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id="toc-Defining_life_to_define_death" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Defining_life_to_define_death"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.1.1 Defining life to define death </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Defining_life_to_define_death-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Definition_of_death_by_heartbeat_and_breath" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Definition_of_death_by_heartbeat_and_breath"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.1.2 Definition of death by heartbeat and breath </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Definition_of_death_by_heartbeat_and_breath-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Brain_death" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Brain_death"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.1.3 Brain death </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Brain_death-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Neocortical_brain_death" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Neocortical_brain_death"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.1.4 Neocortical brain death </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Neocortical_brain_death-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Total_brain_death" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Total_brain_death"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.1.5 Total brain death </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Total_brain_death-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Problems_in_medical_practice" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Problems_in_medical_practice"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.1.6 Problems in medical practice </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Problems_in_medical_practice-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Donations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Donations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.1.7 Donations </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Donations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Signs" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Signs"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.2 Signs </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Signs-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Legal" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Legal"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.3 Legal </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Legal-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Misdiagnosis" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Misdiagnosis"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.4 Misdiagnosis </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Misdiagnosis-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Causes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Causes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2 Causes </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Causes-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Causes subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Causes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Autopsy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Autopsy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.1 Autopsy </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Autopsy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Death_before_birth" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Death_before_birth"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3 Death before birth </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Death_before_birth-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Death before birth subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Death_before_birth-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Stillbirth" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Stillbirth"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.1 Stillbirth </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Stillbirth-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Miscarriage" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Miscarriage"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.2 Miscarriage </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Miscarriage-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Abortion" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Abortion"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.3 Abortion </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Abortion-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Senescence" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Senescence"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4 Senescence </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Senescence-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Life_extension" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Life_extension"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5 Life extension </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Life_extension-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Life extension subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Life_extension-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Cryonics" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Cryonics"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.1 Cryonics </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Cryonics-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Location" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Location"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6 Location </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Location-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Psychology" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Psychology"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7 Psychology </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Psychology-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Society_and_culture" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Society_and_culture"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8 Society and culture </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Society_and_culture-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Society and culture subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Society_and_culture-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Origins_of_death" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Origins_of_death"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8.1 Origins of death </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Origins_of_death-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Consciousness" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Consciousness"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9 Consciousness </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Consciousness-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-In_biology" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#In_biology"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 10 In biology </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-In_biology-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle In biology subsection </button> <ul id="toc-In_biology-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Natural_selection" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Natural_selection"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 10.1 Natural selection </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Natural_selection-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Extinction" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Extinction"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 10.2 Extinction </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Extinction-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Evolution_of_aging_and_mortality" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Evolution_of_aging_and_mortality"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 10.3 Evolution of aging and mortality </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Evolution_of_aging_and_mortality-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Grief_in_animals" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Grief_in_animals"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 10.4 Grief in animals </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Grief_in_animals-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Death_of_abiotic_factors" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Death_of_abiotic_factors"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 10.5 Death of abiotic factors </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Death_of_abiotic_factors-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Religious_views" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Religious_views"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 11 Religious views </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Religious_views-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Religious views subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Religious_views-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Buddhism" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Buddhism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 11.1 Buddhism </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Buddhism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Christianity" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Christianity"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 11.2 Christianity </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Christianity-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Hinduism" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Hinduism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 11.3 Hinduism </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Hinduism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Islam" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Islam"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 11.4 Islam </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Islam-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Judaism" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Judaism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 11.5 Judaism </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Judaism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Language" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Language"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 12 Language </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Language-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 13 See also </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 14 References </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Bibliography" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bibliography"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 15 Bibliography </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bibliography-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 16 Further reading </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 17 External links </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" title="Table of Contents" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" > Toggle the table of contents </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading">Death</h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 172 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-172" aria-hidden="true" > 172 languages </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dood" title="Dood – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Dood" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target">Afrikaans</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-als mw-list-item"><a href="https://als.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tod" title="Tod – Alemannic" lang="gsw" hreflang="gsw" data-title="Tod" data-language-autonym="Alemannisch" data-language-local-name="Alemannic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Alemannisch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-am mw-list-item"><a href="https://am.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%88%9E%E1%89%B5" title="ሞት – Amharic" lang="am" hreflang="am" data-title="ሞት" data-language-autonym="አማርኛ" data-language-local-name="Amharic" class="interlanguage-link-target">አማርኛ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D9%88%D8%AA" title="موت – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="موت" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">العربية</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-an mw-list-item"><a href="https://an.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muerte" title="Muerte – Aragonese" lang="an" hreflang="an" data-title="Muerte" data-language-autonym="Aragonés" data-language-local-name="Aragonese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Aragonés</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arc mw-list-item"><a href="https://arc.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DC%A1%DC%98%DC%AC%DC%90" title="ܡܘܬܐ – Aramaic" lang="arc" hreflang="arc" data-title="ܡܘܬܐ" data-language-autonym="ܐܪܡܝܐ" data-language-local-name="Aramaic" class="interlanguage-link-target">ܐܪܡܝܐ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hyw mw-list-item"><a href="https://hyw.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%84%D5%A1%D5%B0" title="Մահ – Western Armenian" lang="hyw" hreflang="hyw" data-title="Մահ" data-language-autonym="Արեւմտահայերէն" data-language-local-name="Western Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Արեւմտահայերէն</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-roa-rup mw-list-item"><a href="https://roa-rup.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moarti" title="Moarti – Aromanian" lang="rup" hreflang="rup" data-title="Moarti" data-language-autonym="Armãneashti" data-language-local-name="Aromanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Armãneashti</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-as mw-list-item"><a href="https://as.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%AE%E0%A7%83%E0%A6%A4%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AF%E0%A7%81" title="মৃত্যু – Assamese" lang="as" hreflang="as" data-title="মৃত্যু" data-language-autonym="অসমীয়া" data-language-local-name="Assamese" class="interlanguage-link-target">অসমীয়া</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muerte" title="Muerte – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Muerte" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Asturianu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gn mw-list-item"><a href="https://gn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mano" title="Mano – Guarani" lang="gn" hreflang="gn" data-title="Mano" data-language-autonym="Avañe'ẽ" data-language-local-name="Guarani" class="interlanguage-link-target">Avañe'ẽ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-av mw-list-item"><a href="https://av.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A5%D0%B2%D0%B5%D0%BB" title="Хвел – Avaric" lang="av" hreflang="av" data-title="Хвел" data-language-autonym="Авар" data-language-local-name="Avaric" class="interlanguage-link-target">Авар</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%96l%C3%BCm" title="Ölüm – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Ölüm" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target">Azərbaycanca</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D8%A4%D9%84%D9%88%D9%85" title="اؤلوم – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="اؤلوم" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target">تۆرکجه</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%AE%E0%A7%83%E0%A6%A4%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AF%E0%A7%81" title="মৃত্যু – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="মৃত্যু" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target">বাংলা</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/S%C3%AD-b%C3%B4ng" title="Sí-bông – Minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Sí-bông" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Minnan" class="interlanguage-link-target">閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ba mw-list-item"><a href="https://ba.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D2%AE%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BC" title="Үлем – Bashkir" lang="ba" hreflang="ba" data-title="Үлем" data-language-autonym="Башҡортса" data-language-local-name="Bashkir" class="interlanguage-link-target">Башҡортса</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%BC%D0%B5%D1%80%D1%86%D1%8C" title="Смерць – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Смерць" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Беларуская</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D1%8C%D0%BC%D0%B5%D1%80%D1%86%D1%8C" title="Сьмерць – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Сьмерць" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target">Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bh mw-list-item"><a href="https://bh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%8C%E0%A4%A4" title="मौत – Bhojpuri" lang="bh" hreflang="bh" data-title="मौत" data-language-autonym="भोजपुरी" data-language-local-name="Bhojpuri" class="interlanguage-link-target">भोजपुरी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bcl mw-list-item"><a href="https://bcl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kagadanan" title="Kagadanan – Central Bikol" lang="bcl" hreflang="bcl" data-title="Kagadanan" data-language-autonym="Bikol Central" data-language-local-name="Central Bikol" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bikol Central</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%BC%D1%8A%D1%80%D1%82" title="Смърт – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Смърт" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Български</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bar mw-list-item"><a href="https://bar.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doud" title="Doud – Bavarian" lang="bar" hreflang="bar" data-title="Doud" data-language-autonym="Boarisch" data-language-local-name="Bavarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Boarisch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bo mw-list-item"><a href="https://bo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%BD%A4%E0%BD%B2%E0%BC%8B%E0%BD%96%E0%BC%8D" title="ཤི་བ། – Tibetan" lang="bo" hreflang="bo" data-title="ཤི་བ།" data-language-autonym="བོད་ཡིག" data-language-local-name="Tibetan" class="interlanguage-link-target">བོད་ཡིག</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Smrt" title="Smrt – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Smrt" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bosanski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marv" title="Marv – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Marv" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target">Brezhoneg</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bxr mw-list-item"><a href="https://bxr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D2%AE%D1%85%D1%8D%D0%BB" title="Үхэл – Russia Buriat" lang="bxr" hreflang="bxr" data-title="Үхэл" data-language-autonym="Буряад" data-language-local-name="Russia Buriat" class="interlanguage-link-target">Буряад</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mort" title="Mort – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Mort" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Català</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cv mw-list-item"><a href="https://cv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D0%B8%D0%BB%C4%95%D0%BC" title="Вилĕм – Chuvash" lang="cv" hreflang="cv" data-title="Вилĕм" data-language-autonym="Чӑвашла" data-language-local-name="Chuvash" class="interlanguage-link-target">Чӑвашла</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ceb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ceb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kamatayon" title="Kamatayon – Cebuano" lang="ceb" hreflang="ceb" data-title="Kamatayon" data-language-autonym="Cebuano" data-language-local-name="Cebuano" class="interlanguage-link-target">Cebuano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Smrt" title="Smrt – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Smrt" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target">Čeština</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sn mw-list-item"><a href="https://sn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rufu" title="Rufu – Shona" lang="sn" hreflang="sn" data-title="Rufu" data-language-autonym="ChiShona" data-language-local-name="Shona" class="interlanguage-link-target">ChiShona</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marwolaeth" title="Marwolaeth – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Marwolaeth" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target">Cymraeg</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/D%C3%B8d" title="Død – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Død" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Dansk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ary mw-list-item"><a href="https://ary.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D9%88%D8%AA" title="موت – Moroccan Arabic" lang="ary" hreflang="ary" data-title="موت" data-language-autonym="الدارجة" data-language-local-name="Moroccan Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">الدارجة</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tod" title="Tod – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Tod" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target">Deutsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-dv mw-list-item"><a href="https://dv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DE%89%DE%A6%DE%83%DE%AA" title="މަރު – Divehi" lang="dv" hreflang="dv" data-title="މަރު" data-language-autonym="ދިވެހިބަސް" data-language-local-name="Divehi" class="interlanguage-link-target">ދިވެހިބަސް</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Surm" title="Surm – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Surm" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Eesti</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%98%CE%AC%CE%BD%CE%B1%CF%84%CE%BF%CF%82" title="Θάνατος – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Θάνατος" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ελληνικά</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-myv mw-list-item"><a href="https://myv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D1%83%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%B0_%D0%BE%D0%B7%D0%BA%D1%81" title="Кулома озкс – Erzya" lang="myv" hreflang="myv" data-title="Кулома озкс" data-language-autonym="Эрзянь" data-language-local-name="Erzya" class="interlanguage-link-target">Эрзянь</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muerte" title="Muerte – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Muerte" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Español</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Morto" title="Morto – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Morto" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target">Esperanto</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ext mw-list-item"><a href="https://ext.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muerti" title="Muerti – Extremaduran" lang="ext" hreflang="ext" data-title="Muerti" data-language-autonym="Estremeñu" data-language-local-name="Extremaduran" class="interlanguage-link-target">Estremeñu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heriotza" title="Heriotza – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Heriotza" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target">Euskara</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D8%B1%DA%AF" title="مرگ – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="مرگ" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target">فارسی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hif mw-list-item"><a href="https://hif.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maut" title="Maut – Fiji Hindi" lang="hif" hreflang="hif" data-title="Maut" data-language-autonym="Fiji Hindi" data-language-local-name="Fiji Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target">Fiji Hindi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mort" title="Mort – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Mort" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target">Français</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy mw-list-item"><a href="https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dea" title="Dea – Western Frisian" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" data-title="Dea" data-language-autonym="Frysk" data-language-local-name="Western Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Frysk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/B%C3%A1s" title="Bás – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Bás" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gaeilge</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Morte" title="Morte – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Morte" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target">Galego</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-inh mw-list-item"><a href="https://inh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B0%D1%80" title="Валар – Ingush" lang="inh" hreflang="inh" data-title="Валар" data-language-autonym="ГӀалгӀай" data-language-local-name="Ingush" class="interlanguage-link-target">ГӀалгӀай</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gan mw-list-item"><a href="https://gan.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%81%8E%E4%B8%96" title="過世 – Gan" lang="gan" hreflang="gan" data-title="過世" data-language-autonym="贛語" data-language-local-name="Gan" class="interlanguage-link-target">贛語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-guw mw-list-item"><a href="https://guw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ok%C3%BA" title="Okú – Gun" lang="guw" hreflang="guw" data-title="Okú" data-language-autonym="Gungbe" data-language-local-name="Gun" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gungbe</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hak mw-list-item"><a href="https://hak.wikipedia.org/wiki/S%C3%AD" title="Sí – Hakka Chinese" lang="hak" hreflang="hak" data-title="Sí" data-language-autonym="客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî" data-language-local-name="Hakka Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target">客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%A3%BD%EC%9D%8C" title="죽음 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="죽음" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target">한국어</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ha mw-list-item"><a href="https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mutuwa" title="Mutuwa – Hausa" lang="ha" hreflang="ha" data-title="Mutuwa" data-language-autonym="Hausa" data-language-local-name="Hausa" class="interlanguage-link-target">Hausa</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%84%D5%A1%D5%B0" title="Մահ – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Մահ" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Հայերեն</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%83%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF%E0%A5%81" title="मृत्यु – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="मृत्यु" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target">हिन्दी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Smrt" title="Smrt – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Smrt" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Hrvatski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Morto" title="Morto – Ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Morto" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="Ido" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ido</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ilo mw-list-item"><a href="https://ilo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Patay" title="Patay – Iloko" lang="ilo" hreflang="ilo" data-title="Patay" data-language-autonym="Ilokano" data-language-local-name="Iloko" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ilokano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kematian" title="Kematian – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Kematian" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Indonesia</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ia mw-list-item"><a href="https://ia.wikipedia.org/wiki/Morte" title="Morte – Interlingua" lang="ia" hreflang="ia" data-title="Morte" data-language-autonym="Interlingua" data-language-local-name="Interlingua" class="interlanguage-link-target">Interlingua</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-iu mw-list-item"><a href="https://iu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%90%8B%E1%94%AA%E1%90%83%E1%93%95%E1%96%85%E1%91%90%E1%96%85" title="ᐋᔪᐃᓕᖅᑐᖅ – Inuktitut" lang="iu" hreflang="iu" data-title="ᐋᔪᐃᓕᖅᑐᖅ" data-language-autonym="ᐃᓄᒃᑎᑐᑦ / inuktitut" data-language-local-name="Inuktitut" class="interlanguage-link-target">ᐃᓄᒃᑎᑐᑦ / inuktitut</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zu mw-list-item"><a href="https://zu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ukufa" title="Ukufa – Zulu" lang="zu" hreflang="zu" data-title="Ukufa" data-language-autonym="IsiZulu" data-language-local-name="Zulu" class="interlanguage-link-target">IsiZulu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dau%C3%B0i" title="Dauði – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Dauði" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Íslenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Morte" title="Morte – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Morte" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Italiano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%9E%D7%95%D7%95%D7%AA" title="מוות – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="מוות" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target">עברית</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jv mw-list-item"><a href="https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pati" title="Pati – Javanese" lang="jv" hreflang="jv" data-title="Pati" data-language-autonym="Jawa" data-language-local-name="Javanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Jawa</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kbp mw-list-item"><a href="https://kbp.wikipedia.org/wiki/S%C9%A9m" title="Sɩm – Kabiye" lang="kbp" hreflang="kbp" data-title="Sɩm" data-language-autonym="Kabɩyɛ" data-language-local-name="Kabiye" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kabɩyɛ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kn mw-list-item"><a href="https://kn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%AE%E0%B2%B0%E0%B2%A3" title="ಮರಣ – Kannada" lang="kn" hreflang="kn" data-title="ಮರಣ" data-language-autonym="ಕನ್ನಡ" data-language-local-name="Kannada" class="interlanguage-link-target">ಕನ್ನಡ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pam mw-list-item"><a href="https://pam.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kamat%C3%A1yan" title="Kamatáyan – Pampanga" lang="pam" hreflang="pam" data-title="Kamatáyan" data-language-autonym="Kapampangan" data-language-local-name="Pampanga" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kapampangan</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%A1%E1%83%98%E1%83%99%E1%83%95%E1%83%93%E1%83%98%E1%83%9A%E1%83%98" title="სიკვდილი – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="სიკვდილი" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target">ქართული</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D3%A8%D0%BB%D1%96%D0%BC" title="Өлім – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Өлім" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target">Қазақша</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kw mw-list-item"><a href="https://kw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mernans" title="Mernans – Cornish" lang="kw" hreflang="kw" data-title="Mernans" data-language-autonym="Kernowek" data-language-local-name="Cornish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kernowek</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mauti" title="Mauti – Swahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Mauti" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="Swahili" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kiswahili</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ht mw-list-item"><a href="https://ht.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lanm%C3%B2" title="Lanmò – Haitian Creole" lang="ht" hreflang="ht" data-title="Lanmò" data-language-autonym="Kreyòl ayisyen" data-language-local-name="Haitian Creole" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kreyòl ayisyen</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gcr mw-list-item"><a href="https://gcr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lanm%C3%B2" title="Lanmò – Guianan Creole" lang="gcr" hreflang="gcr" data-title="Lanmò" data-language-autonym="Kriyòl gwiyannen" data-language-local-name="Guianan Creole" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kriyòl gwiyannen</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ku mw-list-item"><a href="https://ku.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mirin" title="Mirin – Kurdish" lang="ku" hreflang="ku" data-title="Mirin" data-language-autonym="Kurdî" data-language-local-name="Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kurdî</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D3%A8%D0%BB%D2%AF%D0%BC" title="Өлүм – Kyrgyz" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Өлүм" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="Kyrgyz" class="interlanguage-link-target">Кыргызча</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mrj mw-list-item"><a href="https://mrj.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BD" title="Колен – Western Mari" lang="mrj" hreflang="mrj" data-title="Колен" data-language-autonym="Кырык мары" data-language-local-name="Western Mari" class="interlanguage-link-target">Кырык мары</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mors" title="Mors – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Mors" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/N%C4%81ve" title="Nāve – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Nāve" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latviešu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mirtis" title="Mirtis – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Mirtis" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lietuvių</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nia mw-list-item"><a href="https://nia.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fa%27amate" title="Fa'amate – Nias" lang="nia" hreflang="nia" data-title="Fa'amate" data-language-autonym="Li Niha" data-language-local-name="Nias" class="interlanguage-link-target">Li Niha</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lij mw-list-item"><a href="https://lij.wikipedia.org/wiki/Morte" title="Morte – Ligurian" lang="lij" hreflang="lij" data-title="Morte" data-language-autonym="Ligure" data-language-local-name="Ligurian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ligure</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-li mw-list-item"><a href="https://li.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doead" title="Doead – Limburgish" lang="li" hreflang="li" data-title="Doead" data-language-autonym="Limburgs" data-language-local-name="Limburgish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Limburgs</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ln mw-list-item"><a href="https://ln.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liw%C3%A2" title="Liwâ – Lingala" lang="ln" hreflang="ln" data-title="Liwâ" data-language-autonym="Lingála" data-language-local-name="Lingala" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lingála</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lmo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lmo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mort" title="Mort – Lombard" lang="lmo" hreflang="lmo" data-title="Mort" data-language-autonym="Lombard" data-language-local-name="Lombard" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lombard</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hal%C3%A1l" title="Halál – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Halál" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Magyar</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%BC%D1%80%D1%82" title="Смрт – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Смрт" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Македонски</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mg mw-list-item"><a href="https://mg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fahafatesana" title="Fahafatesana – Malagasy" lang="mg" hreflang="mg" data-title="Fahafatesana" data-language-autonym="Malagasy" data-language-local-name="Malagasy" class="interlanguage-link-target">Malagasy</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%AE%E0%B4%B0%E0%B4%A3%E0%B4%82" title="മരണം – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="മരണം" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target">മലയാളം</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mt mw-list-item"><a href="https://mt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mewt" title="Mewt – Maltese" lang="mt" hreflang="mt" data-title="Mewt" data-language-autonym="Malti" data-language-local-name="Maltese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Malti</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%83%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF%E0%A5%82" title="मृत्यू – Marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="मृत्यू" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="Marathi" class="interlanguage-link-target">मराठी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xmf mw-list-item"><a href="https://xmf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%A6%E1%83%A3%E1%83%A0%E1%83%90" title="ღურა – Mingrelian" lang="xmf" hreflang="xmf" data-title="ღურა" data-language-autonym="მარგალური" data-language-local-name="Mingrelian" class="interlanguage-link-target">მარგალური</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D9%88%D8%AA" title="موت – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="موت" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">مصرى</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ajal" title="Ajal – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Ajal" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Melayu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cdo mw-list-item"><a href="https://cdo.wikipedia.org/wiki/S%C4%AB" title="Sī – Mindong" lang="cdo" hreflang="cdo" data-title="Sī" data-language-autonym="閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄" data-language-local-name="Mindong" class="interlanguage-link-target">閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D2%AE%D1%85%D1%8D%D0%BB" title="Үхэл – Mongolian" lang="mn" hreflang="mn" data-title="Үхэл" data-language-autonym="Монгол" data-language-local-name="Mongolian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Монгол</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-my mw-list-item"><a href="https://my.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%9E%E1%80%B1%E1%80%86%E1%80%AF%E1%80%B6%E1%80%B8%E1%80%81%E1%80%BC%E1%80%84%E1%80%BA%E1%80%B8" title="သေဆုံးခြင်း – Burmese" lang="my" hreflang="my" data-title="သေဆုံးခြင်း" data-language-autonym="မြန်မာဘာသာ" data-language-local-name="Burmese" class="interlanguage-link-target">မြန်မာဘာသာ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nah mw-list-item"><a href="https://nah.wikipedia.org/wiki/Miquiztli" title="Miquiztli – Nahuatl" lang="nah" hreflang="nah" data-title="Miquiztli" data-language-autonym="Nāhuatl" data-language-local-name="Nahuatl" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nāhuatl</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pcm mw-list-item"><a href="https://pcm.wikipedia.org/wiki/Death" title="Death – Nigerian Pidgin" lang="pcm" hreflang="pcm" data-title="Death" data-language-autonym="Naijá" data-language-local-name="Nigerian Pidgin" class="interlanguage-link-target">Naijá</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dood" title="Dood – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Dood" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nederlands</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-new mw-list-item"><a href="https://new.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%83%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF%E0%A5%81" title="मृत्यु – Newari" lang="new" hreflang="new" data-title="मृत्यु" data-language-autonym="नेपाल भाषा" data-language-local-name="Newari" class="interlanguage-link-target">नेपाल भाषा</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%AD%BB" title="死 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="死" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">日本語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ce mw-list-item"><a href="https://ce.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D3%80%D0%BE%D0%B6%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%BB%D0%B0" title="Ӏожалла – Chechen" lang="ce" hreflang="ce" data-title="Ӏожалла" data-language-autonym="Нохчийн" data-language-local-name="Chechen" class="interlanguage-link-target">Нохчийн</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/D%C3%B8d" title="Død – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Død" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk bokmål</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/D%C3%B8d" title="Død – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Død" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk nynorsk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/M%C3%B2rt" title="Mòrt – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Mòrt" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Occitan</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/O%CA%BBlim" title="Oʻlim – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Oʻlim" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target">Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%AE%E0%A9%8C%E0%A8%A4" title="ਮੌਤ – Punjabi" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਮੌਤ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target">ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D8%B1%D9%86" title="مرن – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="مرن" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target">پنجابی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pap mw-list-item"><a href="https://pap.wikipedia.org/wiki/Morto" title="Morto – Papiamento" lang="pap" hreflang="pap" data-title="Morto" data-language-autonym="Papiamentu" data-language-local-name="Papiamento" class="interlanguage-link-target">Papiamentu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ps mw-list-item"><a href="https://ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%DA%93%DB%8C%D9%86%D9%87" title="مړینه – Pashto" lang="ps" hreflang="ps" data-title="مړینه" data-language-autonym="پښتو" data-language-local-name="Pashto" class="interlanguage-link-target">پښتو</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-km mw-list-item"><a href="https://km.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%9E%98%E1%9E%9A%E1%9E%8E%E1%9E%97%E1%9E%B6%E1%9E%96" title="មរណភាព – Khmer" lang="km" hreflang="km" data-title="មរណភាព" data-language-autonym="ភាសាខ្មែរ" data-language-local-name="Khmer" class="interlanguage-link-target">ភាសាខ្មែរ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pms mw-list-item"><a href="https://pms.wikipedia.org/wiki/M%C3%B2rt" title="Mòrt – Piedmontese" lang="pms" hreflang="pms" data-title="Mòrt" data-language-autonym="Piemontèis" data-language-local-name="Piedmontese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Piemontèis</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds mw-list-item"><a href="https://nds.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dood" title="Dood – Low German" lang="nds" hreflang="nds" data-title="Dood" data-language-autonym="Plattdüütsch" data-language-local-name="Low German" class="interlanguage-link-target">Plattdüütsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C5%9Amier%C4%87" title="Śmierć – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Śmierć" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Polski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Morte" title="Morte – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Morte" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Português</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moarte" title="Moarte – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Moarte" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Română</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-qu mw-list-item"><a href="https://qu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wa%C3%B1uy" title="Wañuy – Quechua" lang="qu" hreflang="qu" data-title="Wañuy" data-language-autonym="Runa Simi" data-language-local-name="Quechua" class="interlanguage-link-target">Runa Simi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rue mw-list-item"><a href="https://rue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%BC%D0%B5%D1%80%D1%82%D1%8C" title="Смерть – Rusyn" lang="rue" hreflang="rue" data-title="Смерть" data-language-autonym="Русиньскый" data-language-local-name="Rusyn" class="interlanguage-link-target">Русиньскый</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%BC%D0%B5%D1%80%D1%82%D1%8C" title="Смерть – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Смерть" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Русский</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sah mw-list-item"><a href="https://sah.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D3%A8%D0%BB%D2%AF%D2%AF" title="Өлүү – Yakut" lang="sah" hreflang="sah" data-title="Өлүү" data-language-autonym="Саха тыла" data-language-local-name="Yakut" class="interlanguage-link-target">Саха тыла</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sat mw-list-item"><a href="https://sat.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%B1%9C%E1%B1%A9%E1%B1%A8" title="ᱜᱩᱨ – Santali" lang="sat" hreflang="sat" data-title="ᱜᱩᱨ" data-language-autonym="ᱥᱟᱱᱛᱟᱲᱤ" data-language-local-name="Santali" class="interlanguage-link-target">ᱥᱟᱱᱛᱟᱲᱤ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sco mw-list-item"><a href="https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/Daith" title="Daith – Scots" lang="sco" hreflang="sco" data-title="Daith" data-language-autonym="Scots" data-language-local-name="Scots" class="interlanguage-link-target">Scots</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vdekja" title="Vdekja – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Vdekja" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Shqip</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-scn mw-list-item"><a href="https://scn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Morti" title="Morti – Sicilian" lang="scn" hreflang="scn" data-title="Morti" data-language-autonym="Sicilianu" data-language-local-name="Sicilian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Sicilianu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-si mw-list-item"><a href="https://si.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B6%B8%E0%B6%BB%E0%B6%AB%E0%B6%BA" title="මරණය – Sinhala" lang="si" hreflang="si" data-title="මරණය" data-language-autonym="සිංහල" data-language-local-name="Sinhala" class="interlanguage-link-target">සිංහල</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Death" title="Death – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Death" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target">Simple English</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sd mw-list-item"><a href="https://sd.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D9%88%D8%AA" title="موت – Sindhi" lang="sd" hreflang="sd" data-title="موت" data-language-autonym="سنڌي" data-language-local-name="Sindhi" class="interlanguage-link-target">سنڌي</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Smr%C5%A5" title="Smrť – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Smrť" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target">Slovenčina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Smrt" title="Smrt – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Smrt" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Slovenščina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cu mw-list-item"><a href="https://cu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D1%8A%D0%BC%D1%80%D1%8C%D1%82%D1%8C" title="Съмрьть – Church Slavic" lang="cu" hreflang="cu" data-title="Съмрьть" data-language-autonym="Словѣньскъ / ⰔⰎⰑⰂⰡⰐⰠⰔⰍⰟ" data-language-local-name="Church Slavic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Словѣньскъ / ⰔⰎⰑⰂⰡⰐⰠⰔⰍⰟ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-szl mw-list-item"><a href="https://szl.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C5%9Amjyr%C4%87" title="Śmjyrć – Silesian" lang="szl" hreflang="szl" data-title="Śmjyrć" data-language-autonym="Ślůnski" data-language-local-name="Silesian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ślůnski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-so mw-list-item"><a href="https://so.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geeri" title="Geeri – Somali" lang="so" hreflang="so" data-title="Geeri" data-language-autonym="Soomaaliga" data-language-local-name="Somali" class="interlanguage-link-target">Soomaaliga</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%DB%95%D8%B1%DA%AF" title="مەرگ – Central Kurdish" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="مەرگ" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Central Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target">کوردی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%BC%D1%80%D1%82" title="Смрт – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Смрт" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Српски / srpski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Smrt" title="Smrt – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Smrt" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-su mw-list-item"><a href="https://su.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pa%C3%A9h" title="Paéh – Sundanese" lang="su" hreflang="su" data-title="Paéh" data-language-autonym="Sunda" data-language-local-name="Sundanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Sunda</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kuolema" title="Kuolema – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Kuolema" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Suomi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/D%C3%B6den" title="Döden – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Döden" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Svenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kamatayan" title="Kamatayan – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Kamatayan" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tagalog</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%87%E0%AE%B1%E0%AE%AA%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%AA%E0%AF%81" title="இறப்பு – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="இறப்பு" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target">தமிழ்</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kab mw-list-item"><a href="https://kab.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lmut" title="Lmut – Kabyle" lang="kab" hreflang="kab" data-title="Lmut" data-language-autonym="Taqbaylit" data-language-local-name="Kabyle" class="interlanguage-link-target">Taqbaylit</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tt mw-list-item"><a href="https://tt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D2%AE%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BC" title="Үлем – Tatar" lang="tt" hreflang="tt" data-title="Үлем" data-language-autonym="Татарча / tatarça" data-language-local-name="Tatar" class="interlanguage-link-target">Татарча / tatarça</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-te mw-list-item"><a href="https://te.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B0%AE%E0%B0%B0%E0%B0%A3%E0%B0%82" title="మరణం – Telugu" lang="te" hreflang="te" data-title="మరణం" data-language-autonym="తెలుగు" data-language-local-name="Telugu" class="interlanguage-link-target">తెలుగు</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%84%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A2" title="ความตาย – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="ความตาย" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target">ไทย</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tcy mw-list-item"><a href="https://tcy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%B8%E0%B2%BE%E0%B2%B5%E0%B3%81" title="ಸಾವು – Tulu" lang="tcy" hreflang="tcy" data-title="ಸಾವು" data-language-autonym="ತುಳು" data-language-local-name="Tulu" class="interlanguage-link-target">ತುಳು</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%96l%C3%BCm" title="Ölüm – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Ölüm" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Türkçe</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tk mw-list-item"><a href="https://tk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%96l%C3%BCm" title="Ölüm – Turkmen" lang="tk" hreflang="tk" data-title="Ölüm" data-language-autonym="Türkmençe" data-language-local-name="Turkmen" class="interlanguage-link-target">Türkmençe</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tw mw-list-item"><a href="https://tw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Owuo" title="Owuo – Twi" lang="tw" hreflang="tw" data-title="Owuo" data-language-autonym="Twi" data-language-local-name="Twi" class="interlanguage-link-target">Twi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kcg mw-list-item"><a href="https://kcg.wikipedia.org/wiki/A%CC%B1khwu" title="A̱khwu – Tyap" lang="kcg" hreflang="kcg" data-title="A̱khwu" data-language-autonym="Tyap" data-language-local-name="Tyap" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tyap</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bug mw-list-item"><a href="https://bug.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%A8%86%E1%A8%88%E1%A8%99" title="ᨆᨈᨙ – Buginese" lang="bug" hreflang="bug" data-title="ᨆᨈᨙ" data-language-autonym="Basa Ugi" data-language-local-name="Buginese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Basa Ugi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%BC%D0%B5%D1%80%D1%82%D1%8C" title="Смерть – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Смерть" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Українська</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D9%88%D8%AA" title="موت – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="موت" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target">اردو</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-za mw-list-item"><a href="https://za.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dai" title="Dai – Zhuang" lang="za" hreflang="za" data-title="Dai" data-language-autonym="Vahcuengh" data-language-local-name="Zhuang" class="interlanguage-link-target">Vahcuengh</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vep mw-list-item"><a href="https://vep.wikipedia.org/wiki/Surm" title="Surm – Veps" lang="vep" hreflang="vep" data-title="Surm" data-language-autonym="Vepsän kel’" data-language-local-name="Veps" class="interlanguage-link-target">Vepsän kel’</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ch%E1%BA%BFt" title="Chết – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Chết" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tiếng Việt</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fiu-vro mw-list-item"><a href="https://fiu-vro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kuul_(surm)" title="Kuul (surm) – Võro" lang="vro" hreflang="vro" data-title="Kuul (surm)" data-language-autonym="Võro" data-language-local-name="Võro" class="interlanguage-link-target">Võro</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wa mw-list-item"><a href="https://wa.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moirt" title="Moirt – Walloon" lang="wa" hreflang="wa" data-title="Moirt" data-language-autonym="Walon" data-language-local-name="Walloon" class="interlanguage-link-target">Walon</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-classical mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-classical.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%AD%BB" title="死 – Literary Chinese" lang="lzh" hreflang="lzh" data-title="死" data-language-autonym="文言" 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<div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> <div id="mw-indicator-pp-default" class="mw-indicator"><div class="mw-parser-output"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Protection_policy#semi" title="This article is semi-protected."><img alt="Page semi-protected" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/1b/Semi-protection-shackle.svg/20px-Semi-protection-shackle.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/1b/Semi-protection-shackle.svg/40px-Semi-protection-shackle.svg.png 1.5x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /></a></div></div> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Permanent end of an organism's life</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">For the figure sometimes referred to as Death, see <a href="/wiki/Personifications_of_death" title="Personifications of death">Personifications of death</a>.</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">"Dead" redirects here. For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/Dead_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Dead (disambiguation)">Dead (disambiguation)</a> and <a href="/wiki/Death_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Death (disambiguation)">Death (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">"Deceased" redirects here. For the band, see <a href="/wiki/Deceased_(band)" title="Deceased (band)">Deceased (band)</a>.</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Hendrick_Andriessen_-_Vanity_Piece_-_1914-DE_-_Museum_of_Fine_Arts_Ghent_(MSK).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="A 17th century painting of various objects, the most prominent of which is a human skull." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Hendrick_Andriessen_-_Vanity_Piece_-_1914-DE_-_Museum_of_Fine_Arts_Ghent_%28MSK%29.jpg/220px-Hendrick_Andriessen_-_Vanity_Piece_-_1914-DE_-_Museum_of_Fine_Arts_Ghent_%28MSK%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="291" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Hendrick_Andriessen_-_Vanity_Piece_-_1914-DE_-_Museum_of_Fine_Arts_Ghent_%28MSK%29.jpg/330px-Hendrick_Andriessen_-_Vanity_Piece_-_1914-DE_-_Museum_of_Fine_Arts_Ghent_%28MSK%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Hendrick_Andriessen_-_Vanity_Piece_-_1914-DE_-_Museum_of_Fine_Arts_Ghent_%28MSK%29.jpg/440px-Hendrick_Andriessen_-_Vanity_Piece_-_1914-DE_-_Museum_of_Fine_Arts_Ghent_%28MSK%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3938" data-file-height="5210" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Human_skull" class="mw-redirect" title="Human skull">human skull</a> is used universally as a symbol of death.<a href="#cite_note-1">[1]</a></figcaption></figure> Death is the end of <a href="/wiki/Life" title="Life">life</a>; the <a href="/wiki/Irreversible_process" title="Irreversible process">irreversible</a> cessation of all <a href="/wiki/Biological_process" title="Biological process">biological functions</a> that sustain a living <a href="/wiki/Organism" title="Organism">organism</a>.<a href="#cite_note-2">[2]</a> Death eventually and inevitably occurs in all organisms. The remains of a former organism normally begin to <a href="/wiki/Decomposition" title="Decomposition">decompose</a> shortly after death.<a href="#cite_note-3">[3]</a> Some organisms, such as <a href="/wiki/Turritopsis_dohrnii" title="Turritopsis dohrnii">Turritopsis dohrnii</a>, are <a href="/wiki/Biological_immortality" title="Biological immortality">biologically immortal</a>; however, they can still die from means other than <a href="/wiki/Senescence" title="Senescence">aging</a>.<a href="#cite_note-4">[4]</a> Death is generally applied to whole organisms; the equivalent for individual components of an organism, such as <a href="/wiki/Cell_(biology)" title="Cell (biology)">cells</a> or <a href="/wiki/Tissue_(biology)" title="Tissue (biology)">tissues</a>, is <a href="/wiki/Necrosis" title="Necrosis">necrosis</a>.<a href="#cite_note-5">[5]</a> Something that is not considered an organism, such as a <a href="/wiki/Virus" title="Virus">virus</a>, can be physically destroyed but is not said to die, as a virus is not considered alive in the first place.<a href="#cite_note-6">[6]</a> As of the early 21st century, 56 million people die per year. The most common reason is <a href="/wiki/Aging" class="mw-redirect" title="Aging">aging</a>,<a href="#cite_note-7">[7]</a> followed by <a href="/wiki/Cardiovascular_disease" title="Cardiovascular disease">cardiovascular disease</a>, which is a <a href="/wiki/Disease" title="Disease">disease</a> that affects the <a href="/wiki/Heart" title="Heart">heart</a> or <a href="/wiki/Blood_vessel" title="Blood vessel">blood vessels</a>.<a href="#cite_note-8">[8]</a> As of 2022, an estimated total of almost 110 billion humans have died, or roughly 94% of all humans to have ever lived.<a href="#cite_note-9">[9]</a> A substudy of <a href="/wiki/Gerontology" title="Gerontology">gerontology</a> known as <a href="/wiki/Biogerontology" title="Biogerontology">biogerontology</a> seeks to eliminate death by natural aging in humans, often through the application of natural processes found in certain organisms.<a href="#cite_note-Stambler-2017-10">[10]</a> However, as humans do not have the means to apply this to themselves, they have to use other ways to reach the <a href="/wiki/Maximum_lifespan" class="mw-redirect" title="Maximum lifespan">maximum lifespan</a> for a human, often through <a href="/wiki/Lifestyle_(social_sciences)" class="mw-redirect" title="Lifestyle (social sciences)">lifestyle</a> changes, such as <a href="/wiki/Calorie_restriction" title="Calorie restriction">calorie reduction</a>, <a href="/wiki/Dieting" title="Dieting">dieting</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Exercise" title="Exercise">exercise</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Fontana-2010-11">[11]</a> The idea of <a href="/wiki/Lifespan_extension" class="mw-redirect" title="Lifespan extension">lifespan extension</a> is considered and studied as a way for people to live longer. Determining when a person has definitively died has proven difficult. Initially, death was defined as occurring when breathing and the heartbeat ceased, a status still known as <a href="/wiki/Clinical_death" title="Clinical death">clinical death</a>.<a href="#cite_note-US_President's_Commission_-1981-12">[12]</a> However, the development of <a href="/wiki/Cardiopulmonary_resuscitation" title="Cardiopulmonary resuscitation">cardiopulmonary resuscitation</a> (CPR) meant that such a state was no longer strictly irreversible.<a href="#cite_note-US_Department_of_the_Army-1999-13">[13]</a> <a href="/wiki/Brain_death" title="Brain death">Brain death</a> was then considered a more fitting option, but several definitions exist for this. Some people believe that all brain functions must cease. Others believe that even if the <a href="/wiki/Brainstem" title="Brainstem">brainstem</a> is still alive, the <a href="/wiki/Personal_identity" title="Personal identity">personality and identity</a> are irretrievably lost, so therefore, the person should be considered entirely dead.<a href="#cite_note-Zaner-2011-14">[14]</a> Brain death is sometimes used as a legal definition of death.<a href="#cite_note-15">[15]</a> For all organisms with a brain, death can instead be focused on this organ.<a href="#cite_note-16">[16]</a><a href="#cite_note-17">[17]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Cause_of_death" title="Cause of death">cause of death</a> is usually considered important, and an <a href="/wiki/Autopsy" title="Autopsy">autopsy</a> can be done to determine it. There are many causes, from accidents to diseases. Many cultures and religions have a concept of an <a href="/wiki/Afterlife" title="Afterlife">afterlife</a>. There are also different customs for honoring the body, such as a <a href="/wiki/Funeral" title="Funeral">funeral</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cremation" title="Cremation">cremation</a>, or <a href="/wiki/Sky_burial" title="Sky burial">sky burial</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Newcomb-2019-18">[18]</a> After a death, an <a href="/wiki/Obituary" title="Obituary">obituary</a> may be posted in a newspaper, and the "survived by" kin and friends usually go through the <a href="/wiki/Grieving_process" class="mw-redirect" title="Grieving process">grieving process</a>. <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Diagnosis">Diagnosis</h2></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:All_causes_world_map-Deaths_per_million_persons-WHO2012.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5e/All_causes_world_map-Deaths_per_million_persons-WHO2012.svg/310px-All_causes_world_map-Deaths_per_million_persons-WHO2012.svg.png" decoding="async" width="310" height="137" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5e/All_causes_world_map-Deaths_per_million_persons-WHO2012.svg/465px-All_causes_world_map-Deaths_per_million_persons-WHO2012.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5e/All_causes_world_map-Deaths_per_million_persons-WHO2012.svg/620px-All_causes_world_map-Deaths_per_million_persons-WHO2012.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="940" data-file-height="415" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/World_Health_Organization" title="World Health Organization">World Health Organization</a> estimated number of deaths per million persons in 2012<style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1184024115">.mw-parser-output .div-col{margin-top:0.3em;column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .div-col-small{font-size:90%}.mw-parser-output .div-col-rules{column-rule:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .div-col dl,.mw-parser-output .div-col ol,.mw-parser-output .div-col ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .div-col li,.mw-parser-output .div-col dd{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}</style><div class="div-col div-col-small" style="column-width: 10em;"> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r981673959">.mw-parser-output .legend{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .legend-color{display:inline-block;min-width:1.25em;height:1.25em;line-height:1.25;margin:1px 0;text-align:center;border:1px solid black;background-color:transparent;color:black}.mw-parser-output .legend-text{}</style><div class="legend">  1.054–4.598</div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959" /><div class="legend">  4.599–5.516</div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959" /><div class="legend">  5.517–6.289</div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959" /><div class="legend">  6.290–6.835</div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959" /><div class="legend">  6.836–7.916</div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959" /><div class="legend">  7.917–8.728</div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959" /><div class="legend">  8.729–9.404</div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959" /><div class="legend">  9.405–10.433</div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959" /><div class="legend">  10.434–12.233</div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959" /><div class="legend">  12.234–17.141</div></div></figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Definition">Definition</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Medical_definition_of_death" class="mw-redirect" title="Medical definition of death">Medical definition of death</a></div> There are many scientific approaches and various interpretations of the concept. Additionally, the advent of life-sustaining therapy and the numerous criteria for defining death from both a medical and legal standpoint have made it difficult to create a single unifying definition.<a href="#cite_note-19">[19]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Defining_life_to_define_death">Defining life to define death</h4></div> One of the challenges in defining death is in distinguishing it from life. As a point in time, death seems to refer to the moment when life ends. Determining when death has occurred is difficult, as cessation of life functions is often not simultaneous across organ systems.<a href="#cite_note-20">[20]</a> Such determination, therefore, requires drawing precise conceptual boundaries between life and death. This is difficult due to there being little consensus on how to define life. <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:StillLifeWithASkull.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Symbols of death in a painting: it shows a flower, a skull and an hourglass" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ae/StillLifeWithASkull.jpg/250px-StillLifeWithASkull.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="169" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ae/StillLifeWithASkull.jpg/330px-StillLifeWithASkull.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ae/StillLifeWithASkull.jpg/500px-StillLifeWithASkull.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5315" data-file-height="4075" /></a><figcaption>A flower, a skull, and an hourglass stand for life, death, and time in this 17th-century painting by <a href="/wiki/Philippe_de_Champaigne" title="Philippe de Champaigne">Philippe de Champaigne</a>.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>]</figcaption></figure> It is possible to define life in terms of consciousness. When consciousness ceases, an organism can be said to have died. One of the flaws in this approach is that there are many organisms that are alive but probably not conscious.<a href="#cite_note-21">[21]</a> Another problem is in defining consciousness, which has many different definitions given by modern scientists, psychologists and philosophers.<a href="#cite_note-22">[22]</a> Additionally, many religious traditions, including <a href="/wiki/Abrahamic_religions" title="Abrahamic religions">Abrahamic</a> and <a href="/wiki/Dharmic_religions" class="mw-redirect" title="Dharmic religions">Dharmic</a> traditions, hold that death does not (or may not) entail the end of consciousness. In certain cultures, death is more of a process than a single event. It implies a slow shift from one spiritual state to another.<a href="#cite_note-23">[23]</a> Other definitions for death focus on the character of cessation of organismic functioning and human death, which refers to irreversible loss of personhood. More specifically, death occurs when a living entity experiences irreversible cessation of all functioning.<a href="#cite_note-DeGrazia-2017-24">[24]</a> As it pertains to human life, death is an irreversible process where someone loses their existence as a person.<a href="#cite_note-DeGrazia-2017-24">[24]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Definition_of_death_by_heartbeat_and_breath">Definition of death by heartbeat and breath</h4></div> Historically, attempts to define the exact moment of a human's death have been subjective or imprecise. Death was defined as the cessation of <a href="/wiki/Heart" title="Heart">heartbeat</a> (cardiac arrest) and <a href="/wiki/Breath" class="mw-redirect" title="Breath">breathing</a>,<a href="#cite_note-US_President's_Commission_-1981-12">[12]</a> but the development of <a href="/wiki/Cardiopulmonary_resuscitation" title="Cardiopulmonary resuscitation">CPR</a> and prompt <a href="/wiki/Defibrillation" title="Defibrillation">defibrillation</a> have rendered that definition inadequate because breathing and heartbeat can sometimes be restarted.<a href="#cite_note-US_Department_of_the_Army-1999-13">[13]</a> This type of death where circulatory and respiratory arrest happens is known as the circulatory definition of death (CDD). Proponents of the CDD believe this definition is reasonable because a person with permanent loss of circulatory and respiratory function should be considered dead.<a href="#cite_note-Bernat-2018-25">[25]</a> Critics of this definition state that while cessation of these functions may be permanent, it does not mean the situation is irreversible because if CPR is applied fast enough, the person could be revived.<a href="#cite_note-Bernat-2018-25">[25]</a> Thus, the arguments for and against the CDD boil down to defining the actual words "permanent" and "irreversible," which further complicates the challenge of defining death. Furthermore, events <a href="/wiki/Causality" title="Causality">causally</a> linked to death in the past no longer kill in all circumstances; without a functioning heart or lungs, life can sometimes be sustained with a combination of <a href="/wiki/Life_support" title="Life support">life support</a> devices, <a href="/wiki/Organ_transplants" class="mw-redirect" title="Organ transplants">organ transplants</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Artificial_pacemaker" class="mw-redirect" title="Artificial pacemaker">artificial pacemakers</a>. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Brain_death">Brain death</h4></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Brain_death" title="Brain death">Brain death</a></div> Today, where a definition of the moment of death is required, doctors and coroners usually turn to "brain death" or "biological death" to define a person as being dead;<a href="#cite_note-26">[26]</a> people are considered dead when the electrical activity in their brain ceases.<a href="#cite_note-27">[27]</a> It is presumed that an end of electrical activity indicates the end of <a href="/wiki/Consciousness" title="Consciousness">consciousness</a>.<a href="#cite_note-28">[28]</a> Suspension of consciousness must be permanent and not transient, as occurs during certain <a href="/wiki/Non-rapid_eye_movement_sleep" title="Non-rapid eye movement sleep">sleep</a> stages, and especially a coma.<a href="#cite_note-29">[29]</a> In the case of sleep, <a href="/wiki/Electroencephalography" title="Electroencephalography">electroencephalograms</a> (EEGs) are used to tell the difference.<a href="#cite_note-30">[30]</a> The category of "brain death" is seen as problematic by some scholars. For instance, Dr. Franklin Miller, a senior faculty member at the Department of Bioethics, National Institutes of Health, notes: "By the late 1990s... the equation of brain death with death of the human being was increasingly challenged by scholars, based on evidence regarding the array of biological functioning displayed by patients correctly diagnosed as having this condition who were maintained on mechanical ventilation for substantial periods of time. These patients maintained the ability to sustain circulation and respiration, control temperature, excrete wastes, heal wounds, fight infections and, most dramatically, to gestate fetuses (in the case of pregnant "brain-dead" women)."<a href="#cite_note-Miller-31">[31]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:French_-_Pendant_with_a_Monk_and_Death_-_Walters_71461.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Ivory pendant of a Monk's face. The left half of the pendant appears skeletal, while the right half appears living" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/French_-_Pendant_with_a_Monk_and_Death_-_Walters_71461.jpg/250px-French_-_Pendant_with_a_Monk_and_Death_-_Walters_71461.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="275" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/French_-_Pendant_with_a_Monk_and_Death_-_Walters_71461.jpg/330px-French_-_Pendant_with_a_Monk_and_Death_-_Walters_71461.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/French_-_Pendant_with_a_Monk_and_Death_-_Walters_71461.jpg/500px-French_-_Pendant_with_a_Monk_and_Death_-_Walters_71461.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1442" data-file-height="1800" /></a><figcaption>French 16th-/17th-century ivory pendant, Monk and Death, recalling mortality and the certainty of death (<a href="/wiki/Walters_Art_Museum" title="Walters Art Museum">Walters Art Museum</a>)[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>]</figcaption></figure> While "brain death" is viewed as problematic by some scholars, there are proponents of it[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Words_to_watch#Unsupported_attributions" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Words to watch">who?</a>] that believe this definition of death is the most reasonable for distinguishing life from death. The reasoning behind the support for this definition is that brain death has a set of criteria that is reliable and reproducible. Also, the brain is crucial in determining our identity or who we are as human beings. The distinction should be made that "brain death" cannot be equated with one in a vegetative state or coma, in that the former situation describes a state that is beyond recovery.<a href="#cite_note-Magnus-2014-32">[32]</a> EEGs can detect spurious electrical impulses, while certain drugs, <a href="/wiki/Hypoglycemia" title="Hypoglycemia">hypoglycemia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hypoxia_(medical)" class="mw-redirect" title="Hypoxia (medical)">hypoxia</a>, or <a href="/wiki/Hypothermia" title="Hypothermia">hypothermia</a> can suppress or even stop brain activity temporarily;<a href="#cite_note-33">[33]</a> because of this, hospitals have protocols for determining brain death involving EEGs at widely separated intervals under defined conditions.<a href="#cite_note-34">[34]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Neocortical_brain_death">Neocortical brain death</h4></div> One view is that the <a href="/wiki/Neocortex" title="Neocortex">neocortex</a> of the brain is necessary for consciousness, and that therefore only electrical activity of the neocortex should be considered when defining death. Eventually, the criterion for death may be the permanent and irreversible loss of <a href="/wiki/Cognition" title="Cognition">cognitive</a> function, as evidenced by the death of the <a href="/wiki/Cerebral_cortex" title="Cerebral cortex">cerebral cortex</a>. All hope of recovering human thought and <a href="/wiki/Personality_psychology" title="Personality psychology">personality</a> is then gone, given current and foreseeable medical technology.<a href="#cite_note-Zaner-2011-14">[14]</a> Even by whole-brain criteria, the determination of brain death can be complicated. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Total_brain_death">Total brain death</h4></div> At present, in most places, the more conservative definition of death (irreversible cessation of electrical activity in the whole brain, as opposed to just in the neo-cortex) has been adopted. One example is the <a href="/wiki/Uniform_Determination_Of_Death_Act" class="mw-redirect" title="Uniform Determination Of Death Act">Uniform Determination Of Death Act</a> in the United States.<a href="#cite_note-35">[35]</a> In the past, the adoption of this whole-brain definition was a conclusion of the President's Commission for the Study of Ethical Problems in Medicine and Biomedical and Behavioral Research in 1980.<a href="#cite_note-36">[36]</a> They concluded that this approach to defining death sufficed in reaching a uniform definition nationwide. A multitude of reasons was presented to support this definition, including uniformity of standards in law for establishing death, consumption of a family's fiscal resources for artificial life support, and legal establishment for equating brain death with death to proceed with <a href="/wiki/Organ_donation" title="Organ donation">organ donation</a>.<a href="#cite_note-37">[37]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Problems_in_medical_practice">Problems in medical practice</h4></div> Aside from the issue of support of or dispute against brain death, there is another inherent problem in this categorical definition: the variability of its application in medical practice. In 1995, the American Academy of Neurology (AAN) established the criteria that became the medical standard for diagnosing neurologic death. At that time, three clinical features had to be satisfied to determine "irreversible cessation" of the total brain, including coma with clear etiology, cessation of breathing, and lack of brainstem reflexes.<a href="#cite_note-Bernat-2013-38">[38]</a> These criteria were updated again, most recently in 2010, but substantial discrepancies remain across hospitals and medical specialties.<a href="#cite_note-Bernat-2013-38">[38]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Donations">Donations</h4></div> The problem of defining death is especially imperative as it pertains to the <a href="/wiki/Dead_donor_rule" class="mw-redirect" title="Dead donor rule">dead donor rule</a>, which could be understood as one of the following interpretations of the rule: there must be an official declaration of death in a person before starting organ procurement, or that organ procurement cannot result in the death of the donor.<a href="#cite_note-Bernat-2018-25">[25]</a> A great deal of controversy has surrounded the definition of death and the dead donor rule. Advocates of the rule believe that the rule is legitimate in protecting organ donors while also countering any moral or legal objection to organ procurement. Critics, on the other hand, believe that the rule does not uphold the best interests of the donors and that the rule does not effectively promote organ donation.<a href="#cite_note-Bernat-2018-25">[25]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Signs">Signs</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Stages_of_death" class="mw-redirect" title="Stages of death">Stages of death</a></div> Signs of death or strong indications that a <a href="/wiki/Endotherm" title="Endotherm">warm-blooded animal</a> is no longer alive are:<a href="#cite_note-39">[39]</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Respiratory_arrest" title="Respiratory arrest">Respiratory arrest</a> (no <a href="/wiki/Breathing" title="Breathing">breathing</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cardiac_arrest" title="Cardiac arrest">Cardiac arrest</a> (no <a href="/wiki/Heart_rate" title="Heart rate">pulse</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brain_death" title="Brain death">Brain death</a> (no neuronal activity)</li></ul> The stages that follow after death are:<a href="#cite_note-Dolinak-2005-40">[40]</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pallor_mortis" title="Pallor mortis">Pallor mortis</a>, paleness which happens in 15–120 minutes after death</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Algor_mortis" title="Algor mortis">Algor mortis</a>, the reduction in body temperature following death. This is generally a steady decline until matching ambient temperature</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rigor_mortis" title="Rigor mortis">Rigor mortis</a>, the limbs of the corpse become stiff (Latin rigor) and difficult to move or manipulate</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Livor_mortis" title="Livor mortis">Livor mortis</a>, a settling of the blood in the lower (dependent) portion of the body</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Putrefaction" title="Putrefaction">Putrefaction</a>, the beginning signs of decomposition</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Decomposition" title="Decomposition">Decomposition</a>, the reduction into simpler forms of matter, accompanied by a strong, unpleasant odor.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Skeletonization" title="Skeletonization">Skeletonization</a>, the end of decomposition, where all soft tissues have decomposed, leaving only the skeleton.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fossil" title="Fossil">Fossilization</a>, the natural preservation of the skeletal remains formed over a very long period</li></ul> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-center" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Postmortem_interval_changes_(stages_of_death).png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Postmortem_interval_changes_%28stages_of_death%29.png/660px-Postmortem_interval_changes_%28stages_of_death%29.png" decoding="async" width="660" height="179" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Postmortem_interval_changes_%28stages_of_death%29.png/990px-Postmortem_interval_changes_%28stages_of_death%29.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Postmortem_interval_changes_%28stages_of_death%29.png/1320px-Postmortem_interval_changes_%28stages_of_death%29.png 2x" data-file-width="5077" data-file-height="1377" /></a><figcaption>Timeline of postmortem changes (stages of death)</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Legal">Legal</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Legal_death" title="Legal death">Legal death</a></div> The death of a person has legal consequences that may vary between jurisdictions. Most countries follow the whole-brain death criteria, where all functions of the brain must have completely ceased. However, in other jurisdictions, some follow the brainstem version of brain death.<a href="#cite_note-Bernat-2013-38">[38]</a> Afterward, a <a href="/wiki/Death_certificate" title="Death certificate">death certificate</a> is issued in most jurisdictions, either by a doctor or by an administrative office, upon presentation of a doctor's declaration of death.<a href="#cite_note-41">[41]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Misdiagnosis">Misdiagnosis</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Premature_burial" title="Premature burial">Premature burial</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Wiertz_burial.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/Wiertz_burial.jpg/330px-Wiertz_burial.jpg" decoding="async" width="260" height="178" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/Wiertz_burial.jpg/500px-Wiertz_burial.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/Wiertz_burial.jpg/960px-Wiertz_burial.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2000" data-file-height="1367" /></a><figcaption>The Premature Burial by <a href="/wiki/Antoine_Wiertz" title="Antoine Wiertz">Antoine Wiertz</a>, 1854</figcaption></figure> There are many anecdotal references to people being declared dead by physicians and then "coming back to life," sometimes days later in their coffin or when <a href="/wiki/Embalming" title="Embalming">embalming</a> procedures are about to begin. From the mid-18th century onwards, there was an upsurge in the public's fear of being mistakenly buried alive<a href="#cite_note-42">[42]</a> and much debate about the uncertainty of the signs of death. Various suggestions were made to test for signs of life before burial, ranging from pouring vinegar and pepper into the corpse's mouth to applying red hot pokers to the feet or into the <a href="/wiki/Rectum" title="Rectum">rectum</a>.<a href="#cite_note-43">[43]</a> Writing in 1895, the physician J.C. Ouseley claimed that as many as 2,700 people were buried prematurely each year in England and Wales, although some estimates peg the figure to be closer to 800.<a href="#cite_note-44">[44]</a> In cases of <a href="/wiki/Electric_shock" class="mw-redirect" title="Electric shock">electric shock</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cardiopulmonary_resuscitation" title="Cardiopulmonary resuscitation">cardiopulmonary resuscitation</a> (CPR) for an hour or longer can allow stunned <a href="/wiki/Nerve" title="Nerve">nerves</a> to recover, allowing an apparently dead person to survive. People found unconscious under icy water may survive if their faces are kept continuously cold until they arrive at an <a href="/wiki/Emergency_room" class="mw-redirect" title="Emergency room">emergency room</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Limmer-45">[45]</a> This "diving response," in which <a href="/wiki/Metabolism" title="Metabolism">metabolic activity</a> and oxygen requirements are minimal, is something humans share with <a href="/wiki/Cetacea" title="Cetacea">cetaceans</a> called the <a href="/wiki/Mammalian_diving_reflex" class="mw-redirect" title="Mammalian diving reflex">mammalian diving reflex</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Limmer-45">[45]</a> As medical technologies advance, ideas about when death occurs may have to be reevaluated in light of the ability to restore a person to vitality after longer periods of apparent death (as happened when CPR and defibrillation showed that cessation of heartbeat is inadequate as a decisive indicator of death). The lack of electrical brain activity may not be enough to consider someone scientifically dead. Therefore, the concept of information-theoretic death has been suggested as a better means of defining when true death occurs, though the concept has few practical applications outside the field of <a href="/wiki/Cryonics" title="Cryonics">cryonics</a>.<a href="#cite_note-InfoDeath-46">[46]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Causes">Causes</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/List_of_causes_of_death_by_rate" title="List of causes of death by rate">List of causes of death by rate</a> and <a href="/wiki/Preventable_causes_of_death" title="Preventable causes of death">Preventable causes of death</a></div> The leading cause of human death in <a href="/wiki/Developing_countries" class="mw-redirect" title="Developing countries">developing countries</a> is <a href="/wiki/Infectious_disease" class="mw-redirect" title="Infectious disease">infectious disease</a>. The leading causes in <a href="/wiki/Developed_countries" class="mw-redirect" title="Developed countries">developed countries</a> are <a href="/wiki/Atherosclerosis" title="Atherosclerosis">atherosclerosis</a> (<a href="/wiki/Heart_disease" class="mw-redirect" title="Heart disease">heart disease</a> and stroke), cancer, and other diseases related to <a href="/wiki/Obesity" title="Obesity">obesity</a> and <a href="/wiki/Aging" class="mw-redirect" title="Aging">aging</a>. By an extremely wide margin, the largest unifying cause of death in the developed world is biological aging,<a href="#cite_note-doi10.2202/1941-6008.1011-47">[47]</a> leading to various complications known as <a href="/wiki/Aging-associated_diseases" title="Aging-associated diseases">aging-associated diseases</a>. These conditions cause loss of <a href="/wiki/Homeostasis" title="Homeostasis">homeostasis</a>, leading to cardiac arrest, causing loss of <a href="/wiki/Oxygen" title="Oxygen">oxygen</a> and nutrient supply, causing irreversible deterioration of the brain and other <a href="/wiki/Tissue_(biology)" title="Tissue (biology)">tissues</a>. Of the roughly 150,000 people who die each day across the globe, about two thirds die of age-related causes.<a href="#cite_note-doi10.2202/1941-6008.1011-47">[47]</a> In industrialized nations, the proportion is much higher, approaching 90%.<a href="#cite_note-doi10.2202/1941-6008.1011-47">[47]</a> With improved medical capability, <a href="/wiki/Dying" title="Dying">dying</a> has become <a href="/wiki/Respite_care" title="Respite care">a condition to be managed</a>. In <a href="/wiki/Developing_nations" class="mw-redirect" title="Developing nations">developing nations</a>, inferior sanitary conditions and lack of access to modern <a href="/wiki/Medical_technology" class="mw-redirect" title="Medical technology">medical technology</a> make death from <a href="/wiki/Infectious_diseases" class="mw-redirect" title="Infectious diseases">infectious diseases</a> more common than in <a href="/wiki/Developed_countries" class="mw-redirect" title="Developed countries">developed countries</a>. One such disease is <a href="/wiki/Tuberculosis" title="Tuberculosis">tuberculosis</a>, a bacterial disease that killed 1.8 million people in 2015.<a href="#cite_note-WHO2004data-48">[48]</a> In 2004, <a href="/wiki/Malaria" title="Malaria">malaria</a> caused about 2.7 million deaths annually.<a href="#cite_note-49">[49]</a> The <a href="/wiki/HIV/AIDS" title="HIV/AIDS">AIDS</a> death toll in Africa may reach 90–100 million by 2025.<a href="#cite_note-50">[50]</a><a href="#cite_note-51">[51]</a> According to <a href="/wiki/Jean_Ziegler" title="Jean Ziegler">Jean Ziegler</a>, the United Nations Special Reporter on the Right to Food, 2000 – Mar 2008, mortality due to <a href="/wiki/Malnutrition" title="Malnutrition">malnutrition</a> accounted for 58% of the total mortality rate in 2006. Ziegler says worldwide, approximately 62 million people died from all causes and of those deaths, more than 36 million died of hunger or diseases due to deficiencies in <a href="/wiki/Micronutrient" title="Micronutrient">micronutrients</a>.<a href="#cite_note-52">[52]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Lewis_Hine,_Newsies_smoking_at_Skeeter%27s_Branch,_St._Louis,_1910.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/91/Lewis_Hine%2C_Newsies_smoking_at_Skeeter%27s_Branch%2C_St._Louis%2C_1910.jpg/250px-Lewis_Hine%2C_Newsies_smoking_at_Skeeter%27s_Branch%2C_St._Louis%2C_1910.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="177" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/91/Lewis_Hine%2C_Newsies_smoking_at_Skeeter%27s_Branch%2C_St._Louis%2C_1910.jpg/330px-Lewis_Hine%2C_Newsies_smoking_at_Skeeter%27s_Branch%2C_St._Louis%2C_1910.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/91/Lewis_Hine%2C_Newsies_smoking_at_Skeeter%27s_Branch%2C_St._Louis%2C_1910.jpg/500px-Lewis_Hine%2C_Newsies_smoking_at_Skeeter%27s_Branch%2C_St._Louis%2C_1910.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4838" data-file-height="3899" /></a><figcaption>American children smoking in 1910. <a href="/wiki/Tobacco_smoking" title="Tobacco smoking">Tobacco smoking</a> caused an estimated 100 million deaths in the 20th century.<a href="#cite_note-who-53">[53]</a></figcaption></figure> Tobacco smoking killed 100 million people worldwide in the 20th century and could kill 1 billion people worldwide in the 21st century, a <a href="/wiki/World_Health_Organization" title="World Health Organization">World Health Organization</a> report warned.<a href="#cite_note-who-53">[53]</a> Many leading developed world causes of death can be postponed by <a href="/wiki/Diet_(nutrition)" title="Diet (nutrition)">diet</a> and <a href="/wiki/Physical_fitness" title="Physical fitness">physical activity</a>, but the accelerating incidence of disease with age still imposes limits on human <a href="/wiki/Longevity" title="Longevity">longevity</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Evolution_of_aging" class="mw-redirect" title="Evolution of aging">evolutionary cause of aging</a> is, at best, only beginning to be understood. It has been suggested that direct intervention in the aging process may now be the most effective intervention against major causes of death.<a href="#cite_note-54">[54]</a> <a href="/wiki/Hans_Selye" title="Hans Selye">Selye</a> proposed a unified non-specific approach to many causes of death. He demonstrated that <a href="/wiki/Stress_(biology)" title="Stress (biology)">stress</a> decreases the adaptability of an organism and proposed to describe adaptability as a special resource, adaptation energy. The animal dies when this resource is exhausted.<a href="#cite_note-SelyeAE2-55">[55]</a> Selye assumed that adaptability is a finite supply presented at birth. Later, Goldstone proposed the concept of production or income of adaptation energy which may be stored (up to a limit) as a capital reserve of adaptation.<a href="#cite_note-56">[56]</a> In recent works, adaptation energy is considered an internal coordinate on the "dominant path" in the model of adaptation. It is demonstrated that oscillations of well-being appear when the reserve of adaptability is almost exhausted.<a href="#cite_note-57">[57]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:%C3%89douard_Manet_-_Le_Suicid%C3%A9_(ca._1877).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/%C3%89douard_Manet_-_Le_Suicid%C3%A9_%28ca._1877%29.jpg/220px-%C3%89douard_Manet_-_Le_Suicid%C3%A9_%28ca._1877%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="179" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/%C3%89douard_Manet_-_Le_Suicid%C3%A9_%28ca._1877%29.jpg/330px-%C3%89douard_Manet_-_Le_Suicid%C3%A9_%28ca._1877%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/%C3%89douard_Manet_-_Le_Suicid%C3%A9_%28ca._1877%29.jpg/440px-%C3%89douard_Manet_-_Le_Suicid%C3%A9_%28ca._1877%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1774" data-file-height="1445" /></a><figcaption>Le Suicidé by <a href="/wiki/%C3%89douard_Manet" title="Édouard Manet">Édouard Manet</a></figcaption></figure> In 2012, <a href="/wiki/Suicide" title="Suicide">suicide</a> overtook <a href="/wiki/Traffic_collision" title="Traffic collision">car crashes</a> as the leading cause of human injury deaths in the U.S., followed by poisoning, falls, and murder.<a href="#cite_note-58">[58]</a> Accidents and disasters, from <a href="/wiki/Nuclear_and_radiation_accidents_and_incidents" title="Nuclear and radiation accidents and incidents">nuclear disasters</a> to <a href="/wiki/Structural_integrity_and_failure" title="Structural integrity and failure">structural collapses</a>, also claim lives. One of the deadliest incidents of all time is the <a href="/wiki/1975_Banqiao_Dam_failure" title="1975 Banqiao Dam failure">1975 Banqiao Dam Failure</a>, with varying estimates, up to 240,000 dead.<a href="#cite_note-59">[59]</a> Other incidents with high death tolls are the <a href="/wiki/Wanggongchang_Explosion" title="Wanggongchang Explosion">Wanggongchang explosion</a> (when a gunpowder factory ended up with 20,000 deaths),<a href="#cite_note-60">[60]</a> a collapse of a wall of <a href="/wiki/Circus_Maximus" title="Circus Maximus">Circus Maximus</a> that killed 13,000 people,<a href="#cite_note-61">[61]</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Chernobyl_disaster" title="Chernobyl disaster">Chernobyl disaster</a> that killed between 95 and 4,000 people.<a href="#cite_note-62">[62]</a><a href="#cite_note-63">[63]</a> <a href="/wiki/Natural_disaster" title="Natural disaster">Natural disasters</a> kill around 45,000 people annually, although this number can vary from thousands to millions on a per-decade basis. Some of the deadliest natural disasters are the <a href="/wiki/1931_China_floods" title="1931 China floods">1931 China floods</a>, which killed an estimated 4 million people, although estimates widely vary;<a href="#cite_note-64">[64]</a> the <a href="/wiki/1887_Yellow_River_flood" title="1887 Yellow River flood">1887 Yellow River flood</a>, which killed an estimated 2 million people in China;<a href="#cite_note-65">[65]</a> and the <a href="/wiki/1970_Bhola_cyclone" title="1970 Bhola cyclone">1970 Bhola cyclone</a>, which killed as many as 500,000 people in <a href="/wiki/East_Pakistan" title="East Pakistan">East Pakistan</a> (present-day <a href="/wiki/Bangladesh" title="Bangladesh">Bangladesh</a>).<a href="#cite_note-66">[66]</a> If naturally occurring <a href="/wiki/Famine" title="Famine">famines</a> are considered natural disasters, the <a href="/wiki/Chinese_famine_of_1906%E2%80%931907" title="Chinese famine of 1906–1907">Chinese famine of 1906–1907</a>, which killed 15–20 million people, can be considered the deadliest natural disaster in recorded history. In animals, <a href="/wiki/Predation" title="Predation">predation</a> can be a common cause of death. Livestock have a 6% death rate from predation. However, younger animals are more susceptible to predation. For example, 50% of young foxes die to <a href="/wiki/Bird_of_prey" title="Bird of prey">birds</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bobcat" title="Bobcat">bobcats</a>, <a href="/wiki/Coyote" title="Coyote">coyotes</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Cannibalism" title="Cannibalism">other foxes</a> as well. Young bear cubs in the <a href="/wiki/Yellowstone_National_Park" title="Yellowstone National Park">Yellowstone National Park</a> only have a 40% chance to survive to adulthood from other bears and predators.<a href="#cite_note-67">[67]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Autopsy">Autopsy</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Autopsy" title="Autopsy">Autopsy</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Rembrandt_-_The_Anatomy_Lesson_of_Dr_Nicolaes_Tulp.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="A painting of an autopsy, by Rembrandt, entitled "The Anatomy Lesson of Dr. Nicolaes Tulp"" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4d/Rembrandt_-_The_Anatomy_Lesson_of_Dr_Nicolaes_Tulp.jpg/250px-Rembrandt_-_The_Anatomy_Lesson_of_Dr_Nicolaes_Tulp.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="166" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4d/Rembrandt_-_The_Anatomy_Lesson_of_Dr_Nicolaes_Tulp.jpg/330px-Rembrandt_-_The_Anatomy_Lesson_of_Dr_Nicolaes_Tulp.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4d/Rembrandt_-_The_Anatomy_Lesson_of_Dr_Nicolaes_Tulp.jpg/500px-Rembrandt_-_The_Anatomy_Lesson_of_Dr_Nicolaes_Tulp.jpg 2x" data-file-width="6000" data-file-height="4520" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/The_Anatomy_Lesson_of_Dr._Nicolaes_Tulp" title="The Anatomy Lesson of Dr. Nicolaes Tulp">The Anatomy Lesson of Dr. Nicolaes Tulp</a> by <a href="/wiki/Rembrandt" title="Rembrandt">Rembrandt</a> </figcaption></figure> An autopsy, also known as a postmortem examination or an obduction, is a <a href="/wiki/Medical_procedure" title="Medical procedure">medical procedure</a> that consists of a thorough <a href="/wiki/Medical_examination" class="mw-redirect" title="Medical examination">examination</a> of a human <a href="/wiki/Dead_body" class="mw-redirect" title="Dead body">corpse</a> to determine the cause and manner of a person's death and to evaluate any disease or injury that may be present. It is usually performed by a specialized <a href="/wiki/Physician" title="Physician">medical doctor</a> called a <a href="/wiki/Pathologist" class="mw-redirect" title="Pathologist">pathologist</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Johns_Hopkins_Medical-2019-68">[68]</a> Autopsies are either performed for legal or medical purposes.<a href="#cite_note-Johns_Hopkins_Medical-2019-68">[68]</a> A forensic autopsy is carried out when the cause of death may be a criminal matter, while a clinical or academic autopsy is performed to find the medical cause of death and is used in cases of unknown or uncertain death, or for research purposes.<a href="#cite_note-69">[69]</a> Autopsies can be further classified into cases where external examination suffices, and those where the body is dissected and an internal examination is conducted.<a href="#cite_note-70">[70]</a> Permission from <a href="/wiki/Next_of_kin" title="Next of kin">next of kin</a> may be required for internal autopsy in some cases.<a href="#cite_note-71">[71]</a> Once an internal autopsy is complete the body is generally reconstituted by sewing it back together.<a href="#cite_note-Dolinak-2005-40">[40]</a> A necropsy, which is not always a medical procedure, was a term previously used to describe an unregulated postmortem examination. In modern times, this term is more commonly associated with the corpses of animals.<a href="#cite_note-72">[72]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Death_before_birth">Death before birth</h2></div> Death before birth can happen in several ways: <a href="/wiki/Stillbirth" title="Stillbirth">stillbirth</a>, when the <a href="/wiki/Fetus" title="Fetus">fetus</a> dies before or during the delivery process; <a href="/wiki/Miscarriage" title="Miscarriage">miscarriage</a>, when the <a href="/wiki/Embryo" title="Embryo">embryo</a> dies before independent survival; and <a href="/wiki/Abortion" title="Abortion">abortion</a>, the artificial termination of the pregnancy. Stillbirth and miscarriage can happen for various reasons, while abortion is carried out purposely. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Stillbirth">Stillbirth</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Stillbirth" title="Stillbirth">Stillbirth</a></div> Stillbirth can happen right before or after the delivery of a fetus. It can result from <a href="/wiki/Birth_defect" title="Birth defect">defects</a> of the fetus or <a href="/wiki/Risk_factor_(epidemiology)" class="mw-redirect" title="Risk factor (epidemiology)">risk factors</a> present in the mother. Reductions of these factors, <a href="/wiki/Caesarean_section" title="Caesarean section">caesarean sections</a> when risks are present, and early detection of birth defects have lowered the rate of stillbirth. However, 1% of births in the United States end in a stillbirth.<a href="#cite_note-73">[73]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Miscarriage">Miscarriage</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Miscarriage" title="Miscarriage">Miscarriage</a></div> A miscarriage is defined by the <a href="/wiki/World_Health_Organization" title="World Health Organization">World Health Organization</a> as, "The expulsion or extraction from its mother of an embryo or fetus weighing 500g or less." Miscarriage is one of the most frequent problems in pregnancy, and is reported in around 12–15% of all <a href="/wiki/Pregnancy" title="Pregnancy">clinical pregnancies</a>; however, by including pregnancy losses during <a href="/wiki/Menstruation" title="Menstruation">menstruation</a>, it could be up to 17–22% of all pregnancies. There are many risk-factors involved in miscarriage; consumption of <a href="/wiki/Caffeine" title="Caffeine">caffeine</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tobacco" title="Tobacco">tobacco</a>, <a href="/wiki/Alcoholic_beverage" title="Alcoholic beverage">alcohol</a>, drugs, having a previous miscarriage, and the use of abortion can increase the chances of having a miscarriage.<a href="#cite_note-74">[74]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Abortion">Abortion</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Abortion" title="Abortion">Abortion</a></div> An abortion may be performed for many reasons, such as <a href="/wiki/Pregnancy_from_rape" title="Pregnancy from rape">pregnancy from rape</a>, financial constraints of having a child, <a href="/wiki/Teenage_pregnancy" title="Teenage pregnancy">teenage pregnancy</a>, and the lack of support from a <a href="/wiki/Significant_other" title="Significant other">significant other</a>.<a href="#cite_note-75">[75]</a> There are two forms of abortion: a <a href="/wiki/Medical_abortion" title="Medical abortion">medical abortion</a> and an in-clinic abortion or sometimes referred to as a surgical abortion. A medical abortion involves taking a pill that will terminate the pregnancy no more than 11 weeks past the last <a href="/wiki/Menstrual_cycle" title="Menstrual cycle">period</a>, and an in-clinic abortion involves a medical procedure using suction to empty the uterus; this is possible after 12 weeks, but it may be more difficult to find an operating doctor who will go through with the procedure.<a href="#cite_note-76">[76]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Senescence">Senescence</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Senescence" title="Senescence">Senescence</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Kameldornbaum_Sossusvlei.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Kameldornbaum_Sossusvlei.jpg/250px-Kameldornbaum_Sossusvlei.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Kameldornbaum_Sossusvlei.jpg/330px-Kameldornbaum_Sossusvlei.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Kameldornbaum_Sossusvlei.jpg/500px-Kameldornbaum_Sossusvlei.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5472" data-file-height="3648" /></a><figcaption>Dead <a href="/wiki/Vachellia_erioloba" title="Vachellia erioloba">camel thorn tree</a> within <a href="/wiki/Sossusvlei" title="Sossusvlei">Sossusvlei</a></figcaption></figure> Senescence refers to a scenario when a living being can survive all calamities but eventually dies due to causes relating to old age. Conversely, premature death can refer to a death that occurs before old age arrives, for example, human death before a person reaches the age of 75.<a href="#cite_note-77">[77]</a> Animal and plant cells normally reproduce and function during the whole period of natural existence, but the aging process derives from the deterioration of cellular activity and the ruination of regular functioning. The aptitude of cells for gradual deterioration and mortality means that cells are naturally sentenced to stable and long-term loss of living capacities, even despite continuing metabolic reactions and viability. In the United Kingdom, for example, nine out of ten of all the deaths that occur daily relates to senescence, while around the world, it accounts for two-thirds of 150,000 deaths that take place daily.<a href="#cite_note-78">[78]</a> Almost all animals who survive external hazards to their biological functioning eventually die from <a href="/wiki/Senescence" title="Senescence">biological aging</a>, known in life sciences as "senescence." Some organisms experience <a href="/wiki/Negligible_senescence" title="Negligible senescence">negligible senescence</a>, even exhibiting <a href="/wiki/Biological_immortality" title="Biological immortality">biological immortality</a>. These include the jellyfish <a href="/wiki/Turritopsis_dohrnii" title="Turritopsis dohrnii">Turritopsis dohrnii</a>,<a href="#cite_note-79">[79]</a> the <a href="/wiki/Hydra_(genus)" title="Hydra (genus)">hydra</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Planarian" title="Planarian">planarian</a>. Unnatural causes of death include <a href="/wiki/Suicide" title="Suicide">suicide</a> and <a href="/wiki/Predation" title="Predation">predation</a>. Of all causes, roughly 150,000 people die around the world each day.<a href="#cite_note-doi10.2202/1941-6008.1011-47">[47]</a> Of these, two-thirds die directly or indirectly due to senescence, but in industrialized countries – such as the United States, the United Kingdom, and Germany – the rate approaches 90% (i.e., nearly nine out of ten of all deaths are related to senescence).<a href="#cite_note-doi10.2202/1941-6008.1011-47">[47]</a> <a href="/wiki/Physiological" class="mw-redirect" title="Physiological">Physiological</a> death is now seen as a process, more than an event: conditions once considered indicative of death are now reversible.<a href="#cite_note-80">[80]</a> Where in the process, a dividing line is drawn between life and death depends on factors beyond the presence or absence of <a href="/wiki/Vital_signs" title="Vital signs">vital signs</a>. In general, <a href="/wiki/Clinical_death" title="Clinical death">clinical death</a> is neither necessary nor sufficient for a determination of <a href="/wiki/Legal_death" title="Legal death">legal death</a>. A patient with working <a href="/wiki/Human_heart" class="mw-redirect" title="Human heart">heart</a> and <a href="/wiki/Human_lung" class="mw-redirect" title="Human lung">lungs</a> determined to be <a href="/wiki/Brain_death" title="Brain death">brain dead</a> can be pronounced legally dead without clinical death occurring.<a href="#cite_note-81">[81]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Life_extension">Life extension</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Life_extension" title="Life extension">Life extension</a></div> Life extension refers to an increase in <a href="/wiki/Maximum_life_span" title="Maximum life span">maximum</a> or <a href="/wiki/Life_expectancy" title="Life expectancy">average lifespan</a>, especially in humans, by slowing or reversing <a href="/wiki/Senescence" title="Senescence">aging processes</a> through <a href="/wiki/Anti-aging" class="mw-redirect" title="Anti-aging">anti-aging</a> measures. Aging is the most common cause of death worldwide. Aging is seen as inevitable, so according to <a href="/wiki/Aubrey_de_Grey" title="Aubrey de Grey">Aubrey de Grey</a> little is spent on research into anti-aging therapies, a phenomenon known as <a href="/wiki/Pro-aging_trance" title="Pro-aging trance">pro-aging trance</a>.<a href="#cite_note-doi10.2202/1941-6008.1011-47">[47]</a> The average lifespan is determined by vulnerability to <a href="/wiki/Accident" title="Accident">accidents</a> and age or lifestyle-related afflictions such as cancer or <a href="/wiki/Cardiovascular_disease" title="Cardiovascular disease">cardiovascular disease</a>. Extension of lifespan can be achieved by good <a href="/wiki/Diet_(nutrition)" title="Diet (nutrition)">diet</a>, exercise, and avoidance of hazards such as <a href="/wiki/Tobacco_smoking" title="Tobacco smoking">smoking</a>. Maximum lifespan is determined by the rate of aging for a species inherent in its <a href="/wiki/Gene" title="Gene">genes</a>. A recognized method of extending maximum lifespan is <a href="/wiki/Calorie_restriction" title="Calorie restriction">calorie restriction</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Fontana-2010-11">[11]</a> Theoretically, the extension of the maximum lifespan can be achieved by reducing the rate of aging damage, by <a href="/wiki/Tissue_engineering" title="Tissue engineering">periodic replacement of damaged tissues</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nanobiotechnology" title="Nanobiotechnology">molecular repair</a>, or <a href="/wiki/Rejuvenation_(aging)" class="mw-redirect" title="Rejuvenation (aging)">rejuvenation</a> of deteriorated cells and tissues.<a href="#cite_note-82">[82]</a> A United States poll found religious and irreligious people, as well as men and women and people of different economic classes, have similar rates of support for life extension, while Africans and Hispanics have higher rates of support than white people. 38% said they would desire to have their aging process cured.<a href="#cite_note-83">[83]</a> Researchers of life extension can be known as "biomedical <a href="/wiki/Gerontologist" class="mw-redirect" title="Gerontologist">gerontologists</a>." They try to understand aging, and develop treatments to reverse aging processes, or at least slow them for the improvement of health and maintenance of youthfulness.<a href="#cite_note-Stambler-2017-10">[10]</a> Those who use life extension findings and apply them to themselves are called "life extensionists" or "longevists." The primary life extension strategy currently is to apply anti-aging methods to attempt to live long enough to benefit from a cure for aging.<a href="#cite_note-84">[84]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Cryonics">Cryonics</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Cryonics" title="Cryonics">Cryonics</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Cryo_surgery.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/76/Cryo_surgery.jpg/220px-Cryo_surgery.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="170" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/76/Cryo_surgery.jpg/330px-Cryo_surgery.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/7/76/Cryo_surgery.jpg 2x" data-file-width="386" data-file-height="299" /></a><figcaption>Technicians prepare a body for cryopreservation in 1985.</figcaption></figure> Cryonics (from <a href="/wiki/Greek_language" title="Greek language">Greek</a> κρύος 'kryos-' meaning 'icy cold') is the <a href="/wiki/Cryopreservation" title="Cryopreservation">low-temperature preservation</a> of animals, including humans, who cannot be sustained by contemporary medicine, with the hope that healing and <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/resuscitate" class="extiw" title="wikt:resuscitate">resuscitation</a> may be possible in the future.<a href="#cite_note-85">[85]</a><a href="#cite_note-alcor_What_is_Cryonics-86">[86]</a> <a href="/wiki/Cryopreservation" title="Cryopreservation">Cryopreservation</a> of people and other large animals is not reversible with current technology. The stated rationale for cryonics is that people who are considered dead by current legal or medical definitions, may not necessarily be dead according to the more stringent 'information-theoretic' definition of death.<a href="#cite_note-InfoDeath-46">[46]</a><a href="#cite_note-Whetstine_L_et_al._2005_538–542-87">[87]</a> Some scientific literature is claimed to support the feasibility of cryonics.<a href="#cite_note-pmid18321197-88">[88]</a> Medical science and <a href="/wiki/Cryobiology" title="Cryobiology">cryobiologists</a> generally regard cryonics with skepticism.<a href="#cite_note-89">[89]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Location">Location</h2></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Hugo_Sundstr%C3%B6m_-_Kallio_with_Mannerheim.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3f/Hugo_Sundstr%C3%B6m_-_Kallio_with_Mannerheim.jpg/330px-Hugo_Sundstr%C3%B6m_-_Kallio_with_Mannerheim.jpg" decoding="async" width="260" height="157" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3f/Hugo_Sundstr%C3%B6m_-_Kallio_with_Mannerheim.jpg/500px-Hugo_Sundstr%C3%B6m_-_Kallio_with_Mannerheim.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3f/Hugo_Sundstr%C3%B6m_-_Kallio_with_Mannerheim.jpg/960px-Hugo_Sundstr%C3%B6m_-_Kallio_with_Mannerheim.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2126" data-file-height="1286" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Ky%C3%B6sti_Kallio" title="Kyösti Kallio">Kyösti Kallio</a> (middle), the fourth <a href="/wiki/President_of_the_Republic_of_Finland" class="mw-redirect" title="President of the Republic of Finland">President of the Republic of Finland</a>, had a fatal heart attack a few seconds after this photograph was taken by Hugo Sundström on 19 December 1940, at <a href="/wiki/Helsinki_railway_station" class="mw-redirect" title="Helsinki railway station">Helsinki railway station</a> in Helsinki, Finland.<a href="#cite_note-90">[90]</a><a href="#cite_note-91">[91]</a></figcaption></figure> Around 1930, most people in Western countries died in their own homes, surrounded by family, and comforted by clergy, neighbors, and doctors making <a href="/wiki/House_call" title="House call">house calls</a>.<a href="#cite_note-isbn0-8018-1762-5-92">[92]</a> By the mid-20th century, half of all Americans died in a hospital.<a href="#cite_note-isbn0-679-41461-4-93">[93]</a> By the start of the 21st century, only about 20 to 25% of people in developed countries died outside of a medical institution.<a href="#cite_note-isbn0-679-41461-4-93">[93]</a><a href="#cite_note-pmid16299059-94">[94]</a><a href="#cite_note-pmid11535743-95">[95]</a> The shift from dying at home towards dying in a professional medical environment has been termed the "Invisible Death."<a href="#cite_note-isbn0-679-41461-4-93">[93]</a> This shift occurred gradually over the years until most deaths now occur outside the home.<a href="#cite_note-96">[96]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Psychology">Psychology</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Death_anxiety" title="Death anxiety">Death anxiety</a></div> Death studies is a field within <a href="/wiki/Psychology" title="Psychology">psychology</a>.<a href="#cite_note-oxforddeathpsych-97">[97]</a> To varying degrees people inherently fear death, both the process and the eventuality; it is hard wired and part of the 'survival instinct' of all animals.<a href="#cite_note-98">[98]</a> Discussing, thinking about, or planning for their deaths causes them discomfort. This fear may cause them to put off financial planning, preparing a <a href="/wiki/Will_and_testament" title="Will and testament">will and testament</a>, or requesting help from a <a href="/wiki/Hospice" title="Hospice">hospice</a> organization. <a href="/wiki/Mortality_salience" title="Mortality salience">Mortality salience</a> is the awareness that death is inevitable. However, <a href="/wiki/Self-esteem" title="Self-esteem">self-esteem</a> and culture are ways to reduce the <a href="/wiki/Anxiety" title="Anxiety">anxiety</a> this effect can cause.<a href="#cite_note-99">[99]</a> The awareness of someone's own death can cause a deepened bond in their <a href="/wiki/In-group_and_out-group" title="In-group and out-group">in-group</a> as a <a href="/wiki/Defence_mechanism" title="Defence mechanism">defense mechanism</a>. This can also cause the person to become very judging. In a study, two groups were formed; one group was asked to reflect upon their mortality, the other was not, afterwards, the groups were told to set a <a href="/wiki/Bail_bond" class="mw-redirect" title="Bail bond">bond</a> for a prostitute. The group that did not reflect on death had an average of $50, the group who was reminded about their death had an average of $455.<a href="#cite_note-100">[100]</a> Different people have different responses to the idea of their deaths. Philosopher <a href="/wiki/Galen_Strawson" title="Galen Strawson">Galen Strawson</a> writes that the death that many people wish for is an instant, painless, unexperienced annihilation.<a href="#cite_note-Strawson-2018-101">[101]</a> In this unlikely scenario, the person dies without realizing it and without being able to fear it. One moment the person is walking, eating, or sleeping, and the next moment, the person is dead. Strawson reasons that this type of death would not take anything away from the person, as he believes a person cannot have a legitimate claim to ownership in the future.<a href="#cite_note-Strawson-2018-101">[101]</a><a href="#cite_note-102">[102]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Society_and_culture">Society and culture</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Death_and_culture" title="Death and culture">Death and culture</a> and <a href="/wiki/Human_skull_symbolism" title="Human skull symbolism">Human skull symbolism</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Hertig_Karl_skymfande_Klaus_Flemings_lik,_m%C3%A5lning_av_Albert_Edelfelt_fr%C3%A5n_1878.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="A duke insulting the corpse of Klaus Fleming" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/93/Hertig_Karl_skymfande_Klaus_Flemings_lik%2C_m%C3%A5lning_av_Albert_Edelfelt_fr%C3%A5n_1878.jpg/220px-Hertig_Karl_skymfande_Klaus_Flemings_lik%2C_m%C3%A5lning_av_Albert_Edelfelt_fr%C3%A5n_1878.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="186" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/93/Hertig_Karl_skymfande_Klaus_Flemings_lik%2C_m%C3%A5lning_av_Albert_Edelfelt_fr%C3%A5n_1878.jpg/330px-Hertig_Karl_skymfande_Klaus_Flemings_lik%2C_m%C3%A5lning_av_Albert_Edelfelt_fr%C3%A5n_1878.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/93/Hertig_Karl_skymfande_Klaus_Flemings_lik%2C_m%C3%A5lning_av_Albert_Edelfelt_fr%C3%A5n_1878.jpg/440px-Hertig_Karl_skymfande_Klaus_Flemings_lik%2C_m%C3%A5lning_av_Albert_Edelfelt_fr%C3%A5n_1878.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1080" data-file-height="915" /></a><figcaption>The regent Duke Charles (later King <a href="/wiki/Charles_IX_of_Sweden" title="Charles IX of Sweden">Charles IX of Sweden</a>) insulting the corpse of <a href="/wiki/Klaus_Fleming" title="Klaus Fleming">Klaus Fleming</a>. <a href="/wiki/Albert_Edelfelt" title="Albert Edelfelt">Albert Edelfelt</a>, 1878</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Placid_death.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="A naturally mummified body (from Guanajuato)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/42/Placid_death.JPG/250px-Placid_death.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/42/Placid_death.JPG/330px-Placid_death.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/42/Placid_death.JPG/500px-Placid_death.JPG 2x" data-file-width="2667" data-file-height="2000" /></a><figcaption>Dead bodies can be <a href="/wiki/Mummified" class="mw-redirect" title="Mummified">mummified</a> either naturally, as this one <a href="/wiki/Mummies_of_Guanajuato" title="Mummies of Guanajuato">from Guanajuato</a>, or by intention, as <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Egyptian_burial_customs" class="mw-redirect" title="Ancient Egyptian burial customs">those in ancient Egypt</a>.</figcaption></figure> In society, the nature of death and humanity's <a href="/wiki/Mortality_salience" title="Mortality salience">awareness of its mortality</a> has, for millennia, been a concern of the world's <a href="/wiki/Religious_traditions" class="mw-redirect" title="Religious traditions">religious traditions</a> and <a href="/wiki/Philosophy" title="Philosophy">philosophical inquiry</a>. Including belief in <a href="/wiki/Resurrection" title="Resurrection">resurrection</a> or an <a href="/wiki/Afterlife" title="Afterlife">afterlife</a> (associated with <a href="/wiki/Abrahamic_religions" title="Abrahamic religions">Abrahamic religions</a>), <a href="/wiki/Reincarnation" title="Reincarnation">reincarnation</a> or rebirth (associated with <a href="/wiki/Dharmic_religions" class="mw-redirect" title="Dharmic religions">Dharmic religions</a>), or that consciousness permanently ceases to exist, known as <a href="/wiki/Eternal_oblivion" title="Eternal oblivion">eternal oblivion</a> (associated with <a href="/wiki/Secular_humanism" title="Secular humanism">secular humanism</a>).<a href="#cite_note-103">[103]</a> Commemoration ceremonies after death may include various <a href="/wiki/Mourning" title="Mourning">mourning</a>, funeral practices, and ceremonies of honoring the deceased.<a href="#cite_note-104">[104]</a><a href="#cite_note-105">[105]</a> The physical remains of a person, commonly known as a corpse or body, are usually <a href="/wiki/Burial" title="Burial">interred</a> whole or <a href="/wiki/Cremated" class="mw-redirect" title="Cremated">cremated</a>, though among the world's cultures, there are a variety of other methods of <a href="/wiki/Disposal_of_human_corpses" title="Disposal of human corpses">mortuary disposal</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Newcomb-2019-18">[18]</a> In the English language, blessings directed towards a dead person include <a href="/wiki/Rest_in_peace" title="Rest in peace">rest in peace</a> (originally the <a href="/wiki/Latin" title="Latin">Latin</a>, requiescat in pace) or its <a href="/wiki/Initialism" class="mw-redirect" title="Initialism">initialism</a> RIP. Death is the center of many traditions and organizations; customs relating to death are a feature of every culture around the world. Much of this revolves around the care of the dead, as well as the <a href="/wiki/Afterlife" title="Afterlife">afterlife</a> and the disposal of bodies upon the onset of death. The <a href="/wiki/Disposal_of_human_corpses" title="Disposal of human corpses">disposal of human corpses</a> does, in general, begin with the <a href="/wiki/Last_offices" title="Last offices">last offices</a> before significant time has passed, and ritualistic ceremonies often occur, most commonly interment or cremation. This is not a unified practice; in <a href="/wiki/Tibet" title="Tibet">Tibet</a>, for instance, the body is given a <a href="/wiki/Sky_burial" title="Sky burial">sky burial</a> and left on a mountain top. Proper preparation for death and techniques and ceremonies for producing the ability to transfer one's spiritual attainments into another body (reincarnation) are subjects of detailed study in Tibet.<a href="#cite_note-106">[106]</a> <a href="/wiki/Mummification" class="mw-redirect" title="Mummification">Mummification</a> or <a href="/wiki/Embalming" title="Embalming">embalming</a> is also prevalent in some cultures to retard the rate of <a href="/wiki/Decomposition" title="Decomposition">decay</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Brenner-2014-107">[107]</a> The rise of <a href="/wiki/Secularism" title="Secularism">secularism</a> resulted in material mementos of death declining.<a href="#cite_note-108">[108]</a> Some parts of death in culture are legally based, having laws for when death occurs, such as the receiving of a death certificate, the settlement of the deceased <a href="/wiki/Estate_(law)" title="Estate (law)">estate</a>, and the issues of <a href="/wiki/Inheritance" title="Inheritance">inheritance</a> and, in some countries, <a href="/wiki/Inheritance_tax" title="Inheritance tax">inheritance taxation</a>.<a href="#cite_note-109">[109]</a> <a href="/wiki/Capital_punishment" title="Capital punishment">Capital punishment</a> is also a culturally divisive aspect of death. In most jurisdictions where capital punishment is carried out today, the death penalty is reserved for premeditated murder, espionage, <a href="/wiki/Treason" title="Treason">treason</a>, or as part of <a href="/wiki/Military_justice" title="Military justice">military justice</a>. In some countries, sexual crimes, such as <a href="/wiki/Adultery" title="Adultery">adultery</a> and <a href="/wiki/Sodomy" title="Sodomy">sodomy</a>, carry the death penalty, as do religious crimes, such as <a href="/wiki/Apostasy" title="Apostasy">apostasy</a>, the formal renunciation of one's religion. In many <a href="/wiki/Use_of_capital_punishment_by_nation" class="mw-redirect" title="Use of capital punishment by nation">retentionist</a> countries, drug trafficking is also a capital offense. In China, <a href="/wiki/Trafficking_in_human_beings" class="mw-redirect" title="Trafficking in human beings">human trafficking</a> and serious cases of corruption are also punished by the death penalty. In militaries around the world, <a href="/wiki/Courts-martial" class="mw-redirect" title="Courts-martial">courts-martial</a> have imposed death sentences for offenses such as <a href="/wiki/Cowardice" title="Cowardice">cowardice</a>, <a href="/wiki/Desertion" title="Desertion">desertion</a>, <a href="/wiki/Insubordination" title="Insubordination">insubordination</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Mutiny" title="Mutiny">mutiny</a>.<a href="#cite_note-110">[110]</a> Mutiny is punishable by death in the United States.<a href="#cite_note-:0-111">[111]</a> Death in warfare and <a href="/wiki/Suicide_attack" title="Suicide attack">suicide attacks</a> also have cultural links, and the ideas of <a href="/wiki/Dulce_et_decorum_est_pro_patria_mori" title="Dulce et decorum est pro patria mori">dulce et decorum est pro patria mori</a>, which translates to "It is sweet and proper to die for one's country", is a concept that dates to antiquity.<a href="#cite_note-:0-111">[111]</a> Additionally, grieving relatives of dead soldiers and <a href="/wiki/Death_notification" title="Death notification">death notification</a> are embedded in many cultures.<a href="#cite_note-112">[112]</a> Recently in the <a href="/wiki/Western_world" title="Western world">Western world</a>—with the increase in terrorism following the <a href="/wiki/September_11_attacks" title="September 11 attacks">September 11 attacks</a> but also further back in time with suicide bombings, <a href="/wiki/Kamikaze" title="Kamikaze">kamikaze</a> missions in <a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">World War II</a>, and suicide missions in a host of other conflicts in history—death for a cause by way of suicide attack, including <a href="/wiki/Martyrdom" class="mw-redirect" title="Martyrdom">martyrdom</a>, have had significant cultural impacts.<a href="#cite_note-113">[113]</a> Suicide, in general, and particularly <a href="/wiki/Euthanasia" title="Euthanasia">euthanasia</a>, are also points of cultural debate. Both acts are understood very differently in different cultures.<a href="#cite_note-114">[114]</a> In Japan, for example, ending a life with honor by <a href="/wiki/Seppuku" title="Seppuku">seppuku</a> was considered a desirable death,<a href="#cite_note-115">[115]</a> whereas according to traditional Christian and Islamic cultures, suicide is viewed as a sin. <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Muerte-Blanca_6.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/Muerte-Blanca_6.jpg/250px-Muerte-Blanca_6.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="231" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/Muerte-Blanca_6.jpg/330px-Muerte-Blanca_6.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/Muerte-Blanca_6.jpg/340px-Muerte-Blanca_6.jpg 2x" data-file-width="427" data-file-height="580" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Santa_Muerte" title="Santa Muerte">Santa Muerte</a>, the personification of death in Mexican tradition<a href="#cite_note-116">[116]</a></figcaption></figure> <a href="/wiki/Personifications_of_death" title="Personifications of death">Death is personified</a> in many cultures, with such symbolic representations as the <a href="/wiki/Death_(personification)" class="mw-redirect" title="Death (personification)">Grim Reaper</a>, <a href="/wiki/Azrael" title="Azrael">Azrael</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Hindu" class="mw-redirect" title="Hindu">Hindu</a> god <a href="/wiki/Yama" title="Yama">Yama</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Father_Time" title="Father Time">Father Time</a>. In the west, the Grim Reaper, or figures similar to it, is the most popular depiction of death in western cultures.<a href="#cite_note-117">[117]</a> In Brazil, death is counted officially when it is registered by existing family members at a cartório, a government-authorized registry. Before being able to file for an official death, the deceased must have been registered for an official birth at the cartório. Though a Public Registry Law guarantees all Brazilian citizens the right to register deaths, regardless of their financial means of their family members (often children), the Brazilian government has not taken away the burden, the hidden costs, and fees of filing for a death. For many impoverished families, the indirect costs and burden of filing for a death lead to a more appealing, unofficial, local, and cultural burial, which, in turn, raises the debate about inaccurate <a href="/wiki/Mortality_rates" class="mw-redirect" title="Mortality rates">mortality rates</a>.<a href="#cite_note-118">[118]</a> Talking about death and witnessing it is a <a href="/wiki/Grief" title="Grief">difficult issue</a> in most cultures. Western societies may like to treat the dead with the utmost material respect, with an official embalmer and associated rites.<a href="#cite_note-Brenner-2014-107">[107]</a> Eastern societies (like India) may be more open to accepting it as a fait accompli, with a funeral procession of the dead body ending in an open-air burning-to-ashes.<a href="#cite_note-119">[119]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Origins_of_death">Origins of death</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Origin_of_death" title="Origin of death">Origin of death</a></div> The <a href="/wiki/Origin_of_death" title="Origin of death">origin of death</a> is a theme or myth of how death came to be. It is present in nearly all cultures across the world, as death is a universal happening.<a href="#cite_note-auto-120">[120]</a> This makes it an <a href="/wiki/Origin_myth" title="Origin myth">origin myth</a>, a myth that describes how a feature of the natural or social world appeared.<a href="#cite_note-121">[121]</a><a href="#cite_note-122">[122]</a> There can be some similarities between myths and cultures. In <a href="/wiki/Mythologies_of_the_Indigenous_peoples_of_the_Americas" title="Mythologies of the Indigenous peoples of the Americas">North American mythology</a>, the theme of a man who wants to be immortal and a man who wants to die can be seen across many <a href="/wiki/Indigenous_peoples" title="Indigenous peoples">Indigenous people</a>.<a href="#cite_note-123">[123]</a> In Christianity, death is the result of the <a href="/wiki/Fall_of_man" title="Fall of man">fall of man</a> after eating the fruit from the <a href="/wiki/Tree_of_the_knowledge_of_good_and_evil" title="Tree of the knowledge of good and evil">tree of the knowledge of good and evil</a>.<a href="#cite_note-auto-120">[120]</a> In <a href="/wiki/Greek_mythology" title="Greek mythology">Greek mythology</a>, the opening of <a href="/wiki/Pandora%27s_box" title="Pandora's box">Pandora's box</a> releases death upon the world.<a href="#cite_note-124">[124]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Consciousness">Consciousness</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Consciousness_after_death" class="mw-redirect" title="Consciousness after death">Consciousness after death</a></div> Much interest and debate surround the question of what happens to one's consciousness as one's body dies. The belief in the permanent loss of consciousness after death is often called <a href="/wiki/Eternal_oblivion" title="Eternal oblivion">eternal oblivion</a>. The belief that the <a href="/wiki/Stream_of_consciousness_(psychology)" title="Stream of consciousness (psychology)">stream of consciousness</a> is preserved after physical death is described by the term <a href="/wiki/Afterlife" title="Afterlife">afterlife</a>. <a href="/wiki/Near-death_experience" title="Near-death experience">Near-death experiences</a> (NDEs) describe the <a href="/wiki/Qualia" title="Qualia">subjective experiences</a> associated with impending death. Some survivors of such experiences report it as "seeing the afterlife while they were dying". Seeing a being of light and talking with it, <a href="/wiki/Life_review" title="Life review">life flashing before the eyes</a>, and the confirmation of cultural beliefs of the afterlife are common themes in NDEs.<a href="#cite_note-125">[125]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="In_biology">In biology</h2></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Earthworm.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/60/Earthworm.jpg/250px-Earthworm.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/60/Earthworm.jpg/330px-Earthworm.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/60/Earthworm.jpg/500px-Earthworm.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1600" data-file-height="1067" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Earthworm" title="Earthworm">Earthworms</a> are soil-dwelling detritivores.</figcaption></figure> After death, the remains of a former organism become part of the <a href="/wiki/Biogeochemical_cycle" title="Biogeochemical cycle">biogeochemical cycle</a>, during which animals may be <a href="/wiki/Necrophagy" class="mw-redirect" title="Necrophagy">consumed</a> by a <a href="/wiki/Predator" class="mw-redirect" title="Predator">predator</a> or a <a href="/wiki/Scavenger" title="Scavenger">scavenger</a>.<a href="#cite_note-126">[126]</a> <a href="/wiki/Organic_material" class="mw-redirect" title="Organic material">Organic material</a> may then be further decomposed by <a href="/wiki/Detritivore" title="Detritivore">detritivores</a>, organisms that recycle <a href="/wiki/Detritus" title="Detritus">detritus</a>, returning it to the environment for reuse in the <a href="/wiki/Food_chain" title="Food chain">food chain</a>, where these chemicals may eventually end up being consumed and assimilated into the cells of an organism.<a href="#cite_note-127">[127]</a> Examples of detritivores include <a href="/wiki/Earthworm" title="Earthworm">earthworms</a>, <a href="/wiki/Woodlice" class="mw-redirect" title="Woodlice">woodlice</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Millipede" title="Millipede">millipedes</a>.<a href="#cite_note-128">[128]</a> <a href="/wiki/Microorganism" title="Microorganism">Microorganisms</a> also play a vital role, raising the temperature of the decomposing matter as they break it down into yet simpler molecules.<a href="#cite_note-129">[129]</a> Not all materials need to be fully decomposed. <a href="/wiki/Coal" title="Coal">Coal</a>, a <a href="/wiki/Fossil_fuel" title="Fossil fuel">fossil fuel</a> formed over vast tracts of time in <a href="/wiki/Swamp" title="Swamp">swamp</a> ecosystems, is one example.<a href="#cite_note-130">[130]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Natural_selection">Natural selection</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Competition_(biology)" title="Competition (biology)">Competition (biology)</a> and <a href="/wiki/Natural_selection" title="Natural selection">Natural selection</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Desecased_Cowbird_on_the_street.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4f/Desecased_Cowbird_on_the_street.jpg/250px-Desecased_Cowbird_on_the_street.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="293" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4f/Desecased_Cowbird_on_the_street.jpg/330px-Desecased_Cowbird_on_the_street.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4f/Desecased_Cowbird_on_the_street.jpg/500px-Desecased_Cowbird_on_the_street.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3024" data-file-height="4032" /></a><figcaption>Dead <a href="/wiki/Cowbird" title="Cowbird">Molothrus</a> in Lima, Perú</figcaption></figure> The contemporary <a href="/wiki/History_of_evolutionary_thought" title="History of evolutionary thought">evolutionary theory</a> sees death as an important part of the process of <a href="/wiki/Natural_selection" title="Natural selection">natural selection</a>. It is considered that organisms less <a href="/wiki/Adaptation" title="Adaptation">adapted</a> to their environment are more likely to die, having produced fewer offspring, thereby reducing their contribution to the <a href="/wiki/Gene_pool" title="Gene pool">gene pool</a>. Their genes are thus eventually bred out of a population, leading at worst to <a href="/wiki/Extinction" title="Extinction">extinction</a> and, more positively, making the process possible, referred to as <a href="/wiki/Speciation" title="Speciation">speciation</a>. Frequency of <a href="/wiki/Biological_reproduction" class="mw-redirect" title="Biological reproduction">reproduction</a> plays an equally important role in determining species survival: an organism that dies young but leaves numerous offspring displays, according to <a href="/wiki/Charles_Darwin" title="Charles Darwin">Darwinian</a> criteria, much greater <a href="/wiki/Darwinian_fitness" class="mw-redirect" title="Darwinian fitness">fitness</a> than a long-lived organism leaving only one.<a href="#cite_note-131">[131]</a><a href="#cite_note-132">[132]</a> Death also has a role in <a href="/wiki/Competition_(biology)" title="Competition (biology)">competition</a>, where if a species out-competes another, there is a risk of death for the population, especially in the case where they are directly fighting over resources.<a href="#cite_note-133">[133]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Extinction">Extinction</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Extinction" title="Extinction">Extinction</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:ExtinctDodoBird.jpeg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Painting of a dodo" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e0/ExtinctDodoBird.jpeg/170px-ExtinctDodoBird.jpeg" decoding="async" width="170" height="184" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/e/e0/ExtinctDodoBird.jpeg 1.5x" data-file-width="225" data-file-height="244" /></a><figcaption>A <a href="/wiki/Dodo" title="Dodo">dodo</a>, the bird that became a <a href="/wiki/Proverb" title="Proverb">byword</a> in the English language for the extinction of a species<a href="#cite_note-Diamond-134">[134]</a></figcaption></figure> Death plays a role in <a href="/wiki/Extinction" title="Extinction">extinction</a>, the cessation of existence of a species or group of <a href="/wiki/Taxon" title="Taxon">taxa</a>, reducing <a href="/wiki/Biodiversity" title="Biodiversity">biodiversity</a>, due to extinction being generally considered to be the death of the last individual of that species (although the <a href="/wiki/Population_bottleneck" title="Population bottleneck">capacity to breed and recover</a> may have been lost before this point). Because a species' potential <a href="/wiki/Range_(biology)" class="mw-redirect" title="Range (biology)">range</a> may be very large, determining this moment is difficult, and is usually done retrospectively.<a href="#cite_note-135">[135]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Evolution_of_aging_and_mortality">Evolution of aging and mortality</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Evolution_of_ageing" title="Evolution of ageing">Evolution of ageing</a></div> Inquiry into the evolution of aging aims to explain why so many living things and the vast majority of animals weaken and die with age. However, there are exceptions, such as <a href="/wiki/Hydra_(genus)" title="Hydra (genus)">Hydra</a> and the jellyfish <a href="/wiki/Turritopsis_dohrnii" title="Turritopsis dohrnii">Turritopsis dohrnii</a>, which research shows to be <a href="/wiki/Biological_immortality" title="Biological immortality">biologically immortal</a>.<a href="#cite_note-136">[136]</a> Organisms showing only <a href="/wiki/Asexual_reproduction" title="Asexual reproduction">asexual reproduction</a>, such as bacteria, some <a href="/wiki/Protist" title="Protist">protists</a>, like the <a href="/wiki/Euglenoid" class="mw-redirect" title="Euglenoid">euglenoids</a> and many <a href="/wiki/Amoebozoan" class="mw-redirect" title="Amoebozoan">amoebozoans</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Unicellular" class="mw-redirect" title="Unicellular">unicellular</a> organisms with <a href="/wiki/Sexual_reproduction" title="Sexual reproduction">sexual reproduction</a>, <a href="/wiki/Colony_(biology)" title="Colony (biology)">colonial</a> or not, like the <a href="/wiki/Volvocales" class="mw-redirect" title="Volvocales">volvocine</a> algae <a href="/wiki/Pandorina" title="Pandorina">Pandorina</a> and <a href="/wiki/Chlamydomonas" title="Chlamydomonas">Chlamydomonas</a>, are "immortal" at some extent, dying only due to external hazards, like being eaten or meeting with a fatal accident. In <a href="/wiki/Multicellular" class="mw-redirect" title="Multicellular">multicellular</a> organisms and also in <a href="/wiki/Multinucleate" title="Multinucleate">multinucleate</a> <a href="/wiki/Ciliates" class="mw-redirect" title="Ciliates">ciliates</a><a href="#cite_note-137">[137]</a> with a <a href="/wiki/Weismann_barrier" title="Weismann barrier">Weismannist development</a>, that is, with a division of labor between mortal <a href="/wiki/Somatic_cells" class="mw-redirect" title="Somatic cells">somatic (body) cells</a> and "immortal" <a href="/wiki/Germ_cell" title="Germ cell">germ (reproductive) cells</a>, death becomes an essential part of life, at least for the somatic line.<a href="#cite_note-Gilbert-138">[138]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Volvox" title="Volvox">Volvox</a> algae are among the simplest organisms to exhibit that division of labor between two completely different cell types, and as a consequence, include the death of somatic line as a regular, genetically regulated part of its <a href="/wiki/Biological_life_cycle" title="Biological life cycle">life history</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Gilbert-138">[138]</a><a href="#cite_note-139">[139]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Grief_in_animals">Grief in animals</h3></div> Animals have sometimes shown grief for their partners or "friends". When two <a href="/wiki/Chimpanzee" title="Chimpanzee">chimpanzees</a> form a bond together, <a href="/wiki/Intimate_relationship" title="Intimate relationship">sexual</a> or <a href="/wiki/Platonic_love" title="Platonic love">not</a>, and one of them dies, the surviving chimpanzee will show signs of grief, ripping out their hair in anger and starting to cry; if the body is removed, they will resist, they will eventually go quiet when the body is gone, but upon seeing the body again, the chimp will return to a violent state.<a href="#cite_note-140">[140]</a> Furthermore, anthropologist Barbara J. King has suggested that one way to evaluate the expression of grief in animals is to look for altered behaviors such as social withdrawal, disrupted eating or sleeping, expression of affect, or increased stress reactions in response to the death of a family member, mate, or friend.<a href="#cite_note-:1-141">[141]</a> These criteria do not assume the ability to anticipate death, understand its finality, or experience emotions equivalent to those of humans, but at the same time do not rule out the possibility of those abilities existing in some animals or that different kinds of emotional experiences might constitute grief.<a href="#cite_note-142">[142]</a> Based on these criteria, King gives examples of observed potential mourning behaviors in animals such as cetaceans, apes and monkeys, elephants, domesticated animals (including dogs, cats, rabbits, horses, and farmed animals), giraffes, peccaries, donkeys, prairie voles, and some species of birds.<a href="#cite_note-:1-141">[141]</a><a href="#cite_note-143">[143]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Death_of_abiotic_factors">Death of abiotic factors</h3></div> Some <a href="/wiki/Abiotic_component" title="Abiotic component">non-living</a> things can be considered dead. For example, a <a href="/wiki/Volcano" title="Volcano">volcano</a>, <a href="/wiki/Electric_battery" title="Electric battery">batteries</a>, <a href="/wiki/Electrical_components" class="mw-redirect" title="Electrical components">electrical components</a>, and stars are all nonliving things that can "die," whether from destruction or cessation of function. A volcano, a break in the earth's crust that allows <a href="/wiki/Lava" title="Lava">lava</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pyroclastic_flow" title="Pyroclastic flow">ash, and gases</a> to escape, has three states that it may be in, active, dormant, and extinct. An <a href="/wiki/Active_volcano" title="Active volcano">active volcano</a> has recently or is currently <a href="/wiki/Erupting_volcano" class="mw-redirect" title="Erupting volcano">erupting</a>; in a <a href="/wiki/Dormant_volcano" class="mw-redirect" title="Dormant volcano">dormant volcano</a>, it has not erupted for a significant amount of time, but it may erupt again; in an extinct volcano, it may be cut off from the supply of its lava and will never be expected to erupt again, so the volcano can be considered to be dead.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] A battery can be considered dead after the charge is fully used up. Electrical components are similar in this fashion, in the case that it may not be able to be used again, such as after a spill of water on the components,<a href="#cite_note-144">[144]</a> the component can be considered dead. <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Keplers_supernova.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/Keplers_supernova.jpg/250px-Keplers_supernova.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="220" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/Keplers_supernova.jpg/330px-Keplers_supernova.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/Keplers_supernova.jpg/500px-Keplers_supernova.jpg 2x" data-file-width="750" data-file-height="750" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Kepler%27s_Supernova" title="Kepler's Supernova">Kepler's Supernova</a>, after the death of what could have been a <a href="/wiki/White_dwarf" title="White dwarf">white dwarf</a>[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>]</figcaption></figure> Stars also have a life-span and, therefore, can die. After it starts to run out of fuel, it starts to expand, this can be analogous to the star aging. After it exhausts all fuel, it may explode in a <a href="/wiki/Supernova" title="Supernova">supernova</a>,<a href="#cite_note-145">[145]</a> collapse into a <a href="/wiki/Black_hole" title="Black hole">black hole</a>, or turn into a <a href="/wiki/Neutron_star" title="Neutron star">neutron star</a>.<a href="#cite_note-146">[146]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Religious_views">Religious views</h2></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Buddhism">Buddhism</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Anussati#The_ten_recollections" title="Anussati">Anussati § The ten recollections</a></div> In Buddhist doctrine and practice, death plays an important role. Awareness of death motivated <a href="/wiki/Gautama_Buddha" class="mw-redirect" title="Gautama Buddha">Prince Siddhartha</a> to strive to find the <a href="/wiki/Amrta#Theravada_Buddhism" class="mw-redirect" title="Amrta">"deathless"</a> and finally attain <a href="/wiki/Enlightenment_(Buddhism)" class="mw-redirect" title="Enlightenment (Buddhism)">enlightenment</a>. In Buddhist doctrine, death functions as a reminder of the value of <a href="/wiki/Human_beings_in_Buddhism" title="Human beings in Buddhism">having been born as a human being</a>. Rebirth as a human being is considered the only state in which one can attain enlightenment. Therefore, death helps remind oneself that one should not take life for granted. The belief in rebirth among Buddhists does not necessarily remove <a href="/wiki/Existential_angst" class="mw-redirect" title="Existential angst">death anxiety</a> since all existence in the <a href="/wiki/Samsara_(Buddhism)" class="mw-redirect" title="Samsara (Buddhism)">cycle of rebirth</a> is considered filled with <a href="/wiki/Dukkha" class="mw-redirect" title="Dukkha">suffering</a>, and being reborn many times does not necessarily mean that one progresses.<a href="#cite_note-Blum_2004-147">[147]</a> Death is part of several key Buddhist tenets, such as the <a href="/wiki/Four_Noble_Truths" title="Four Noble Truths">Four Noble Truths</a> and <a href="/wiki/Prat%C4%ABtyasamutp%C4%81da" title="Pratītyasamutpāda">dependent origination</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Blum_2004-147">[147]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Christianity">Christianity</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Soul_in_the_Bible" title="Soul in the Bible">Soul in the Bible</a>, <a href="/wiki/Second_death" title="Second death">Second death</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Resurrection_of_the_dead#Christianity" class="mw-redirect" title="Resurrection of the dead">Resurrection of the dead § Christianity</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Paradiso_Canto_31.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d2/Paradiso_Canto_31.jpg/250px-Paradiso_Canto_31.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="244" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d2/Paradiso_Canto_31.jpg/330px-Paradiso_Canto_31.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d2/Paradiso_Canto_31.jpg/500px-Paradiso_Canto_31.jpg 2x" data-file-width="858" data-file-height="952" /></a><figcaption>In <a href="/wiki/Dante_Alighieri" title="Dante Alighieri">Dante</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Paradiso_(Dante)" title="Paradiso (Dante)">Paradiso</a>, Dante is with Beatrice, staring at the highest heavens.</figcaption></figure> While there are different sects of Christianity with different branches of belief, the overarching ideology on death grows from the knowledge of the afterlife. After death, the individual will undergo a separation from mortality to immortality; their soul leaves the body, entering a realm of spirits. Following this separation of body and spirit (death), <a href="/wiki/Resurrection" title="Resurrection">resurrection</a> will occur.<a href="#cite_note-148">[148]</a> Representing the same transformation <a href="/wiki/Jesus" title="Jesus">Jesus Christ</a> embodied after his body was placed in the tomb for three days, each person's body will be resurrected, reuniting the spirit and body in a perfect form. This process allows the individual's soul to withstand death and transform into life after death.<a href="#cite_note-149">[149]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Hinduism">Hinduism</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Reincarnation#Hinduism" title="Reincarnation">Reincarnation § Hinduism</a>, <a href="/wiki/Naraka_(Hinduism)" title="Naraka (Hinduism)">Naraka (Hinduism)</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Yama_(Hinduism)" class="mw-redirect" title="Yama (Hinduism)">Yama (Hinduism)</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Reincarnation_AS.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Reincarnation_AS.jpg/250px-Reincarnation_AS.jpg" decoding="async" width="180" height="261" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Reincarnation_AS.jpg/330px-Reincarnation_AS.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Reincarnation_AS.jpg/360px-Reincarnation_AS.jpg 2x" data-file-width="409" data-file-height="592" /></a><figcaption>Illustration depicting Hindu beliefs about <a href="/wiki/Reincarnation" title="Reincarnation">reincarnation</a></figcaption></figure> In <a href="/wiki/Hindu_texts" title="Hindu texts">Hindu texts</a>, death is described as the individual eternal spiritual <a href="/wiki/Jiva" title="Jiva">jiva-atma</a> (soul or conscious self) exiting the current temporary material body. The soul exits this body when the body can no longer sustain the conscious self (life), which may be due to mental or physical reasons or, more accurately, the inability to act on one's <a href="/wiki/Kama#In_Hinduism" title="Kama">kama</a> (material desires).<a href="#cite_note-150">[150]</a> During conception, the soul enters a compatible new body based on the remaining merits and demerits of one's <a href="/wiki/Karma#In_Hinduism" title="Karma">karma</a> (good/bad material activities based on <a href="/wiki/Dharma#Hinduism" title="Dharma">dharma</a>) and the state of one's mind (impressions or last thoughts) at the time of death.<a href="#cite_note-151">[151]</a> Usually, the process of <a href="/wiki/Reincarnation#Hinduism" title="Reincarnation">reincarnation</a> makes one forget all memories of one's previous life. Because nothing really dies and the temporary material body is always changing, both in this life and the next, death means forgetfulness of one's previous experiences.<a href="#cite_note-152">[152]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Islam">Islam</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Islamic_view_of_death" title="Islamic view of death">Islamic view of death</a></div> The Islamic view is that death is the separation of the soul from the body as well as the beginning of the afterlife.<a href="#cite_note-153">[153]</a> The afterlife, or <a href="/wiki/Akhirah" title="Akhirah">akhirah</a>, is one of the six main beliefs in Islam. Rather than seeing death as the end of life, Muslims consider death as a continuation of life in another form.<a href="#cite_note-154">[154]</a> In Islam, life on earth right now is a short, temporary life and a testing period for every soul. True life begins with the Day of Judgement when all people will be divided into two groups. The righteous believers will be welcomed to <a href="/wiki/Jannah" title="Jannah">janna</a> (heaven), and the disbelievers and evildoers will be punished in <a href="/wiki/Jahannam" title="Jahannam">jahannam</a> (hellfire).<a href="#cite_note-155">[155]</a> Muslims believe death to be wholly natural and predetermined by God. Only God knows the exact time of a person's death.<a href="#cite_note-156">[156]</a> <a href="/wiki/Quran" title="Quran">The Quran</a> emphasizes that death is inevitable, no matter how much people try to escape death, it will reach everyone. (<a href="/wiki/Qaf_(surah)" title="Qaf (surah)">Q50:16</a>) Life on earth is the one and only chance for people to prepare themselves for the life to come and choose to either believe or not believe in God, and death is the end of that learning opportunity.<a href="#cite_note-157">[157]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Judaism">Judaism</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Bereavement_in_Judaism" title="Bereavement in Judaism">Bereavement in Judaism</a></div> There are a <a href="/wiki/Jewish_eschatology#World_to_come" title="Jewish eschatology">variety of beliefs about the afterlife within Judaism</a>, but none of them contradict the preference for life over death. This is partially because death puts a cessation to the possibility of fulfilling any <a href="/wiki/Mitzvah" title="Mitzvah">commandments</a>.<a href="#cite_note-158">[158]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Language">Language</h2></div> The word "death" comes from <a href="/wiki/Old_English" title="Old English">Old English</a> dēaþ, which in turn comes from <a href="/wiki/Proto-Germanic_language" title="Proto-Germanic language">Proto-Germanic</a> *dauþuz (reconstructed by etymological analysis). This comes from the <a href="/wiki/Proto-Indo-European_language" title="Proto-Indo-European language">Proto-Indo-European</a> stem *dheu- meaning the "process, act, condition of <a href="/wiki/Dying" title="Dying">dying</a>."<a href="#cite_note-159">[159]</a> The concept and symptoms of death, and varying degrees of delicacy used in discussion in public forums, have generated numerous scientific, legal, and socially acceptable terms or euphemisms. When a person has died, it is also said they have "passed away", "passed on", "expired", or "gone", among other socially accepted, religiously specific, slang, and irreverent terms. As a formal reference to a dead person, it has become common practice to use the <a href="/wiki/Participle" title="Participle">participle</a> form of "decease", as in "the deceased"; another noun form is "<a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/decedent" class="extiw" title="wikt:decedent">decedent</a>". Bereft of life, the dead person is a "corpse", "<a href="/wiki/Cadaver" title="Cadaver">cadaver</a>", "body", "set of remains", or when all flesh is gone, a "<a href="/wiki/Skeleton" title="Skeleton">skeleton</a>". The terms "<a href="/wiki/Carrion" title="Carrion">carrion</a>" and "carcass" are also used, usually for dead non-human animals. The ashes left after a <a href="/wiki/Cremation" title="Cremation">cremation</a> are lately called "cremains". <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1184024115" /><div class="div-col" style="column-width: 18em;"> <ul><li><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/deathbed" class="extiw" title="wikt:deathbed">Deathbed</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Death_drive" title="Death drive">Death drive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Death_row" title="Death row">Death row</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Death_trajectory" title="Death trajectory">Death trajectory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dying_declaration" title="Dying declaration">Dying declaration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/End-of-life_care" title="End-of-life care">End-of-life care</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eschatology" title="Eschatology">Eschatology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Faked_death" title="Faked death">Faked death</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kar%C5%8Dshi" class="mw-redirect" title="Karōshi">Karōshi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Last_rites" title="Last rites">Last rites</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_expressions_related_to_death" class="mw-redirect" title="List of expressions related to death">List of expressions related to death</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spiritual_death" title="Spiritual death">Spiritual death</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Survivalism_(life_after_death)" class="mw-redirect" title="Survivalism (life after death)">Survivalism (life after death)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taboo_on_the_dead" title="Taboo on the dead">Taboo on the dead</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thanatology" title="Thanatology">Thanatology</a></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output 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cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free 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Knopf. pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/howwediereflecti00nula/page/254">254–255</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-679-41461-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-679-41461-2"><bdi>978-0-679-41461-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=How+we+die%3A+Reflections+on+life%27s+final+chapter&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=254-255&rft.pub=A.A.+Knopf&rft.date=1994&rft.isbn=978-0-679-41461-2&rft.aulast=Nuland&rft.aufirst=Sherwin+B.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fhowwediereflecti00nula%2Fpage%2F254&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADeath" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-pmid16299059-94"><a href="#cite_ref-pmid16299059_94-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFAhmadO'Mahony2005" class="citation journal cs1">Ahmad S, O'Mahony M (December 2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1093%2Fqjmed%2Fhci138">"Where older people die: a retrospective population-based study"</a>. 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J R Soc Med. 94 (9): 433–436. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1177%2F014107680109400905">10.1177/014107680109400905</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1282180">1282180</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/11535743">11535743</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=J+R+Soc+Med&rft.atitle=Remembering+death%3A+public+policy+in+the+USA&rft.volume=94&rft.issue=9&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E433-%3C%2Fspan%3E436&rft.date=2001-09&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC1282180%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F11535743&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1177%2F014107680109400905&rft.aulast=Cassel&rft.aufirst=CK&rft.au=Demel%2C+B&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC1282180&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADeath" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-96"><a href="#cite_ref-96">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFAriès1981" class="citation journal cs1">Ariès P (1981). 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The Wilson Quarterly. 5 (1): 105–115. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/40256048">40256048</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/11624731">11624731</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Wilson+Quarterly&rft.atitle=Invisible+Death&rft.volume=5&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E105-%3C%2Fspan%3E115&rft.date=1981&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F40256048%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F11624731&rft.aulast=Ari%C3%A8s&rft.aufirst=P&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADeath" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-oxforddeathpsych-97"><a href="#cite_ref-oxforddeathpsych_97-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFSolomonPiven2014" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Solomon S, Piven JS (2014). "Death and Dying". Oxford Bibliographies Online. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1093%2Fobo%2F9780199828340-0144">10.1093/obo/9780199828340-0144</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Death+and+Dying&rft.btitle=Oxford+Bibliographies+Online&rft.date=2014&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1093%2Fobo%2F9780199828340-0144&rft.aulast=Solomon&rft.aufirst=Sheldon&rft.au=Piven%2C+JS&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADeath" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-98"><a href="#cite_ref-98">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFJongRossPhilipChang2018" class="citation journal cs1">Jong J, Ross R, Philip T, Chang SH, Simons N, Halberstadt J (2 January 2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pure.coventry.ac.uk/ws/files/7883604/The_religious_correlates_of_death_anxiety.pdf">"The religious correlates of death anxiety: a systematic review and meta-analysis"</a> (PDF). Religion, Brain & Behavior. 8 (1): 4–20. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F2153599X.2016.1238844">10.1080/2153599X.2016.1238844</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Religion%2C+Brain+%26+Behavior&rft.atitle=The+religious+correlates+of+death+anxiety%3A+a+systematic+review+and+meta-analysis&rft.volume=8&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E4-%3C%2Fspan%3E20&rft.date=2018-01-02&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1080%2F2153599X.2016.1238844&rft.aulast=Jong&rft.aufirst=Jonathan&rft.au=Ross%2C+Robert&rft.au=Philip%2C+Tristan&rft.au=Chang%2C+Si-Hua&rft.au=Simons%2C+Naomi&rft.au=Halberstadt%2C+Jamin&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fpure.coventry.ac.uk%2Fws%2Ffiles%2F7883604%2FThe_religious_correlates_of_death_anxiety.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADeath" class="Z3988"> See also <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation pressrelease cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ox.ac.uk/news/2017-03-24-study-who-least-afraid-death">"Study into who is least afraid of death"</a> (Press release). University of Oxford. 24 March 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Study+into+who+is+least+afraid+of+death&rft.pub=University+of+Oxford&rft.date=2017-03-24&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ox.ac.uk%2Fnews%2F2017-03-24-study-who-least-afraid-death&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADeath" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-99"><a href="#cite_ref-99">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFHarmon-JonesSimonGreenbergPyszczynski1997" class="citation journal cs1">Harmon-Jones E, Simon L, Greenberg J, Pyszczynski T, Solomon S, McGregor H (1997). "Terror management theory and self-esteem: Evidence that increased self-esteem reduced mortality salience effects". Journal of Personality and Social Psychology. 72 (1): 24–36. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1037%2F0022-3514.72.1.24">10.1037/0022-3514.72.1.24</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/9008372">9008372</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Personality+and+Social+Psychology&rft.atitle=Terror+management+theory+and+self-esteem%3A+Evidence+that+increased+self-esteem+reduced+mortality+salience+effects.&rft.volume=72&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E24-%3C%2Fspan%3E36&rft.date=1997&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1037%2F0022-3514.72.1.24&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F9008372&rft.aulast=Harmon-Jones&rft.aufirst=Eddie&rft.au=Simon%2C+Linda&rft.au=Greenberg%2C+Jeff&rft.au=Pyszczynski%2C+Tom&rft.au=Solomon%2C+S&rft.au=McGregor%2C+H&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADeath" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-100"><a href="#cite_ref-100">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFPyszczynski2003" class="citation book cs1">Pyszczynski TA (2003). 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Washington, DC: American Psychological Association. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-55798-954-0" title="Special:BookSources/1-55798-954-0"><bdi>1-55798-954-0</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/49719188">49719188</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=In+the+wake+of+9%2F11%3A+the+psychology+of+terror&rft.place=Washington%2C+DC&rft.pub=American+Psychological+Association&rft.date=2003&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F49719188&rft.isbn=1-55798-954-0&rft.aulast=Pyszczynski&rft.aufirst=Thomas+A.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADeath" class="Z3988">[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">page needed</a>] </li> <li id="cite_note-Strawson-2018-101">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Strawson-2018_101-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Strawson-2018_101-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFStrawson2018" class="citation book cs1">Strawson G (2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=c_9MDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA72">Things that Bother Me: Death, Freedom, the Self, Etc</a>. 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New York: Facts On File. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8160-5454-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8160-5454-1"><bdi>978-0-8160-5454-1</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/191882169">191882169</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Encyclopedia+of+Islam&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Facts+On+File&rft.date=2009&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F191882169&rft.isbn=978-0-8160-5454-1&rft.aulast=Campo&rft.aufirst=Juan+Eduardo&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADeath" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-158"><a href="#cite_ref-158">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFRaphael2021" class="citation book cs1">Raphael SP (May 2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.neshamah.net/images/jewish-views-of-the-afterlife.pdf">Jewish Views of the Afterlife</a> (PDF). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230611160727/https://neshamah.net/images/jewish-views-of-the-afterlife.pdf">Archived</a> (PDF) from the original on 11 June 2023. Retrieved 17 February 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Jewish+Views+of+the+Afterlife&rft.date=2021-05&rft.aulast=Raphael&rft.aufirst=Simcha+Paull&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.neshamah.net%2Fimages%2Fjewish-views-of-the-afterlife.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADeath" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-159"><a href="#cite_ref-159">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.etymonline.com/index.php?term=death">"Death"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Online_Etymology_Dictionary" class="mw-redirect" title="Online Etymology Dictionary">Online Etymology Dictionary</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20161013162848/http://www.etymonline.com/index.php?term=death">Archived</a> from the original on 13 October 2016. Retrieved 5 November 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Online+Etymology+Dictionary&rft.atitle=Death&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.etymonline.com%2Findex.php%3Fterm%3Ddeath&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADeath" class="Z3988"> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Bibliography">Bibliography</h2></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239549316">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%}}</style><div class="refbegin" style=""> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFBondeson2001" class="citation book cs1">Bondeson J (2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/buriedalive00janb">Buried Alive: the Terrifying History of our Most Primal Fear</a>. W.W. Norton & Company. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-393-04906-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-393-04906-0"><bdi>978-0-393-04906-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Buried+Alive%3A+the+Terrifying+History+of+our+Most+Primal+Fear&rft.pub=W.W.+Norton+%26+Company&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=978-0-393-04906-0&rft.aulast=Bondeson&rft.aufirst=Jan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fburiedalive00janb&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADeath" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFMullin1998" class="citation book cs1">Mullin GH (2008) [1998]. Living in the Face of Death: The Tibetan Tradition. Ithaca, New York: Snow Lion Publications. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-55939-310-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-55939-310-2"><bdi>978-1-55939-310-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Living+in+the+Face+of+Death%3A+The+Tibetan+Tradition&rft.place=Ithaca%2C+New+York&rft.pub=Snow+Lion+Publications&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-1-55939-310-2&rft.aulast=Mullin&rft.aufirst=Glenn+H.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADeath" class="Z3988"></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFCochem1899" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Martin_of_Cochem" title="Martin of Cochem">Cochem Mo</a> (1899). <a class="external text" href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/The_four_last_things/Part_1">"On Death" </a>. The four last things: death, judgment, hell, heaven. Benziger Brothers.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=On+Death&rft.btitle=The+four+last+things%3A+death%2C+judgment%2C+hell%2C+heaven&rft.pub=Benziger+Brothers&rft.date=1899&rft.aulast=Cochem&rft.aufirst=Martin+of&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADeath" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFDaughters_of_Charity_of_St._Vincent_de_Paul.1856" class="citation book cs1">Daughters of Charity of St. Vincent de Paul. (1856). <a class="external text" href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/St._Vincent%27s_Manual/Considerations_on_Death">"Considerations on Death" </a>. St. Vincent's Manual. John Murphy & Co.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Considerations+on+Death&rft.btitle=St.+Vincent%27s+Manual&rft.pub=John+Murphy+%26+Co.&rft.date=1856&rft.au=Daughters+of+Charity+of+St.+Vincent+de+Paul.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADeath" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFLiguori,_Alphonsus1868" class="citation book cs1">Liguori, Alphonsus (1868). <a class="external text" href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Preparation_for_Death">Preparation for Death </a>. Rivingtons.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Preparation+for+Death&rft.pub=Rivingtons&rft.date=1868&rft.au=Liguori%2C+Alphonsus&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADeath" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFMarques2015" class="citation book cs1">Marques SM (2015). Now and At the Hour of Our Death. Translated by Sanches J. And Other Stories. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-908276-62-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-908276-62-9"><bdi>978-1-908276-62-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Now+and+At+the+Hour+of+Our+Death&rft.pub=And+Other+Stories&rft.date=2015&rft.isbn=978-1-908276-62-9&rft.aulast=Marques&rft.aufirst=Susana+Moreira&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADeath" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFMassillon1879" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Jean-Baptiste_Massillon" class="mw-redirect" title="Jean-Baptiste Massillon">Massillon JB</a> (1879). <a class="external text" href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Sermons_(Massillon)/Sermon_9">"On Death" </a>. Sermons by John-Baptist Massillon. Thomas Tegg & Sons.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=On+Death&rft.btitle=Sermons+by+John-Baptist+Massillon&rft.pub=Thomas+Tegg+%26+Sons&rft.date=1879&rft.aulast=Massillon&rft.aufirst=Jean-Baptiste&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADeath" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFRosenberg2014" class="citation news cs1">Rosenberg D (17 August 2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.slate.com/blogs/behold/2014/08/17/walter_schels_life_before_death_includes_portraits_of_people_before_and.html">"How One Photographer Overcame His Fear of Death by Photographing It (Walter Schels' Life Before Death)"</a>. Slate.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Slate&rft.atitle=How+One+Photographer+Overcame+His+Fear+of+Death+by+Photographing+It+%28Walter+Schels%27+Life+Before+Death%29&rft.date=2014-08-17&rft.aulast=Rosenberg&rft.aufirst=David&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.slate.com%2Fblogs%2Fbehold%2F2014%2F08%2F17%2Fwalter_schels_life_before_death_includes_portraits_of_people_before_and.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADeath" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFSachs,_Jessica_Snyder2001" class="citation book cs1">Sachs, Jessica Snyder (2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/corpsenaturefore00sach">Corpse: Nature, Forensics, and the Struggle to Pinpoint Time of Death</a> (270 pages). Perseus Publishing. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7382-0336-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7382-0336-2"><bdi>978-0-7382-0336-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Corpse%3A+Nature%2C+Forensics%2C+and+the+Struggle+to+Pinpoint+Time+of+Death&rft.pub=Perseus+Publishing&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=978-0-7382-0336-2&rft.au=Sachs%2C+Jessica+Snyder&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fcorpsenaturefore00sach&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADeath" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFWarraich2017" class="citation book cs1">Warraich H (2017). Modern Death: How Medicine Changed the End of Life. St. Martin's Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-250-10458-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-250-10458-8"><bdi>978-1-250-10458-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Modern+Death%3A+How+Medicine+Changed+the+End+of+Life&rft.pub=St.+Martin%27s+Press&rft.date=2017&rft.isbn=978-1-250-10458-8&rft.aulast=Warraich&rft.aufirst=Haider&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADeath" class="Z3988"></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1250146164">.mw-parser-output .sister-box .side-box-abovebelow{padding:0.75em 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .sister-box .side-box-abovebelow>b{display:block}.mw-parser-output .sister-box .side-box-text>ul{border-top:1px solid #aaa;padding:0.75em 0;width:217px;margin:0 auto}.mw-parser-output .sister-box .side-box-text>ul>li{min-height:31px}.mw-parser-output .sister-logo{display:inline-block;width:31px;line-height:31px;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .sister-link{display:inline-block;margin-left:4px;width:182px;vertical-align:middle}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div role="navigation" aria-labelledby="sister-projects" class="side-box metadata side-box-right sister-box sistersitebox plainlinks"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style> <div class="side-box-abovebelow"> Death at Wikipedia's <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Wikimedia_sister_projects" title="Wikipedia:Wikimedia sister projects">sister projects</a></div> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-text plainlist"><ul><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/06/Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg/40px-Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="27" height="27" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/06/Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg/60px-Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg.png 1.5x" data-file-width="391" data-file-height="391" /><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/death" class="extiw" title="wikt:death">Definitions</a> from Wiktionary</li><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/20px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="27" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/40px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Death" class="extiw" title="c:Death">Media</a> from Commons</li><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/40px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="27" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/60px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="355" /><a href="https://en.wikiquote.org/wiki/Death" class="extiw" title="q:Death">Quotations</a> from Wikiquote</li></ul></div></div> </div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/death/#2">"Death"</a> Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/1911_Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica/Death">"Death" </a>. <a href="/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica_Eleventh_Edition" title="Encyclopædia Britannica Eleventh Edition">Encyclopædia Britannica</a>. Vol. 7 (11th ed.). 1911. pp. 898–900.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Death&rft.btitle=Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Britannica&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E898-%3C%2Fspan%3E900&rft.edition=11th&rft.date=1911&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADeath" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFBest,_Ben" class="citation web cs1">Best, Ben. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.benbest.com/lifeext/causes.html">"Causes of Death"</a>. BenBest.com. Retrieved 10 June 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=BenBest.com&rft.atitle=Causes+of+Death&rft.au=Best%2C+Ben&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.benbest.com%2Flifeext%2Fcauses.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADeath" class="Z3988"></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=iiTUvqjTqDk">"Death" (video; 10:18)</a> by <a href="/wiki/Timothy_Ferris" title="Timothy Ferris">Timothy Ferris</a>, producer of the <a href="/wiki/Voyager_Golden_Record" title="Voyager Golden Record">Voyager Golden Record</a> for <a href="/wiki/NASA" title="NASA">NASA</a>. 2021</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFWald,_George" class="citation web cs1">Wald, George. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.elijahwald.com/origin.html">"The Origin of Death"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Origin+of+Death&rft.au=Wald%2C+George&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.elijahwald.com%2Forigin.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADeath" class="Z3988"> A biologist explains life and death in different kinds of organisms, in relation to evolution.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFU.S._Census" class="citation web cs1">U.S. Census. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20040918133848/http://rack1.ul.cs.cmu.edu/is/deathtypes/doc.scn?rp=_n">"Causes of Death 1916"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://rack1.ul.cs.cmu.edu/is/deathtypes/doc.scn?rp=_n">the original</a> on 18 September 2004.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Causes+of+Death+1916&rft.au=U.S.+Census&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Frack1.ul.cs.cmu.edu%2Fis%2Fdeathtypes%2Fdoc.scn%3Frp%3D_n&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADeath" class="Z3988"> How the medical profession categorized causes of death.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFSchels,_WalterLakotta,_Beate" class="citation web cs1">Schels, Walter, Lakotta, Beate. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20141011190734/https://www.lensculture.com/wschels">"Before and After Death"</a>. LensCulture.com. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.lensculture.com/wschels">the original</a> on 11 October 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=LensCulture.com&rft.atitle=Before+and+After+Death&rft.au=Schels%2C+Walter&rft.au=Lakotta%2C+Beate&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.lensculture.com%2Fwschels&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADeath" class="Z3988"> Interviews with people dying in hospices, and portraits of them before and shortly after, death.</li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline 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title="Embryo">Embryo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fetus" title="Fetus">Fetus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gestational_age_(obstetrics)" class="mw-redirect" title="Gestational age (obstetrics)">Gestational age</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Birth and after</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Childbirth" title="Childbirth">Birth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Child_development" title="Child development">Child development</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Child_development_stages" title="Child development stages">Stages</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Early_childhood_development" title="Early childhood development">Early</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Puberty" title="Puberty">Puberty</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adult_development" title="Adult development">Adult development</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ageing" title="Ageing">Ageing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Senescence" title="Senescence">Senescence</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Death</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Phases</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Early years <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Infant" title="Infant">Infant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Toddler" title="Toddler">Toddler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Early_childhood" title="Early childhood">Early childhood</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Childhood" class="mw-redirect" title="Childhood">Childhood</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Child" title="Child">Child</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Youth" title="Youth">Youth</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Preadolescence" title="Preadolescence">Preadolescence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adolescence" title="Adolescence">Adolescence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emerging_adulthood_and_early_adulthood" title="Emerging adulthood and early adulthood">Emerging adulthood</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adult" title="Adult">Adulthood</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Young_adult" title="Young adult">Young adult</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Middle_age" title="Middle age">Middle adult</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Old_age" title="Old age">Elder adult</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dying" title="Dying">Dying</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Social and legal</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Minor_(law)" title="Minor (law)">Minor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Age_of_majority" title="Age of majority">Age of majority</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235" /></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Death315" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231" /><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Death" title="Template:Death"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Death" title="Template talk:Death"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Death" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Death"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Death315" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Death</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">In medicine</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Cell_death14" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Cell_death" title="Cell death">Cell death</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Necrosis" title="Necrosis">Necrosis</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Avascular_necrosis" title="Avascular necrosis">Avascular necrosis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coagulative_necrosis" title="Coagulative necrosis">Coagulative necrosis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liquefactive_necrosis" title="Liquefactive necrosis">Liquefactive necrosis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gangrene" title="Gangrene">Gangrenous necrosis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caseous_necrosis" title="Caseous necrosis">Caseous necrosis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fat_necrosis" title="Fat necrosis">Fat necrosis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fibrinoid_necrosis" title="Fibrinoid necrosis">Fibrinoid necrosis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Temporal_lobe_necrosis" title="Temporal lobe necrosis">Temporal lobe necrosis</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Programmed_cell_death" title="Programmed cell death">Programmed cell death</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Activation-induced_cell_death" title="Activation-induced cell death">AICD</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anoikis" title="Anoikis">Anoikis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apoptosis" title="Apoptosis">Apoptosis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Autophagy" title="Autophagy">Autophagy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intrinsic_apoptosis" class="mw-redirect" title="Intrinsic apoptosis">Intrinsic apoptosis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Necroptosis" title="Necroptosis">Necroptosis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paraptosis" title="Paraptosis">Paraptosis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parthanatos" title="Parthanatos">Parthanatos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phenoptosis" title="Phenoptosis">Phenoptosis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pseudoapoptosis" title="Pseudoapoptosis">Pseudoapoptosis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pyroptosis" title="Pyroptosis">Pyroptosis</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Autolysis_(biology)" title="Autolysis (biology)">Autolysis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Autoschizis" title="Autoschizis">Autoschizis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eschar" title="Eschar">Eschar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Immunogenic_cell_death" title="Immunogenic cell death">Immunogenic cell death</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ischemic_cell_death" title="Ischemic cell death">Ischemic cell death</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pyknosis" title="Pyknosis">Pyknosis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karyorrhexis" title="Karyorrhexis">Karyorrhexis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karyolysis" title="Karyolysis">Karyolysis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mitotic_catastrophe" title="Mitotic catastrophe">Mitotic catastrophe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suicide_gene" title="Suicide gene">Suicide gene</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abortion" title="Abortion">Abortion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Accidental_death" title="Accidental death">Accidental death</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Autopsy" title="Autopsy">Autopsy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brain_death" title="Brain death">Brain death</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Brainstem_death" title="Brainstem death">Brainstem death</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clinical_death" title="Clinical death">Clinical death</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dead_on_arrival" title="Dead on arrival">DOA</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manner_of_death" title="Manner of death">Death by natural causes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Death_rattle" title="Death rattle">Death rattle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dysthanasia" title="Dysthanasia">Dysthanasia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/End-of-life_care" title="End-of-life care">End-of-life care</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Euthanasia" title="Euthanasia">Euthanasia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lazarus_sign" title="Lazarus sign">Lazarus sign</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lazarus_syndrome" title="Lazarus syndrome">Lazarus syndrome</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Legal_death#Medical_declaration" title="Legal death">Medical declaration of death</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Organ_donation" title="Organ donation">Organ donation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Terminal_illness" title="Terminal illness">Terminal illness</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manner_of_death" title="Manner of death">Unnatural death</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:Death-related_lists" title="Category:Death-related lists">Lists</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_causes_of_death_by_rate" title="List of causes of death by rate">Causes of death by rate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lists_of_deaths_by_year" title="Lists of deaths by year">Notable deaths by year</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_expressions_related_to_death" class="mw-redirect" title="List of expressions related to death">Expressions related to death</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_natural_disasters_by_death_toll" title="List of natural disasters by death toll">Natural disasters</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lists_of_people_by_cause_of_death" title="Lists of people by cause of death">People by cause of death</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_premature_obituaries" class="mw-redirect" title="List of premature obituaries">Premature obituaries</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Preventable_causes_of_death" title="Preventable causes of death">Preventable causes of death</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_unusual_deaths" class="mw-redirect" title="List of unusual deaths">Unusual deaths</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_ways_people_dishonor_the_dead" title="List of ways people dishonor the dead">List of ways people dishonor the dead</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_ways_people_honor_the_dead" class="mw-redirect" title="List of ways people honor the dead">List of ways people honor the dead</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Mortality</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Birthday_effect" title="Birthday effect">Birthday effect</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Child_mortality" title="Child mortality">Child mortality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Excess_mortality" title="Excess mortality">Excess mortality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gompertz%E2%80%93Makeham_law_of_mortality" title="Gompertz–Makeham law of mortality">Gompertz–Makeham law of mortality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Infant_mortality" title="Infant mortality">Infant mortality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karoshi" title="Karoshi">Karoshi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maternal_death" title="Maternal death">Maternal death</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maternal_mortality_in_fiction" title="Maternal mortality in fiction">Maternal mortality in fiction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Memento_mori" title="Memento mori">Memento mori</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Micromort" title="Micromort">Micromort</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mortality_rate" title="Mortality rate">Mortality rate</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Risk_adjusted_mortality_rate" title="Risk adjusted mortality rate">RAMR</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mortality_salience" title="Mortality salience">Mortality salience</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Perinatal_mortality" title="Perinatal mortality">Perinatal mortality</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">After death</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Cadaver" title="Cadaver">Body</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Stages</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pallor_mortis" title="Pallor mortis">Pallor mortis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Livor_mortis" title="Livor mortis">Livor mortis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Algor_mortis" title="Algor mortis">Algor mortis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rigor_mortis" title="Rigor mortis">Rigor mortis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Putrefaction" title="Putrefaction">Putrefaction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Decomposition" title="Decomposition">Decomposition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Skeletonization" title="Skeletonization">Skeletonization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fossil" title="Fossil">Fossilization</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Preservation</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cryopreservation" title="Cryopreservation">Cryopreservation</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cryonics" title="Cryonics">Cryonics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neuropreservation" class="mw-redirect" title="Neuropreservation">Neuropreservation</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Embalming" title="Embalming">Embalming</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maceration_(bone)" title="Maceration (bone)">Maceration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mummy" title="Mummy">Mummification</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plastination" title="Plastination">Plastination</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prosection" title="Prosection">Prosection</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taxidermy" title="Taxidermy">Taxidermy</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Disposal_of_human_corpses" title="Disposal of human corpses">Disposal</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Burial" title="Burial">Burial</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Natural_burial" title="Natural burial">Natural burial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sky_burial" title="Sky burial">Sky burial</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cremation" title="Cremation">Cremation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dismemberment" title="Dismemberment">Dismemberment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Excarnation" title="Excarnation">Excarnation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Promession" title="Promession">Promession</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alkaline_hydrolysis_(body_disposal)" class="mw-redirect" title="Alkaline hydrolysis (body disposal)">Resomation</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Beating_heart_cadaver" title="Beating heart cadaver">Beating heart cadaver</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Body_donation" title="Body donation">Body donation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cadaveric_spasm" title="Cadaveric spasm">Cadaveric spasm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coffin_birth" title="Coffin birth">Coffin birth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Death_erection" title="Death erection">Death erection</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dissection" title="Dissection">Dissection</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gibbeting" title="Gibbeting">Gibbeting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Postmortem_caloricity" title="Postmortem caloricity">Postmortem caloricity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Post-mortem_interval" title="Post-mortem interval">Post-mortem interval</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">Other aspects</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Carrion" title="Carrion">Carrion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cemetery" title="Cemetery">Cemetery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Consciousness_after_death" class="mw-redirect" title="Consciousness after death">Consciousness after death</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Afterlife" title="Afterlife">Afterlife</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tukdam" title="Tukdam">Tukdam</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Death_customs" title="Category:Death customs">Customs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crematorium" title="Crematorium">Crematorium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Desecration_of_graves" class="mw-redirect" title="Desecration of graves">Desecration of graves</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eternal_oblivion" title="Eternal oblivion">Eternal oblivion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Medical_examiner" title="Medical examiner">Examination</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Funeral" title="Funeral">Funeral</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grief" title="Grief">Grief</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Death_and_the_Internet" title="Death and the Internet">Internet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Death_midwife" title="Death midwife">Midwife</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mourning" title="Mourning">Mourning</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Online_mourning" title="Online mourning">Online mourning</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Obituary" title="Obituary">Obituary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reincarnation" title="Reincarnation">Reincarnation</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Palingenesis" title="Palingenesis">Palingenesis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sa%E1%B9%83s%C4%81ra" title="Saṃsāra">Saṃsāra</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Resurrection" title="Resurrection">Resurrection</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Underworld" title="Underworld">Underworld</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vigil" title="Vigil">Vigil</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Paranormal</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ghost" title="Ghost">Ghosts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Near-death_experience" title="Near-death experience">Near-death experience</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Near-death_studies" title="Near-death studies">Near-death studies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Necromancy" title="Necromancy">Necromancy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Out-of-body_experience" title="Out-of-body experience">Out-of-body experience</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:Reincarnation_research" title="Template:Reincarnation research">Reincarnation research</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/S%C3%A9ance" title="Séance">Séance</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Legal</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abortion_law" title="Abortion law">Abortion law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Administration_(probate_law)" title="Administration (probate law)">Administration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Capital_punishment" title="Capital punishment">Capital punishment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cause_of_death" title="Cause of death">Cause of death</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Civil_death" title="Civil death">Civil death</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coroner" title="Coroner">Coroner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Death-qualified_jury" title="Death-qualified jury">Death-qualified jury</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Death_certificate" title="Death certificate">Death certificate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Presumption_of_death" title="Presumption of death">Declared death in absentia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Death_row" title="Death row">Death row</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dying_declaration" title="Dying declaration">Dying declaration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inquest" title="Inquest">Inquest</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Legal_death" title="Legal death">Legal death</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Murder" title="Murder">Murder</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Necropolitics" title="Necropolitics">Necropolitics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prohibition_of_dying" title="Prohibition of dying">Prohibition of dying</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Right_to_die" title="Right to die">Right to die</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suspicious_death" title="Suspicious death">Suspicious death</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trust_(law)" title="Trust (law)">Trust law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Will_and_testament" title="Will and testament">Will</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Fields</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Death_tech&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Death tech (page does not exist)">Death tech</a> [<a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Death_Tech" class="extiw" title="pt:Death Tech">pt</a>]</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Forensic_pathology" title="Forensic pathology">Forensic pathology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Funeral_director" title="Funeral director">Funeral director</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mortuary_science" title="Mortuary science">Mortuary science</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cell_death" title="Cell death">Necrobiology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Post-mortem_chemistry" title="Post-mortem chemistry">Post-mortem chemistry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Post-mortem_photography" title="Post-mortem photography">Post-mortem photography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taphonomy" title="Taphonomy">Taphonomy</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Biostratinomy" title="Biostratinomy">Biostratinomy</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thanatology" title="Thanatology">Thanatology</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Apparent_death" title="Apparent death">Apparent death</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_burial_money" title="Chinese burial money">Chinese burial money</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coins_for_the_dead" title="Coins for the dead">Coins for the dead</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dark_tourism" title="Dark tourism">Dark tourism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Darwin_Awards" title="Darwin Awards">Darwin Awards</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Death_and_culture" title="Death and culture">Death and culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Death_anniversary" title="Death anniversary">Death anniversary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Death_anxiety" title="Death anxiety">Death anxiety</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_death_deities" title="List of death deities">Death deity</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Personifications_of_death" title="Personifications of death">Personification of death</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dying-and-rising_deity" class="mw-redirect" title="Dying-and-rising deity">Dying-and-rising god</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Psychopomp" title="Psychopomp">Psychopomp</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Extermination_camp" title="Extermination camp">Death camp</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Death_drive" title="Death drive">Death drive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Death_education" title="Death education">Death education</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Death_from_laughter" title="Death from laughter">Death from laughter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Death_hoax" title="Death hoax">Death hoax</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Death_knell" title="Death knell">Death knell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Death_march" title="Death march">Death march</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Death_messenger" title="Death messenger">Death messenger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Death_notification" title="Death notification">Death notification</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Death_panel" title="Death panel">Death panel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Death_poem" title="Death poem">Death poem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Opisthotonic_death_pose" title="Opisthotonic death pose">Death pose</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Death-positive_movement" class="mw-redirect" title="Death-positive movement">Death-positive movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Death_squad" title="Death squad">Death squad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Death_threat" title="Death threat">Death threat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Death_trajectory" title="Death trajectory">Death trajectory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dignified_death" title="Dignified death">Dignified death</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Extinction" title="Extinction">Extinction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Festival_of_the_Dead" title="Festival of the Dead">Festival of the Dead</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fascination_with_death" title="Fascination with death">Fascination with death</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hierarchy_of_death" title="Hierarchy of death">Hierarchy of death</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Homicide" title="Homicide">Homicide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Immortality" title="Immortality">Immortality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Last_rites" title="Last rites">Last rites</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Longevity" title="Longevity">Longevity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martyr" title="Martyr">Martyr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Museum_of_Death" title="Museum of Death">Museum of Death</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Necronym" title="Necronym">Necronym</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Necrophilia" title="Necrophilia">Necrophilia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Necrophobia" title="Necrophobia">Necrophobia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philosophy_of_death" title="Philosophy of death">Philosophy of death</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Predation" title="Predation">Predation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sacrifice" title="Sacrifice">Sacrifice</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Human_sacrifice" title="Human sacrifice">human</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suicide" title="Suicide">Suicide</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Assisted_suicide" title="Assisted suicide">Assisted suicide</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Thanabot&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Thanabot (page does not exist)">Thanabot</a> [<a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grief_bot" class="extiw" title="ca:Grief bot">ca</a>]</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thanatosensitivity" title="Thanatosensitivity">Thanatosensitivity</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /> <a href="/wiki/Category:Death" title="Category:Death">Category</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Global_thinking.svg/20px-Global_thinking.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Global_thinking.svg/40px-Global_thinking.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="130" data-file-height="200" /> <a href="/wiki/Outline_of_death" title="Outline of death">Outline</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235" /><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1038841319">.mw-parser-output .tooltip-dotted{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319" /></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-labelledby="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata2691" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata2691" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a> <a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">International</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://id.worldcat.org/fast/888613/">FAST</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/4060294-1">Germany</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/sh85036085">United States</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb119325308">France</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb119325308">BnF data</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.ndl.go.jp/auth/ndlna/00570389">Japan</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=ph116193&CON_LNG=ENG">Czech Republic</a><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=ph137665&CON_LNG=ENG">2</a></li></ul></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://datos.bne.es/resource/XX525535">Spain</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://kopkatalogs.lv/F?func=direct&local_base=lnc10&doc_number=000048910&P_CON_LNG=ENG">Latvia</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://lod.nl.go.kr/resource/KSH1998008993">Korea</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nli.org.il/en/authorities/987007543363505171">Israel</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://hls-dhs-dss.ch/fr/articles/027291">Historical Dictionary of Switzerland</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalog.archives.gov/id/10639416">NARA</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://islamansiklopedisi.org.tr/olum">İslâm 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Template:Humandevelopment"," 5.66% 102.045 4 Template:Harvnb"," 4.64% 83.601 22 Template:Delink"]},"scribunto":{"limitreport-timeusage":{"value":"1.235","limit":"10.000"},"limitreport-memusage":{"value":17961685,"limit":52428800},"limitreport-logs":"anchor_id_list = table#1 {\n [\"CITEREFAhmadO\u0026#039;Mahony2005\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFAnimal_Ethics2023\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFAntony2001\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFAriès1974\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFAriès1981\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFAttia2019\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFAustralian_Department_of_Health_and_Aged_Care2021\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBaylakoğluFortierKyeongAmbat2021\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBelkin2014\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBernat2013\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBernat2018\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBest,_Ben\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBest2008\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBeukeboomPerrin2014\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBlagosklonny2021\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBlum2004\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBoas1917\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBondeson2001\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBrenner2014\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBrown1879\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBurkleSharpWijdicks2014\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCampo2009\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCarducci2009\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCaseGilpin1974\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCasselDemel2001\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCherneckyBerger2013\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFChesnut2012\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFChisholm1911\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFChris_Thomas,_Global_Health/Health_Infectious_Diseases_and_Nutrition2009\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCochem1899\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCrippen\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCroswell2020\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDaughters_of_Charity_of_St._Vincent_de_Paul.1856\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDeGrazia2017\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDeGrazia2021\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDenise_CushCatherine_A._RobinsonMichael_York2008\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDiamond1999\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDimond2008\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDohner2017\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDolinakMatshesLew2005\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDuke_University_School_of_Medicine\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDundes1984\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFFaddenPeaslee2019\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFFalkowski2001\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFFontanaPartridgeLongo2010\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGarcía-EnguídanosCalleValeroLuna2002\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGeorge2018\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGilbert2003\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGlennys_HowarthOliver_Leaman2003\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGoldenbergKirbyCulhane2004\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGoldstone_B1952\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGorbanTyukinaSmirnovaPokidysheva2016\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGreen2008\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGregory2009\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGreysonJamesHolden2009\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHaldane1957\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHallmann2011\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHarmon-JonesSimonGreenbergPyszczynski1997\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHassankhaniHaririanPorterHeaston2018\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHayflickMoody2003\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHaymanOxenham2016\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHeathKlimo2010\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHegerFryerWoosleyLanger2003\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHenig,_Robin_Marantz2016\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHokkanen\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHumphrey1986\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFJohns_Hopkins_Medical2019\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFJongRossPhilipChang2018\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKing2014\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKing2016\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKing2019\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLang2007\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLawrenceFinerFrohwirthDauphinee2005\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLeonard2006\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLewisCahn-FullerCaplan2017\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLiChengYangC._Schwebel2023\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLiangDeng2013\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLiguori,_Alphonsus1868\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLimmer,_DanO\u0026#039;Keefe,_Michael_F.Bergeron,_J._DavidGrant,_Harvey2006\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLindsey-RobbinsVázquez-OrtegaMcCluneyPelini2019\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLouten2016\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLovgren2005\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLutz2011\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMadeaRothschild2010\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMagnusWilfondCaplan2014\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMarques2015\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMaryland_Department_of_Health\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMasamotoPirainoMiglietta2019\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMasataka2005\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMassillon1879\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMathChaturvedi2012\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMcKenna2016\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMcKie2002\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMeansPappas2022\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMerkle\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMetcalfHuntington1991\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMiller2009\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMoshakis2019\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMufson1995\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMullin1998\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFNational_Conference_of_Commissioners_on_Uniform_State_LawsAmerican_Bar_AssociationAmerican_Medical_Association1981\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFNational_Health_Service_of_the_UK2022\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFNational_Institute_on_Aging2020\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFNationsAmaral1999\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFNew_York_Department_of_Health2011\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFNew_York_State_Department_of_Health2011\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFNewcomb2019\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFNicolMorton2020\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFNitkin2017\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFNuland1994\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFOliver_Leaman2006\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFOlshanskyPerryMillerButler2006\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPaasonen1974\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFParentTuri2020\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPattonDoniger1996\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFProskuryakovKonoplyannikovGabai2003\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPuchalskiO\u0026#039;Donnell2005\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPurvisJonesMace2000\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPyszczynski2003\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRaphael2021\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFReinberg2012\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRichtieSpoonerRoser2018\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRosenberg2014\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRouskBengston2014\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRoutley2022\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSachs,_Jessica_Snyder2001\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSarbey2016\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSchels,_WalterLakotta,_Beate\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSelye1938\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSeremetakis\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSharma1996\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSmithHaddad2002\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSolomonPiven2014\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSovacool2008\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSovacool2010\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFStambler2017\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFStrawson2017\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFStrawson2018\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFTayebAl-ZamelFareedAbouellail2010\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFThe_Hindu_Kama_Shastra_Society1925\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFU.S._Census\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFUnited_States._President\u0026#039;s_Commission_for_the_Study_of_Ethical_Problems_in_Medicine_and_Biomedical_and_Behavioral_Research1981\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFUnited_States_Department_of_the_Army1982\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFUnited_States_Department_of_the_Army1999\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFVeatchRoss2016\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWald,_George\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWarraich2017\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWetzel2001\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWhetstineStreatDarwinCrippen2005\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWilliams2016\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFYadav2018\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFZaner2011\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFde_Grey2007\"] = 1,\n}\ntemplate_list = table#1 {\n [\"Authority control\"] = 1,\n [\"Citation\"] = 2,\n [\"Citation needed\"] = 4,\n [\"Cite EB1911\"] = 1,\n [\"Cite book\"] = 58,\n [\"Cite encyclopedia\"] = 3,\n [\"Cite journal\"] = 59,\n [\"Cite magazine\"] = 1,\n [\"Cite news\"] = 7,\n [\"Cite press release\"] = 1,\n [\"Cite web\"] = 36,\n [\"Clarify\"] = 1,\n [\"Cs1 config\"] = 1,\n [\"Death\"] = 1,\n [\"Dictionary.com\"] = 2,\n [\"Div col\"] = 2,\n [\"Div col end\"] = 2,\n [\"For\"] = 1,\n [\"Gale\"] = 1,\n [\"Harvid\"] = 1,\n [\"Harvnb\"] = 4,\n [\"Humandevelopment\"] = 1,\n [\"ISBN\"] = 1,\n [\"Lang\"] = 4,\n [\"Legend\"] = 10,\n [\"Main\"] = 16,\n [\"Page needed\"] = 8,\n [\"Pp-semi-indef\"] = 1,\n [\"Redirect\"] = 2,\n [\"Refbegin\"] = 1,\n [\"Refend\"] = 1,\n [\"Reflist\"] = 1,\n [\"See also\"] = 9,\n [\"Short description\"] = 1,\n [\"Sister project links\"] = 1,\n [\"Use American English\"] = 1,\n [\"Use dmy dates\"] = 1,\n [\"Who\"] = 1,\n}\narticle_whitelist = table#1 {\n}\nciteref_patterns = table#1 {\n}\n","limitreport-profile":[["?","320","25.8"],["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::callParserFunction","200","16.1"],["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::match","80","6.5"],["dataWrapper 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