Diplomatic History Bandwagon: A State of the Field | Journal of American History

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Gone are the days when, in 1980, Charles S. Maier could claim that social a","pageStart":"1053","pageEnd":"1073","siteName":"OUP Academic","thumbnailURL":"https://academic.oup.com/data/sitebuilderassetsoriginals/live/images/jah/jah_ogimage.png","headline":"The Diplomatic History Bandwagon: A State of the Field","image":"https://academic.oup.com/data/sitebuilderassetsoriginals/live/images/jah/jah_ogimage.png","image:alt":"site image","isAccessibleForFree":false} </script> <meta property="og:site_name" content="OUP Academic" /> <meta property="og:title" content="The Diplomatic History Bandwagon: A State of the Field" /> <meta property="og:description" content="An era of innovation among historians of American foreign relations is upon us. Gone are the days when, in 1980, Charles S. Maier could claim that social a" /> <meta property="og:type" content="article" /> <meta property="og:url" content="https://dx.doi.org/10.2307/27694560" /> <meta property="og:updated_time" content="" /> <meta property="og:image" content="https://academic.oup.com/data/sitebuilderassetsoriginals/live/images/jah/jah_ogimage.png" /> <meta property="og:image:url" content="https://academic.oup.com/data/sitebuilderassetsoriginals/live/images/jah/jah_ogimage.png" /> <meta property="og:image:secure_url" content="https://academic.oup.com/data/sitebuilderassetsoriginals/live/images/jah/jah_ogimage.png" /> <meta property="og:image:alt" content="site image" /> <meta name="twitter:card" content="summary_large_image" /> <meta name="citation_author" content="Zeiler, Thomas W." /><meta name="citation_title" content="The Diplomatic History Bandwagon: A State of the Field" /><meta name="citation_firstpage" content="1053" /><meta name="citation_lastpage" content="1073" /><meta name="citation_doi" content="10.2307/27694560" /><meta name="citation_journal_title" content="Journal of American History" /><meta name="citation_journal_abbrev" content="J Am Hist" /><meta name="citation_volume" content="95" /><meta name="citation_issue" content="4" /><meta name="citation_publication_date" content="2009/03/01" /><meta name="citation_issn" content="0021-8723" /><meta name="citation_publisher" content="Oxford Academic" /><meta name="citation_reference" content="citation_title=Marking Time: The Historiography of International Relations; citation_text=See also Robert J. McMahon, “Toward a Pluralist Vision: The Study of American Foreign Relations as International History and National History,” in Explaining the History of American Foreign Relations, ed. Michael J. Hogan and Thomas G. Paterson (New York, 2004), 35–39.; citation_publisher=Ithaca; The Past Before Us: Contemporary Historical Writing in the United States; citation_year=1980; citation_pages=355-56; " /><meta name="citation_reference" content="My apologies to far too many diplomatic historians who will find their work excluded due to space constraints and the selection of certain topics over others. " /><meta name="citation_reference" content="McMahon Toward a Pluralist Vision 36 The Organization of American Historians/New York University Project on Internationalizing the Study of American History, Thomas Bender, director, La Pietra Report: A Report to the Profession , 2000, http://www.oah.org/activities/lapietra/index.html. Of over 79 participants at the La Pietra meetings, only 5 were diplomatic historians. Brian DeLay, “Independent Indians and the U.S.-Mexican War,” American Historical Review , 112 (Feb. 2007), 35–68. " /><meta name="citation_reference" content="Mastny Vojtech The Cold War and Soviet Insecurity: The Stalin Years 1996 New York The American Historical Association awarded book prizes to Marc Trachtenberg, A Constructed Peace: The Making of the European Settlement, 1945–1963 (Princeton, 1999); Matthew Connelly, A Diplomatic Revolution: Algeria's Fight for Independence and the Origins of the Post-Cold War Era (Oxford, 2002); Mark Atwood Lawrence, Assuming the Burden: Europe and the American Commitment to War in Vietnam (Berkeley, 2005); and Mary A. Renda, Taking Haiti: Military Occupation and the Culture of U.S. Imperialism, 1915–1940 (Chapel Hill, 2001). The following won prizes from the Organization of American Historians: Walter LaFeber, The Clash: A History of U.S.-Japan Relations (New York, 1997); Jong Won Lee, Higashi Ajia reisen to kan-bei-nichi kanke (U.S.-Korean relations and Japan in East Asia's Cold War) (Tokyo, 1998); Elizabeth Borgwardt, A New Deal for the World: America's Vision for Human Rights (Cambridge, Mass., 2005); and Paul A. Kramer, The Blood of Government: Race, Empire, the United States, and the Philippines (Chapel Hill, 2006). " /><meta name="citation_reference" content="citation_title=Diplomatic Wives: The Politics of Domesticity and the ‘Social Game’ in the U.S. Foreign Service, 1905–1941; citation_text=Amy L. S. Staples, “Norris E. Dodd and the Connections between Domestic and International Agricultural Policy,” Agricultural History, 74 (Spring 2000), 393–403; Thomas W. Zeiler, “A Night at Delmonico's: The Spalding Baseball Tour and the Imagination of Empire,” International Journal of the History of Sport, 23 (Feb. 2006), 28–45; Yuichiro Onishi, “The New Negro of the Pacific: How African Americans Forged Cross-racial Solidarity with Japan, 1917–1922,” Journal of African American History, 92 (Spring 2007), 191–214.; Journal of Women's History; citation_year=2005; citation_volume=17; citation_pages=142-65; " /><meta name="citation_reference" content="Krige John American Hegemony and the Postwar Reconstruction of Science in Europe 2006 Cambridge, Mass., Carol Anderson, “International Conscience, the Cold War, and Apartheid: The naacp's Alliance with the Reverend Michael Scott for South West Africa's Liberation, 1946–1951,” Journal of World History , 19 (Sept. 2008), 297–325; Christina Klein, Cold War Orientalism: Asia in the Middlebrow Imagination, 1945–1961 (Berkeley, 2003). Melani McAlister and Ricardo Salvatore served on the editorial board of Diplomatic History from 2005–2007, Amy Kaplan from 2004–2006, and Rob Kroes from 1999–2001. For the name change argument, see, for example, Michael J. Hogan, “The ‘Next Big Thing’: The Future of Diplomatic History in a Global Age,” Diplomatic History , 28 (Jan. 2004), 1–21. " /><meta name="citation_reference" content="citation_title=The Emerging Post-Revisionist Synthesis on the Origins of the Cold War; citation_text=See and Michael J. Hogan, “Corporatism: A Positive Appraisal,” ibid., 10 (Fall 1986), 363–72. William A. Williams, The Tragedy of American Diplomacy (New York, 1972); Lloyd C. Gardner and Thomas J. McCormick, “Walter LaFeber: The Making of a Wisconsin School Revisionist,” Diplomatic History, 28 (Nov. 2004), 613–24. For William Appleman Williams's continued resonance, see Christopher Layne, The Peace of Illusions: American Grand Strategy from 1940 to the Present (Ithaca, 2006).; Diplomatic History; citation_year=1983; citation_volume=7; citation_pages=171-90; " /><meta name="citation_reference" content="citation_text=The Society for Historians of American Foreign Relations (shafr) oversees the journal, Diplomatic History, and the bibliography, http://www.guidetoamericanforeignrelations.abc-clio.com/ebscripts/toc3.asp. shafr has also initiated a summer institute, designed for faculty and graduate students in all fields. In 2008, the subject was the Vietnam and Iraq wars in historical perspective. Society for Historians of American Foreign Relations, http://www.shafr.org. On H-Diplo, see Thomas W. Zeiler, “Is Democracy a Good Thing?,” oah Newsletter, 34 (Nov. 2006). The average H-Net list has roughly 600 subscribers.; citation_publisher=Santa Barbara; American Foreign Relations since 1600: A Guide to the Literature; citation_year=2007; " /><meta name="citation_reference" content="citation_title=Environmental History and International History; Diplomatic History; citation_year=2008; citation_volume=32; citation_pages=643-46; " /><meta name="citation_reference" content="citation_text=Michael H. Hunt, “Ideology,” in Explaining the History of American Foreign Relations, ed. Hogan and Paterson, 222. Jennifer W. See, “Ideology” in Encyclopedia of American Foreign Policy, ed. Alexander DeConde, Richard Dean Burns, and Fredrik Logevall (New York, 2002), 187–88.; citation_publisher=New Haven; Ideology and U.S. Foreign Policy; citation_year=1987; citation_pages=xi" /><meta name="citation_reference" content="citation_text=191; Serge Ricard and Hélène Christol, ed., Anglo-Saxonism in U.S. Foreign Policy: The Diplomacy of Imperialism, 1899–1919 (Aix-en-Provence, 1991); John Dumbrell, A Special Relationship: Anglo-American Relations from the Cold War to Iraq (Houndsmill, 2006).; citation_publisher=Cambridge, Eng.; The Cambridge History of American Foreign Relations, vol. II: The American Search for Opportunity, 1865–1913; citation_year=1993; citation_volume=10; citation_pages=45-59; " /><meta name="citation_reference" content="citation_text=Tony Smith, America's Mission: The United States and the Worldwide Struggle for Democracy in the Twentieth Century (Princeton, 1994); Emily S. Rosenberg, Spreading the American Dream: American Economic and Cultural Expansion, 1890–1945 (New York, 1982), 7. On ideology based on an arrogant sense of national destiny, see Walter L. Hixson, The Myth of American Diplomacy: National Identity and U.S. Foreign Policy (New Haven, 2008). On ideology in earlier periods, see Robert W. Smith, Keeping the Republic: Ideology and Early American Diplomacy (DeKalb, 2004).; citation_publisher=New York; Manifest Destiny: American Expansion and the Empire of Right; citation_year=1995; " /><meta name="citation_reference" content="citation_text=Frank Ninkovich, The Wilsonian Century: U.S. Foreign Policy since 1900 (Chicago, 2001); Mark A. Stoler, Allies in War: Britain and America against the Axis Powers, 1940–1945 (London, 2005). On belief rooted in U.S. postwar leadership, see Michael J. Hogan, The Ambiguous Legacy: U.S. Foreign Relations in the “American Century” (Cambridge, Eng., 1999).; citation_publisher=Cambridge, Mass.; Woodrow Wilson and the American Myth in Italy: Culture, Diplomacy, and War Propaganda; citation_year=2008; " /><meta name="citation_reference" content="citation_text=A sampling of biographies include, Jussi Hanhimäki, The Flawed Architect: Henry Kissinger and American Foreign Policy (New York, 2004); Robert L. Beisner, Dean Acheson: A Life in the Cold War (New York, 2006); and Randall B. Woods, lbj: Architect of American Ambition (New York, 2006). Books in the Biographies in American Foreign Policy series edited by Joseph A. Fry include, Edward P. Crapol, James G. Blaine: Architect of Empire (Lanham, 1999); Clarence E. Wunderlin, Robert A. Taft: Ideas, Tradition, and Party in U.S. Foreign Policy (Lanham, 2005); Thomas W. Zeiler, Dean Rusk: Defending the American Mission Abroad (Lanham, 1999); and Andrew J. DeRoche, Andrew Young: Civil Rights Ambassador (Lanham, 2003). See also the forum “Biography after the Cultural Turn,” Diplomatic History, 32 (Nov. 2008). See also Richard H. Immerman, The cia in Guatemala: The Foreign Policy of Intervention (Austin, 1982), 82–105; and Stephen G. Rabe, The Most Dangerous Area in the World: John F. Kennedy Confronts Communist Revolution in Latin America (Chapel Hill, 1999), 17–20. There is no consensus that ideology trumped economics. See David F. Schmitz, Thank God They're on Our Side: The United States and Right-Wing Dictatorships, 1921–1965 (Chapel Hill, 1999).; citation_publisher=Chapel Hill; To Lead the Free World: American Nationalism and the Cultural Roots of the Cold War; citation_year=2000; citation_volume=10; citation_pages=11-14; " /><meta name="citation_reference" content="citation_text=Melvyn P. Leffler, A Preponderance of Power: National Security, the Truman Administration, and the Cold War (Stanford, 1992), 13; Melvyn P. Leffler, For the Soul of Mankind: The United States, the Soviet Union, and the Cold War (New York, 2007), 5. On the primacy of ideology (in this case, “visionary globalism”) driving superpower relations, see James Peck, Washington's China: The National Security World, the Cold War, and the Origins of Globalism (Amherst, 2006). On Harry S. Truman and ideology, see Elizabeth Edwards Spalding, The First Cold Warrior: Harry Truman, Containment, and the Remaking of Liberal Internationalism (Lexington, Ky., 2006). For skepticism toward realists who refer to ideology, see Hunt, “Ideology,” 238.; citation_publisher=New York; The Cold War: A New History; citation_year=2005; citation_pages=8" /><meta name="citation_reference" content="citation_text=William O. Walker III, “Crucible for Peace: Herbert Hoover, Modernization, and Economic Growth in Latin America,” Diplomatic History, 30 (Jan. 2006), 83–117; Jeffrey A. Engel, Cold War at 30,000 Feet: The Anglo-American Fight for Aviation Supremacy (Cambridge, Mass., 2007); Amy L. S. Staples, The Birth of Development: How the World Bank, Food and Agriculture Organization, and World Health Organization Changed the World, 1945–1965 (Kent, 2006); Borgwardt, New Deal for the World. Relatedly, scholars exploring non-American Cold War figures also focus on ideology (and ideologues). See Chen Jian, Mao's China and the Cold War (Chapel Hill, 2000).; citation_publisher=Chapel Hill; Modernization as Ideology: American Social Science and “Nation Building” in the Kennedy Era; citation_year=2000; " /><meta name="citation_reference" content="citation_text=See also David L. Anderson, “Comments on Mark Moyar, Triumph Forsaken: The Vietnam War, 1954–1965,” Passport: The Newsletter of shafr, 38 (Dec. 2007), 13. For a view that Lyndon B. Johnson's political credibility trumped liberalism, see Fredrik Logevall, Choosing War: The Lost Chance for Peace and the Escalation of War in Vietnam (Berkeley, 1999). See also Anders Stephanson, “Ideology and Neorealist Mirrors,” Diplomatic History, 17 (Spring 1993), 285–95.; citation_publisher=Boston; America's Longest War: The United States and Vietnam, 1950–1975; citation_year=2002; citation_pages=137" /><meta name="citation_reference" content="citation_text=1–5, 8–109; See, “Ideology,” 195.; citation_publisher=Cambridge, Eng.; The Global Cold War: Third World Interventions and the Making of Our Times; citation_year=2007; citation_pages=396" /><meta name="citation_reference" content="Hogan Next Big Thing 13 Akira Iriye, “The Transnational Turn,” Diplomatic History , 31 (June 2007), 375; Elizabeth Cobbs Hoffman, “Diplomatic History and the Meaning of Life: Toward a Global American History,” ibid. , 21 (Fall 1997), 500–501. Victoria de Grazia, Irresistible Empire: America's Advance through 20th-Century Europe (Cambridge, Mass., 2005). European revisionism refers to the ability of America's allies to shape U.S. policies. See Fraser J. Harbutt, The Iron Curtain: Churchill, America, and the Origins of the Cold War (New York, 1986); Richard Pells, Not like Us: How Europeans Have Loved, Hated, and Transformed American Culture since World War II (New York, 1997); Geir Lundestad, The United States and Western Europe since 1945: From “Empire” by Invitation to Transatlantic Drift (New York, 2003); and Michael J. Hogan, The Marshall Plan: America, Britain, and the Reconstruction of Western Europe, 1947–1952 (New York, 1989). " /><meta name="citation_reference" content="citation_text=See, for example, Mastny, Cold War and Soviet Insecurity; and Lorenz M. Lüthi, The Sino-Soviet Split: Cold War in the Communist World (Princeton, 2008).; citation_publisher=Cambridge, Mass.; Inside the Kremlin's Cold War: From Stalin to Khrushchev; citation_year=1997; " /><meta name="citation_reference" content="citation_title=The Age of Global Power; citation_text=David C. Engerman, Modernization from the Other Shore: American Intellectuals and the Romance of Russian Development (Cambridge, Mass., 2003); Eric Paul Roorda, The Dictator Next Door: The Good Neighbor Policy and the Trujillo Regime in the Dominican Republic, 1930–1945 (Durham, 1998).; citation_publisher=Berkeley; Rethinking American History in a Global Age; citation_year=2002; citation_pages=291" /><meta name="citation_reference" content="Bender Rethinking American History in a Global Age Akira Iriye, “Internationalizing International History,” ibid. Nathan J. Citino, “The Global Frontier: Comparative History and Frontier-Borderlands Approach,” in Explaining the History of American Foreign Relations , ed. Hogan and Paterson, 195. See also Hogan, “‘Next Big Thing,’” 13–14. " /><meta name="citation_reference" content="Westad Global Cold War 192 155–57, 397–98, 407; O. A. Westad, “Devices and Desires: On the Uses of Cold War History,” Cold War History , 6 (Aug. 2006), 374. For state- or American-centered studies, see Kathryn C. Statler and Andrew L. Johns, The Eisenhower Administration, the Third World, and the Globalization of the Cold War (Lanham, 2006). For non-American perspectives, see Hal Brands, “Third World Politics in an Age of Global Turmoil: The Latin American Challenge to U.S. and Western Hegemony, 1965–1975,” Diplomatic History , 32 (Jan. 2008), 105–38. " /><meta name="citation_reference" content="citation_text=For the application of the term orientalism in one region, see Jeremi Suri, “The Cold War, Decolonization, and Global Social Awakenings: Historical Intersections,” Cold War History, 6 (Aug. 2006), 354. For a study that examines an advanced nation of color, rather than the usual Third World country, see Naoko Shibusawa, America's Geisha Ally: Reimagining the Japanese Enemy (Cambridge, Mass., 2006). Mark P. Bradley, Imagining Vietnam and America: The Making of Postcolonial Vietnam, 1919–1950 (Chapel Hill, 2000), 6.; citation_publisher=Chapel Hill; American Orientalism: The United States and the Middle East since 1945; citation_year=2008; " /><meta name="citation_reference" content="Connelly Diplomatic Revolution viii ix See also Nick Cullather, Illusions of Influence: The Political Economy of United States-Philippines Relations, 1942–1960 (Stanford, 1995); and Hogan, “‘Next Big Thing,’” 16. " /><meta name="citation_reference" content="citation_text=Piero Gleijeses, Conflicting Missions: Havana, Washington, and Africa, 1959–1976 (Chapel Hill, 2002).; citation_publisher=Cambridge, Mass.; Power and Protest: Global Revolution and the Rise of Détente; citation_year=2003; " /><meta name="citation_reference" content="Kramer Blood of Government 6 7 229–84. For elite racial constructions, see Renda, Taking Haiti , 109–30; Joseph M. Henning, Outposts of Civilization: Race, Religion, and the Formative Years of American-Japanese Relations (New York, 2000); and Gordon H. Chang, “Whose ‘Barbarism’? Whose ‘Treachery’? Race and Civilization in the Unknown United States-Korea War of 1871,” Journal of American History , 89 (March 2003), 1331–65. " /><meta name="citation_reference" content="citation_text=Jay Sexton, Debtor Diplomacy: Finance and American Foreign Relations in the Civil War Era, 1837–1873 (Oxford, 2005); Andrew J. Rotter, Hiroshima: The World's Bomb (New York, 2008).; citation_publisher=Oxford; The Wilsonian Moment: Self-Determination and the International Origins of Anticolonial Nationalism; citation_year=2007; citation_pages=6" /><meta name="citation_reference" content="Lawrence Assuming the Burden For a more global perspective, see Mark Atwood Lawrence, The Vietnam War: A Concise International History (New York, 2008). Logevall, Choosing War. For a seven-nation view of another conflict, see William Stueck, The Korean War: An International History (Princeton, 1997). Thomas Alan Schwartz, Lyndon Johnson and Europe: In the Shadow of Vietnam (Cambridge, Mass., 2003); Salim Yaqub, Containing Arab Nationalism: The Eisenhower Doctrine and the Middle East (Chapel Hill, 2006); Peter L. Hahn, Caught in the Middle East: U.S. Policy toward the Arab-Israeli Conflict, 1945–1961 (Chapel Hill, 2006); Max Paul Friedman, Nazis and Good Neighbors: The United States Campaign against the Germans of Latin America in World War II (Cambridge, Eng., 2003); Kenton Clymer, The United States and Cambodia, 1969–2000: A Troubled Relationship (London, 2004); Yafeng Xia, Negotiating with the Enemy: U.S.-China Talks during the Cold War, 1949–1972 ( Bloomington, 2006). For a global context, see Julian Go and Anne L. Foster, eds., The American Colonial State in the Philippines: Global Perspectives (Durham, 2003). In accessing declassified documents, historians have benefited from the Woodrow Wilson International Center for Scholars, Cold War International History Project , http://www.wilsoncenter.org/index.cfm?fuseaction=topics.home&topic_id=1409 ; George Washington University, National Security Archive , http://www.gwu.edu/~nsarchiv/ ; and the Digital National Security Archive, http://nsarchive.chadwyck.com/marketing/index.jsp. " /><meta name="citation_reference" content="citation_title=The Foreign Policy of the Calorie; citation_text=On American transnationals within an international system (in this case, the legal regime of extraterritoriality), see Eileen P. Scully, Bargaining with the State from Afar: American Citizenship in Treaty Port China, 1844–1942 (New York, 2001).; American Historical Review; citation_year=2007; citation_volume=112; citation_pages=339" /><meta name="citation_reference" content="citation_text=See also Sayuri Guthrie-Shimizu, “For Love of the Game: Baseball in Early U.S.-Japan Encounters and the Rise of a Transnational Sporting Fraternity,” Diplomatic History, 28 (Nov. 2004), 637–62. Marc Gallicchio, ed., The Unpredictability of the Past: Memories of the Asia-Pacific War in U.S.-East Asian Relations (Durham, 2007), 11. For other team efforts, see James C. Cobb and William Stueck, eds., Globalization and the American South (Athens, Ga., 2005); William C. Kirby, Robert S. Ross, and Gong Li, Normalization of U.S.-China Relations: An International History (Cambridge, Mass., 2005); Andreas W. Daum, Lloyd C. Gardner, and Wilfried Mausbach, eds., America, the Vietnam War, and the World: Comparative and International Perspectives (Cambridge, Eng., 2003); and Alan McPherson, ed., Anti-Americanism in Latin America and the Caribbean (New York, 2006). See also “ahr Forum: Historical Perspectives on Anti-Americanism,” American Historical Review, 111 (Oct. 2006), 1041–49.; citation_publisher=Cambridge, Mass.; Globalizing Sport: National Rivalry and International Community in the 1930s; citation_year=2006; citation_pages=4-13; " /><meta name="citation_reference" content="Iriye Internationalizing International History 57 Akira Iriye, “Culture and International History,” in Explaining the History of American Foreign Relations , ed. Hogan and Paterson, 242. On official cultural diplomacy, see S. E. Graham, “The (Real)politiks of Culture: U.S. Cultural Dhiplomacy in Unesco, 1946–1954,” Diplomatic History , 30 (April 2006), 231–51. For binational studies, see T. Christopher Jespersen, American Images of China, 1931–1949 (Stanford, 1996); Simei Qing, From Allies to Enemies: Visions of Modernity, Identity, and U.S.-China Diplomacy, 1945–1960 (Cambridge, Mass., 2007); Yukiko Koshiro, Trans-Pacific Racisms and the U.S. Occupation of Japan (New York, 1999); and Reinhold Wagnleitner, Coca-Colonization and the Cold War: The Cultural Mission of the United States in Austria after the Second World War (Chapel Hill, 1994). See also Kramer, Blood of Government; Aims McGuinness, Path of Empire: Panama and the California Gold Rush (Ithaca, 2007); and Melani McAlister, Epic Encounters : Culture, Media, and U.S. Interests in the Middle East since 1945 (Berkeley, 2005). " /><meta name="citation_reference" content="citation_text=For example, see; citation_publisher=Durham; Hemispheric Imaginings: The Monroe Doctrine and Narratives of U.S. Empire; citation_year=2005; " /><meta name="citation_reference" content="Rosenberg Spreading the American Dream For early works on foreign policy and culture, see and Frank Costigliola, Awkward Dominion: American Political, Economic, and Cultural Relations with Europe, 1919–1933 (Ithaca, 1984). On transnational and governmental interaction, see James Goode, Negotiating for the Past: Archaeology, Nationalism, and Diplomacy in the Middle East, 1919–1941 (Austin, 2007). On philanthropy, see Volker Berghahn, “Philanthropy and Diplomacy in the ‘American Century,’” Diplomatic History , 23 (Summer 1999), 393–419. Travel is discussed in Christopher Endy, Cold War Holidays: American Tourism in France (Chapel Hill, 2004); and Neal Moses Rosendorf, “Be El Caudillo's Guest: The Franco Regime's Quest for Rehabilitation and Dollars after World War II via the Promotion of U.S. Tourism in Spain,” Diplomatic History , 30 (June 2006), 367–407. On education, see Whitney Walton, “Internationalism and the Junior Year Abroad: American Students in France in the 1920s and 1930s,” ibid. , 29 (April 2005), 255–78. On media, see Daniel S. Margolies, Henry Watterson and the New South: The Politics of Empire, Free Trade, and Globalization (Lexington, Ky., 2006); and Jessica C. E. Gienow-Hecht, Transmission Impossible: American Journalism as Cultural Diplomacy in Postwar Germany, 1945–1955 (Baton Rouge, 1999). On film, see Brian C. Etheridge, “ The Desert Fox , Memory Diplomacy, and the German Question in Early Cold War America,” Diplomatic History , 32 (April 2008), 207–38. On religion, see Seth Jacobs, America's Miracle Man in Vietnam: Ngo Dinh Diem, Religion, Race, and U.S. Intervention in Southeast Asia, 1950–1957 (Durham, 2004); Andrew Preston, “Bridging the Gap between the Sacred and the Secular in the History of American Foreign Relations,” Diplomatic History , 30 (Nov. 2006), 783–812; George J. Hill, “Intimate Relationships: Secret Affairs of Church and State in the United States and Liberia, 1925–1947,” ibid. , 31 (June 2007), 465–503; and David S. Foglesong, The American Mission and the “Evil Empire”: The Crusade for a “Free Russia” since 1881 (Cambridge, Eng., 2007). On environmental diplomacy, see Kurkpatrick Dorsey, The Dawn of Conservation Diplomacy: U.S.-Canadian Wildlife Protection Treaties in the Progressive Era (Seattle, 1998); Kurk Dorsey, “Dealing with the Dinosaur (and Its Swamp): Putting the Environment in Diplomatic History,” ibid. , 29 (Sept. 2005), 573–87; and Kurk Dorsey and Mark Lytle, “Forum on Environmental History and International History,” Diplomatic History , 32 (Sept. 2008). " /><meta name="citation_reference" content="citation_text=Elizabeth Cobbs Hoffman, All You Need Is Love: The Peace Corps and the Spirit of the 1960s (Cambridge, Mass., 1998); Kenneth A. Osgood, Total Cold War: Eisenhower's Secret Propaganda Battle at Home and Abroad (Lawrence, 2006); See also Michael Krenn, Fall-Out Shelters for the Human Spirit: American Art and the Cold War (Chapel Hill, 2005); Helen Laville and Hugh Wilford, eds., The U.S. Government, Citizens Groups, and the Cold War: The State-Private Network (New York, 2006); and John Trumpbour, Selling Hollywood to the World: U.S. and European Struggle for Mastery of the Global Film Industry, 1920–1950 (New York, 2002).; citation_publisher=New York; Parting the Curtain: Propaganda, Culture, and the Cold War, 1945–1961; citation_year=1997; " /><meta name="citation_reference" content="citation_title=Tools of Empire: Persuasion and the United States's Modernizing Mission in Southeast Asia; citation_text=Kristin Hoganson, Consumer's Imperium: The Global Production of American Domesticity, 1865–1920 (Chapel Hill, 2007); Jeffrey A. Engel, ed., Local Consequences of the Global Cold War (Washington, 2007). For another example of a top-down microhistory, see Mark P. Bradley and Marilyn B. Young, eds., Making Sense of the Vietnam Wars: Local, National, and Transnational Perspectives (New York, 2008).; Diplomatic History; citation_year=2003; citation_volume=27; citation_pages=543-68; " /><meta name="citation_reference" content="McEnaney Laura DeConde Burns Logevall Gender Encyclopedia of American Foreign Policy 124 See also Emily S. Rosenberg, “Gender,” Journal of American History , 77 (June 1990), 119. For women in diplomacy, see Edward P. Crapol, ed., Women and American Foreign Policy: Lobbyists, Critics, and Insiders (Wilmington, 1992); Carol C. Chin, “Beneficent Imperialists: American Women Missionaries in China at the Turn of the Century,” Diplomatic History , 27 (June 2003), 327–52; Catherine Forslund, Anna Chennault: Informal Diplomacy and Asian Relations (Wilmington, 2002); and Molly M. Wood, “‘Commanding Beauty’ and ‘Gentle Charm’: American Women and Gender in the Early Twentieth-Century Foreign Service,” Diplomatic History , 31 (June 2007), 505–30. Andrew J. Rotter, “Gender Relations, Foreign Relations: The United States and South Asia, 1947–1964,” Journal of American History , 81(Sept. 1994), 522, 542. For opposition to Andrew Rotter's argument, see Melvyn P. Leffler, “New Approaches, Old Interpretations, and Prospective Reconfigurations,” Diplomatic History , 19 (Spring 1995), 182–83. Joan W. Scott, “Gender: A Useful Category of Historical Analysis,” American Historical Review , 91 (Dec. 1986), 1073. " /><meta name="citation_reference" content="Costigliola Frank Hogan Paterson Reading for Meaning: Theory, Language, and Metaphor Explaining the History of American Foreign Relations 280 84 291–300; Frank Costigliola, “‘Like Animals or Worse’: Narratives of Culture and Emotion by U.S. and British pows and Airmen behind Soviet Lines, 1944–1945,” Diplomatic History , 28 (Nov. 2004), 749–80; McEnaney, “Gender,” 130–32; Frank Costigliola, “‘Unceasing Pressure for Penetration’: Gender, Pathology, and Emotion in George Kennan's Formation of the Cold War,” Journal of American History , 83 (March 1997), 1309–11, 1313, 1316–17, 1323, 1328, 1330, 1332–38; Frank Costigliola, “The Nuclear Family: Tropes of Gender and Pathology in the Western Alliance,” Diplomatic History , 21 (Spring 1997), 163–83. " /><meta name="citation_reference" content="citation_text=McEnaney, “Gender,” 131.; citation_publisher=New Haven; Fighting for American Manhood: How Gender Politics Provoked the Spanish-American and Philippine-American Wars; citation_year=1998; " /><meta name="citation_reference" content="citation_text=Shibusawa, America's Geisha Ally; Petra Goedde, gis and Germans: Culture, Gender, and Foreign Relations, 1945–1949 (New Haven, 2003); Michelle Mart, Eye on Israel: How America Came to View Israel as an Ally (Albany, 2006); Andrew J. Rotter, Comrades at Odds: The United States and India, 1947–1964 (Ithaca, 2000), 188–219; Robert D. Dean, Imperial Brotherhood: Gender and the Making of Cold War Foreign Policy (Amherst, 2002). See also Eric Paul Roorda, “McCarthyite in Camelot: The ‘Loss’ of Cuba, Homophobia, and the Otto Otepka Scandal in the Kennedy State Department,” Diplomatic History, 31 (Sept. 2007), 723–54; and Kristin Hoganson, “What's Gender Got to Do with It? Gender History as Foreign Relations History” in Explaining the History of American Foreign Relations, ed. Hogan and Paterson, 308, 316, 322.; citation_publisher=Durham; Financial Missionaries to the World: The Politics and Culture of Dollar Diplomacy, 1900–1930; citation_year=2003; citation_pages=33" /><meta name="citation_reference" content="Rosenberg Financial Missionaries to the World 208 For other works that make the gender-race connection, see Mary Ann Heiss, Empire and Nationhood: The United States, Great Britain, and Iranian Oil, 1950–1954 (New York, 1997); and Stephen G. Rabe, U.S. Intervention in British Guiana: A Cold War Story (Chapel Hill, 2005), 182–84. For two studies that adopt more than one category of analysis (race and gender), see Shibusawa, America's Geisha Ally; and Renda, Taking Haiti. The study of ethnic affiliation and immigration has long drawn interest. See John Snetsinger, “Race and Ethnicity,” in Encyclopedia of American Foreign Policy , ed. DeConde, Burns, and Logevall, 289–308; and Alexander DeConde, Ethnicity, Race, and American Foreign Policy: A History (Boston, 1992). Interest in class issues does not match that in race and gender, but scholars have successfully tied labor to diplomacy. See Elizabeth McKillen, Chicago Labor and the Quest for a Democratic Diplomacy, 1914–1924 (Ithaca, 1995); Jon V. Kofas, “U.S. Foreign Policy and the World Federation of Trade Unions, 1944–1948,” Diplomatic History , 26 (Winter 2002), 21–60; Andrew Battista, “Unions and Cold War Foreign Policy in the 1980s: The National Labor Committee, the afl-cio, and Central America,” ibid. , 26 (Summer 2002), 419–51; and Edmund F. Wehrle, Between a River and a Mountain: The afl-cio and the Vietnam War (Ann Arbor, 2005). " /><meta name="citation_reference" content="citation_text=See Mary L. Dudziak, Cold War Civil Rights: Race and the Image of American Democracy (Princeton, 2002); Thomas Borstelmann, The Cold War and the Color Line: American Race Relations in the Global Arena (Cambridge, Mass., 2003); Robert Rook, “Race, Water, and Foreign Policy: The Tennessee Valley Authority's Global Agenda Meets ‘Jim Crow,’” Diplomatic History, 28 (Jan. 2004), 55–81; Penny M. Von Eschen, Satchmo Blows Up the World: Jazz Ambassadors Play the Cold War (Cambridge, Mass., 2004); Matthew Jones, “A ‘Segregated’ Asia? Race, the Bandung Conference, and Pan-Asianist Fears in American Thought and Policy, 1954–1955,” Diplomatic History, 29 (Nov. 2005), 841–68; J. P. Brits, “Tiptoeing along the Apartheid Tightrope: The United States, South Africa, and the United Nations in 1952,” International History Review, 27 (Dec. 2005), 754–79; George White Jr., Holding the Line: Race, Racism, and American Foreign Policy toward Africa, 1953–1961 (Lanham, 2005); and Michael L. Krenn, The Color of Empire: Race and American Foreign Relations (Dulles, 2006). On pre-Cold War racism, see Tim Matthewson, A Proslavery Foreign Policy: Haitian-American Relations during the Early Republic (Westport, 2003); and Eric T. L. Love, Race over Empire: Racism and U.S. Imperialism, 1865–1900 (Chapel Hill, 2004). On transnational forces of racism, see Jason M. Colby, “‘Banana Growing and Negro Management’: Race, Labor, and Jim Crow Colonialism in Guatemala, 1884–1930,” Diplomatic History, 30 (Sept. 2006), 595–621. Gerald Horne, “Race to Insight: The United States and the World, White Supremacy and Foreign Affairs,” in Explaining the History of American Foreign Relations, ed. Hogan and Paterson, 323–25.; citation_publisher=Trenton; Black, White, and Chrome: The United States and Zimbabwe, 1953–1998; citation_year=2001; " /><meta name="citation_reference" content="Horne Race to Insight 334 For example, blacks levered the British need for ships in 1940 to promote U.S.-led decolonization in Jamaica. See Jason Parker, Brother's Keeper: The United States, Race, and Empire in the British Caribbean, 1937–1962 (New York, 2008); Brenda Gayle Plummer, Rising Wind: Black Americans and U.S. Foreign Affairs, 1935–1960 (Chapel Hill, 1996), 4–5, 22–36; and Jonathan Rosenberg, How Far the Promised Land? World Affairs and the American Civil Rights Movement from the First World War to Vietnam (Princeton, 2005). Martin Luther King Jr., for one, drew on inspiration from black Africans abroad to press for equality at home. See James H. Meriwether, Proudly We Can Be Africans: Black Americans and Africa, 1935–1961 (Chapel Hill, 2002). Brown v. Board of Education , 347 U.S. 483 (1954). " /><meta name="citation_reference" content="citation_title=Making Democracy Safe for the World: Race, Propaganda, and the Transformation of U.S. Foreign Policy during World War II; Pacific Historical Review; citation_year=2004; citation_volume=73; citation_pages=49-84; " /><meta name="citation_reference" content="citation_text=Carol Anderson, Eyes off the Prize: The United Nations and the African American Struggle for Human Rights, 1944–1955 (New York, 2003); Penny M. Von Eschen, Race against Empire: Black Americans and Anticolonialism, 1937–1957 (Ithaca, 1997), 186–87.; citation_publisher=Chapel Hill; The African American Encounter with Japan and China: Black Internationalism in Asia, 1895–1945; citation_year=2000; citation_pages=212" /><meta name="citation_reference" content="citation_text=Cary Fraser, “Crossing the Color Line in Little Rock: The Eisenhower Administration and the Dilemma of Race for U.S. Foreign Policy,” Diplomatic History, 24 (Spring 2000), 233–64.; citation_publisher=New York; Exporting American Dreams: Thurgood Marshall's African Journey; citation_year=2008; " /><meta name="citation_reference" content="citation_title=Explaining the Cultural Turn—or Detour?; citation_text=On resistance to the cultural turn among diplomatic historians, see The State Department's Office of the Historian, with oversight from a congressionally mandated advisory board comprised of scholars representing major scholarly organizations, attempts to publish on events in the Foreign Relations in the United States series thirty years after they occur, but the deadline is not always met. Kristin L. Ahlberg and Thomas W. Zeiler, “Public History and Public Audiences: The U.S. Department of State and Its Historical Advisory Committee,” Perspectives on History, Jan. 2008, http://www.historians.org/Perspectives/issues/2008/0801/0801pub1.cfm.; Diplomatic History; citation_year=2007; citation_volume=31; citation_pages=143-47; " /><meta name="citation_reference" content="Hogan Paterson Explaining the History of American Foreign Relations Curiously, the primer of the field offers no definition. See See also Stephen E. Pelz, “A Taxonomy for American Diplomatic History,” Journal of Interdisciplinary History , 19 (Autumn 1988), 259–76. " /><meta name="citation_reference" content="Diplomatic History http://www.colorado.edu/history/diplomatic. Dennis Merrill and Thomas G. Paterson, Major Problems in American Foreign Relations , vol. I: To 1920 (Boston, 2005), xiv–xv. " /><meta name="citation_reference" content="McMahon Toward a Pluralist Vision 36 " /><meta name="citation_reference" content="The History of shafr as Told by Its Past Presidents Diplomatic History 2007 June 31 365 438 Michael H. Hunt pointed out early on new directions in the field. See Michael H. Hunt, “The Long Crisis in U.S. Diplomatic History: Coming to Closure,” ibid. , 16 (Winter 1992), 115–40. " /><meta name="citation_pdf_url" content="https://academic.oup.com/jah/article-pdf/95/4/1053/2095973/95-4-1053.pdf" /><meta name="description" content="An era of innovation among historians of American foreign relations is upon us. Gone are the days when, in 1980, Charles S. Maier could claim that social a" /><meta name="citation_xml_url" content="https://academic.oup.com/jah/article-xml/95/4/1053/711409" /> <link rel="canonical" href="https://academic.oup.com/jah/article-abstract/95/4/1053/711409" /> <meta name="product_code" content="J_JAHIST_2001_11_144" /> <meta name="product_code" content="J_JAHIST_2001_10_144" /> <meta name="product_code" content="J_JAHIST_2000_03_238" /> <meta name="product_code" content="J_JAHIST_2005_01_60" /> <meta name="product_code" content="J_JAHIST_2000_06_211" /> <meta name="product_code" content="J_JAHIST_2000_06_210" /> <meta name="product_code" content="J_JAHIST_2005_06_96" /> <meta name="product_code" content="J_JAHIST_2000_01_216" /> <meta name="product_code" content="J_JAHIST_2005_06_139" /> <meta name="product_code" content="J_JAHIST_1996_01_9999" /> <meta name="product_code" content="j_ALLJOURNALS" /> <meta name="product_code" content="J_JAHIST_2007_06_48" /> <meta name="product_code" content="J_JAHIST_2007_06_84" /> 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class="wi-article-title article-title-main accessible-content-title at-articleTitle"> The Diplomatic History Bandwagon: A State of the Field <i class='' title='' ></i> </h1> <a href="#no-access-message" class="get-access get-access-jumplink at-get-access-jumplink js-no-access-jumplink"> <span class="get-access-text">Get access</span> <img class='get-access-icon' src='/UI/app/svg/chevron-right-white.svg' alt='Arrow' aria-hidden='true'> </a> </div> <div class="wi-authors at-ArticleAuthors"> <div class="al-authors-list"> <span class="al-author-name-more js-flyout-wrap"> <button type="button" class="linked-name js-linked-name-trigger btn-as-link">Thomas W. Zeiler</button><span class='delimiter'></span> <span class="al-author-info-wrap arrow-up"> <div class="info-card-author authorInfo_OUP_Abstract_ArticleTop_Info_Widget"> <div class="name-role-wrap"> <div class="info-card-name"> Thomas W. Zeiler <span class="info-card-footnote"><span class="xrefLink" id="jumplink-"></span><a href="javascript:;" reveal-id="" data-open="" class="link link-ref link-reveal xref-default"></a></span> </div> </div> <div class="info-card-note"> <p class="chapter-para">Thomas W. Zeiler is professor of history at the University of Colorado.</p> </div> <div class="info-card-search-label"> Search for other works by this author on: </div> <div class="info-card-search info-card-search-internal"> <a href="/jah/search-results?f_Authors=Thomas+W.+Zeiler" rel="nofollow">Oxford Academic</a> </div> <div class="info-card-search info-card-search-google"> <a href="http://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=author:%22Zeiler Thomas W.%22">Google Scholar</a> </div> </div> </span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="pub-history-wrap clearfix js-history-dropdown-wrap"> <div class="pub-history-row clearfix"> <div class="ww-citation-primary"><em>Journal of American History</em>, Volume 95, Issue 4, March 2009, Pages 1053–1073, <a href='https://doi.org/10.2307/27694560'>https://doi.org/10.2307/27694560</a></div> </div> <div class="pub-history-row clearfix"> <div class="ww-citation-date-wrap"> <div class="citation-label">Published:</div> <div class="citation-date">01 March 2009</div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> <script> $(document).ready(function () { $('.article-top-widget').on('click', '.ati-toggle-trigger', function () { $(this).find('.icon-general-add, .icon-minus').toggleClass('icon-minus icon-general-add'); $(this).siblings('.ati-toggle-content').toggleClass('hide'); }); // In Chrome, an anchor tag with target="_blank" and a "mailto:" href opens a new tab/window as well as the email client // I suspect this behavior will be corrected in the future // Remove the target="_blank" $('ul.wi-affiliationList').find('a[href^="mailto:"]').each(function () { $(this).removeAttr('target'); }); }); </script> </div> <div class="widget widget-ArticleLinks widget-instance-OUP_Article_Links_Widget"> </div> <div class="article-body js-content-body"> <div class="toolbar-wrap js-toolbar-wrap"> <div class="toolbar-inner-wrap"> <ul id="Toolbar" role="navigation"> <li class="toolbar-item item-with-dropdown item-views"> <a class="at-views-dropdown drop-trigger" href="javascript:;" data-dropdown="FilterDrop" aria-haspopup="true"> <i class="icon-menu_views"></i> <div class="toolbar-label"> <div class="toolbar-text">Views</div> <i class="icon-general-arrow-filled-down arrow-icon"></i> </div> </a> <ul id="ViewsDrop" class="f-dropdown js-dropdown-content" data-dropdown-content aria-label="submenu"> <div class="arrow-up"></div> <li class="article-content-filter js-article-content-filter" data-content-filter="article-content"> <a href="javascript:;"><span>Article contents</span></a> </li> <li class="at-figures-tables article-content-filter js-article-content-filter" data-content-filter="figures-tables"> <a href="javascript:;"><span>Figures & tables</span></a> </li> <li class="article-content-filter js-article-content-filter" data-content-filter="video"> <a href="javascript:;"><span>Video</span></a> </li> <li class="article-content-filter js-article-content-filter" data-content-filter="audio"> <a href="javascript:;"><span>Audio</span></a> </li> <li class="article-content-filter js-article-content-filter" data-content-filter="supplementary-data"> <a href="javascript:;"><span>Supplementary Data</span></a> </li> </ul> </li> <li class="toolbar-item item-cite js-item-cite"> <div class="widget widget-ToolboxGetCitation widget-instance-OUP_Get_Citation"> <a href="#" class="js-cite-button at-CiteButton" data-reveal-id="getCitation" data-reveal> <i class="icon-read-more"></i> <span>Cite</span> </a> <div id="getCitation" class="reveal-modal js-citation-modal" data-reveal> <h3 class="modal-title">Cite</h3> <div class="oxford-citation-text"> <p>Thomas W. 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<a href="javascript:;" class="microsite-search-icon navbar-search-submit icon-menu_search"> <span class="screenreader-text">Search</span> </a> </div> </div> <div class="navbar-search-advanced"><a href="/jah/advanced-search" class="advanced-search js-advanced-search">Advanced Search</a></div> </div> <div class="navbar-search-collapsed"><a href="javascript:;" class="icon-menu_search js_expand-navsearch"><span class="screenreader-text">Search Menu</span></a></div> </div> </div> <input id="routename" name="RouteName" type="hidden" value="jah" /> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div id="ContentTab" class="content active"> <div class="widget widget-ArticleFulltext widget-instance-OUP_Abstract_Article_FullText_Widget"> <div class="module-widget"> <div class="widget-items" data-widgetname="ArticleFulltext"> <h2 class="abstract-title js-splitscreen-abstract-title at-Extract-Title">Extract</h2> <section class="abstract extract"> <div class=paywall js-paywall> <p class="chapter-para">An era of innovation among historians of American foreign relations is upon us. Gone are the days when, in 1980, Charles S. Maier could claim that social and cultural history had marginalized the state, implicitly relegating the “languishing” field of diplomatic history to the status of “stepchild” to serious historical scholarship.<span class="xrefLink" id="jumplink-R1"></span>1 Grievances against departments that supposedly refuse to hire diplomatic historians or against journals that seemingly shut us out are increasingly rare. The relationship of the field to the profession is no longer characterized by the tired, anecdotal saw of exclusion. Instead, historians of U.S. foreign relations are, in many ways, an advance guard driving the bandwagon of internationalization, riding along with those who study <em>mentalités</em> and culture. And that relationship has been reciprocal: while the recent story of U.S. diplomatic history rests on its merger with the majority, the mainstream has also reached out to us.</p> </div> <div class=paywall js-paywall> <p class="chapter-para">This essay looks at how, over the past two decades, the study of U.S. foreign relations has stood at the intersection of the domestic and international, of theory and empiricism, of security/politics and the cultural turn. Diplomatic history is a clearinghouse of sorts for work on America in the world, and I seek to illustrate how a sample of diplomatic historians approach their field in ways both new and consistent with trends in the profession at large.<span class="xrefLink" id="jumplink-R2"></span>2 This article will consider three (not mutually exclusive) areas in which reform has enlivened the field: traditional realism's engagement with ideology (<em>mentalités</em>), the embrace of international history, and the study of culture and identity. These reforms have redefined the field in ways that confirm the movement of diplomatic history into the mainstream of the historical profession's interests, and vice versa.</p> </div>  <div class="widget widget-ArticlePubStateInfo widget-instance-OUP_ArticlePubStateInfo"> </div> </section> <div class="article-metadata-panel clearfix at-ArticleMetadata"></div> <div class="article-metadata-standalone-panel clearfix"></div>  <span id="UserHasAccess" data-userHasAccess="False"></span> </div> </div> </div> <div class="widget widget-SolrResourceMetadata widget-instance-OUP_Article_ResourceMetadata_Widget"> <div class="article-metadata-panel solr-resource-metadata js-metadata-panel at-ContentMetadata"> <div class="article-metadata-tocSections"> <div class="article-metadata-tocSections-title">Issue Section:</div> <a href="/jah/search-results?f_TocHeadingTitleList=Diplomatic+History+Today%3a+A+Round+Table">Diplomatic History Today: A Round Table</a> </div> </div> </div> <div class="widget 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