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overflow: hidden; text-overflow: ellipsis; -webkit-line-clamp: 3; -webkit-box-orient: vertical; }</style><div class="col-xs-12 clearfix"><div class="u-floatLeft"><h1 class="PageHeader-title u-m0x u-fs30">Diplomacy</h1><div class="u-tcGrayDark">122,859 Followers</div><div class="u-tcGrayDark u-mt2x">Most downloaded papers in <b>Diplomacy</b></div></div></div></div></div></div><div class="TabbedNavigation"><div class="container"><div class="row"><div class="col-xs-12 clearfix"><ul class="nav u-m0x u-p0x list-inline u-displayFlex"><li><a href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Diplomacy">Top Papers</a></li><li><a href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Diplomacy/MostCited">Most Cited Papers</a></li><li class="active"><a href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Diplomacy/MostDownloaded">Most Downloaded Papers</a></li><li><a href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Diplomacy/MostRecent">Newest Papers</a></li><li><a class="" href="https://www.academia.edu/People/Diplomacy">People</a></li></ul></div><style type="text/css">ul.nav{flex-direction:row}@media(max-width: 567px){ul.nav{flex-direction:column}.TabbedNavigation li{max-width:100%}.TabbedNavigation li.active{background-color:var(--background-grey, #dddde2)}.TabbedNavigation li.active:before,.TabbedNavigation li.active:after{display:none}}</style></div></div></div><div class="container"><div class="row"><div class="col-xs-12"><div class="u-displayFlex"><div class="u-flexGrow1"><div class="works"><div class="u-borderBottom1 u-borderColorGrayLighter"><div class="clearfix u-pv7x u-mb0x js-work-card work_34550108" data-work_id="34550108" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="https://schema.org/ScholarlyArticle"><div class="header"><div class="title u-fontSerif u-fs22 u-lineHeight1_3"><a class="u-tcGrayDarkest js-work-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/34550108/Diplomatic_Correspondence_pdf">Diplomatic Correspondence.pdf</a></div></div><div class="u-pb4x u-mt3x"><div class="summary u-fs14 u-fw300 u-lineHeight1_5 u-tcGrayDarkest"><div class="summarized">Diplomatic Correspondence text book. Diplomatic English. A great source for the lecturers and students of International Relations or similar departments. A useful textbook for Diplomatic Correspondence courses. It includes the... <a class="more_link u-tcGrayDark u-linkUnstyled" data-container=".work_34550108" data-show=".complete" data-hide=".summarized" data-more-link-behavior="true" href="#">more</a></div><div class="complete hidden">Diplomatic Correspondence text book. Diplomatic English. <br />A great source for the lecturers and students of International Relations or similar departments. A useful textbook for Diplomatic Correspondence courses. It includes the explanation of types of correspondence each with a suitable famous example. Also an assignment is given for each type.<br />It is also helpful manual for diplomatic officers.<br />Appendix:<br />Abbreviations of International Organizations -Turkish<br />Diplomatic Hierarchy- English, Turkish<br />Diplomatic ranks- English, Turkish<br />International Relations Terms- English, Turkish<br />Advanced vocabulary- English, Turkish</div></div></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" data-academia-share="Work/34550108" data-share-source="work_strip" data-spinner="small_white_hide_contents"><i class="fa fa-plus"></i><span class="work-strip-link-text u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Bookmark</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><div class="download"><a id="445571fb24710d3049880ad49d646faf" rel="nofollow" data-download="{"attachment_id":65936574,"asset_id":34550108,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"track":null,"button_location":"work_strip","source":null,"hide_modal":null}" class="Button Button--sm Button--inverseGreen js-download-button prompt_button doc_download" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/65936574/download_file?st=MTczMjc1MDU0MSw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=work_strip"><i class="fa fa-arrow-circle-o-down fa-lg"></i><span class="u-textUppercase u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Download</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><ul class="InlineList InlineList--bordered u-ph0x"><li class="InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered"><span class="InlineList-item-text">by <span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a class="u-tcGrayDark u-fw700" data-has-card-for-user="274710" href="https://independent.academia.edu/yatsuko">Yasin YAYLAR</a><script data-card-contents-for-user="274710" type="text/json">{"id":274710,"first_name":"Yasin","last_name":"YAYLAR","domain_name":"independent","page_name":"yatsuko","display_name":"Yasin YAYLAR","profile_url":"https://independent.academia.edu/yatsuko?f_ri=9707","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/274710/67409/34536014/s65_yasin.yaylar.jpg"}</script></span></span></li><li class="js-paper-rank-work_34550108 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><span class="js-paper-rank-view hidden u-tcGrayDark" data-paper-rank-work-id="34550108"><i class="u-m1x fa fa-bar-chart"></i><strong class="js-paper-rank"></strong></span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 34550108, container: ".js-paper-rank-work_34550108", }); 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Diplomatic English. \nA great source for the lecturers and students of International Relations or similar departments. A useful textbook for Diplomatic Correspondence courses. It includes the explanation of types of correspondence each with a suitable famous example. Also an assignment is given for each type.\nIt is also helpful manual for diplomatic officers.\nAppendix:\nAbbreviations of International Organizations -Turkish\nDiplomatic Hierarchy- English, Turkish\nDiplomatic ranks- English, Turkish\nInternational Relations Terms- English, Turkish\nAdvanced vocabulary- English, Turkish\n\n","downloadable_attachments":[{"id":65936574,"asset_id":34550108,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false}],"ordered_authors":[{"id":274710,"first_name":"Yasin","last_name":"YAYLAR","domain_name":"independent","page_name":"yatsuko","display_name":"Yasin YAYLAR","profile_url":"https://independent.academia.edu/yatsuko?f_ri=9707","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/274710/67409/34536014/s65_yasin.yaylar.jpg"}],"research_interests":[{"id":797,"name":"International Relations","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/International_Relations?f_ri=9707","nofollow":false},{"id":9707,"name":"Diplomacy","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Diplomacy?f_ri=9707","nofollow":false},{"id":63861,"name":"Uluslararası İlişkiler","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Uluslararas%C4%B1_%C4%B0li%C5%9Fkiler?f_ri=9707","nofollow":false},{"id":313371,"name":"Diplomacy and international relations","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Diplomacy_and_international_relations?f_ri=9707","nofollow":false},{"id":533807,"name":"Diplomasi","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Diplomasi?f_ri=9707"}]}, }) } })();</script></ul></li></ul></div></div><div class="u-borderBottom1 u-borderColorGrayLighter"><div class="clearfix u-pv7x u-mb0x js-work-card work_35870969" data-work_id="35870969" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="https://schema.org/ScholarlyArticle"><div class="header"><div class="title u-fontSerif u-fs22 u-lineHeight1_3"><a class="u-tcGrayDarkest js-work-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/35870969/Five_American_Perspectives_on_Islam_An_Analytical_Guide">Five American Perspectives on Islam: An Analytical Guide</a></div></div><div class="u-pb4x u-mt3x"><div class="summary u-fs14 u-fw300 u-lineHeight1_5 u-tcGrayDarkest"><div class="summarized">This report reviews and categorizes the enormous corpus of knowledge produced by American academic and policy institutions about U.S. relations with the Middle East and other Islamic actors in the international arena. The report... <a class="more_link u-tcGrayDark u-linkUnstyled" data-container=".work_35870969" data-show=".complete" data-hide=".summarized" data-more-link-behavior="true" href="#">more</a></div><div class="complete hidden">This report reviews and categorizes the enormous corpus of knowledge produced by American academic and policy institutions about U.S. relations with the Middle East and other Islamic actors in the international arena. The report identifies five epistemic communities – conservatives, neoconservatives, realists, liberals and the left – and analyzes their discourses and policy recommendations. Finally, the policies that these epistemic communities recommended are evaluated and assessed. The author recommends a mixed-paradigmatic approach that will not only make the United States more effective in the Middle East but also underscore its continuing relevance to the security and the stability of the region and the global order.</div></div></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" data-academia-share="Work/35870969" data-share-source="work_strip" data-spinner="small_white_hide_contents"><i class="fa fa-plus"></i><span class="work-strip-link-text u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Bookmark</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><div class="download"><a id="1a289c9b0ca8f20404cf446aa929b7af" rel="nofollow" data-download="{"attachment_id":55750380,"asset_id":35870969,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"track":null,"button_location":"work_strip","source":null,"hide_modal":null}" class="Button Button--sm Button--inverseGreen js-download-button prompt_button doc_download" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/55750380/download_file?st=MTczMjc1MDU0MSw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=work_strip"><i class="fa fa-arrow-circle-o-down fa-lg"></i><span class="u-textUppercase u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Download</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><ul class="InlineList InlineList--bordered u-ph0x"><li class="InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered"><span class="InlineList-item-text">by <span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a class="u-tcGrayDark u-fw700" data-has-card-for-user="3388" href="https://udel.academia.edu/MuqtedarKhan">Muqtedar Khan</a><script data-card-contents-for-user="3388" type="text/json">{"id":3388,"first_name":"Muqtedar","last_name":"Khan","domain_name":"udel","page_name":"MuqtedarKhan","display_name":"Muqtedar Khan","profile_url":"https://udel.academia.edu/MuqtedarKhan?f_ri=9707","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/3388/1418/93215313/s65_muqtedar.khan.png"}</script></span></span></li><li class="js-paper-rank-work_35870969 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><span class="js-paper-rank-view hidden u-tcGrayDark" data-paper-rank-work-id="35870969"><i class="u-m1x fa fa-bar-chart"></i><strong class="js-paper-rank"></strong></span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 35870969, container: ".js-paper-rank-work_35870969", }); 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In some individuals, aggressive personality traits may be genetically inherited. The... <a class="more_link u-tcGrayDark u-linkUnstyled" data-container=".work_34772621" data-show=".complete" data-hide=".summarized" data-more-link-behavior="true" href="#">more</a></div><div class="complete hidden">People abused by angry discipline as children, may tend to abuse or overly punish other people or themselves for perceived wrongs in their adult life. In some individuals, aggressive personality traits may be genetically inherited. The aggressive personality may feel weakened by having guidelines or boundaries for anger. Anger is a normal human emotion, and these guidelines can help express anger in a healthy way.</div></div></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" data-academia-share="Work/34772621" data-share-source="work_strip" data-spinner="small_white_hide_contents"><i class="fa fa-plus"></i><span class="work-strip-link-text u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Bookmark</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><div class="download"><a id="94ea7e19d6b2237c7da7da2e4db6bdc4" rel="nofollow" data-download="{"attachment_id":65224746,"asset_id":34772621,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"track":null,"button_location":"work_strip","source":null,"hide_modal":null}" class="Button Button--sm Button--inverseGreen js-download-button prompt_button doc_download" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/65224746/download_file?st=MTczMjc1MDU0MSw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=work_strip"><i class="fa fa-arrow-circle-o-down fa-lg"></i><span class="u-textUppercase u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Download</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><ul class="InlineList InlineList--bordered u-ph0x"><li class="InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered"><span class="InlineList-item-text">by <span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a class="u-tcGrayDark u-fw700" data-has-card-for-user="345752" href="https://collegemhc.academia.edu/DanielKeeran">Daniel M Keeran MSW</a><script data-card-contents-for-user="345752" type="text/json">{"id":345752,"first_name":"Daniel","last_name":"Keeran MSW","domain_name":"collegemhc","page_name":"DanielKeeran","display_name":"Daniel M Keeran MSW","profile_url":"https://collegemhc.academia.edu/DanielKeeran?f_ri=9707","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/345752/94042/30134256/s65_daniel.keeran_msw.jpg"}</script></span></span></li><li class="js-paper-rank-work_34772621 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><span class="js-paper-rank-view hidden u-tcGrayDark" data-paper-rank-work-id="34772621"><i class="u-m1x fa fa-bar-chart"></i><strong class="js-paper-rank"></strong></span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 34772621, container: ".js-paper-rank-work_34772621", }); 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href="https://www.academia.edu/35446394/From_Jihad_to_Salam_in_Pursuit_of_Political_Change_A_Perspective_based_on_Qur%C4%81nic_Sources">From Jihad to Salam in Pursuit of Political Change: A Perspective based on Qur'ānic Sources</a></div></div><div class="u-pb4x u-mt3x"><div class="summary u-fs14 u-fw300 u-lineHeight1_5 u-tcGrayDarkest"><div class="summarized">The political reality of many countries in the Muslim World is untenable and reforms and change is absolutely necessary. This article argues that use of force and violence for political change is making things worse as one can witness in... <a class="more_link u-tcGrayDark u-linkUnstyled" data-container=".work_35446394" data-show=".complete" data-hide=".summarized" data-more-link-behavior="true" href="#">more</a></div><div class="complete hidden">The political reality of many countries in the Muslim World is untenable and reforms and change is absolutely necessary. This article argues that use of force and violence for political change is making things worse as one can witness in Syria and Iraq. The article advances a Qur'ānic perspective on the desirability of peace as a goal and peaceful means as instruments of change. The article acknowledges that the Qur'ānic sanction for use of force to defend religious freedom prcludes the advocacy of pacifism but nevertheless the article does make a strong case for privileging peace over use of force.</div></div></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" data-academia-share="Work/35446394" data-share-source="work_strip" data-spinner="small_white_hide_contents"><i class="fa fa-plus"></i><span class="work-strip-link-text u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Bookmark</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><div class="download"><a id="40ef648b8f90262f7425c5e0a5b26ead" rel="nofollow" data-download="{"attachment_id":55658232,"asset_id":35446394,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"track":null,"button_location":"work_strip","source":null,"hide_modal":null}" class="Button Button--sm Button--inverseGreen js-download-button prompt_button doc_download" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/55658232/download_file?st=MTczMjc1MDU0MSw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=work_strip"><i class="fa fa-arrow-circle-o-down fa-lg"></i><span class="u-textUppercase u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Download</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><ul class="InlineList InlineList--bordered u-ph0x"><li class="InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered"><span class="InlineList-item-text">by <span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a class="u-tcGrayDark u-fw700" data-has-card-for-user="3388" href="https://udel.academia.edu/MuqtedarKhan">Muqtedar Khan</a><script data-card-contents-for-user="3388" type="text/json">{"id":3388,"first_name":"Muqtedar","last_name":"Khan","domain_name":"udel","page_name":"MuqtedarKhan","display_name":"Muqtedar Khan","profile_url":"https://udel.academia.edu/MuqtedarKhan?f_ri=9707","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/3388/1418/93215313/s65_muqtedar.khan.png"}</script></span></span></li><li class="js-paper-rank-work_35446394 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><span class="js-paper-rank-view hidden u-tcGrayDark" data-paper-rank-work-id="35446394"><i class="u-m1x fa fa-bar-chart"></i><strong class="js-paper-rank"></strong></span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 35446394, container: ".js-paper-rank-work_35446394", }); 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This article argues that use of force and violence for political change is making things worse as one can witness in Syria and Iraq. The article advances a Qur'ānic perspective on the desirability of peace as a goal and peaceful means as instruments of change. 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We posit an alternative approach based on the power... <a class="more_link u-tcGrayDark u-linkUnstyled" data-container=".work_3291458" data-show=".complete" data-hide=".summarized" data-more-link-behavior="true" href="#">more</a></div><div class="complete hidden">In this paper we argue that the use of the communicative theory of Jürgen Habermas in planning theory is problematic because it hampers an understanding of how power shapes planning. We posit an alternative approach based on the power analytics of Michel Foucault which focuses on ‘what is actually done’, as opposed to Habermas’s focus on ‘what should be done’. We discuss how the Foucauldian stance problematises planning, asking difficult questions about the treatment of legitimacy, rationality, knowledge and spatiality. We conclude that Foucault offers a type of analytic planning theory which offers better prospects than does Habermas for those interested in understanding and bringing about democratic social change through planning.</div></div></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" data-academia-share="Work/3291458" data-share-source="work_strip" data-spinner="small_white_hide_contents"><i class="fa fa-plus"></i><span class="work-strip-link-text u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Bookmark</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><div class="download"><a id="327212169376a0405dbf94017075101b" rel="nofollow" data-download="{"attachment_id":31124416,"asset_id":3291458,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"track":null,"button_location":"work_strip","source":null,"hide_modal":null}" class="Button Button--sm Button--inverseGreen js-download-button prompt_button doc_download" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/31124416/download_file?st=MTczMjc1MDU0MSw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=work_strip"><i class="fa fa-arrow-circle-o-down fa-lg"></i><span class="u-textUppercase u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Download</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><ul class="InlineList InlineList--bordered u-ph0x"><li class="InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered"><span class="InlineList-item-text">by <span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a class="u-tcGrayDark u-fw700" data-has-card-for-user="81790" href="https://oxford.academia.edu/BentFlyvbjerg">Bent Flyvbjerg</a><script data-card-contents-for-user="81790" type="text/json">{"id":81790,"first_name":"Bent","last_name":"Flyvbjerg","domain_name":"oxford","page_name":"BentFlyvbjerg","display_name":"Bent Flyvbjerg","profile_url":"https://oxford.academia.edu/BentFlyvbjerg?f_ri=9707","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/81790/22737/1557553/s65_bent.flyvbjerg.jpg"}</script></span></span></li><li class="js-paper-rank-work_3291458 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><span class="js-paper-rank-view hidden u-tcGrayDark" data-paper-rank-work-id="3291458"><i class="u-m1x fa fa-bar-chart"></i><strong class="js-paper-rank"></strong></span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 3291458, container: ".js-paper-rank-work_3291458", }); 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itemtype="https://schema.org/ScholarlyArticle"><div class="header"><div class="title u-fontSerif u-fs22 u-lineHeight1_3"><a class="u-tcGrayDarkest js-work-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/3125385/National_security_definition_character_and_determinants_Studies_on_the_quality_of_security">National security - definition, character and determinants. Studies on the quality of security</a></div></div><div class="u-pb4x u-mt3x"><div class="summary u-fs14 u-fw300 u-lineHeight1_5 u-tcGrayDarkest"><div class="summarized">Introduction Among the problems discussed in this study is the issue of national security, broadly defined. Recognizing the need for safe existence of citizens, it is impossible not to note that we live in an increasingly global world,... <a class="more_link u-tcGrayDark u-linkUnstyled" data-container=".work_3125385" data-show=".complete" data-hide=".summarized" data-more-link-behavior="true" href="#">more</a></div><div class="complete hidden">Introduction <br />Among the problems discussed in this study is the issue of national security, broadly defined. Recognizing the need for safe existence of citizens, it is impossible not to note that we live in an increasingly global world, so discussion of the Republic of Poland national security can not be limited only to the territory of our motherland. Without a doubt, both in nationally and internationally a key role in shaping world security play safety regulations. In this work, the authors undertook a collective development of specific threats to the modern safety and security management organization (in terms of a complex and problematic) and <br />the development of attitudes and education standard for safety. The aim of this work is the exchange of views among representatives of various research and teaching centers and representatives of practices: <br />• Contemporary problems of safety and civilization threats <br />• Legal framework of internal security of the Republic of Poland and international security <br />• Dilemmas of internal security management <br />• Education and upbringing for security <br />Finally, we would like to thank the reviewers of this book - Prof. dr hab. Piotr Majer and Dr Ivan Iurlo whose valuable comments were received on the final shape of this study. <br />We also thank all the authors, representing various research centers, universities and institutions by which arose in this paper. <br />Prof. zw. dr hab. Bronisław Sitek <br />Mgr Aleksandra Ukleja</div></div></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" data-academia-share="Work/3125385" data-share-source="work_strip" data-spinner="small_white_hide_contents"><i class="fa fa-plus"></i><span class="work-strip-link-text u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Bookmark</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><div class="download"><a id="c8547a079a290c1afb7e1eec401005fe" rel="nofollow" data-download="{"attachment_id":31040704,"asset_id":3125385,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"track":null,"button_location":"work_strip","source":null,"hide_modal":null}" class="Button Button--sm Button--inverseGreen js-download-button prompt_button doc_download" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/31040704/download_file?st=MTczMjc1MDU0MSw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=work_strip"><i class="fa fa-arrow-circle-o-down fa-lg"></i><span class="u-textUppercase u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Download</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><ul class="InlineList InlineList--bordered u-ph0x"><li class="InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered"><span class="InlineList-item-text">by <span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a class="u-tcGrayDark u-fw700" data-has-card-for-user="3513966" href="https://swps-uni.academia.edu/Bronis%C5%82awSitek">Bronisław Sitek</a><script data-card-contents-for-user="3513966" type="text/json">{"id":3513966,"first_name":"Bronisław","last_name":"Sitek","domain_name":"swps-uni","page_name":"BronisławSitek","display_name":"Bronisław Sitek","profile_url":"https://swps-uni.academia.edu/Bronis%C5%82awSitek?f_ri=9707","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/3513966/1205034/1511273/s65_bronis_aw.sitek.jpg"}</script></span></span></li><li class="js-paper-rank-work_3125385 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><span class="js-paper-rank-view hidden u-tcGrayDark" data-paper-rank-work-id="3125385"><i class="u-m1x fa fa-bar-chart"></i><strong class="js-paper-rank"></strong></span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 3125385, container: ".js-paper-rank-work_3125385", }); 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The leading... <a class="more_link u-tcGrayDark u-linkUnstyled" data-container=".work_5005501" data-show=".complete" data-hide=".summarized" data-more-link-behavior="true" href="#">more</a></div><div class="complete hidden">Megaproject Planning and Management: Essential Readings contains the seminal articles from the growing body of research on megaproject planning and management along with an original introduction by the editor, Bent Flyvbjerg. The leading and most cited authority in the field, Flyvbjerg has used crowdsourcing and 25 years of experience to cherry-pick from several hundred articles and books the writings that define the field. This volume will be an indispensable source for those wishing to speak with authority about how megaprojects are prepared, delivered, and fought over. 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and Reservoir Engineering","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Petroleum_well_drilling_design_and_Reservoir_Engineering?f_ri=9707"},{"id":1723635,"name":"Public Policy","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Public_Policy?f_ri=9707"},{"id":1744493,"name":"Science and Technology Studies","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Science_and_Technology_Studies?f_ri=9707"}]}, }) } })();</script></ul></li></ul></div></div><div class="u-borderBottom1 u-borderColorGrayLighter"><div class="clearfix u-pv7x u-mb0x js-work-card work_3271072" data-work_id="3271072" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="https://schema.org/ScholarlyArticle"><div class="header"><div class="title u-fontSerif u-fs22 u-lineHeight1_3"><a class="u-tcGrayDarkest js-work-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/3271072/Case_Study">Case Study</a></div></div><div class="u-pb4x u-mt3x"><div class="summary u-fs14 u-fw300 u-lineHeight1_5 u-tcGrayDarkest"><div class="summarized">At the same time that case studies are widely used and have produced canonical texts, it may be observed that the case study as a methodology is generally held in low regard, or is simply ignored, within the academy. For example, only 2... <a class="more_link u-tcGrayDark u-linkUnstyled" data-container=".work_3271072" data-show=".complete" data-hide=".summarized" data-more-link-behavior="true" href="#">more</a></div><div class="complete hidden">At the same time that case studies are widely used and have produced canonical texts, it may be observed that the case study as a methodology is generally held in low regard, or is simply ignored, within the academy. For example, only 2 of the 30 top-ranked U.S. graduate programs in political science require a dedicated graduate course in case study or qualitative methods, and a full third of these programs do not even offer such a course. In contrast, all of the top 30 programs offer courses in quantitative methods and almost all of them require training in such methods, often several courses. In identifying this paradox of the case study’s wide use and low regard, Gerring rightly remarks that the case study survives in a “curious methodological limbo,” and that the reason is that the method is poorly understood. In what follows, we will try to resolve Gerring’s paradox and help case study research gain wider use and acceptance.</div></div></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" data-academia-share="Work/3271072" data-share-source="work_strip" data-spinner="small_white_hide_contents"><i class="fa fa-plus"></i><span class="work-strip-link-text u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Bookmark</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><div class="download"><a id="519ce935d0a5ca2850318136c2dba3bc" rel="nofollow" data-download="{"attachment_id":31116057,"asset_id":3271072,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"track":null,"button_location":"work_strip","source":null,"hide_modal":null}" class="Button Button--sm Button--inverseGreen js-download-button prompt_button doc_download" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/31116057/download_file?st=MTczMjc1MDU0MSw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=work_strip"><i class="fa fa-arrow-circle-o-down fa-lg"></i><span class="u-textUppercase u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Download</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><ul class="InlineList InlineList--bordered u-ph0x"><li class="InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered"><span class="InlineList-item-text">by <span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a class="u-tcGrayDark u-fw700" data-has-card-for-user="81790" href="https://oxford.academia.edu/BentFlyvbjerg">Bent Flyvbjerg</a><script data-card-contents-for-user="81790" type="text/json">{"id":81790,"first_name":"Bent","last_name":"Flyvbjerg","domain_name":"oxford","page_name":"BentFlyvbjerg","display_name":"Bent Flyvbjerg","profile_url":"https://oxford.academia.edu/BentFlyvbjerg?f_ri=9707","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/81790/22737/1557553/s65_bent.flyvbjerg.jpg"}</script></span></span></li><li class="js-paper-rank-work_3271072 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><span class="js-paper-rank-view hidden u-tcGrayDark" data-paper-rank-work-id="3271072"><i class="u-m1x fa fa-bar-chart"></i><strong class="js-paper-rank"></strong></span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 3271072, container: ".js-paper-rank-work_3271072", }); 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$(".js-view-count[data-work-id=3271072]").text(description); $(".js-view-count-work_3271072").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span><script>$(function() { $(".js-view-count-work_3271072").removeClass('hidden') })</script></div></li><li class="InlineList-item u-positionRelative" style="max-width: 250px"><div class="u-positionAbsolute" data-has-card-for-ri-list="3271072"><i class="fa fa-tag InlineList-item-icon u-positionRelative"></i>  <a class="InlineList-item-text u-positionRelative">948</a>  </div><span class="InlineList-item-text u-textTruncate u-pl11x"><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="8" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Critical_Theory">Critical Theory</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="8" type="text/json">{"id":8,"name":"Critical Theory","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Critical_Theory?f_ri=9707","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="26" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Business">Business</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="26" type="text/json">{"id":26,"name":"Business","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Business?f_ri=9707","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="27" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Entrepreneurship">Entrepreneurship</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="27" type="text/json">{"id":27,"name":"Entrepreneurship","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Entrepreneurship?f_ri=9707","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="32" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Organizational_Behavior">Organizational Behavior</a><script data-card-contents-for-ri="32" type="text/json">{"id":32,"name":"Organizational Behavior","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Organizational_Behavior?f_ri=9707","nofollow":false}</script></span></li><script>(function(){ if (true) { new Aedu.ResearchInterestListCard({ el: $('*[data-has-card-for-ri-list=3271072]'), work: {"id":3271072,"title":"Case Study","created_at":"2013-04-12T00:40:05.049-07:00","url":"https://www.academia.edu/3271072/Case_Study?f_ri=9707","dom_id":"work_3271072","summary":"At the same time that case studies are widely used and have produced canonical texts, it may be observed that the case study as a methodology is generally held in low regard, or is simply ignored, within the academy. For example, only 2 of the 30 top-ranked U.S. graduate programs in political science require a dedicated graduate course in case study or qualitative methods, and a full third of these programs do not even offer such a course. In contrast, all of the top 30 programs offer courses in quantitative methods and almost all of them require training in such methods, often several courses. In identifying this paradox of the case study’s wide use and low regard, Gerring rightly remarks that the case study survives in a “curious methodological limbo,” and that the reason is that the method is poorly understood. 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js-work-card work_12650079" data-work_id="12650079" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="https://schema.org/ScholarlyArticle"><div class="header"><div class="title u-fontSerif u-fs22 u-lineHeight1_3"><a class="u-tcGrayDarkest js-work-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/12650079/NEMESIS_Keeping_Russia_an_Enemy_through_Cold_War_Pathologies_Comparative_Politics_%D0%9C%D0%93%D0%98%D0%9C%D0%9E_%D0%9C%D0%BE%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B2%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B9_%D0%93%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%83%D0%B4%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B2%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%BD%D1%8B%D0%B9_%D0%98%D0%BD%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B8%D1%82%D1%83%D1%82_%D0%9C%D0%B5%D0%B6%D0%B4%D1%83%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%BD%D1%8B%D1%85_%D0%9E%D1%82%D0%BD%D0%BE%D1%88%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B9_%D0%A3%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B2%D0%B5%D1%80%D1%81%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%82_%D0%9C%D0%98%D0%94_%D0%A0%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%81%D0%B8%D0%B8_Moscow_Russian_Federation_Vol_6_No_3_20_2015">NEMESIS: Keeping Russia an Enemy through Cold War Pathologies, Comparative Politics, МГИМО (Московский Государственный Институт Международных Отношений [Университет МИД России]), Moscow, Russian Federation, Vol. 6, No. 3 (20), 2015</a></div></div><div class="u-pb4x u-mt3x"><div class="summary u-fs14 u-fw300 u-lineHeight1_5 u-tcGrayDarkest"><div class="summarized">This article examines the openly adversarial neoconservative foundation under George Bush to the supposedly more ‘engaged’ diplomatic interaction under Barack Obama. What will be exposed is a fairly uninspired and non-innovative American... <a class="more_link u-tcGrayDark u-linkUnstyled" data-container=".work_12650079" data-show=".complete" data-hide=".summarized" data-more-link-behavior="true" href="#">more</a></div><div class="complete hidden">This article examines the openly adversarial neoconservative foundation under George Bush to the supposedly more ‘engaged’ diplomatic interaction under Barack Obama. What will be exposed is a fairly uninspired and non-innovative American policy that not only fails to consider Russian initiatives from Russia’s own national security perspectives, but aims to contain it within a continued Cold War box that not only sours opportunities for collaboration but guarantees the absence of partnership in areas of global security. This piece examines the consequences of imagining Russia only as nemesis.</div></div></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" data-academia-share="Work/12650079" data-share-source="work_strip" data-spinner="small_white_hide_contents"><i class="fa fa-plus"></i><span class="work-strip-link-text u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Bookmark</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><div class="download"><a id="d29e258a8eeab3346d79b72ad471579a" rel="nofollow" data-download="{"attachment_id":40799535,"asset_id":12650079,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"track":null,"button_location":"work_strip","source":null,"hide_modal":null}" class="Button Button--sm Button--inverseGreen js-download-button prompt_button doc_download" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/40799535/download_file?st=MTczMjc1MDU0MSw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=work_strip"><i class="fa fa-arrow-circle-o-down fa-lg"></i><span class="u-textUppercase u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Download</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><ul class="InlineList InlineList--bordered u-ph0x"><li class="InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered"><span class="InlineList-item-text">by <span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a class="u-tcGrayDark u-fw700" data-has-card-for-user="6901110" href="https://brown.academia.edu/DrMatthewCrosston">Dr. Matthew Crosston</a><script data-card-contents-for-user="6901110" type="text/json">{"id":6901110,"first_name":"Dr. Matthew","last_name":"Crosston","domain_name":"brown","page_name":"DrMatthewCrosston","display_name":"Dr. Matthew Crosston","profile_url":"https://brown.academia.edu/DrMatthewCrosston?f_ri=9707","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/6901110/2645906/36883013/s65_dr._matthew.crosston.jpg"}</script></span></span></li><li class="js-paper-rank-work_12650079 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><span class="js-paper-rank-view hidden u-tcGrayDark" data-paper-rank-work-id="12650079"><i class="u-m1x fa fa-bar-chart"></i><strong class="js-paper-rank"></strong></span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 12650079, container: ".js-paper-rank-work_12650079", }); 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against King Ferdinand I of Aragon. The dispatches of the orators resident in Naples provide a new reconstruction of the events,... <a class="more_link u-tcGrayDark u-linkUnstyled" data-container=".work_1638351" data-show=".complete" data-hide=".summarized" data-more-link-behavior="true" href="#">more</a></div><div class="complete hidden">THE CONSPIRACY OF THE BARONS <br />In 1485 and ’86, the barons of the Aragon kingdom of Naples ordered coup d’état against King Ferdinand I of Aragon. The dispatches of the orators resident in Naples provide a new reconstruction of the events, somewhat in contrast to the traditional historiography, strongly conditioned by the works of Porzio. Ferdinand, a gifted dissembler, enjoyed toying with his rebellious barons – whilst they were busy plotting his downfall, he was surreptitiously weaving a web to ensnare them. He did not have them all killed, however, and although some met their demise in prison (in all likelihood dying of old age), others were cast into comfortable exile. Still more, the majority, were gradually set free. This essay explains the details of the affair, the family ties between the barons, their links with the court, and the reasons behind the differences in their treatment at the hands of a vengeful but ever politic Ferdinand. <br /> <br />LA CONGIURA DEI BARONI DEL 1485-87 E LA SORTE DEI RIBELLI <br />Nel 1485-86 i baroni del regno aragonese di Napoli ordirono una congiura nei confronti di re Ferrante I d'Aragona. I dispacci degli oratori residenti a Napoli hanno permesso di ricostruire la vicenda e correggere una storiografia condizionata dai lavori di Porzio. Ferrante, abile dissimulatore, giocò coi suoi baroni ribelli: mentre loro tramavano un colpo di stato, egli tesseva una fitta tela in cui farli cadere. Ma non furono tutti uccisi e massacrati. Alcuni morirono in carcere (probabilmente di vecchiaia); altri subirono una sorta di esilio dorato e altri ancora, la maggior parte, furono rimessi in libertà poco per volta. 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class="u-borderBottom1 u-borderColorGrayLighter"><div class="clearfix u-pv7x u-mb0x js-work-card work_13477075" data-work_id="13477075" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="https://schema.org/ScholarlyArticle"><div class="header"><div class="title u-fontSerif u-fs22 u-lineHeight1_3"><a class="u-tcGrayDarkest js-work-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/13477075/The_Bismarck_Plan_German_Unification_and_the_Balance_of_Power">The Bismarck Plan: German Unification and the Balance of Power</a></div></div><div class="u-pb4x u-mt3x"><div class="summary u-fs14 u-fw300 u-lineHeight1_5 u-tcGrayDarkest"><div class="summarized">This paper is on the Bismarck Plan. The premise of this plan was to unify all the German principalities under Prussian rule. Once that was accomplished Bismarck adjusted his plan using treaties and alliances with other countries in... <a class="more_link u-tcGrayDark u-linkUnstyled" data-container=".work_13477075" data-show=".complete" data-hide=".summarized" data-more-link-behavior="true" href="#">more</a></div><div class="complete hidden">This paper is on the Bismarck Plan.  The premise of this plan was to unify all the German principalities under Prussian rule.  Once that was accomplished Bismarck adjusted his plan using treaties and alliances with other countries in Europe to keep war away from Germany for as long as possible or at least until Germany was ready militarily or diplomatically to defend herself.  <br />    In order to better understand where the idea of Bismarck’s Plan came from, the origin of the ideas of nationalism and unification must first be discussed.  No discussion on German unification would be complete without some background on Bismarck, not so much a biography of him, but more to give an idea of his thought process.  The three wars of unification and their impact upon Europe along with each particular alliance and treaty that was made between Germany and the other European powers is central to Bismarck’s plan.  Some of these alliances and treaties directly involved Germany and some indirectly involved Germany.  Each will be analyzed to see how they interrelate, and Bismarck’s role.  Bismarck’s plan fell apart quickly after he left office.  <br />    From all of this it will be clear that Bismarck did indeed have a plan or a purpose if you will.  The plan was not written down nor was it stated by Bismarck, if anything it was kept in his head.  The purpose and the results of the plan are very clear in how fast Germany rose to prominence in Europe without really any threat of a major war.  The Prussians were able to fight three minor wars without involving the entire continent.  This is a testament to Bismarck and the goals that he set for Prussia and then Germany.</div></div></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" data-academia-share="Work/13477075" data-share-source="work_strip" data-spinner="small_white_hide_contents"><i class="fa fa-plus"></i><span class="work-strip-link-text u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Bookmark</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><div class="download"><a id="c29da7a23057295e215fd799b1a2ec3f" rel="nofollow" data-download="{"attachment_id":38057481,"asset_id":13477075,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"track":null,"button_location":"work_strip","source":null,"hide_modal":null}" class="Button Button--sm Button--inverseGreen js-download-button prompt_button doc_download" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/38057481/download_file?st=MTczMjc1MDU0MSw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=work_strip"><i class="fa fa-arrow-circle-o-down fa-lg"></i><span class="u-textUppercase u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Download</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><ul class="InlineList InlineList--bordered u-ph0x"><li class="InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered"><span class="InlineList-item-text">by <span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a class="u-tcGrayDark u-fw700" data-has-card-for-user="11192739" href="https://independent.academia.edu/JaySmoot">John A Smoot</a><script data-card-contents-for-user="11192739" type="text/json">{"id":11192739,"first_name":"John","last_name":"Smoot","domain_name":"independent","page_name":"JaySmoot","display_name":"John A Smoot","profile_url":"https://independent.academia.edu/JaySmoot?f_ri=9707","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/11192739/14728480/15547241/s65_john.smoot.jpg"}</script></span></span></li><li class="js-paper-rank-work_13477075 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><span class="js-paper-rank-view hidden u-tcGrayDark" data-paper-rank-work-id="13477075"><i class="u-m1x fa fa-bar-chart"></i><strong class="js-paper-rank"></strong></span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 13477075, container: ".js-paper-rank-work_13477075", }); 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The premise of this plan was to unify all the German principalities under Prussian rule. Once that was accomplished Bismarck adjusted his plan using treaties and alliances with other countries in Europe to keep war away from Germany for as long as possible or at least until Germany was ready militarily or diplomatically to defend herself. \n In order to better understand where the idea of Bismarck’s Plan came from, the origin of the ideas of nationalism and unification must first be discussed. No discussion on German unification would be complete without some background on Bismarck, not so much a biography of him, but more to give an idea of his thought process. The three wars of unification and their impact upon Europe along with each particular alliance and treaty that was made between Germany and the other European powers is central to Bismarck’s plan. Some of these alliances and treaties directly involved Germany and some indirectly involved Germany. Each will be analyzed to see how they interrelate, and Bismarck’s role. Bismarck’s plan fell apart quickly after he left office. \n From all of this it will be clear that Bismarck did indeed have a plan or a purpose if you will. The plan was not written down nor was it stated by Bismarck, if anything it was kept in his head. The purpose and the results of the plan are very clear in how fast Germany rose to prominence in Europe without really any threat of a major war. The Prussians were able to fight three minor wars without involving the entire continent. 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Practice</a></div></div><div class="u-pb4x u-mt3x"><div class="summary u-fs14 u-fw300 u-lineHeight1_5 u-tcGrayDarkest"><div class="summarized">Back cover text: If the new fin de siècle marks a recurrence of the real, Bent Flyvbjerg’s Rationality and Power epitomizes that development and sets new standards for social and political inquiry. The Danish town of Aalborg is to... <a class="more_link u-tcGrayDark u-linkUnstyled" data-container=".work_3113788" data-show=".complete" data-hide=".summarized" data-more-link-behavior="true" href="#">more</a></div><div class="complete hidden">Back cover text: If the new fin de siècle marks a recurrence of the real, Bent Flyvbjerg’s Rationality and Power epitomizes that development and sets new standards for social and political inquiry. The Danish town of Aalborg is to Flyvbjerg what Florence was to Machiavelli: a laboratory for understanding the real workings of power, and for grasping what they mean to our more general concerns of social and political organization. Politics, administration, and planning are examined in ways that allow  a rare, in-depth understanding. 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Methodologies","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Collaborative_Action_Research_Methodologies?f_ri=9707"},{"id":1019487,"name":"Water In the City","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Water_In_the_City?f_ri=9707"},{"id":1019488,"name":"Change Implementation","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Change_Implementation?f_ri=9707"},{"id":1019489,"name":"Change Resistance","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Change_Resistance?f_ri=9707"},{"id":1019490,"name":"Coping With Change","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Coping_With_Change?f_ri=9707"},{"id":1019491,"name":"Change Factors","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Change_Factors?f_ri=9707"},{"id":1023313,"name":"Knowledgement Management","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Knowledgement_Management?f_ri=9707"},{"id":1023357,"name":"Hermenêutica Do Direito","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Hermeneutica_Do_Direito?f_ri=9707"},{"id":1023358,"name":"Social Movements/Civil Society","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Social_Movements_Civil_Society?f_ri=9707"},{"id":1023363,"name":"User Evaluations","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/User_Evaluations?f_ri=9707"},{"id":1223610,"name":"Latin American feminisms","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Latin_American_feminisms?f_ri=9707"},{"id":1223646,"name":"Governance and Risk Management","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Governance_and_Risk_Management?f_ri=9707"},{"id":1723635,"name":"Public Policy","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Public_Policy?f_ri=9707"},{"id":1744493,"name":"Science and Technology Studies","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Science_and_Technology_Studies?f_ri=9707"}]}, }) } })();</script></ul></li></ul></div></div><div class="u-borderBottom1 u-borderColorGrayLighter"><div class="clearfix u-pv7x u-mb0x js-work-card work_2256912" data-work_id="2256912" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="https://schema.org/ScholarlyArticle"><div class="header"><div class="title u-fontSerif u-fs22 u-lineHeight1_3"><a class="u-tcGrayDarkest js-work-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/2256912/Uluslararas%C4%B1_%C4%B0li%C5%9Fkilerde_%C3%87at%C4%B1%C5%9Fmadan_G%C3%BCvenli%C4%9Fe">Uluslararası İlişkilerde Çatışmadan Güvenliğe</a></div></div><div class="u-pb4x u-mt3x"><div class="summary u-fs14 u-fw300 u-lineHeight1_5 u-tcGrayDarkest"><div class="summarized">Savaş ve barış ile çatışma ve güvenlik kavramları binlerce yıldır üzerinde fikir üretilen kavramlardır. Tarih boyunca insanlığın gözde uğraşları olan savaş ve çatışma, 20. yüzyıl başından bu yana Uluslararası İlişkiler disiplini çatısı... <a class="more_link u-tcGrayDark u-linkUnstyled" data-container=".work_2256912" data-show=".complete" data-hide=".summarized" data-more-link-behavior="true" href="#">more</a></div><div class="complete hidden">Savaş ve barış ile çatışma ve güvenlik kavramları binlerce yıldır üzerinde fikir üretilen kavramlardır. Tarih boyunca insanlığın gözde uğraşları olan savaş ve çatışma, 20. yüzyıl başından bu yana Uluslararası İlişkiler disiplini çatısı altında üretilen sayısız akademik çalışmanın konusu olmuştur. Güvenlik kavramı ise 1970’lerden itibaren devlet-merkezli ve askeri sorunlara odaklı yapısından sıyrılmaya başlamış, Soğuk Savaşın sona ermesiyle birlikte de, birey ve toplum güvenliği ya da çevre, gıda, enerji güvenliği örneklerinde olduğu gibi farklı sıfatlarla tanımlanan bir kavrama dönüşmüştür. Kavram ve etrafındaki çalışmalar dünyada giderek gelişirken, Türkiye’de akademik alanda uzun yıllar yeterince ilgi görmemiştir. Bunun en önemli nedeni Türkiye’de güvenlik sektörünün uzun yıllar sadece askeri kurumların kontrolünde olması ve güvenlik çalışmalarının “devlet” işi olduğunun düşünülmesidir. Yakın dönemlere kadar, “güvenlik” denilince sadece devletten devlete yönelen askeri tehditleri algılayan Türkiye akademik dünyası, Güvenlik Çalışmalarını çatışma/savaş tarihi ve askeri çatışmalarda uygulanacak taktiklerin çalışılması olarak algılamakta sakınca görmemiştir. Öte yandan Soğuk Savaşın ardından tehditler, tehdit edenler, edilenler ve tehditlere verilecek karşılıklarda yaşanan kavramsal dönüşüm, Türkiye’de yoğun ilgiyle karşılanmışsa da, ilgili yazın henüz Türkçeye tam olarak aktarılamamıştır. Elinizdeki kitap çatışmadan güvenliğe geniş bir yelpazede farklı bakış açılarından güvenlik terminolojisini Türkçeye kazandırmayı ve bu alanda ulusal/uluslararası düzeyde yapılan son dönem tartışmaların bir kısmını sunmayı hedeflemektedir. Böylece Türkiye’de güvenlik çalışmaları alanındaki mevcut akademik çalışma eksikliği de giderilecektir.</div></div></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" data-academia-share="Work/2256912" data-share-source="work_strip" data-spinner="small_white_hide_contents"><i class="fa fa-plus"></i><span class="work-strip-link-text u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Bookmark</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><div class="download"><a id="e5d74247e849d49903c12018d65a49c2" rel="nofollow" data-download="{"attachment_id":30308610,"asset_id":2256912,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"track":null,"button_location":"work_strip","source":null,"hide_modal":null}" class="Button Button--sm Button--inverseGreen js-download-button prompt_button doc_download" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/30308610/download_file?st=MTczMjc1MDU0MSw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=work_strip"><i class="fa fa-arrow-circle-o-down fa-lg"></i><span class="u-textUppercase u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Download</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><ul class="InlineList InlineList--bordered u-ph0x"><li class="InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered"><span class="InlineList-item-text">by <span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a class="u-tcGrayDark u-fw700" data-has-card-for-user="318908" href="https://khas.academia.edu/MAydin">Mustafa Aydin</a><script data-card-contents-for-user="318908" type="text/json">{"id":318908,"first_name":"Mustafa","last_name":"Aydin","domain_name":"khas","page_name":"MAydin","display_name":"Mustafa Aydin","profile_url":"https://khas.academia.edu/MAydin?f_ri=9707","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/318908/93697/104388/s65_mustafa.aydin.jpg"}</script></span></span></li><li class="js-paper-rank-work_2256912 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><span class="js-paper-rank-view hidden u-tcGrayDark" data-paper-rank-work-id="2256912"><i class="u-m1x fa fa-bar-chart"></i><strong class="js-paper-rank"></strong></span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 2256912, container: ".js-paper-rank-work_2256912", }); });</script></li><li class="js-percentile-work_2256912 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden u-tcGrayDark"><span class="percentile-widget hidden"><span class="u-mr2x percentile-widget" style="display: none">•</span><span class="u-mr2x work-percentile"></span></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 2256912; window.Academia.workPercentilesFetcher.queue(workId, function (percentileText) { var container = $(".js-percentile-work_2256912"); container.find('.work-percentile').text(percentileText.charAt(0).toUpperCase() + percentileText.slice(1)); container.find('.percentile-widget').show(); container.find('.percentile-widget').removeClass('hidden'); }); });</script></li><li class="js-view-count-work_2256912 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><div><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="2256912"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 2256912; window.Academia.workViewCountsFetcher.queue(workId, function (count) { var description = window.$h.commaizeInt(count) + " " + window.$h.pluralize(count, 'View'); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=2256912]").text(description); $(".js-view-count-work_2256912").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span><script>$(function() { $(".js-view-count-work_2256912").removeClass('hidden') })</script></div></li><li class="InlineList-item u-positionRelative" style="max-width: 250px"><div class="u-positionAbsolute" data-has-card-for-ri-list="2256912"><i class="fa fa-tag InlineList-item-icon u-positionRelative"></i>  <a class="InlineList-item-text u-positionRelative">18</a>  </div><span class="InlineList-item-text u-textTruncate u-pl10x"><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="797" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/International_Relations">International Relations</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="797" type="text/json">{"id":797,"name":"International Relations","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/International_Relations?f_ri=9707","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="898" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Multiculturalism">Multiculturalism</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="898" type="text/json">{"id":898,"name":"Multiculturalism","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Multiculturalism?f_ri=9707","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="1198" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Peace_and_Conflict_Studies">Peace and Conflict Studies</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="1198" type="text/json">{"id":1198,"name":"Peace and Conflict Studies","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Peace_and_Conflict_Studies?f_ri=9707","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="1911" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/International_Studies">International Studies</a><script data-card-contents-for-ri="1911" type="text/json">{"id":1911,"name":"International Studies","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/International_Studies?f_ri=9707","nofollow":false}</script></span></li><script>(function(){ if (true) { new Aedu.ResearchInterestListCard({ el: $('*[data-has-card-for-ri-list=2256912]'), work: {"id":2256912,"title":"Uluslararası İlişkilerde Çatışmadan Güvenliğe","created_at":"2012-12-07T21:13:13.385-08:00","url":"https://www.academia.edu/2256912/Uluslararas%C4%B1_%C4%B0li%C5%9Fkilerde_%C3%87at%C4%B1%C5%9Fmadan_G%C3%BCvenli%C4%9Fe?f_ri=9707","dom_id":"work_2256912","summary":"Savaş ve barış ile çatışma ve güvenlik kavramları binlerce yıldır üzerinde fikir üretilen kavramlardır. 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Yakın dönemlere kadar, “güvenlik” denilince sadece devletten devlete yönelen askeri tehditleri algılayan Türkiye akademik dünyası, Güvenlik Çalışmalarını çatışma/savaş tarihi ve askeri çatışmalarda uygulanacak taktiklerin çalışılması olarak algılamakta sakınca görmemiştir. Öte yandan Soğuk Savaşın ardından tehditler, tehdit edenler, edilenler ve tehditlere verilecek karşılıklarda yaşanan kavramsal dönüşüm, Türkiye’de yoğun ilgiyle karşılanmışsa da, ilgili yazın henüz Türkçeye tam olarak aktarılamamıştır. Elinizdeki kitap çatışmadan güvenliğe geniş bir yelpazede farklı bakış açılarından güvenlik terminolojisini Türkçeye kazandırmayı ve bu alanda ulusal/uluslararası düzeyde yapılan son dönem tartışmaların bir kısmını sunmayı hedeflemektedir. Böylece Türkiye’de güvenlik çalışmaları alanındaki mevcut akademik çalışma eksikliği de giderilecektir. 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Those that exist have tended to always involve the United States as a comparative baseline. Most of the non-American investigations on intelligence, whether... <a class="more_link u-tcGrayDark u-linkUnstyled" data-container=".work_7388368" data-show=".complete" data-hide=".summarized" data-more-link-behavior="true" href="#">more</a></div><div class="complete hidden">There have been few comparative analyses of non-Western intelligence communities. Those that exist have tended to always involve the United States as a comparative baseline. Most of the non-American investigations on intelligence, whether comparative or single case studies, tend to be anecdotal and historical. Almost nothing exists that tries to examine the operational/philosophical ‘cultures’ of foreign intelligence communities from their own perspectives and priorities. This article will examine China, India, and Russia utilizing the latter approach and calls into question whether the term ‘culture’ should be the exclusively dominant explanatory framework for analysis. The dominance of Western, more specifically Anglo-American, concepts of intelligence will be argued a hindrance to properly understanding the motivations, positions, and prospects of non-Western states. A new formula for understanding intelligence ‘conditions’ will be proposed and elaborated using the Indian, Chinese, and Russian cases. As a result, an argument is created that seeks to break some of the current definitional rigidity and perceptional inflexibility that dominates contemporary intelligence analysis, especially when considering states not necessarily beholden to Western concepts of power and influence, and hopefully producing a more lively debate on how intelligence communities around the world are examined.</div></div></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" data-academia-share="Work/7388368" data-share-source="work_strip" data-spinner="small_white_hide_contents"><i class="fa fa-plus"></i><span class="work-strip-link-text u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Bookmark</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><div class="download"><a id="66685cbe8103a5400fa658e0453f38a0" rel="nofollow" data-download="{"attachment_id":40302915,"asset_id":7388368,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"track":null,"button_location":"work_strip","source":null,"hide_modal":null}" class="Button Button--sm Button--inverseGreen js-download-button prompt_button doc_download" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/40302915/download_file?st=MTczMjc1MDU0MSw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=work_strip"><i class="fa fa-arrow-circle-o-down fa-lg"></i><span class="u-textUppercase u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Download</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><ul class="InlineList InlineList--bordered u-ph0x"><li class="InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered"><span class="InlineList-item-text">by <span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a class="u-tcGrayDark u-fw700" data-has-card-for-user="6901110" href="https://brown.academia.edu/DrMatthewCrosston">Dr. Matthew Crosston</a><script data-card-contents-for-user="6901110" type="text/json">{"id":6901110,"first_name":"Dr. Matthew","last_name":"Crosston","domain_name":"brown","page_name":"DrMatthewCrosston","display_name":"Dr. Matthew Crosston","profile_url":"https://brown.academia.edu/DrMatthewCrosston?f_ri=9707","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/6901110/2645906/36883013/s65_dr._matthew.crosston.jpg"}</script></span></span></li><li class="js-paper-rank-work_7388368 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><span class="js-paper-rank-view hidden u-tcGrayDark" data-paper-rank-work-id="7388368"><i class="u-m1x fa fa-bar-chart"></i><strong class="js-paper-rank"></strong></span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 7388368, container: ".js-paper-rank-work_7388368", }); 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Those that exist have tended to always involve the United States as a comparative baseline. Most of the non-American investigations on intelligence, whether comparative or single case studies, tend to be anecdotal and historical. Almost nothing exists that tries to examine the operational/philosophical ‘cultures’ of foreign intelligence communities from their own perspectives and priorities. This article will examine China, India, and Russia utilizing the latter approach and calls into question whether the term ‘culture’ should be the exclusively dominant explanatory framework for analysis. The dominance of Western, more specifically Anglo-American, concepts of intelligence will be argued a hindrance to properly understanding the motivations, positions, and prospects of non-Western states. A new formula for understanding intelligence ‘conditions’ will be proposed and elaborated using the Indian, Chinese, and Russian cases. 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(ed). State and Societal Challenges in the Horn of Africa. Lisbon: CEA-IUL, 2013. </a></div></div><div class="u-pb4x u-mt3x"><div class="summary u-fs14 u-fw300 u-lineHeight1_5 u-tcGrayDarkest"><div class="summarized">State and Societal Challenges in the Horn of Africa: Conflict and processes of state formation, reconfiguration and disintegration This book brings to fruition the research done during the CEA-ISCTE project ‘’Monitoring Conflicts... <a class="more_link u-tcGrayDark u-linkUnstyled" data-container=".work_3686492" data-show=".complete" data-hide=".summarized" data-more-link-behavior="true" href="#">more</a></div><div class="complete hidden">State and Societal Challenges in the Horn of Africa: Conflict and processes of state formation, reconfiguration and disintegration <br /> <br /> <br /> <br />This book brings to fruition the research done during the CEA-ISCTE project ‘’Monitoring Conflicts in the Horn of Africa’’, reference PTDC/AFR/100460/2008. The Portuguese Foundation for Science and Technology (FCT) provided funding for this project.  The chapters are based on first-hand data collected through fieldwork in the region’s countries between 4 January 2010 and 3 June 2013. The project’s team members and consultants debated their final research findings in a one-day Conference at ISCTE-IUL on 29 April 2013. The following authors contributed to the project’s final publication: Alexandra M. Dias, Alexandre de Sousa Carvalho, Aleksi Ylönen, Ana Elisa Cascão, Elsa González Aimé, Manuel João Ramos, Patrick Ferras, Pedro Barge Cunha and Ricardo Real P. 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class="title u-fontSerif u-fs22 u-lineHeight1_3"><a class="u-tcGrayDarkest js-work-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/30117350/What_is_Digital_Diplomacy_and_how_is_it_Practiced_around_the_World_A_brief_introduction">What is Digital Diplomacy, and how is it Practiced around the World? A brief introduction</a></div></div><div class="u-pb4x u-mt3x"><div class="summary u-fs14 u-fw300 u-lineHeight1_5 u-tcGrayDarkest"><div class="summarized">What is digital diplomacy? How can it best be defined? This is a vexing question given the myriad of ways in which digitalization has impacted the practice of diplomacy. Arriving at such a definition becomes even more elusive when taking... <a class="more_link u-tcGrayDark u-linkUnstyled" data-container=".work_30117350" data-show=".complete" data-hide=".summarized" data-more-link-behavior="true" href="#">more</a></div><div class="complete hidden">What is digital diplomacy? How can it best be defined? This is a vexing question given the myriad of ways in which digitalization has impacted the practice of diplomacy. Arriving at such a definition becomes even more elusive when taking into account that scholars and practitioners also use the terms net diplomacy, social media diplomacy, diplomacy 2.0 and cyber diplomacy . This article aims to offer a definition of digital diplomacy. To do so, it first identifies certain events and processes that led to the emergence of digital diplomacy. Next, it demonstrates the manner in which digital diplomacy enables diplomats to overcome many of the limitations of traditional diplomacy. The article also explores the challenges of practicing digital diplomacy before ending with a definition of the term.</div></div></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" data-academia-share="Work/30117350" data-share-source="work_strip" data-spinner="small_white_hide_contents"><i class="fa fa-plus"></i><span class="work-strip-link-text u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Bookmark</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><div class="download"><a id="a21407546a7b08cd1c500bc84d660c8e" rel="nofollow" data-download="{"attachment_id":50578957,"asset_id":30117350,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"track":null,"button_location":"work_strip","source":null,"hide_modal":null}" class="Button Button--sm Button--inverseGreen js-download-button prompt_button doc_download" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/50578957/download_file?st=MTczMjc1MDU0MSw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=work_strip"><i class="fa fa-arrow-circle-o-down fa-lg"></i><span class="u-textUppercase u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Download</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><ul class="InlineList InlineList--bordered u-ph0x"><li class="InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered"><span class="InlineList-item-text">by <span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a class="u-tcGrayDark u-fw700" data-has-card-for-user="4937785" href="https://oxford.academia.edu/IlanManor">Ilan Manor</a><script data-card-contents-for-user="4937785" type="text/json">{"id":4937785,"first_name":"Ilan","last_name":"Manor","domain_name":"oxford","page_name":"IlanManor","display_name":"Ilan Manor","profile_url":"https://oxford.academia.edu/IlanManor?f_ri=9707","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/4937785/2132701/2504092/s65_ilan.manor.jpg"}</script></span></span></li><li class="js-paper-rank-work_30117350 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><span class="js-paper-rank-view hidden u-tcGrayDark" data-paper-rank-work-id="30117350"><i class="u-m1x fa fa-bar-chart"></i><strong class="js-paper-rank"></strong></span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 30117350, container: ".js-paper-rank-work_30117350", }); 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the works of Jurgen Habermas and Michel Foucault highlight an essential tension in modernity. This is the tension between the normative and the real, between what should be done and what is actually done. Understanding... <a class="more_link u-tcGrayDark u-linkUnstyled" data-container=".work_3270416" data-show=".complete" data-hide=".summarized" data-more-link-behavior="true" href="#">more</a></div><div class="complete hidden">Taken together, the works of Jurgen Habermas and Michel Foucault highlight an essential tension in modernity. This is the tension between the normative and the real, between what should be done and what is actually done. Understanding this tension is crucial to understanding modern democracy, what it is and what it could be. It has been argued that an effective way of making democracy stronger is to strengthen civil society. This article contains a comparative analysis of the central ideas of Habermas and Foucault as they pertain to the question of democracy and civil society. More specifically, the discourse ethics of Habermas is contrasted with the power analytics and ethics of Foucault evaluating their usefulness for those interested in understanding, and bringing about, democratic social change.</div></div></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" data-academia-share="Work/3270416" data-share-source="work_strip" data-spinner="small_white_hide_contents"><i class="fa fa-plus"></i><span class="work-strip-link-text u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Bookmark</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><div class="download"><a id="d471a99fdeef38016b274e8d7fb2de18" rel="nofollow" data-download="{"attachment_id":31115727,"asset_id":3270416,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"track":null,"button_location":"work_strip","source":null,"hide_modal":null}" class="Button Button--sm Button--inverseGreen js-download-button prompt_button doc_download" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/31115727/download_file?st=MTczMjc1MDU0Miw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=work_strip"><i class="fa fa-arrow-circle-o-down fa-lg"></i><span class="u-textUppercase u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Download</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><ul class="InlineList InlineList--bordered u-ph0x"><li class="InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered"><span class="InlineList-item-text">by <span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a class="u-tcGrayDark u-fw700" data-has-card-for-user="81790" href="https://oxford.academia.edu/BentFlyvbjerg">Bent Flyvbjerg</a><script data-card-contents-for-user="81790" type="text/json">{"id":81790,"first_name":"Bent","last_name":"Flyvbjerg","domain_name":"oxford","page_name":"BentFlyvbjerg","display_name":"Bent Flyvbjerg","profile_url":"https://oxford.academia.edu/BentFlyvbjerg?f_ri=9707","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/81790/22737/1557553/s65_bent.flyvbjerg.jpg"}</script></span></span></li><li class="js-paper-rank-work_3270416 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><span class="js-paper-rank-view hidden u-tcGrayDark" data-paper-rank-work-id="3270416"><i class="u-m1x fa fa-bar-chart"></i><strong class="js-paper-rank"></strong></span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 3270416, container: ".js-paper-rank-work_3270416", }); 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class="header"><div class="title u-fontSerif u-fs22 u-lineHeight1_3"><a class="u-tcGrayDarkest js-work-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/12511580/UNESCO_and_New_World_Orders">UNESCO and New World Orders</a></div></div><div class="u-pb4x u-mt3x"><div class="summary u-fs14 u-fw300 u-lineHeight1_5 u-tcGrayDarkest"><div class="summarized">It is remarkable how thoroughly an organization once set up to propagate the new – “since wars begin in the minds of men, it is in the minds of men that the defences of peace must be constructed,” as the most quoted sentence from its... <a class="more_link u-tcGrayDark u-linkUnstyled" data-container=".work_12511580" data-show=".complete" data-hide=".summarized" data-more-link-behavior="true" href="#">more</a></div><div class="complete hidden">It is remarkable how thoroughly an organization once set up to propagate the new – <br />“since wars begin in the minds of men, it is in the minds of men that the defences of <br />peace must be constructed,” as the most quoted sentence from its constitution has <br />it – is now publicly associated with conserving the old. In the most broadly defined <br />portfolio of any UN body, the United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural <br />Organization (UNESCO) with its headquarters in Paris has increasingly shifted from <br />E to C. Education continues to be the primary commitment and to drive its programmatic <br />vision, however, globally UNESCO has come to stand for heritage, and it is the <br />heritage programs that attract the largest part of the extra‐budgetary resources on <br />which the cash‐strapped organization so heavily depends....</div></div></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" data-academia-share="Work/12511580" data-share-source="work_strip" data-spinner="small_white_hide_contents"><i class="fa fa-plus"></i><span class="work-strip-link-text u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Bookmark</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><div class="download"><a id="5fefe1f7cac66c6e094f10ffc0a61c9b" rel="nofollow" data-download="{"attachment_id":37700358,"asset_id":12511580,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"track":null,"button_location":"work_strip","source":null,"hide_modal":null}" class="Button Button--sm Button--inverseGreen js-download-button prompt_button doc_download" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/37700358/download_file?st=MTczMjc1MDU0Miw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=work_strip"><i class="fa fa-arrow-circle-o-down fa-lg"></i><span class="u-textUppercase u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Download</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><ul class="InlineList InlineList--bordered u-ph0x"><li class="InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered"><span class="InlineList-item-text">by <span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a class="u-tcGrayDark u-fw700" data-has-card-for-user="20084632" href="https://upenn.academia.edu/LynnMeskell">Lynn Meskell</a><script data-card-contents-for-user="20084632" type="text/json">{"id":20084632,"first_name":"Lynn","last_name":"Meskell","domain_name":"upenn","page_name":"LynnMeskell","display_name":"Lynn Meskell","profile_url":"https://upenn.academia.edu/LynnMeskell?f_ri=9707","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/20084632/5702528/17127377/s65_lynn.meskell.jpg"}</script></span></span><span class="u-displayInlineBlock InlineList-item-text"> and <span class="u-textDecorationUnderline u-clickable InlineList-item-text js-work-more-authors-12511580">+1</span><div class="hidden js-additional-users-12511580"><div><span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a href="https://eth-mpg.academia.edu/ChristophBrumann">Christoph Brumann</a></span></div></div></span><script>(function(){ var popoverSettings = { el: $('.js-work-more-authors-12511580'), placement: 'bottom', hide_delay: 200, html: true, content: function(){ return $('.js-additional-users-12511580').html(); 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Education continues to be the primary commitment and to drive its programmatic\r\nvision, however, globally UNESCO has come to stand for heritage, and it is the\r\nheritage programs that attract the largest part of the extra‐budgetary resources on\r\nwhich the cash‐strapped organization so heavily depends....","downloadable_attachments":[{"id":37700358,"asset_id":12511580,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false}],"ordered_authors":[{"id":20084632,"first_name":"Lynn","last_name":"Meskell","domain_name":"upenn","page_name":"LynnMeskell","display_name":"Lynn Meskell","profile_url":"https://upenn.academia.edu/LynnMeskell?f_ri=9707","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/20084632/5702528/17127377/s65_lynn.meskell.jpg"},{"id":1295588,"first_name":"Christoph","last_name":"Brumann","domain_name":"eth-mpg","page_name":"ChristophBrumann","display_name":"Christoph Brumann","profile_url":"https://eth-mpg.academia.edu/ChristophBrumann?f_ri=9707","photo":"/images/s65_no_pic.png"}],"research_interests":[{"id":392,"name":"Archaeology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Archaeology?f_ri=9707","nofollow":false},{"id":1439,"name":"Globalization","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Globalization?f_ri=9707","nofollow":false},{"id":2132,"name":"Cultural Heritage","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Cultural_Heritage?f_ri=9707","nofollow":false},{"id":2170,"name":"Ethnography","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Ethnography?f_ri=9707","nofollow":false},{"id":2809,"name":"Conservation","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Conservation?f_ri=9707"},{"id":3345,"name":"International organizations","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/International_organizations?f_ri=9707"},{"id":5459,"name":"Cultural Heritage Conservation","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Cultural_Heritage_Conservation?f_ri=9707"},{"id":6617,"name":"United Nations","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/United_Nations?f_ri=9707"},{"id":6735,"name":"Heritage Conservation","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Heritage_Conservation?f_ri=9707"},{"id":6915,"name":"Unesco","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Unesco?f_ri=9707"},{"id":9707,"name":"Diplomacy","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Diplomacy?f_ri=9707"},{"id":12795,"name":"Social Archaeology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Social_Archaeology?f_ri=9707"},{"id":19405,"name":"Cultural Heritage Management","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Cultural_Heritage_Management?f_ri=9707"},{"id":31227,"name":"Cultural Diplomacy","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Cultural_Diplomacy?f_ri=9707"},{"id":103932,"name":"BRICS","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/BRICS?f_ri=9707"},{"id":313371,"name":"Diplomacy and international relations","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Diplomacy_and_international_relations?f_ri=9707"},{"id":675052,"name":"UNESCO world heritage","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/UNESCO_world_heritage?f_ri=9707"}]}, }) } })();</script></ul></li></ul></div></div><div class="u-borderBottom1 u-borderColorGrayLighter"><div class="clearfix u-pv7x u-mb0x js-work-card work_2402008" data-work_id="2402008" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="https://schema.org/ScholarlyArticle"><div class="header"><div class="title u-fontSerif u-fs22 u-lineHeight1_3"><a class="u-tcGrayDarkest js-work-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/2402008/Megaprojects_and_Risk_An_Anatomy_of_Ambition">Megaprojects and Risk: An Anatomy of Ambition</a></div></div><div class="u-pb4x u-mt3x"><div class="summary u-fs14 u-fw300 u-lineHeight1_5 u-tcGrayDarkest"><div class="summarized">Back cover text: Megaprojects and Risk provides the first detailed examination of the phenomenon of megaprojects. It is a fascinating account of how the promoters of multi-billion dollar megaprojects systematically and self-servingly... <a class="more_link u-tcGrayDark u-linkUnstyled" data-container=".work_2402008" data-show=".complete" data-hide=".summarized" data-more-link-behavior="true" href="#">more</a></div><div class="complete hidden">Back cover text: Megaprojects and Risk provides the first detailed examination of the phenomenon of megaprojects. It is a fascinating account of how the promoters of multi-billion dollar megaprojects systematically and self-servingly misinform parliaments, the public and the media in order to get projects approved and built. It shows, in unusual depth, how the formula for approval is an unhealthy cocktail of underestimated costs, overestimated revenues, undervalued environmental impacts and overvalued economic development effects. This results in projects that are extremely risky, but where the risk is concealed from MPs, taxpayers and investors. The authors not only explore the problems but also suggest practical solutions drawing on theory, experience and hard, scientific evidence from the several hundred projects in twenty nations and five continents that illustrate the book. Accessibly written, it will be the standard reference for students, scholars, planners, economists, auditors, politicians and interested citizens for many years to come.</div></div></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" data-academia-share="Work/2402008" data-share-source="work_strip" data-spinner="small_white_hide_contents"><i class="fa fa-plus"></i><span class="work-strip-link-text u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Bookmark</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><div class="download"><a id="868a3bda32dce49fcf301301e1eddb64" rel="nofollow" data-download="{"attachment_id":31198660,"asset_id":2402008,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"track":null,"button_location":"work_strip","source":null,"hide_modal":null}" class="Button Button--sm Button--inverseGreen js-download-button prompt_button doc_download" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/31198660/download_file?st=MTczMjc1MDU0Miw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=work_strip"><i class="fa fa-arrow-circle-o-down fa-lg"></i><span class="u-textUppercase u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Download</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><ul class="InlineList InlineList--bordered u-ph0x"><li class="InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered"><span class="InlineList-item-text">by <span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a class="u-tcGrayDark u-fw700" data-has-card-for-user="81790" href="https://oxford.academia.edu/BentFlyvbjerg">Bent Flyvbjerg</a><script data-card-contents-for-user="81790" type="text/json">{"id":81790,"first_name":"Bent","last_name":"Flyvbjerg","domain_name":"oxford","page_name":"BentFlyvbjerg","display_name":"Bent Flyvbjerg","profile_url":"https://oxford.academia.edu/BentFlyvbjerg?f_ri=9707","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/81790/22737/1557553/s65_bent.flyvbjerg.jpg"}</script></span></span></li><li class="js-paper-rank-work_2402008 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><span class="js-paper-rank-view hidden u-tcGrayDark" data-paper-rank-work-id="2402008"><i class="u-m1x fa fa-bar-chart"></i><strong class="js-paper-rank"></strong></span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 2402008, container: ".js-paper-rank-work_2402008", }); 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$(".js-view-count[data-work-id=2402008]").text(description); $(".js-view-count-work_2402008").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span><script>$(function() { $(".js-view-count-work_2402008").removeClass('hidden') })</script></div></li><li class="InlineList-item u-positionRelative" style="max-width: 250px"><div class="u-positionAbsolute" data-has-card-for-ri-list="2402008"><i class="fa fa-tag InlineList-item-icon u-positionRelative"></i>  <a class="InlineList-item-text u-positionRelative">1120</a>  </div><span class="InlineList-item-text u-textTruncate u-pl12x"><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="8" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Critical_Theory">Critical Theory</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="8" type="text/json">{"id":8,"name":"Critical Theory","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Critical_Theory?f_ri=9707","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="26" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Business">Business</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="26" type="text/json">{"id":26,"name":"Business","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Business?f_ri=9707","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="27" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Entrepreneurship">Entrepreneurship</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="27" type="text/json">{"id":27,"name":"Entrepreneurship","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Entrepreneurship?f_ri=9707","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="27" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Entrepreneurship">Entrepreneurship</a><script data-card-contents-for-ri="27" type="text/json">{"id":27,"name":"Entrepreneurship","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Entrepreneurship?f_ri=9707","nofollow":false}</script></span></li><script>(function(){ if (true) { new Aedu.ResearchInterestListCard({ el: $('*[data-has-card-for-ri-list=2402008]'), work: {"id":2402008,"title":"Megaprojects and Risk: An Anatomy of Ambition","created_at":"2013-01-14T23:52:56.852-08:00","url":"https://www.academia.edu/2402008/Megaprojects_and_Risk_An_Anatomy_of_Ambition?f_ri=9707","dom_id":"work_2402008","summary":"Back cover text: Megaprojects and Risk provides the first detailed examination of the phenomenon of megaprojects. 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class="header"><div class="title u-fontSerif u-fs22 u-lineHeight1_3"><a class="u-tcGrayDarkest js-work-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/25352365/THE_FIGHT_FOR_CYBER_THOREAU_DISTINGUISHING_VIRTUAL_DISOBEDIENCE_FROM_DIGITAL_DESTRUCTION_from_Threat_Mitigation_and_Detection_of_Cyber_Warfare_and_Terrorism_IGI_Global_2017">THE FIGHT FOR CYBER THOREAU: DISTINGUISHING VIRTUAL DISOBEDIENCE FROM DIGITAL DESTRUCTION, from Threat Mitigation and Detection of Cyber Warfare and Terrorism, IGI Global, 2017</a></div></div><div class="u-pb4x u-mt3x"><div class="summary u-fs14 u-fw300 u-lineHeight1_5 u-tcGrayDarkest"><div class="summarized">The intent of this chapter is to re-imagine and apply the term " civil disobedience " to the cyber domain. The full extent of how it can apply will be analyzed in a framework of the evolutionary rights of protest. Traditional civil... <a class="more_link u-tcGrayDark u-linkUnstyled" data-container=".work_25352365" data-show=".complete" data-hide=".summarized" data-more-link-behavior="true" href="#">more</a></div><div class="complete hidden">The intent of this chapter is to re-imagine and apply the term " civil disobedience " to the cyber domain. The full extent of how it can apply will be analyzed in a framework of the evolutionary rights of protest. Traditional civil disobedience is a " performance " via visual and physical mediums, while cyber disobedience is essentially a digital performance with difficulty in attributing true ownership of the act. This is an interesting antithesis to the physical protestor, who uses strategic visibility, threat of arrest, and popular backlash against state behavior as vital aspects of the disobedience. These variables are noticeably absent in cyber disobedience.</div></div></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" data-academia-share="Work/25352365" data-share-source="work_strip" data-spinner="small_white_hide_contents"><i class="fa fa-plus"></i><span class="work-strip-link-text u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Bookmark</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><div class="download"><a id="0c12683d1115a0adf2a2b153789b9870" rel="nofollow" data-download="{"attachment_id":50870772,"asset_id":25352365,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"track":null,"button_location":"work_strip","source":null,"hide_modal":null}" class="Button Button--sm Button--inverseGreen js-download-button prompt_button doc_download" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/50870772/download_file?st=MTczMjc1MDU0Miw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=work_strip"><i class="fa fa-arrow-circle-o-down fa-lg"></i><span class="u-textUppercase u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Download</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><ul class="InlineList InlineList--bordered u-ph0x"><li class="InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered"><span class="InlineList-item-text">by <span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a class="u-tcGrayDark u-fw700" data-has-card-for-user="6901110" href="https://brown.academia.edu/DrMatthewCrosston">Dr. Matthew Crosston</a><script data-card-contents-for-user="6901110" type="text/json">{"id":6901110,"first_name":"Dr. Matthew","last_name":"Crosston","domain_name":"brown","page_name":"DrMatthewCrosston","display_name":"Dr. Matthew Crosston","profile_url":"https://brown.academia.edu/DrMatthewCrosston?f_ri=9707","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/6901110/2645906/36883013/s65_dr._matthew.crosston.jpg"}</script></span></span></li><li class="js-paper-rank-work_25352365 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><span class="js-paper-rank-view hidden u-tcGrayDark" data-paper-rank-work-id="25352365"><i class="u-m1x fa fa-bar-chart"></i><strong class="js-paper-rank"></strong></span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 25352365, container: ".js-paper-rank-work_25352365", }); 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href="https://www.academia.edu/4302783/Journal_Memorial_and_Letters_of_Cornelis_Matelieff_de_Jonge_Security_Diplomacy_and_Commerce_in_17th_Century_Southeast_Asia">Journal, Memorial and Letters of Cornelis Matelieff de Jonge. Security, Diplomacy and Commerce in 17th-Century Southeast Asia.</a></div></div><div class="u-pb4x u-mt3x"><div class="summary u-fs14 u-fw300 u-lineHeight1_5 u-tcGrayDarkest"><div class="summarized">"This book offers annotated translations of documents touching on Dutch admiral Cornelis Matelieff de Jonge and his voyage to Asia between 1605 and 1608. These translations are aimed at a contemporary English-speaking Asian readership... <a class="more_link u-tcGrayDark u-linkUnstyled" data-container=".work_4302783" data-show=".complete" data-hide=".summarized" data-more-link-behavior="true" href="#">more</a></div><div class="complete hidden">"This book offers annotated translations of documents touching on Dutch admiral Cornelis Matelieff de Jonge and his voyage to Asia between 1605 and 1608. These translations are aimed at a contemporary English-speaking Asian readership interested in the early modern history of European trade, warfare and expansion in Southeast Asia with a focus on Malaysia, Singapore, and Indonesia. Researchers specialising in early European colonialism, international law, international relations, security studies, and diplomatic history will also find that the documents translated in this volume offer new and unfamiliar perspectives. Materlieff’s business acumen, military and diplomataic prowess as well as his vision of empire all have implications for examining not only European expansion into Southeast Asia, but also into other regions at large, including especially south Asia, Africa and the Americas. <br />Admiral Matelieff was a director of the Rotterdam Chamber of the Dutch East India Company (VOC) formed in 1602. He was appointed fleet commander on one of the company’s first voyages to Asia. Matelieff’s mission was both commercial and military: he launched a major sea-borne attack on the Portuguese colony of Melaka, arranged for the signing of treaties with the rulers of Johor, Aceh and Ternate, and founded the first Dutch fort on the island of Ternate. His endeavours, however, to open the Chinese market for the Dutch company proved unsuccessful. <br /> Following his return to the Dutch Republic in September 1608, Matelieff penned a series of memorials and letters. In these he advanced recommendations for changing the way the company organized its fleets and conducted business. More importantly he offered  his Dutch contemporaries a vision of empire in Asia. The materials contained in this volume offer important observations of a perceptive analyst who was also determined to grasp the political and economic structures of Asia, and also of inter-state relations in across this vast region. At a time of Spanish, Portuguese, Dutch, Danish, French and English engagement in Southeast Asia, Matelieff sought to critically assess and strategize on the ways in which Europeans were increasingly engaging with Asian polities and their rulers. <br /> <br />This book will be released for sale in Australasia and Europe in June 2014 and available in the Americas after September 2014 <br />""""</div></div></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" data-academia-share="Work/4302783" data-share-source="work_strip" data-spinner="small_white_hide_contents"><i class="fa fa-plus"></i><span class="work-strip-link-text u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Bookmark</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><div class="download"><a id="e30620e0a7486a47b02fc5010ecc5841" rel="nofollow" data-download="{"attachment_id":45833688,"asset_id":4302783,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"track":null,"button_location":"work_strip","source":null,"hide_modal":null}" class="Button Button--sm Button--inverseGreen js-download-button prompt_button doc_download" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/45833688/download_file?st=MTczMjc1MDU0Miw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=work_strip"><i class="fa fa-arrow-circle-o-down fa-lg"></i><span class="u-textUppercase u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Download</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><ul class="InlineList InlineList--bordered u-ph0x"><li class="InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered"><span class="InlineList-item-text">by <span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a class="u-tcGrayDark u-fw700" data-has-card-for-user="5205263" href="https://nus.academia.edu/PeterBorschberg">Peter Borschberg</a><script data-card-contents-for-user="5205263" type="text/json">{"id":5205263,"first_name":"Peter","last_name":"Borschberg","domain_name":"nus","page_name":"PeterBorschberg","display_name":"Peter Borschberg","profile_url":"https://nus.academia.edu/PeterBorschberg?f_ri=9707","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/5205263/2293146/36384048/s65_peter.borschberg.jpg"}</script></span></span></li><li class="js-paper-rank-work_4302783 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><span class="js-paper-rank-view hidden u-tcGrayDark" data-paper-rank-work-id="4302783"><i class="u-m1x fa fa-bar-chart"></i><strong class="js-paper-rank"></strong></span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 4302783, container: ".js-paper-rank-work_4302783", }); 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This study challenges this myth. Using the Jareer/Bantu as a case study, the book shows how... <a class="more_link u-tcGrayDark u-linkUnstyled" data-container=".work_1220963" data-show=".complete" data-hide=".summarized" data-more-link-behavior="true" href="#">more</a></div><div class="complete hidden">Somalia is generally thought of as a homogenous society, with a common Arabic ancestry, a shared culture of nomadism and one Somali mother tongue. This study challenges this myth. Using the Jareer/Bantu as a case study, the book shows how the Negroid physical features of this ethnic group has become the basis for ethnic marginalization, stigma, social exclusion and apartheid in Somalia. The book is another contribution to the recent deconstruction of the perceived Somali homogeneity and self-same assertions. It argues that the Somalis, just like most societies, employ multiple levels of social and ethnic distinctions, one of which is the Jareer versus Jileec divide. Dr. Eno successfully portrays another Somalia, in which a mythical homogeneity masks the oppression and social exclusion suffered by some ethnic groups in the country</div></div></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" data-academia-share="Work/1220963" data-share-source="work_strip" data-spinner="small_white_hide_contents"><i class="fa fa-plus"></i><span class="work-strip-link-text u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Bookmark</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><div class="download"><a id="efdfa2496e667cf7000cb7e221e27439" rel="nofollow" data-download="{"attachment_id":37112688,"asset_id":1220963,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"track":null,"button_location":"work_strip","source":null,"hide_modal":null}" class="Button Button--sm Button--inverseGreen js-download-button prompt_button doc_download" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/37112688/download_file?st=MTczMjc1MDU0Miw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=work_strip"><i class="fa fa-arrow-circle-o-down fa-lg"></i><span class="u-textUppercase u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Download</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><ul class="InlineList InlineList--bordered u-ph0x"><li class="InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered"><span class="InlineList-item-text">by <span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a class="u-tcGrayDark u-fw700" data-has-card-for-user="561663" href="https://uss-so.academia.edu/MohamedEno">Mohamed A Eno</a><script data-card-contents-for-user="561663" type="text/json">{"id":561663,"first_name":"Mohamed","last_name":"Eno","domain_name":"uss-so","page_name":"MohamedEno","display_name":"Mohamed A Eno","profile_url":"https://uss-so.academia.edu/MohamedEno?f_ri=9707","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/561663/398889/83112108/s65_mohamed.eno.jpg"}</script></span></span></li><li class="js-paper-rank-work_1220963 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><span class="js-paper-rank-view hidden u-tcGrayDark" data-paper-rank-work-id="1220963"><i class="u-m1x fa fa-bar-chart"></i><strong class="js-paper-rank"></strong></span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 1220963, container: ".js-paper-rank-work_1220963", }); 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Published by Sage, 2016","downloadable_attachments":[{"id":45371364,"asset_id":25048759,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false}],"ordered_authors":[{"id":18987,"first_name":"Saleem","last_name":"Ali","domain_name":"udel","page_name":"SaleemAli","display_name":"Saleem Ali","profile_url":"https://udel.academia.edu/SaleemAli?f_ri=9707","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/18987/1000457/17477361/s65_saleem.ali.jpg"}],"research_interests":[{"id":797,"name":"International Relations","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/International_Relations?f_ri=9707","nofollow":false},{"id":3407,"name":"Environmental Studies","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Environmental_Studies?f_ri=9707","nofollow":false},{"id":9707,"name":"Diplomacy","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Diplomacy?f_ri=9707","nofollow":false}]}, }) } })();</script></ul></li></ul></div></div><div class="u-borderBottom1 u-borderColorGrayLighter"><div class="clearfix u-pv7x u-mb0x js-work-card work_33696540" data-work_id="33696540" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="https://schema.org/ScholarlyArticle"><div class="header"><div class="title u-fontSerif u-fs22 u-lineHeight1_3"><a class="u-tcGrayDarkest js-work-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/33696540/El_primer_imperio_mundial_de_la_Historia_La_Monarqu%C3%ADa_de_Espa%C3%B1a_en_los_siglos_modernos_1492_1796_">El primer imperio mundial de la Historia. La Monarquía de España en los siglos modernos (1492-1796)</a></div></div><div class="u-pb4x u-mt3x"><div class="summary u-fs14 u-fw300 u-lineHeight1_5 u-tcGrayDarkest"><div class="summarized">En este trabajo hago un repaso por la política exterior española durante la Edad Moderna, poniendo de manifiesto cuales fueron las grandes líneas que movieron la acción internacional de la monarquía de España durante esos siglos, al mismo... <a class="more_link u-tcGrayDark u-linkUnstyled" data-container=".work_33696540" data-show=".complete" data-hide=".summarized" data-more-link-behavior="true" href="#">more</a></div><div class="complete hidden">En este trabajo hago un repaso por la política exterior española durante la Edad Moderna, poniendo de manifiesto cuales fueron las grandes líneas que movieron la acción internacional de la monarquía de España durante esos siglos, al mismo tiempo que pretendo despojarla de gran parte de los apriorismos que han estado vigentes hasta fechas recientes.</div></div></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" data-academia-share="Work/33696540" data-share-source="work_strip" data-spinner="small_white_hide_contents"><i class="fa fa-plus"></i><span class="work-strip-link-text u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Bookmark</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><div class="download"><a id="4cc998670fd48d581fd049acd4402375" rel="nofollow" data-download="{"attachment_id":53698139,"asset_id":33696540,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"track":null,"button_location":"work_strip","source":null,"hide_modal":null}" class="Button Button--sm Button--inverseGreen js-download-button prompt_button doc_download" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/53698139/download_file?st=MTczMjc1MDU0Miw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=work_strip"><i class="fa fa-arrow-circle-o-down fa-lg"></i><span class="u-textUppercase u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Download</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><ul class="InlineList InlineList--bordered u-ph0x"><li class="InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered"><span class="InlineList-item-text">by <span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a class="u-tcGrayDark u-fw700" data-has-card-for-user="24178206" href="https://independent.academia.edu/AgustinJimenezMoreno">Agustín Jiménez Moreno</a><script data-card-contents-for-user="24178206" type="text/json">{"id":24178206,"first_name":"Agustín","last_name":"Jiménez Moreno","domain_name":"independent","page_name":"AgustinJimenezMoreno","display_name":"Agustín Jiménez Moreno","profile_url":"https://independent.academia.edu/AgustinJimenezMoreno?f_ri=9707","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/24178206/6534819/36246610/s65_agust_n.jim_nez_moreno.jpg"}</script></span></span></li><li class="js-paper-rank-work_33696540 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><span class="js-paper-rank-view hidden u-tcGrayDark" data-paper-rank-work-id="33696540"><i class="u-m1x fa fa-bar-chart"></i><strong class="js-paper-rank"></strong></span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 33696540, container: ".js-paper-rank-work_33696540", }); 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La Monarquía de España en los siglos modernos (1492-1796)","created_at":"2017-06-29T01:26:16.577-07:00","url":"https://www.academia.edu/33696540/El_primer_imperio_mundial_de_la_Historia_La_Monarqu%C3%ADa_de_Espa%C3%B1a_en_los_siglos_modernos_1492_1796_?f_ri=9707","dom_id":"work_33696540","summary":"En este trabajo hago un repaso por la política exterior española durante la Edad Moderna, poniendo de manifiesto cuales fueron las grandes líneas que movieron la acción internacional de la monarquía de España durante esos siglos, al mismo tiempo que pretendo despojarla de gran parte de los apriorismos que han estado vigentes hasta fechas recientes.","downloadable_attachments":[{"id":53698139,"asset_id":33696540,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false}],"ordered_authors":[{"id":24178206,"first_name":"Agustín","last_name":"Jiménez Moreno","domain_name":"independent","page_name":"AgustinJimenezMoreno","display_name":"Agustín Jiménez Moreno","profile_url":"https://independent.academia.edu/AgustinJimenezMoreno?f_ri=9707","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/24178206/6534819/36246610/s65_agust_n.jim_nez_moreno.jpg"}],"research_interests":[{"id":797,"name":"International Relations","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/International_Relations?f_ri=9707","nofollow":false},{"id":1727,"name":"Early Modern History","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Early_Modern_History?f_ri=9707","nofollow":false},{"id":6880,"name":"Spanish History","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Spanish_History?f_ri=9707","nofollow":false},{"id":9707,"name":"Diplomacy","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Diplomacy?f_ri=9707","nofollow":false},{"id":404075,"name":"Historia Moderna De España","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Historia_Moderna_De_Espa%C3%B1a?f_ri=9707"}]}, }) } })();</script></ul></li></ul></div></div><div class="u-borderBottom1 u-borderColorGrayLighter"><div class="clearfix u-pv7x u-mb0x js-work-card work_33324624" data-work_id="33324624" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="https://schema.org/ScholarlyArticle"><div class="header"><div class="title u-fontSerif u-fs22 u-lineHeight1_3"><a class="u-tcGrayDarkest js-work-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/33324624/The_Grand_Chessboard_American_Primacy_And_Its_Geostrategic_Imperatives_by_Zbigniew_Brzezinski">The Grand Chessboard: American Primacy And Its Geostrategic Imperatives by Zbigniew Brzezinski</a></div></div><div class="u-pb4x u-mt3x"><div class="summary u-fs14 u-fw300 u-lineHeight1_5 u-tcGrayDarkest"><div class="summarized">In light of the recent passing of the neoliberal geostrategic tactician, Zbigniew Brzezinski, I felt it was time to revisit his 1997 text "Grand Chessboard". Within this book, US Foreign policy objectives were so succinctly explained as... <a class="more_link u-tcGrayDark u-linkUnstyled" data-container=".work_33324624" data-show=".complete" data-hide=".summarized" data-more-link-behavior="true" href="#">more</a></div><div class="complete hidden">In light of the recent passing of the neoliberal geostrategic tactician, Zbigniew Brzezinski, I felt it was time to revisit his 1997 text "Grand Chessboard". Within this book, US Foreign policy objectives were so succinctly explained as the geopolitical landscape moved so turbulently into the beginning decades of the 21st Century.<br /><br />Despite his vision of American foreign policy as "benign and visionary", the tone of Brzezinski's text is concerned with preserving U.S hegemony as the world's "first truly global superpower".  He saw Eurasia as the "Grand Chessboard" on which this struggle to maintain "continental equilibrium" was to be played out on the road to establishing global governance.<br /><br />"The defeat and collapse of the Soviet Union was the final step in the rapid ascendance of a Western Hemisphere power, the United States, as the sole and, indeed, the first truly global power. ...  <br /><br />... it is imperative that no Eurasian challenger emerges, capable of dominating Eurasia and thus also of challenging America."<br /><br />The insertion of American idealism into the politics of the Eurasian landmass first occurred with The U.S entry into the First World War, and continued after the Second World War with the ideological struggle with the Soviets during the Cold War. The fate of the continental landmass became dominated by the power struggle between the two major superpowers.  <br /><br />The struggle was between a great sea power (the U.S) and a great land power (the U.S.S.R), but the decisive area of dispute took place in a central Asian country that still has vital strategic importance on the world stage. ...<br /><br />Find Out More:<br /><a href="http://www.whenthenewsstops.org/2017/06/the-grand-chessboard-american-primacy.html" rel="nofollow">http://www.whenthenewsstops.org/2017/06/the-grand-chessboard-american-primacy.html</a></div></div></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" data-academia-share="Work/33324624" data-share-source="work_strip" data-spinner="small_white_hide_contents"><i class="fa fa-plus"></i><span class="work-strip-link-text u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Bookmark</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><div class="download"><a id="4bcdc4469cf78a3f2326e713a0abab9b" rel="nofollow" data-download="{"attachment_id":53464116,"asset_id":33324624,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"track":null,"button_location":"work_strip","source":null,"hide_modal":null}" class="Button Button--sm Button--inverseGreen js-download-button prompt_button doc_download" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/53464116/download_file?st=MTczMjc1MDU0Miw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=work_strip"><i class="fa fa-arrow-circle-o-down fa-lg"></i><span class="u-textUppercase u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Download</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><ul class="InlineList InlineList--bordered u-ph0x"><li class="InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered"><span class="InlineList-item-text">by <span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a class="u-tcGrayDark u-fw700" data-has-card-for-user="2617298" href="https://wimbledon-arts.academia.edu/DaveEdwards">Dave Edwards</a><script data-card-contents-for-user="2617298" type="text/json">{"id":2617298,"first_name":"Dave","last_name":"Edwards","domain_name":"wimbledon-arts","page_name":"DaveEdwards","display_name":"Dave Edwards","profile_url":"https://wimbledon-arts.academia.edu/DaveEdwards?f_ri=9707","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/2617298/828506/1029402/s65_dave.edwards.jpg"}</script></span></span></li><li class="js-paper-rank-work_33324624 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><span class="js-paper-rank-view hidden u-tcGrayDark" data-paper-rank-work-id="33324624"><i class="u-m1x fa fa-bar-chart"></i><strong class="js-paper-rank"></strong></span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 33324624, container: ".js-paper-rank-work_33324624", }); 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$(".js-view-count[data-work-id=33324624]").text(description); $(".js-view-count-work_33324624").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span><script>$(function() { $(".js-view-count-work_33324624").removeClass('hidden') })</script></div></li><li class="InlineList-item u-positionRelative" style="max-width: 250px"><div class="u-positionAbsolute" data-has-card-for-ri-list="33324624"><i class="fa fa-tag InlineList-item-icon u-positionRelative"></i>  <a class="InlineList-item-text u-positionRelative">16</a>  </div><span class="InlineList-item-text u-textTruncate u-pl10x"><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="268" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Political_Geography_and_Geopolitics">Political Geography and Geopolitics</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="268" type="text/json">{"id":268,"name":"Political Geography and Geopolitics","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Political_Geography_and_Geopolitics?f_ri=9707","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="1439" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Globalization">Globalization</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="1439" type="text/json">{"id":1439,"name":"Globalization","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Globalization?f_ri=9707","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="2989" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/World_Systems_Analysis">World Systems Analysis</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="2989" type="text/json">{"id":2989,"name":"World Systems Analysis","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/World_Systems_Analysis?f_ri=9707","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="2990" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Geopolitics">Geopolitics</a><script data-card-contents-for-ri="2990" type="text/json">{"id":2990,"name":"Geopolitics","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Geopolitics?f_ri=9707","nofollow":false}</script></span></li><script>(function(){ if (true) { new Aedu.ResearchInterestListCard({ el: $('*[data-has-card-for-ri-list=33324624]'), work: {"id":33324624,"title":"The Grand Chessboard: American Primacy And Its Geostrategic Imperatives by Zbigniew Brzezinski","created_at":"2017-06-04T10:55:32.289-07:00","url":"https://www.academia.edu/33324624/The_Grand_Chessboard_American_Primacy_And_Its_Geostrategic_Imperatives_by_Zbigniew_Brzezinski?f_ri=9707","dom_id":"work_33324624","summary":"In light of the recent passing of the neoliberal geostrategic tactician, Zbigniew Brzezinski, I felt it was time to revisit his 1997 text \"Grand Chessboard\". Within this book, US Foreign policy objectives were so succinctly explained as the geopolitical landscape moved so turbulently into the beginning decades of the 21st Century.\n\nDespite his vision of American foreign policy as \"benign and visionary\", the tone of Brzezinski's text is concerned with preserving U.S hegemony as the world's \"first truly global superpower\". He saw Eurasia as the \"Grand Chessboard\" on which this struggle to maintain \"continental equilibrium\" was to be played out on the road to establishing global governance.\n\n\"The defeat and collapse of the Soviet Union was the final step in the rapid ascendance of a Western Hemisphere power, the United States, as the sole and, indeed, the first truly global power. ... \n\n... it is imperative that no Eurasian challenger emerges, capable of dominating Eurasia and thus also of challenging America.\"\n\nThe insertion of American idealism into the politics of the Eurasian landmass first occurred with The U.S entry into the First World War, and continued after the Second World War with the ideological struggle with the Soviets during the Cold War. The fate of the continental landmass became dominated by the power struggle between the two major superpowers. \n\nThe struggle was between a great sea power (the U.S) and a great land power (the U.S.S.R), but the decisive area of dispute took place in a central Asian country that still has vital strategic importance on the world stage. ...\n\nFind Out More:\nhttp://www.whenthenewsstops.org/2017/06/the-grand-chessboard-american-primacy.html","downloadable_attachments":[{"id":53464116,"asset_id":33324624,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false}],"ordered_authors":[{"id":2617298,"first_name":"Dave","last_name":"Edwards","domain_name":"wimbledon-arts","page_name":"DaveEdwards","display_name":"Dave Edwards","profile_url":"https://wimbledon-arts.academia.edu/DaveEdwards?f_ri=9707","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/2617298/828506/1029402/s65_dave.edwards.jpg"}],"research_interests":[{"id":268,"name":"Political Geography and Geopolitics","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Political_Geography_and_Geopolitics?f_ri=9707","nofollow":false},{"id":1439,"name":"Globalization","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Globalization?f_ri=9707","nofollow":false},{"id":2989,"name":"World Systems Analysis","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/World_Systems_Analysis?f_ri=9707","nofollow":false},{"id":2990,"name":"Geopolitics","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Geopolitics?f_ri=9707","nofollow":false},{"id":9707,"name":"Diplomacy","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Diplomacy?f_ri=9707"},{"id":10771,"name":"United States In The World","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/United_States_In_The_World?f_ri=9707"},{"id":12108,"name":"China","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/China?f_ri=9707"},{"id":26509,"name":"Globalism","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Globalism?f_ri=9707"},{"id":41863,"name":"Russia","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Russia?f_ri=9707"},{"id":50550,"name":"United States Foreign Policy","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/United_States_Foreign_Policy?f_ri=9707"},{"id":59858,"name":"Geopolitcs and Geostrategy","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Geopolitcs_and_Geostrategy?f_ri=9707"},{"id":88661,"name":"Eurasian Geopolitics","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Eurasian_Geopolitics?f_ri=9707"},{"id":98134,"name":"United States","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/United_States?f_ri=9707"},{"id":104174,"name":"Geostrategy","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Geostrategy?f_ri=9707"},{"id":141893,"name":"World-Systems Theory","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/World-Systems_Theory?f_ri=9707"},{"id":313371,"name":"Diplomacy and international relations","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Diplomacy_and_international_relations?f_ri=9707"}]}, }) } })();</script></ul></li></ul></div></div><div class="u-borderBottom1 u-borderColorGrayLighter"><div class="clearfix u-pv7x u-mb0x js-work-card work_9983019" data-work_id="9983019" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="https://schema.org/ScholarlyArticle"><div class="header"><div class="title u-fontSerif u-fs22 u-lineHeight1_3"><a class="u-tcGrayDarkest js-work-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/9983019/Future_Challenges_in_Drone_Geopolitics_A_Special_Issue_of_the_Journal_of_Strategic_Security_Vol_7_No_4_Winter_2014">Future Challenges in Drone Geopolitics: A Special Issue of the Journal of Strategic Security, Vol. 7, No. 4, Winter 2014</a></div></div><div class="u-pb4x u-mt3x"><div class="summary u-fs14 u-fw300 u-lineHeight1_5 u-tcGrayDarkest"><div class="summarized">This special issue of the Journal of Strategic Security is a timely response to something of a modern mystery. It is timely because it is difficult to read or watch television these days without coming across some reference to drone... <a class="more_link u-tcGrayDark u-linkUnstyled" data-container=".work_9983019" data-show=".complete" data-hide=".summarized" data-more-link-behavior="true" href="#">more</a></div><div class="complete hidden">This special issue of the Journal of Strategic Security is a timely response to something of a modern mystery. It is timely because it is difficult to read or watch television these days without coming across some reference to drone warfare or <br />the complex questions revolving around unmanned aerial vehicles (UAV). It is a bit of a mystery, however, because despite this pervasiveness of drones in the news there are relatively few scholarly efforts to rigorously and comprehensively <br />cover the issues that flow from their use.</div></div></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" data-academia-share="Work/9983019" data-share-source="work_strip" data-spinner="small_white_hide_contents"><i class="fa fa-plus"></i><span class="work-strip-link-text u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Bookmark</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><div class="download"><a id="2e1faa1c95cb6562f2118dcce20674df" rel="nofollow" data-download="{"attachment_id":36125637,"asset_id":9983019,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"track":null,"button_location":"work_strip","source":null,"hide_modal":null}" class="Button Button--sm Button--inverseGreen js-download-button prompt_button doc_download" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/36125637/download_file?st=MTczMjc1MDU0Miw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=work_strip"><i class="fa fa-arrow-circle-o-down fa-lg"></i><span class="u-textUppercase u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Download</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><ul class="InlineList InlineList--bordered u-ph0x"><li class="InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered"><span class="InlineList-item-text">by <span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a class="u-tcGrayDark u-fw700" data-has-card-for-user="6901110" href="https://brown.academia.edu/DrMatthewCrosston">Dr. Matthew Crosston</a><script data-card-contents-for-user="6901110" type="text/json">{"id":6901110,"first_name":"Dr. Matthew","last_name":"Crosston","domain_name":"brown","page_name":"DrMatthewCrosston","display_name":"Dr. Matthew Crosston","profile_url":"https://brown.academia.edu/DrMatthewCrosston?f_ri=9707","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/6901110/2645906/36883013/s65_dr._matthew.crosston.jpg"}</script></span></span></li><li class="js-paper-rank-work_9983019 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><span class="js-paper-rank-view hidden u-tcGrayDark" data-paper-rank-work-id="9983019"><i class="u-m1x fa fa-bar-chart"></i><strong class="js-paper-rank"></strong></span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 9983019, container: ".js-paper-rank-work_9983019", }); 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Globalisation and Non-State Actors: State Centric After all?</a></div></div><div class="u-pb4x u-mt3x"><div class="summary u-fs14 u-fw300 u-lineHeight1_5 u-tcGrayDarkest"><div class="summarized">This paper is concerned with Foreign Policy Analysis (FPA) and non-state actors. Globalisation has brought non-state actors back on the agenda of International Relations. As a result of globalisation, we witness at least some shift of... <a class="more_link u-tcGrayDark u-linkUnstyled" data-container=".work_3133179" data-show=".complete" data-hide=".summarized" data-more-link-behavior="true" href="#">more</a></div><div class="complete hidden">This paper is concerned with Foreign Policy Analysis (FPA) and non-state actors. Globalisation has brought non-state actors back on the agenda of International Relations. As a result of globalisation, we witness at least some shift of authority from the state to non-state actors (the extent of which remains debated). Although most of the empirical studies focus on ‘domestic’ issues, there are good reasons to assume that foreign policy is equally affected by this trend. Not only are non-state actors autonomous actors in world politics, they are also increasingly involved in the making of states’ foreign policies. Following a discussion of the role of non-state actors in foreign policy, we ask to what extent FPA, IR’s actor-centric sub-field, has taken into account this growing importance of non-state actors. Given FPA’s criticism of seeing the state as a unitary actor, one would expect FPA scholars to be among the first within IR to analyse decision making involving non-state actors. A closer look however reveals that FPA remains focused mainly on state actors, while ignoring private, transnational and international ones. Thus, FPA remains in some way state-centric. We close with an outline of possible directions for further FPA research. <br /> <br />Contents: <br />- Multiple Actors in World Politics: An Attempt at Systematisation <br />- NSAs, ‘Rival Actorness’ and Hybrid Foreign Policymaking <br />- Non-state Actors and the FPA ‘Toolkit’ <br />- The Methods of FPA — Suited for NSAs? <br />- NSAs and FPA Research: Centre Stage or on the Fringes? <br />- FPA 2.0: Studying Complex Foreign Policymaking in a Globalised World</div></div></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" data-academia-share="Work/3133179" data-share-source="work_strip" data-spinner="small_white_hide_contents"><i class="fa fa-plus"></i><span class="work-strip-link-text u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Bookmark</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><div class="download"><a id="11d8dd041efff17ff427158ffcb7365c" rel="nofollow" data-download="{"attachment_id":56732511,"asset_id":3133179,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"track":null,"button_location":"work_strip","source":null,"hide_modal":null}" class="Button Button--sm Button--inverseGreen js-download-button prompt_button doc_download" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/56732511/download_file?st=MTczMjc1MDU0Miw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=work_strip"><i class="fa fa-arrow-circle-o-down fa-lg"></i><span class="u-textUppercase u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Download</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><ul class="InlineList InlineList--bordered u-ph0x"><li class="InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered"><span class="InlineList-item-text">by <span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a class="u-tcGrayDark u-fw700" data-has-card-for-user="28299503" href="https://uni-due.academia.edu/RainerBaumann">Rainer Baumann</a><script data-card-contents-for-user="28299503" type="text/json">{"id":28299503,"first_name":"Rainer","last_name":"Baumann","domain_name":"uni-due","page_name":"RainerBaumann","display_name":"Rainer Baumann","profile_url":"https://uni-due.academia.edu/RainerBaumann?f_ri=9707","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/28299503/9779634/10895797/s65_rainer.baumann.jpg"}</script></span></span><span class="u-displayInlineBlock InlineList-item-text"> and <span class="u-textDecorationUnderline u-clickable InlineList-item-text js-work-more-authors-3133179">+1</span><div class="hidden js-additional-users-3133179"><div><span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a href="https://uni-kiel.academia.edu/FrankStengel">Frank A Stengel</a></span></div></div></span><script>(function(){ var popoverSettings = { el: $('.js-work-more-authors-3133179'), placement: 'bottom', hide_delay: 200, html: true, content: function(){ return $('.js-additional-users-3133179').html(); 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Globalisation has brought non-state actors back on the agenda of International Relations. As a result of globalisation, we witness at least some shift of authority from the state to non-state actors (the extent of which remains debated). Although most of the empirical studies focus on ‘domestic’ issues, there are good reasons to assume that foreign policy is equally affected by this trend. Not only are non-state actors autonomous actors in world politics, they are also increasingly involved in the making of states’ foreign policies. Following a discussion of the role of non-state actors in foreign policy, we ask to what extent FPA, IR’s actor-centric sub-field, has taken into account this growing importance of non-state actors. Given FPA’s criticism of seeing the state as a unitary actor, one would expect FPA scholars to be among the first within IR to analyse decision making involving non-state actors. A closer look however reveals that FPA remains focused mainly on state actors, while ignoring private, transnational and international ones. Thus, FPA remains in some way state-centric. We close with an outline of possible directions for further FPA research.\r\n\r\nContents:\r\n- Multiple Actors in World Politics: An Attempt at Systematisation\r\n- NSAs, ‘Rival Actorness’ and Hybrid Foreign Policymaking\r\n- Non-state Actors and the FPA ‘Toolkit’\r\n- The Methods of FPA — Suited for NSAs?\r\n- NSAs and FPA Research: Centre Stage or on the Fringes?\r\n- FPA 2.0: Studying Complex Foreign Policymaking in a Globalised World\r\n","downloadable_attachments":[{"id":56732511,"asset_id":3133179,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false}],"ordered_authors":[{"id":28299503,"first_name":"Rainer","last_name":"Baumann","domain_name":"uni-due","page_name":"RainerBaumann","display_name":"Rainer Baumann","profile_url":"https://uni-due.academia.edu/RainerBaumann?f_ri=9707","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/28299503/9779634/10895797/s65_rainer.baumann.jpg"},{"id":111557,"first_name":"Frank","last_name":"Stengel","domain_name":"uni-kiel","page_name":"FrankStengel","display_name":"Frank A Stengel","profile_url":"https://uni-kiel.academia.edu/FrankStengel?f_ri=9707","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/111557/30267/26344252/s65_frank.stengel.png"}],"research_interests":[{"id":797,"name":"International Relations","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/International_Relations?f_ri=9707","nofollow":false},{"id":1439,"name":"Globalization","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Globalization?f_ri=9707","nofollow":false},{"id":1483,"name":"Foreign Policy Analysis","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Foreign_Policy_Analysis?f_ri=9707","nofollow":false},{"id":1681,"name":"Decision Making","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Decision_Making?f_ri=9707","nofollow":false},{"id":2489,"name":"Policy Analysis and Decision Making","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Policy_Analysis_and_Decision_Making?f_ri=9707"},{"id":3345,"name":"International organizations","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/International_organizations?f_ri=9707"},{"id":3849,"name":"Conflict","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Conflict?f_ri=9707"},{"id":4370,"name":"Security","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Security?f_ri=9707"},{"id":5878,"name":"Nationalism","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Nationalism?f_ri=9707"},{"id":6707,"name":"Foreign Policy","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Foreign_Policy?f_ri=9707"},{"id":8697,"name":"European Foreign Policy","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/European_Foreign_Policy?f_ri=9707"},{"id":9707,"name":"Diplomacy","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Diplomacy?f_ri=9707"},{"id":45559,"name":"Peace","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Peace?f_ri=9707"},{"id":54226,"name":"Nonstate Actors","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Nonstate_Actors?f_ri=9707"},{"id":92257,"name":"Freedom","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Freedom?f_ri=9707"}]}, }) } })();</script></ul></li></ul></div></div><div class="u-borderBottom1 u-borderColorGrayLighter"><div class="clearfix u-pv7x u-mb0x js-work-card work_624446" data-work_id="624446" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="https://schema.org/ScholarlyArticle"><div class="header"><div class="title u-fontSerif u-fs22 u-lineHeight1_3"><a class="u-tcGrayDarkest js-work-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/624446/The_Voice_of_Achilles_Communication_Self_and_Spectacle_in_Homers_Iliad">The Voice of Achilles: Communication, Self and Spectacle in Homer's Iliad</a></div></div><div class="u-pb4x u-mt3x"><div class="summary u-fs14 u-fw300 u-lineHeight1_5 u-tcGrayDarkest"><div class="summarized">The Iliad is the story of Achilles’ journey through anger. Over the epic, Achilles undergoes a continual process of transformation, and as he does, the world changes around him. His anger unleashes the fiery beast of war and creates a... <a class="more_link u-tcGrayDark u-linkUnstyled" data-container=".work_624446" data-show=".complete" data-hide=".summarized" data-more-link-behavior="true" href="#">more</a></div><div class="complete hidden">The Iliad is the story of Achilles’ journey through anger. Over the epic, Achilles undergoes a continual process of transformation, and as he does, the world changes around him. His anger unleashes the fiery beast of war and creates a spectacle of destruction. However, as Achilles awakens to the immense personal and social cost of his anger, the spectacle begins to transform. In place of rage, compassion and humanity come forth and the fires of war are replaced by the cathartic flames of the hearth and the funeral pyre. In this thesis I chart this journey by analysing Achilles’ communicative acts: his use of speech and action, across the epic. Through examining his communication and the ways in which others communicate with him, subtle but important changes are revealed. These changes in communication reflect the transformation that takes place within Achilles and are instrumental in generating change in the world around him. My interpretation of Achilles’ use of speech draws on insights from contemporary cognitive psychology, especially the work of Martin Seligman. My work on communication is also influenced by a range of contemporary strategic studies theorists who consider a wide range of non-verbal acts that have an important communicative function, including gestural and performative acts of violence. In charting Achilles’ transformation, we also gain a glimpse into the poet’s view of the elemental and personal dynamics that lie behind the creation of war and peace. Whilst a necessary part of the mortal condition, conflict, suffering and death are shown to hold within them the vital forces of change, and to reveal the nature of humanity itself.</div></div></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" data-academia-share="Work/624446" data-share-source="work_strip" data-spinner="small_white_hide_contents"><i class="fa fa-plus"></i><span class="work-strip-link-text u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Bookmark</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><div class="download"><a id="d01d6acbece7c62b90ee5ba5dd6741f4" rel="nofollow" data-download="{"attachment_id":5263674,"asset_id":624446,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"track":null,"button_location":"work_strip","source":null,"hide_modal":null}" class="Button Button--sm Button--inverseGreen js-download-button prompt_button doc_download" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/5263674/download_file?st=MTczMjc1MDU0Miw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=work_strip"><i class="fa fa-arrow-circle-o-down fa-lg"></i><span class="u-textUppercase u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Download</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><ul class="InlineList InlineList--bordered u-ph0x"><li class="InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered"><span class="InlineList-item-text">by <span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a class="u-tcGrayDark u-fw700" data-has-card-for-user="79256" href="https://unimelb.academia.edu/JamesStratford">James Stratford</a><script data-card-contents-for-user="79256" type="text/json">{"id":79256,"first_name":"James","last_name":"Stratford","domain_name":"unimelb","page_name":"JamesStratford","display_name":"James Stratford","profile_url":"https://unimelb.academia.edu/JamesStratford?f_ri=9707","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/79256/21984/66133507/s65_james.stratford.jpeg"}</script></span></span></li><li class="js-paper-rank-work_624446 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><span class="js-paper-rank-view hidden u-tcGrayDark" data-paper-rank-work-id="624446"><i class="u-m1x fa fa-bar-chart"></i><strong class="js-paper-rank"></strong></span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 624446, container: ".js-paper-rank-work_624446", }); 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Over the epic, Achilles undergoes a continual process of transformation, and as he does, the world changes around him. His anger unleashes the fiery beast of war and creates a spectacle of destruction. However, as Achilles awakens to the immense personal and social cost of his anger, the spectacle begins to transform. In place of rage, compassion and humanity come forth and the fires of war are replaced by the cathartic flames of the hearth and the funeral pyre. In this thesis I chart this journey by analysing Achilles’ communicative acts: his use of speech and action, across the epic. Through examining his communication and the ways in which others communicate with him, subtle but important changes are revealed. These changes in communication reflect the transformation that takes place within Achilles and are instrumental in generating change in the world around him. My interpretation of Achilles’ use of speech draws on insights from contemporary cognitive psychology, especially the work of Martin Seligman. My work on communication is also influenced by a range of contemporary strategic studies theorists who consider a wide range of non-verbal acts that have an important communicative function, including gestural and performative acts of violence. In charting Achilles’ transformation, we also gain a glimpse into the poet’s view of the elemental and personal dynamics that lie behind the creation of war and peace. Whilst a necessary part of the mortal condition, conflict, suffering and death are shown to hold within them the vital forces of change, and to reveal the nature of humanity itself.","downloadable_attachments":[{"id":5263674,"asset_id":624446,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false}],"ordered_authors":[{"id":79256,"first_name":"James","last_name":"Stratford","domain_name":"unimelb","page_name":"JamesStratford","display_name":"James 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Epic","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Greek_Epic?f_ri=9707"},{"id":32865,"name":"War and Peace","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/War_and_Peace?f_ri=9707"},{"id":95667,"name":"Iliad","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Iliad?f_ri=9707"},{"id":131729,"name":"Achilles","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Achilles?f_ri=9707"},{"id":131730,"name":"Characterisation","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Characterisation?f_ri=9707"}]}, }) } })();</script></ul></li></ul></div></div><div class="u-borderBottom1 u-borderColorGrayLighter"><div class="clearfix u-pv7x u-mb0x js-work-card work_3987416" data-work_id="3987416" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="https://schema.org/ScholarlyArticle"><div class="header"><div class="title u-fontSerif u-fs22 u-lineHeight1_3"><a class="u-tcGrayDarkest js-work-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/3987416/PEACE_EDUCATION_IN_NIGERIA_THE_WAY_TO_EDUCATE_THE_FUTURE_GENERATIONS">PEACE EDUCATION IN NIGERIA: THE WAY TO 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href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Political_Geography_and_Geopolitics">Political Geography and Geopolitics</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="268" type="text/json">{"id":268,"name":"Political Geography and Geopolitics","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Political_Geography_and_Geopolitics?f_ri=9707","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="699" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Queer_Studies">Queer Studies</a><script data-card-contents-for-ri="699" type="text/json">{"id":699,"name":"Queer Studies","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Queer_Studies?f_ri=9707","nofollow":false}</script></span></li><script>(function(){ if (true) { new Aedu.ResearchInterestListCard({ el: $('*[data-has-card-for-ri-list=3987416]'), work: {"id":3987416,"title":"PEACE EDUCATION IN NIGERIA: THE WAY TO EDUCATE THE FUTURE 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class="summarized">This document contains a list of travelers and the relevant accounts, painstakingly composed while researching Habsburg-Ottoman diplomatic relations. It is presented without any guarantee on completeness. On the other hand, it might... <a class="more_link u-tcGrayDark u-linkUnstyled" data-container=".work_14672267" data-show=".complete" data-hide=".summarized" data-more-link-behavior="true" href="#">more</a></div><div class="complete hidden">This document contains a list of travelers and the relevant accounts, painstakingly composed while researching Habsburg-Ottoman diplomatic relations. It is presented without any guarantee on completeness. On the other hand, it might contain some value, since it digs up some previously unknown or lesser known travel accounts.</div></div></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" data-academia-share="Work/14672267" data-share-source="work_strip" data-spinner="small_white_hide_contents"><i class="fa fa-plus"></i><span class="work-strip-link-text u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Bookmark</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><div class="download"><a id="4cbe75660b99db17bfd7efb990760404" rel="nofollow" data-download="{"attachment_id":38384636,"asset_id":14672267,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"track":null,"button_location":"work_strip","source":null,"hide_modal":null}" class="Button Button--sm Button--inverseGreen js-download-button prompt_button doc_download" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/38384636/download_file?st=MTczMjc1MDU0Miw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=work_strip"><i class="fa fa-arrow-circle-o-down fa-lg"></i><span class="u-textUppercase u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Download</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><ul class="InlineList InlineList--bordered u-ph0x"><li class="InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered"><span class="InlineList-item-text">by <span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a class="u-tcGrayDark u-fw700" data-has-card-for-user="33355690" href="https://kuleuven.academia.edu/BartSeveri">Bart Severi</a><script data-card-contents-for-user="33355690" type="text/json">{"id":33355690,"first_name":"Bart","last_name":"Severi","domain_name":"kuleuven","page_name":"BartSeveri","display_name":"Bart Severi","profile_url":"https://kuleuven.academia.edu/BartSeveri?f_ri=9707","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/33355690/9873440/11006239/s65_bart.severi.jpg"}</script></span></span></li><li class="js-paper-rank-work_14672267 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><span class="js-paper-rank-view hidden u-tcGrayDark" data-paper-rank-work-id="14672267"><i class="u-m1x fa fa-bar-chart"></i><strong class="js-paper-rank"></strong></span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 14672267, container: ".js-paper-rank-work_14672267", }); 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Transylvania","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/History_of_Transylvania?f_ri=9707"},{"id":298348,"name":"Osmanlı Tarihi","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Osmanl%C4%B1_Tarihi?f_ri=9707"},{"id":357379,"name":"Ogier Ghislain de Busbecq","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Ogier_Ghislain_de_Busbecq?f_ri=9707"}]}, }) } })();</script></ul></li></ul></div></div><div class="u-borderBottom1 u-borderColorGrayLighter"><div class="clearfix u-pv7x u-mb0x js-work-card work_32395398" data-work_id="32395398" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="https://schema.org/ScholarlyArticle"><div class="header"><div class="title u-fontSerif u-fs22 u-lineHeight1_3"><a class="u-tcGrayDarkest js-work-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/32395398/United_Nations_Security_Council_Reform_The_Question_of_the_Veto_Power">United Nations Security Council Reform: The Question of the Veto Power</a></div></div><div class="u-pb4x u-mt3x"><div class="summary u-fs14 u-fw300 u-lineHeight1_5 u-tcGrayDarkest"><div class="summarized">This policy paper explores both the concept and the reform of the veto power, as well as the attempts that have been made to allow more countries the power to veto, along with a conceptual analysis of the arguments for and against... <a class="more_link u-tcGrayDark u-linkUnstyled" data-container=".work_32395398" data-show=".complete" data-hide=".summarized" data-more-link-behavior="true" href="#">more</a></div><div class="complete hidden">This policy paper explores both the concept and the reform of the veto power, as well as the attempts that have been made to allow more countries the power to veto, along with a conceptual analysis of the arguments for and against extending this power to other UN members. This paper proceeds through three main sections. The first section analyses the concept of the veto power, and demonstrates how the use of veto is now distinct from that initial reason and how this power has turned into a device for protecting national interests of P5 or their strategic allies. The second sec-tion looks through the history of the efforts to reform the undemocratic structure of the UNSC and examines the main impediments towards the reform of the Security Council. The third section indicates a detailed recommendation for specific steps on how to implement the recommended policy option (and criteria).</div></div></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" data-academia-share="Work/32395398" data-share-source="work_strip" data-spinner="small_white_hide_contents"><i class="fa fa-plus"></i><span class="work-strip-link-text u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Bookmark</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><div class="download"><a id="e649e4a7d5085793c60af1cfdeb963db" rel="nofollow" data-download="{"attachment_id":76153715,"asset_id":32395398,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"track":null,"button_location":"work_strip","source":null,"hide_modal":null}" class="Button Button--sm Button--inverseGreen js-download-button prompt_button doc_download" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/76153715/download_file?st=MTczMjc1MDU0Miw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=work_strip"><i class="fa fa-arrow-circle-o-down fa-lg"></i><span class="u-textUppercase u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Download</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><ul class="InlineList InlineList--bordered u-ph0x"><li class="InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered"><span class="InlineList-item-text">by <span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a class="u-tcGrayDark u-fw700" data-has-card-for-user="7081028" href="https://eui.academia.edu/Ad%C3%A9ritoVicente">Adérito Vicente</a><script data-card-contents-for-user="7081028" type="text/json">{"id":7081028,"first_name":"Adérito","last_name":"Vicente","domain_name":"eui","page_name":"AdéritoVicente","display_name":"Adérito Vicente","profile_url":"https://eui.academia.edu/Ad%C3%A9ritoVicente?f_ri=9707","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/7081028/16300649/126617581/s65_ad_rito.vicente.jpg"}</script></span></span></li><li class="js-paper-rank-work_32395398 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><span class="js-paper-rank-view hidden u-tcGrayDark" data-paper-rank-work-id="32395398"><i class="u-m1x fa fa-bar-chart"></i><strong class="js-paper-rank"></strong></span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 32395398, container: ".js-paper-rank-work_32395398", }); 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$(".js-view-count[data-work-id=32395398]").text(description); $(".js-view-count-work_32395398").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span><script>$(function() { $(".js-view-count-work_32395398").removeClass('hidden') })</script></div></li><li class="InlineList-item u-positionRelative" style="max-width: 250px"><div class="u-positionAbsolute" data-has-card-for-ri-list="32395398"><i class="fa fa-tag InlineList-item-icon u-positionRelative"></i>  <a class="InlineList-item-text u-positionRelative">6</a>  </div><span class="InlineList-item-text u-textTruncate u-pl9x"><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="797" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/International_Relations">International Relations</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="797" type="text/json">{"id":797,"name":"International Relations","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/International_Relations?f_ri=9707","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="6617" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/United_Nations">United Nations</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="6617" type="text/json">{"id":6617,"name":"United Nations","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/United_Nations?f_ri=9707","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="9707" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Diplomacy">Diplomacy</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="9707" type="text/json">{"id":9707,"name":"Diplomacy","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Diplomacy?f_ri=9707","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="9814" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Security_Council">Security Council</a><script data-card-contents-for-ri="9814" type="text/json">{"id":9814,"name":"Security Council","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Security_Council?f_ri=9707","nofollow":false}</script></span></li><script>(function(){ if (true) { new Aedu.ResearchInterestListCard({ el: $('*[data-has-card-for-ri-list=32395398]'), work: {"id":32395398,"title":"United Nations Security Council Reform: The Question of the Veto Power","created_at":"2017-04-12T07:50:54.454-07:00","url":"https://www.academia.edu/32395398/United_Nations_Security_Council_Reform_The_Question_of_the_Veto_Power?f_ri=9707","dom_id":"work_32395398","summary":"This policy paper explores both the concept and the reform of the veto power, as well as the attempts that have been made to allow more countries the power to veto, along with a conceptual analysis of the arguments for and against extending this power to other UN members. This paper proceeds through three main sections. The first section analyses the concept of the veto power, and demonstrates how the use of veto is now distinct from that initial reason and how this power has turned into a device for protecting national interests of P5 or their strategic allies. The second sec-tion looks through the history of the efforts to reform the undemocratic structure of the UNSC and examines the main impediments towards the reform of the Security Council. The third section indicates a detailed recommendation for specific steps on how to implement the recommended policy option (and criteria).","downloadable_attachments":[{"id":76153715,"asset_id":32395398,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false}],"ordered_authors":[{"id":7081028,"first_name":"Adérito","last_name":"Vicente","domain_name":"eui","page_name":"AdéritoVicente","display_name":"Adérito Vicente","profile_url":"https://eui.academia.edu/Ad%C3%A9ritoVicente?f_ri=9707","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/7081028/16300649/126617581/s65_ad_rito.vicente.jpg"}],"research_interests":[{"id":797,"name":"International Relations","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/International_Relations?f_ri=9707","nofollow":false},{"id":6617,"name":"United Nations","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/United_Nations?f_ri=9707","nofollow":false},{"id":9707,"name":"Diplomacy","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Diplomacy?f_ri=9707","nofollow":false},{"id":9814,"name":"Security Council","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Security_Council?f_ri=9707","nofollow":false},{"id":53390,"name":"Power relations","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Power_relations?f_ri=9707"},{"id":838103,"name":"Multilateral Institutions","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Multilateral_Institutions?f_ri=9707"}]}, }) } })();</script></ul></li></ul></div></div><div class="u-borderBottom1 u-borderColorGrayLighter"><div class="clearfix u-pv7x u-mb0x js-work-card work_5607955" data-work_id="5607955" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="https://schema.org/ScholarlyArticle"><div class="header"><div class="title u-fontSerif u-fs22 u-lineHeight1_3"><a class="u-tcGrayDarkest js-work-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/5607955/RETHINKING_DIPLOMATIC_IMMUNITY_A_REVIEW_OF_APPROACHES_TO_ADDRESS_THE_ABUSES_OF_DIPLOMATIC_PRIVILEGES_AND_IMMUNITIES">RETHINKING DIPLOMATIC IMMUNITY: A REVIEW OF APPROACHES TO ADDRESS THE ABUSES OF DIPLOMATIC PRIVILEGES AND IMMUNITIES</a></div></div><div class="u-pb4x u-mt3x"><div class="summary u-fs14 u-fw300 u-lineHeight1_5 u-tcGrayDarkest"><div class="summarized">The principle of diplomatic immunity is one of the oldest elements of foreign relations. Ancient Greek and Roman governments, for example, accorded special status to envoys, and the basic concept has evolved and endured until the present.... <a class="more_link u-tcGrayDark u-linkUnstyled" data-container=".work_5607955" data-show=".complete" data-hide=".summarized" data-more-link-behavior="true" href="#">more</a></div><div class="complete hidden">The principle of diplomatic immunity is one of the oldest elements of foreign relations. Ancient Greek and Roman governments, for example, accorded special status to envoys, and the basic concept has evolved and endured until the present. As a matter of international law, diplomatic immunity was primarily based on custom and international practice until quite recently. In the period since WW II, a number of international conventions (most noteworthy, the Vienna Convention on Diplomatic Relations and the Vienna Convention on Consular Relations) have been concluded. These conventions have formalized the customary rules and made their application more uniform. <br /> However due to the frequent abuse of diplomatic privileges, this research will suggest that absolute immunity is unnecessary and undesirable. It will propose limiting immunity to only those acts required for a diplomat to fulfill his official functions. <br />It will show that the functional necessity theory of immunity has been successful in its application to the privileges and immunities of officials working in international organizations, such as the UN. It will argue that functional immunity should be applied to diplomats rather than absolute immunity. Further, it will propose that an additional Protocol to the Vienna Convention be drafted allowing states to execute bilateral agreements limiting the immunity of their diplomats to functional immunity. Finally it will argue that for these agreements to be truly effective they must provide waiver and settlement options similar to those used in the Convention on the Privileges and Immunities of the UN. These options would make diplomats accountable for both criminal and civil wrongs.</div></div></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" data-academia-share="Work/5607955" data-share-source="work_strip" data-spinner="small_white_hide_contents"><i class="fa fa-plus"></i><span class="work-strip-link-text u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Bookmark</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><div class="download"><a id="eec2097f5658baad6ba728a324592320" rel="nofollow" data-download="{"attachment_id":32683519,"asset_id":5607955,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"track":null,"button_location":"work_strip","source":null,"hide_modal":null}" class="Button Button--sm Button--inverseGreen js-download-button prompt_button doc_download" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/32683519/download_file?st=MTczMjc1MDU0Miw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=work_strip"><i class="fa fa-arrow-circle-o-down fa-lg"></i><span class="u-textUppercase u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Download</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><ul class="InlineList InlineList--bordered u-ph0x"><li class="InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered"><span class="InlineList-item-text">by <span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a class="u-tcGrayDark u-fw700" data-has-card-for-user="2193415" href="https://co.academia.edu/SteveGithaiga">Steve Githaiga</a><script data-card-contents-for-user="2193415" type="text/json">{"id":2193415,"first_name":"Steve","last_name":"Githaiga","domain_name":"co","page_name":"SteveGithaiga","display_name":"Steve Githaiga","profile_url":"https://co.academia.edu/SteveGithaiga?f_ri=9707","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/2193415/704081/3767127/s65_steve.githaiga.jpg"}</script></span></span></li><li class="js-paper-rank-work_5607955 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><span class="js-paper-rank-view hidden u-tcGrayDark" data-paper-rank-work-id="5607955"><i class="u-m1x fa fa-bar-chart"></i><strong class="js-paper-rank"></strong></span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 5607955, container: ".js-paper-rank-work_5607955", }); 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Ancient Greek and Roman governments, for example, accorded special status to envoys, and the basic concept has evolved and endured until the present. As a matter of international law, diplomatic immunity was primarily based on custom and international practice until quite recently. In the period since WW II, a number of international conventions (most noteworthy, the Vienna Convention on Diplomatic Relations and the Vienna Convention on Consular Relations) have been concluded. These conventions have formalized the customary rules and made their application more uniform.\r\n However due to the frequent abuse of diplomatic privileges, this research will suggest that absolute immunity is unnecessary and undesirable. It will propose limiting immunity to only those acts required for a diplomat to fulfill his official functions.\r\nIt will show that the functional necessity theory of immunity has been successful in its application to the privileges and immunities of officials working in international organizations, such as the UN. It will argue that functional immunity should be applied to diplomats rather than absolute immunity. Further, it will propose that an additional Protocol to the Vienna Convention be drafted allowing states to execute bilateral agreements limiting the immunity of their diplomats to functional immunity. Finally it will argue that for these agreements to be truly effective they must provide waiver and settlement options similar to those used in the Convention on the Privileges and Immunities of the UN. These options would make diplomats accountable for both criminal and civil wrongs.\r\n","downloadable_attachments":[{"id":32683519,"asset_id":5607955,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false}],"ordered_authors":[{"id":2193415,"first_name":"Steve","last_name":"Githaiga","domain_name":"co","page_name":"SteveGithaiga","display_name":"Steve Githaiga","profile_url":"https://co.academia.edu/SteveGithaiga?f_ri=9707","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/2193415/704081/3767127/s65_steve.githaiga.jpg"}],"research_interests":[{"id":797,"name":"International Relations","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/International_Relations?f_ri=9707","nofollow":false},{"id":1911,"name":"International Studies","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/International_Studies?f_ri=9707","nofollow":false},{"id":9707,"name":"Diplomacy","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Diplomacy?f_ri=9707","nofollow":false},{"id":313371,"name":"Diplomacy and international relations","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Diplomacy_and_international_relations?f_ri=9707","nofollow":false}]}, }) } })();</script></ul></li></ul></div></div></div><div class="u-taCenter Pagination"><ul class="pagination"><li class="next_page"><a href="/Documents/in/Diplomacy/MostDownloaded?after=1692%2C5607955" rel="next">Next</a></li><li class="last next"><a href="/Documents/in/Diplomacy/MostDownloaded?page=last">Last »</a></li></ul></div></div><div class="hidden-xs hidden-sm"><div class="u-pl6x"><div style="width: 300px;"><div class="panel panel-flat u-mt7x"><div class="panel-heading u-p5x"><div class="u-tcGrayDark u-taCenter u-fw700 u-textUppercase">Related Topics</div></div><ul class="list-group"><li class="list-group-item media_v2 u-mt0x u-p3x"><div class="media-body"><div class="u-tcGrayDarker u-fw700"><a class="u-tcGrayDarker" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/International_organizations">International organizations</a></div></div><div class="media-right 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