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subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Historical_background-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Lucile_Atcherson_Curtis" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Lucile_Atcherson_Curtis"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1</span> <span>Lucile Atcherson Curtis</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Lucile_Atcherson_Curtis-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Rogers_Act" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Rogers_Act"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Rogers Act</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Rogers_Act-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Foreign_Service_Act_of_1946" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Foreign_Service_Act_of_1946"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Foreign Service Act of 1946</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Foreign_Service_Act_of_1946-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Foreign_Service_Act_of_1980" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Foreign_Service_Act_of_1980"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Foreign Service Act of 1980</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Foreign_Service_Act_of_1980-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Members_of_the_Foreign_Service" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Members_of_the_Foreign_Service"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Members of the Foreign Service</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Members_of_the_Foreign_Service-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Foreign_affairs_agencies" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Foreign_affairs_agencies"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Foreign affairs agencies</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Foreign_affairs_agencies-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Foreign_Service_size" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Foreign_Service_size"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Foreign Service size</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Foreign_Service_size-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Employment" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Employment"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Employment</span> </div> </a> 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href="#USAJobs"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.1.2</span> <span>USAJobs</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-USAJobs-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-QEP" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#QEP"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.2</span> <span>QEP</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-QEP-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-FSOA_and_oral_assessments" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#FSOA_and_oral_assessments"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.3</span> <span>FSOA and oral assessments</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-FSOA_and_oral_assessments-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Clearances_and_final_suitability_review" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Clearances_and_final_suitability_review"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.4</span> <span>Clearances and final suitability review</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Clearances_and_final_suitability_review-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Register" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Register"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.5</span> <span>Register</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Register-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Service_terms_and_conditions" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Service_terms_and_conditions"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>Service terms and conditions</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Service_terms_and_conditions-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Issues" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Issues"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>Issues</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Issues-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Issues subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Issues-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Clientitis" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Clientitis"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10.1</span> <span>Clientitis</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Clientitis-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Foreign_Service_career_system" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Foreign_Service_career_system"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span> <span>Foreign Service career system</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Foreign_Service_career_system-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">12</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">13</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">14</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">15</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" 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class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox"><caption class="infobox-title" style="font-size: 125%;">United States Foreign Service</caption><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Flag_of_a_United_States_Foreign_Service_Officer.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Flag_of_a_United_States_Foreign_Service_Officer.svg/220px-Flag_of_a_United_States_Foreign_Service_Officer.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Flag_of_a_United_States_Foreign_Service_Officer.svg/330px-Flag_of_a_United_States_Foreign_Service_Officer.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Flag_of_a_United_States_Foreign_Service_Officer.svg/440px-Flag_of_a_United_States_Foreign_Service_Officer.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span><div class="infobox-caption">The flag of a U.S. <a href="/wiki/Foreign_Service_officer" title="Foreign Service officer">Foreign Service officer</a></div></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color: #efefef">Agency overview</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Formed</th><td class="infobox-data">July 1, 1924<span class="noprint">; 100 years ago</span><span style="display:none"> (<span class="bday dtstart published updated">1924-07-01</span>)</span><sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Employees</th><td class="infobox-data">13,747<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Agency executive</th><td class="infobox-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><div class="plainlist"><ul><li style="text-indent: -1em; padding-left: 1em;"><a href="/wiki/Marcia_Bernicat" title="Marcia Bernicat">Marcia Bernicat</a>, <a href="/wiki/Director_General_of_the_Foreign_Service" title="Director General of the Foreign Service">Director General</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Parent department</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/U.S._Department_of_State" class="mw-redirect" title="U.S. Department of State">Department of State</a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color: #efefef"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546">Map</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:United_States_foreign_service_posts_and_Department_of_State_jurisdictions,_May_2003_-_(world)._LOC_2003629510.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="{{{map_alt}}}" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/34/United_States_foreign_service_posts_and_Department_of_State_jurisdictions%2C_May_2003_-_%28world%29._LOC_2003629510.jpg/220px-United_States_foreign_service_posts_and_Department_of_State_jurisdictions%2C_May_2003_-_%28world%29._LOC_2003629510.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="157" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/34/United_States_foreign_service_posts_and_Department_of_State_jurisdictions%2C_May_2003_-_%28world%29._LOC_2003629510.jpg/330px-United_States_foreign_service_posts_and_Department_of_State_jurisdictions%2C_May_2003_-_%28world%29._LOC_2003629510.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/34/United_States_foreign_service_posts_and_Department_of_State_jurisdictions%2C_May_2003_-_%28world%29._LOC_2003629510.jpg/440px-United_States_foreign_service_posts_and_Department_of_State_jurisdictions%2C_May_2003_-_%28world%29._LOC_2003629510.jpg 2x" data-file-width="12140" data-file-height="8666" /></a></span><div class="infobox-caption">Map of U.S. Foreign Service posts (2003)</div></td></tr><tr style="display:none"><th colspan="2"> </th></tr></tbody></table> <p>The <b>United States Foreign Service</b> is the primary personnel system used by the <a href="/wiki/Diplomatic_service" title="Diplomatic service">diplomatic service</a> of the <a href="/wiki/United_States_federal_government" class="mw-redirect" title="United States federal government">United States federal government</a>, under the aegis of the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Department_of_State" title="United States Department of State">United States Department of State</a>. It consists of over 13,000 professionals<sup id="cite_ref-whatwedo_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-whatwedo-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> carrying out the <a href="/wiki/Foreign_policy_of_the_United_States" title="Foreign policy of the United States">foreign policy of the United States</a> and aiding U.S. citizens abroad.<sup id="cite_ref-kopp_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-kopp-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-afsa_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-afsa-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Its current director general is <a href="/wiki/Marcia_Bernicat" title="Marcia Bernicat">Marcia Bernicat</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Created in 1924 by the <a href="/wiki/Rogers_Act" title="Rogers Act">Rogers Act</a>, the Foreign Service combined all <a href="/wiki/Consul_(representative)" title="Consul (representative)">consular</a> and <a href="/wiki/Diplomacy" title="Diplomacy">diplomatic</a> services of the U.S. government into one administrative unit. In addition to the unit's function, the Rogers Act defined a personnel system under which the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Secretary_of_State" title="United States Secretary of State">United States secretary of state</a> is authorized to assign <a href="/wiki/Diplomat" title="Diplomat">diplomats</a> abroad. </p><p>Members of the Foreign Service are selected through a series of written and oral <a href="/wiki/Civil_service_examination" class="mw-redirect" title="Civil service examination">examinations</a>. They serve at any of the <a href="/wiki/List_of_diplomatic_missions_of_the_United_States" title="List of diplomatic missions of the United States">United States diplomatic missions</a> around the world, including <a href="/wiki/Diplomatic_mission" title="Diplomatic mission">embassies</a>, <a href="/wiki/Consulate" title="Consulate">consulates</a>, and other facilities. Members of the Foreign Service also staff the headquarters of the four foreign affairs agencies: the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Department_of_State" title="United States Department of State">Department of State</a>, headquartered at the <a href="/wiki/Harry_S_Truman_Building" title="Harry S Truman Building">Harry S Truman Building</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Foggy_Bottom" title="Foggy Bottom">Foggy Bottom</a> neighborhood of <a href="/wiki/Washington,_D.C." title="Washington, D.C.">Washington, D.C.</a>; the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Department_of_Agriculture" title="United States Department of Agriculture">Department of Agriculture</a>; the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Department_of_Commerce" title="United States Department of Commerce">Department of Commerce</a>; and the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Agency_for_International_Development" title="United States Agency for International Development">United States Agency for International Development</a>. </p><p>The Foreign Service is managed by a <a href="/wiki/Director_General_of_the_Foreign_Service" title="Director General of the Foreign Service">director general</a> who is appointed by the <a href="/wiki/President_of_the_United_States" title="President of the United States">president of the United States</a>, with the advice and consent of the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Senate" title="United States Senate">Senate</a>. The director general is traditionally a current or former <a href="/wiki/Foreign_Service_officer" title="Foreign Service officer">Foreign Service officer</a> (FSO).<sup id="cite_ref-LII_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-LII-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/United_States_Congress" title="United States Congress">Congress</a> created the position of director general through the <a href="#Foreign_Service_Act_of_1946">Foreign Service Act of 1946</a>. </p><p>Between 1946 and 1980, the director general was designated by the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Secretary_of_State" title="United States Secretary of State">secretary of state</a>. The first director general, <a href="/wiki/Selden_Chapin" title="Selden Chapin">Selden Chapin</a>, held the position for less than six months before being replaced by <a href="/wiki/Christian_M._Ravndal" title="Christian M. Ravndal">Christian M. Ravndal</a>, who held the position until June 1949.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_6-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Historian_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Historian-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Both men were career FSOs. </p><p>Beginning on November 23, 1975, under a departmental administrative action, the director general has concurrently held the title of director of the <a href="/wiki/Bureau_of_Global_Talent_Management" title="Bureau of Global Talent Management">Bureau of Global Talent Management</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Historian_8-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Historian-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As the head of the bureau, the director general held a rank equivalent to an <a href="/wiki/Assistant_Secretary_of_State" class="mw-redirect" title="Assistant Secretary of State">assistant secretary of state</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Historian_8-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Historian-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Three of the last four directors general have been women.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_6-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Historical_background">Historical background</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=United_States_Foreign_Service&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Historical background"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>On September 15, 1789, the <a href="/wiki/1st_United_States_Congress" title="1st United States Congress">1st United States Congress</a> passed an act creating the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Department_of_State" title="United States Department of State">Department of State</a> and appointing duties to it, including the keeping of the <a href="/wiki/Great_Seal_of_the_United_States" title="Great Seal of the United States">Great Seal of the United States</a>. Initially there were two services devoted to diplomatic and consular activity. The Diplomatic Service provided <a href="/wiki/Ambassador" title="Ambassador">ambassadors</a> and ministers to staff embassies overseas, while the Consular Service provided <a href="/wiki/Consul_(representative)" title="Consul (representative)">consuls</a> to assist United States sailors and promote <a href="/wiki/International_trade" title="International trade">international trade</a> and <a href="/wiki/Commerce" title="Commerce">commerce</a>. </p><p>Throughout the nineteenth century, ambassadors, or ministers, as they were known prior to the 1890s, and consuls were appointed by the president, and until 1856, earned no salary. Many had commercial ties to the countries in which they would serve, and were expected to earn a living through private business or by collecting fees. This was an arrangement challenged in the first professional survey of the service, <a href="/wiki/David_Bailie_Warden" title="David Bailie Warden">David Baillie Warden</a>'s pioneering work <i>On the Origin, Nature, Progress and Influence of Consular Establishments</i> (1813).<sup id="cite_ref-Warden_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Warden-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As acting consul in Paris, Warden had found himself being treated by American merchants as no more than a hireling agent.<sup id="cite_ref-Butler_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Butler-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1856, Congress provided a salary for consuls serving at certain posts; those who received a salary could not engage in private business, but could continue to collect fees for services performed. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Lucile_Atcherson_Curtis">Lucile Atcherson Curtis</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=United_States_Foreign_Service&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Lucile Atcherson Curtis"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Lucile_Atcherson_Curtis" title="Lucile Atcherson Curtis">Lucile Atcherson Curtis</a> was the first woman in what became the U.S. Foreign Service.<sup id="cite_ref-harvard.edu_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-harvard.edu-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Specifically, she was the first woman appointed as a United States Diplomatic Officer or Consular Officer, in 1923 (the U.S. did not establish the unified Foreign Service until 1924, at which time diplomatic and consular Officers became Foreign Service officers).<sup id="cite_ref-archives1_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-archives1-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-nytimes1_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nytimes1-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Rogers_Act">Rogers Act</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=United_States_Foreign_Service&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Rogers Act"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Rogers_Act" title="Rogers Act">Rogers Act of 1924</a> merged the diplomatic and consular services of the government into the Foreign Service. An extremely difficult Foreign Service examination was also implemented to recruit the most outstanding Americans, along with a merit-based system of promotions. The Rogers Act also created the Board of the Foreign Service and the Board of Examiners of the Foreign Service, the former to advise the secretary of state on managing the Foreign Service, and the latter to manage the examination process. </p><p>In 1927, Congress passed legislation affording diplomatic status to representatives abroad of the Department of Commerce (until then known as "<a href="/wiki/Trade_Commissioner" class="mw-redirect" title="Trade Commissioner">trade commissioners</a>"), creating the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Commercial_Service" title="United States Commercial Service">Foreign Commerce Service</a>. In 1930 Congress passed <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/ForeignAgriculturalServiceActOf1930">similar legislation for the Department of Agriculture</a>, creating the <a href="/wiki/Foreign_Agricultural_Service" title="Foreign Agricultural Service">Foreign Agricultural Service</a>. Though formally accorded <a href="/wiki/Diplomatic_rank" title="Diplomatic rank">diplomatic status</a>, however, commercial and <a href="/wiki/Agricultural_attach%C3%A9" title="Agricultural attaché">agricultural attachés</a> were <a href="/wiki/Civil_service" title="Civil service">civil servants</a> (not officers of the Foreign Service). In addition, the agricultural legislation stipulated that agricultural attachés would not be construed as public ministers. On July 1, 1939, however, both the commercial and agricultural attachés were transferred to the Department of State under Reorganization Plan No. II. The agricultural attachés remained in the Department of State until 1954, when they were returned by Act of Congress to the Department of Agriculture. Commercial attachés remained with State until 1980, when Reorganization Plan Number 3 of 1979 was implemented under terms of the Foreign Service Act of 1980. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Foreign_Service_Act_of_1946">Foreign Service Act of 1946</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=United_States_Foreign_Service&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Foreign Service Act of 1946"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In 1946 Congress at the request of the Department of State passed a new Foreign Service Act creating six classes of employees: <a href="/wiki/Head_of_Mission" class="mw-redirect" title="Head of Mission">chiefs of mission</a>, <a href="/wiki/Foreign_Service_Officer" class="mw-redirect" title="Foreign Service Officer">Foreign Service officers</a>, Foreign Service reservists, Foreign Service staff, "alien personnel" (subsequently renamed Foreign Service nationals and later locally employed staff), and consular agents. Officers were expected to spend the bulk of their careers abroad and were commissioned officers of the United States, available for worldwide service. Reserve officers often spent the bulk of their careers in Washington but were available for overseas service. Foreign Service staff personnel included clerical and support positions. The intent of this system was to remove the distinction between Foreign Service and civil service staff, which had been a source of friction. The Foreign Service Act of 1946 also repealed as redundant the 1927 and 1930 laws granting USDA and Commerce representatives abroad diplomatic status, since at that point agricultural and commercial attachés were appointed by the Department of State. </p><p>The 1946 Act replaced the Board of Foreign Service Personnel, a body concerned solely with administering the system of promotions, with the Board of the Foreign Service, which was responsible more broadly for the personnel system as a whole, and created the position of <a href="/wiki/Director_General_of_the_Foreign_Service" title="Director General of the Foreign Service">director general of the Foreign Service</a>. It also introduced the "up-or-out" system under which failure to gain promotion to higher rank within a specified time in class would lead to mandatory retirement, essentially borrowing the concept from the U.S. Navy. The 1946 Act also created the rank of Career Minister, accorded to the most senior officers of the service, and established mandatory retirement ages.<sup id="cite_ref-evans_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-evans-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Foreign_Service_Act_of_1980">Foreign Service Act of 1980</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=United_States_Foreign_Service&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Foreign Service Act of 1980"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The new personnel management approach was not wholly successful, which led to an effort in the late 1970s to overhaul the 1946 act. During drafting of this act, Congress chose to move the commercial attachés back to Commerce while preserving their status as <a href="/wiki/Foreign_Service_Officer" class="mw-redirect" title="Foreign Service Officer">Foreign Service officers</a>, and to include <a href="/wiki/Agricultural_attach%C3%A9" title="Agricultural attaché">agricultural attachés</a> of the Department of Agriculture in addition to the existing FSOs of the Department of State, U.S. Information Agency, and U.S. Agency for International Development. </p><p>The Foreign Service Act of 1980 is the most recent major legislative reform to the Foreign Service. It abolished the Foreign Service reserve category of officers, and reformed the personnel system for non-diplomatic locally employed staff of overseas missions (Foreign Service Nationals). It created a <a href="/wiki/Senior_Foreign_Service" title="Senior Foreign Service">Senior Foreign Service</a> with a rank structure equivalent to <a href="/wiki/General_officer" title="General officer">general</a> and <a href="/wiki/Flag_officer" title="Flag officer">flag officers</a> of the <a href="/wiki/United_States_armed_forces" class="mw-redirect" title="United States armed forces">armed forces</a> and to the <a href="/wiki/Senior_Executive_Service" class="mw-redirect" title="Senior Executive Service">Senior Executive Service</a>. It enacted danger pay for those diplomats who serve in dangerous and hostile surroundings along with other administrative changes. The 1980 Act also reauthorized the Board of the Foreign Service, which "shall include one or more representatives of the Department of State, the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Information_Agency" title="United States Information Agency">United States Information Agency</a>, the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Agency_for_International_Development" title="United States Agency for International Development">United States Agency for International Development</a>, the Department of Agriculture, the Department of Commerce, the Department of Labor, the Office of Personnel Management, the Office of Management and Budget, the Equal Employment Opportunity Commission, and such other agencies as the President may designate." </p><p>This board is charged with advising "the Secretary of State on matters relating to the Service, including furtherance of the objectives of maximum compatibility among agencies authorized by law to utilize the Foreign Service personnel system and compatibility between the Foreign Service personnel system and the other personnel systems of the Government."<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Members_of_the_Foreign_Service">Members of the Foreign Service</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=United_States_Foreign_Service&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Members of the Foreign Service"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Secretary_Pompeo_delivers_remarks_and_administers_the_Oath_of_Office_to_the_195th_Foreign_Service_Generalist_Class_(44553342524)_(cropped).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1d/Secretary_Pompeo_delivers_remarks_and_administers_the_Oath_of_Office_to_the_195th_Foreign_Service_Generalist_Class_%2844553342524%29_%28cropped%29.jpg/280px-Secretary_Pompeo_delivers_remarks_and_administers_the_Oath_of_Office_to_the_195th_Foreign_Service_Generalist_Class_%2844553342524%29_%28cropped%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="280" height="134" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1d/Secretary_Pompeo_delivers_remarks_and_administers_the_Oath_of_Office_to_the_195th_Foreign_Service_Generalist_Class_%2844553342524%29_%28cropped%29.jpg/420px-Secretary_Pompeo_delivers_remarks_and_administers_the_Oath_of_Office_to_the_195th_Foreign_Service_Generalist_Class_%2844553342524%29_%28cropped%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1d/Secretary_Pompeo_delivers_remarks_and_administers_the_Oath_of_Office_to_the_195th_Foreign_Service_Generalist_Class_%2844553342524%29_%28cropped%29.jpg/560px-Secretary_Pompeo_delivers_remarks_and_administers_the_Oath_of_Office_to_the_195th_Foreign_Service_Generalist_Class_%2844553342524%29_%28cropped%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4784" data-file-height="2294" /></a><figcaption>Secretary of State <a href="/wiki/Mike_Pompeo" title="Mike Pompeo">Mike Pompeo</a> swears in the 195th Foreign Service Generalist Class in October 2018</figcaption></figure> <p>The Foreign Service Act, <a href="/wiki/Title_22_of_the_United_States_Code" title="Title 22 of the United States Code">22 U.S.C.</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.law.cornell.edu/uscode/text/22/3903">§ 3903</a> <i><a href="/wiki/Et_seq" class="mw-redirect" title="Et seq">et seq</a>.</i>, defines the following members of the Foreign Service:<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chief_of_Mission" class="mw-redirect" title="Chief of Mission">Chiefs of mission</a> are appointed by the President, with the advice and consent of the Senate.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ambassador-at-Large" class="mw-redirect" title="Ambassador-at-Large">Ambassadors at large</a> are appointed by the President, with the advice and consent of the Senate.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Senior_Foreign_Service" title="Senior Foreign Service">Senior Foreign Service</a> (SFS) members are the senior leaders and experts for the management of the Foreign Service and the performance of its functions. They are appointed by the president, with the advice and consent of the Senate. SFS may come from the FSO or specialist ranks and are the equivalent to flag or general officers in the military.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foreign_Service_Officer" class="mw-redirect" title="Foreign Service Officer">Foreign Service officers</a> (known informally as "generalists") are appointed by the president, with the advice and consent of the Senate. These are mostly diplomat "generalists" who, along with some subject area experts, have primary responsibility for carrying out the functions of the Foreign Service.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foreign_Service_Specialists" class="mw-redirect" title="Foreign Service Specialists">Foreign Service specialists</a> provide special skills and services required for effective performance by the service (including, but not limited to facilities managers, IT specialists, nurse practitioners, office managers, and special agents in the Diplomatic Security Service). They are appointed by the secretary of state.</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Foreign_Service_Nationals&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Foreign Service Nationals (page does not exist)">Foreign Service nationals</a> (FSNs) are personnel who provide clerical, administrative, technical, fiscal, and other support at posts abroad. They may be native citizens of the host country or third-country citizens (the latter referred to in the past as third-country nationals or TCNs). They are "members of the Service" as defined in the Foreign Service Act unlike other locally employed staff, (also known as LE staff) who in some cases are U.S. citizens living abroad.</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Consular_agents&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Consular agents (page does not exist)">Consular agents</a> provide consular and related services as authorized by the secretary of state at specified locations abroad where no Foreign Service posts are situated.</li></ul> <p>Additionally, <a href="/wiki/Diplomats_in_Residence" title="Diplomats in Residence">diplomats in residence</a> are senior <a href="/wiki/Foreign_Service_Officer" class="mw-redirect" title="Foreign Service Officer">Foreign Service officers</a> who act as recruiters for the United States Foreign Service. They operate in designated regions and hold honorary positions in local universities. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Foreign_affairs_agencies">Foreign affairs agencies</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=United_States_Foreign_Service&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Foreign affairs agencies"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>While employees of the <a href="/wiki/Department_of_State" class="mw-redirect" title="Department of State">Department of State</a> make up the largest portion of the Foreign Service, the Foreign Service Act of 1980 authorizes other U.S. government agencies to use the personnel system for positions that require service abroad. These include the Department of Commerce<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> (<a href="/wiki/United_States_Commercial_Service" title="United States Commercial Service">Foreign Commercial Service</a>), the Department of Agriculture (specifically the <a href="/wiki/Foreign_Agricultural_Service" title="Foreign Agricultural Service">Foreign Agricultural Service</a>, though the secretary of agriculture has also authorized the Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service to use the system as well), and the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Agency_for_International_Development" title="United States Agency for International Development">United States Agency for International Development</a> (USAID).<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> USAID, Commerce, and Agriculture senior career FSOs can be appointed to ambassadorships, although the ranks of career ambassadors are in the vast majority of cases drawn from the Department of State, with a far smaller sub-set drawn from the ranks of USAID mission directors. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Foreign_Service_size">Foreign Service size</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=United_States_Foreign_Service&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Foreign Service size"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The total number of Foreign Service members, excluding Foreign Service nationals, from all Foreign Service agencies (State, USAID, etc.) is about 15,600.<sup id="cite_ref-numbers_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-numbers-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This includes: </p> <ul><li>7,999 <a href="/wiki/Foreign_Service_Officers" class="mw-redirect" title="Foreign Service Officers">Foreign Service officers</a>, called "generalist" diplomats</li> <li>5,791 <a href="/wiki/Foreign_Service_Specialists" class="mw-redirect" title="Foreign Service Specialists">Foreign Service specialists</a> (consular fellows are counted by State Human Resources as specialists)</li> <li>1,700 (with plans to hire 150 more) <a href="/wiki/USAID" class="mw-redirect" title="USAID">USAID</a> FSOs</li> <li>229 <a href="/wiki/Foreign_Commercial_Service" class="mw-redirect" title="Foreign Commercial Service">Foreign Commercial Service</a> officers</li> <li>150 to 165 <a href="/wiki/Foreign_Agricultural_Service" title="Foreign Agricultural Service">Foreign Agricultural Service</a> officers</li> <li>40 <a href="/wiki/APHIS" class="mw-redirect" title="APHIS">APHIS</a> FSOs</li> <li>20 to 25 <a href="/wiki/U.S._Agency_for_Global_Media" title="U.S. Agency for Global Media">U.S. Agency for Global Media</a> FSOs</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Employment">Employment</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=United_States_Foreign_Service&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Employment"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The process of being employed in the Foreign Service is different for each of the five categories as defined in the Foreign Service Act. </p><p>The evaluation process for all Department of State Foreign Service officers and specialists can be broadly summarized as: Initial application, Qualifications Evaluation Panel (QEP), oral assessment/Foreign Service Officer Assessment, clearances and final suitability review, and the register. </p><p>All evaluation steps for generalist and specialist candidates are anchored using certain personality characteristics.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> For generalists there are 13, for specialists there are 12. Familiarity with these characteristics dramatically improves a candidate's probability of success. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Initial_application">Initial application</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=United_States_Foreign_Service&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Initial application"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Step 1 for a generalist is the Foreign Service Officer Test (FSOT). For a specialist, it is an application on <a href="/wiki/USAJobs" title="USAJobs">USAJobs</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="FSOT">FSOT</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=United_States_Foreign_Service&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: FSOT"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Before taking the FSOT, applicants must submit six personal narratives. The FSOT itself is a written exam consisting of four sections: job knowledge, English expression, situational judgement, and a written essay. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="USAJobs">USAJobs</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=United_States_Foreign_Service&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: USAJobs"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Specialists fill out applications tailored to their particular knowledge areas. Given how varied the specialties are, applications vary. Candidates are asked to rate their own levels of experience, citing examples and references who can verify these claims. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="QEP">QEP</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=United_States_Foreign_Service&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: QEP"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The applicant's entire package (including their personal narratives) is then reviewed by the Qualifications Evaluation Panel (QEP). In July 2022, the State Department eliminated the minimum passing score for the FSOT; the QEP now uses a holistic approach to candidate evaluation, scoring "each candidate based on educational and work background, responses to personal narrative questions, and the FSOT score."<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The most qualified candidates are invited to participate in the Foreign Service Officer Assessment (FSOA). Formerly known as the oral exam and administered in person in <a href="/wiki/Washington,_D.C." title="Washington, D.C.">Washington, D.C.</a> and other major cities throughout the <a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a>, the FSOA is now conducted entirely online.<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Specialists also undergo a QEP, but their essays are collected as part of the initial application on USAJobs. <a href="/wiki/Foreign_Service_Specialist" title="Foreign Service Specialist">Foreign Service specialist</a> (FSS) candidates are evaluated by subject matter experts for proven skills and recommended to the Board of Examiners for an oral assessment based on those skills. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="FSOA_and_oral_assessments">FSOA and oral assessments</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=United_States_Foreign_Service&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: FSOA and oral assessments"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>This stage of the assessment process also varies for generalists and specialists. For specialists, there is a structured oral interview, written assessment, and usually an online, objective exam. For generalists, the FSOA consists of a case-management exercise, group exercise, and structured interview, </p><p>The various parts of the oral assessment/FSOA are scored on a seven-point scale; these individual scores are then aggregated. At the end of the day, a candidate will be informed if their score met the 5.25 cutoff score necessary to continue their candidacy. This score becomes relevant again after the final suitability review. Successfully passing the oral assessment/FSOA earns a candidate a conditional offer of employment. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Clearances_and_final_suitability_review">Clearances and final suitability review</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=United_States_Foreign_Service&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Clearances and final suitability review"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Candidates must then obtain a Class 1 (worldwide available) medical clearance, top secret security clearance, and suitability clearance. Depending upon the candidate's specific career track, they may also require eligibility for a top secret <a href="/wiki/Sensitive_Compartmented_Information" class="mw-redirect" title="Sensitive Compartmented Information">sensitive compartmented information</a> (TS/SCI) clearance. Once a candidate's clearance information has been obtained, a final suitability review decides if this candidate is appropriate for employment in the Foreign Service. If so, the candidate's name is moved to the register. </p><p>Failure to obtain any of these clearances can result in a candidate's eligibility being terminated. It can be difficult for a candidate to receive a top-secret clearance if they have extensive foreign travel, dual citizenship, non-United States citizen family members, foreign spouses, drug use, financial problems or a poor record of financial practices, frequent gambling, and allegiance or de facto allegiance to a foreign state.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (June 2013)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> Additionally, it can be difficult for anyone who has had a significant health problem to receive a Class 1 medical clearance.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (June 2013)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>The Foreign Service rejected all candidates with <a href="/wiki/HIV" title="HIV">HIV</a> until 2008 when it decided to consider candidates on a case-by-case basis. The State Department said it was responding to changes in HIV treatment, but the policy change came after a decision by the <a href="/wiki/US_Court_of_Appeals_for_the_District_of_Columbia" class="mw-redirect" title="US Court of Appeals for the District of Columbia">US Court of Appeals for the District of Columbia</a> in <i>Taylor v. Rice</i> that suggested the ban on HIV-positive applicants would not survive a lawsuit challenging it.<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Register">Register</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=United_States_Foreign_Service&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Register"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Once an applicant passes the security and medical clearances, as well as the Final Review Panel, they are placed on the register of eligible hires, ranked according to the score that they received in the oral assessment/FSOA. There are factors that can increase a candidate's score, such as foreign language proficiency or <a href="/wiki/Veterans%27_Preference_Act_of_1944" class="mw-redirect" title="Veterans' Preference Act of 1944">veteran's preference</a>. Once a candidate is put on the register, they can remain for 18 months. If they are not hired from the register within 18 months, their candidacy is terminated. Separate registers are maintained for each of the five generalist career cones as well as the 23 specialist career tracks. </p><p>Technically, there are many registers (one for each Foreign Service specialty and then one for each generalist cone). The rank-order competitiveness of the register is only relevant within each candidate's career field. Successful candidates from the register will receive offers of employment to join a Foreign Service class. Generalists and specialists attend separate orientation classes. </p><p>Generalist candidates who receive official offers of employment must attend a six-week training/orientation course known as <a href="/wiki/A-100_Class" title="A-100 Class">A-100</a> at the <a href="/wiki/Foreign_Service_Institute" title="Foreign Service Institute">Foreign Service Institute</a> (FSI) in Arlington, Virginia. Specialist orientation at FSI is three weeks long. Depending upon the specialty, employees will then undergo several months of training before departing for their first assignment. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Service_terms_and_conditions">Service terms and conditions</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=United_States_Foreign_Service&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Service terms and conditions"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Members of the Foreign Service are expected to serve much of their career abroad, working at embassies and consulates around the world. By internal regulation, the maximum stretch of domestic assignments should last no more than six years (extensions are possible at the six-year limit for medical reasons, to enable children to complete high school, etc.; the eight year limit is difficult to pierce and is reserved for those who are deemed "critical to the service" and for those persons at the deputy assistant secretary level). By law, however, Foreign Service personnel must go abroad after ten years of domestic service. The difficulties and the benefits associated with working abroad are many, especially in relation to family life. </p><p>Dependent family members generally accompany Foreign Service employees overseas.<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This has become more difficult in regions marked by conflict and upheaval (currently many posts in the Middle East) where assignments are unaccompanied. The children of Foreign Service members, sometimes called <a href="/wiki/Foreign_Service_brat" title="Foreign Service brat">Foreign Service brats</a>, grow up in a unique world, one that separates them, willingly or unwillingly, from their counterparts living continuously in the <a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States of America</a>. </p><p>While many children of Foreign Service members become very well developed, are able to form friendships easily, are skilled at moving frequently, and enjoy international travel, other children have extreme difficulty adapting to the Foreign Service lifestyle. <sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (May 2013)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> For both employees and their families, the opportunity to see the world, experience foreign cultures firsthand for a prolonged period, and the camaraderie amongst the Foreign Service and <a href="/wiki/Expatriate" title="Expatriate">expatriate</a> communities in general are considered some of the benefits of Foreign Service life. </p><p>Some of the downsides of Foreign Service work include exposure to tropical diseases and the assignment to countries with inadequate health care systems, and potential exposure to violence, civil unrest and warfare. Attacks on US embassies and consulates around the world—Beirut, Islamabad, Belgrade, <a href="/wiki/1998_United_States_embassy_bombings" title="1998 United States embassy bombings">Nairobi, Dar es Salaam</a>, Baghdad, Kabul, and Benghazi, among others—underscore the dangers faced. </p><p>Foreign Service personnel stationed in nations with inadequate public infrastructure also face greater risk of injury or death due to fire, traffic accidents, and natural disasters. For instance, an FSO was one of the first identified victims of the <a href="/wiki/2010_Haiti_earthquake" title="2010 Haiti earthquake">2010 Haiti earthquake</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>For members of the Foreign Service, maintaining a personal life outside of work can be exceptionally difficult. In addition to espionage, there is also the danger of personnel using their position illegally for financial gain. The most frequent kind of illegal abuse of an official position concerns consular officers. There have been a handful of cases of FSOs on consular assignments selling visas for a price.<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Members of the Foreign Service must agree to worldwide availability, that is, they must be willing to be deployed anywhere in the world based on the needs of the service. In practice, they generally have significant input as to where they will work, although issues such as rank, language ability, and previous assignments will affect one's possible onward assignments. All assignments are based on the needs of the service, and historically it has occasionally been necessary for the department to make directed assignments to a particular post in order to fulfill the government's diplomatic requirements. This is not the norm, however, as many Foreign Service employees have volunteered to serve even at extreme hardship posts, including, most recently, Iraq and Afghanistan.<sup id="cite_ref-AFSA_2008-01_32-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-AFSA_2008-01-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> FSOs must also agree to publicly support the policies of the United States government. </p><p>The State Department maintains a Family Liaison Office to assist diplomats, including members of the Foreign Service and their families, in dealing with the unique issues of life as a U.S. diplomat, including the extended family separations that are usually required when an employee is sent to a danger post.<sup id="cite_ref-FLO_33-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FLO-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Issues">Issues</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=United_States_Foreign_Service&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Issues"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Clientitis">Clientitis</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=United_States_Foreign_Service&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Clientitis"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Clientitis" title="Clientitis">Clientitis</a></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Clientitis" title="Clientitis">Clientitis</a> (also called clientism<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> or localitis<sup id="cite_ref-kaplan_36-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-kaplan-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-meyer_37-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-meyer-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>) is the tendency of the resident in-country staff of an organization to regard the officials and people of the host country as "clients." This condition can be found in business or government. </p><p>A hypothetical example of clientitis would be an <a href="/wiki/Foreign_Service_Officer" class="mw-redirect" title="Foreign Service Officer">Foreign Service officer</a> (FSO), serving overseas at a U.S. embassy, who drifts into a mode of routinely and automatically defending the actions of the host country government. In such an example, the officer has come to view the officials and government workers of the host country government as the persons he is serving. Former USUN ambassador and White House national security advisor <a href="/wiki/John_R._Bolton" class="mw-redirect" title="John R. Bolton">John Bolton</a> has used this term repeatedly to describe the mindset within the culture of the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Department_of_State" title="United States Department of State">US State Department</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The State Department's training for newly appointed ambassadors warns of the danger of clientitis,<sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and the department rotates FSOs every two to three years to avoid it.<sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> During the Nixon administration, the State Department's Global Outlook Program (GLOP) attempted to combat clientitis by transferring FSOs to regions outside their area of specialization.<sup id="cite_ref-meyer_37-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-meyer-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Robert_D._Kaplan" title="Robert D. Kaplan">Robert D. Kaplan</a> writes that the problem "became particularly prevalent" among American diplomats in the Middle East because the investment of time needed to learn Arabic and the large number of diplomatic postings where it was spoken meant diplomats could spend their entire career in a single region.<sup id="cite_ref-kaplan_36-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-kaplan-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Foreign_Service_career_system">Foreign Service career system</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=United_States_Foreign_Service&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Foreign Service career system"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The Foreign Service personnel system is part of the <a href="/wiki/Excepted_Service" class="mw-redirect" title="Excepted Service">excepted service</a> and both generalist and specialist positions are competitively promoted through comparison of performance in annual sessions of selection boards.<sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Each foreign affairs agency establishes time-in-class (TIC) and time-in-service (TIS) rules for certain categories of personnel in accordance with the provisions of the Foreign Service Act. This may include a maximum of 27 years of commissioned service if a member is not promoted into the Senior Foreign Service, and a maximum of 15 years of service in any single grade prior to promotion into the Senior Foreign Service. Furthermore, Selection Boards may recommend members not only for promotions, but for selection out of the service due to failure to perform at the standard set by those members' peers in the same grade. The TIC rules do not apply to office management specialists, medical specialists, and several other categories but most members of the Foreign Service are subject to an "<a href="/wiki/Up_or_out" title="Up or out">up or out</a>" system similar to that of military officers.<sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>This system stimulates members to perform well, and to accept difficult and hazardous assignments.<sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=United_States_Foreign_Service&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span 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.reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.afsa.org/beginning-rogers-act-1924">"In the Beginning: The Rogers Act of 1924"</a>. <a href="/wiki/American_Foreign_Service_Association" title="American Foreign Service Association">American Foreign Service Association</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">February 24,</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=In+the+Beginning%3A+The+Rogers+Act+of+1924&rft.pub=American+Foreign+Service+Association&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.afsa.org%2Fbeginning-rogers-act-1924&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnited+States+Foreign+Service" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.state.gov/wp-content/uploads/2020/10/GTM_Factsheet0920.pdf">"GTM Fact Sheet"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <a href="/wiki/U.S._Department_of_State" class="mw-redirect" title="U.S. Department of State">U.S. Department of State</a>. September 30, 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">August 8,</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=GTM+Fact+Sheet&rft.pub=U.S.+Department+of+State&rft.date=2020-09-30&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.state.gov%2Fwp-content%2Fuploads%2F2020%2F10%2FGTM_Factsheet0920.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnited+States+Foreign+Service" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-whatwedo-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-whatwedo_3-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140922223528/http://www.careers.state.gov/learn/what-we-do/mission">"What We Do: Mission"</a>. US State Department. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://careers.state.gov/learn/what-we-do/mission">the original</a> on September 22, 2014<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">October 10,</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=What+We+Do%3A+Mission&rft.pub=US+State+Department&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fcareers.state.gov%2Flearn%2Fwhat-we-do%2Fmission&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnited+States+Foreign+Service" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-kopp-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-kopp_4-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Kopp and Gillespie, <i>Career Diplomacy</i>, pp. 3-4</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-afsa-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-afsa_5-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.afsa.org/whatis.cfm">"What is the American Foreign Service Association?"</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">February 6,</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=What+is+the+American+Foreign+Service+Association%3F&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.afsa.org%2Fwhatis.cfm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnited+States+Foreign+Service" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:0-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:0_6-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_6-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_6-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://history.state.gov/departmenthistory/people/principalofficers/director-general-foreign-service">"Directors General of the Foreign Service - Principal Officers - People - Department History - Office of the Historian"</a>. <i>history.state.gov</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">December 21,</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=history.state.gov&rft.atitle=Directors+General+of+the+Foreign+Service+-+Principal+Officers+-+People+-+Department+History+-+Office+of+the+Historian&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fhistory.state.gov%2Fdepartmenthistory%2Fpeople%2Fprincipalofficers%2Fdirector-general-foreign-service&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnited+States+Foreign+Service" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-LII-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-LII_7-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.law.cornell.edu/uscode/text/22/3928">"22 U.S. Code § 3928 - Director General of Foreign Service"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Cornell_Law_School" title="Cornell Law School">Cornell Law School</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">December 9,</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=22+U.S.+Code+%C2%A7+3928+-+Director+General+of+Foreign+Service&rft.pub=Cornell+Law+School&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.law.cornell.edu%2Fuscode%2Ftext%2F22%2F3928&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnited+States+Foreign+Service" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Historian-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Historian_8-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Historian_8-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Historian_8-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://history.state.gov/departmenthistory/people/principalofficers/director-general-foreign-service">"Directors General of the Foreign Service"</a>. U.S. Department of State, <a href="/wiki/Office_of_the_Historian" title="Office of the Historian">Office of the Historian</a>. December 22, 2014<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">December 9,</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Directors+General+of+the+Foreign+Service&rft.pub=U.S.+Department+of+State%2C+Office+of+the+Historian&rft.date=2014-12-22&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fhistory.state.gov%2Fdepartmenthistory%2Fpeople%2Fprincipalofficers%2Fdirector-general-foreign-service&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnited+States+Foreign+Service" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://2001-2009.state.gov/r/pa/ei/biog/c7649.htm">"Assistant Secretaries and Equivalent Rank"</a>. U.S. Department of State. January 20, 2009<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">November 15,</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Assistant+Secretaries+and+Equivalent+Rank&rft.pub=U.S.+Department+of+State&rft.date=2009-01-20&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2F2001-2009.state.gov%2Fr%2Fpa%2Fei%2Fbiog%2Fc7649.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnited+States+Foreign+Service" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://2001-2009.state.gov/r/pa/ei/rls/dos/99494.htm">"Department Organization Chart"</a>. U.S. Department of State. March 2014<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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(2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://brill.com/view/journals/jhil/13/2/article-p377_5.xml?language=en">"David Bailie Warden and the Development of American Consular Law"</a>. <i>Journal of the History of International Law</i>. <b>13</b> (2): 377–424, 317. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1163%2F15718050-13020005">10.1163/15718050-13020005</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">January 16,</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+the+History+of+International+Law&rft.atitle=David+Bailie+Warden+and+the+Development+of+American+Consular+Law&rft.volume=13&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=377-424%2C+317&rft.date=2011&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1163%2F15718050-13020005&rft.aulast=Butler&rft.aufirst=William+E.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbrill.com%2Fview%2Fjournals%2Fjhil%2F13%2F2%2Farticle-p377_5.xml%3Flanguage%3Den&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnited+States+Foreign+Service" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-harvard.edu-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-harvard.edu_13-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://oasis.lib.harvard.edu/oasis/deliver/~sch01223">"Curtis, Lucile Atcherson, 1894-1986. Papers of Lucile Atcherson Curtis, 1863-1986 (inclusive), 1917-1927 (bulk): A Finding Aid"</a>. <i>harvard.edu</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">March 19,</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=harvard.edu&rft.atitle=Curtis%2C+Lucile+Atcherson%2C+1894-1986.+Papers+of+Lucile+Atcherson+Curtis%2C+1863-1986+%28inclusive%29%2C+1917-1927+%28bulk%29%3A+A+Finding+Aid&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Foasis.lib.harvard.edu%2Foasis%2Fdeliver%2F~sch01223&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnited+States+Foreign+Service" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-archives1-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-archives1_14-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://blogs.archives.gov/TextMessage/2013/09/09/an-archives-filled-with-firsts/">"The Text Message » An Archives Filled with Firsts"</a>. Blogs.archives.gov. September 9, 2013<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">March 19,</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Text+Message+%C2%BB+An+Archives+Filled+with+Firsts&rft.pub=Blogs.archives.gov&rft.date=2013-09-09&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fblogs.archives.gov%2FTextMessage%2F2013%2F09%2F09%2Fan-archives-filled-with-firsts%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnited+States+Foreign+Service" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-nytimes1-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-nytimes1_15-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/books/first/g/greenwald-times.html">"A Woman of the Times"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_New_York_Times" title="The New York Times">The New York Times</a></i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">March 19,</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=A+Woman+of+the+Times&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2Fbooks%2Ffirst%2Fg%2Fgreenwald-times.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnited+States+Foreign+Service" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-evans-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-evans_16-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEvans1948" class="citation news cs1">Evans, Alona E. (April 1948). "The Reorganization of the American Foreign Service". <i>International Affairs, vol. 24/2, pp. 206-217</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=International+Affairs%2C+vol.+24%2F2%2C+pp.+206-217&rft.atitle=The+Reorganization+of+the+American+Foreign+Service&rft.date=1948-04&rft.aulast=Evans&rft.aufirst=Alona+E.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnited+States+Foreign+Service" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Foreign Service Act of 1980, Section 210.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.usaid.gov/who-we-are/agency-policy">"Operational Policy (ADS)"</a>. <i>www.usaid.gov</i>. September 30, 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.usaid.gov&rft.atitle=Operational+Policy+%28ADS%29&rft.date=2021-09-30&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.usaid.gov%2Fwho-we-are%2Fagency-policy&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnited+States+Foreign+Service" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.afsa.org/fcs/RevisedTourofDutyPolicy-0506.doc">"Foreign Service Personnel Management Manual"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Foreign+Service+Personnel+Management+Manual&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.afsa.org%2Ffcs%2FRevisedTourofDutyPolicy-0506.doc&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnited+States+Foreign+Service" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">See for example <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://fam.state.gov/FAM/15FAM/15FAM0230.html#M235_2">15 FAM 235.2</a>, which specifically refers to the foreign affairs agencies as "each Foreign Affairs Agency (U.S. Agency for International Development (USAID), Foreign Agriculture [<i>sic</i>] Service of the Department of Agriculture (FAS), and U.S. and Foreign Commercial Service of the Department of Commerce (US&FCS)) and the U.S. Defense representative."</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-numbers-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-numbers_21-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.afsa.org/foreign-service-numbers">"The Foreign Service by the Numbers"</a>. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">October 15,</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=careers.state.gov&rft.atitle=13+Dimensions+-+Careers&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fcareers.state.gov%2Fwork%2Fforeign-service%2Fofficer%2F13-dimensions%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnited+States+Foreign+Service" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://careers.state.gov/career-paths/foreign-service/officer/fso-test-information-and-selection-process/">"FSO Selection Process"</a>. <i>State Department Careers</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">May 31,</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=State+Department+Careers&rft.atitle=FSO+Selection+Process&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fcareers.state.gov%2Fcareer-paths%2Fforeign-service%2Fofficer%2Ffso-test-information-and-selection-process%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnited+States+Foreign+Service" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://federalnewsnetwork.com/hiring-retention/2024/03/foreign-service-makes-candidate-assessment-fully-remote-to-broaden-hiring-pool/">"Foreign Service makes candidate assessment fully remote to broaden hiring pool"</a>. <i>federalnewsnetwork.com</i>. March 15, 2024<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">May 31,</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=federalnewsnetwork.com&rft.atitle=Foreign+Service+makes+candidate+assessment+fully+remote+to+broaden+hiring+pool&rft.date=2024-03-15&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ffederalnewsnetwork.com%2Fhiring-retention%2F2024%2F03%2Fforeign-service-makes-candidate-assessment-fully-remote-to-broaden-hiring-pool%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnited+States+Foreign+Service" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.lambdalegal.org/in-court/cases/taylor-v-rice">"Taylor v. Rice"</a>. Lambda Legal<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">August 12,</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Taylor+v.+Rice&rft.pub=Lambda+Legal&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.lambdalegal.org%2Fin-court%2Fcases%2Ftaylor-v-rice&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnited+States+Foreign+Service" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2008/02/15/AR2008021503190.html">"State Dept. Drops Ban on HIV-Positive Diplomats"</a>. <i>Washington Post</i>. February 16, 2008<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">August 12,</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Washington+Post&rft.atitle=State+Dept.+Drops+Ban+on+HIV-Positive+Diplomats&rft.date=2008-02-16&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.washingtonpost.com%2Fwp-dyn%2Fcontent%2Farticle%2F2008%2F02%2F15%2FAR2008021503190.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnited+States+Foreign+Service" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLee2008" class="citation news cs1">Lee, Matthew (February 15, 2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://usatoday30.usatoday.com/news/washington/2008-02-15-2815935280_x.htm">"US drops ban on HIV-positive diplomats"</a>. <i>USA Today</i>. Associated Press<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">August 12,</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=USA+Today&rft.atitle=US+drops+ban+on+HIV-positive+diplomats&rft.date=2008-02-15&rft.aulast=Lee&rft.aufirst=Matthew&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fusatoday30.usatoday.com%2Fnews%2Fwashington%2F2008-02-15-2815935280_x.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnited+States+Foreign+Service" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pacer.cadc.uscourts.gov/internet/opinions.nsf/02AB194F245FE235852574400044E9D8/$file/05-5257a.pdf">"<i>Taylor v. Rice</i>"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>US Court of Appeals for the District of Columbia</i>. June 27, 2006<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">August 12,</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=US+Court+of+Appeals+for+the+District+of+Columbia&rft.atitle=Taylor+v.+Rice&rft.date=2006-06-27&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fpacer.cadc.uscourts.gov%2Finternet%2Fopinions.nsf%2F02AB194F245FE235852574400044E9D8%2F%24file%2F05-5257a.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnited+States+Foreign+Service" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/insideusembassyh00dorm"><i>Inside a U.S. Embassy</i></a>. American Foreign Service Association. 2005. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-9649488-2-6" title="Special:BookSources/0-9649488-2-6"><bdi>0-9649488-2-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Inside+a+U.S.+Embassy&rft.pub=American+Foreign+Service+Association&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=0-9649488-2-6&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Finsideusembassyh00dorm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnited+States+Foreign+Service" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://latimesblogs.latimes.com/lanow/2010/01/la-police-honor-guard-will-escort-body-of-diplomat-killed-in-haiti-earthquake.html">"L.A. Now"</a>. <i>Los Angeles Times</i>. January 19, 2010.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Los+Angeles+Times&rft.atitle=L.A.+Now&rft.date=2010-01-19&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Flatimesblogs.latimes.com%2Flanow%2F2010%2F01%2Fla-police-honor-guard-will-escort-body-of-diplomat-killed-in-haiti-earthquake.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnited+States+Foreign+Service" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.usdoj.gov/opa/pr/2003/February/03_crm_078.htm"><i>State Department Consular Officer Pleads Guilty to Visa Fraud</i></a>. United States Department of Justice. May 31, 2009.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=State+Department+Consular+Officer+Pleads+Guilty+to+Visa+Fraud&rft.pub=United+States+Department+of+Justice&rft.date=2009-05-31&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.usdoj.gov%2Fopa%2Fpr%2F2003%2FFebruary%2F03_crm_078.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnited+States+Foreign+Service" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-AFSA_2008-01-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-AFSA_2008-01_32-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDorman2008" class="citation news cs1">Dorman, Shawn (January 2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.afsa.org/fsj/jan08/afsa_news.pdf">"Iraq "Prime Candidate" Exercise Cancelled"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>AFSANEWS</i>. American Foreign Service Association. p. 1<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">March 2,</span> 2008</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=AFSANEWS&rft.atitle=Iraq+%22Prime+Candidate%22+Exercise+Cancelled&rft.pages=1&rft.date=2008-01&rft.aulast=Dorman&rft.aufirst=Shawn&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.afsa.org%2Ffsj%2Fjan08%2Fafsa_news.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnited+States+Foreign+Service" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FLO-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FLO_33-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://2009-2017.state.gov/m/dghr/flo">"Family Liaison Office"</a>. <i>www.state.gov</i>. <a href="/wiki/United_States_Department_of_State" title="United States Department of State">United States Department of State</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">March 2,</span> 2008</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.state.gov&rft.atitle=Family+Liaison+Office&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2F2009-2017.state.gov%2Fm%2Fdghr%2Fflo&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnited+States+Foreign+Service" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=lq_i3wpmBWUC&q=clientism+clientitis&pg=PA156">"The Carter Years"</a>. <i>Behind the disappearances: Argentina's dirty war against human rights and the United Nations</i>. University of Pennsylvania Press. 1990. p. 156. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0812213130" title="Special:BookSources/0812213130"><bdi>0812213130</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">May 8,</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+Carter+Years&rft.btitle=Behind+the+disappearances%3A+Argentina%27s+dirty+war+against+human+rights+and+the+United+Nations&rft.pages=156&rft.pub=University+of+Pennsylvania+Press&rft.date=1990&rft.isbn=0812213130&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dlq_i3wpmBWUC%26q%3Dclientism%2Bclientitis%26pg%3DPA156&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnited+States+Foreign+Service" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-35">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTimothy_J._Lynch2004" class="citation book cs1">Timothy J. Lynch (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=l4SoDU_daVoC&q=clientitis+congress&pg=PA87"><i>Turf War: The Clinton Administration And Northern Ireland</i></a>. Ashgate Publishing, Ltd. p. 87. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0754642941" title="Special:BookSources/0754642941"><bdi>0754642941</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">May 8,</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Turf+War%3A+The+Clinton+Administration+And+Northern+Ireland&rft.pages=87&rft.pub=Ashgate+Publishing%2C+Ltd.&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=0754642941&rft.au=Timothy+J.+Lynch&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dl4SoDU_daVoC%26q%3Dclientitis%2Bcongress%26pg%3DPA87&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnited+States+Foreign+Service" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-kaplan-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-kaplan_36-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-kaplan_36-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRobert_D._Kaplan1995" class="citation book cs1">Robert D. Kaplan (1995). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=S7z0JF08sCgC&q=clientitis+localitis&pg=PA122">"The Arabists"</a>. <i>Arabists: The Romance of an American Elite</i>. Simon and Schuster. p. 122. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1439108706" title="Special:BookSources/1439108706"><bdi>1439108706</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">May 8,</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+Arabists&rft.btitle=Arabists%3A+The+Romance+of+an+American+Elite&rft.pages=122&rft.pub=Simon+and+Schuster&rft.date=1995&rft.isbn=1439108706&rft.au=Robert+D.+Kaplan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DS7z0JF08sCgC%26q%3Dclientitis%2Blocalitis%26pg%3DPA122&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnited+States+Foreign+Service" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-meyer-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-meyer_37-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-meyer_37-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMeyer2003" class="citation book cs1">Meyer, Armin (2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=hs0ub0E_-dkC&q=clientitis+transfer&pg=PA158"><i>Quiet diplomacy: from Cairo to Tokyo in the twilight of imperialism</i></a>. <a href="/wiki/IUniverse" title="IUniverse">iUniverse</a>. p. 158. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780595301324" title="Special:BookSources/9780595301324"><bdi>9780595301324</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Quiet+diplomacy%3A+from+Cairo+to+Tokyo+in+the+twilight+of+imperialism&rft.pages=158&rft.pub=iUniverse&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=9780595301324&rft.aulast=Meyer&rft.aufirst=Armin&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dhs0ub0E_-dkC%26q%3Dclientitis%2Btransfer%26pg%3DPA158&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnited+States+Foreign+Service" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-38">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFreeman1994" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Charles_W._Freeman,_Jr." class="mw-redirect" title="Charles W. Freeman, Jr.">Freeman, Charles W.</a> (1994). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=SXFePmd2uEIC&q=clientitis+localitis&pg=PA58"><i>Diplomat's Dictionary</i></a>. Diane Publishing. p. 58. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780788125669" title="Special:BookSources/9780788125669"><bdi>9780788125669</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Diplomat%27s+Dictionary&rft.pages=58&rft.pub=Diane+Publishing&rft.date=1994&rft.isbn=9780788125669&rft.aulast=Freeman&rft.aufirst=Charles+W.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DSXFePmd2uEIC%26q%3Dclientitis%2Blocalitis%26pg%3DPA58&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnited+States+Foreign+Service" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-39">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKlein2007" class="citation news cs1">Klein, Phillip (November 6, 2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.spectator.org/dsp_article.asp?art_id=12270">"Review of John Bolton's <i>Surrender Is Not An Option</i>"</a>. <i>The American Spectator</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+American+Spectator&rft.atitle=Review+of+John+Bolton%27s+Surrender+Is+Not+An+Option&rft.date=2007-11-06&rft.aulast=Klein&rft.aufirst=Phillip&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.spectator.org%2Fdsp_article.asp%3Fart_id%3D12270&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnited+States+Foreign+Service" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-40">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFVera_BlinkenDonald_Blinken2009" class="citation book cs1">Vera Blinken; <a href="/wiki/Donald_M._Blinken" title="Donald M. Blinken">Donald Blinken</a> (2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=pqylV44Jx5kC&q=clientitis&pg=PA58"><i>Vera and the ambassador: Escape and Return</i></a>. SUNY Press. p. 58. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1438426884" title="Special:BookSources/978-1438426884"><bdi>978-1438426884</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">May 8,</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Vera+and+the+ambassador%3A+Escape+and+Return&rft.pages=58&rft.pub=SUNY+Press&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-1438426884&rft.au=Vera+Blinken&rft.au=Donald+Blinken&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DpqylV44Jx5kC%26q%3Dclientitis%26pg%3DPA58&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnited+States+Foreign+Service" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-41">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Eizenstat, Stuart E. "Debating U.S. Diplomacy." <i>Foreign Policy</i>, No. 138 (Sep. - Oct. 2003), p. 84</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-42">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKennedy2003" class="citation web cs1">Kennedy, Charles Stuart (July 18, 2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://memory.loc.gov/service/mss/mssmisc/mfdip/2007%20txt%20files/2007mar01.txt">"Interview with Ambassador Charles E. Marthinsen"</a>. <i>Foreign Affairs Oral History Project (2004)</i>. The Association for Diplomatic Studies and Training.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Foreign+Affairs+Oral+History+Project+%282004%29&rft.atitle=Interview+with+Ambassador+Charles+E.+Marthinsen&rft.date=2003-07-18&rft.aulast=Kennedy&rft.aufirst=Charles+Stuart&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fmemory.loc.gov%2Fservice%2Fmss%2Fmssmisc%2Fmfdip%2F2007%2520txt%2520files%2F2007mar01.txt&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnited+States+Foreign+Service" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-43">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://2009-2017.state.gov/careers">"Careers"</a>. <i>www.state.gov</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.state.gov&rft.atitle=Careers&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2F2009-2017.state.gov%2Fcareers&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnited+States+Foreign+Service" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-44">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Kopp and Gillespie, <i>Career Diplomacy</i>, pp. 135-137</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-45"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-45">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>ibid.</i>, pp. 138-139</span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=United_States_Foreign_Service&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Arias, Eric, and Alastair Smith. "Tenure, promotion and performance: The career path of US ambassadors." <i>Review of International Organizations</i> 13.1 (2018): 77-103. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://wp.nyu.edu/ericarias/wp-content/uploads/sites/641/2016/08/AriasSmithAmbassadors.pdf">online</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180504155622/https://wp.nyu.edu/ericarias/wp-content/uploads/sites/641/2016/08/AriasSmithAmbassadors.pdf">Archived</a> May 4, 2018, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></li> <li>Barnes, William, and John Heath Morgan. <i>The Foreign Service of the United States: origins, development, and functions</i> (Historical Office, Bureau of Public Affairs, Department of State, 1961)</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDorman2003" class="citation book cs1">Dorman, Shawn (2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/insideusembassyh00dorm"><i>Inside a U.S. embassy: how the foreign service works for America</i></a> (2nd ed.). Washington, DC: <a href="/wiki/American_Foreign_Service_Association" title="American Foreign Service Association">American Foreign Service Association</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0964948826" title="Special:BookSources/0964948826"><bdi>0964948826</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Inside+a+U.S.+embassy%3A+how+the+foreign+service+works+for+America&rft.place=Washington%2C+DC&rft.edition=2nd&rft.pub=American+Foreign+Service+Association&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=0964948826&rft.aulast=Dorman&rft.aufirst=Shawn&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Finsideusembassyh00dorm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnited+States+Foreign+Service" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li>Haglund, E. T. "Striped pants versus fat cats: Ambassadorial performance of career diplomats and political appointees." <i>Presidential Studies Quarterly</i> (2015) 45(4), 653–678.</li> <li>Ilchman, Warren Frederick. <i>Professional Diplomacy in the United States, 1779–1939: A Study in Administrative History</i> (U of Chicago Press, 1961).</li> <li>Jett, Dennis. <i>American Ambassadors: The Past, Present, and Future of America's Diplomats</i> (Springer, 2014).</li> <li>Keegan, Nicholas M. <i>US Consular Representation in Britain since 1790</i> (Anthem Press, 2018).</li> <li>Kennedy, Charles Stuart. <i>The American Consul: A History of the United States Consular Service 1776–1924</i> (New Academia Publishing, 2015).</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKoppCharles_A._Gillespie2008" class="citation book cs1">Kopp, Harry W.; Charles A. Gillespie (2008). <i>Career Diplomacy: Life and Work in the U.S. Foreign Service</i>. Washington: Georgetown University Press. p. 266. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-58901-219-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-58901-219-6"><bdi>978-1-58901-219-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Career+Diplomacy%3A+Life+and+Work+in+the+U.S.+Foreign+Service&rft.place=Washington&rft.pages=266&rft.pub=Georgetown+University+Press&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-1-58901-219-6&rft.aulast=Kopp&rft.aufirst=Harry+W.&rft.au=Charles+A.+Gillespie&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnited+States+Foreign+Service" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMoskin,_J._Robert2013" class="citation book cs1">Moskin, J. Robert (2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=pc5FAQAAQBAJ&pg=PA339"><i>American Statecraft: The Story of the U.S. Foreign Service</i></a>. St. Martin's Press. pp. 339–56. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781250037459" title="Special:BookSources/9781250037459"><bdi>9781250037459</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=American+Statecraft%3A+The+Story+of+the+U.S.+Foreign+Service&rft.pages=339-56&rft.pub=St.+Martin%27s+Press&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=9781250037459&rft.au=Moskin%2C+J.+Robert&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dpc5FAQAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA339&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnited+States+Foreign+Service" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li>Paterson, Thomas G. "American Businessmen and Consular Service Reform, 1890s to 1906." <i>Business History Review</i> 40.1 (1966): 77-97.</li> <li>Roberts, Priscilla. "'All the Right People: The Historiography of the American Foreign Policy Establishment." <i>Journal of American Studies</i> 26#3 (1992): 409-434.</li> <li>Roy, William G. "The process of bureaucratization in the US State Department and the vesting of economic interests, 1886-1905." <i>Administrative Science Quarterly</i> (1981): 419-433.</li> <li>Schulzinger, Robert D. <i>The Making of the Diplomatic Mind: The Training Outlook and Style of the United States Foreign Service Officers, 1908–1931</i></li> <li>Stewart, Irvin. "American Government and Politics: Congress, the Foreign Service, and the Department of State, <i>The American Political Science Review</i> (1930) 24#2 pp. 355–366, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F1946654">10.2307/1946654</a></li> <li>Wood, Molly M. "Diplomatic Wives: The Politics of Domesticity and the" Social Game" in the US Foreign Service, 1905-1941." <i>Journal of Women's History</i> 17.2 (2005): 142-165.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=United_States_Foreign_Service&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.usaid.gov/who-we-are/agency-policy">Foreign Service Act (The Foreign Service Act)</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://2009-2017.state.gov/m/dghr/pay/">Foreign Service Pay Schedule (Foreign Service Pay Schedule)</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://careers.state.gov/">Foreign Service (U.S. Department of State Careers)</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.afsa.org/">American Foreign Service Association, a professional association representing Foreign Service employees.</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.aafsw.org/">Associates of the American Foreign Service Worldwide: online resources and community for U.S. diplomatic families.</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.adst.org/">Association for Diplomatic Studies and Training</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.usaid.gov">U.S. Agency for International Development</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.commerce.gov/">United States Department of Commerce</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.fas.usda.gov">Foreign Agricultural Service</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100408061208/http://www.fas.usda.gov/">Archived</a> April 8, 2010, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.co.uk/dna/h2g2/A1021843">BBC article on DSS</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20101009191752/http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/articles/A1157-2004Sep6.html"><i>Washington Post</i> article on the Bureau of Diplomatic Security</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.lambdalegal.org/our-work/in-court/cases/taylor-v-rice.html">Lambda Legal Briefing on Taylor v. 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href="/wiki/Under_Secretary_of_State_for_Public_Diplomacy_and_Public_Affairs" title="Under Secretary of State for Public Diplomacy and Public Affairs">Under Secretary for Public<br /> Diplomacy and Public Affairs</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Bureau_of_Educational_and_Cultural_Affairs" title="Bureau of Educational and Cultural Affairs">Bureau of Educational and Cultural Affairs</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Bureau_of_Public_Affairs" title="Bureau of Public Affairs">Bureau of Global Public Affairs</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Countering_Foreign_Propaganda_and_Disinformation_Act" title="Countering Foreign Propaganda and Disinformation Act">Global Engagement Center</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">International Expositions Unit</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">Office of Global Youth Issues</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Under_Secretary_of_State_for_Public_Diplomacy_and_Public_Affairs" title="Under Secretary of State for Public Diplomacy and Public Affairs">Office of Policy, Planning, and Resources for Public Affairs and Public Diplomacy</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/United_States_Advisory_Commission_on_Public_Diplomacy" class="mw-redirect" title="United States Advisory Commission on Public Diplomacy">United States Advisory Commission on Public Diplomacy</a></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Under_Secretary_of_State_for_Management" title="Under Secretary of State for Management">Under Secretary<br /> for Management</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Bureau_of_Administration" title="Bureau of Administration">Bureau of Administration</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Bureau_of_Budget_and_Planning" title="Bureau of Budget and Planning">Bureau of Budget and Planning</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Bureau_of_Consular_Affairs" title="Bureau of Consular Affairs">Bureau of Consular Affairs</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Bureau_of_Diplomatic_Security" title="Bureau of Diplomatic Security">Bureau of Diplomatic Security</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Bureau_of_Human_Resources" class="mw-redirect" title="Bureau of Human Resources">Bureau of Global Talent Management</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Bureau_of_Information_Resource_Management" class="mw-redirect" title="Bureau of Information Resource Management">Bureau of Information Resource Management</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Bureau_of_Medical_Services_(U.S._Department_of_State)" title="Bureau of Medical Services (U.S. Department of State)">Bureau of Medical Services</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Bureau_of_Overseas_Buildings_Operations" title="Bureau of Overseas Buildings Operations">Bureau of Overseas Buildings Operations</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">Bureau of the Comptroller and Global Financial Services</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Foreign_Service_Institute" title="Foreign Service Institute">Foreign Service Institute</a> (<a href="/wiki/Office_of_the_Historian" title="Office of the Historian">Office of the Historian</a>)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Office_of_Foreign_Missions" title="Office of Foreign Missions">Office of Foreign Missions</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Office_of_Fine_Arts" title="Office of Fine Arts">Director of Diplomatic Reception Rooms</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">Office of Management Strategy and Solutions</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">Office of White House Liaison</span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Under_Secretary_of_State_for_Civilian_Security,_Democracy,_and_Human_Rights" title="Under Secretary of State for Civilian Security, Democracy, and Human Rights">Under Secretary for Civilian Security,<br /> Democracy, and Human Rights</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Bureau_of_Conflict_and_Stabilization_Operations" title="Bureau of Conflict and Stabilization Operations">Bureau of Conflict and Stabilization Operations</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Bureau_of_Democracy,_Human_Rights,_and_Labor" title="Bureau of Democracy, Human Rights, and Labor">Bureau of Democracy, Human Rights, and Labor</a> </span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Bureau_of_International_Narcotics_and_Law_Enforcement_Affairs" title="Bureau of International Narcotics and Law Enforcement Affairs">Bureau of International Narcotics and Law Enforcement Affairs</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Bureau_of_Population,_Refugees,_and_Migration" title="Bureau of Population, Refugees, and Migration">Bureau of Population, Refugees, and Migration</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Office_of_Global_Criminal_Justice" title="Office of Global Criminal Justice">Office of Global Criminal Justice</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/United_States_Ambassador-at-Large_for_International_Religious_Freedom" title="United States Ambassador-at-Large for International Religious Freedom">Office of International Religious Freedom</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Office_to_Monitor_and_Combat_Anti-Semitism" class="mw-redirect" title="Office to Monitor and Combat Anti-Semitism">Office of the Special Envoy to Monitor and Combat Anti-Semitism</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Office_to_Monitor_and_Combat_Trafficking_in_Persons" title="Office to Monitor and Combat Trafficking in Persons">Office to Monitor and Combat Trafficking in Persons</a></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Bureaus/Offices reporting<br /> directly to the Secretary</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Chief_of_Staff_to_the_United_States_Secretary_of_State" title="Chief of Staff to the United States Secretary of State">Chief of Staff</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Counselor_of_the_United_States_Department_of_State" title="Counselor of the United States Department of State">Office of the Counselor</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/United_States_Global_AIDS_Coordinator" title="United States Global AIDS Coordinator">Bureau of Global Health Security and Diplomacy</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Bureau_of_Intelligence_and_Research" title="Bureau of Intelligence and Research">Bureau of Intelligence and Research</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Bureau_of_Legislative_Affairs" title="Bureau of Legislative Affairs">Bureau of Legislative Affairs</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Executive_Secretariat" title="Executive Secretariat">Executive Secretariat</a> (<a href="/wiki/United_States_Department_of_State_Operations_Center" title="United States Department of State Operations Center">Operations Center</a>)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Policy_Planning_Staff_(United_States)" title="Policy Planning Staff (United States)">Policy Planning Staff</a> (<a href="/wiki/Foreign_Affairs_Policy_Board" title="Foreign Affairs Policy Board">Foreign Affairs Policy Board</a>)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">Office of Civil Rights</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">Office of Diversity and Inclusion</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Office_of_Global_Women%27s_Issues" title="Office of Global Women's Issues">Office of Global Women's Issues</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Inspector_General_of_the_Department_of_State" title="Inspector General of the Department of State">Office of Inspector General</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Chief_of_Protocol_of_the_United_States" title="Chief of Protocol of the United States">Office of the Chief of Protocol</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Legal_Adviser_of_the_Department_of_State" title="Legal Adviser of the Department of State">Office of the Legal Adviser</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">Office of the Ombudsman</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">Office of the Secretary's Special Representative for Syria Engagement</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">Office of the Special Envoy for Critical and Emerging Technology</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Special_Envoy_for_Hostage_Affairs" class="mw-redirect" title="Special Envoy for Hostage Affairs">Office of the Special Presidential Envoy for Hostage Affairs</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">Office of the Special Presidential Envoy for Climate</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">Office of the Special Representative for Venezuela</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/United_States_security_assistance_to_the_Palestinian_National_Authority" title="United States security assistance to the Palestinian National Authority">Office of the United States Security Coordinator for Israel and the Palestinian Authority</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">Office of the U.S. Special Coordinator for the Partnership for Global Infrastructure and Investment</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">Iran Action Group</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">Foreign Service Grievance Board</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">Secretary's Open Forum</span></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1038841319">.mw-parser-output .tooltip-dotted{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-labelledby="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3480437#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3480437#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a> <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3480437#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, 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