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<h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Géza Vermes</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. 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href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geza_Vermes" title="Geza Vermes – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Geza Vermes" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/G%C3%A9za_Vermes" title="Géza Vermes – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Géza Vermes" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geza_Vermes" title="Geza Vermes – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Geza Vermes" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/G%C3%A9za_Vermes" title="Géza Vermes – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Géza Vermes" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geza_Vermes" title="Geza Vermes – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Geza Vermes" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/G%C3%A9za_Vermes" title="Géza Vermes – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Géza Vermes" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/G%C3%A9za_Vermes" title="Géza Vermes – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Géza Vermes" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/G%C3%A9za_Vermes" title="Géza Vermes – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Géza Vermes" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vermes_G%C3%A9za" title="Vermes Géza – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Vermes Géza" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AC%D8%B2%D8%A7_%D9%81%D8%B1%D9%85%D8%B4" title="جزا فرمش – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="جزا فرمش" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geza_Vermes" title="Geza Vermes – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Geza Vermes" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BC%D0%B5%D1%88,_%D0%93%D0%B5%D0%B7%D0%B0" title="Вермеш, Геза – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Вермеш, Геза" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li> </ul> <div 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<div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">British biblical scholar, orientalist, and historian of religion</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">The native form of this <a href="/wiki/Personal_name" title="Personal name">personal name</a> is <i>Vermes Géza</i>. This article uses <a href="/wiki/Personal_name#Western_name_order" title="Personal name">Western name order</a> when mentioning individuals.</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox biography vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="font-size:125%;"><div class="fn">Géza Vermes</div><div class="honorific-suffix" style="font-size: 77%; font-weight: normal;"><span class="nobold noexcerpt nowraplinks" style="font-size:;"><span style="font-size: 100%;"><a href="/wiki/Fellow_of_the_British_Academy" title="Fellow of the British Academy">FBA</a></span></span></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-subheader" style="font-size:125%;"><div class="nickname" lang="Hungarian">Vermes Géza</div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Vermes_G%C3%A9za_(cropped).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Vermes_G%C3%A9za_%28cropped%29.jpg/220px-Vermes_G%C3%A9za_%28cropped%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="250" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4e/Vermes_G%C3%A9za_%28cropped%29.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="257" data-file-height="292" /></a></span><div class="infobox-caption">Géza Vermes in 2007</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Born</th><td class="infobox-data"><span style="display:none">(<span class="bday">1924-06-22</span>)</span>22 June 1924<br /><div style="display:inline" class="birthplace"><a href="/wiki/Mak%C3%B3" title="Makó">Makó</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Hungary_(1920%E2%80%931946)" title="Kingdom of Hungary (1920–1946)">Kingdom of Hungary</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Died</th><td class="infobox-data">8 May 2013<span style="display:none">(2013-05-08)</span> (aged 88)<br /><div style="display:inline" class="deathplace"><a href="/wiki/London" title="London">London</a>, <a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom" title="United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Nationality</th><td class="infobox-data category">British</td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header">Academic background</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Alma_mater" title="Alma mater">Alma mater</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><div class="plainlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/University_of_Budapest" class="mw-redirect" title="University of Budapest">University of Budapest</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_University_of_Leuven_(1834%E2%80%931968)" title="Catholic University of Leuven (1834–1968)">Catholic University of Leuven</a></li></ul> </div></td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header">Academic work</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Discipline</th><td class="infobox-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li::after{content:" · ";font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li:last-child::after{content:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:first-child::before{content:" (";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:last-child::after{content:")";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol{counter-reset:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li{counter-increment:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li::before{content:" "counter(listitem)"\a0 "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li ol>li:first-child::before{content:" ("counter(listitem)"\a0 "}</style><div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Biblical_criticism" title="Biblical criticism">Biblical criticism</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_religion" title="History of religion">History of religion</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Oriental_studies" title="Oriental studies">Oriental studies</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Sub-discipline</th><td class="infobox-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dead_Sea_Scrolls" title="Dead Sea Scrolls">Dead Sea Scrolls</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Historical_Jesus" title="Historical Jesus">Historical Jesus</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_studies" title="Jewish studies">Jewish studies</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Institutions</th><td class="infobox-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Durham_University" title="Durham University">Durham University</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Newcastle_University" title="Newcastle University">University of Newcastle upon Tyne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/University_of_Edinburgh" title="University of Edinburgh">University of Edinburgh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/University_of_Oxford" title="University of Oxford">University of Oxford</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wolfson_College,_Oxford" title="Wolfson College, Oxford">Wolfson College, Oxford</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oriental_Institute,_Oxford" class="mw-redirect" title="Oriental Institute, Oxford">Oriental Institute, Oxford</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oxford_Centre_for_Hebrew_and_Jewish_Studies" title="Oxford Centre for Hebrew and Jewish Studies">Oxford Centre for Hebrew and Jewish Studies</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Notable works</th><td class="infobox-data"><i>The Complete Dead Sea Scrolls in English</i> (1962)<br /> <i><a href="/wiki/Jesus_the_Jew" title="Jesus the Jew">Jesus the Jew</a></i> (1973)<br /> <i>Jesus and the World of Judaism</i> (1983)<br /> <i>The Religion of Jesus the Jew</i> (1993)</td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Géza Vermes</b>, <span class="nobold noexcerpt nowraplinks" style="font-size:;"><span style="font-size: 100%;"><a href="/wiki/Fellow_of_the_British_Academy" title="Fellow of the British Academy">FBA</a></span></span> (<style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1177148991">.mw-parser-output .IPA-label-small{font-size:85%}.mw-parser-output .references .IPA-label-small,.mw-parser-output .infobox .IPA-label-small,.mw-parser-output .navbox .IPA-label-small{font-size:100%}</style><span class="IPA-label IPA-label-small">Hungarian:</span> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="hu-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Hungarian" title="Help:IPA/Hungarian">[ˈvɛrmɛʃ<span class="wrap"> </span>ˈɡeːzɒ]</a></span>; 22 June 1924 – 8 May 2013) was a British <a href="/wiki/Academic" class="mw-redirect" title="Academic">academic</a>, <a href="/wiki/Biblical_scholar" class="mw-redirect" title="Biblical scholar">Biblical scholar</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Jewish_studies" title="Jewish studies">Judaist</a> of <a href="/wiki/Hungarian_Jews" class="mw-redirect" title="Hungarian Jews">Jewish–Hungarian</a> descent—one who also served as a <a href="/wiki/Priesthood_in_the_Catholic_Church" title="Priesthood in the Catholic Church">Roman Catholic priest</a> in his youth—and scholar specialized in the field of the <a href="/wiki/History_of_religion" title="History of religion">history of religion</a>, particularly <a href="/wiki/History_of_Judaism" class="mw-redirect" title="History of Judaism">ancient Judaism</a> and <a href="/wiki/History_of_early_Christianity" class="mw-redirect" title="History of early Christianity">early Christianity</a>. He is best known for his complete translation of the <a href="/wiki/Dead_Sea_Scrolls" title="Dead Sea Scrolls">Dead Sea Scrolls</a> into English;<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> his research focused on the Dead Sea Scrolls and other <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Hebrew_writings" title="Ancient Hebrew writings">Ancient Hebrew writings</a> in <a href="/wiki/Aramaic" title="Aramaic">Aramaic</a> such as the <a href="/wiki/Targum" title="Targum">Targumim</a>, and on the <a href="/wiki/Historical_Jesus" title="Historical Jesus">life and religion of Jesus</a>. Vermes was one of the most important voices in <a href="/wiki/Quest_for_the_historical_Jesus" title="Quest for the historical Jesus">contemporary Jesus research</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-TM1998_1_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-TM1998_1-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and he has been described as the greatest Jesus scholar of his time.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Vermes' written work on Jesus focuses principally on the <a href="/wiki/Jesus_the_Jew" title="Jesus the Jew">Jewishness of the historical Jesus</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> as seen in the broader context of the narrative scope of <a href="/wiki/Jewish_history" title="Jewish history">Jewish history</a> and <a href="/wiki/Jewish_theology" class="mw-redirect" title="Jewish theology">theology</a>, while <a href="/wiki/Criticism_of_Christianity" title="Criticism of Christianity">questioning and challenging the basis</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Jesus_in_Christianity" title="Jesus in Christianity">Christian doctrine on Jesus</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Biography">Biography</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=G%C3%A9za_Vermes&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Biography"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Vermes was born in <a href="/wiki/Mak%C3%B3" title="Makó">Makó</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Hungary_(1920%E2%80%931946)" title="Kingdom of Hungary (1920–1946)">Kingdom of Hungary</a>, in 1924 to a family of <a href="/wiki/Hungarian-Jewish" class="mw-redirect" title="Hungarian-Jewish">Hungarian</a> <a href="/wiki/Jewish_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Jewish people">Jewish descent</a>:<sup id="cite_ref-timesofisrael_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-timesofisrael-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-forward_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-forward-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Terézia Riesz, a schoolteacher, and Ernő Vermes, a liberal journalist.<sup id="cite_ref-nytimes.com_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nytimes.com-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Vermes family was of Jewish background but had given up religious practice by the mid-19th century.<sup id="cite_ref-nytimes.com_8-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nytimes.com-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-haaretz_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-haaretz-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> All three were baptised as <a href="/wiki/Roman_Catholic" class="mw-redirect" title="Roman Catholic">Roman Catholics</a> when he was six;<sup id="cite_ref-timesofisrael_6-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-timesofisrael-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> referring to his parents' conversion, he defined it as a way to escape from the <a href="/wiki/Antisemitism_in_Europe" title="Antisemitism in Europe">rising tide of anti-Semitism in Europe</a><sup id="cite_ref-timesofisrael_6-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-timesofisrael-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-forward_7-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-forward-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-haaretz_10-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-haaretz-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> (see also <a href="/wiki/Interwar_period" title="Interwar period">Interwar period</a>). In an interview with Rachel Kohn of the <a href="/wiki/Australian_Broadcasting_Corporation" title="Australian Broadcasting Corporation">Australian Broadcasting Corporation</a> in 1999 he stated: "In fact, I never was anything but a Jew with a temporary sort of outer vestment. I realized I ought to recognize my genuine identity."<sup id="cite_ref-forward_7-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-forward-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Nonetheless, his mother and father were murdered in <a href="/wiki/The_Holocaust_in_Hungary" title="The Holocaust in Hungary">the Holocaust</a> in 1944.<sup id="cite_ref-timesofisrael_6-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-timesofisrael-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-forward_7-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-forward-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Vermes attended a Catholic seminary.<sup id="cite_ref-timesofisrael_6-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-timesofisrael-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-forward_7-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-forward-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> When he was eligible for college, in 1942, Jews were not accepted into Hungarian universities.<sup id="cite_ref-forward_7-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-forward-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> After the <a href="/wiki/Second_World_War" class="mw-redirect" title="Second World War">Second World War</a> he became a Catholic priest, but was not admitted into the Jesuit or Dominican orders because of his Jewish ancestry.<sup id="cite_ref-haaretz_10-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-haaretz-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Vermes was accepted into the <a href="/wiki/Congregation_of_Our_Lady_of_Sion" title="Congregation of Our Lady of Sion">Order of the Fathers of Notre-Dame de Sion</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-nytimes.com_8-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nytimes.com-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> a French-Belgian order which prayed for the Jews.<sup id="cite_ref-forward_7-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-forward-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Later he moved to <a href="/wiki/Paris" title="Paris">Paris</a>, where he studied under the <a href="/wiki/French_Jews" class="mw-redirect" title="French Jews">French Jewish</a> scholar <a href="/wiki/Georges_Vajda" title="Georges Vajda">Georges Vajda</a>, a graduate of the <a href="/wiki/Yeshiva" title="Yeshiva">Rabbinical Seminary</a> of <a href="/wiki/Budapest" title="Budapest">Budapest</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-forward_7-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-forward-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>He studied then at the College St Albert and the <a href="/wiki/Catholic_University_of_Leuven_(1834%E2%80%931968)" title="Catholic University of Leuven (1834–1968)">Catholic University of Leuven</a> in <a href="/wiki/Belgium" title="Belgium">Belgium</a>, where he specialized in <a href="/wiki/Oriental_Studies" class="mw-redirect" title="Oriental Studies">Oriental history, civilizations and languages</a>. In 1953, Vermes obtained a <a href="/wiki/Doctor_of_Theology" title="Doctor of Theology">Doctorate of Theology</a> with the first dissertation written on the <a href="/wiki/Dead_Sea_Scrolls" title="Dead Sea Scrolls">Dead Sea Scrolls</a> and its historical framework.<sup id="cite_ref-nytimes.com_8-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nytimes.com-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1962 he completed a first translation of the Dead Sea Scrolls, later revised and much augmented.<sup id="cite_ref-forward_7-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-forward-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-haaretz_10-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-haaretz-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Also in Paris, Vermes befriended and worked with <a href="/w/index.php?title=Paul_Demann&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Paul Demann (page does not exist)">Paul Demann</a>, a scholar, like him, of Hungarian Jewish origins.<sup id="cite_ref-forward_7-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-forward-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Together with a third collaborator, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Renee_Bloch&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Renee Bloch (page does not exist)">Renee Bloch</a>, they battled doggedly against the <a href="/wiki/Catholic_antisemitism" class="mw-redirect" title="Catholic antisemitism">anti-Semitic content</a> in Catholic education and ritual of the time.<sup id="cite_ref-forward_7-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-forward-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Second_Vatican_Council" title="Second Vatican Council">Second Vatican Council</a> would later accept many of the trio's theological arguments.<sup id="cite_ref-forward_7-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-forward-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>After researching the Dead Sea Scrolls in Paris for several years,<sup id="cite_ref-nytimes.com_8-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nytimes.com-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Vermes had met Pamela Hobson Curle,<sup id="cite_ref-forward_7-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-forward-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-haaretz_10-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-haaretz-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> a poet and scholar, disciple of the <a href="/wiki/Neo-Hasidism" title="Neo-Hasidism">Neo-Hasidic</a> <a href="/wiki/Jewish_philosophy" title="Jewish philosophy">Jewish philosopher</a> <a href="/wiki/Martin_Buber" title="Martin Buber">Martin Buber</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-forward_7-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-forward-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-haaretz_10-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-haaretz-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and the two fell in love. She was married and the mother of two children, but her marriage was in the process of ending.<sup id="cite_ref-forward_7-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-forward-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-haaretz_10-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-haaretz-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1958, after her divorce, and after Vermes left the priesthood, they married, remaining together and often collaborating on work, until her death in 1993.<sup id="cite_ref-forward_7-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-forward-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-haaretz_10-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-haaretz-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He also <a href="/wiki/Apostasy_in_Christianity" title="Apostasy in Christianity">renounced Christianity</a> and embraced his <a href="/wiki/Jewish_identity" title="Jewish identity">Jewish identity</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-forward_7-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-forward-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-haaretz_10-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-haaretz-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> although not religious observance.<sup id="cite_ref-haaretz_10-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-haaretz-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He took up a teaching post at the <a href="/wiki/Newcastle_University" title="Newcastle University">University of Newcastle upon Tyne</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-nytimes.com_8-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nytimes.com-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1965, after teaching <a href="/wiki/Biblical_Hebrew" title="Biblical Hebrew">Biblical Hebrew</a> for several years at University of Newcastle upon Tyne in the north of <a href="/wiki/England" title="England">England</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-forward_7-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-forward-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> he joined the Faculty of Oriental Studies at the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Oxford" title="University of Oxford">University of Oxford</a>, rising to become the first Oxford Professor of <a href="/wiki/Jewish_Studies" class="mw-redirect" title="Jewish Studies">Jewish Studies</a> before his retirement in 1991;<sup id="cite_ref-timesofisrael_6-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-timesofisrael-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-forward_7-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-forward-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> he subsequently directed the Oxford Forum for Qumran Research at the <a href="/wiki/Oxford_Centre_for_Hebrew_and_Jewish_Studies" title="Oxford Centre for Hebrew and Jewish Studies">Oxford Centre for Hebrew and Jewish Studies</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-timesofisrael_6-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-timesofisrael-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1970 he <a href="/wiki/Conversion_to_Judaism" title="Conversion to Judaism">reconverted to Judaism</a> as a <a href="/wiki/Liberal_Judaism_(United_Kingdom)" title="Liberal Judaism (United Kingdom)">liberal Jew</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-timesofisrael_6-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-timesofisrael-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and became a member of the <a href="/wiki/Liberal_Jewish_Synagogue" title="Liberal Jewish Synagogue">Liberal Jewish Synagogue</a> <a href="/wiki/List_of_Jewish_communities_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="List of Jewish communities in the United Kingdom">of London</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-timesofisrael_6-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-timesofisrael-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> After the death of his first wife in 1993, he married Margaret Unarska in 1996 and adopted her son, Ian. Vermes died on 8 May 2013 at the age of 88.<sup id="cite_ref-timesofisrael_6-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-timesofisrael-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-forward_7-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-forward-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Academic_career">Academic career</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=G%C3%A9za_Vermes&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Academic career"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Vermes was one of the first scholars to examine the Dead Sea Scrolls after their discovery in 1947, and is the author of the standard translation into English of the Dead Sea Scrolls: <i>The Dead Sea Scrolls in English</i> (1962).<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He is one of the leading scholars in the field of the study of the historical Jesus (see Selected Publications, below) and together with <a href="/wiki/Fergus_Millar" title="Fergus Millar">Fergus Millar</a> and <a href="/wiki/Martin_Goodman_(historian)" title="Martin Goodman (historian)">Martin Goodman</a>, Vermes was responsible for substantially revising <a href="/wiki/Emil_Schurer" class="mw-redirect" title="Emil Schurer">Emil Schurer</a>'s three-volume work, <i>The History of the Jewish People in the Age of Jesus Christ</i>,<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> His <i>An Introduction to the Complete Dead Sea Scrolls,</i> revised edition (2000), is a study of the collection at <a href="/wiki/Qumran" title="Qumran">Qumran</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-britannica.com_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-britannica.com-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Until his death, he was a Professor Emeritus of Jewish Studies and Emeritus Fellow of <a href="/wiki/Wolfson_College,_Oxford" title="Wolfson College, Oxford">Wolfson College, Oxford</a>, but continued to teach at the <a href="/wiki/Oriental_Institute,_Oxford" class="mw-redirect" title="Oriental Institute, Oxford">Oriental Institute</a> in <a href="/wiki/Oxford" title="Oxford">Oxford</a>. He had edited the <i><a href="/wiki/Journal_of_Jewish_Studies" class="mw-redirect" title="Journal of Jewish Studies">Journal of Jewish Studies</a></i><sup id="cite_ref-JJS_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-JJS-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> from 1971 to his death, and from 1991 he had been director of the Oxford Forum for Qumran Research at the <a href="/wiki/Oxford_Centre_for_Hebrew_and_Jewish_Studies" title="Oxford Centre for Hebrew and Jewish Studies">Oxford Centre for Hebrew and Jewish Studies</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He inspired the creation of the British Association for Jewish Studies (BAJS) in 1975 and of the European Association for Jewish Studies (EAJS) in 1981 and acted as founding president for both. </p><p>Vermes was a Fellow of the <a href="/wiki/British_Academy" title="British Academy">British Academy</a>; a Fellow of the European Academy of Arts, Sciences and Humanities; holder of an Oxford D. Litt. (1988) and of honorary doctorates from the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Edinburgh" title="University of Edinburgh">University of Edinburgh</a> (1989), <a href="/wiki/University_of_Durham" class="mw-redirect" title="University of Durham">University of Durham</a> (1990), <a href="/wiki/University_of_Sheffield" title="University of Sheffield">University of Sheffield</a> (1994) and the Central European University of Budapest (2008). He was awarded the Wilhelm Bacher Memorial Medal by the Hungarian Academy of Sciences (1996), the Memorial Medal of the city of Makó, his place of birth (2008) and the keys of the cities of Monroe LA and Natchez MS (2009). He received a vote of congratulation from the US House of Representatives, proposed by the Representative of Louisiana on 17 September 2009. </p><p>In the course of a lecture tour in the United States in September 2009, Vermes spoke at the <a href="/wiki/University_of_North_Carolina" title="University of North Carolina">University of North Carolina</a> in Chapel Hill, at <a href="/wiki/Duke_University" title="Duke University">Duke University</a> in Durham NC, at <a href="/wiki/Johns_Hopkins_University" title="Johns Hopkins University">Johns Hopkins University</a> in Baltimore MD, and at the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Louisiana_at_Monroe" title="University of Louisiana at Monroe">University of Louisiana at Monroe</a> and at Baton Rouge. </p><p>On 23 January 2012 Penguin Books celebrated at Wolfson College, Oxford, the golden jubilee of Vermes's <i>The Dead Sea Scrolls in English</i>, which has sold an estimated half-a-million copies worldwide. A "Fiftieth anniversary" edition has been issued in the <a href="/wiki/Penguin_Classics" title="Penguin Classics">Penguin Classics</a> series. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Historical_Jesus">Historical Jesus</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=G%C3%A9za_Vermes&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Historical Jesus"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Historical_Jesus" title="Historical Jesus">Historical Jesus</a></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Deadseascrolls.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/Deadseascrolls.jpg/300px-Deadseascrolls.jpg" decoding="async" width="300" height="225" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/Deadseascrolls.jpg/450px-Deadseascrolls.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/8/8a/Deadseascrolls.jpg 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="375" /></a><figcaption>Fragments of the <a href="/wiki/Dead_Sea_Scrolls" title="Dead Sea Scrolls">Dead Sea Scrolls</a> previously on display at the <a href="/wiki/Jordan_Archaeological_Museum" title="Jordan Archaeological Museum">Jordan Archaeological Museum</a>, now in <a href="/wiki/The_Jordan_Museum" title="The Jordan Museum">The Jordan Museum</a>, <a href="/wiki/Amman" title="Amman">Amman</a>.</figcaption></figure> <p>Vermes was a prominent scholar in the contemporary field of historical Jesus research.<sup id="cite_ref-Vermesepi_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Vermesepi-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The contemporary approach, known as the "<a href="/wiki/Quest_for_the_historical_Jesus#Third_quest" title="Quest for the historical Jesus">third quest</a>", emphasizes <a href="/wiki/Historical_background_of_the_New_Testament" title="Historical background of the New Testament">Jesus's Jewish identity and context</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Vermesepi_19-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Vermesepi-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It portrays Jesus as founding a renewal movement within Judaism.<sup id="cite_ref-Vermesepi_19-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Vermesepi-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Vermes described Jesus as a 1st-century Jewish holy man, a commonplace view in academia but novel to the public when Vermes began publishing.<sup id="cite_ref-nytimes.com_8-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nytimes.com-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Contrary to certain other scholars (such as <a href="/wiki/E._P._Sanders" title="E. P. Sanders">E. P. Sanders</a>),<sup id="cite_ref-Sanders_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Sanders-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Vermes concludes that Jesus did not reach out to non-Jews. For example, he attributes positive references to <a href="/wiki/Samaritans" title="Samaritans">Samaritans</a> in the gospels not to Jesus himself but to early Christian editing. He suggests that, properly understood, the historical Jesus is a figure that Jews should find familiar and attractive.<sup id="cite_ref-Vermesepi_19-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Vermesepi-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This historical Jesus, however, is so different from the Christ of faith that Christians, says Vermes, may well want to rethink the fundamentals of their faith.<sup id="cite_ref-Vermesepi_19-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Vermesepi-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Important works on this topic include <i><a href="/wiki/Jesus_the_Jew" title="Jesus the Jew">Jesus the Jew</a></i> (1973), which describes Jesus as a thoroughly Jewish Galilean charismatic, <i>The Gospel of Jesus the Jew</i> (1981), which examines Jewish parallels to Jesus's teaching<sup id="cite_ref-britannica.com_16-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-britannica.com-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and <i><a href="/wiki/Christian_Beginnings" title="Christian Beginnings">Christian Beginnings</a></i> (2012), which traces the evolution of the figure of Jesus from Jewish charismatic in the <a href="/wiki/Synoptic_Gospels" title="Synoptic Gospels">synoptic Gospels</a> to equality with God in the <a href="/wiki/First_Council_of_Nicaea" title="First Council of Nicaea">Council of Nicea</a> (325 CE). He also expounded this theme in the controversial television miniseries, <i><a href="/wiki/Jesus:_The_Evidence" title="Jesus: The Evidence">Jesus: The Evidence</a></i> (Channel 4, 1984). </p><p>Vermes believed it is possible "to retrieve the authentic Gospel of Jesus, his first-hand message to his original followers."<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <blockquote><p>The historical Jesus can be retrieved only within the context of first-century Galilean Judaism. The Gospel image must therefore be inserted into the historical canvas of <a href="/wiki/Second_Temple_Period" class="mw-redirect" title="Second Temple Period">Palestine in the first century CE</a>, with the help of the works of <a href="/wiki/Flavius_Josephus" class="mw-redirect" title="Flavius Josephus">Flavius Josephus</a>, the Dead Sea Scrolls and early <a href="/wiki/Rabbinic_literature" title="Rabbinic literature">rabbinic literature</a>. Against this background, what kind of picture of Jesus emerges from the Gospels? That of a rural holy man, initially a follower of the movement of repentance launched by another holy man, <a href="/wiki/John_the_Baptist" title="John the Baptist">John the Baptist</a>. In the hamlets and villages of Lower Galilee and the lakeside, Jesus set out to preach the <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_God_(Christianity)" title="Kingdom of God (Christianity)">coming of the Kingdom of God within the lifetime of his generation</a> and outlined the religious duties his simple listeners were to perform to prepare themselves for the great event.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Selected_publications">Selected publications</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=G%C3%A9za_Vermes&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Selected publications"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><i>Scripture and Tradition in <a href="/wiki/Judaism" title="Judaism">Judaism</a>: <a href="/wiki/Haggadic" class="mw-redirect" title="Haggadic">Haggadic</a> studies (Studia post-biblica)</i>, Brill, Leiden 1961 <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon 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.citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/90-04-03626-1" title="Special:BookSources/90-04-03626-1">90-04-03626-1</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Jesus_the_Jew" title="Jesus the Jew">Jesus the Jew</a>: A Historian's Reading of the <a href="/wiki/Gospels" class="mw-redirect" title="Gospels">Gospels</a></i>, Minneapolis, Fortress Press 1973 <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8006-1443-7" title="Special:BookSources/0-8006-1443-7">0-8006-1443-7</a></li> <li><i>Post-Biblical Jewish Studies</i>, Brill, Leiden, 1975 <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/90-04-04160-5" title="Special:BookSources/90-04-04160-5">90-04-04160-5</a></li> <li><i>The Dead Sea Scrolls: <a href="/wiki/Qumran" title="Qumran">Qumran</a> in Perspective</i>, Minneapolis, Fortress Press 1977 <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8006-1435-6" title="Special:BookSources/0-8006-1435-6">0-8006-1435-6</a></li> <li><i>Jesus and the World of <a href="/wiki/Judaism" title="Judaism">Judaism</a></i>, Minneapolis, Fortress Press 1983 <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8006-1784-3" title="Special:BookSources/0-8006-1784-3">0-8006-1784-3</a></li> <li><i>The <a href="/wiki/Essenes" title="Essenes">Essenes</a> According to the Classical Sources</i> (with <a href="/wiki/Martin_Goodman_(historian)" title="Martin Goodman (historian)">Martin Goodman</a>), Sheffield Academic Press 1989 <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-85075-139-0" title="Special:BookSources/1-85075-139-0">1-85075-139-0</a></li> <li><i>The Religion of Jesus the Jew</i>, Minneapolis, Fortress Press 1993 <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8006-2797-0" title="Special:BookSources/0-8006-2797-0">0-8006-2797-0</a></li> <li><i>The Complete Dead Sea Scrolls in English</i>, Penguin 1997 <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-14-044952-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-14-044952-5">978-0-14-044952-5</a> (2004 ed.) (Fiftieth anniversary ed. 2011 <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-141-19731-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-141-19731-9">978-0-141-19731-9</a>)</li> <li><i>The Changing Faces of Jesus</i>, London, Penguin 2001 <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-14-026524-4" title="Special:BookSources/0-14-026524-4">0-14-026524-4</a></li> <li><i>Jesus in his Jewish Context</i>, Minneapolis, Fortress Press 2003 <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8006-3623-6" title="Special:BookSources/0-8006-3623-6">0-8006-3623-6</a></li> <li><i>The Authentic <a href="/wiki/Gospel" title="Gospel">Gospel</a> of Jesus</i>, London, Penguin 2004 <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-14-100360-X" title="Special:BookSources/0-14-100360-X">0-14-100360-X</a></li> <li><i>The <a href="/wiki/Passion_(Christianity)" class="mw-redirect" title="Passion (Christianity)">Passion</a></i>, London, Penguin 2005 <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-14-102132-2" title="Special:BookSources/0-14-102132-2">0-14-102132-2</a>.</li> <li><i>Who's Who in the Age of Jesus</i>, London, Penguin 2005 <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-14-051565-8" title="Special:BookSources/0-14-051565-8">0-14-051565-8</a></li> <li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=The_Nativity:_History_and_Legend&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="The Nativity: History and Legend (page does not exist)">The Nativity: History and Legend</a></i>, London, Penguin 2006 <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-14-102446-1" title="Special:BookSources/0-14-102446-1">0-14-102446-1</a></li> <li><i>The Resurrection: History and Myth</i>, Doubleday Books 2008 <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-385-52242-8" title="Special:BookSources/0-385-52242-8">0-385-52242-8</a>.</li> <li><i>Searching for the Real Jesus</i>, London, SCM Press 2010 <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-334-04358-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-334-04358-4">978-0-334-04358-4</a></li> <li><i>The Story of the Scrolls: The Miraculous Discovery and True Significance of the Dead Sea Scrolls</i>, London, Penguin 2010 <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-14-104615-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-14-104615-0">978-0-14-104615-0</a></li> <li><i>Jesus: Nativity – Passion – Resurrection</i>, London, Penguin 2010 <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-14-104622-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-14-104622-8">978-0-14-104622-8</a></li> <li><i>Jesus in the Jewish World</i>, London, SCM Press 2010 <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-334-04379-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-334-04379-9">978-0-334-04379-9</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Christian_Beginnings" title="Christian Beginnings">Christian Beginnings</a>. From Nazareth to Nicaea, AD 30–325</i>, London, Allen Lane 2012 <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-846-14150-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-846-14150-8">978-1-846-14150-8</a></li> <li><i>The True Herod</i>, London, Bloomsbury, 2014 <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-567-57544-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-567-57544-9">978-0-567-57544-9</a></li></ul> <p>For more details see his autobiography, <i>Providential Accidents</i>, London, SCM Press, 1998 <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-334-02722-5" title="Special:BookSources/0-334-02722-5">0-334-02722-5</a>; Rowman & Littlefield, Lanham MD, 1998 <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8476-9340-6" title="Special:BookSources/0-8476-9340-6">0-8476-9340-6</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=G%C3%A9za_Vermes&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Paul_Winter_(author)" class="mw-redirect" title="Paul Winter (author)">Paul Winter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paula_Fredriksen" title="Paula Fredriksen">Paula Fredriksen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Daniel_Boyarin" title="Daniel Boyarin">Daniel Boyarin</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=G%C3%A9za_Vermes&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFShepherd2020" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Shepherd, Melinda C. (18 June 2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.britannica.com/biography/Geza-Vermes">"Geza Vermes"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica" title="Encyclopædia Britannica">Encyclopædia Britannica</a></i>. <a href="/wiki/Edinburgh" title="Edinburgh">Edinburgh</a>: <a href="/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica,_Inc." title="Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc.">Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc.</a><span class="reference-accessdate"> Retrieved <span class="nowrap">24 July</span> 2020</span>. <q><b>Geza Vermes</b>, Hungarian-born British religious scholar (born June 22, 1924, Mako, Hung.—died May 8, 2013, Oxford, Oxfordshire, Eng.), was a leading interpreter of the "historical Jesus" as a Jewish holy man and of the Dead Sea Scrolls; Vermes's volume <i>The Dead Sea Scrolls in English</i> (1962) was generally considered one of the finest translations of those ancient manuscripts.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Geza+Vermes&rft.btitle=Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Britannica&rft.place=Edinburgh&rft.pub=Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Britannica%2C+Inc.&rft.date=2020-06-18&rft.aulast=Shepherd&rft.aufirst=Melinda+C.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.britannica.com%2Fbiography%2FGeza-Vermes&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AG%C3%A9za+Vermes" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-TM1998_1-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-TM1998_1_2-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Gerd_Theissen" title="Gerd Theissen">Gerd Theissen</a>, Annette Merz (1998), <i>The historical Jesus: a comprehensive guide</i>, Fortress Press (translated from the German 1996 edition). Chapter 1: <i>Quest of the historical Jesus</i>, pp. 1–16.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCrace2008" class="citation news cs1">Crace, John (18 March 2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://education.guardian.co.uk/academicexperts/story/0,,2266141,00.html">"Geza Vermes: Questions arising"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_Guardian" title="The Guardian">The Guardian</a></i>. <a href="/wiki/London" title="London">London</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">3 April</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Guardian&rft.atitle=Geza+Vermes%3A+Questions+arising&rft.date=2008-03-18&rft.aulast=Crace&rft.aufirst=John&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Feducation.guardian.co.uk%2Facademicexperts%2Fstory%2F0%2C%2C2266141%2C00.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AG%C3%A9za+Vermes" class="Z3988"></span>; <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.tcpc.org/review/review.cfm?review_id=10">G. Richard Wheatcroft review of The Authentic Gospel of Jesus</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110108133006/http://tcpc.org/review/review.cfm?review_id=10">Archived</a> 8 January 2011 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHomolka2016" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Walter_Homolka" title="Walter Homolka">Homolka, Walter</a> (2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=RNc6DQAAQBAJ&pg=PA64">"Géza Vermes: Concluding the Classical Era of Jewish Jesus Research?"</a>. <i>Jewish Jesus Research and its Challenge to Christology Today</i>. Jewish and Christian Perspectives Series. Vol. 30. <a href="/wiki/Leiden" title="Leiden">Leiden</a>: <a href="/wiki/Brill_Publishers" title="Brill Publishers">Brill Publishers</a>. pp. 64–65. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-90-04-33173-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-90-04-33173-0"><bdi>978-90-04-33173-0</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/LCCN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="LCCN (identifier)">LCCN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://lccn.loc.gov/2016034430">2016034430</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=G%C3%A9za+Vermes%3A+Concluding+the+Classical+Era+of+Jewish+Jesus+Research%3F&rft.btitle=Jewish+Jesus+Research+and+its+Challenge+to+Christology+Today&rft.place=Leiden&rft.series=Jewish+and+Christian+Perspectives+Series&rft.pages=64-65&rft.pub=Brill+Publishers&rft.date=2016&rft_id=info%3Alccn%2F2016034430&rft.isbn=978-90-04-33173-0&rft.aulast=Homolka&rft.aufirst=Walter&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DRNc6DQAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA64&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AG%C3%A9za+Vermes" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHarrington2008" class="citation news cs1">Harrington, Daniel J. (24 March 2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://americamagazine.org/issue/culture/no-evidence">"No Evidence? <i>The Resurrection</i> by Geza Vermes"</a>. <a href="/wiki/America_(Jesuit_magazine)" class="mw-redirect" title="America (Jesuit magazine)">America</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">3 April</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=No+Evidence%3F+The+Resurrection+by+Geza+Vermes&rft.date=2008-03-24&rft.aulast=Harrington&rft.aufirst=Daniel+J.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Famericamagazine.org%2Fissue%2Fculture%2Fno-evidence&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AG%C3%A9za+Vermes" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-timesofisrael-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-timesofisrael_6-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-timesofisrael_6-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-timesofisrael_6-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-timesofisrael_6-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-timesofisrael_6-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-timesofisrael_6-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-timesofisrael_6-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-timesofisrael_6-7"><sup><i><b>h</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-timesofisrael_6-8"><sup><i><b>i</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-timesofisrael_6-9"><sup><i><b>j</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBarr2013" class="citation news cs1">Barr, Robert (12 May 2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.timesofisrael.com/geza-vermes-renowned-jesus-scholar-dies-at-88/">"Geza Vermes, renowned Jesus scholar, dies at 88"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_Times_of_Israel" title="The Times of Israel">The Times of Israel</a></i>. <a href="/wiki/Jerusalem" title="Jerusalem">Jerusalem</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">3 April</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Times+of+Israel&rft.atitle=Geza+Vermes%2C+renowned+Jesus+scholar%2C+dies+at+88&rft.date=2013-05-12&rft.aulast=Barr&rft.aufirst=Robert&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.timesofisrael.com%2Fgeza-vermes-renowned-jesus-scholar-dies-at-88%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AG%C3%A9za+Vermes" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-forward-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-forward_7-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-forward_7-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-forward_7-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-forward_7-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-forward_7-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-forward_7-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-forward_7-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-forward_7-7"><sup><i><b>h</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-forward_7-8"><sup><i><b>i</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-forward_7-9"><sup><i><b>j</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-forward_7-10"><sup><i><b>k</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-forward_7-11"><sup><i><b>l</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-forward_7-12"><sup><i><b>m</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-forward_7-13"><sup><i><b>n</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-forward_7-14"><sup><i><b>o</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-forward_7-15"><sup><i><b>p</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-forward_7-16"><sup><i><b>q</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-forward_7-17"><sup><i><b>r</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-forward_7-18"><sup><i><b>s</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-forward_7-19"><sup><i><b>t</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFIvry2013" class="citation news cs1">Ivry, Benjamin (15 May 2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://forward.com/news/176752/geza-vermes-hungarian-bible-scholar-who-returned-t/#ixzz2TSHw5Nz0">"Geza Vermes, Hungarian Bible Scholar Who Returned to Jewish Roots, Dies at 88"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_Forward" title="The Forward">The Forward</a></i>. <a href="/wiki/New_York_City" title="New York City">New York</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">3 April</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Forward&rft.atitle=Geza+Vermes%2C+Hungarian+Bible+Scholar+Who+Returned+to+Jewish+Roots%2C+Dies+at+88&rft.date=2013-05-15&rft.aulast=Ivry&rft.aufirst=Benjamin&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fforward.com%2Fnews%2F176752%2Fgeza-vermes-hungarian-bible-scholar-who-returned-t%2F%23ixzz2TSHw5Nz0&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AG%C3%A9za+Vermes" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-nytimes.com-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-nytimes.com_8-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-nytimes.com_8-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-nytimes.com_8-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-nytimes.com_8-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-nytimes.com_8-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-nytimes.com_8-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-nytimes.com_8-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFYardley2013" class="citation news cs1">Yardley, William (16 May 2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/2013/05/17/world/europe/geza-vermes-dead-sea-scrolls-scholar-dies-at-88.html?_r=0">"Geza Vermes, Dead Sea Scrolls Scholar, Dies at 88"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_New_York_Times" title="The New York Times">The New York Times</a></i>. New York<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">3 April</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=Geza+Vermes%2C+Dead+Sea+Scrolls+Scholar%2C+Dies+at+88&rft.date=2013-05-16&rft.aulast=Yardley&rft.aufirst=William&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F2013%2F05%2F17%2Fworld%2Feurope%2Fgeza-vermes-dead-sea-scrolls-scholar-dies-at-88.html%3F_r%3D0&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AG%C3%A9za+Vermes" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=e7rYAAAAMAAJ&q=%22Mako,+Hungary,+June+22,+1924%22&hl=en">Who's who in Biblical Studies and Archaeology – Google Books</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-haaretz-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-haaretz_10-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-haaretz_10-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-haaretz_10-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-haaretz_10-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-haaretz_10-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-haaretz_10-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-haaretz_10-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-haaretz_10-7"><sup><i><b>h</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-haaretz_10-8"><sup><i><b>i</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-haaretz_10-9"><sup><i><b>j</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGreen2016" class="citation news cs1">Green, David B. (22 June 2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.haaretz.com/jewish/1924-the-priest-who-studied-jesus-the-jew-is-born-1.5399062">"1924: The Priest Who Noticed Jesus Had Been Jewish Is Born"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Haaretz" title="Haaretz">Haaretz</a></i>. <a href="/wiki/Tel_Aviv" title="Tel Aviv">Tel Aviv</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">3 April</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Haaretz&rft.atitle=1924%3A+The+Priest+Who+Noticed+Jesus+Had+Been+Jewish+Is+Born&rft.date=2016-06-22&rft.aulast=Green&rft.aufirst=David+B.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.haaretz.com%2Fjewish%2F1924-the-priest-who-studied-jesus-the-jew-is-born-1.5399062&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AG%C3%A9za+Vermes" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFShanks1999" class="citation journal cs1"><a href="/wiki/Hershel_Shanks" title="Hershel Shanks">Shanks, Hershel</a>, ed. (June 1999). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://members.bib-arch.org/publication.asp?PubID=BSBR&Volume=15&Issue=3&ArticleID=14">"Geza The Jew"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Bible_Review" class="mw-redirect" title="Bible Review">Bible Review</a></i>. <b>15</b> (3). <a href="/wiki/Biblical_Archaeology_Society" title="Biblical Archaeology Society">Biblical Archaeology Society</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">24 July</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Bible+Review&rft.atitle=Geza+The+Jew&rft.volume=15&rft.issue=3&rft.date=1999-06&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fmembers.bib-arch.org%2Fpublication.asp%3FPubID%3DBSBR%26Volume%3D15%26Issue%3D3%26ArticleID%3D14&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AG%C3%A9za+Vermes" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAlexander2013" class="citation news cs1">Alexander, Philip (14 May 2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/books/2013/may/14/geza-vermes">"Geza Vermes obituary: Expert on the Dead Sea Scrolls, the historical Jesus and the origins of Christianity"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_Guardian" title="The Guardian">The Guardian</a></i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">17 September</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Guardian&rft.atitle=Geza+Vermes+obituary%3A+Expert+on+the+Dead+Sea+Scrolls%2C+the+historical+Jesus+and+the+origins+of+Christianity&rft.date=2013-05-14&rft.aulast=Alexander&rft.aufirst=Philip&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theguardian.com%2Fbooks%2F2013%2Fmay%2F14%2Fgeza-vermes&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AG%C3%A9za+Vermes" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Géza Vermès, <i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=rH69p6a9bcEC&pg=PA170">Providential Accidents: An autobiography</a></i>, Rowman & Littlefield, 1998, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8476-9340-6" title="Special:BookSources/0-8476-9340-6">0-8476-9340-6</a>, p. 170.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">re-issued in London by Penguin Classics, as <i>The Complete Dead Sea Scrolls in English</i>, 2004, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-14-044952-3" title="Special:BookSources/0-14-044952-3">0-14-044952-3</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Edinburgh, T. & T. Clark, 1973, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-567-02242-0" title="Special:BookSources/0-567-02242-0">0-567-02242-0</a>, 1979, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-567-02243-9" title="Special:BookSources/0-567-02243-9">0-567-02243-9</a>, 1986–87. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-567-02244-7" title="Special:BookSources/0-567-02244-7">0-567-02244-7</a>, <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-567-09373-5" title="Special:BookSources/0-567-09373-5">0-567-09373-5</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-britannica.com-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-britannica.com_16-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-britannica.com_16-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">"<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/303091/Jesus-Christ">Jesus Christ</a>." Encyclopædia Britannica. 2010. Encyclopædia Britannica Online. 8 November 2010 .</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-JJS-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-JJS_17-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.jjs-online.net">JJS Online</a> Journal of Jewish Studies.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ochjs.ac.uk/">Oxford Centre for Hebrew and Jewish Studies</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Vermesepi-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Vermesepi_19-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Vermesepi_19-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Vermesepi_19-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Vermesepi_19-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Vermesepi_19-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Vermes, Geza. <i>The authentic Gospel of Jesus</i>. London, Penguin Books. 2004. Epilogue. pp. 398–417.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Sanders-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Sanders_20-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Sanders, E. P. <i>The historical figure of Jesus</i>. Penguin, 1993.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Vermes, Géza, "The great <i>Da Vinci Code</i> distraction", in <i><a href="/wiki/The_Times" title="The Times">The Times</a></i>, 6 May 2006. Article reproduced in Vermes, <i>Searching for the Real Jesus: Jesus, The Dead Sea Scrolls and Other Religious Themes</i>, SCM Press, 2009, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0334043584" title="Special:BookSources/978-0334043584">978-0334043584</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFVermes2010" class="citation book cs1"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Vermes, Geza</a> (2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=M1RsWXhXXogC"><i>The Real Jesus: Then and Now</i></a>. Augsburg Fortress, Publishers. pp. 54–55. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4514-0882-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4514-0882-9"><bdi>978-1-4514-0882-9</bdi></a>. <q>The historical Jesus can be retrieved only within the context of first-century Galilean Judaism. The Gospel image must therefore be inserted into the historical canvas of Palestine in the first century CE, with the help of the works of Flavius Josephus, the Dead Sea Scrolls and early rabbinic literature. Against this background, what kind of picture of Jesus emerges from the Gospels? That of a rural holy man, initially a follower of the movement of repentance launched by another holy man, John the Baptist. In the hamlets and villages of Lower Galilee and the lakeside, Jesus set out to preach the coming of the Kingdom of God within the lifetime of his generation and outlined the religious duties his simple listeners were to perform to prepare themselves for the great event. [...] The reliability of Josephus's notice about Jesus was rejected by many in the nineteenth and early twentieth centuries, but it has been judged partly genuine and partly falsified by the majority of more recent critics. The Jesus portrait of Josephus, drawn by an uninvolved witness, stands halfway between the fully sympathetic picture of early Christianity and the wholly antipathetic image of the magician of Talmudic and post-Talmudic Jewish literature.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Real+Jesus%3A+Then+and+Now&rft.pages=54-55&rft.pub=Augsburg+Fortress%2C+Publishers&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=978-1-4514-0882-9&rft.aulast=Vermes&rft.aufirst=Geza&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DM1RsWXhXXogC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AG%C3%A9za+Vermes" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=G%C3%A9za_Vermes&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Wikiquote-logo.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/13px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="13" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/20px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/27px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="355" /></a></span> Quotations related to <a href="https://en.wikiquote.org/wiki/Geza_Vermes" class="extiw" title="wikiquote:Geza Vermes">Geza Vermes</a> at Wikiquote</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150612050327/http://www.bbc.co.uk/programmes/p00949vh">Appearance on Desert Island Discs 4 June 2000</a></li></ul> <div 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ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Dead_Sea_Scrolls" title="Template:Dead Sea Scrolls"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Dead_Sea_Scrolls" title="Template talk:Dead Sea Scrolls"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Dead_Sea_Scrolls" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Dead Sea Scrolls"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Dead_Sea_Scrolls" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Dead_Sea_Scrolls" title="Dead Sea Scrolls">Dead Sea Scrolls</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#F8D810;">Texts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/4Q106" title="4Q106">4Q106</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/4Q107" title="4Q107">4Q107</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/4Q108" title="4Q108">4Q108</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/4Q119" title="4Q119">4Q119</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/4Q120" title="4Q120">4Q120</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/4Q121" title="4Q121">4Q121</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/4Q122" title="4Q122">4Q122</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/4Q126" title="4Q126">4Q126</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/4Q127" title="4Q127">4Q127</a></li> <li>4Q166</li> <li><a href="/wiki/4Q175" title="4Q175">4Q175</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/4Q240" title="4Q240">4Q240</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/4Q246" title="4Q246">4Q246</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/4Q252" class="mw-redirect" title="4Q252">4Q252</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/4Q448" title="4Q448">4Q448</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/4Q521" title="4Q521">4Q521</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Testament_of_Qahat" title="Testament of Qahat">4Q542</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/4Q41" title="4Q41">4QDeuteronomy<sup>n</sup> (4Q41)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/4QInstruction" title="4QInstruction">4QInstruction (4Q415–418, 4Q418a, 4Q423, 1Q26)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/4QMMT" title="4QMMT">4QMMT (4Q394–399)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/6Q6" title="6Q6">6Q6</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/7Q1" title="7Q1">7Q1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/7Q5" title="7Q5">7Q5</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Great_Psalms_Scroll" class="mw-redirect" title="The Great Psalms Scroll">11Q5 The Great Psalms Scroll</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paleo-Hebrew_Leviticus_Scroll" title="Paleo-Hebrew Leviticus Scroll">11QpaleoLev</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/11Q13" title="11Q13">11Q13 Melchizedek</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/11Q18_New_Jerusalem" title="11Q18 New Jerusalem">11Q18 New Jerusalem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barkhi_Nafshi" title="Barkhi Nafshi">Barkhi Nafshi (4Q434–438)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Book_of_Giants" title="The Book of Giants">The Book of Giants</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Book_of_Mysteries" class="mw-redirect" title="The Book of Mysteries">The Book of Mysteries (1Q27 and 4Q299–301)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Community_Rule" title="Community Rule">Community Rule (1QS, 4QS, 5Q11, 5Q13)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Copper_Scroll" title="Copper Scroll">Copper Scroll (3Q15)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Damascus_Document" title="Damascus Document">Damascus Document (CD)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Genesis_Apocryphon" title="Genesis Apocryphon">Genesis Apocryphon (1QapGen ar)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pesher_on_Genesis" title="Pesher on Genesis">Genesis Commentary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greek_Minor_Prophets_Scroll_from_Nahal_Hever" title="Greek Minor Prophets Scroll from Nahal Hever">Greek Minor Prophets Scroll from Nahal Hever</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Habakkuk_Commentary" title="Habakkuk Commentary">Habakkuk Commentary (1QpHab)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isaiah_Scroll" title="Isaiah Scroll">Isaiah Scroll (1QIsa<sup>a</sup></a><a href="/wiki/1QIsab" title="1QIsab">,1QIsa<sup>b</sup>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nahum_Commentary" title="Nahum Commentary">Nahum Commentary (4QpNah/4Q169)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Jerusalem_Dead_Sea_Scroll" title="New Jerusalem Dead Sea Scroll">New Jerusalem Scroll</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paleo-Hebrew_Leviticus_Scroll" title="Paleo-Hebrew Leviticus Scroll">Paleo-Hebrew Leviticus scroll (11QpaleoLev)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qumran_Physiognomies" title="Qumran Physiognomies">Physiognomies</a>/<a href="/wiki/Qumran_%22Horoscopes%22_(4Q186)" title="Qumran "Horoscopes" (4Q186)">Horoscopes (4Q186)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pseudo-Ezekiel" title="Pseudo-Ezekiel">Pseudo-Ezekiel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Rule_of_the_Blessing" title="The Rule of the Blessing">Rule of the Blessing (1QSb)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Rule_of_the_Congregation" title="The Rule of the Congregation">Rule of the Congregation (1QSa)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Samuel_Scroll" title="The Samuel Scroll">Samuel Scroll</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Seekers_After_Smooth_Things" title="The Seekers After Smooth Things">The Seekers After Smooth Things</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Songs_of_the_Sabbath_Sacrifice" title="Songs of the Sabbath Sacrifice">Songs of the Sabbath Sacrifice (4Q400–407)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/4Q510%E2%80%93511" title="4Q510–511">Songs of the Sage (4Q510–511)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Temple_Scroll" title="Temple Scroll">Temple Scroll (11Q19)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thanksgiving_Hymns" title="Thanksgiving Hymns">Thanksgiving Hymns (1QH)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_War_of_the_Messiah" title="The War of the Messiah">The War of the Messiah/The Pierced Messiah Text (4Q285/11Q14)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/War_of_the_Sons_of_Light_Against_the_Sons_of_Darkness" title="War of the Sons of Light Against the Sons of Darkness">War of the Sons of Light Against the Sons of Darkness (1QM)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#F8D810;">Places</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Qumran" title="Qumran">Qumran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qumran_Caves" title="Qumran Caves">Qumran Caves</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_manuscripts_from_Qumran_Cave_1" title="List of manuscripts from Qumran Cave 1">cave 1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_manuscripts_from_Qumran_Cave_2" title="List of manuscripts from Qumran Cave 2">2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_manuscripts_from_Qumran_Cave_3" title="List of manuscripts from Qumran Cave 3">3</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_manuscripts_from_Qumran_Cave_4" title="List of manuscripts from Qumran Cave 4">4</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_manuscripts_from_Qumran_Cave_5" title="List of manuscripts from Qumran Cave 5">5</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_manuscripts_from_Qumran_Cave_6" title="List of manuscripts from Qumran Cave 6">6</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_manuscripts_from_Qumran_Cave_7" title="List of manuscripts from Qumran Cave 7">7</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_manuscripts_from_Qumran_Cave_8" title="List of manuscripts from Qumran Cave 8">8</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_manuscripts_from_Qumran_Cave_9" title="List of manuscripts from Qumran Cave 9">9</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_manuscripts_from_Qumran_Cave_10" title="List of manuscripts from Qumran Cave 10">10</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_manuscripts_from_Qumran_Cave_11" title="List of manuscripts from Qumran Cave 11">11</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qumran_cemetery" title="Qumran cemetery">Qumran cemetery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ein_Feshkha" title="Ein Feshkha">Ein Feshkha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kohlit" title="Kohlit">Kohlit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Secacah" title="Secacah">Secacah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wadi_Murabba%27at" title="Wadi Murabba'at">Wadi Murabba'at</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#F8D810;">Issues</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Essenes" title="Essenes">Essenes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sadducees" title="Sadducees">Sadducees</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carbon_dating_the_Dead_Sea_Scrolls" title="Carbon dating the Dead Sea Scrolls">Carbon dating</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yahad_Ostracon" title="Yahad Ostracon">Yahad Ostracon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pesher" title="Pesher">Pesher</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dual_messiahs" title="Dual messiahs">Dual messiahs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Teacher_of_Righteousness" title="Teacher of Righteousness">Teacher of Righteousness</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wicked_Priest" title="Wicked Priest">Wicked Priest</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qumran_calendrical_texts" title="Qumran calendrical texts">Calendrical texts</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#F8D810;">Scholars</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Martin_Abegg" title="Martin Abegg">Martin G. Abegg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_M._Allegro" title="John M. Allegro">John Marco Allegro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_M._Baumgarten" title="Joseph M. Baumgarten">Joseph M. Baumgarten</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_J._Collins" title="John J. Collins">John J. Collins</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sidnie_White_Crawford" title="Sidnie White Crawford">Sidnie White Crawford</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frank_Moore_Cross" title="Frank Moore Cross">Frank Moore Cross</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andr%C3%A9_Dupont-Sommer" title="André Dupont-Sommer">André Dupont-Sommer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Eisenman" title="Robert Eisenman">Robert Eisenman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hanan_Eshel" title="Hanan Eshel">Hanan Eshel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Fitzmyer" title="Joseph Fitzmyer">Joseph Fitzmyer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peter_Flint" title="Peter Flint">Peter W. Flint</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Noel_Freedman" title="David Noel Freedman">David Noel Freedman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean-Baptiste_Humbert" title="Jean-Baptiste Humbert">Jean-Baptiste Humbert</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Florentino_Garc%C3%ADa_Mart%C3%ADnez" title="Florentino García Martínez">Florentino García Martínez</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Norman_Golb" title="Norman Golb">Norman Golb</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gerald_Lankester_Harding" title="Gerald Lankester Harding">Gerald Lankester Harding</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yizhar_Hirschfeld" title="Yizhar Hirschfeld">Yizhar Hirschfeld</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ernest-Marie_Laperrousaz" title="Ernest-Marie Laperrousaz">Ernest-Marie Laperrousaz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jodi_Magness" title="Jodi Magness">Jodi Magness</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/J%C3%B3zef_Milik" title="Józef Milik">Józef Milik</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elisha_Qimron" title="Elisha Qimron">Elisha Qimron</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_A._Sanders" title="James A. Sanders">James A. Sanders</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lawrence_Schiffman" title="Lawrence Schiffman">Lawrence Schiffman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hershel_Shanks" title="Hershel Shanks">Hershel Shanks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Patrick_W._Skehan" title="Patrick W. Skehan">Patrick W. Skehan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Solomon_H._Steckoll" title="Solomon H. Steckoll">Solomon H. Steckoll</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hartmut_Stegemann" title="Hartmut Stegemann">Hartmut Stegemann</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Strugnell" title="John Strugnell">John Strugnell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eleazar_Sukenik" title="Eleazar Sukenik">Eleazar Sukenik</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carsten_Peter_Thiede" title="Carsten Peter Thiede">Carsten Peter Thiede</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emanuel_Tov" title="Emanuel Tov">Emanuel Tov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_C._Trever" title="John C. Trever">John C. Trever</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eugene_Ulrich" title="Eugene Ulrich">Eugene Ulrich</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roland_de_Vaux" title="Roland de Vaux">Roland de Vaux</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Géza Vermes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yigael_Yadin" title="Yigael Yadin">Yigael Yadin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_O%27Callaghan_Mart%C3%ADnez" title="José O'Callaghan Martínez">José O'Callaghan Martínez</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#F8D810;">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Albright_Institute_of_Archaeological_Research" title="Albright Institute of Archaeological Research">AIAR</a>/<a href="/wiki/American_Society_of_Overseas_Research" title="American Society of Overseas Research">ASOR</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aramaic_Enoch_Scroll" title="Aramaic Enoch Scroll">Aramaic Enoch Scroll</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shrine_of_the_Book" title="Shrine of the Book">Shrine of the Book</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orion_Center" title="Orion Center">Orion Center</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%89cole_Biblique" title="École Biblique">École Biblique</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Discoveries_in_the_Judaean_Desert" title="Discoveries in the Judaean Desert">Discoveries in the Judaean Desert</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mar_Samuel" class="mw-redirect" title="Mar Samuel">Mar Samuel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muhammed_edh-Dhib" class="mw-redirect" title="Muhammed edh-Dhib">Muhammed edh-Dhib</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Najib_Albina" title="Najib Albina">Najib Albina</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-labelledby="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q188225#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q188225#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a> <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q188225#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">International</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://isni.org/isni/000000008174276X">ISNI</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://viaf.org/viaf/109150730">VIAF</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://id.worldcat.org/fast/1861851/">FAST</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.oclc.org/worldcat/entity/E39PBJpJhpVRkdF9q8tRRk4Xh3">WorldCat</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/118973576">Germany</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/n79066351">United States</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb119280006">France</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb119280006">BnF data</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.ndl.go.jp/auth/ndlna/00459682">Japan</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=jx20091210014&CON_LNG=ENG">Czech Republic</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://catalogo.bne.es/uhtbin/authoritybrowse.cgi?action=display&authority_id=XX1644747">Spain</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://data.bibliotheken.nl/id/thes/p069109907">Netherlands</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://lod.nl.go.kr/resource/KAC201421156">Korea</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://libris.kb.se/20dhnzql5803g0z">Sweden</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dbn.bn.org.pl/descriptor-details/9810686655005606">Poland</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a class="external text" href="https://wikidata-externalid-url.toolforge.org/?p=8034&url_prefix=https://opac.vatlib.it/auth/detail/&id=495/255895">Vatican</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://olduli.nli.org.il/F/?func=find-b&local_base=NLX10&find_code=UID&request=987007269687405171">Israel</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://cantic.bnc.cat/registre/981058516715406706">Catalonia</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://opac.kbr.be/LIBRARY/doc/AUTHORITY/14831809">Belgium</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Academics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ci.nii.ac.jp/author/DA01644869?l=en">CiNii</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">People</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://trove.nla.gov.au/people/1234476">Trove</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.deutsche-digitale-bibliothek.de/person/gnd/118973576">DDB</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.idref.fr/027181472">IdRef</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Géza_Vermes&oldid=1256089090">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Géza_Vermes&oldid=1256089090</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Help:Category" title="Help:Category">Categories</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:1924_births" title="Category:1924 births">1924 births</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:2013_deaths" title="Category:2013 deaths">2013 deaths</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:20th-century_British_theologians" 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