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<span>Historiography</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Historiography-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Historiography subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Historiography-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Ranke" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ranke"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>Ranke</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ranke-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-20th_century_scholars" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#20th_century_scholars"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>20th century scholars</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-20th_century_scholars-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Causes_of_World_War_Two" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Causes_of_World_War_Two"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3</span> <span>Causes of World War Two</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Causes_of_World_War_Two-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-French_approaches" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#French_approaches"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.4</span> <span>French approaches</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-French_approaches-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Fischer_debate_on_World_War_One" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Fischer_debate_on_World_War_One"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.5</span> <span>Fischer debate on World War One</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Fischer_debate_on_World_War_One-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Mason–Overy_debate_on_internal_pressures_inside_Nazi_Germany" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Mason–Overy_debate_on_internal_pressures_inside_Nazi_Germany"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.6</span> <span>Mason–Overy debate on internal pressures inside Nazi Germany</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Mason–Overy_debate_on_internal_pressures_inside_Nazi_Germany-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Japanese-American_relations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Japanese-American_relations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.7</span> <span>Japanese-American relations</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Japanese-American_relations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Vietnam_war_and_revisionism" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Vietnam_war_and_revisionism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.8</span> <span>Vietnam war and revisionism</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Vietnam_war_and_revisionism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Recent_trends" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Recent_trends"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.9</span> <span>Recent trends</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Recent_trends-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Historical_studies" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Historical_studies"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Historical studies</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Historical_studies-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Prominent_diplomatic_historians" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Prominent_diplomatic_historians"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Prominent diplomatic historians</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Prominent_diplomatic_historians-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Further reading subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-World_view" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#World_view"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.1</span> <span>World view</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-World_view-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-European_diplomacy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#European_diplomacy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.2</span> <span>European diplomacy</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-European_diplomacy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-United_States" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#United_States"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.3</span> <span>United States</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-United_States-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Historiography_2" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Historiography_2"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.4</span> <span>Historiography</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Historiography_2-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button 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href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kasaysayang_diplomatiko" title="Kasaysayang diplomatiko – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Kasaysayang diplomatiko" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tagalog</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kaagi_diplomatiko" title="Kaagi diplomatiko – Waray" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="Kaagi diplomatiko" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="Waray" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Winaray</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%A4%96%E4%BA%A4%E5%8F%B2" title="外交史 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="外交史" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span 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<div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">This article is about the history of international relations. For the scholarly journal, see <a href="/wiki/Diplomatic_History_(journal)" title="Diplomatic History (journal)">Diplomatic History (journal)</a>. For the textual analysis of historical documents, see <a href="/wiki/Diplomatics" title="Diplomatics">Diplomatics</a>.</div> <p><b>Diplomatic history</b> deals with the history of <a href="/wiki/International_relations" title="International relations">international relations</a> between states. Diplomatic history can be different from international relations in that the former can concern itself with the foreign policy of one state while the latter deals with relations between two or more states. Diplomatic history tends to be more concerned with the history of diplomacy, but international relations concern more with current events and creating a model intended to shed explanatory light on international politics.<sup id="cite_ref-Matusumoto_pages_314-316_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Matusumoto_pages_314-316-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Diplomatic_history&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Diplomacy#History" title="Diplomacy">Diplomacy § History</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Historiography">Historiography</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Diplomatic_history&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Historiography"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Ranke">Ranke</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Diplomatic_history&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Ranke"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In the 5th century BCE the Greek historian <a href="/wiki/Thucydides" title="Thucydides">Thucydides</a> was highly concerned with the relations among states. However <a href="/wiki/Leopold_von_Ranke" title="Leopold von Ranke">Leopold von Ranke</a> (1795–1886), the leading German historian of the 19th century, codified the modern form of diplomatic history. Ranke wrote largely on the history of <a href="/wiki/Early_Modern_Europe" class="mw-redirect" title="Early Modern Europe">Early Modern Europe</a>, using the diplomatic archives of the European powers (particularly the <a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Venice" title="Republic of Venice">Republic of Venice</a>) to construct a detailed understanding of the history of Europe <i>wie es eigentlich gewesen ist</i> ("as it actually happened"). Ranke saw diplomatic history as the most important kind of history to write because of his idea of the "Primacy of Foreign Affairs" (<i>Primat der Aussenpolitik</i>), arguing that the concerns of international relations drive the internal development of the state. Ranke's understanding of diplomatic history relied on using as sources the large number of official documents produced by modern western governments; he argued that historians should examine such sources in an objective and neutral spirit.<sup id="cite_ref-Matusumoto_pages_314-316_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Matusumoto_pages_314-316-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="20th_century_scholars">20th century scholars</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Diplomatic_history&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: 20th century scholars"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Ranke's understanding of the dominance of foreign policy, and hence an emphasis on diplomatic history, remained the dominant paradigm in historical writing through the first half of the twentieth century. In the early 20th centuries, work by prominent diplomatic historians such as <a href="/wiki/Charles_Webster_(historian)" title="Charles Webster (historian)">Charles Webster</a>, <a href="/wiki/Harold_Temperley" title="Harold Temperley">Harold Temperley</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Bernadotte_Everly_Schmitt" title="Bernadotte Everly Schmitt">Bernadotte Everly Schmitt</a> focused on great European events, especially wars and peace conferences. A notable breakthrough in diplomatic historiography occurred in 1910 when the French government start to publish all of the archives relating to the <a href="/wiki/War_of_1870" class="mw-redirect" title="War of 1870">war of 1870</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Matusumoto_pages_314-316_1-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Matusumoto_pages_314-316-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Ranke's approach, combined with the effects of the <a href="/wiki/War_Guilt_Clause" class="mw-redirect" title="War Guilt Clause">War Guilt Clause</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Versailles" title="Treaty of Versailles">Treaty of Versailles</a> (1919) that blamed Germany, stimulated a massive outpouring in many languages on the <a href="/wiki/Origins_of_the_war_of_1914" class="mw-redirect" title="Origins of the war of 1914">origins of the war of 1914</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Bolsheviks in Russia published key secret papers from the Allies in 1918 and other governments commissioned carefully edited, multivolume collections of key documents in their possession. Numerous historians wrote multi-volume histories of the origins of the war. In the interwar period, most diplomatic historians tended to blame all of the Great Powers of 1914 for the First World War, arguing that the war was in effect everybody's responsibility. In general, the early works in this vein fit fairly comfortably into Ranke's emphasis on <i>Aussenpolitik</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Historian <a href="/wiki/Muriel_Chamberlain" class="mw-redirect" title="Muriel Chamberlain">Muriel Chamberlain</a> notes that after the First World War: </p> <dl><dd>diplomatic history replaced constitutional history as the flagship of historical investigation, at once the most important, most exact and most sophisticated of historical studies.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></dd></dl> <p>She adds that after 1945, the trend reversed, allowing political, intellectual and social history to displace diplomatic history. </p><p>For the first half of the 20th century, most diplomatic history working within the narrow confines of the <i>Primat der Aussenpolitik</i> approach was very narrowly concerned with foreign-policy making elites with little reference to broader historical forces. The most notable exceptions to this tendency were <a href="/wiki/A._J._P._Taylor" title="A. J. P. Taylor">A. J. P. Taylor</a> and <a href="/wiki/W._N._Medlicott" title="W. N. Medlicott">William Medlicott</a> in Britain, <a href="/wiki/Pierre_Renouvin" title="Pierre Renouvin">Pierre Renouvin</a> in France, and <a href="/wiki/William_L._Langer" title="William L. Langer">William L. Langer</a> in the United States, who examined economic and domestic political forces.<sup id="cite_ref-Matusumoto_pages_314-316_1-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Matusumoto_pages_314-316-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Causes_of_World_War_Two">Causes of World War Two</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Diplomatic_history&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Causes of World War Two"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Causes_of_World_War_II" title="Causes of World War II">Causes of World War II</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Moscow_negotiations_paaskivi_yrjokoskinen_nykopp_paasonen_1939.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Moscow_negotiations_paaskivi_yrjokoskinen_nykopp_paasonen_1939.png/220px-Moscow_negotiations_paaskivi_yrjokoskinen_nykopp_paasonen_1939.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="152" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Moscow_negotiations_paaskivi_yrjokoskinen_nykopp_paasonen_1939.png/330px-Moscow_negotiations_paaskivi_yrjokoskinen_nykopp_paasonen_1939.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Moscow_negotiations_paaskivi_yrjokoskinen_nykopp_paasonen_1939.png/440px-Moscow_negotiations_paaskivi_yrjokoskinen_nykopp_paasonen_1939.png 2x" data-file-width="821" data-file-height="568" /></a><figcaption>After the Second World War, <a href="/wiki/Juho_Kusti_Paasikivi" title="Juho Kusti Paasikivi">J. K Paasikivi</a> (in the middle), the 7th <a href="/wiki/President_of_the_Republic_of_Finland" class="mw-redirect" title="President of the Republic of Finland">President of the Republic of Finland</a>, was remembered as a main architect of <a href="/wiki/Finland" title="Finland">Finland</a>'s foreign policy, especially with the <a href="/wiki/Soviet_Union" title="Soviet Union">Soviet Union</a>, which was at that time the war enemy of Finland.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></figcaption></figure> <p>Sir <a href="/wiki/Winston_Churchill" title="Winston Churchill">Winston Churchill</a>'s multi-volume <i><a href="/wiki/The_Second_World_War_(book_series)" title="The Second World War (book series)">The Second World War</a></i>, especially the first volume <i>The Gathering Storm</i> (1948) set the framework and the interpretation for much later <a href="/wiki/Historiography" title="Historiography">historiography</a>. His interpretation, echoing his own position before the war, that World War II was caused by the mad ambitions of <a href="/wiki/Adolf_Hitler" title="Adolf Hitler">Adolf Hitler</a>; Churchill damned the cowardly and weak-willed British and French leaders who used <a href="/wiki/Appeasement" title="Appeasement">appeasement</a> in a futile effort to avoid the war. Churchill did not consider the argument that the alternative to appeasement was a premature war that Germany would win in 1938. The British historian <a href="/wiki/A._J._P._Taylor" title="A. J. P. Taylor">A. J. P. Taylor</a>'s 1961 book <i><a href="/wiki/The_Origins_of_the_Second_World_War" title="The Origins of the Second World War">The Origins of the Second World War</a></i> challenged Churchill's viewpoint and argued that Hitler had no master-plan for conquering the world. Instead he was an ordinary statesman –-an opportunistic leader seizing whatever chances he had for expansionism. The fact that a world war started over Poland in 1939 was due to diplomatic miscalculation by all the countries concerned, instead of being a case of German aggression. British historians such as D.C. Watt, Paul Kennedy, George Peden and David Dilks argued that appeasement was not an aberration, and that it was an old British tradition which in this case flowed from numerous structural, economic and military factors. Historians such as <a href="/wiki/Christopher_Thorne_(historian)" class="mw-redirect" title="Christopher Thorne (historian)">Christopher Thorne</a> and <a href="/wiki/Harry_Hinsley" title="Harry Hinsley">Harry Hinsley</a> abandoned the previous focus on individual leaders to discuss the broader societal influences such as public opinion and narrower ones like intelligence on diplomatic relations. In recent years the debates regarding the 1930s have continued, but new approaches are in use, such as an analysis in terms of Britain's national identity.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="French_approaches">French approaches</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Diplomatic_history&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: French approaches"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>A group of <a href="/wiki/French_historians" class="mw-redirect" title="French historians">French historians</a> centered around <a href="/wiki/Pierre_Renouvin" title="Pierre Renouvin">Pierre Renouvin</a> (1893–1974) and his <i>protégés</i> <a href="/wiki/Jean-Baptiste_Duroselle" title="Jean-Baptiste Duroselle">Jean-Baptiste Duroselle</a> and <a href="/w/index.php?title=Maurice_Baumont&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Maurice Baumont (page does not exist)">Maurice Baumont</a><sup class="noprint" style="font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maurice_Baumont" class="extiw" title="fr:Maurice Baumont">fr</a>]</sup> started a new type of international history in the 1950s that included taking into account what Renouvin called <i><span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr">forces profondes</i></span></i> (profound forces) such as the influence of domestic politics on French foreign policy. However, Renouvin and his followers still followed the concept of <i><span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr">la décadence</i></span></i> with Renouvin arguing that French society under the <a href="/wiki/French_Third_Republic" title="French Third Republic">Third Republic</a> was “sorely lacking in initiative and dynamism” and Baumont arguing that French politicians had allowed "personal interests" to override "any sense of the general interest". In 1979, Duroselle's book <i>La Décadence</i> offered a total condemnation of the entire Third Republic as weak, cowardly and degenerate.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Fischer_debate_on_World_War_One">Fischer debate on World War One</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Diplomatic_history&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Fischer debate on World War One"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>At the same time, in 1961 when the German historian <a href="/wiki/Fritz_Fischer_(historian)" title="Fritz Fischer (historian)">Fritz Fischer</a> published <i>Griff nach der Weltmacht</i>, which established that Germany had caused the First World War led to the fierce "Fischer Controversy" that tore apart the West German historical profession.<sup id="cite_ref-ReferenceA_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ReferenceA-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> One result of Fischer's book was the rise in the <i>Primat der Innenpolitik</i> (Primacy of Domestic Politics) approach.<sup id="cite_ref-ReferenceA_11-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ReferenceA-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As a result of the rise of the <i>Primat der Innenpolitik</i> school, diplomatic historians increasing started to pay attention to domestic politics.<sup id="cite_ref-ReferenceA_11-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ReferenceA-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the 1970s, the conservative German historian <a href="/wiki/Andreas_Hillgruber" title="Andreas Hillgruber">Andreas Hillgruber</a>, together with his close associate <a href="/wiki/Klaus_Hildebrand" title="Klaus Hildebrand">Klaus Hildebrand</a>, was involved in a very acrimonious debate with the leftish German historian <a href="/wiki/Hans-Ulrich_Wehler" title="Hans-Ulrich Wehler">Hans-Ulrich Wehler</a> over the merits of the <i>Primat der Aussenpolitik</i> ("primacy of foreign politics") and <i>Primat der Innenpolitik</i> ("primacy of domestic politics") schools.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Hillgruber and Hildebrand made a case for the traditional <i>Primat der Aussenpolitik</i> approach to diplomatic history with the stress on examining the records of the relevant foreign ministry and studies of the foreign policy decision-making elite.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Wehler, who favored the <i>Primat der Innenpolitik</i> approach, for his part contended that diplomatic history should be treated as a sub-branch of <a href="/wiki/Social_history" title="Social history">social history</a>, calling for theoretically based research, and argued that the real focus should be on the study of the society in question.<sup id="cite_ref-Kershaw_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kershaw-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Moreover, under the influence of the <i>Primat der Innenpolitik</i> approach, diplomatic historians in the 1960s, 70s and 80s start to borrow models from the social sciences.<sup id="cite_ref-ReferenceA_11-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ReferenceA-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Mason–Overy_debate_on_internal_pressures_inside_Nazi_Germany"><span id="Mason.E2.80.93Overy_debate_on_internal_pressures_inside_Nazi_Germany"></span>Mason–Overy debate on internal pressures inside Nazi Germany</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Diplomatic_history&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Mason–Overy debate on internal pressures inside Nazi Germany"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>A notable example of the <i>Primat der Innenpolitik</i> approach was the claim by the British <a href="/wiki/Marxist_historian" class="mw-redirect" title="Marxist historian">Marxist historian</a> <a href="/wiki/Timothy_Mason" title="Timothy Mason">Timothy Mason</a> who claimed that the launch of World War II in 1939 was best understood as a “barbaric variant of social imperialism”.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Mason argued that “Nazi Germany was always bent <i>at some time</i> upon a major war of expansion”.<sup id="cite_ref-Kaillis,_Aristotle_page_165_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kaillis,_Aristotle_page_165-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, Mason argued that the timing of such a war was determined by domestic political pressures, especially as relating to a failing economy, and had nothing to do with what Hitler wanted.<sup id="cite_ref-Kaillis,_Aristotle_page_165_16-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kaillis,_Aristotle_page_165-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In Mason's view in the period between 1936 and 1941, it was the state of the German economy, and not Hitler's "will" or "intentions" that was the most important determinate on German decision-making on foreign policy.<sup id="cite_ref-Kershaw,_Ian'_page_88_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kershaw,_Ian'_page_88-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Mason argued that the Nazi leaders were deeply haunted by the <a href="/wiki/German_Revolution_of_1918%E2%80%9319" class="mw-redirect" title="German Revolution of 1918–19">November Revolution</a> of 1918, and was most unwilling to see any fall in working class living standards out of the fear that it might provoke another November Revolution.<sup id="cite_ref-Kershaw,_Ian'_page_88_17-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kershaw,_Ian'_page_88-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> According to Mason, by 1939, the “overheating” of the German economy caused by rearmament, the failure of various rearmament plans produced by the shortages of skilled workers, industrial unrest caused by the breakdown of German social policies, and the sharp drop in living standards for the German working class forced Hitler into going to war at a time and place not of his choosing.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Mason contended that when faced with the deep socio-economic crisis the Nazi leadership had decided to embark upon a ruthless “smash and grab” foreign policy of seizing territory in Eastern Europe which could be pitilessly plundered to support living standards in Germany.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Mason's theory of a "Flight into war" being imposed on Hitler generated much controversy, and in the 1980s he conducted a series of debates with economic historian <a href="/wiki/Richard_Overy" title="Richard Overy">Richard Overy</a> over this matter. Overy maintained the decision to attack <a href="/wiki/Poland" title="Poland">Poland</a> was not caused by structural economic problems, but rather was the result of Hitler wanting a localized war at that particular time in history. For Overy, a major problem with the Mason thesis was that it rested on the assumption that in a way unrecorded by the records, that information was passed on to Hitler about the <i>Reich</i><span class="nowrap" style="padding-left:0.1em;">'s</span> economic problems.<sup id="cite_ref-Mason,_Tim_page_102_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Mason,_Tim_page_102-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Overy argued that there was a major difference between economic pressures inducted by the problems of the <a href="/wiki/Four_Year_Plan" title="Four Year Plan">Four Year Plan</a>, and economic motives to seize raw materials, industry and foreign reserve of neighboring states as a way of accelerating the Four Year Plan.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Moreover, Overy asserted that the repressive capacity of the German state as a way of dealing with domestic unhappiness was somewhat downplayed by Mason.<sup id="cite_ref-Mason,_Tim_page_102_20-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Mason,_Tim_page_102-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Japanese-American_relations">Japanese-American relations</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Diplomatic_history&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Japanese-American relations"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In addition, because World War II was a global war, diplomatic historians start to focus on <a href="/wiki/Japanese-American_relations" class="mw-redirect" title="Japanese-American relations">Japanese-American relations</a> to understand why Japan had attacked the United States in 1941. This in turn led diplomatic historians to start to abandon the previous Euro-centric approach in favor of a more global approach.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A sign of the changing times was the rise to prominence of such diplomatic historians such as the Japanese historian Chihiro Hosoya, the British historian <a href="/wiki/Ian_Nish" title="Ian Nish">Ian Nish</a>, and the American historian <a href="/wiki/Akira_Iriye" title="Akira Iriye">Akira Iriye</a>, which was the first time that Asian specialists became noted diplomatic historians. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Vietnam_war_and_revisionism">Vietnam war and revisionism</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Diplomatic_history&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Vietnam war and revisionism"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Cold_War" title="Cold War">Cold War</a> and <a href="/wiki/Decolonization#Cold_War" title="Decolonization">decolonization</a> greatly added the tendency to a more global diplomatic history. The <a href="/wiki/Vietnam_War" title="Vietnam War">Vietnam War</a> led to the rise of a revisionist school in the United States, which led many American historians such as <a href="/wiki/Gabriel_Kolko" title="Gabriel Kolko">Gabriel Kolko</a> and <a href="/wiki/William_Appleman_Williams" title="William Appleman Williams">William Appleman Williams</a> to reject traditional diplomatic history in favor of a <i>Primat der Innenpolitik</i> approach that saw a widespread examination of the influence of American domestic politics together with various social, economic and cultural forces on foreign-policy making. In general, the American Cold War revisionists tended to focus on American foreign policy decision-making with respect to the genesis of the Cold War in the 1940s and on how the United States became involved in Vietnam in the 1960s. Starting in the 1960s, a ferocious debate has taken place within Cold War historiography between the advocates of the “orthodox” school which saw the Cold War as a case of Soviet aggression such as <a href="/wiki/Vojtech_Mastny_(historian)" title="Vojtech Mastny (historian)">Vojtech Mastny</a> against the proponents of the “revisionist” school which saw the Cold War as a case of American aggression. Latterly, a third school known as "neo-orthodox" whose most prominent member is the American historian <a href="/wiki/John_Lewis_Gaddis" title="John Lewis Gaddis">John Lewis Gaddis</a> has emerged, which holds through the United States borne some responsibility for the Cold War, the lion's share of the responsibility goes to the Soviet Union. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Recent_trends">Recent trends</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Diplomatic_history&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Recent trends"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In Europe diplomatic history fell out of favor in the late Cold War era. Since the collapse of communism in 1989–91, however, there has been a renaissance, led especially by historians of the early modern era, in the history of diplomacy. The new approach differs from previous perspectives by the wholesale incorporation of perspectives from political science, sociology, the history of mentalities, and cultural history. </p><p>In the U.S. since the 1980s, the discipline of diplomatic history has become more relevant to and better integrated with the mainstream of the academic history profession. It has taken the lead in internationalization of American historical studies. Since it explores the interaction of domestic and international forces, the field has become increasingly important for its study of culture and identity and the exploration of political ideologies as applied to foreign affairs. There have been major influences from other new approaches such as <a href="/wiki/Orientalism" title="Orientalism">Orientalism</a> and <a href="/wiki/Globalism" title="Globalism">globalism</a>, as well as gender and racial history.<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The history of human rights has become important as well.<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Despite all these innovations, however, the core endeavor of diplomatic history remains the study of the state interacting with other states, which is also a key to its broadening appeal, since considerations of America's superpower status is essential to understanding the world internationally. </p><p>In the early 1980s, historian <a href="/wiki/Jeffrey_Kimball_(historian)" title="Jeffrey Kimball (historian)">Jeffrey Kimball</a> surveyed the ideological preferences of 109 active diplomatic historians in the United States as well as 54 active military historians. He reports that: </p> <dl><dd>Of historians in the field of diplomatic history, 7% are Socialist, 19% are Other, 53% are Liberal, 11% are None and 10% Conservative. Of military historians, 0% are Socialist, 8% are Other, 35% are Liberal, 18% are None and 40% are Conservative.<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></dd></dl> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Historical_studies">Historical studies</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Diplomatic_history&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Historical studies"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In Europe, diplomatic history fell out of favor in the late Cold War era. Since the collapse of communism, there has been a renaissance, led especially by historians of the early modern era, in the history of diplomacy. The new approach differs from previous perspectives by the wholesale incorporation of perspectives from political science, sociology, the history of mentalities, and cultural history.<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In the U.S. since 1980, the discipline of diplomatic history has become more relevant to and integrated with the mainstream of the historiographic profession, having been in the forefront of the internationalization of American historical studies. As a field that explores the meeting of domestic and international forces, the study of US foreign relations has become increasingly important for its examination of both the study of culture and identity and the exploration of political ideologies. Particularly shaped by the influence of studies of Orientalism and globalism, gender studies, race, and considerations of national identity, diplomatic history was often at the cutting edge of historical research. Despite such innovations, however, the core endeavor of diplomatic history remains the study of the state, which is also a key to its broadening appeal, since considerations of US state power are essential to understanding the world internationally.<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Prominent_diplomatic_historians">Prominent diplomatic historians</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Diplomatic_history&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Prominent diplomatic historians"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1184024115">.mw-parser-output .div-col{margin-top:0.3em;column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .div-col-small{font-size:90%}.mw-parser-output .div-col-rules{column-rule:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .div-col dl,.mw-parser-output .div-col ol,.mw-parser-output .div-col ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .div-col li,.mw-parser-output .div-col dd{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}</style><div class="div-col" style="column-width: 32em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Brooks_Adams" class="mw-redirect" title="Henry Brooks Adams">Henry Brooks Adams</a>, (1838–1918), US 1800–1816</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_A._Bailey" title="Thomas A. Bailey">Henry Adams</a>, U.S.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_A._Beard" title="Charles A. Beard">Charles A. Beard</a>, (1874–1948), revisionist history of coming of World War II</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_Beschloss" title="Michael Beschloss">Michael Beschloss</a>, (born 1955) World War II; Cold War</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samuel_Flagg_Bemis" title="Samuel Flagg Bemis">Samuel Flagg Bemis</a>, U.S.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Howard_Carter" title="Charles Howard Carter">Charles Howard Carter</a> (1927–1990), Western Europe 1590–1635</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Winston_Churchill" title="Winston Churchill">Winston Churchill</a>, World War I; World War II</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gordon_A._Craig" title="Gordon A. Craig">Gordon A. Craig</a>, (1913–2005) Germany</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Dallek" title="Robert Dallek">Robert Dallek</a>, 1930s to 1960s U.S.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean-Baptiste_Duroselle" title="Jean-Baptiste Duroselle">Jean-Baptiste Duroselle</a> (1917–1994), 20th century Europe</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Herbert_Feis" title="Herbert Feis">Herbert Feis</a> (1893 – 1972), World War II; International trade</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orlando_Figes" title="Orlando Figes">Orlando Figes</a>, (born 1957), Russian</li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Lewis_Gaddis" title="John Lewis Gaddis">John Lewis Gaddis</a>, Cold War</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lloyd_Gardner" title="Lloyd Gardner">Lloyd Gardner</a>, 20th century U.S.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Felix_Gilbert" title="Felix Gilbert">Felix Gilbert</a>, Renaissance</li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Peabody_Gooch" title="George Peabody Gooch">George Peabody Gooch</a>, (1873–1968), English historian of Modern Diplomacy</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andreas_Hillgruber" title="Andreas Hillgruber">Andreas Hillgruber</a>, 20c Germany</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Akira_Iriye" title="Akira Iriye">Akira Iriye</a> (b. 1934) U.S. - Japan</li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_F._Kennan" title="George F. Kennan">George F. Kennan</a>, Russia</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_Kennedy_(historian)" class="mw-redirect" title="Paul Kennedy (historian)">Paul Kennedy</a>, 19th and 20th century</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Kissinger" title="Henry Kissinger">Henry Kissinger</a>, (1923–2023); Nineteenth and twentieth century</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Walter_LaFeber" title="Walter LaFeber">Walter LaFeber</a>, 20th century U.S.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_L._Langer" title="William L. Langer">William L. Langer</a>, (1896–1977), US historian, World and diplomatic history</li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Lukacs" title="John Lukacs">John Lukacs</a>, World War II</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_J._McCormick" title="Thomas J. McCormick">Thomas J. McCormick</a>, U.S.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Walter_A._McDougall" title="Walter A. McDougall">Walter A. McDougall</a>, U.S. and European diplomatic history.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Margaret_MacMillan" title="Margaret MacMillan">Margaret MacMillan</a> 20th century</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_S._Maier" title="Charles S. Maier">Charles S. Maier</a>, 20th-century Europe</li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Hardy_McNeill" class="mw-redirect" title="William Hardy McNeill">William McNeill</a>, world history</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Garrett_Mattingly" title="Garrett Mattingly">Garrett Mattingly</a>, Early modern Europe</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arno_J._Mayer" title="Arno J. Mayer">Arno J. Mayer</a>, World War I</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lewis_Bernstein_Namier" class="mw-redirect" title="Lewis Bernstein Namier">Lewis Bernstein Namier</a>, coming of World War II</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geoffrey_Parker_(historian)" title="Geoffrey Parker (historian)">Geoffrey Parker</a>, (born 1943) early modern</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bradford_Perkins_(historian)" title="Bradford Perkins (historian)">Bradford Perkins</a>, (1925–2008) Anglo-American relationships</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leopold_von_Ranke" title="Leopold von Ranke">Leopold von Ranke</a>, (1795–1886), European</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pierre_Renouvin" title="Pierre Renouvin">Pierre Renouvin</a>, (1893–1974), 1815 to 1945</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_W._Schroeder" title="Paul W. Schroeder">Paul W. Schroeder</a>, modern Europe</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean_Edward_Smith" title="Jean Edward Smith">Jean Edward Smith</a>, Cold War</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Justin_Harvey_Smith" title="Justin Harvey Smith">Justin Harvey Smith</a>, Mexican–American War</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hew_Strachan" title="Hew Strachan">Hew Strachan</a>, World War I</li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Tal_(historian)" title="David Tal (historian)">David Tal (historian)</a>, Israel</li> <li><a href="/wiki/A.J.P._Taylor" class="mw-redirect" title="A.J.P. Taylor">A.J.P. Taylor</a>, (1906–1990), Modern Europe, World Wars</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harold_Temperley" title="Harold Temperley">Harold Temperley</a>, (1879–1939), British</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arnold_J._Toynbee" title="Arnold J. Toynbee">Arnold J. Toynbee</a>, (1889–1975), 20th century</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Voltaire" title="Voltaire">Voltaire</a>, (1694–1778), European</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Webster_(historian)" title="Charles Webster (historian)">Charles Webster</a>, (1886–1961) British</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gerhard_Weinberg" title="Gerhard Weinberg">Gerhard Weinberg</a>, World War Two, Germany</li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Wheeler-Bennett" title="John Wheeler-Bennett">John Wheeler-Bennett</a>, British and German</li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Appleman_Williams" title="William Appleman Williams">William Appleman Williams</a>, American</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Randall_Woods" class="mw-redirect" title="Randall Woods">Randall Woods</a>, 20th century U.S.</li> <li>Ernest <a href="/wiki/Llewellyn_Woodward" title="Llewellyn Woodward">Llewellyn Woodward</a>, (1890–1971), British</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karl_W._Schweizer" class="mw-redirect" title="Karl W. Schweizer">Karl W. Schweizer</a> (1946-)18th century Britain/Europe</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sergio_Romano_(writer)" title="Sergio Romano (writer)">Sergio Romano (writer)</a> (1929), Italy and Russia</li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Diplomatic_history&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239009302">.mw-parser-output .portalbox{padding:0;margin:0.5em 0;display:table;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:175px;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portalborder{border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa)}.mw-parser-output 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<li><a href="/wiki/United_States_foreign_policy_in_the_Middle_East" title="United States foreign policy in the Middle East">United States foreign policy in the Middle East</a></li></ul> <p><b>Timelines</b> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_British_diplomatic_history" title="Timeline of British diplomatic history">Timeline of British diplomatic history</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_United_States_diplomatic_history" class="mw-redirect" title="Timeline of United States diplomatic history">Timeline of United States diplomatic history</a></li></ul></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Diplomatic_history&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><b>Citations</b> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width reflist-columns-2"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-Matusumoto_pages_314-316-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Matusumoto_pages_314-316_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Matusumoto_pages_314-316_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Matusumoto_pages_314-316_1-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Matusumoto_pages_314-316_1-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Matusumoto, Saho "Diplomatic History" pages 314-316 in Kelly Boyd, ed., <i>The Encyclopedia of Historians and Historical Writing</i> (1999) p. 314.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Philipp Müller, "Doing historical research in the early nineteenth century. Leopold Ranke, the archive policy, and the relazioni of the Venetian Republic." <i>Storia della storiografia</i> 56 (2009): 81–103. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.academia.edu/download/64762971/2009_Muller_-_Doing_Archival_Research_SDS_2009_2.pdf">online</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">M. H. Cochran, "Historiography and war guilt." <i>Political Science Quarterly</i> 43.1 (1928): 76-89 <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/pdf/2143067.pdf">online</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Christoph Cornelissen and Arndt Weinrich, eds. <i>Writing the Great War: The Historiography of World War I from 1918 to the Present</i> (2021) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.berghahnbooks.com/downloads/OpenAccess/CornelissenWriting/9781789204698_OA.pdf#page=09">online</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Muriel E Chamberlain, <i>Pax Britannica'? British Foreign Policy 1789-1914</i> (1988) p 1</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFWilsford1995" class="citation book cs1">Wilsford, David, ed. (1995). <i>Political leaders of contemporary Western Europe: a biographical dictionary</i>. Greenwood. pp. 347–352.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Political+leaders+of+contemporary+Western+Europe%3A+a+biographical+dictionary&rft.pages=347-352&rft.pub=Greenwood&rft.date=1995&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADiplomatic+history" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Patrick Finney, "The romance of decline: The historiography of appeasement and British national identity." <i>Electronic Journal of International History</i> 1 (2000) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://sas-space.sas.ac.uk/3385/1/Journal_of_International_History_2000-06_Finney.pdf">Online</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Donald C. Watt, "The historiography of appeasement." in <a href="/wiki/Alan_Sked" title="Alan Sked">Alan Sked</a> and Chris Cook, eds. <i>Crisis and controversy: Essays in honour of AJP Taylor</i> (1976) pp 100+.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Peter Jackson, “Post-War Politics and the Historiography of French Strategy and Diplomacy Before the Second World War" <i>History Compass</i>, Volume 4/5, 2006 pp 870-95</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">S. W. Helprin, <i>Some Twentieth-Century Historians</i> (1961) pp 143-70</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-ReferenceA-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-ReferenceA_11-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ReferenceA_11-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ReferenceA_11-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ReferenceA_11-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Matusumoto, Saho "Diplomatic History" pages 314-316 from <i>The Encyclopedia of Historians and Historical Writing</i> page 315.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Kershaw,_Ian" class="mw-redirect" title="Kershaw, Ian">Kershaw, Ian</a> <i>The Nazi Dictatorship</i>, London, Arnold, 2000, pp. 9-11.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Kershaw, Ian <i>The Nazi Dictatorship</i>, London, Arnold, 2000, pp. 9-10.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Kershaw-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Kershaw_14-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Kershaw (2000), pp. 9-10.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Kaillis, Aristotle <i>Fascist Ideology</i>, London: Routledge, 2000 page 7</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Kaillis,_Aristotle_page_165-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Kaillis,_Aristotle_page_165_16-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Kaillis,_Aristotle_page_165_16-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Kaillis, Aristotle <i>Fascist Ideology</i>, London: Routledge, 2000 page 165</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Kershaw,_Ian'_page_88-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Kershaw,_Ian'_page_88_17-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Kershaw,_Ian'_page_88_17-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Kershaw, Ian<i> The Nazi Dictatorship</i> London : Arnold 2000 page 88.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Kaillis, Aristotle <i>Fascist Ideology</i>, London: Routledge, 2000 pages 165-166</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Kaillis, Aristotle <i>Fascist Ideology</i>, London: Routledge, 2000 page 166</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Mason,_Tim_page_102-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Mason,_Tim_page_102_20-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Mason,_Tim_page_102_20-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Mason, Tim & Overy, R.J. “Debate: Germany, `domestic crisis’ and the war in 1939” from <i>The Origins of The Second World War</i> edited by Patrick Finney, Edward Arnold: London, United Kingdom, 1997 page 102</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Overy, Richard “Germany, ‘Domestic Crisis’ and War in 1939” from <i>The Third Reich</i> edited by Christian Leitz, Blackwell: Oxford, 1999 pages 117-118</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Saho Matusumoto, "Diplomatic History" in Kelly Boyd, ed., <i>The Encyclopedia of Historians and Historical Writing</i> (1999) pp 314-165</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Thomas W. Zeiler, “The Diplomatic History Bandwagon: A State of the Field,” <i><a href="/wiki/Journal_of_American_History" class="mw-redirect" title="Journal of American History">Journal of American History</a></i> (March 2009), v 95#4 pp 1053-73</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Micheline R. Ishay, <i>The history of human rights: From ancient times to the globalization era</i> (2008) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://edocs.uis.edu/Departments/LIS/Course_Pages/LIS411/readings/Ishay_Human_Rights_Enlightenment.pdf">excerpt</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Jeffrey Kimball, "The Influence of Ideology on Interpretive Disagreement: A Report on a Survey of Diplomatic, Military and Peace Historians on the Causes of 20th Century U. S. Wars," <i>The History Teacher</i> (May, 1984) 17#3 pp. 355-384 <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/pdf/493146.pdf">in JSTOR</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Matusumoto, Saho "Diplomatic History" pages 314-316 from <i>The Encyclopedia of Historians and Historical Writing</i> page 315</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Zeiler (2009)</span> </li> </ol></div> <p><b>Works cited</b> </p> <ul><li>Matusumoto, Saho "Diplomatic History/International Relations" pages 314–316 from <i>The Encyclopedia of Historians and Historical Writing</i> ed. Kelly Boyd, Volume 1, Chicago: Fitzroy Dearborn, 1999, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-884964-33-8" title="Special:BookSources/1-884964-33-8">1-884964-33-8</a>.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Diplomatic_history&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="World_view">World view</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Diplomatic_history&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: World view"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Anderson, M.S. <i>The Rise of Modern Diplomacy 1450 - 1919</i> (1993) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.amazon.com/Rise-Modern-Diplomacy-1450-1919/dp/0582212375/">excerpt</a> how diplomats operated</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jeremy_Black_(historian)" title="Jeremy Black (historian)">Black, Jeremy</a>. <i>A History of Diplomacy</i> (2010)</li> <li>Boia, Lucian, ed. <i>Great Historians of the Modern Age: An International Dictionary</i> (Greenwood, 1991), 868 pp.</li> <li>Crean, Jeffrey. <i>The Fear of Chinese Power: An International History</i> (Bloomsbury, 2023).</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kissinger,_Henry" class="mw-redirect" title="Kissinger, Henry">Kissinger, Henry</a>. <i>Diplomacy</i> (1994), historical studies of diplomatic crises</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stearns,_Peter_N." class="mw-redirect" title="Stearns, Peter N.">Stearns, Peter N.</a> <i>An Encyclopedia of World History</i> (6th ed. 2001) 1244pp; very detailed outline; see also previous editions edited by William L. Langer, which have even more detail.</li> <li>Woolf, Daniel R., ed. <i>A global encyclopedia of historical writing</i> (2 vol. Routledge, 2014) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=SHK3AwAAQBAJ&dq=Woolf+%22global++encyclopedia%22&pg=PA490">vol 2 online</a>.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="European_diplomacy">European diplomacy</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Diplomatic_history&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: European diplomacy"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Albrecht-Carrié, René. <i>A Diplomatic History of Europe Since the Congress of Vienna</i> (1958), 736pp; a basic introduction, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/diplomatichistor0000albr_b4c1">online free to borrow</a></li> <li>Black, Jeremy. <i> European International Relations, 1648-1815</i> (2002) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.amazon.com/European-International-Relations-1648-1815-ebook/dp/B00F3ZIYVE/">excerpt and text search</a></li> <li>Hill, David Jayne. <i>A history of diplomacy in the international development of Europe</i> (3 vol. 1914) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?hl=en&lr=lang_en%7Clang_fr&id=LtABAAAAYAAJ">online v 3, 1648-1775</a>; also <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/ahistorydiploma00hillgoog">online</a>; <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/historyofdiploma02hill">vol 2 online 1313-1648</a></li> <li>Langer, William. <i>European Alliances and Alignments 1870-1890</i> (2nd ed. 1950); advanced coverage of Bismarckian system</li> <li>Langer, William L. <i> The Diplomacy of Imperialism 1890-1902</i> (2 vol, 1935); advanced analysis</li> <li>Leira, Halvard. "Diplomacy: The world of states and beyond." in <i>Routledge Handbook of Historical International Relations</i> (Routledge, 2021). 302–310. [</li> <li>Mowat, R. B. <i>A History of European Diplomacy 1815-1914</i> (1922), basic introduction</li> <li>Mowat, R. B. <i>History of European Diplomacy, 1451–1789</i> (1928) 324 pp <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/historyofeuropea00mowa">online free</a></li> <li>Petrie, Charles. <i>Earlier diplomatic history, 1492–1713</i> (1949), covers all of Europe; <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://hdl.handle.net/2027/mdp.39015027344731">online</a> <ul><li>Petrie, Charles. <i>Diplomatic History, 1713–1933</i> (1946), broad summary <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/diplomatichistor0000petr">online</a></li></ul></li> <li>Roosen. William J. "The functioning of ambassadors under Louis XIV." <i>French Historical Studies</i> 6.3 (1970): 311–332. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/286062">online</a></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRoosen,_William_James1976" class="citation book cs1">Roosen, William James (1976). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=UFAFKiR4HGIC&pg=PA152"><i>The Age of Louis XIV: The Rise of Modern Diplomacy</i></a>. Transaction Publishers. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781412816670" title="Special:BookSources/9781412816670"><bdi>9781412816670</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Age+of+Louis+XIV%3A+The+Rise+of+Modern+Diplomacy&rft.pub=Transaction+Publishers&rft.date=1976&rft.isbn=9781412816670&rft.au=Roosen%2C+William+James&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DUFAFKiR4HGIC%26pg%3DPA152&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADiplomatic+history" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li>Schroeder, Paul. <i>The Transformation of European Politics 1763–1848</i> (1994) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.questia.com/library/3696068/the-transformation-of-european-politics-1763-1848">online</a>; advanced diplomatic history</li> <li>Schweizer, Karl W., and Matt Schuman. <i>The Seven Years War</i> (2010)</li> <li>Sowerby, Tracey A., and Jan Hennings, eds. <i>Practices of diplomacy in the early modern world c. 1410-1800</i> (Taylor & Francis, 2017) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=WiUlDwAAQBAJ&pg=PP1">online</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zara_Steiner" title="Zara Steiner">Steiner, Zara</a>. <i>The Lights that Failed: European International History 1919-1933</i> (2007) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.amazon.com/Lights-that-Failed-International-1919-1933/dp/0199226865/">excerpt and text search</a></li> <li>Steiner, Zara. <i>The Triumph of the Dark: European International History 1933-1939</i> (2011) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.amazon.com/Triumph-Dark-International-1933-1939-ebook/dp/B005X3SAKQ/">excerpt and text search</a></li> <li>Taylor, A. J. P. <i>The Struggle for Mastery in Europe: 1848–1918</i> (1957) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.amazon.com/Struggle-Mastery-Europe-1848-1918-History/dp/0198812701/">excerpt and text search</a>, advanced coverage of all major powers</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="United_States">United States</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Diplomatic_history&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: United States"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Dietrich, Christopher RW, ed. <i>A Companion to US Foreign Relations: Colonial Era to the Present</i> (Wiley, 2020) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=O5DUDwAAQBAJ&dq=companion+American+foreign+relations&pg=PP2">online</a></li> <li>Dobson, Alan and Steve Marsh. <i>US Foreign Policy Since 1945</i> (2nd ed. 2006)</li> <li>Gleijeses, Piero. <i>America's road to empire: foreign policy from independence to World War One</i> (Bloomsbury, 2021)</li> <li>McMahon, Robert J., and Thomas W. Zeiler, eds. <i>Guide to US foreign policy: A diplomatic history</i> (CQ Press, 2012).</li> <li>Pauly, Robert J., ed. <i>The Ashgate research companion to US foreign policy</i> (2010) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=pICbeMtwoAYC&dq=companion+American+foreign+relations&pg=PR11">online</a>.</li> <li>Reeder, Tyson, ed. <i>The Routledge History of U.S. Foreign Relations</i> (2021) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=4WNUEAAAQBAJ&dq=Reeder,+Tyson&pg=PP1">online</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Historiography_2">Historiography</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Diplomatic_history&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Historiography"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Cannon, John Ashton et al. eds. <i>The Blackwell dictionary of historians</i> (1988).short biographies of hundreds of historians from many countries. 495pp</li> <li>Carrió-Invernizzi, Diana. "A New Diplomatic History and the Networks of Spanish Diplomacy in the Baroque Era." <i>International History Review</i> 36.4 (2014): 603–618.</li> <li>Carvalho, Benjamin de et al. eds. <i>Routledge Handbook of Historical International Relations</i> (2021) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.taylorfrancis.com/books/edit/10.4324/9781351168960/routledge-handbook-historical-international-relations-benjamin-de-carvalho-julia-costa-lopez-halvard-leira">online</a></li> <li>Crapol, Edward P. "Coming to Terms with Empire: The Historiography of Late-Nineteenth-Century American Foreign Relations." <i>Diplomatic History</i> (1992) 16#4 pp: 573–598.</li> <li>Elman, Colin, and Miriam Fendius Elman. "Diplomatic history and international relations theory: respecting difference and crossing boundaries." <i>International Security</i> (1997) 22#1: 5-21. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://mtw160-198.ippl.jhu.edu/journals/international_security/v022/22.1.elman.pdf">Online</a></li> <li>Forrest, Alan, and Peter Hicks, eds. <i>The Cambridge History of the Napoleonic Wars: Volume 3, Experience, Culture and Memory</i> (2022)</li> <li>Gaddis, John Lewis. "New conceptual approaches to the study of American Foreign Relations: interdisciplinary perspectives." <i>Diplomatic History</i> (1990) 14#3 pp: 405–424.</li> <li>Giudici, Giacomo. "From new diplomatic history to new political history: The rise of the holistic approach." <i>European History Quarterly</i> 48.2 (2018): 314–324.</li> <li>Hogan, Michael J. and Thomas G. Paterson, eds. <i>Explaining the History of American Foreign Relations,</i> (2004), articles originally appeared in <i><a href="/wiki/Diplomatic_History_(journal)" title="Diplomatic History (journal)">Diplomatic History</a></i> and cover all main fields of <a href="/wiki/American_diplomatic_history" class="mw-redirect" title="American diplomatic history">American diplomatic history</a></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKoshiro2001" class="citation journal cs1">Koshiro, Yukiko (2001). "Japan's World and World War II". <i><a href="/wiki/Diplomatic_History_(journal)" title="Diplomatic History (journal)">Diplomatic History</a></i>. <b>25</b> (3): 425–441. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1111%2F0145-2096.00276">10.1111/0145-2096.00276</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Diplomatic+History&rft.atitle=Japan%27s+World+and+World+War+II&rft.volume=25&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=425-441&rft.date=2001&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1111%2F0145-2096.00276&rft.aulast=Koshiro&rft.aufirst=Yukiko&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADiplomatic+history" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li>Plummer, Brenda Gayle. “The Changing Face of Diplomatic History: A Literature Review.” <i>History Teacher</i> 38#3 (2005), pp. 385–400. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.jstor.org/stable/30037016">online</a>. focus on United States</li> <li>Schweizer, K.W. and M.J. Schumann. “The Revitalisation of Diplomatic History: Renewed Reflections,” <i>Diplomacy and Statecraft</i> 19 (2008): 149–186</li> <li>Sowerby, Tracey A. "Early Modern Diplomatic History" <i>History Compass</i> (2016) 14#9 pp 441–456 DOI: 10.1111/hic3.12329; Europe 1600–1790</li> <li>Watkins, John. "Toward a new diplomatic history of medieval and early modern Europe." <i>Journal of Medieval and Early Modern Studies</i> 38.1 (2008): 1–14.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFXia2007" class="citation journal cs1">Xia, Yafeng (2007). "New Scholarship And Directions in the Study of the Diplomatic History of the People's Republic of China". <i><a href="/wiki/Chinese_Historical_Review" class="mw-redirect" title="Chinese Historical Review">Chinese Historical Review</a></i>. <b>14</b> (1): 114–140. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1179%2Ftcr.2007.14.1.114">10.1179/tcr.2007.14.1.114</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:143834216">143834216</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Chinese+Historical+Review&rft.atitle=New+Scholarship+And+Directions+in+the+Study+of+the+Diplomatic+History+of+the+People%27s+Republic+of+China&rft.volume=14&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=114-140&rft.date=2007&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1179%2Ftcr.2007.14.1.114&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A143834216%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Xia&rft.aufirst=Yafeng&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADiplomatic+history" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFZeiler2009" class="citation journal cs1">Zeiler, Thomas W. (2009). "The Diplomatic History Bandwagon: A State of the Field". <i><a href="/wiki/Journal_of_American_History" class="mw-redirect" title="Journal of American History">Journal of American History</a></i>. <b>95</b> (4): 1053–1073. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F27694560">10.2307/27694560</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/27694560">27694560</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+American+History&rft.atitle=The+Diplomatic+History+Bandwagon%3A+A+State+of+the+Field&rft.volume=95&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=1053-1073&rft.date=2009&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F27694560&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F27694560%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Zeiler&rft.aufirst=Thomas+W.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADiplomatic+history" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li>Zeiler, Thomas W. ed. <i>American Foreign Relations since 1600: A Guide to the Literature</i> (2007), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20081013144344/http://guidetoamericanforeignrelations.abc-clio.com/ebscripts/toc3.asp">online</a></li> <li>Zelikow, Philip, Niall Ferguson, Francis J. Gavin, Anne Karalekas, and Daniel Sargent. "Forum 31 on the Importance of the Scholarship of Ernest May" <i>H-DIPLO</i> Dec. 17, 2021 <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://issforum.org/forums/31">online</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Diplomatic_history&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg/40px-Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="33" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg/60px-Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg/80px-Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="626" data-file-height="512" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikiversity has learning resources about <i><b><a href="https://en.wikiversity.org/wiki/Introduction_to_Diplomatic_History" class="extiw" title="v:Introduction to Diplomatic History">Introduction to Diplomatic History</a></b></i></div></div> </div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.diplomacy.edu/topics/history-of-diplomacy-and-technology/">History of Diplomacy and Technology</a>, DiploFoundation</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.h-net.org/~diplo/">- H-DIPLO free daily discussion group for scholars and students; dedicated to diplomatic history and international affairs, with book reviews, Q&A, discussions</a></li> <li>Pella, John & Erik Ringmar, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.irhistory.info/">History of International Relations Open Textbook Project</a>, Cambridge: Open Book, forthcoming.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://academic.oup.com/dh">scholarly journal <i>Diplomatic History</i></a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.mtholyoke.edu/acad/intrel/irhistry.htm">Documents of Diplomatic History</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20101228183739/http://www.mtholyoke.edu/acad/intrel/irhistry.htm">Archived</a> 2010-12-28 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.shafr.org/">Official Society for Historians of American Foreign Relations (SHAFR) website</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://shafr.org/research/us-diplomatic-history-resources-index">“U.S. Diplomatic History Resources Index"</a>, sponsored by the Society for Historians of American Foreign Relations (SHAFR). The index has been <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-srv/style/columns/navigator/981008.htm">recommended by <i>The Washington Post,</i> Oct. 8, 1998</a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist 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href="/wiki/Diplomacy" title="Diplomacy">Diplomacy</a> and <a href="/wiki/Diplomat" title="Diplomat">diplomats</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Roles</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Diplomatic<br /> leader titles</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Multilateral</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Permanent_representative" title="Permanent representative">Permanent representative</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Permanent_representative_to_the_United_Nations" title="Permanent representative to the United Nations">United Nations</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ambassador-at-large" title="Ambassador-at-large">Ambassador-at-large</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Resident_Representative" title="Resident Representative">Resident representative</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Bilateral-national</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ambassador" title="Ambassador">Ambassador</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/High_commissioner_(Commonwealth)" title="High commissioner (Commonwealth)">High commissioner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nuncio" title="Nuncio">Nuncio</a></li></ul></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Charg%C3%A9_d%27affaires" title="Chargé d'affaires">Chargé d'affaires</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Head_of_mission" title="Head of mission">Head of mission</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deputy_chief_of_mission" title="Deputy chief of mission">Deputy chief of mission</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Bilateral-subnational</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Consul_(representative)" title="Consul (representative)">Consul</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Bilateral-insular</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Resident_minister" title="Resident minister">Resident</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Resident_commissioner" title="Resident commissioner">Resident commissioner</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Envoy_(title)" title="Envoy (title)">Envoy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Agent-general" title="Agent-general">Agent-general</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">By portfolio (<a href="/wiki/Attach%C3%A9" title="Attaché">Attaché</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Agricultural_attach%C3%A9" title="Agricultural attaché">Agricultural attaché</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charg%C3%A9_de_mission" title="Chargé de mission">Chargé de mission</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Conseiller_charg%C3%A9_des_investissements" title="Conseiller chargé des investissements">Conseiller chargé des investissements</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cultural_attach%C3%A9" title="Cultural attaché">Cultural attaché</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_attach%C3%A9" title="Military attaché">Military attaché</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Science_attach%C3%A9" title="Science attaché">Science attaché</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trade_commissioner" title="Trade commissioner">Trade commissioner</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other roles</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Diplomatic_courier" title="Diplomatic courier">Diplomatic courier</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/King%27s_Messenger" title="King's Messenger">King's Messenger</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_foreign_affairs" title="Ministry of foreign affairs">Foreign minister</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plenipotentiary" title="Plenipotentiary">Plenipotentiary</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Template:Diplomats" title="Template:Diplomats">Classification</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Diplomatic_rank" title="Diplomatic rank">Diplomatic rank</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Offices</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Apostolic_nunciature" title="Apostolic nunciature">Apostolic nunciature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Consular_corps" title="Consular corps">Consular corps</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Consulate" title="Consulate">Consulate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/De_facto_embassy" title="De facto embassy"><i>De facto</i> embassy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diplomatic_corps" title="Diplomatic corps">Diplomatic corps</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/African_Diplomatic_Corps" title="African Diplomatic Corps">African Diplomatic Corps</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diplomatic_mission" title="Diplomatic mission">Diplomatic mission</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/High_commissioner" title="High commissioner">High commission</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Legation" title="Legation">Legation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Protecting_power" title="Protecting power">Protecting power</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Exclusive_mandate" title="Exclusive mandate">Exclusive mandate</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Types</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Caviar_diplomacy" title="Caviar diplomacy">Caviar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Checkbook_diplomacy" title="Checkbook diplomacy">Checkbook</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Compellence" title="Compellence">Coercive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Commercial_diplomacy" title="Commercial diplomacy">Commercial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cultural_diplomacy" title="Cultural diplomacy">Cultural</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Culinary_diplomacy" title="Culinary diplomacy">Culinary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Defence_diplomacy" title="Defence diplomacy">Defence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Debt-trap_diplomacy" title="Debt-trap diplomacy">Debt-trap</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Digital_diplomacy" title="Digital diplomacy">Digital</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dollar_diplomacy" title="Dollar diplomacy">Dollar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economic_diplomacy" title="Economic diplomacy">Economic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Energy_diplomacy" title="Energy diplomacy">Energy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freelance_diplomacy" title="Freelance diplomacy">Freelance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Full_spectrum_diplomacy" title="Full spectrum diplomacy">Full-spectrum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guerrilla_diplomacy" title="Guerrilla diplomacy">Guerrilla</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gunboat_diplomacy" title="Gunboat diplomacy">Gunboat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hostage_diplomacy" title="Hostage diplomacy">Hostage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iron_diplomacy" title="Iron diplomacy">Iron</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Medical_diplomacy" title="Medical diplomacy">Medical</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Migration_diplomacy" title="Migration diplomacy">Migration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_diplomacy" title="New diplomacy">New</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Panda_diplomacy" title="Panda diplomacy">Panda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bamboo_diplomacy" title="Bamboo diplomacy">Bamboo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paradiplomacy" title="Paradiplomacy">Paradiplomacy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parley" title="Parley">Parley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pilgrimage_diplomacy" title="Pilgrimage diplomacy">Pilgrimage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ping-pong_diplomacy" title="Ping-pong diplomacy">Ping-pong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Preventive_diplomacy" title="Preventive diplomacy">Preventive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Public_diplomacy" title="Public diplomacy">Public</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Science_diplomacy" title="Science diplomacy">Science</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shuttle_diplomacy" title="Shuttle diplomacy">Shuttle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stadium_diplomacy" title="Stadium diplomacy">Stadium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Track_II_diplomacy" title="Track II diplomacy">Track II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wolf_warrior_diplomacy" title="Wolf warrior diplomacy">Wolf warrior</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Topics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Appeasement" title="Appeasement">Appeasement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Consular_assistance" title="Consular assistance">Consular assistance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Consular_immunity" title="Consular immunity">Consular immunity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Letter_of_credence" title="Letter of credence">Diplomatic accreditation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diplomatic_bag" title="Diplomatic bag">Diplomatic bag</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diplomatic_cable" title="Diplomatic cable">Diplomatic cable</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Letter_of_credence" title="Letter of credence">Diplomatic credentials</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Diplomatic history</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diplomatic_illness" title="Diplomatic illness">Diplomatic illness</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diplomatic_immunity" title="Diplomatic immunity">Diplomatic immunity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diplomatic_law" title="Diplomatic law">Diplomatic law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diplomatic_service" title="Diplomatic service">Diplomatic service</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diplomatic_uniform" title="Diplomatic uniform">Diplomatic uniform</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Protocol_(diplomacy)" title="Protocol (diplomacy)">Protocol</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Persona_non_grata" title="Persona non grata">Persona non grata</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soft_power" title="Soft power">Soft power</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Documents</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Exequatur" title="Exequatur">Exequatur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Letter_of_credence" title="Letter of credence">Letter of credence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Letter_of_protest" class="mw-redirect" title="Letter of protest">Letter of protest</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other topics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Development_aid" title="Development aid">Development aid</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_development_aid_agencies" title="List of development aid agencies">Agencies</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parliamentary_delegation" title="Parliamentary delegation">Parliamentary delegation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Summit_(meeting)" title="Summit (meeting)">Summit</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Plenipotentiary_Conference" title="Plenipotentiary Conference">Plenipotentiary Conference</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sister_city" title="Sister city">Twin towns and sister cities</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xi_Jinping_Thought_on_Diplomacy" title="Xi Jinping Thought on Diplomacy">Xi Jinping Thought on Diplomacy</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Category:Diplomacy" title="Category:Diplomacy"><b>Category</b></a></li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Commons page"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/12px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/18px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/24px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></span></span> <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Diplomacy" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Diplomacy"><b>Commons</b></a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="International_relations" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:International_relations" title="Template:International relations"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:International_relations" title="Template talk:International relations"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:International_relations" title="Special:EditPage/Template:International relations"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="International_relations" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/International_relations" title="International relations">International relations</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Glossary_of_international_relations_terms" title="Glossary of international relations terms">Glossary</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/International_organization" title="International organization">Organizations</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Present</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/BRICS" title="BRICS">BRICS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Collective_Security_Treaty_Organization" title="Collective Security Treaty Organization">Collective Security Treaty Organization (CSTO)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Criminal_Court" title="International Criminal Court">International Criminal Court (ICC)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Non-Aligned_Movement" title="Non-Aligned Movement">Non-Aligned Movement (NAM)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/NATO" title="NATO">North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shanghai_Cooperation_Organisation" title="Shanghai Cooperation Organisation">Shanghai Cooperation Organisation (SCO)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Nations" title="United Nations">United Nations (UN)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Past</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/League_of_Nations" title="League of Nations">League of Nations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Warsaw_Pact" title="Warsaw Pact">Warsaw Pact</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Political_history_of_the_world" title="Political history of the world">History</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/International_relations_(1648%E2%80%931814)" title="International relations (1648–1814)">1648–1814</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_relations_(1814%E2%80%931919)" title="International relations (1814–1919)">1814–1919</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_relations_(1919%E2%80%931939)" title="International relations (1919–1939)">1919–1939</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diplomatic_history_of_World_War_II" title="Diplomatic history of World War II">Diplomatic history of World War II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cold_War" title="Cold War">Cold War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_relations_since_1989" title="International relations since 1989">International relations since 1989</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Concepts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alliance" title="Alliance">Alliance</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Entente_(alliance)" title="Entente (alliance)">Entente</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coalition" title="Coalition">Coalition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_alliance" title="Military alliance">Military</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Appeasement" title="Appeasement">Appeasement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Co-belligerence" title="Co-belligerence">Co-belligerence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Collective_security" title="Collective security">Collective security</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colonialism" title="Colonialism">Colonialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crisis" title="Crisis">Crisis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deterrence_theory" title="Deterrence theory">Deterrence theory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Expansionism" title="Expansionism">Expansionism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grey-zone_(international_relations)" title="Grey-zone (international relations)">Grey-zone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hegemony" title="Hegemony">Hegemony</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Idealism_in_international_relations" title="Idealism in international relations">Idealism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_community" title="International community">International community</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Internationalism_(politics)" title="Internationalism (politics)">Internationalism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Internationality" title="Internationality">Internationality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberal_institutionalism" title="Liberal institutionalism">Liberal</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Interventionism_(politics)" title="Interventionism (politics)">Interventionism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isolationism" title="Isolationism">Isolationism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_interest" title="National interest">National interest</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neutral_country" title="Neutral country">Neutral country</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Non-belligerent" title="Non-belligerent">Non-belligerent</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Non-state_actor" title="Non-state actor">Non-state actor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Imperialism" title="Imperialism">Imperialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peace" title="Peace">Peace</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Power_(international_relations)" title="Power (international relations)">Power</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Right_of_conquest" title="Right of conquest">Right of conquest</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sovereignty" title="Sovereignty">Sovereignty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suzerainty" title="Suzerainty">Suzerainty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treaty" title="Treaty">Treaty</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bilateral_treaty" title="Bilateral treaty">Bilateral</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_friendship" title="Treaty of friendship">Friendship</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Multilateral_treaty" title="Multilateral treaty">Multilateral</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Non-aggression_pact" title="Non-aggression pact">Non-aggression</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peace_treaty" title="Peace treaty">Peace</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/War" title="War">War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Whole-of-society" title="Whole-of-society">Whole-of-society</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/International_relations_theory" title="International relations theory">Theory</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Constructivism_(international_relations)" title="Constructivism (international relations)">Constructivism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/English_school_of_international_relations_theory" title="English school of international relations theory">English school</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminism_in_international_relations" title="Feminism in international relations">Feminism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberalism_(international_relations)" title="Liberalism (international relations)">Liberalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marxist_international_relations_theory" title="Marxist international relations theory">Marxism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Postcolonial_international_relations" title="Postcolonial international relations">Postcolonialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Realism_(international_relations)" title="Realism (international relations)">Realism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related fields and subfields</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Comparative_politics" title="Comparative politics">Comparative politics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diplomacy" title="Diplomacy">Diplomacy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foreign_policy_analysis" title="Foreign policy analysis">Foreign policy analysis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geopolitics" title="Geopolitics">Geopolitics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_law" title="International law">International law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_political_economy" title="International political economy">International political economy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_political_sociology" title="International political sociology">International political sociology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peace_and_conflict_studies" title="Peace and conflict studies">Peace and conflict studies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Security_studies" title="Security studies">Security studies</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1038841319">.mw-parser-output .tooltip-dotted{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-label="Navbox" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a 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