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Available in 70 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-70" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">70 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Os" title="Os – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Os" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-am mw-list-item"><a href="https://am.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%89%A0%E1%88%AC" title="በሬ – Amharic" lang="am" hreflang="am" data-title="በሬ" data-language-autonym="አማርኛ" data-language-local-name="Amharic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>አማርኛ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AB%D9%88%D8%B1_%D9%85%D8%AE%D8%B5%D9%8A" title="ثور مخصي – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="ثور مخصي" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-an mw-list-item"><a href="https://an.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buei" title="Buei – Aragonese" lang="an" hreflang="an" data-title="Buei" data-language-autonym="Aragonés" data-language-local-name="Aragonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Aragonés</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arc mw-list-item"><a href="https://arc.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DC%AC%DC%98%DC%AA%DC%90" title="ܬܘܪܐ – Aramaic" lang="arc" hreflang="arc" data-title="ܬܘܪܐ" data-language-autonym="ܐܪܡܝܐ" data-language-local-name="Aramaic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ܐܪܡܝܐ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-roa-rup mw-list-item"><a href="https://roa-rup.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bou" title="Bou – Aromanian" lang="rup" hreflang="rup" data-title="Bou" data-language-autonym="Armãneashti" data-language-local-name="Aromanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Armãneashti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gn mw-list-item"><a href="https://gn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gu%C3%A9i" title="Guéi – Guarani" lang="gn" hreflang="gn" data-title="Guéi" data-language-autonym="Avañe'ẽ" data-language-local-name="Guarani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Avañe'ẽ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%B2%E0%A6%A6" title="বলদ – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="বলদ" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D0%BE%D0%BB" title="Вол – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Вол" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bar mw-list-item"><a href="https://bar.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ox" title="Ox – Bavarian" lang="bar" hreflang="bar" data-title="Ox" data-language-autonym="Boarisch" data-language-local-name="Bavarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Boarisch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ejen" title="Ejen – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Ejen" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Brezhoneg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bou" title="Bou – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Bou" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/V%C5%AFl" title="Vůl – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Vůl" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ychen" title="Ychen – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Ychen" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Okse" title="Okse – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Okse" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ochse" title="Ochse – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Ochse" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/H%C3%A4rg" title="Härg – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Härg" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buey" title="Buey – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Buey" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Okso" title="Okso – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Okso" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Idi" title="Idi – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Idi" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%88%D8%B1%D8%B2%D8%A7" title="ورزا – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="ورزا" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/B%C5%93uf_(animal)" title="Bœuf (animal) – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Bœuf (animal)" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy mw-list-item"><a href="https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Okse" title="Okse – Western Frisian" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" data-title="Okse" data-language-autonym="Frysk" data-language-local-name="Western Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Frysk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Damh" title="Damh – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Damh" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-glk mw-list-item"><a href="https://glk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%88%D8%B1%D8%B2%D8%A7" title="ورزا – Gilaki" lang="glk" hreflang="glk" data-title="ورزا" data-language-autonym="گیلکی" data-language-local-name="Gilaki" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>گیلکی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gu mw-list-item"><a href="https://gu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AA%AC%E0%AA%B3%E0%AA%A6" title="બળદ – Gujarati" lang="gu" hreflang="gu" data-title="બળદ" data-language-autonym="ગુજરાતી" data-language-local-name="Gujarati" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ગુજરાતી</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EB%B6%88%EB%9F%AD_(%EC%86%8C)" title="불럭 (소) – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="불럭 (소)" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%B5%D5%A6" title="Եզ – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Եզ" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AC%E0%A5%88%E0%A4%B2" title="बैल – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="बैल" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andeka" title="Andeka – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Andeka" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kn mw-list-item"><a href="https://kn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%8E%E0%B2%A4%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%A4%E0%B3%81" title="ಎತ್ತು – Kannada" lang="kn" hreflang="kn" data-title="ಎತ್ತು" data-language-autonym="ಕನ್ನಡ" data-language-local-name="Kannada" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ಕನ್ನಡ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%AE%E1%83%90%E1%83%A0%E1%83%98" title="ხარი – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="ხარი" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ks mw-list-item"><a href="https://ks.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DB%81%D9%8E%DA%A9%DA%BE%D9%8F%D8%B1" title="ہَکھُر – Kashmiri" lang="ks" hreflang="ks" data-title="ہَکھُر" data-language-autonym="कॉशुर / کٲشُر" data-language-local-name="Kashmiri" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>कॉशुर / کٲشُر</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D3%A8%D0%B3%D1%96%D0%B7" title="Өгіз – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Өгіз" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D3%A8%D0%B3%D2%AF%D0%B7" title="Өгүз – Kyrgyz" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Өгүз" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="Kyrgyz" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Кыргызча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-li mw-list-item"><a href="https://li.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%93s" title="Ós – Limburgish" lang="li" hreflang="li" data-title="Ós" data-language-autonym="Limburgs" data-language-local-name="Limburgish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Limburgs</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AC%E0%A5%88%E0%A4%B2" title="बैल – Marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="बैल" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="Marathi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>मराठी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mnw mw-list-item"><a href="https://mnw.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%82%E1%81%A0%E1%80%B4" title="ဂၠဴ – Mon" lang="mnw" hreflang="mnw" data-title="ဂၠဴ" data-language-autonym="ဘာသာမန်" data-language-local-name="Mon" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ဘာသာမန်</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mzn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mzn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%88%D8%B1%D8%B2%D8%A7" title="ورزا – Mazanderani" lang="mzn" hreflang="mzn" data-title="ورزا" data-language-autonym="مازِرونی" data-language-local-name="Mazanderani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مازِرونی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Os_(rund)" title="Os (rund) – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Os (rund)" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nds-nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Okse" title="Okse – Low Saxon" lang="nds-NL" hreflang="nds-NL" data-title="Okse" data-language-autonym="Nedersaksies" data-language-local-name="Low Saxon" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nedersaksies</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ne mw-list-item"><a href="https://ne.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%97%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%81" title="गोरु – Nepali" lang="ne" hreflang="ne" data-title="गोरु" data-language-autonym="नेपाली" data-language-local-name="Nepali" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>नेपाली</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%8E%BB%E5%8B%A2%E7%89%9B" title="去勢牛 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="去勢牛" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Okse" title="Okse – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Okse" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ho%CA%BBkiz" title="Hoʻkiz – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Hoʻkiz" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%88%DA%BE%DA%AF%D8%A7" title="ڈھگا – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="ڈھگا" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پنجابی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pap mw-list-item"><a href="https://pap.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buey" title="Buey – Papiamento" lang="pap" hreflang="pap" data-title="Buey" data-language-autonym="Papiamentu" data-language-local-name="Papiamento" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Papiamentu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ps mw-list-item"><a href="https://ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%BA%D9%88%D9%8A%DB%8C" title="غويی – Pashto" lang="ps" hreflang="ps" data-title="غويی" data-language-autonym="پښتو" data-language-local-name="Pashto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پښتو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/W%C3%B3%C5%82" title="Wół – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Wół" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Junta_de_bois" title="Junta de bois – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Junta de bois" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-qu mw-list-item"><a href="https://qu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buwis" title="Buwis – Quechua" lang="qu" hreflang="qu" data-title="Buwis" data-language-autonym="Runa Simi" data-language-local-name="Quechua" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Runa Simi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D0%BE%D0%BB" title="Вол – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Вол" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sco mw-list-item"><a href="https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/Owse" title="Owse – Scots" lang="sco" hreflang="sco" data-title="Owse" data-language-autonym="Scots" data-language-local-name="Scots" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Scots</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-scn mw-list-item"><a href="https://scn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Voi" title="Voi – Sicilian" lang="scn" hreflang="scn" data-title="Voi" data-language-autonym="Sicilianu" data-language-local-name="Sicilian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sicilianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-so mw-list-item"><a href="https://so.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dibi" title="Dibi – Somali" lang="so" hreflang="so" data-title="Dibi" data-language-autonym="Soomaaliga" data-language-local-name="Somali" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Soomaaliga</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D0%BE" title="Во – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Во" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oxe" title="Oxe – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Oxe" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kapong_baka" title="Kapong baka – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Kapong baka" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tagalog</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%8E%E0%AE%B0%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%A4%E0%AF%81" title="எருது – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="எருது" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kab mw-list-item"><a href="https://kab.wikipedia.org/wiki/Azger" title="Azger – Kabyle" lang="kab" hreflang="kab" data-title="Azger" data-language-autonym="Taqbaylit" data-language-local-name="Kabyle" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Taqbaylit</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-te mw-list-item"><a href="https://te.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B0%8E%E0%B0%A6%E0%B1%8D%E0%B0%A6%E0%B1%81_(%E0%B0%86%E0%B0%95%E0%B1%8D%E0%B0%B8%E0%B1%8D)" title="ఎద్దు (ఆక్స్) – Telugu" lang="te" hreflang="te" data-title="ఎద్దు (ఆక్స్)" data-language-autonym="తెలుగు" data-language-local-name="Telugu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>తెలుగు</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%96k%C3%BCz" title="Öküz – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Öküz" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D1%96%D0%BB" title="Віл – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Віл" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%DB%8C%D9%84" title="بیل – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="بیل" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/B%C3%B2_c%C3%A0y_k%C3%A9o" title="Bò cày kéo – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Bò cày kéo" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wa mw-list-item"><a href="https://wa.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bo%C3%BB" title="Boû – Walloon" lang="wa" hreflang="wa" data-title="Boû" data-language-autonym="Walon" data-language-local-name="Walloon" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Walon</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%89%A6%E7%89%9B%E5%85%AC" title="剦牛公 – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="剦牛公" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Cantonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-diq mw-list-item"><a href="https://diq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ga" title="Ga – Dimli" lang="diq" hreflang="diq" data-title="Ga" data-language-autonym="Zazaki" data-language-local-name="Dimli" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Zazaki</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bat-smg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bat-smg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jautis" title="Jautis – Samogitian" lang="sgs" hreflang="sgs" data-title="Jautis" data-language-autonym="Žemaitėška" data-language-local-name="Samogitian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Žemaitėška</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%96%B9%E5%85%AC%E7%89%9B" title="閹公牛 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="閹公牛" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div 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title="Download this page as a PDF file"><span>Download as PDF</span></a></li><li id="t-print" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ox&printable=yes" title="Printable version of this page [p]" accesskey="p"><span>Printable version</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-wikibase-otherprojects" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-wikibase-otherprojects" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> In other projects </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-commons mw-list-item"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Oxen" hreflang="en"><span>Wikimedia Commons</span></a></li><li id="t-wikibase" class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-wikibase-dataitem mw-list-item"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q473194" title="Structured data on this page hosted by Wikidata [g]" accesskey="g"><span>Wikidata item</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-column-end"> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Page tools"> <div id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Appearance"> <div id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-appearance" class="vector-appearance vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-appearance-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="appearance-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-appearance" data-pinned-container-id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Appearance</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.unpin">hide</button> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Common bovine draft and riding animal</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/Ox_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Ox (disambiguation)">Ox (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Not to be confused with <a href="/wiki/Aurochs" title="Aurochs">Aurochs</a> or <a href="/wiki/Muskox" title="Muskox">Muskox</a>.</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="box-More_citations_needed plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Refimprove" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This article <b>needs additional citations for <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">verification</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Ox" title="Special:EditPage/Ox">improve this article</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a>. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.<br /><small><span class="plainlinks"><i>Find sources:</i> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?as_eq=wikipedia&q=%22Ox%22">"Ox"</a> – <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbm=nws&q=%22Ox%22+-wikipedia&tbs=ar:1">news</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?&q=%22Ox%22&tbs=bkt:s&tbm=bks">newspapers</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbs=bks:1&q=%22Ox%22+-wikipedia">books</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=%22Ox%22">scholar</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/action/doBasicSearch?Query=%22Ox%22&acc=on&wc=on">JSTOR</a></span></small></span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">May 2019</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:India.Mumbai.04.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/India.Mumbai.04.jpg/250px-India.Mumbai.04.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/India.Mumbai.04.jpg/330px-India.Mumbai.04.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/India.Mumbai.04.jpg/500px-India.Mumbai.04.jpg 2x" data-file-width="640" data-file-height="480" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Zebu" title="Zebu">Zebu</a> oxen in <a href="/wiki/Mumbai,_India" class="mw-redirect" title="Mumbai, India">Mumbai, India</a></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Ploughing_with_Oxen.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/Ploughing_with_Oxen.jpg/250px-Ploughing_with_Oxen.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="118" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/Ploughing_with_Oxen.jpg/330px-Ploughing_with_Oxen.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/Ploughing_with_Oxen.jpg/500px-Ploughing_with_Oxen.jpg 2x" data-file-width="760" data-file-height="406" /></a><figcaption><i>Ploughing with Oxen</i> by George H. Harvey, Nova Scotia, Canada, 1881</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Traditional_Farming_Methods_and_Equipments.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Traditional_Farming_Methods_and_Equipments.jpg/220px-Traditional_Farming_Methods_and_Equipments.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Traditional_Farming_Methods_and_Equipments.jpg/330px-Traditional_Farming_Methods_and_Equipments.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Traditional_Farming_Methods_and_Equipments.jpg/440px-Traditional_Farming_Methods_and_Equipments.jpg 2x" data-file-width="640" data-file-height="480" /></a><figcaption>Oxen used for plowing, 2013</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Niger,_Filingu%C3%A9_(35),_boy_on_ox-drawn_cart.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Niger%2C_Filingu%C3%A9_%2835%29%2C_boy_on_ox-drawn_cart.jpg/250px-Niger%2C_Filingu%C3%A9_%2835%29%2C_boy_on_ox-drawn_cart.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="133" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Niger%2C_Filingu%C3%A9_%2835%29%2C_boy_on_ox-drawn_cart.jpg/330px-Niger%2C_Filingu%C3%A9_%2835%29%2C_boy_on_ox-drawn_cart.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Niger%2C_Filingu%C3%A9_%2835%29%2C_boy_on_ox-drawn_cart.jpg/500px-Niger%2C_Filingu%C3%A9_%2835%29%2C_boy_on_ox-drawn_cart.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3588" data-file-height="2176" /></a><figcaption>Boy on an ox-drawn cart in <a href="/wiki/Niger" title="Niger">Niger</a></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Ox_skull.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Ox_skull.jpg/220px-Ox_skull.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Ox_skull.jpg/330px-Ox_skull.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Ox_skull.jpg/440px-Ox_skull.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3679" data-file-height="2463" /></a><figcaption>Ox skull</figcaption></figure> <p>An <b>ox</b> (<abbr title="plural">pl.</abbr>: <b>oxen</b>), also known as a <b>bullock</b> (in <a href="/wiki/BrE" class="mw-redirect" title="BrE">British</a>, <a href="/wiki/AusE" class="mw-redirect" title="AusE">Australian</a>, and <a href="/wiki/IndE" class="mw-redirect" title="IndE">Indian English</a>),<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> is a large <a href="/wiki/Bovine" class="mw-redirect" title="Bovine">bovine</a>, trained and used as a draft animal. Oxen are commonly <a href="/wiki/Castration" title="Castration">castrated</a> adult male cattle, because castration inhibits <a href="/wiki/Testosterone" title="Testosterone">testosterone</a> and aggression, which makes the males docile and safer to work with. Cows (adult females) or bulls (intact males) may also be used in some areas. </p><p>Oxen are used for ploughing, for transport (pulling carts, hauling wagons and even riding), for threshing grain by trampling, and for powering machines that grind grain or supply irrigation among other purposes. Oxen may be also used to skid logs in forests, particularly in low-impact, select-cut logging. </p><p>Oxen are usually yoked in pairs. Light work such as carting household items on good roads might require just one pair, while for heavier work, further pairs would be added as necessary. A team used for a heavy load over difficult ground might exceed nine or ten pairs. </p><p>Oxen are thought to have first been harnessed and put to work around 4000 BC.<sup id="cite_ref-domestication_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-domestication-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Training">Training</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ox&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Training"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Tang_Bronze_Ox.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/61/Tang_Bronze_Ox.jpg/250px-Tang_Bronze_Ox.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/61/Tang_Bronze_Ox.jpg/330px-Tang_Bronze_Ox.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/61/Tang_Bronze_Ox.jpg/500px-Tang_Bronze_Ox.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4752" data-file-height="3168" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Tang_dynasty" title="Tang dynasty">Tang dynasty</a> bronze ox</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Bullock_wagon_Promontory_Road.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/Bullock_wagon_Promontory_Road.jpg/220px-Bullock_wagon_Promontory_Road.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="162" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/Bullock_wagon_Promontory_Road.jpg/330px-Bullock_wagon_Promontory_Road.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/Bullock_wagon_Promontory_Road.jpg/440px-Bullock_wagon_Promontory_Road.jpg 2x" data-file-width="989" data-file-height="729" /></a><figcaption>A team of ten pair of oxen in Australia, 1937</figcaption></figure> <p>Working oxen are taught to respond to the signals of the <i>teamster</i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Bullocky" title="Bullocky">bullocky</a></i> or <i>ox-driver</i>. The signals are given by oral command and body language, reinforced by a goad, whip or a long pole, which also serves as a measure of length (see <a href="/wiki/Rod_(length)" class="mw-redirect" title="Rod (length)">rod</a>). In pre-industrial times, teamsters were known for their loud voices and forthright language.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (October 2021)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>Verbal commands for draft animals vary widely throughout the world. In North America, the most common commands are: </p> <ul><li><i>Back</i>: back up</li> <li><i>Gee</i>: turn to the right</li> <li><i>Get up</i> (also <i>giddyup</i> or <i>giddyap</i>, contractions for "get thee up" or "get ye up"): go</li> <li><i>Haw</i>: turn to the left</li> <li><i>Whoa</i>: stop</li></ul> <p>In the <a href="/wiki/New_England" title="New England">New England</a> tradition, young castrated cattle selected for draft are known as <i>working steers</i> and are painstakingly trained from a young age. Their teamster makes or buys as many as a dozen yokes of different sizes for each animal as it grows. The steers are normally considered fully trained at the age of four and only then become known as oxen.<sup id="cite_ref-Conroy_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Conroy-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>A tradition in south-eastern <a href="/wiki/England" title="England">England</a> was to use oxen (often <a href="/wiki/Sussex_cattle" title="Sussex cattle">Sussex cattle</a>) as dual-purpose animals: for draft and beef. A plowing team of eight oxen normally consisted of four pairs aged a year apart. </p><p>Each year, a pair of <a href="/wiki/Steer_(cow)" class="mw-redirect" title="Steer (cow)">steers</a> of about three years of age would be bought for the team and trained with the older animals. The pair would be kept for about four years, then sold at about seven years old to be fattened for beef – thus covering much of the cost of buying that year's new pair. Use of oxen for plowing survived in some areas of England (such as the <a href="/wiki/South_Downs" title="South Downs">South Downs</a>) until the early twentieth century.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (March 2021)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>Pairs of oxen were always hitched the same way round, and they were often given paired names. In southern England it was traditional to call the near-side (left) ox of a pair by a single-syllable name and the off-side (right) one by a longer one (for example: Lark and Linnet, Turk and Tiger).<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Ox trainers favour larger animals for their ability to do more work. Oxen are therefore usually of larger breeds, and are usually males because they are generally larger. Females can also be trained as oxen, but as well as being smaller are often more valued for producing calves and milk. Bulls (intact males) are also used in many parts of the world, especially <a href="/wiki/Asia" title="Asia">Asia</a> and <a href="/wiki/Africa" title="Africa">Africa</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Shoeing">Shoeing</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ox&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Shoeing"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Working oxen usually require shoes,<sup id="cite_ref-fw_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-fw-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> although in England not all working oxen were shod.<sup id="cite_ref-watts_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-watts-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Since their hooves are cloven, two shoes are required for each hoof, as opposed to a single horseshoe. Ox shoes are usually of approximately half-moon or banana shape, either with or without <a href="/wiki/Caulkin" title="Caulkin">caulkins</a>, and are fitted in symmetrical pairs to the hooves. Unlike horses, oxen are not easily able to balance on three legs while a farrier shoes the fourth.<sup id="cite_ref-fw_7-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-fw-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-osv_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-osv-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In England, shoeing was accomplished by throwing the ox to the ground and lashing all four feet to a heavy wooden tripod until the shoeing was complete.<sup id="cite_ref-fw_7-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-fw-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A similar technique was used in Serbia<sup id="cite_ref-iln_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-iln-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and, in a simpler form, in India,<sup id="cite_ref-ind_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ind-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> where it is still practiced.<sup id="cite_ref-ind2_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ind2-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In Italy, where oxen may be very large, shoeing is accomplished using a massive framework of beams in which the animal can be partly or completely lifted from the ground by slings passed under the body; the feet are then lashed to lateral beams or held with a rope while the shoes are fitted.<sup id="cite_ref-tac_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-tac-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-serr_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-serr-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Such devices were made of wood in the past, but may today be of metal. Similar devices are found in France, Austria, Germany, Spain, Canada and the United States, where they may be called ox slings, ox presses or shoeing stalls.<sup id="cite_ref-osv_9-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-osv-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-wet2_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-wet2-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The system was sometimes adopted in England also, where the device was called a <a href="/wiki/Cattle_crush" class="mw-redirect" title="Cattle crush">crush</a> or trevis; one example is recorded in the <a href="/wiki/Vale_of_Pewsey" title="Vale of Pewsey">Vale of Pewsey</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-watts_8-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-watts-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The shoeing of an ox partly lifted in a sling is the subject of <a href="/wiki/John_Singer_Sargent" title="John Singer Sargent">John Singer Sargent</a>'s painting <i>Shoeing the Ox</i>,<sup id="cite_ref-sarg_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-sarg-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> while <i>A Smith Shoeing an Ox</i> by <a href="/wiki/Karel_Dujardin" title="Karel Dujardin">Karel Dujardin</a> shows an ox being shod standing, tied to a post by the horns and balanced by supporting the raised hoof. </p> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-packed" style="text-align:left; font-size: 86%;"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 126px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 124px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Ox_shoe.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="A single left-hand ox shoe of the type used for large Chianina oxen in Tuscany"><img alt="A single left-hand ox shoe of the type used for large Chianina oxen in Tuscany" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/23/Ox_shoe.jpg/250px-Ox_shoe.jpg" decoding="async" width="124" height="180" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/23/Ox_shoe.jpg/330px-Ox_shoe.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/23/Ox_shoe.jpg/500px-Ox_shoe.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1252" data-file-height="1820" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">A single left-hand ox shoe of the type used for large <a href="/wiki/Chianina" title="Chianina">Chianina</a> oxen in <a href="/wiki/Tuscany" title="Tuscany">Tuscany</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 207.33333333333px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 205.33333333333px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Karel_Dujardin_-_A_Smith_Shoeing_an_Ox.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Karel Dujardin, 1622–1678: A Smith Shoeing an Ox"><img alt="Karel Dujardin, 1622–1678: A Smith Shoeing an Ox" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e4/Karel_Dujardin_-_A_Smith_Shoeing_an_Ox.jpg/308px-Karel_Dujardin_-_A_Smith_Shoeing_an_Ox.jpg" decoding="async" width="206" height="180" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e4/Karel_Dujardin_-_A_Smith_Shoeing_an_Ox.jpg/462px-Karel_Dujardin_-_A_Smith_Shoeing_an_Ox.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e4/Karel_Dujardin_-_A_Smith_Shoeing_an_Ox.jpg/616px-Karel_Dujardin_-_A_Smith_Shoeing_an_Ox.jpg 2x" data-file-width="876" data-file-height="768" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Karel Dujardin, 1622–1678: <i>A Smith Shoeing an Ox</i></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 242px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 240px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:2008.04.18.VorrichtungZumBeschlagenVonOchsen.DorfmuseumMoenchhof.33.JPG" class="mw-file-description" title="Ox shoeing sling in the Dorfmuseum of Mönchhof, Austria; a pair of ox shoes is attached to the near left column."><img alt="Ox shoeing sling in the Dorfmuseum of Mönchhof, Austria; a pair of ox shoes is attached to the near left column." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3b/2008.04.18.VorrichtungZumBeschlagenVonOchsen.DorfmuseumMoenchhof.33.JPG/500px-2008.04.18.VorrichtungZumBeschlagenVonOchsen.DorfmuseumMoenchhof.33.JPG" decoding="async" width="240" height="180" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3b/2008.04.18.VorrichtungZumBeschlagenVonOchsen.DorfmuseumMoenchhof.33.JPG/960px-2008.04.18.VorrichtungZumBeschlagenVonOchsen.DorfmuseumMoenchhof.33.JPG 1.5x" data-file-width="2048" data-file-height="1536" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Ox shoeing sling in the Dorfmuseum of <a href="/wiki/M%C3%B6nchhof" title="Mönchhof">Mönchhof</a>, Austria; a pair of ox shoes is attached to the near left column.</div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Uses_and_comparison_to_horses">Uses and comparison to horses</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ox&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Uses and comparison to horses"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Sixten.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4d/Sixten.jpg/250px-Sixten.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="188" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4d/Sixten.jpg/330px-Sixten.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4d/Sixten.jpg/500px-Sixten.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1578" data-file-height="1350" /></a><figcaption>Riding an ox in <a href="/wiki/Hova,_Sweden" title="Hova, Sweden">Hova, Sweden</a>, 2009</figcaption></figure> <p>Oxen can pull heavier loads, and pull for a longer period of time than horses, depending on weather conditions.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>On the other hand, they are also slower than horses, which has both advantages and disadvantages. Their pulling style is steadier, but they cannot cover as much ground in a given period of time. For agricultural purposes, oxen are more suitable for heavy tasks such as breaking sod or plowing in wet, heavy, or clay-filled soil. </p><p>When hauling freight, oxen can move very heavy loads in a slow and steady fashion. They are at a disadvantage compared to horses when it is necessary to pull a plow or load of freight relatively quickly. </p><p>For millennia, oxen also could pull heavier loads because of the use of the yoke, which was designed to work best with the neck and shoulder anatomy of cattle. Until the invention of the <a href="/wiki/Horse_collar" title="Horse collar">horse collar</a>, which allowed the horse to engage the pushing power of its hindquarters in moving a load, horses could not pull with their full strength because the yoke was incompatible with their anatomy<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> (yokes press on their chest, inhibiting their breathing).<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (October 2021)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ox&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aurochs" title="Aurochs">Aurochs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ox_(zodiac)" title="Ox (zodiac)">Ox (zodiac)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ox_in_Chinese_mythology" class="mw-redirect" title="Ox in Chinese mythology">Ox in Chinese mythology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oxtail" title="Oxtail">Oxtail</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/B%C5%93uf_Gras" title="Bœuf Gras">Boeuf gras</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ox&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dictionary.cambridge.org/dictionary/english/bullock">"BULLOCK | meaning in the Cambridge English Dictionary"</a>. Dictionary.cambridge.org. 2022-05-25<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2022-05-31</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=BULLOCK+%26%23124%3B+meaning+in+the+Cambridge+English+Dictionary&rft.pub=Dictionary.cambridge.org&rft.date=2022-05-25&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdictionary.cambridge.org%2Fdictionary%2Fenglish%2Fbullock&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOx" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-domestication-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-domestication_2-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.historyworld.net/wrldhis/plaintexthistories.asp?historyid=ab57">"History of the domestication of animals"</a>. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">22 May</span> 2011</span>. <q>The shoeing of the oxen</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=La+ferratura+dei+buoi&rft.aulast=Tacchini&rft.aufirst=Alvaro&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.storiatifernate.it%2Fpubblicazioni.php%3F%26cat%3D51%26subcat%3D120%26group%3D253%26id%3D578&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOx" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-serr-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-serr_14-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.serramanna.altervista.org/tradizioni.htm">"Tradizioni - Serramanna"</a> (in Italian and Sardinian). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20111007114635/http://www.serramanna.altervista.org/tradizioni.htm">Archived</a> from the original on 7 October 2011<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">22 May</span> 2011</span>. <q>Serramanna: traditions</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Tradizioni+-+Serramanna&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.serramanna.altervista.org%2Ftradizioni.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOx" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-wet2-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-wet2_15-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation journal cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.santafetrailresearch.com/wet/vol-06-no-4.html">"Did You Know?"</a>. <i>Wet/Dry Routes Chapter Newsletter</i>. <b>4</b> (4). 1997. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110722134343/http://www.santafetrailresearch.com/wet/vol-06-no-4.html">Archived</a> from the original on 22 July 2011<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">22 May</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Wet%2FDry+Routes+Chapter+Newsletter&rft.atitle=Did+You+Know%3F&rft.volume=4&rft.issue=4&rft.date=1997&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.santafetrailresearch.com%2Fwet%2Fvol-06-no-4.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOx" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-sarg-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-sarg_16-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFJohn_Singer_Sargent" class="citation web cs1">John Singer Sargent. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.johnsingersargent.org/Shoeing-the-Ox-large.html">"Shoeing the Ox"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160711000249/http://www.johnsingersargent.org/Shoeing-the-Ox-large.html">Archived</a> from the original on 11 July 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">18 August</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Shoeing+the+Ox&rft.au=John+Singer+Sargent&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.johnsingersargent.org%2FShoeing-the-Ox-large.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOx" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFTaylor2011" class="citation news cs1">Taylor, Tess (May 3, 2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/2011/05/04/dining/04oxen.html">"On Small Farms, Hoof Power Returns"</a>. <i>The New York Times</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130522213735/http://www.nytimes.com/2011/05/04/dining/04oxen.html?_r=4&sq=Oxen&st=cse&scp=3&pagewanted=all">Archived</a> from the original on 22 May 2013<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">19 June</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=On+Small+Farms%2C+Hoof+Power+Returns&rft.date=2011-05-03&rft.aulast=Taylor&rft.aufirst=Tess&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F2011%2F05%2F04%2Fdining%2F04oxen.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOx" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFConroy" class="citation web cs1">Conroy, Drew. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.taws.org/TAWS2004/TAWS04-Conroy-040419-A4-all.pdf">"Dr"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>Ox Yokes: Culture, Comfort and Animal Welfare</i>. World Association for Transport Animal Welfare and Studies (TAWS). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120322111111/http://www.taws.org/TAWS2004/TAWS04-Conroy-040419-A4-all.pdf">Archived</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> from the original on 22 March 2012<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">21 February</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Ox+Yokes%3A+Culture%2C+Comfort+and+Animal+Welfare&rft.atitle=Dr.&rft.aulast=Conroy&rft.aufirst=Drew&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.taws.org%2FTAWS2004%2FTAWS04-Conroy-040419-A4-all.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOx" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ox&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Commons-logo.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" 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