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<div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Overview of the environment of Australia</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output 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ambox-Refimprove" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This article <b>needs additional citations for <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">verification</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Environment_of_Australia" title="Special:EditPage/Environment of Australia">improve this article</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a>. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.<br /><small><span class="plainlinks"><i>Find sources:</i> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?as_eq=wikipedia&q=%22Environment+of+Australia%22">"Environment of Australia"</a> – <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbm=nws&q=%22Environment+of+Australia%22+-wikipedia&tbs=ar:1">news</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?&q=%22Environment+of+Australia%22&tbs=bkt:s&tbm=bks">newspapers</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbs=bks:1&q=%22Environment+of+Australia%22+-wikipedia">books</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=%22Environment+of+Australia%22">scholar</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/action/doBasicSearch?Query=%22Environment+of+Australia%22&acc=on&wc=on">JSTOR</a></span></small></span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">December 2012</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:LocationAustralia_with_inset.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/LocationAustralia_with_inset.png/220px-LocationAustralia_with_inset.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="101" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/6e/LocationAustralia_with_inset.png 1.5x" data-file-width="250" data-file-height="115" /></a><figcaption>Australia is located in the <a href="/wiki/Southern_Hemisphere" title="Southern Hemisphere">Southern Hemisphere</a>.</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Australia_relief_map.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d8/Australia_relief_map.jpg/250px-Australia_relief_map.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="198" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d8/Australia_relief_map.jpg/330px-Australia_relief_map.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d8/Australia_relief_map.jpg/500px-Australia_relief_map.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1336" data-file-height="1200" /></a><figcaption>Relief map showing major rivers of Australia</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Australia-climate-map_MJC01_1.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d7/Australia-climate-map_MJC01_1.svg/220px-Australia-climate-map_MJC01_1.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="199" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d7/Australia-climate-map_MJC01_1.svg/330px-Australia-climate-map_MJC01_1.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d7/Australia-climate-map_MJC01_1.svg/440px-Australia-climate-map_MJC01_1.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1250" data-file-height="1131" /></a><figcaption>Climate of Australia</figcaption></figure> <p>The <b>Australian environment</b> ranges from virtually pristine <a href="/wiki/Antarctic" title="Antarctic">Antarctic</a> territory and rainforests to degraded industrial areas of major cities. Forty distinct <a href="/wiki/List_of_ecoregions_in_Australia" title="List of ecoregions in Australia">ecoregions</a> have been identified across the Australian mainland and islands. Central Australia has a very dry <a href="/wiki/Climate_of_Australia" title="Climate of Australia">climate</a>. The interior has a number of <a href="/wiki/Deserts_of_Australia" title="Deserts of Australia">deserts</a> while most of the coastal areas are populated. Northern Australia experiences <a href="/wiki/Tropical_cyclone" title="Tropical cyclone">tropical cyclones</a> while much of the country is prone to periodic <a href="/wiki/Drought_in_Australia" title="Drought in Australia">drought</a>. This dry and warm environment and exposure to cyclones, makes <a href="/wiki/Climate_change_in_Australia" title="Climate change in Australia">Australia particularly vulnerable to climate change</a> -- with some areas already experiencing increases in wildfires and fragile ecosystems. </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Island_ecology" title="Island ecology">island ecology</a> of Australia has led to a number of unique <a href="/wiki/Endemism" title="Endemism">endemic</a> plant and animal species, notably <a href="/wiki/Marsupial" title="Marsupial">marsupials</a> like the <a href="/wiki/Kangaroo" title="Kangaroo">kangaroo</a> and <a href="/wiki/Koala" title="Koala">koala</a>. <a href="/wiki/Agriculture_in_Australia" title="Agriculture in Australia">Agriculture</a> and <a href="/wiki/Mining_in_Australia" title="Mining in Australia">mining</a> are predominant land uses which cause negative impacts on many different ecosystems. The management of the impact on the <a href="/wiki/Mining_in_Australia" title="Mining in Australia">environment from the mining industry</a>, the protection of the <a href="/wiki/Environmental_threats_to_the_Great_Barrier_Reef" title="Environmental threats to the Great Barrier Reef">Great Barrier Reef</a>, <a href="/wiki/Forests_of_Australia" title="Forests of Australia">forests</a> and <a href="/wiki/Fauna_of_Australia" title="Fauna of Australia">native animals</a> are recurring issues of <a href="/wiki/Conservation_in_Australia" title="Conservation in Australia">conservation</a>. </p><p>The protected areas in Australia are important sources of ecotourism, with sites like the <a href="/wiki/Great_Barrier_Reef" title="Great Barrier Reef">Great Barrier Reef</a> and World Heritage sites like <a href="/wiki/Tasmanian_Wilderness_World_Heritage_Area" title="Tasmanian Wilderness World Heritage Area">Tasmanian Wilderness World Heritage Area</a> or the <a href="/wiki/Ulu%E1%B9%9Fu-Kata_Tju%E1%B9%AFa_National_Park" title="Uluṟu-Kata Tjuṯa National Park">Uluṟu-Kata Tjuṯa National Park</a> draw both national and international tourism. <a href="/wiki/Clean_Up_Australia_Day" class="mw-redirect" title="Clean Up Australia Day">Clean Up Australia Day</a> was an initiative developed in 1989 to collaboratively clean up local areas and is held on the first Sunday of autumn (in March). </p><p>In Australia <a href="/wiki/Forest_cover" title="Forest cover">forest cover</a> is around 17% of the total land area, equivalent to 134,005,100 hectares (ha) of forest in 2020, up from 133,882,200 hectares (ha) in 1990. In 2020, naturally regenerating forest covered 131,614,800 hectares (ha) and planted forest covered 2,390,300 hectares (ha). Of the naturally regenerating forest 0% was reported to be <a href="/wiki/Primary_forest" class="mw-redirect" title="Primary forest">primary forest</a> (consisting of native tree species with no clearly visible indications of human activity) and around 18% of the forest area was found within protected areas. For the year 2015, 67% of the forest area was reported to be under <a href="/wiki/State_ownership" title="State ownership">public ownership</a>, 32% <a href="/wiki/Private_property" title="Private property">private ownership</a> and 1% with ownership listed as other or unknown. <sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Protected_areas">Protected areas</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Environment_of_Australia&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Protected areas"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/National_Reserve_System" title="National Reserve System">National Reserve System</a> and <a href="/wiki/Protected_areas_of_Australia" title="Protected areas of Australia">Protected areas of Australia</a></div> <p>Protected areas cover 895,288 km<sup>2</sup> of Australia's land area, or about 11.5% of the total land area. Of these, two-thirds are considered strictly protected (<a href="/wiki/IUCN" class="mw-redirect" title="IUCN">IUCN</a> categories I to IV), and the rest is mostly managed resources protected area (IUCN category VI). There are also 200 <a href="/wiki/Marine_protected_area" title="Marine protected area">marine protected areas</a>, which cover a further 64.8 million hectares.<sup id="cite_ref-aupr_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-aupr-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Indigenous_Protected_Area" title="Indigenous Protected Area">Indigenous Protected Area</a> have been established since the 1990s, the largest of which covers part of the <a href="/wiki/Tanami_Desert" title="Tanami Desert">Tanami Desert</a> in the Northern Territory.<sup id="cite_ref-aubi_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-aubi-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The protected natural areas include <a href="/wiki/List_of_World_Heritage_Sites_in_Asia_and_Australasia" class="mw-redirect" title="List of World Heritage Sites in Asia and Australasia">world heritage listed properties</a>, such as the Australian Fossil Mammal Sites (<a href="/wiki/Boodjamulla_National_Park" title="Boodjamulla National Park">Riversleigh</a>/<a href="/wiki/Naracoorte_Caves_National_Park" title="Naracoorte Caves National Park">Naracoorte</a>), <a href="/wiki/Central_Eastern_Rainforest_Reserves" class="mw-redirect" title="Central Eastern Rainforest Reserves">Central Eastern Rainforest Reserves</a>, <a href="/wiki/Fraser_Island" class="mw-redirect" title="Fraser Island">Fraser Island</a>, <a href="/wiki/Great_Barrier_Reef" title="Great Barrier Reef">Great Barrier Reef</a>, <a href="/wiki/Greater_Blue_Mountains_Area" title="Greater Blue Mountains Area">Greater Blue Mountains Area</a>, <a href="/wiki/Heard_and_McDonald_Islands" class="mw-redirect" title="Heard and McDonald Islands">Heard and McDonald Islands</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lord_Howe_Island" title="Lord Howe Island">Lord Howe Island</a>, <a href="/wiki/Macquarie_Island" title="Macquarie Island">Macquarie Island</a>, <a href="/wiki/Purnululu_National_Park" title="Purnululu National Park">Purnululu National Park</a>, <a href="/wiki/Shark_Bay" title="Shark Bay">Shark Bay</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Wet_Tropics_of_Queensland" title="Wet Tropics of Queensland">Wet Tropics of Queensland</a>. </p><p>Protected mixed World Heritage listed areas include <a href="/wiki/Tasmanian_Wilderness" class="mw-redirect" title="Tasmanian Wilderness">Tasmanian Wilderness</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ulu%E1%B9%9Fu-Kata_Tju%E1%B9%AFa_National_Park" title="Uluṟu-Kata Tjuṯa National Park">Uluṟu-Kata Tjuṯa National Park</a>, <a href="/wiki/Willandra_Lakes_Region" title="Willandra Lakes Region">Willandra Lakes Region</a> and <a href="/wiki/Kakadu_National_Park" title="Kakadu National Park">Kakadu National Park</a>. <a href="/wiki/Ningaloo_Reef" class="mw-redirect" title="Ningaloo Reef">Ningaloo Reef</a> and <a href="/wiki/Cape_Range_National_Park" title="Cape Range National Park">Cape Range peninsula</a> are submitted and on the Tentative List for World Heritage listing and are Australian National Parks. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Conservation">Conservation</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Environment_of_Australia&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Conservation"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Fauna_of_Australia" title="Fauna of Australia">Fauna of Australia</a> and <a href="/wiki/Flora_of_Australia" title="Flora of Australia">Flora of Australia</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Australian_Vegetation.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/Australian_Vegetation.png/220px-Australian_Vegetation.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="220" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/Australian_Vegetation.png/330px-Australian_Vegetation.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/Australian_Vegetation.png/440px-Australian_Vegetation.png 2x" data-file-width="2000" data-file-height="2000" /></a><figcaption>Map of Australian vegetation</figcaption></figure> <p>Although most of Australia is semi-arid or desert, it covers a diverse range of habitats, from alpine heaths to tropical <a href="/wiki/Rainforest" title="Rainforest">rainforests</a>, and is recognised as a <a href="/wiki/Megadiverse_Countries" class="mw-redirect" title="Megadiverse Countries">megadiverse country</a>. Because of the great age and consequent low levels of fertility of the continent, its extremely variable weather patterns, and its long-term geographic isolation, much of Australia's <a href="/wiki/Biota_(ecology)" title="Biota (ecology)">biota</a> is unique and <a href="/wiki/Biodiversity" title="Biodiversity">diverse</a>. About 85% of flowering plants, 84% of mammals, more than 45% of <a href="/wiki/List_of_birds_of_Australia" title="List of birds of Australia">birds</a>, and 89% of in-shore, temperate-zone fish are <a href="/wiki/Endemic_(ecology)" class="mw-redirect" title="Endemic (ecology)">endemic</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Many of Australia's ecoregions, and the species within those regions, are threatened by human activities and <a href="/wiki/Invasive_species_in_Australia" title="Invasive species in Australia">introduced</a> plant and animal species. The federal <i>Environment Protection and Biodiversity Conservation Act 1999</i> is a legal framework for the protection of threatened species. Numerous <a href="/wiki/Protected_areas_of_Australia" title="Protected areas of Australia">protected areas</a> have been created under the national <a href="/wiki/Biodiversity_Action_Plan" class="mw-redirect" title="Biodiversity Action Plan">Biodiversity Action Plan</a> to protect and preserve unique ecosystems; 65 <a href="/wiki/Wetland" title="Wetland">wetlands</a> are <a href="/wiki/List_of_Ramsar_sites_in_Australia" title="List of Ramsar sites in Australia">listed</a> under the <a href="/wiki/Ramsar_Convention" title="Ramsar Convention">Ramsar Convention</a>, and 16 <a href="/wiki/World_Heritage_Site" title="World Heritage Site">World Heritage Sites</a> have been established. Australia was ranked 13th in the world on the 2005 <a href="/wiki/Environmental_Sustainability_Index" class="mw-redirect" title="Environmental Sustainability Index">Environmental Sustainability Index</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-ESI_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ESI-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Most Australian woody plant species are evergreen and many are adapted to fire and drought, including many <a href="/wiki/Eucalyptus" title="Eucalyptus">eucalyptus</a> and <a href="/wiki/Acacia" title="Acacia">acacias</a>. Australia has a rich variety of endemic <a href="/wiki/Legume" title="Legume">legume</a> species that thrive in nutrient-poor soils because of their symbiosis with <a href="/wiki/Rhizobia" title="Rhizobia">Rhizobia</a> bacteria and <a href="/wiki/Mycorrhiza" title="Mycorrhiza">mycorrhizal</a> fungi. Well-known Australian fauna include <a href="/wiki/Monotreme" title="Monotreme">monotremes</a> (the <a href="/wiki/Platypus" title="Platypus">platypus</a> and <a href="/wiki/Echidna" title="Echidna">echidna</a>); a host of <a href="/wiki/Marsupial" title="Marsupial">marsupials</a>, including the <a href="/wiki/Kangaroo" title="Kangaroo">kangaroo</a>, <a href="/wiki/Koala" title="Koala">koala</a>, <a href="/wiki/Wombat" title="Wombat">wombat</a>; and birds such as the <a href="/wiki/Emu" title="Emu">emu</a> and <a href="/wiki/Kookaburra" title="Kookaburra">kookaburra</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Dingo" title="Dingo">dingo</a> was introduced by Austronesian people who traded with Indigenous Australians around 3000 <a href="/wiki/Common_Era" title="Common Era">BCE</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-savolainen2004_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-savolainen2004-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Many plant and animal species became extinct soon after first human settlement, including the <a href="/wiki/Australian_megafauna" title="Australian megafauna">Australian megafauna</a>; others have become extinct since European settlement, among them the <a href="/wiki/Thylacine" title="Thylacine">thylacine</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-NW_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NW-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-TSD_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-TSD-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Water">Water</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Environment_of_Australia&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Water"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Australia is the second driest continent (after <a href="/wiki/Antarctica" title="Antarctica">Antarctica</a>), and frequent <a href="/wiki/Drought_in_Australia" title="Drought in Australia">droughts</a> have led to the introduction of water restrictions in all parts of Australia. This has led to concern about <a href="/wiki/Water_security_in_Australia" title="Water security in Australia">water security in Australia</a> by environmentalists, irrigators and state and federal governments. Diversion and capture of natural water flows for <a href="/wiki/Irrigation_in_Australia" title="Irrigation in Australia">irrigation in Australia</a> has been responsible for dramatic changes in environmental water flows, particularly in the <a href="/wiki/Murray%E2%80%93Darling_basin" title="Murray–Darling basin">Murray–Darling basin</a>. The major part of <a href="/wiki/Snowy_River" title="Snowy River">Snowy River</a> flows was diverted by the <a href="/wiki/Snowy_Mountains_Scheme" title="Snowy Mountains Scheme">Snowy Mountains Scheme</a>. </p><p>Australia's urban areas use wastewater treatment plants.<sup id="cite_ref-hio_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-hio-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Both stormwater and treated sewerage flow into rivers, estuaries, nearshore waters and beaches.<sup id="cite_ref-hio_10-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-hio-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Water_supply">Water supply</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Environment_of_Australia&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Water supply"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="excerpt-block"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1066933788">.mw-parser-output .excerpt-hat .mw-editsection-like{font-style:normal}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable dablink excerpt-hat selfref">This section is an excerpt from <a href="/wiki/Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_Australia" title="Water supply and sanitation in Australia">Water supply and sanitation in Australia</a>.<span class="mw-editsection-like plainlinks"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_Australia&action=edit">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div><div class="excerpt"> <p><br /> <a href="/wiki/Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_Australia" title="Water supply and sanitation in Australia">Water supply and sanitation in Australia</a> is a topic concerning the consumption and obtainment of water for the Australian population. Being the driest inhabited continent in the world, and also one of the highest <a href="/wiki/Water_footprint" title="Water footprint">consumers of water</a> per capita, both the <a href="/wiki/Water_supply" title="Water supply">acquisition</a> and usage of water are of concern to Australians. Issues such as <a href="/wiki/Climate_change" title="Climate change">climate change</a> and global warming are expected to impact the supply of water in Australia in the future, which can lead to severe consequences such as prolonged droughts. </p><p>Historically, Australia's variable rainfall levels have caused the construction of various <a href="/wiki/Dam" title="Dam">dams</a> and <a href="/wiki/Reservoir" title="Reservoir">reservoirs</a> in major water systems, to ensure that a consistent water supply exists for its population.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Murray%E2%80%93Darling_basin" title="Murray–Darling basin">Murray-Darling river</a>, Australia's largest river by capacity, supplies 55% of the total water usage in Australia, and is primarily used for agriculture in <a href="/wiki/South_Australia" title="South Australia">South Australia</a>, <a href="/wiki/New_South_Wales" title="New South Wales">New South Wales</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Victoria_(state)" title="Victoria (state)">Victoria</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Other prominent water sources have included <a href="/wiki/Groundwater" title="Groundwater">groundwater</a>, <a href="/wiki/Desalination" title="Desalination">desalinated</a> marine water, and <a href="/wiki/Reclaimed_water" title="Reclaimed water">recycled water</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The government management of water supply and distribution are a responsibility of each state government. State-owned companies are in charge of service provision in <a href="/wiki/Western_Australia" title="Western Australia">Western Australia</a>, <a href="/wiki/South_Australia" title="South Australia">South Australia</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Northern_Territory" title="Northern Territory">Northern Territory</a>, while utilities owned by local governments provide services in parts of <a href="/wiki/Queensland" title="Queensland">Queensland</a> and <a href="/wiki/Tasmania" title="Tasmania">Tasmania</a>. In <a href="/wiki/Victoria_(Australia)" class="mw-redirect" title="Victoria (Australia)">Victoria</a>, <a href="/wiki/New_South_Wales" title="New South Wales">New South Wales</a> and <a href="/wiki/Southeast_Queensland" class="mw-redirect" title="Southeast Queensland">Southeast Queensland</a>, state-owned utilities provide bulk water which is then distributed by utilities owned by either local or state governments. The <a href="/wiki/Minister_for_Water_Resources" class="mw-redirect" title="Minister for Water Resources">Minister for Water</a> is responsible for water policies at the federal level. </p><p>Restrictions on water usage have been implemented at various points in Australia's history, in response to widespread droughts. Policies involve the prohibition of water usage for non-essential purposes, such as sprinklers and car washing.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In less urgent times, residents are still encouraged to conserve water and apply practices such as <a href="/wiki/Reclaimed_water" title="Reclaimed water">effluent reuse</a>, <a href="/wiki/Rainwater_harvesting" title="Rainwater harvesting">rainwater harvesting</a> and using <a href="/wiki/Greywater" title="Greywater">greywater</a> for various applicable purposes. Larger scale projects in wastewater reclamation have been discussed in many major cities and successfully applied in Adelaide and Brisbane. </p><p>In 2006, <a href="/wiki/Perth" title="Perth">Perth</a> became the first Australian city to operate a seawater <a href="/wiki/Water_desalination" class="mw-redirect" title="Water desalination">desalination</a> plant, the <a href="/wiki/Kwinana_Desalination_Plant" class="mw-redirect" title="Kwinana Desalination Plant">Kwinana Desalination Plant</a>, to reduce the city's vulnerability to droughts. Additional plants followed for major cities around australia, such as </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kurnell" class="mw-redirect" title="Kurnell">Kurnell</a> which supplies Sydney metropolitan area during droughts and low dam levels</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gold_Coast_Desalination_Plant" title="Gold Coast Desalination Plant">Gold Coast Desalination Plant</a> supplying the Gold Coast and additionally the South East Queensland area by the <a href="/wiki/SEQ_Water_Grid" title="SEQ Water Grid">SEQ Water Grid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Victorian_Desalination_Plant" title="Victorian Desalination Plant">Victorian Desalination Plant</a> supplying Melbourne metropolitan area.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adelaide_Desalination_Plant" title="Adelaide Desalination Plant">Adelaide Desalination Plant</a> with capacity to supply up to 50% of Adelaide's water requirements.</li></ul></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Issues">Issues</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Environment_of_Australia&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Issues"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Environmental_issues_in_Australia" title="Environmental issues in Australia">Environmental issues in Australia</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Environmental_movement_in_Australia" title="Environmental movement in Australia">Environmental movement in Australia</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Queenstown_minesite_area_1984.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/Queenstown_minesite_area_1984.jpg/220px-Queenstown_minesite_area_1984.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="145" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/Queenstown_minesite_area_1984.jpg/330px-Queenstown_minesite_area_1984.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/Queenstown_minesite_area_1984.jpg/440px-Queenstown_minesite_area_1984.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="676" /></a><figcaption>Mountains near <a href="/wiki/Queenstown,_Tasmania" title="Queenstown, Tasmania">Queenstown, Tasmania</a>, completely denuded of vegetation through effects of <a href="/wiki/Mining_in_Australia" title="Mining in Australia">mining</a></figcaption></figure> <p>The environmental of Australia is in a "poor state and it is deteriorating in the face of amplifying threats".<sup id="cite_ref-soter_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-soter-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Major environmental issues in Australia include <a href="/wiki/Whaling" title="Whaling">whaling</a>, logging of <a href="/wiki/Old_growth_forest" class="mw-redirect" title="Old growth forest">old growth forest</a>, <a href="/wiki/Irrigation_in_Australia" title="Irrigation in Australia">irrigation</a> and its impact on the <a href="/wiki/Murray_River" title="Murray River">Murray River</a>, <a href="/wiki/Darling_River" title="Darling River">Darling River</a> and <a href="/wiki/Macquarie_Marshes" title="Macquarie Marshes">Macquarie Marshes</a>, <a href="/wiki/Acid_sulfate_soils" class="mw-redirect" title="Acid sulfate soils">acid sulfate soils</a>, <a href="/wiki/Salinity_in_Australia" title="Salinity in Australia">soil salinity</a>, <a href="/wiki/Land_clearing_in_Australia" title="Land clearing in Australia">land clearing</a>, <a href="/wiki/Soil_erosion" title="Soil erosion">soil erosion</a>, <a href="/wiki/Uranium_mining" title="Uranium mining">uranium mining</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nuclear_waste" class="mw-redirect" title="Nuclear waste">nuclear waste</a>, the creation of <a href="/wiki/Marine_reserve" title="Marine reserve">marine reserves</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Air_quality" class="mw-redirect" title="Air quality">air quality</a> in major cities and around polluting industries and infrastructure, <a href="/wiki/Pesticide" title="Pesticide">pesticide</a> and <a href="/wiki/Herbicide" title="Herbicide">herbicide</a> impacts and growing of <a href="/wiki/Genetically_modified_food" title="Genetically modified food">genetically modified food</a>. </p><p>There is also a large savana called the great Australian savana. </p><p>Increased <a href="/wiki/Coal_mining_in_Australia" class="mw-redirect" title="Coal mining in Australia">coal mining in Australia</a> is contentious because of the <a href="/wiki/Effects_of_global_warming_on_Australia" class="mw-redirect" title="Effects of global warming on Australia">effects of global warming on Australia</a>, emissions to air from coal burning power stations, dust, subsidence, impact on rivers like the <a href="/wiki/Hunter_River_(New_South_Wales)" title="Hunter River (New South Wales)">Hunter River</a> and other water users, failure to adequately restore mined areas, and lack of sustainability. As an example, in 1999 Australia's energy consumption of coal and coal products was 47,364 thousand metric tons oil equivalent,<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> compared to that of the world's energy consumption of coal and coal products which totalled 2,278,524 (also measured in thousand metric tons oil equivalent). </p><p><a href="/wiki/Climate_change" title="Climate change">Climate change</a> and <a href="/wiki/Global_warming" class="mw-redirect" title="Global warming">global warming</a> are of particular concern because of the likely <a href="/wiki/Effects_of_global_warming" class="mw-redirect" title="Effects of global warming">effects of global warming</a> on <a href="/wiki/Effects_of_climate_change_on_agriculture" title="Effects of climate change on agriculture">agriculture</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Great_Barrier_Reef" title="Great Barrier Reef">Great Barrier Reef</a> and <a href="/wiki/Tourism_in_Australia" title="Tourism in Australia">tourism industry</a>, <a href="/wiki/Human_health" class="mw-redirect" title="Human health">human health</a> through mosquito-borne crydiologicyticlogy.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Sea_level_rise" title="Sea level rise">Sea level rise</a> could also have a profound impact on low-levelled<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="margin-left:0.1em; white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Please_clarify" title="Wikipedia:Please clarify"><span title="The text near this tag may need clarification or removal of jargon. (September 2015)">clarification needed</span></a></i>]</sup> and poorer communities and waterfront suburbs. The range of rises forecast by the <a href="/wiki/IPCC_Fourth_Assessment_Report" title="IPCC Fourth Assessment Report">IPCC Fourth Assessment Report</a> would be sufficient to have impacts in many areas, and if the <a href="/wiki/Greenland_ice_cap" class="mw-redirect" title="Greenland ice cap">Greenland ice cap</a> melts faster than forecast, it could have a disastrous impact.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (August 2018)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>In urban areas, noise and odour are major sources of complaints to environmental protection authorities. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Climate_change">Climate change</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Environment_of_Australia&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Climate change"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Contribution_to_global_warming_by_Australia" class="mw-redirect" title="Contribution to global warming by Australia">Contribution to global warming by Australia</a> and <a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_by_greenhouse_gas_emissions_per_capita" title="List of countries by greenhouse gas emissions per capita">List of countries by greenhouse gas emissions per capita</a></div><div class="excerpt-block"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1066933788" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable dablink excerpt-hat selfref">This section is an excerpt from <a href="/wiki/Climate_change_in_Australia" title="Climate change in Australia">Climate change in Australia</a>.<span class="mw-editsection-like plainlinks"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Climate_change_in_Australia&action=edit">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div><div class="excerpt"> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:2019-12-07_East_Australian_Fires_Aqua_MODIS-VIIRS-LABELS.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/81/2019-12-07_East_Australian_Fires_Aqua_MODIS-VIIRS-LABELS.png/301px-2019-12-07_East_Australian_Fires_Aqua_MODIS-VIIRS-LABELS.png" decoding="async" width="301" height="503" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/81/2019-12-07_East_Australian_Fires_Aqua_MODIS-VIIRS-LABELS.png/452px-2019-12-07_East_Australian_Fires_Aqua_MODIS-VIIRS-LABELS.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/81/2019-12-07_East_Australian_Fires_Aqua_MODIS-VIIRS-LABELS.png/602px-2019-12-07_East_Australian_Fires_Aqua_MODIS-VIIRS-LABELS.png 2x" data-file-width="1080" data-file-height="1806" /></a><figcaption>Climate change is increasing the frequency and size of bushfires, as evidenced by the <a href="/wiki/2019%E2%80%9320_Australian_bushfire_season" title="2019–20 Australian bushfire season">2019–20 Australian bushfire season</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></figcaption></figure> <p><a href="/wiki/Climate_change" title="Climate change">Climate change</a> has been a critical issue in <a href="/wiki/Australia" title="Australia">Australia</a> since the beginning of the 21st century. Australia is becoming hotter and more prone to extreme heat, <a href="/wiki/Bushfires_in_Australia" title="Bushfires in Australia">bushfires</a>, droughts, floods, and longer fire seasons because of climate change. Climate issues include <a href="/wiki/Wildfires" class="mw-redirect" title="Wildfires">wildfires</a>, <a href="/wiki/Heatwaves" class="mw-redirect" title="Heatwaves">heatwaves</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tropical_cyclones_and_climate_change" title="Tropical cyclones and climate change">cyclones</a>, <a href="/wiki/Rising_sea_levels" class="mw-redirect" title="Rising sea levels">rising sea levels</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Erosion" title="Erosion">erosion</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Climate_change_in_Australia_:342_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Climate_change_in_Australia_:342-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Climate_change_in_Australia_:53_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Climate_change_in_Australia_:53-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Climate_change_in_Australia_:62_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Climate_change_in_Australia_:62-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Climate_change_in_Australia_:18_23-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Climate_change_in_Australia_:18-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Since the beginning of the 20th century, Australia has experienced an increase of over 1.5 °C in average annual temperatures,<sup id="cite_ref-Climate_change_in_Australia_:18_23-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Climate_change_in_Australia_:18-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Climate_change_in_Australia_bom-state-2024_24-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Climate_change_in_Australia_bom-state-2024-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> with warming occurring at twice the rate over the past 50 years compared with the previous 50 years.<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Recent climate events such as extremely high temperatures and widespread drought have focused government and public attention on the effects of <a href="/wiki/Climate_change_in_Australia" title="Climate change in Australia">climate change in Australia</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Rainfall in <a href="/wiki/Southwestern_Australia" class="mw-redirect" title="Southwestern Australia">southwestern Australia</a> has decreased by 10–20% since the 1970s, while southeastern Australia has also experienced a moderate decline since the 1990s.<sup id="cite_ref-Climate_change_in_Australia_:18_23-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Climate_change_in_Australia_:18-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Rainfall is expected to become heavier and more infrequent, as well as more common in summer rather than in winter. Australia's annual average temperatures are projected to increase 0.4–2.0 °C above 1990 levels by the year 2030, and 1–6 °C by 2070. Average precipitation in the southwest and southeast Australia is projected to decline during this time, while regions such as the northwest may experience increases in rainfall. </p><p>Climate change is <a href="/wiki/Effects_of_climate_change" title="Effects of climate change">affecting the continent's environment and ecosystems</a>. Australia is vulnerable to the effects of global warming projected for the next 50 to 100 years because of its extensive arid and semi-arid areas, and already <a href="/wiki/Climate_of_Australia" title="Climate of Australia">warm climate</a>, high annual rainfall variability. The continent's high fire risk increases this susceptibility to changes in temperature and climate. Meanwhile, Australia's coastlines will experience erosion and inundation from an estimated 8–88 centimetres (3.1–34.6 in) increase in global sea level. Australia's unique ecosystems such as the <a href="/wiki/Great_Barrier_Reef" title="Great Barrier Reef">Great Barrier Reef</a> and many <a href="/wiki/Fauna_of_Australia" title="Fauna of Australia">animal species</a> are also at risk. </p><p>Climate change also has diverse implications for Australia's economy, <a href="/wiki/Climate_change_in_Australia#Agriculture_forestry_and_livestock" title="Climate change in Australia">its agriculture</a> and public health.<sup id="cite_ref-Climate_change_in_Australia_Preston_Jones_27-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Climate_change_in_Australia_Preston_Jones-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Projected impacts include more severe <a href="/wiki/Flood" title="Flood">floods</a>, <a href="/wiki/Drought" title="Drought">droughts</a>, and cyclones.<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Furthermore, Australia's population is highly concentrated in coastal areas at risk from rising sea levels, and existing <a href="/wiki/Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_Australia" title="Water supply and sanitation in Australia">pressures on water supply</a> will be exacerbated. The exposure of <a href="/wiki/Indigenous_Australians" title="Indigenous Australians">Indigenous Australians</a> to climate change impacts is exacerbated by existing socio-economic disadvantages which are linked to colonial and post-colonial marginalisation.<sup id="cite_ref-Climate_change_in_Australia_:342_20-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Climate_change_in_Australia_:342-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The communities most affected by climate changes are those in the North where <a href="/wiki/Aboriginal_Australians" title="Aboriginal Australians">Aboriginal</a> and <a href="/wiki/Torres_Strait_Islanders" title="Torres Strait Islanders">Torres Strait Islander</a> people make up 30% of the population.<sup id="cite_ref-Climate_change_in_Australia_:23_29-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Climate_change_in_Australia_:23-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander communities located in the coastal north are the most disadvantaged due to social and economic issues and their reliance on traditional land for food, culture, and health. This has raised the question for many community members in these areas, "Should we stay or move away?"<sup id="cite_ref-Climate_change_in_Australia_:23_29-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Climate_change_in_Australia_:23-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Australia is also a contributor to climate change, with its <a href="/wiki/Greenhouse_gas_emissions_by_Australia" title="Greenhouse gas emissions by Australia">greenhouse gas emissions</a> per capita above the world average. The country is <a href="/wiki/Coal_in_Australia" title="Coal in Australia">highly reliant on coal</a> and <a href="/wiki/Energy_in_Australia#Oil" title="Energy in Australia">other fossil fuels</a>, although <a href="/wiki/Renewable_energy_in_Australia" title="Renewable energy in Australia">renewable energy</a> coverage is increasing.<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> National <a href="/wiki/Climate_change_mitigation" title="Climate change mitigation">climate change mitigation</a> efforts include a commitment to achieving <a href="/wiki/Net_zero" class="mw-redirect" title="Net zero">net zero</a> emissions by 2050 under the <a href="/wiki/Paris_Agreement" title="Paris Agreement">Paris Agreement</a>, although Australia has repeatedly ranked poorly in the <a href="/wiki/Climate_Change_Performance_Index" title="Climate Change Performance Index">Climate Change Performance Index</a> and other international rankings for its climate targets and implementation. <a href="/wiki/Climate_change_adaptation" title="Climate change adaptation">Climate change adaptation</a> can be performed at national and local levels<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and was identified as a priority for Australia in the 2007 <a href="/wiki/Garnaut_Climate_Change_Review" title="Garnaut Climate Change Review">Garnaut Review</a>. </p> Climate change has been a <a href="/wiki/Global_warming_controversy" class="mw-redirect" title="Global warming controversy">divisive or politicised issue</a> in <a href="/wiki/Australian_politics" class="mw-redirect" title="Australian politics">Australian politics</a> since the 2000s, contributing to successive governments implementing and repealing mitigation policies such as <a href="/wiki/Carbon_pricing_in_Australia" title="Carbon pricing in Australia">carbon pricing</a>. Some <a href="/wiki/Australian_media" class="mw-redirect" title="Australian media">Australian media outlets</a> have promoted <a href="/wiki/Climate_change_misinformation" class="mw-redirect" title="Climate change misinformation">climate misinformation</a>. The issue has <a href="/wiki/Environmental_movement_in_Australia#Climate_change" title="Environmental movement in Australia">sparked protests</a> in support of climate change policies, including some of the largest demonstrations and school strikes in Australia's history.<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="State_of_the_Environment_reports">State of the Environment reports</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Environment_of_Australia&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: State of the Environment reports"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Commonwealth_of_Australia">Commonwealth of Australia</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Environment_of_Australia&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Commonwealth of Australia"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The State of the Environment (SoE) section has responsibility for <a href="/wiki/Environmental_accounting" title="Environmental accounting">environmental reporting</a> and implements two key interrelated initiatives: the State of the Environment report and the Essential Environmental Measures for Australia program. </p><p><b>State of the Environment report</b> </p><p>The SoE section leads the development and production of the <i>Australia: State of the Environment</i>. The report is a comprehensive national assessment of the state of our environment produced every five years based on the best available evidence. It is tabled in accordance with section 516B of the <i>Environment Protection and Biodiversity Conversation Act 1999</i>, by the Minister for the Environment and Energy. The SoE report provides a vital resource for policy makers, industry and NGOs, educational institutions, the science community and the general public.<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><b>Essential Environmental Measures for Australia</b> </p><p>The section also leads the development of the Essential Environmental Measures (EEM) program to strengthen environmental reporting. The EEM program aims to improve our capacity to track trends in the State of Australia's environment and engages with environmental experts to: </p> <ul><li>identify measures that are essential for tracking change in the state of the environment and</li> <li>make measure-related data Findable, Accessible, Interoperable and Reusable (FAIR).</li></ul> <p>Over time, it is anticipated that information provided through the program will become a core component of the evidence used to inform national state of the environment reporting and environmental-economic accounting. </p><p>Sydney </p> <ul><li>2003<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>2006<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>2009<sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Victoria">Victoria</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Environment_of_Australia&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Victoria"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The Victorian State of the Environment 2023 Report highlights several critical environmental issues in <a href="/wiki/Victoria_(state)" title="Victoria (state)">Victoria</a>. Key findings include significant challenges related to biodiversity and climate change. The report shows that biodiversity is in decline, with 32 out of 42 biodiversity indicators either deteriorating or not assessed since 2018. Climate change remains a pressing issue, with most climate indicators showing worsening trends, though there has been a notable 27% reduction in net greenhouse gas emissions since 2018.<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="South_Australia">South Australia</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Environment_of_Australia&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: South Australia"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Western_Australia">Western Australia</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Environment_of_Australia&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Western Australia"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The southwest coastal area has a Mediterranean climate and was originally heavily forested, including large stands of the karri, one of the <a href="/wiki/List_of_tallest_trees" title="List of tallest trees">tallest trees</a> in the world.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (January 2020)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> This agricultural region of Western Australia is in the top nine terrestrial habitats for terrestrial biodiversity, with a higher proportion of endemic species than most other equivalent regions. Thanks to the offshore Leeuwin Current, the area numbers in the top six regions for marine biodiversity, containing the most southerly coral reefs in the world. Average annual rainfall varies from 300 millimetres (12 in) at the edge of the <a href="/wiki/Wheatbelt_(Western_Australia)" title="Wheatbelt (Western Australia)">Wheatbelt region</a> to 1,400 millimetres (55 in) in the wettest areas near Northcliffe, but in November to March, evaporation exceeds rainfall, and it is generally very dry. Plants must be adapted to this and the <a href="/wiki/Extreme_poverty" title="Extreme poverty">extreme poverty</a> of all soils. A major reduction in winter rainfall has been observed since the mid-1970s, with more extreme rainfall events in the summer months.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (January 2020)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> The central four-fifths of the state are semiarid or desert and are lightly inhabited, with mining being the only significant activity. Annual rainfall averages 200–250 millimetres (8–10 in), most of which occurs in sporadic torrential falls related to cyclone events in the summer months. An exception to this is the northern tropical regions. The <a href="/wiki/Kimberley_(Western_Australia)" title="Kimberley (Western Australia)">Kimberley</a> has a sweltering monsoonal climate with average annual rainfall ranging from 500 to 1,500 millimetres (20–60 in), but there is a very long, almost rainless season from April to November. Eighty-five percent of the state's runoff occurs in the Kimberley. Still, the only development has occurred along the <a href="/wiki/Ord_River" title="Ord River">Ord River</a>, restricted elsewhere due to violent floods and the insurmountable poverty of the generally shallow soils. </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Black_swan" title="Black swan">black swan</a> is the state bird of Western Australia. </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Red-and-green_kangaroo_paw" class="mw-redirect" title="Red-and-green kangaroo paw">red-and-green kangaroo paw</a> is the floral emblem of Western Australia. </p><p>Snow in the state is rare and typically only in the <a href="/wiki/Stirling_Range" title="Stirling Range">Stirling Range</a> near <a href="/wiki/Albany,_Western_Australia" title="Albany, Western Australia">Albany</a>, as it is the only mountain range far enough south and with sufficient elevation. More rarely, snow can fall on the nearby Porongurup Range. Snow outside these areas is a significant event; it usually occurs in hilly areas of southwestern Australia. The most widespread low-level snow occurred on 26 June 1956 when snow was reported in the Perth Hills, as far north as Wongan Hills and east as Salmon Gums. However, even in the Stirling Range, snowfalls rarely exceed 5 cm (2 in) and rarely settle for more than one day.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (January 2020)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> The highest observed maximum temperature of 50.5 °C (122.9 °F) was recorded at <a href="/wiki/Mardie_Station" title="Mardie Station">Mardie Station</a> on 19 February 1998. The lowest minimum temperature recorded was −7.2 °C (19.0 °F) at <a href="/wiki/Eyre_Bird_Observatory" title="Eyre Bird Observatory">Eyre Bird Observatory</a> on 17 August 2008.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (January 2020)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Tasmania">Tasmania</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Environment_of_Australia&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Tasmania"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Mild climate </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Australian_Capital_Territory">Australian Capital Territory</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Environment_of_Australia&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Australian Capital Territory"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Northern_Territory">Northern Territory</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Environment_of_Australia&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Northern Territory"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Low relative humidity, wind, and lack of rain range from hot and dry in the interior to the milder, wetter climates of the south. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Environment_organizations">Environment organizations</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Environment_of_Australia&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Environment organizations"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Australian_Conservation_Foundation" title="Australian Conservation Foundation">Australian Conservation Foundation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Australian_Network_of_Environmental_Defenders_Offices" class="mw-redirect" title="Australian Network of Environmental Defenders Offices">Australian Network of Environmental Defenders Offices</a> (ANEDO)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greenpeace_Australia_Pacific" title="Greenpeace Australia Pacific">Greenpeace Australia Pacific</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sustainable_Population_Australia" title="Sustainable Population Australia">Sustainable Population Australia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trees_For_Life_(Australia)" title="Trees For Life (Australia)">Trees for Life</a> (<a href="/wiki/Brooklyn_Park,_South_Australia" title="Brooklyn Park, South Australia">Brooklyn Park</a>)</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Environment_of_Australia&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1266661725">.mw-parser-output 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Melbourne">Ecology of Melbourne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ecology_of_Sydney" title="Ecology of Sydney">Ecology of Sydney</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Waste_management_in_Australia" title="Waste management in Australia">Waste management in Australia</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Environment_of_Australia&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output 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.id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation book cs1"><a 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">16 August</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Environment.gov.au&rft.atitle=SoE+2016+%3A+The+Australia+State+of+the+Environment+%28SoE%29+2016+Overview+was+tabled+in+Parliament+on+7+March+2017.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.environment.gov.au%2Fscience%2Fsoe&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEnvironment+of+Australia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-35">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20061207045214/http://www.environment.nsw.gov.au/soe/soe2003/">"EPA | NSW State of the Environment 2003"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.environment.nsw.gov.au/soe/soe2003/">the original</a> on 7 December 2006<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">17 February</span> 2007</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=EPA+%26%23124%3B+NSW+State+of+the+Environment+2003&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.environment.nsw.gov.au%2Fsoe%2Fsoe2003%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEnvironment+of+Australia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-36">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070908135525/http://www.environment.nsw.gov.au/soe/soe2006/">"DEC | index"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.environment.nsw.gov.au/soe/soe2006/">the original</a> on 8 September 2007<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">17 February</span> 2007</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=DEC+%26%23124%3B+index&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.environment.nsw.gov.au%2Fsoe%2Fsoe2006%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEnvironment+of+Australia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-37">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110408214001/http://www.environment.nsw.gov.au/soe/soe2009/">"Environment & Heritage | New South Wales State of the Environment 2009"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.environment.nsw.gov.au/soe/soe2009">the original</a> on 8 April 2011<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">23 December</span> 2009</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Environment+%26+Heritage+%26%23124%3B+New+South+Wales+State+of+the+Environment+2009&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.environment.nsw.gov.au%2Fsoe%2Fsoe2009&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEnvironment+of+Australia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-38">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ces.vic.gov.au/news/victorian-state-environment-2023-report-released">"The Victorian State of the Environment 2023 Report released | CES"</a>. <i>www.ces.vic.gov.au</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">20 August</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.ces.vic.gov.au&rft.atitle=The+Victorian+State+of+the+Environment+2023+Report+released+%7C+CES&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ces.vic.gov.au%2Fnews%2Fvictorian-state-environment-2023-report-released&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEnvironment+of+Australia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Environment_of_Australia&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Commons-logo.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/40px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/60px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></a></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <span style="font-weight: bold; font-style: italic;"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Environment_of_Australia" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Environment of Australia">Environment of Australia</a></span>.</div></div> </div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jared_Diamond" title="Jared Diamond">Jared Diamond</a>, <i><a href="/wiki/Collapse:_How_Societies_Choose_to_Fail_or_Succeed" title="Collapse: How Societies Choose to Fail or Succeed">Collapse: How Societies Choose to Fail or Succeed</a></i>, <a href="/wiki/Penguin_Books" title="Penguin Books">Penguin Books</a>, 2005 and 2011 (<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780241958681" title="Special:BookSources/9780241958681">9780241958681</a>). 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href="/wiki/Climate_change_in_Australia" title="Climate change in Australia">Climate change</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Australia_(continent)" title="Australia (continent)">Continent</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deserts_of_Australia" title="Deserts of Australia">Deserts</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Environment</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_issues_in_Australia" title="Environmental issues in Australia">issues</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_earthquakes_in_Australia" title="List of earthquakes in Australia">Earthquakes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flora_of_Australia" title="Flora of Australia">Flora</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fauna_of_Australia" title="Fauna of Australia">Fauna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Forests_of_Australia" title="Forests of Australia">Forests</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geology_of_Australia" title="Geology of Australia">Geology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_islands_of_Australia" title="List of islands of Australia">Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_mountains_in_Australia" title="List of mountains in Australia">Mountains</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_regions_of_Australia" title="List of regions of Australia">Regions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Reserve_System" title="National Reserve System">Protected areas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_rivers_of_Australia" title="List of rivers of Australia">Rivers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_World_Heritage_Sites_in_Australia" title="List of World Heritage Sites in Australia">World Heritage Sites</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Administrative_divisions_of_Australia" class="mw-redirect" title="Administrative divisions of Australia">Subdivisions</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/States_and_territories_of_Australia" title="States and territories of Australia">States and territories</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Australian_capital_cities" title="List of Australian capital cities">Capitals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_cities_in_Australia" title="List of cities in Australia">Cities</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Australia" title="Politics of Australia">Politics</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Asylum_in_Australia" title="Asylum in Australia">Asylum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_Australia" title="Constitution of Australia">Constitution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Australian_court_hierarchy" class="mw-redirect" title="Australian court hierarchy">Courts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elections_in_Australia" title="Elections in Australia">Elections</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Political_funding_in_Australia" title="Political funding in Australia">Donations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Electoral_system_of_Australia" title="Electoral system of Australia">Electoral system</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_political_parties_in_Australia" title="List of political parties in Australia">Parties</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Australian_federal_budget" title="Australian federal budget">Federal budget</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foreign_relations_of_Australia" title="Foreign relations of Australia">Foreign relations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_rights_in_Australia" title="Human rights in Australia">Human rights</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Intersex_rights_in_Australia" title="Intersex rights in Australia">Intersex</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LGBTQ_rights_in_Australia" title="LGBTQ rights in Australia">LGBTQ</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transgender_rights_in_Australia" title="Transgender rights in Australia">Transgender</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Australian_Intelligence_Community" title="Australian Intelligence Community">Intelligence and security</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Australian_legal_system" title="Australian legal system">Law</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Australian_constitutional_law" title="Australian constitutional law">Constitution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judiciary_of_Australia" title="Judiciary of Australia">Judiciary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Law_enforcement_in_Australia" title="Law enforcement in Australia">Enforcement</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Australian_Defence_Force" title="Australian Defence Force">Military</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monarchy_of_Australia" title="Monarchy of Australia">Monarchy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Australian_government_debt" title="Australian government debt">National debt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parliament_of_Australia" title="Parliament of Australia">Parliament</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Australia#Ideology_in_Australian_politics" title="Politics of Australia">Political ideology</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_Australia" title="Anarchism in Australia">Anarchism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_politics_in_Australia" title="Christian politics in Australia">Christian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservatism_in_Australia" title="Conservatism in Australia">Conservatism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Far-right_politics_in_Australia" title="Far-right politics in Australia">Far-right</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberalism_in_Australia" title="Liberalism in Australia">Liberalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Australian_nationalism" title="Australian nationalism">Nationalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republicanism_in_Australia" title="Republicanism in Australia">Republicanism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Socialism_in_Australia" title="Socialism in Australia">Socialism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Australian_Public_Service" title="Australian Public Service">Public Service</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_and_government_in_Australia" title="Women and government in Australia">Women</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_female_heads_of_government_in_Australia" title="List of female heads of government in Australia">Government leaders</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_female_cabinet_ministers_of_Australia" title="List of female cabinet ministers of Australia">Government ministers</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Opposition_(Australia)" title="Opposition (Australia)">Shadow Cabinet</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Australian_Government" title="Australian Government">Government</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cabinet_of_Australia" title="Cabinet of Australia">Cabinet of Australia</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Australian_ministries" title="List of Australian ministries">list</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Governor-General_of_Australia" title="Governor-General of Australia">Governor-General</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_governors-general_of_Australia" title="List of governors-general of Australia">list</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_Australia" title="Prime Minister of Australia">Prime Minister</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_prime_ministers_of_Australia" title="List of prime ministers of Australia">list</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Australia" title="Economy of Australia">Economy</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Agriculture_in_Australia" title="Agriculture in Australia">Agriculture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Australian_dollar" title="Australian dollar">Dollar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Energy_in_Australia" title="Energy in Australia">Energy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Australian_states_and_territories_by_gross_state_product" title="List of Australian states and territories by gross state product">Gross state product</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Home_ownership_in_Australia" title="Home ownership in Australia">Home ownership</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Public_housing_in_Australia" title="Public housing in Australia">Public housing</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Median_household_income_in_Australia_and_New_Zealand" title="Median household income in Australia and New Zealand">Household income</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manufacturing_in_Australia" title="Manufacturing in Australia">Manufacturing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mass_media_in_Australia" title="Mass media in Australia">Media</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mining_in_Australia" title="Mining in Australia">Mining</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Poverty_in_Australia" title="Poverty in Australia">Poverty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reserve_Bank_of_Australia" title="Reserve Bank of Australia">Reserve Bank</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Australian_Securities_Exchange" title="Australian Securities Exchange">Stock exchange</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Superannuation_in_Australia" title="Superannuation in Australia">Superannuation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taxation_in_Australia" title="Taxation in Australia">Taxation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Telecommunications_in_Australia" title="Telecommunications in Australia">Telecommunications</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tourism_in_Australia" title="Tourism in Australia">Tourism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transport_in_Australia" title="Transport in Australia">Transport</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_security_in_Australia" title="Social security in Australia">Welfare system</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:Society_of_Australia" title="Category:Society of Australia">Society</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abortion_in_Australia" title="Abortion in Australia">Abortion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aged_care_in_Australia" title="Aged care in Australia">Aged care</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Censorship_in_Australia" title="Censorship in Australia">Censorship</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Australian_nationality_law" title="Australian nationality law">Citizenship</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crime_in_Australia" title="Crime in Australia">Crime</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_Australia" title="Education in Australia">Education</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Assisted_dying_in_Australia" class="mw-redirect" title="Assisted dying in Australia">Euthanasia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Health_care_in_Australia" title="Health care in Australia">Healthcare</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Homelessness_in_Australia" title="Homelessness in Australia">Homelessness</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_trafficking_in_Australia" title="Human trafficking in Australia">Human trafficking</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Immigration_to_Australia" title="Immigration to Australia">Immigration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irreligion_in_Australia" title="Irreligion in Australia">Irreligion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Australia" title="Languages of Australia">Languages</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Australian_states_by_life_expectancy" title="List of Australian states by life expectancy">Life expectancy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Australians" title="Australians">People</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Demographics_of_Australia" title="Demographics of Australia">Demographics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Ethnic_groups_in_Australia" title="Category:Ethnic groups in Australia">Ethnic groups</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indigenous_Australians" title="Indigenous Australians">Indigenous Australians</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prostitution_in_Australia" title="Prostitution in Australia">Prostitution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Racism_in_Australia" title="Racism in Australia">Racism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Australia" title="Religion in Australia">Religion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Squatting_in_Australia" title="Squatting in Australia">Squatting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Waste_management_in_Australia" title="Waste management in Australia">Waste management</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_Australia" title="Women in Australia">Women</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Australia" title="Culture of Australia">Culture</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Architecture_of_Australia" title="Architecture of Australia">Architecture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Australian_art" title="Australian art">Art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arts_in_Australia" title="Arts in Australia">Arts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Australian_English" title="Australian English">Australian English</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_Australia" title="Cinema of Australia">Cinema</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Australian_cuisine" title="Australian cuisine">Cuisine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dance_in_Australia" title="Dance in Australia">Dance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Australian_literature" title="Australian literature">Literature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Australia" title="Music of Australia">Music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Public_holidays_in_Australia" title="Public holidays in Australia">Public holidays</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_radio_stations_in_Australia" title="List of radio stations in Australia">Radio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sport_in_Australia" title="Sport in Australia">Sport</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_symbols_of_Australia" title="National symbols of Australia">Symbols</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Television_in_Australia" title="Television in Australia">Television</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theatre_of_Australia" title="Theatre of Australia">Theatre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anglosphere" title="Anglosphere">Anglosphere</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Australian_studies" title="Australian studies">Australian studies</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="font-weight:bold;"><div><div style="margin-bottom:-0.4em;"><ul><li><span class="nobold"><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_Australia" title="Outline of Australia">Outline</a></span></li><li><span class="nobold"><a href="/wiki/Index_of_Australia-related_articles" title="Index of Australia-related articles">Index</a></span></li><li><span class="nobold"><a href="/wiki/Bibliography_of_Australian_history" title="Bibliography of Australian history">Bibliography</a></span></li></ul></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Australia" title="Category:Australia">Category</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portal:Australia" title="Portal:Australia">Portal</a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235" /></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Environment_of_Oceania112" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231" /><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Oceania_topic" title="Template:Oceania topic"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Oceania_topic" title="Template talk:Oceania topic"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Oceania_topic" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Oceania topic"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Environment_of_Oceania112" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Environment of Oceania</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Sovereign states</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Australia</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Environment_of_the_Federated_States_of_Micronesia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Environment of the Federated States of Micronesia (page does not exist)">Federated States of Micronesia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environment_of_Fiji" class="mw-redirect" title="Environment of Fiji">Fiji</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environment_of_Indonesia" title="Environment of Indonesia">Indonesia</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Environment_of_Kiribati&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Environment of Kiribati (page does not exist)">Kiribati</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Environment_of_the_Marshall_Islands&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Environment of the Marshall Islands (page does not exist)">Marshall Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environment_of_Nauru" class="mw-redirect" title="Environment of Nauru">Nauru</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environment_of_New_Zealand" title="Environment of New Zealand">New Zealand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environment_of_Palau" title="Environment of Palau">Palau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environment_of_Papua_New_Guinea" class="mw-redirect" title="Environment of Papua New Guinea">Papua New Guinea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environment_of_Samoa" class="mw-redirect" title="Environment of Samoa">Samoa</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Environment_of_Solomon_Islands&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Environment of Solomon Islands (page does not exist)">Solomon Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Environment_of_Timor-Leste&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Environment of Timor-Leste (page does not exist)">Timor-Leste</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environment_of_Tonga" class="mw-redirect" title="Environment of Tonga">Tonga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environment_of_Tuvalu" class="mw-redirect" title="Environment of Tuvalu">Tuvalu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environment_of_Vanuatu" class="mw-redirect" title="Environment of Vanuatu">Vanuatu</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Associated states<br />of New Zealand</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Environment_of_the_Cook_Islands&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Environment of the Cook Islands (page does not exist)">Cook Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Environment_of_Niue&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Environment of Niue (page does not exist)">Niue</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Dependencies<br />and other territories</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Environment_of_American_Samoa&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Environment of American Samoa (page does not exist)">American Samoa</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Environment_of_Christmas_Island&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Environment of Christmas Island (page does not exist)">Christmas Island</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Environment_of_the_Cocos_(Keeling)_Islands&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Environment of the Cocos (Keeling) Islands (page does not exist)">Cocos (Keeling) Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Environment_of_Easter_Island&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Environment of Easter Island (page does not exist)">Easter Island</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Environment_of_French_Polynesia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Environment of French Polynesia (page does not exist)">French Polynesia</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Environment_of_Guam&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Environment of Guam (page does not exist)">Guam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environment_of_Hawaii" class="mw-redirect" title="Environment of Hawaii">Hawaii</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Environment_of_New_Caledonia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Environment of New Caledonia (page does not exist)">New Caledonia</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Environment_of_Norfolk_Island&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Environment of Norfolk Island (page does not exist)">Norfolk Island</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Environment_of_the_Northern_Mariana_Islands&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Environment of the Northern Mariana Islands (page does not exist)">Northern Mariana Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Environment_of_the_Pitcairn_Islands&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Environment of the Pitcairn Islands (page does not exist)">Pitcairn Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Environment_of_Tokelau&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Environment of Tokelau (page does not exist)">Tokelau</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Environment_of_Wallis_and_Futuna&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Environment of Wallis and Futuna (page does not exist)">Wallis and Futuna</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235" /></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Environment_of_the_World7238" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231" /><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:World_topic" title="Template:World topic"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:World_topic" title="Template talk:World topic"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:World_topic" title="Special:EditPage/Template:World topic"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Environment_of_the_World7238" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Environment_of_the_World&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Environment of the World (page does not exist)">Environment of the World</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><li><a href="/wiki/Environment_of_Afghanistan" class="mw-redirect" title="Environment of Afghanistan">Afghanistan</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Environment_of_Albania" title="Environment of Albania">Albania</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Environment_of_Algeria" class="mw-redirect" title="Environment of Algeria">Algeria</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Environment_of_Angola" class="mw-redirect" title="Environment of Angola">Angola</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Environment_of_Antigua_and_Barbuda" class="mw-redirect" title="Environment of Antigua and Barbuda">Antigua and Barbuda</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Environment_of_Argentina" title="Environment of Argentina">Argentina</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Environment_of_Armenia" class="mw-redirect" title="Environment of Armenia">Armenia</a></li><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Australia</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Environment_of_Austria" class="mw-redirect" title="Environment of Austria">Austria</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Environment_of_Azerbaijan" title="Environment of Azerbaijan">Azerbaijan</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Environment_of_the_Bahamas" class="mw-redirect" title="Environment of the Bahamas">Bahamas</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Environment_of_Bangladesh" class="mw-redirect" title="Environment of Bangladesh">Bangladesh</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Environment_of_Barbados" class="mw-redirect" title="Environment of Barbados">Barbados</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Environment_of_Belarus" class="mw-redirect" title="Environment of Belarus">Belarus</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Environment_of_Belgium" title="Environment of Belgium">Belgium</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Environment_of_Belize" class="mw-redirect" title="Environment of Belize">Belize</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Environment_of_Benin" class="mw-redirect" title="Environment of Benin">Benin</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Environment_of_Bhutan" class="mw-redirect" title="Environment of Bhutan">Bhutan</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Environment_of_Bolivia" class="mw-redirect" title="Environment of Bolivia">Bolivia</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Environment_of_Bosnia_and_Herzegovina" title="Environment of Bosnia and Herzegovina">Bosnia and Herzegovina</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Environment_of_Botswana" class="mw-redirect" title="Environment of Botswana">Botswana</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Environment_of_Brazil" title="Environment of Brazil">Brazil</a></li><li><a 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href="/wiki/Environment_of_El_Salvador" class="mw-redirect" title="Environment of El Salvador">El Salvador</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Environment_of_Eritrea" class="mw-redirect" title="Environment of Eritrea">Eritrea</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Environment_of_Ethiopia" class="mw-redirect" title="Environment of Ethiopia">Ethiopia</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Environment_of_Fiji" class="mw-redirect" title="Environment of Fiji">Fiji</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Environment_of_Finland" class="mw-redirect" title="Environment of Finland">Finland</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Environment_of_France" class="mw-redirect" title="Environment of France">France</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Environment_of_Gabon" class="mw-redirect" title="Environment of Gabon">Gabon</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Environment_of_Georgia_(country)" class="mw-redirect" title="Environment of Georgia (country)">Georgia</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Environment_of_Germany" class="mw-redirect" title="Environment of Germany">Germany</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Environment_of_Ghana" class="mw-redirect" title="Environment of Ghana">Ghana</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Environment_of_Greece" class="mw-redirect" title="Environment of Greece">Greece</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Environment_of_Guatemala" class="mw-redirect" title="Environment of Guatemala">Guatemala</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Environment_of_Guyana" class="mw-redirect" title="Environment of Guyana">Guyana</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Environment_of_Haiti" title="Environment of Haiti">Haiti</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Environment_of_Honduras" class="mw-redirect" title="Environment of Honduras">Honduras</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Environment_of_Hungary" class="mw-redirect" title="Environment of Hungary">Hungary</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Environment_of_Iceland" class="mw-redirect" title="Environment of Iceland">Iceland</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Environment_of_India" title="Environment of India">India</a></li><li><a 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Libya">Libya</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Environment_of_Lithuania" class="mw-redirect" title="Environment of Lithuania">Lithuania</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Environment_of_Luxembourg" title="Environment of Luxembourg">Luxembourg</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Environment_of_Madagascar" class="mw-redirect" title="Environment of Madagascar">Madagascar</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Environment_of_Malawi" class="mw-redirect" title="Environment of Malawi">Malawi</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Environment_of_Malaysia" title="Environment of Malaysia">Malaysia</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Environment_of_Mali" class="mw-redirect" title="Environment of Mali">Mali</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Environment_of_Malta" class="mw-redirect" title="Environment of Malta">Malta</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Environment_of_Mauritania" class="mw-redirect" title="Environment of Mauritania">Mauritania</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Environment_of_Mexico" class="mw-redirect" title="Environment of Mexico">Mexico</a></li><li><a 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