y%C3%A9sus_Kristus" title="Yésus Kristus – Javanese" lang="jv" hreflang="jv" data-title="Yésus Kristus" data-language-autonym="Jawa" data-language-local-name="Javanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Jawa</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kbp mw-list-item"><a href="https://kbp.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yeesu_Nazar%C9%9B%C9%9Bt%C9%A9_t%CA%8B" title="Yeesu Nazarɛɛtɩ tʋ – Kabiye" lang="kbp" hreflang="kbp" data-title="Yeesu Nazarɛɛtɩ tʋ" data-language-autonym="Kabɩyɛ" data-language-local-name="Kabiye" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kabɩyɛ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kn mw-list-item"><a href="https://kn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%AF%E0%B3%87%E0%B2%B8%E0%B3%81_%E0%B2%95%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%B0%E0%B2%BF%E0%B2%B8%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%A4" title="ಯೇಸು ಕ್ರಿಸ್ತ – Kannada" lang="kn" hreflang="kn" data-title="ಯೇಸು ಕ್ರಿಸ್ತ" data-language-autonym="ಕನ್ನಡ" data-language-local-name="Kannada" class="interlanguage-link-target">ಕನ್ನಡ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pam mw-list-item"><a href="https://pam.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jesus" title="Jesus – Pampanga" lang="pam" hreflang="pam" data-title="Jesus" data-language-autonym="Kapampangan" data-language-local-name="Pampanga" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kapampangan</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%98%E1%83%94%E1%83%A1%E1%83%9D_%E1%83%A5%E1%83%A0%E1%83%98%E1%83%A1%E1%83%A2%E1%83%94" title="იესო ქრისტე – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="იესო ქრისტე" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target">ქართული</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ks mw-list-item"><a href="https://ks.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B9%DB%8C%D8%B3%DB%8C%D9%B0" title="عیسیٰ – Kashmiri" lang="ks" hreflang="ks" data-title="عیسیٰ" data-language-autonym="कॉशुर / کٲشُر" data-language-local-name="Kashmiri" class="interlanguage-link-target">कॉशुर / کٲشُر</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%98%D1%81%D0%B0_%D0%9C%D3%99%D1%81%D0%B8%D1%85" title="Иса Мәсих – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Иса Мәсих" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target">Қазақша</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kw mw-list-item"><a href="https://kw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yesu_Krist" title="Yesu Krist – Cornish" lang="kw" hreflang="kw" data-title="Yesu Krist" data-language-autonym="Kernowek" data-language-local-name="Cornish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kernowek</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rw mw-list-item"><a href="https://rw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yezu_Kirisitu" title="Yezu Kirisitu – Kinyarwanda" lang="rw" hreflang="rw" data-title="Yezu Kirisitu" data-language-autonym="Ikinyarwanda" data-language-local-name="Kinyarwanda" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ikinyarwanda</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rn mw-list-item"><a href="https://rn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yezu_Kirisitu" title="Yezu Kirisitu – Rundi" lang="rn" hreflang="rn" data-title="Yezu Kirisitu" data-language-autonym="Ikirundi" data-language-local-name="Rundi" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ikirundi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yesu" title="Yesu – Swahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Yesu" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="Swahili" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kiswahili</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kv mw-list-item"><a href="https://kv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%98%D1%81%D1%83%D1%81_%D0%9A%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%81" title="Исус Кристос – Komi" lang="kv" hreflang="kv" data-title="Исус Кристос" data-language-autonym="Коми" data-language-local-name="Komi" class="interlanguage-link-target">Коми</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kg mw-list-item"><a href="https://kg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yesu" title="Yesu – Kongo" lang="kg" hreflang="kg" data-title="Yesu" data-language-autonym="Kongo" data-language-local-name="Kongo" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kongo</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-avk mw-list-item"><a href="https://avk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yesus_Kristos" title="Yesus Kristos – Kotava" lang="avk" hreflang="avk" data-title="Yesus Kristos" data-language-autonym="Kotava" data-language-local-name="Kotava" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kotava</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ht mw-list-item"><a href="https://ht.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jezi" title="Jezi – Haitian Creole" lang="ht" hreflang="ht" data-title="Jezi" data-language-autonym="Kreyòl ayisyen" data-language-local-name="Haitian Creole" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kreyòl ayisyen</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gcr mw-list-item"><a href="https://gcr.wikipedia.org/wiki/J%C3%A9zi_di_Nazareth" title="Jézi di Nazareth – Guianan Creole" lang="gcr" hreflang="gcr" data-title="Jézi di Nazareth" data-language-autonym="Kriyòl gwiyannen" data-language-local-name="Guianan Creole" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kriyòl gwiyannen</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ku mw-list-item"><a href="https://ku.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%8Esa" title="Îsa – Kurdish" lang="ku" hreflang="ku" data-title="Îsa" data-language-autonym="Kurdî" data-language-local-name="Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kurdî</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%AB%D0%B9%D1%81%D0%B0" title="Ыйса – Kyrgyz" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Ыйса" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="Kyrgyz" class="interlanguage-link-target">Кыргызча</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lld mw-list-item"><a href="https://lld.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gej%C3%BA_Crist" title="Gejú Crist – Ladin" lang="lld" hreflang="lld" data-title="Gejú Crist" data-language-autonym="Ladin" data-language-local-name="Ladin" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ladin</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lad mw-list-item"><a href="https://lad.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yeshu_de_Nazaret" title="Yeshu de Nazaret – Ladino" lang="lad" hreflang="lad" data-title="Yeshu de Nazaret" data-language-autonym="Ladino" data-language-local-name="Ladino" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ladino</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lbe mw-list-item"><a href="https://lbe.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%AD%D1%81%D0%B0_%D0%B8%D0%B4%D0%B0%D0%B2%D1%81" title="Эса идавс – Lak" lang="lbe" hreflang="lbe" data-title="Эса идавс" data-language-autonym="Лакку" data-language-local-name="Lak" class="interlanguage-link-target">Лакку</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%BA%9E%E0%BA%A3%E0%BA%B0%E0%BB%80%E0%BA%A2%E0%BA%8A%E0%BA%B9" title="ພຣະເຢຊູ – Lao" lang="lo" hreflang="lo" data-title="ພຣະເຢຊູ" data-language-autonym="ລາວ" data-language-local-name="Lao" class="interlanguage-link-target">ລາວ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ltg mw-list-item"><a href="https://ltg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jezus_Krystus" title="Jezus Krystus – Latgalian" lang="ltg" hreflang="ltg" data-title="Jezus Krystus" data-language-autonym="Latgaļu" data-language-local-name="Latgalian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latgaļu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iesus" title="Iesus – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Iesus" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/J%C4%93zus_Kristus" title="Jēzus Kristus – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Jēzus Kristus" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latviešu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lb mw-list-item"><a href="https://lb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jesus_vun_Nazaret" title="Jesus vun Nazaret – Luxembourgish" lang="lb" hreflang="lb" data-title="Jesus vun Nazaret" data-language-autonym="Lëtzebuergesch" data-language-local-name="Luxembourgish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lëtzebuergesch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lez mw-list-item"><a href="https://lez.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%98%D1%81%D0%B0_(%D0%BF%D0%B0%D0%B9%D0%B3%D1%8A%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B1%D0%B0%D1%80)" title="Иса (пайгъамбар) – Lezghian" lang="lez" hreflang="lez" data-title="Иса (пайгъамбар)" data-language-autonym="Лезги" data-language-local-name="Lezghian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Лезги</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/J%C4%97zus_Kristus" title="Jėzus Kristus – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Jėzus Kristus" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lietuvių</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nia mw-list-item"><a href="https://nia.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yesu" title="Yesu – Nias" lang="nia" hreflang="nia" data-title="Yesu" data-language-autonym="Li Niha" data-language-local-name="Nias" class="interlanguage-link-target">Li Niha</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lij mw-list-item"><a href="https://lij.wikipedia.org/wiki/G%C3%AAx%C3%B9" title="Gêxù – Ligurian" lang="lij" hreflang="lij" data-title="Gêxù" data-language-autonym="Ligure" data-language-local-name="Ligurian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ligure</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-li mw-list-item"><a href="https://li.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zjezus_Christus" title="Zjezus Christus – Limburgish" lang="li" hreflang="li" data-title="Zjezus Christus" data-language-autonym="Limburgs" data-language-local-name="Limburgish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Limburgs</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ln mw-list-item"><a href="https://ln.wikipedia.org/wiki/Y%C3%A9su" title="Yésu – Lingala" lang="ln" hreflang="ln" data-title="Yésu" data-language-autonym="Lingála" data-language-local-name="Lingala" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lingála</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lfn mw-list-item"><a href="https://lfn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jesus_Cristo" title="Jesus Cristo – Lingua Franca Nova" lang="lfn" hreflang="lfn" data-title="Jesus Cristo" data-language-autonym="Lingua Franca Nova" data-language-local-name="Lingua Franca Nova" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lingua Franca Nova</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-olo mw-list-item"><a href="https://olo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iisus" title="Iisus – Livvi-Karelian" lang="olo" hreflang="olo" data-title="Iisus" data-language-autonym="Livvinkarjala" data-language-local-name="Livvi-Karelian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Livvinkarjala</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jbo mw-list-item"><a href="https://jbo.wikipedia.org/wiki/iesus" title="iesus – Lojban" lang="jbo" hreflang="jbo" data-title="iesus" data-language-autonym="La .lojban." data-language-local-name="Lojban" class="interlanguage-link-target">La .lojban.</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lg mw-list-item"><a href="https://lg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jesu_Kristo" title="Jesu Kristo – Ganda" lang="lg" hreflang="lg" data-title="Jesu Kristo" data-language-autonym="Luganda" data-language-local-name="Ganda" class="interlanguage-link-target">Luganda</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lmo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lmo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ges%C3%B9_de_Nazaret" title="Gesù de Nazaret – Lombard" lang="lmo" hreflang="lmo" data-title="Gesù de Nazaret" data-language-autonym="Lombard" data-language-local-name="Lombard" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lombard</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/J%C3%A9zus" title="Jézus – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Jézus" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Magyar</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%98%D1%81%D1%83%D1%81_%D0%A5%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%81" title="Исус Христос – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Исус Христос" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Македонски</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mg mw-list-item"><a href="https://mg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jesoa" title="Jesoa – Malagasy" lang="mg" hreflang="mg" data-title="Jesoa" data-language-autonym="Malagasy" data-language-local-name="Malagasy" class="interlanguage-link-target">Malagasy</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%AF%E0%B5%87%E0%B4%B6%E0%B5%81" title="യേശു – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="യേശു" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target">മലയാളം</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mt mw-list-item"><a href="https://mt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%A0es%C3%B9" title="Ġesù – Maltese" lang="mt" hreflang="mt" data-title="Ġesù" data-language-autonym="Malti" data-language-local-name="Maltese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Malti</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mi mw-list-item"><a href="https://mi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ihu_Karaiti" title="Ihu Karaiti – Māori" lang="mi" hreflang="mi" data-title="Ihu Karaiti" data-language-autonym="Māori" data-language-local-name="Māori" class="interlanguage-link-target">Māori</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AF%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%B6%E0%A5%82_%E0%A4%96%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A4" title="येशू ख्रिस्त – Marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="येशू ख्रिस्त" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="Marathi" class="interlanguage-link-target">मराठी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xmf mw-list-item"><a href="https://xmf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%98%E1%83%9D%E1%83%A1%E1%83%94_%E1%83%A5%E1%83%98%E1%83%A0%E1%83%A1%E1%83%94" title="იოსე ქირსე – Mingrelian" lang="xmf" hreflang="xmf" data-title="იოსე ქირსე" data-language-autonym="მარგალური" data-language-local-name="Mingrelian" class="interlanguage-link-target">მარგალური</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%8A%D8%B3%D9%88%D8%B9" title="يسوع – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="يسوع" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">مصرى</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mnw mw-list-item"><a href="https://mnw.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%9A%E1%80%B1%E1%80%9E%E1%80%BE%E1%80%AF" title="ယေသှု – Mon" lang="mnw" hreflang="mnw" data-title="ယေသှု" data-language-autonym="ဘာသာမန်" data-language-local-name="Mon" class="interlanguage-link-target">ဘာသာမန်</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mzn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mzn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B9%DB%8C%D8%B3%DB%8C" title="عیسی – Mazanderani" lang="mzn" hreflang="mzn" data-title="عیسی" data-language-autonym="مازِرونی" data-language-local-name="Mazanderani" class="interlanguage-link-target">مازِرونی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jesus_Christ" title="Jesus Christ – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Jesus Christ" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Melayu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mni mw-list-item"><a href="https://mni.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EA%AF%96%EA%AF%A4%EA%AF%96%EA%AF%81" title="ꯖꯤꯖꯁ – Manipuri" lang="mni" hreflang="mni" data-title="ꯖꯤꯖꯁ" data-language-autonym="ꯃꯤꯇꯩ ꯂꯣꯟ" data-language-local-name="Manipuri" class="interlanguage-link-target">ꯃꯤꯇꯩ ꯂꯣꯟ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-min mw-list-item"><a href="https://min.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yesus" title="Yesus – Minangkabau" lang="min" hreflang="min" data-title="Yesus" data-language-autonym="Minangkabau" data-language-local-name="Minangkabau" class="interlanguage-link-target">Minangkabau</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cdo mw-list-item"><a href="https://cdo.wikipedia.org/wiki/I%C3%A0-s%C5%AD" title="Ià-sŭ – Mindong" lang="cdo" hreflang="cdo" data-title="Ià-sŭ" data-language-autonym="閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄" data-language-local-name="Mindong" class="interlanguage-link-target">閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mwl mw-list-item"><a href="https://mwl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jasus" title="Jasus – Mirandese" lang="mwl" hreflang="mwl" data-title="Jasus" data-language-autonym="Mirandés" data-language-local-name="Mirandese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Mirandés</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%95%D1%81%D2%AF%D1%81_%D0%A5%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%82" title="Есүс Христ – Mongolian" lang="mn" hreflang="mn" data-title="Есүс Христ" data-language-autonym="Монгол" data-language-local-name="Mongolian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Монгол</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-my mw-list-item"><a href="https://my.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%9A%E1%80%B1%E1%80%9B%E1%80%BE%E1%80%AF_%E1%80%81%E1%80%9B%E1%80%85%E1%80%BA%E1%80%90%E1%80%B1%E1%80%AC%E1%80%BA" title="ယေရှု ခရစ်တော် – Burmese" lang="my" hreflang="my" data-title="ယေရှု ခရစ်တော်" data-language-autonym="မြန်မာဘာသာ" data-language-local-name="Burmese" class="interlanguage-link-target">မြန်မာဘာသာ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nah mw-list-item"><a href="https://nah.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jesucristo" title="Jesucristo – Nahuatl" lang="nah" hreflang="nah" data-title="Jesucristo" data-language-autonym="Nāhuatl" data-language-local-name="Nahuatl" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nāhuatl</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pcm mw-list-item"><a href="https://pcm.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jizos_Kraist" title="Jizos Kraist – Nigerian Pidgin" lang="pcm" hreflang="pcm" data-title="Jizos Kraist" data-language-autonym="Naijá" data-language-local-name="Nigerian Pidgin" class="interlanguage-link-target">Naijá</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fj mw-list-item"><a href="https://fj.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jisu_Karisito" title="Jisu Karisito – Fijian" lang="fj" hreflang="fj" data-title="Jisu Karisito" data-language-autonym="Na Vosa Vakaviti" data-language-local-name="Fijian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Na Vosa Vakaviti</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jezus_(traditioneel-christelijk)" title="Jezus (traditioneel-christelijk) – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Jezus (traditioneel-christelijk)" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nederlands</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nds-nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jezus_Christus" title="Jezus Christus – Low Saxon" lang="nds-NL" hreflang="nds-NL" data-title="Jezus Christus" data-language-autonym="Nedersaksies" data-language-local-name="Low Saxon" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nedersaksies</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ne mw-list-item"><a href="https://ne.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%B6%E0%A5%82_%E0%A4%96%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B7%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9F" title="यशू ख्रिष्ट – Nepali" lang="ne" hreflang="ne" data-title="यशू ख्रिष्ट" data-language-autonym="नेपाली" data-language-local-name="Nepali" class="interlanguage-link-target">नेपाली</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%A4%E3%82%A8%E3%82%B9%E3%83%BB%E3%82%AD%E3%83%AA%E3%82%B9%E3%83%88" title="イエス・キリスト – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="イエス・キリスト" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">日本語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nap mw-list-item"><a href="https://nap.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gies%C3%B9_Cristo" title="Giesù Cristo – Neapolitan" lang="nap" hreflang="nap" data-title="Giesù Cristo" data-language-autonym="Napulitano" data-language-local-name="Neapolitan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Napulitano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ce mw-list-item"><a href="https://ce.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D3%80%D0%B8%D0%B9%D1%81%D0%B0" title="Ӏийса – Chechen" lang="ce" hreflang="ce" data-title="Ӏийса" data-language-autonym="Нохчийн" data-language-local-name="Chechen" class="interlanguage-link-target">Нохчийн</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-frr mw-list-item"><a href="https://frr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jiises_Krast" title="Jiises Krast – Northern Frisian" lang="frr" hreflang="frr" data-title="Jiises Krast" data-language-autonym="Nordfriisk" data-language-local-name="Northern Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nordfriisk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pih mw-list-item"><a href="https://pih.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jesus" title="Jesus – Norfuk / Pitkern" lang="pih" hreflang="pih" data-title="Jesus" data-language-autonym="Norfuk / Pitkern" data-language-local-name="Norfuk / Pitkern" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norfuk / Pitkern</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jesus_Kristus" title="Jesus Kristus – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Jesus Kristus" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk bokmål</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jesus" title="Jesus – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Jesus" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk nynorsk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nrm mw-list-item"><a href="https://nrm.wikipedia.org/wiki/J%C3%A9sus-Chr%C3%AEt" title="Jésus-Chrît – Norman" lang="nrf" hreflang="nrf" data-title="Jésus-Chrît" data-language-autonym="Nouormand" data-language-local-name="Norman" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nouormand</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nov mw-list-item"><a href="https://nov.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jesu_Kristo" title="Jesu Kristo – Novial" lang="nov" hreflang="nov" data-title="Jesu Kristo" data-language-autonym="Novial" data-language-local-name="Novial" class="interlanguage-link-target">Novial</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/J%C3%A8sus_de_Nazaret" title="Jèsus de Nazaret – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Jèsus de Nazaret" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Occitan</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mhr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mhr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%98%D1%81%D1%83%D1%81_%D0%A5%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%81" title="Исус Христос – Eastern Mari" lang="mhr" hreflang="mhr" data-title="Исус Христос" data-language-autonym="Олык марий" data-language-local-name="Eastern Mari" class="interlanguage-link-target">Олык марий</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-or mw-list-item"><a href="https://or.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AC%AF%E0%AD%80%E0%AC%B6%E0%AD%81" title="ଯୀଶୁ – Odia" lang="or" hreflang="or" data-title="ଯୀଶୁ" data-language-autonym="ଓଡ଼ିଆ" data-language-local-name="Odia" class="interlanguage-link-target">ଓଡ଼ିଆ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-om mw-list-item"><a href="https://om.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yesuus" title="Yesuus – Oromo" lang="om" hreflang="om" data-title="Yesuus" data-language-autonym="Oromoo" data-language-local-name="Oromo" class="interlanguage-link-target">Oromoo</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iso_Masih" title="Iso Masih – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Iso Masih" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target">Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%88%E0%A8%B8%E0%A8%BE_%E0%A8%AE%E0%A8%B8%E0%A9%80%E0%A8%B9" title="ਈਸਾ ਮਸੀਹ – Punjabi" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਈਸਾ ਮਸੀਹ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target">ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pfl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pfl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jesus_Christus" title="Jesus Christus – Palatine German" lang="pfl" hreflang="pfl" data-title="Jesus Christus" data-language-autonym="Pälzisch" data-language-local-name="Palatine German" class="interlanguage-link-target">Pälzisch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DB%8C%D8%B3%D9%88%D8%B9" title="یسوع – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="یسوع" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target">پنجابی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pap mw-list-item"><a href="https://pap.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hesus" title="Hesus – Papiamento" lang="pap" hreflang="pap" data-title="Hesus" data-language-autonym="Papiamentu" data-language-local-name="Papiamento" class="interlanguage-link-target">Papiamentu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ps mw-list-item"><a href="https://ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B9%D9%8A%D8%B3%DB%8C" title="عيسی – Pashto" lang="ps" hreflang="ps" data-title="عيسی" data-language-autonym="پښتو" data-language-local-name="Pashto" class="interlanguage-link-target">پښتو</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jam mw-list-item"><a href="https://jam.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jiizas_Kraist" title="Jiizas Kraist – Jamaican Creole English" lang="jam" hreflang="jam" data-title="Jiizas Kraist" data-language-autonym="Patois" data-language-local-name="Jamaican Creole English" class="interlanguage-link-target">Patois</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-koi mw-list-item"><a href="https://koi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%98%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%83%D1%81_%D0%A5%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%81" title="Иисус Христос – Komi-Permyak" lang="koi" hreflang="koi" data-title="Иисус Христос" data-language-autonym="Перем коми" data-language-local-name="Komi-Permyak" class="interlanguage-link-target">Перем коми</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-km mw-list-item"><a href="https://km.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%9E%96%E1%9F%92%E1%9E%9A%E1%9F%87%E1%9E%99%E1%9F%81%E1%9E%9F%E1%9F%8A%E1%9E%BC" title="ព្រះយេស៊ូ – Khmer" lang="km" hreflang="km" data-title="ព្រះយេស៊ូ" data-language-autonym="ភាសាខ្មែរ" data-language-local-name="Khmer" class="interlanguage-link-target">ភាសាខ្មែរ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pcd mw-list-item"><a href="https://pcd.wikipedia.org/wiki/J%C3%A9sus-Crisse" title="Jésus-Crisse – Picard" lang="pcd" hreflang="pcd" data-title="Jésus-Crisse" data-language-autonym="Picard" data-language-local-name="Picard" class="interlanguage-link-target">Picard</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pms mw-list-item"><a href="https://pms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ges%C3%B9_%C3%ABd_N%C3%A0saret" title="Gesù ëd Nàsaret – Piedmontese" lang="pms" hreflang="pms" data-title="Gesù ëd Nàsaret" data-language-autonym="Piemontèis" data-language-local-name="Piedmontese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Piemontèis</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tpi mw-list-item"><a href="https://tpi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jisas" title="Jisas – Tok Pisin" lang="tpi" hreflang="tpi" data-title="Jisas" data-language-autonym="Tok Pisin" data-language-local-name="Tok Pisin" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tok Pisin</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds mw-list-item"><a href="https://nds.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jesus_Christus" title="Jesus Christus – Low German" lang="nds" hreflang="nds" data-title="Jesus Christus" data-language-autonym="Plattdüütsch" data-language-local-name="Low German" class="interlanguage-link-target">Plattdüütsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jezus_Chrystus" title="Jezus Chrystus – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Jezus Chrystus" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Polski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jesus" title="Jesus – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Jesus" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Português</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-crh mw-list-item"><a href="https://crh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%B0sa_ibn_Meryem" title="İsa ibn Meryem – Crimean Tatar" lang="crh" hreflang="crh" data-title="İsa ibn Meryem" data-language-autonym="Qırımtatarca" data-language-local-name="Crimean Tatar" class="interlanguage-link-target">Qırımtatarca</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ty mw-list-item"><a href="https://ty.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iesu_Mesia" title="Iesu Mesia – Tahitian" lang="ty" hreflang="ty" data-title="Iesu Mesia" data-language-autonym="Reo tahiti" data-language-local-name="Tahitian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Reo tahiti</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ksh mw-list-item"><a href="https://ksh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jesus_Christus" title="Jesus Christus – Colognian" lang="ksh" hreflang="ksh" data-title="Jesus Christus" data-language-autonym="Ripoarisch" data-language-local-name="Colognian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ripoarisch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isus_din_Nazaret" title="Isus din Nazaret – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Isus din Nazaret" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Română</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rm mw-list-item"><a href="https://rm.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jesus_da_Nazaret" title="Jesus da Nazaret – Romansh" lang="rm" hreflang="rm" data-title="Jesus da Nazaret" data-language-autonym="Rumantsch" data-language-local-name="Romansh" class="interlanguage-link-target">Rumantsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-qu mw-list-item"><a href="https://qu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hisus" title="Hisus – Quechua" lang="qu" hreflang="qu" data-title="Hisus" data-language-autonym="Runa Simi" data-language-local-name="Quechua" class="interlanguage-link-target">Runa Simi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rue mw-list-item"><a href="https://rue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%86%D1%81%D1%83%D1%81_%D0%A5%D1%80%D1%96%D1%81%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%81" title="Ісус Хрістос – Rusyn" lang="rue" hreflang="rue" data-title="Ісус Хрістос" data-language-autonym="Русиньскый" data-language-local-name="Rusyn" class="interlanguage-link-target">Русиньскый</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%98%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%83%D1%81_%D0%A5%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%81" title="Иисус Христос – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Иисус Христос" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Русский</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sah mw-list-item"><a href="https://sah.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%98%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%83%D1%81_%D0%A5%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%81" title="Иисус Христос – Yakut" lang="sah" hreflang="sah" data-title="Иисус Христос" data-language-autonym="Саха тыла" data-language-local-name="Yakut" class="interlanguage-link-target">Саха тыла</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-szy mw-list-item"><a href="https://szy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ye-su" title="Ye-su – Sakizaya" lang="szy" hreflang="szy" data-title="Ye-su" data-language-autonym="Sakizaya" data-language-local-name="Sakizaya" class="interlanguage-link-target">Sakizaya</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sm mw-list-item"><a href="https://sm.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iesu_Keriso" title="Iesu Keriso – Samoan" lang="sm" hreflang="sm" data-title="Iesu Keriso" data-language-autonym="Gagana Samoa" data-language-local-name="Samoan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gagana Samoa</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sa mw-list-item"><a href="https://sa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0" title="मरीयमिपुत्र – Sanskrit" lang="sa" hreflang="sa" data-title="मरीयमिपुत्र" data-language-autonym="संस्कृतम्" data-language-local-name="Sanskrit" class="interlanguage-link-target">संस्कृतम्</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sat mw-list-item"><a href="https://sat.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%B1%A1%E1%B1%A4%E1%B1%A5%E1%B1%A9" title="ᱡᱤᱥᱩ – Santali" lang="sat" hreflang="sat" data-title="ᱡᱤᱥᱩ" data-language-autonym="ᱥᱟᱱᱛᱟᱲᱤ" data-language-local-name="Santali" class="interlanguage-link-target">ᱥᱟᱱᱛᱟᱲᱤ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-skr mw-list-item"><a href="https://skr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DB%8C%D8%B3%D9%88%D8%B9_%D9%85%D8%B3%DB%8C%D8%AD" title="یسوع مسیح – Saraiki" lang="skr" hreflang="skr" data-title="یسوع مسیح" data-language-autonym="سرائیکی" data-language-local-name="Saraiki" class="interlanguage-link-target">سرائیکی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sc mw-list-item"><a href="https://sc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ges%C3%B9s" title="Gesùs – Sardinian" lang="sc" hreflang="sc" data-title="Gesùs" data-language-autonym="Sardu" data-language-local-name="Sardinian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Sardu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sco mw-list-item"><a href="https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jesus_Christ" title="Jesus Christ – Scots" lang="sco" hreflang="sco" data-title="Jesus Christ" data-language-autonym="Scots" data-language-local-name="Scots" class="interlanguage-link-target">Scots</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-stq mw-list-item"><a href="https://stq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jesus_Kristus" title="Jesus Kristus – Saterland Frisian" lang="stq" hreflang="stq" data-title="Jesus Kristus" data-language-autonym="Seeltersk" data-language-local-name="Saterland Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Seeltersk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nso mw-list-item"><a href="https://nso.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jesu" title="Jesu – Northern Sotho" lang="nso" hreflang="nso" data-title="Jesu" data-language-autonym="Sesotho sa Leboa" data-language-local-name="Northern Sotho" class="interlanguage-link-target">Sesotho sa Leboa</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tn mw-list-item"><a href="https://tn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jeso_Keresete" title="Jeso Keresete – Tswana" lang="tn" hreflang="tn" data-title="Jeso Keresete" data-language-autonym="Setswana" data-language-local-name="Tswana" class="interlanguage-link-target">Setswana</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jezusi" title="Jezusi – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Jezusi" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Shqip</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-scn mw-list-item"><a href="https://scn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ges%C3%B9_Cristu" title="Gesù Cristu – Sicilian" lang="scn" hreflang="scn" data-title="Gesù Cristu" data-language-autonym="Sicilianu" data-language-local-name="Sicilian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Sicilianu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-si mw-list-item"><a href="https://si.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B6%A2%E0%B7%9A%E0%B7%83%E0%B7%94%E0%B7%83%E0%B7%8A_%E0%B7%80%E0%B7%84%E0%B6%B1%E0%B7%8A%E0%B7%83%E0%B7%9A" title="ජේසුස් වහන්සේ – Sinhala" lang="si" hreflang="si" data-title="ජේසුස් වහන්සේ" data-language-autonym="සිංහල" data-language-local-name="Sinhala" class="interlanguage-link-target">සිංහල</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jesus" title="Jesus – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Jesus" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target">Simple English</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sd mw-list-item"><a href="https://sd.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B9%D9%8A%D8%B3%D9%8A%D9%B0_%D8%B9%D9%84%D9%8A%D9%87_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B3%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%85" title="عيسيٰ عليه السلام – Sindhi" lang="sd" hreflang="sd" data-title="عيسيٰ عليه السلام" data-language-autonym="سنڌي" data-language-local-name="Sindhi" class="interlanguage-link-target">سنڌي</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ss mw-list-item"><a href="https://ss.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jesu" title="Jesu – Swati" lang="ss" hreflang="ss" data-title="Jesu" data-language-autonym="SiSwati" data-language-local-name="Swati" class="interlanguage-link-target">SiSwati</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Je%C5%BEi%C5%A1_Kristus" title="Ježiš Kristus – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Ježiš Kristus" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target">Slovenčina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jezus_Kristus" title="Jezus Kristus – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Jezus Kristus" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Slovenščina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cu mw-list-item"><a href="https://cu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%87%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%8A_%D0%A5%D1%80%D1%97%D1%81%D1%82%D1%8A" title="Їисъ Хрїстъ – Church Slavic" lang="cu" hreflang="cu" data-title="Їисъ Хрїстъ" data-language-autonym="Словѣньскъ / ⰔⰎⰑⰂⰡⰐⰠⰔⰍⰟ" data-language-local-name="Church Slavic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Словѣньскъ / ⰔⰎⰑⰂⰡⰐⰠⰔⰍⰟ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-szl mw-list-item"><a href="https://szl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jezus_Krystus" title="Jezus Krystus – Silesian" lang="szl" hreflang="szl" data-title="Jezus Krystus" data-language-autonym="Ślůnski" data-language-local-name="Silesian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ślůnski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-so mw-list-item"><a href="https://so.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ciise" title="Ciise – Somali" lang="so" hreflang="so" data-title="Ciise" data-language-autonym="Soomaaliga" data-language-local-name="Somali" class="interlanguage-link-target">Soomaaliga</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DB%8C%DB%95%D8%B3%D9%88%D9%88%D8%B9" title="یەسووع – Central Kurdish" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="یەسووع" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Central Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target">کوردی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%98%D1%81%D1%83%D1%81" title="Исус – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Исус" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Српски / srpski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isus" title="Isus – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Isus" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jeesus" title="Jeesus – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Jeesus" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Suomi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jesus" title="Jesus – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Jesus" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Svenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hesus" title="Hesus – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Hesus" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tagalog</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%87%E0%AE%AF%E0%AF%87%E0%AE%9A%E0%AF%81" title="இயேசு – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="இயேசு" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target">தமிழ்</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-shi mw-list-item"><a href="https://shi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C6%90isa" title="Ɛisa – Tachelhit" lang="shi" hreflang="shi" data-title="Ɛisa" data-language-autonym="Taclḥit" data-language-local-name="Tachelhit" class="interlanguage-link-target">Taclḥit</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kab mw-list-item"><a href="https://kab.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C6%90isa" title="Ɛisa – Kabyle" lang="kab" hreflang="kab" data-title="Ɛisa" data-language-autonym="Taqbaylit" data-language-local-name="Kabyle" class="interlanguage-link-target">Taqbaylit</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tt mw-list-item"><a href="https://tt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D0%B0%D0%B9%D1%81%D3%99_%D0%BF%D3%99%D0%B9%D0%B3%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B1%D3%99%D1%80" title="Гайсә пәйгамбәр – Tatar" lang="tt" hreflang="tt" data-title="Гайсә пәйгамбәр" data-language-autonym="Татарча / tatarça" data-language-local-name="Tatar" class="interlanguage-link-target">Татарча / tatarça</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-te mw-list-item"><a href="https://te.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B0%AF%E0%B1%87%E0%B0%B8%E0%B1%81" title="యేసు – Telugu" lang="te" hreflang="te" data-title="యేసు" data-language-autonym="తెలుగు" data-language-local-name="Telugu" class="interlanguage-link-target">తెలుగు</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%9E%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B0%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%A2%E0%B8%8B%E0%B8%B9" title="พระเยซู – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="พระเยซู" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target">ไทย</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-din mw-list-item"><a href="https://din.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yecu_Kritho" title="Yecu Kritho – Dinka" lang="din" hreflang="din" data-title="Yecu Kritho" data-language-autonym="Thuɔŋjäŋ" data-language-local-name="Dinka" class="interlanguage-link-target">Thuɔŋjäŋ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tg mw-list-item"><a href="https://tg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%98%D1%81%D0%BE" title="Исо – Tajik" lang="tg" hreflang="tg" data-title="Исо" data-language-autonym="Тоҷикӣ" data-language-local-name="Tajik" class="interlanguage-link-target">Тоҷикӣ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-to mw-list-item"><a href="https://to.wikipedia.org/wiki/S%C4%ABs%C5%AB_Kalaisi" title="Sīsū Kalaisi – Tongan" lang="to" hreflang="to" data-title="Sīsū Kalaisi" data-language-autonym="Lea faka-Tonga" data-language-local-name="Tongan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lea faka-Tonga</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%B0sa" title="İsa – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="İsa" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Türkçe</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tk mw-list-item"><a href="https://tk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nasyraly_Isa" title="Nasyraly Isa – Turkmen" lang="tk" hreflang="tk" data-title="Nasyraly Isa" data-language-autonym="Türkmençe" data-language-local-name="Turkmen" class="interlanguage-link-target">Türkmençe</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tw mw-list-item"><a href="https://tw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yesu_Kristo" title="Yesu Kristo – Twi" lang="tw" hreflang="tw" data-title="Yesu Kristo" data-language-autonym="Twi" data-language-local-name="Twi" class="interlanguage-link-target">Twi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kcg mw-list-item"><a href="https://kcg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yesu" title="Yesu – Tyap" lang="kcg" hreflang="kcg" data-title="Yesu" data-language-autonym="Tyap" data-language-local-name="Tyap" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tyap</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%86%D1%81%D1%83%D1%81_%D0%A5%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%81" title="Ісус Христос – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Ісус Христос" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Українська</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DB%8C%D8%B3%D9%88%D8%B9_%D9%85%D8%B3%DB%8C%D8%AD" title="یسوع مسیح – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="یسوع مسیح" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target">اردو</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ug mw-list-item"><a href="https://ug.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A6%D9%89%D8%B3%D8%A7_%D8%A6%DB%95%D9%84%DB%95%D9%8A%DA%BE%D9%89%D8%B3%D8%B3%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%85" title="ئىسا ئەلەيھىسسالام – Uyghur" lang="ug" hreflang="ug" data-title="ئىسا ئەلەيھىسسالام" data-language-autonym="ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche" data-language-local-name="Uyghur" class="interlanguage-link-target">ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-za mw-list-item"><a href="https://za.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yezsuh" title="Yezsuh – Zhuang" lang="za" hreflang="za" data-title="Yezsuh" data-language-autonym="Vahcuengh" data-language-local-name="Zhuang" class="interlanguage-link-target">Vahcuengh</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vec mw-list-item"><a href="https://vec.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jez%C3%B9" title="Jezù – Venetian" lang="vec" hreflang="vec" data-title="Jezù" data-language-autonym="Vèneto" data-language-local-name="Venetian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Vèneto</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vep mw-list-item"><a href="https://vep.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iisus_Hristos" title="Iisus Hristos – Veps" lang="vep" hreflang="vep" data-title="Iisus Hristos" data-language-autonym="Vepsän kel’" data-language-local-name="Veps" class="interlanguage-link-target">Vepsän kel’</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gi%C3%AA-su" title="Giê-su – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Giê-su" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tiếng Việt</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vo mw-list-item"><a href="https://vo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yesus_Kristus" title="Yesus Kristus – Volapük" lang="vo" hreflang="vo" data-title="Yesus Kristus" data-language-autonym="Volapük" data-language-local-name="Volapük" class="interlanguage-link-target">Volapük</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fiu-vro mw-list-item"><a href="https://fiu-vro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jeesus" title="Jeesus – Võro" lang="vro" hreflang="vro" data-title="Jeesus" data-language-autonym="Võro" data-language-local-name="Võro" class="interlanguage-link-target">Võro</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wa mw-list-item"><a href="https://wa.wikipedia.org/wiki/Djezus_d%27_Nazarete" title="Djezus d' Nazarete – Walloon" lang="wa" hreflang="wa" data-title="Djezus d' Nazarete" data-language-autonym="Walon" data-language-local-name="Walloon" class="interlanguage-link-target">Walon</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-classical mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-classical.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%80%B6%E7%A9%8C" title="耶穌 – Literary Chinese" lang="lzh" hreflang="lzh" data-title="耶穌" data-language-autonym="文言" data-language-local-name="Literary Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target">文言</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vls mw-list-item"><a href="https://vls.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jezus_van_Nazareth" title="Jezus van Nazareth – West Flemish" lang="vls" hreflang="vls" data-title="Jezus van Nazareth" data-language-autonym="West-Vlams" data-language-local-name="West Flemish" class="interlanguage-link-target">West-Vlams</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jesucristo" title="Jesucristo – Waray" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="Jesucristo" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="Waray" class="interlanguage-link-target">Winaray</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wo mw-list-item"><a href="https://wo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Y%C3%A9esu-kristaa" title="Yéesu-kristaa – Wolof" lang="wo" hreflang="wo" data-title="Yéesu-kristaa" data-language-autonym="Wolof" data-language-local-name="Wolof" class="interlanguage-link-target">Wolof</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%80%B6%E7%A8%A3" title="耶稣 – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="耶稣" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu" class="interlanguage-link-target">吴语</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yi mw-list-item"><a href="https://yi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%90%D7%95%D7%AA%D7%95_%D7%94%D7%90%D7%99%D7%A9" title="אותו האיש – Yiddish" lang="yi" hreflang="yi" data-title="אותו האיש" data-language-autonym="ייִדיש" data-language-local-name="Yiddish" class="interlanguage-link-target">ייִדיש</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yo mw-list-item"><a href="https://yo.wikipedia.org/wiki/J%C3%A9s%C3%B9" title="Jésù – Yoruba" lang="yo" hreflang="yo" data-title="Jésù" data-language-autonym="Yorùbá" data-language-local-name="Yoruba" class="interlanguage-link-target">Yorùbá</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%80%B6%E7%A9%8C" title="耶穌 – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="耶穌" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Cantonese" class="interlanguage-link-target">粵語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-diq mw-list-item"><a href="https://diq.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%B0sa" title="İsa – Zazaki" lang="diq" hreflang="diq" data-title="İsa" data-language-autonym="Zazaki" data-language-local-name="Zazaki" class="interlanguage-link-target">Zazaki</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zea mw-list-item"><a href="https://zea.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jezus" title="Jezus – Zeelandic" lang="zea" hreflang="zea" data-title="Jezus" data-language-autonym="Zeêuws" data-language-local-name="Zeelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Zeêuws</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bat-smg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bat-smg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jiezos_Kr%C4%97stos" title="Jiezos Krėstos – Samogitian" lang="sgs" hreflang="sgs" data-title="Jiezos Krėstos" data-language-autonym="Žemaitėška" data-language-local-name="Samogitian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Žemaitėška</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%80%B6%E7%A8%A3" title="耶稣 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="耶稣" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target">中文</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ann mw-list-item"><a href="https://ann.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jis%E1%BB%8Ds_Karais" title="Jisọs Karais – Obolo" lang="ann" hreflang="ann" data-title="Jisọs Karais" data-language-autonym="Obolo" data-language-local-name="Obolo" class="interlanguage-link-target">Obolo</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bbc mw-list-item"><a href="https://bbc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jesus" title="Jesus – Batak Toba" lang="bbc" hreflang="bbc" data-title="Jesus" data-language-autonym="Batak Toba" data-language-local-name="Batak Toba" class="interlanguage-link-target">Batak Toba</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bew mw-list-item"><a href="https://bew.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isa" title="Isa – Betawi" lang="bew" hreflang="bew" data-title="Isa" data-language-autonym="Betawi" data-language-local-name="Betawi" class="interlanguage-link-target">Betawi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-btm mw-list-item"><a href="https://btm.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jesus" title="Jesus – Batak Mandailing" lang="btm" hreflang="btm" data-title="Jesus" data-language-autonym="Batak Mandailing" data-language-local-name="Batak Mandailing" class="interlanguage-link-target">Batak Mandailing</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-dtp mw-list-item"><a href="https://dtp.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yesus_Kristus" title="Yesus Kristus – Central Dusun" lang="dtp" hreflang="dtp" data-title="Yesus Kristus" data-language-autonym="Kadazandusun" data-language-local-name="Central Dusun" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kadazandusun</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fon mw-list-item"><a href="https://fon.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jezu_Klisu" title="Jezu Klisu – Fon" lang="fon" hreflang="fon" data-title="Jezu Klisu" data-language-autonym="Fɔ̀ngbè" data-language-local-name="Fon" class="interlanguage-link-target">Fɔ̀ngbè</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-iba mw-list-item"><a href="https://iba.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jesus" title="Jesus – Iban" lang="iba" hreflang="iba" data-title="Jesus" data-language-autonym="Jaku Iban" data-language-local-name="Iban" class="interlanguage-link-target">Jaku Iban</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zgh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zgh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E2%B5%84%E2%B5%89%E2%B5%99%E2%B4%B0" title="ⵄⵉⵙⴰ – Standard Moroccan Tamazight" lang="zgh" hreflang="zgh" data-title="ⵄⵉⵙⴰ" data-language-autonym="ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵜ ⵜⴰⵏⴰⵡⴰⵢⵜ" data-language-local-name="Standard Moroccan Tamazight" class="interlanguage-link-target">ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵜ ⵜⴰⵏⴰⵡⴰⵢⵜ</a></li></ul> </section> </div> <div class="minerva-footer-logo"><img src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-wordmark-en.svg" alt="Wikipedia" width="120" height="18" style="width: 7.5em; height: 1.125em;"/> </div> <ul id="footer-info" class="footer-info hlist hlist-separated"> <li id="footer-info-lastmod"> This page was last edited on 24 November 2024, at 00:31 (UTC).</li> <li id="footer-info-copyright">Content is available under <a class="external" rel="nofollow" href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/deed.en">CC BY-SA 4.0</a> unless otherwise noted.</li> </ul> <ul id="footer-places" class="footer-places hlist hlist-separated"> <li id="footer-places-privacy"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy_policy">Privacy policy</a></li> <li id="footer-places-about"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:About">About Wikipedia</a></li> <li id="footer-places-disclaimers"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:General_disclaimer">Disclaimers</a></li> <li id="footer-places-contact"><a href="//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Contact_us">Contact Wikipedia</a></li> <li id="footer-places-wm-codeofconduct"><a 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<script>(RLQ=window.RLQ||[]).push(function(){mw.config.set({"wgHostname":"mw-web.codfw.main-f69cdc8f6-hchr7","wgBackendResponseTime":389,"wgPageParseReport":{"limitreport":{"cputime":"5.020","walltime":"5.668","ppvisitednodes":{"value":46697,"limit":1000000},"postexpandincludesize":{"value":1432740,"limit":2097152},"templateargumentsize":{"value":256520,"limit":2097152},"expansiondepth":{"value":17,"limit":100},"expensivefunctioncount":{"value":100,"limit":500},"unstrip-depth":{"value":1,"limit":20},"unstrip-size":{"value":1565146,"limit":5000000},"entityaccesscount":{"value":1,"limit":400},"timingprofile":["100.00% 4540.029 1 -total"," 35.28% 1601.945 3 Template:Reflist"," 25.73% 1167.979 252 Template:Cite_book"," 20.29% 921.279 301 Template:Sfn"," 8.73% 396.180 1 Template:Infobox_person"," 8.60% 390.577 26 Template:Efn"," 4.51% 204.811 4 Template:Br_separated_entries"," 3.86% 175.305 1 Template:Navboxes"," 3.49% 158.384 28 Template:Navbox"," 3.22% 146.278 27 Template:Cite_encyclopedia"]},"scribunto":{"limitreport-timeusage":{"value":"2.902","limit":"10.000"},"limitreport-memusage":{"value":22428761,"limit":52428800},"limitreport-logs":"anchor_id_list = table#1 {\n [\"CITEREFAboul-Enein2010\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFAchtemeierGreenThompson2001\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFAdamson2009\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFAndersonJustThatcher2007\"] = 3,\n [\"CITEREFAslan2013\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFAugustine_of_Hippo2006\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBaden2014\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBaileyKhul2005\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBall2008\"] = 2,\n [\"CITEREFBarnett2002\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBarr1970\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBarr1989\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBarton2006\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBauckham2011\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBeckwith1985\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBenedetto2006\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBetts1988\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBevan1930\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBeverley2011\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBigham1995\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBinz2004\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBlomberg2009\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBlomberg2012\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBockmuehl2001\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBorg1994\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBorg2006\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBorg2007\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBoringCraddock2004\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBoucher\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBromiley1979\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBromiley1988\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBrown1977\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBrown1978\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBrown1988\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBrown1997\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBrown2011\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBrownrigg2002\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBrownrigg2003\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBruce1988\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBruce1990\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBruner2004\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBultmann2007\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBundy1922\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBurns2011\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBurridgeGould2004\"] = 2,\n [\"CITEREFCarter2003\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCasey2010\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCasiday2012\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCharlesworth2006\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCharlesworth2008\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCharlesworthPokorny2009\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFChiltonEvans1998\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCohen1987\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCole1982\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCole1997\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCooperMaxwell2003\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCousland2017\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCoxEasley2007\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCross2005\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCrossLivingstone2005\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCrossanWatts1999\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCullmann1959\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDana1980\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDana2008\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDawkins2008\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDe_Smet2016\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDelaney2010\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDelbert2010\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDeme2004\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDickson2008\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDillenberger1999\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDonahueHarrington2002\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDoninger1999\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDunn2003\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDunn2007\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDunn2013\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDunnRogerson2003\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFEddyBoyd2007\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFEhrman1997\"] = 2,\n [\"CITEREFEhrman1999\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFEhrman2003\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFEhrman2009\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFEhrman2011\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFEhrman2012\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFEhrman2014\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFEhrman2015\"] = 2,\n [\"CITEREFElliott2007\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFErickson1998\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFErricker1987\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFEsposito2003\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFEvans1996\"] = 2,\n [\"CITEREFEvans2000\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFEvans2001\"] = 2,\n [\"CITEREFEvans2003\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFEvans2006\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFEvans2008\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFEvans2012a\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFEvans2012b\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFFahlbusch2005\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFFaschingdeChant2001\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFFeeStuart2014\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFFinegan1998\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFFrance1985\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFFrance2007\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFFreedman2000\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFFriedmann\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFFriedmann1989\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFFunkHooverThe_Jesus_Seminar1993\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFFunkThe_Jesus_Seminar1998\"] = 2,\n [\"CITEREFGambero1999\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGarlington2005\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGarrett2014\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGarroway2011\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGeorge2002\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGillman2003\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGlassé2008\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGowler2007\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGrant1977\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGrant2004\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGreen1997\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGreenMcKnightMarshall1992\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGrudem1994\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGullotta2017\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGulácsi2015\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGutmann1992\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHabermas2011\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHaffner2008\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHagner1993\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHardingNobbs2010\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHare1993\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHarris1985\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHartz2009\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHayes2009\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHeil2010\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHindsonMitchell2010\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHitti1928\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHoekema1994\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHoffmann1986\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHoulden2006\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHouse2000\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHowick2003\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHumphreysWaddington1992\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHunter2010\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHutson2006\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFIronside2006\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFJackson1993\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFJacobsKohlerGottheilKrauss\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFJaeger1961\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFJeffrey1992\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFJeffrey2009\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFJensen2010\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFJohnsonHarrington1992\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFJosephus\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFJoyce1913\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKarris1992\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKeener2009\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKeener2009b\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKeener2012\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKessler\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKesslerWenborn2005\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKhalidi2001\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKidd2006\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKingsbury1983\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKingsburyPowellBauer1999\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKomoszewskiBock2019\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKöstenberger1998\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKöstenbergerKellumQuarles2009\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLadd1993\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLange1865\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLawson2009\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLee2004\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLeith1993\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLepard2008\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLevine2006\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLevine2007\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLicona2010\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLiddellScott1889\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLieu1992\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLincoln2013\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLisco1850\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLockyer1988\"] = 2,\n [\"CITEREFLowe2010\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMaas1913\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMaier1989\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMaier1995\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMajerníkPonessaManhardt2005\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMarshMoyise,_Steve2006\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMason2007\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMcGrath2006\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMcGuckin2010\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMcManners2001\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMeier1991\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMeier2006\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMelton2010\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMetzgerCoogan1993\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMichaels2011\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMichalski1993\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMiller1974\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMiller2010\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMillsBullard1998\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMitchellYoung2006\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMoloneyHarrington1998\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMorgan2010\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMorris1992\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMurphy2003\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMyers1987\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFNash1909\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFNeuhaus\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFNickell2007\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFNiswonger1992\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFNorman2007\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFO\u0026#039;Collins2009\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFO\u0026#039;DayHylen2006\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFO\u0026#039;Toole2004\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFOrr1939\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFOsborn1993\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFOxenden1864\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPaget2001\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPannenberg1968\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPannenberg2004\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPatella2009\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPayton2007\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPentecost1981\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPentecost1998\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPerkins2000\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPerkinson2009\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPerrotta2000\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPeters2003\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPike2004\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPohle1913\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPorter1997\"] = 2,\n [\"CITEREFPowell1998\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPowell2009\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPratt1991\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPrice2009\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRahner2004\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRatzinger\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRausch2003\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRedford2007\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFReed2002\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFReeves1996\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFReverend_Archdeacon_Kinane\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRidderbos1997\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRishi_Das2009\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRoberts2007\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRobinson1991\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRobinson2005\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRogersonLieu2006\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSanders1993\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSchaff2006\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSchnackenburg2002\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSchreiner2008\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSchweitzer1948\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFScroggie1995\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSenior1985\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSheen2008\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSiddiqui2013\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSimmons2004\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSkarsauneHvalvik2007\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSkienaWard2014\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSmith2000\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSmith2008\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSquires2010\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFStanton1989\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFStanton2004\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFStassenGushee2003\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFStockman1992\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSutcliffe2005\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSwayd2019\"] = 2,\n [\"CITEREFSykes2007\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFTabor2013\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFTalbert2010\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFTaylor\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFTaylor2018\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFTheissenMerz1998\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFTheissenWinter2002\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFTheodore2019\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFThurston1913\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFTuckett2001\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFTurner2008\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFTwelftree1999\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFTzvi2009\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFVan_Voorst2000\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFVan_den_Biesen1913\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFVaught2001\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFVermes1981\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFVermes2008\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFVermes2010\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFVine1940\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFVirani2011\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFVoorst2000\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWalvoordZuck1983\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWatson2001\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWhite2010\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWiarda2010\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWilhelm1911\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWilliams2003\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWitherington1997\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWojtyła\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWojtyła1998\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFYieh2004\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFYogananda2008\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFvan_der_Loos1965\"] = 1,\n [\"Ministry\"] = 1,\n [\"Teachings_and_preachings\"] = 1,\n}\ntemplate_list = table#1 {\n [\"!\"] = 4,\n [\"'\\\"\"] = 1,\n [\"Acts of the Apostles\"] = 1,\n [\"Anchor\"] = 2,\n [\"Apostles\"] = 1,\n [\"Authority control\"] = 1,\n [\"Bibleref2\"] = 7,\n [\"Bibleverse\"] = 76,\n [\"Bibleverse-nb\"] = 1,\n [\"Blockquote\"] = 2,\n [\"Britannica\"] = 3,\n [\"Britannica URL\"] = 1,\n [\"CURRENTYEAR\"] = 2,\n [\"CathEncy\"] = 5,\n [\"Christianity footer\"] = 1,\n [\"Christianity sidebar\"] = 1,\n [\"Christmas\"] = 1,\n [\"Circa\"] = 12,\n [\"Citation\"] = 3,\n [\"Cite AV media\"] = 1,\n [\"Cite book\"] = 252,\n [\"Cite encyclopedia\"] = 27,\n [\"Cite journal\"] = 14,\n [\"Cite news\"] = 5,\n [\"Cite web\"] = 24,\n [\"Clear\"] = 1,\n [\"Convert\"] = 1,\n [\"Div col\"] = 1,\n [\"Div col end\"] = 1,\n [\"Efn\"] = 26,\n [\"Featured article\"] = 1,\n [\"Further\"] = 5,\n [\"Gospel Jesus\"] = 1,\n [\"Gospel of John\"] = 1,\n [\"Gospel of Luke\"] = 1,\n [\"Gospel of Mark\"] = 1,\n [\"Gospel of Matthew\"] = 1,\n [\"Harvnb\"] = 20,\n [\"Hlist\"] = 1,\n [\"Infobox person\"] = 1,\n [\"Islamic prophets\"] = 1,\n [\"Jesus\"] = 1,\n [\"Jesus footer\"] = 1,\n [\"Jewish Christianity\"] = 1,\n [\"Lang\"] = 3,\n [\"Lang-grc-gre\"] = 1,\n [\"Langx\"] = 1,\n [\"Life of Jesus in Christian art\"] = 1,\n [\"Longitem\"] = 1,\n [\"Main\"] = 30,\n [\"Miracles of Jesus\"] = 1,\n [\"Multiple image\"] = 1,\n [\"Nativity of Jesus\"] = 1,\n [\"Navboxes\"] = 1,\n [\"New Testament people\"] = 1,\n [\"Notelist\"] = 2,\n [\"OED\"] = 1,\n [\"Parables of Jesus\"] = 1,\n [\"Pp\"] = 1,\n [\"Pp-move\"] = 1,\n [\"Qref\"] = 5,\n [\"Redirect-several\"] = 1,\n [\"Refbegin\"] = 1,\n [\"Refend\"] = 1,\n [\"Reflist\"] = 1,\n [\"Section link\"] = 2,\n [\"See also\"] = 13,\n [\"Sermon on the Mount\"] = 1,\n [\"Sfn\"] = 301,\n [\"Short description\"] = 1,\n [\"Small\"] = 2,\n [\"Snd\"] = 1,\n [\"Spoken Wikipedia\"] = 1,\n [\"Subject bar\"] = 1,\n [\"TOC limit\"] = 1,\n [\"Titles of Jesus\"] = 1,\n [\"Tlit\"] = 3,\n [\"Transliteration\"] = 10,\n [\"Use Oxford spelling\"] = 1,\n [\"Use dmy dates\"] = 1,\n [\"Virgin Mary\"] = 1,\n [\"Webarchive\"] = 2,\n}\narticle_whitelist = table#1 {\n}\ntable#1 {\n [\"size\"] = \"tiny\",\n}\ntable#1 {\n [\"size\"] = \"tiny\",\n}\ntable#1 {\n [\"size\"] = \"tiny\",\n}\ntable#1 {\n [\"size\"] = \"tiny\",\n}\ntable#1 {\n [\"size\"] = \"tiny\",\n}\ntable#1 {\n [\"size\"] = \"tiny\",\n}\n","limitreport-profile":[["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::callParserFunction","540","18.2"],["?","440","14.9"],["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::match","220","7.4"],["recursiveClone 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