【電車世代】電動車到底該不該裝變速箱？

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<picture> <source srcset="https://bucket-image.inkmaginecms.com/version/mobile/cabinet/files/consoles/1/teams/1/2022/10/ZRUe936rmVVKhfxlnQ8axeKRHtfWEnVxCsItT6l8.png" type="image/png" media="(max-width: 749px)"> <img src="https://bucket-image.inkmaginecms.com/version/desktop/cabinet/files/consoles/1/teams/1/2022/10/ZRUe936rmVVKhfxlnQ8axeKRHtfWEnVxCsItT6l8.png" alt="" title="" width="750" height="392" style="width: 100%;"> <figcaption class="wp-caption-text"><a href="https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCU3037vDY8r0m_rJ_U7lHvQ">Photo Credit:工研院機械所</a></figcaption> </picture> </figure> </div> </div> <div class="post_header js-post_header"> <a class="post_category badge badge-large" style="background-color: #1cafd7" href="https://www.inside.com.tw/category/column">專欄</a> <h1 class="post_header_title js-auto_break_title">【電車世代】電動車到底該不該裝變速箱？</h1> <div class="post_author_g"> <span class="post_author">  <a href="https://www.inside.com.tw/author/chris" title="Posts by Chris" class="author url fn" 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class="ck-section">電動車裝變速箱到底好還是不好？這是一個很有趣的話題，很多人會認為理論上來說電動馬達在低轉速下也能產生很大的轉矩、轉速域更寬，一個檔位就很夠日常使用了，所以電動車是不需要換檔、不需要變速箱的，像 Tesla 一開始雖然有為最初 Roadster 的 100 台配上變速箱，但在日後就算做出了號稱速度最快量產車 Model S Plaid，也拿掉了變速箱。</p><p class="ck-section">但很多人可不這麼認為，像 INSIDE 試乘過的 <a href="https://www.inside.com.tw/article/22153-porsche-taycan-4s-testing" target="_blank">Porsche Taycan</a>，以及同集團的 Audi e-tron GT 都導入二速變速箱；甚至最近 Bosch 還專門為電動車推出了 CVT 變速箱，號稱可以提升電動馬達的傳輸效率。就連台灣也有本土公司已經在工研院協助下，開發了電動車用的二速傳動模組。</p><div class="ad-content" style="min-height:294px"><div class="tmgad tmgad-type-flux tmgad-new"> <script type="application/json">{"type":"flux","slot":"\/21870649235\/in_a_p2","size":[[640,360],[640,480],[300,250],[1,1]],"mapping":[[[1210,0],[[640,360],[640,480],[1,1]]],[[0,0],[[300,250],[1,1]]]],"targeting":{"advertising":["0"],"cabinet":["184245"],"page_key":["article"],"page_name":["article"],"author_key":["chris"],"author_name":["Chris"],"category_key":["column"],"category_name":["\u5c08\u6b04"],"tag_key":["1008","2174","9496","14468"],"tag_name":["\u96fb\u52d5\u8eca","porsche","Taycan","\u8b8a\u901f\u7bb1"]},"name":"in_a_p2"}</script> </div> </div><div class="raw-html-embed ck-section"><iframe width="560" height="315" src="https://www.youtube.com/embed/Sw_AxSngPXw" title="YouTube video player" frameborder="0" allow="accelerometer; autoplay; clipboard-write; encrypted-media; gyroscope; picture-in-picture" allowfullscreen></iframe></div><figure class="wp-caption aligncenter ck-section"><picture><source srcset="https://bucket-image.inkmaginecms.com/version/mobile/cabinet/files/consoles/1/teams/1/2022/10/5v9kDTRllOBm8UVgCE1khfvmp73L3jUOp7DzrDgn.jpg" type="image/jpeg" media="(max-width: 500px)"><img src="https://bucket-image.inkmaginecms.com/version/desktop/cabinet/files/consoles/1/teams/1/2022/10/5v9kDTRllOBm8UVgCE1khfvmp73L3jUOp7DzrDgn.jpg" alt="" title="" width="730" height="407"></picture><figcaption class="wp-caption-text">▲ Porsche Taycan 是現在市面上最以二速變速箱為賣點的電動車。</figcaption></figure><p class="ck-section">那電動車到底該不該放變速箱呢？今天《電車世代》就拿出一些分析報告，來跟各位探討這個話題吧！</p><p class="ck-section">首先我們看看刊登在美國自動車工程師協會（SAE）的期刊《SAE Technical Paper 》在 2013 年的一篇論文，這篇文章是〈<a href="https://www.sae.org/publications/technical-papers/content/2013-01-0349/" target="_blank">Impacts of Two-Speed Gearbox on Electric Vehicle's Fuel Economy and Performance</a>〉，翻成中文就是二檔變速箱對電動汽車燃油經濟性的表現影響，是相當早就在研究變速箱到底對電動車節能、續航力有沒有幫助的論文。</p><p class="ck-section">先講結論，如果是相同規格、相同動力的兩台電動車，裝了二檔變速箱齒比又有設定到最佳化的話，在走走停停的都市環境下，駕駛耗能可以比沒裝少 4.2%，在高速公路的話則可以減少約 1.2%。</p><div class="ad-content" style="min-height:294px"><div class="tmgad tmgad-type-general tmgad-new"> <script type="application/json">{"type":"general","slot":"\/21870649235\/in_a_p6_special","size":[[640,360],[640,480],[300,250],[320,480],[1,1]],"mapping":[[[1210,0],[[640,360],[640,480],[1,1]]],[[0,0],[[300,250],[320,480],[1,1]]]],"targeting":{"advertising":["0"],"cabinet":["184245"],"page_key":["article"],"page_name":["article"],"author_key":["chris"],"author_name":["Chris"],"category_key":["column"],"category_name":["\u5c08\u6b04"],"tag_key":["1008","2174","9496","14468"],"tag_name":["\u96fb\u52d5\u8eca","porsche","Taycan","\u8b8a\u901f\u7bb1"]},"name":"in_a_p6_special"}</script> </div> </div><p class="ck-section">那至於很多駕駛人在意的「性能」，也就是加速度表現呢？裝上二檔變速箱對電動車加速是「略有幫助」的，就像這張 Figure 19 的表顯示的一樣，要加速到時速 50 英里（約 80.5 公里）時，在大約第三秒時二檔變速箱的表現會略贏沒裝變速箱的車。</p><figure class="wp-caption aligncenter ck-section"><picture><source srcset="https://bucket-image.inkmaginecms.com/version/mobile/cabinet/files/consoles/1/teams/1/2022/10/Cka7hob2y8bCkuDrg7kJTvrXhY5bzVeCw3CcgeAM.png" type="image/png" media="(max-width: 500px)"><img src="https://bucket-image.inkmaginecms.com/version/desktop/cabinet/files/consoles/1/teams/1/2022/10/Cka7hob2y8bCkuDrg7kJTvrXhY5bzVeCw3CcgeAM.png" alt="" title="" width="750" height="549"></picture></figure><p class="ck-section">換張圖可能就更明顯了，下張圖 X 軸是時速，Y 軸是最大加速度，在前七秒時二檔變速箱是有優勢的，但很快到了第 10 秒後因為要換檔的關係，會一下子下降後瞬間跟沒裝變速箱的幾乎一模一樣。</p><figure class="wp-caption aligncenter ck-section"><picture><source srcset="https://bucket-image.inkmaginecms.com/version/mobile/cabinet/files/consoles/1/teams/1/2022/10/xccyODtqZlsnNBvNmVScrHqj1Gr1VH9KGCmuxSLQ.png" type="image/png" media="(max-width: 500px)"><img src="https://bucket-image.inkmaginecms.com/version/desktop/cabinet/files/consoles/1/teams/1/2022/10/xccyODtqZlsnNBvNmVScrHqj1Gr1VH9KGCmuxSLQ.png" alt="" title="" width="750" height="479"></picture></figure><p class="ck-section">2019 年另一份刊登在《<a href="https://www.mdpi.com/1996-1073/12/3/388" target="_blank">Energies</a>》研究論文結論也差不會很多，他們做二檔變速箱的耗能大概可以降低 3.8% 左右，但他們也做了另一個搭載 CVT 的實驗，而且還比二檔變速箱多一點，可以省下 4.3% 的電。</p><p class="ck-section">那你會想問，現在市面上最以二速變速箱為賣點的電動車 Porsche Taycan，它的二速變速箱表現如何呢？其實筆者有找了一下 Porsche 的官方說法，但官方資料並不多。但這點也是可以從其他資料稍微推敲出來的，像 INSIDE 也常獲其轉載的<a href="https://www.wired.com/story/electric-car-two-speed-transmission-gearbox/" target="_blank"> Wired 就有採訪汽車零配件大廠 ZF</a>，ZF 說他們的二檔變速箱可以提升 5% 的續航力，5% 跟前面兩個實驗的數字很接近，應該就是現在業界二檔變速箱可以做到的最大極限了。</p><div class="ad-content" style="min-height:294px"><div class="tmgad tmgad-type-flux tmgad-new"> <script type="application/json">{"type":"flux","slot":"\/21870649235\/in_a_p10","size":[[640,360],[640,480],[300,250],[1,1]],"mapping":[[[1210,0],[[640,360],[640,480],[1,1]]],[[0,0],[[300,250],[1,1]]]],"targeting":{"advertising":["0"],"cabinet":["184245"],"page_key":["article"],"page_name":["article"],"author_key":["chris"],"author_name":["Chris"],"category_key":["column"],"category_name":["\u5c08\u6b04"],"tag_key":["1008","2174","9496","14468"],"tag_name":["\u96fb\u52d5\u8eca","porsche","Taycan","\u8b8a\u901f\u7bb1"]},"name":"in_a_p10"}</script> </div> </div><p class="ck-section">另外 Bosch 的電動車 CVT 變速箱也宣稱可以提升 4% 的傳輸效率，如果這裡的傳輸效率換算成省下電量的話，跟《Energies》的研究也差不多了。</p><div class="raw-html-embed ck-section"><iframe width="560" height="315" src="https://www.youtube.com/embed/b7seEH_2tUE" title="YouTube video player" frameborder="0" allow="accelerometer; autoplay; clipboard-write; encrypted-media; gyroscope; picture-in-picture" allowfullscreen></iframe></div><p class="ck-section">只是話說回來，Porsche Taycan 會裝上二檔變速箱不是用來節能，而是來增加操控樂趣的，可以從這張圖看出，Porsche Taycan 在時速快接近 100 公里時就會進入二檔，在接下來的高速速域還能保持 4,000 Nm 的扭力（這時可以看到，一檔的扭力下降的比較快）。</p><figure class="wp-caption aligncenter ck-section"><picture><source srcset="https://bucket-image.inkmaginecms.com/version/mobile/cabinet/files/consoles/1/teams/1/2022/10/aufW22eynFh6ahoD4MgHUNoxIn5L92rKyJ16UdR5.png" type="image/png" media="(max-width: 500px)"><img src="https://bucket-image.inkmaginecms.com/version/desktop/cabinet/files/consoles/1/teams/1/2022/10/aufW22eynFh6ahoD4MgHUNoxIn5L92rKyJ16UdR5.png" alt="" title="" width="750" height="462"></picture></figure><p class="ck-section">但電動車裝上變速箱的缺點也很明顯，那就是白白的為一台車多幾十公斤重量、也多了成本，除非是 Porsche Taycan、Audi e-tron GT 這種豪華車格可以不用太計較成本去提升駕駛樂趣，否則如果想把變速箱裝在一般價位的房車、休旅車上，那就得考慮到底該不該把節省 4、5% 的續航力，而把變速箱的成本反映在售價上。不過最後還得說一句，上面的結論還是僅限於小客車市場，其實電動巴士速度不快、而且都在城市裡走走停停，很早就採用 AMT 變速箱用來節能囉！</p><p class="ck-section">核稿編輯：李柏鋒</p><p class="ck-section"><strong>延伸閱讀：</strong></p><ul class="ck-section"><li><a href="https://www.inside.com.tw/article/24629-us-army-electric-vehicle" target="_blank"><strong>【電車世代】安靜又好修？美軍也正在深入研究軍用車電動化可行性</strong></a></li><li><a href="https://www.inside.com.tw/article/24578-tesla-ccs2" target="_blank"><strong>【電車世代】特斯拉改 CCS2，會是加速台灣電動車普及的一大助力嗎？</strong></a></li><li><a href="https://www.inside.com.tw/feature/electric-car-generation/24208-ev-wireless-charging" target="_blank"><strong>【電車世代】會是未來主流嗎？關於電動車無線充電的二、三事</strong></a></li><li><a href="https://www.inside.com.tw/article/24121-why-old-fashioned-drum-brakes-may-be-the-future-path-for-evs" target="_blank"><strong>【電車世代】鼓煞有機會在電動車時代回春？這跟動能回充大有關係</strong></a></li></ul><p class="ck-section"><br></p> </section> <section class="article-content-mention"> <p><strong>最新發展：</strong></p> <ul> <li><a href="https://www.inside.com.tw/article/36499-electric-vehicle-cd">【電車世代】風阻係數怎麼影響電動車的續航跟性能？</a></li> <li><a href="https://www.inside.com.tw/article/36285-ev-tires">【電車世代】電動車該用電動車專用胎嗎？有什麼區別？又有什麼選擇呢？</a></li> <li><a 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