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recovery </div> </a> <ul id="toc-French_recovery-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Convoy_arrives" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Convoy_arrives"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8 Convoy arrives </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Convoy_arrives-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Aftermath" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Aftermath"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9 Aftermath </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Aftermath-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Aftermath subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Aftermath-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-France" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#France"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9.1 France </div> </a> <ul id="toc-France-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Britain" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Britain"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9.2 Britain </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Britain-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 10 Notes </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 11 References </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Bibliography" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bibliography"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 12 Bibliography </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bibliography-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 13 External links </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label 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Available in 15 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-15" aria-hidden="true" > 15 languages </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A3%D9%88%D9%84_%D9%85%D9%86_%D9%8A%D9%88%D9%86%D9%8A%D9%88_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D8%AC%D9%8A%D8%AF" title="الأول من يونيو المجيد – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="الأول من يونيو المجيد" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">العربية</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bitva_Slavn%C3%A9ho_1._%C4%8Dervna" title="Bitva Slavného 1. června – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Bitva Slavného 1. června" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target">Čeština</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seeschlacht_vom_1._Juni_1794" title="Seeschlacht vom 1. Juni 1794 – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Seeschlacht vom 1. Juni 1794" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target">Deutsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glorioso_primero_de_junio" title="Glorioso primero de junio – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Glorioso primero de junio" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Español</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bataille_du_13_prairial_an_II" title="Bataille du 13 prairial an II – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Bataille du 13 prairial an II" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target">Français</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%98%81%EA%B4%91%EC%8A%A4%EB%9F%AC%EC%9A%B4_6%EC%9B%94_1%EC%9D%BC" title="영광스러운 6월 1일 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="영광스러운 6월 1일" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target">한국어</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glorioza_unesma_di_junio" title="Glorioza unesma di junio – Ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Glorioza unesma di junio" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="Ido" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ido</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glorioso_Primo_di_Giugno" title="Glorioso Primo di Giugno – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Glorioso Primo di Giugno" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Italiano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ushanti_csata" title="Ushanti csata – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Ushanti csata" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Magyar</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%AE%E0%B4%B9%E0%B4%A4%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%A4%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%AF_%E0%B4%86%E0%B4%A6%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%AF_%E0%B4%9C%E0%B5%82%E0%B5%BA" title="മഹത്തായ ആദ്യ ജൂൺ – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="മഹത്തായ ആദ്യ ജൂൺ" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target">മലയാളം</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%A0%84%E5%85%89%E3%81%AE6%E6%9C%881%E6%97%A5" title="栄光の6月1日 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="栄光の6月1日" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">日本語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bitwa_pod_Ushant_(1794)" title="Bitwa pod Ushant (1794) – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Bitwa pod Ushant (1794)" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Polski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glorioso_primeiro_de_junho" title="Glorioso primeiro de junho – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Glorioso primeiro de junho" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Português</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gloriosul_1_iunie" title="Gloriosul 1 iunie – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Gloriosul 1 iunie" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Română</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link 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class="mw-parser-output"><a href="/wiki/Geographic_coordinate_system" title="Geographic coordinate system">Coordinates</a>: <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1156832818">.mw-parser-output .geo-default,.mw-parser-output .geo-dms,.mw-parser-output .geo-dec{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .geo-nondefault,.mw-parser-output .geo-multi-punct,.mw-parser-output .geo-inline-hidden{display:none}.mw-parser-output .longitude,.mw-parser-output .latitude{white-space:nowrap}</style><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Glorious_First_of_June&params=47_24_N_17_27_W_type:event">47°24′N 17°27′W / 47.400°N 17.450°W / 47.400; -17.450</a></div></div> <div id="mw-indicator-featured-star" class="mw-indicator"><div class="mw-parser-output"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Featured_articles*" title="This is a featured article. Click here for more information."><img alt="Featured article" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e7/Cscr-featured.svg/20px-Cscr-featured.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="19" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e7/Cscr-featured.svg/30px-Cscr-featured.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e7/Cscr-featured.svg/40px-Cscr-featured.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="466" data-file-height="443" /></a></div></div> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">1794 naval battle of the French Revolutionary Wars</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">For the play by Richard Brinsley Sheridan, see <a href="/wiki/The_Glorious_First_of_June_(play)" title="The Glorious First of June (play)">The Glorious First of June (play)</a>.</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">"Fourth Battle of Ushant" redirects here. For other engagements named for Ushant, see <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Ushant_(disambiguation)" class="mw-redirect mw-disambig" title="Battle of Ushant (disambiguation)">Battle of Ushant (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r963460841">@media all and (min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .desktop-float-right{box-sizing:border-box;float:right;clear:right}}.mw-parser-output .infobox.vevent .status>p:first-child{margin:0}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1034237262">.mw-parser-output .stack{box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .stack>div{margin:1px;overflow:hidden}@media all and (min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .stack-clear-left{float:left;clear:left}.mw-parser-output .stack-clear-right{float:right;clear:right}.mw-parser-output .stack-left{float:left}.mw-parser-output .stack-right{float:right}.mw-parser-output .stack-margin-clear-left{float:left;clear:left;margin-right:1em}.mw-parser-output .stack-margin-clear-right{float:right;clear:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .stack-margin-left{float:left;margin-right:1em}.mw-parser-output .stack-margin-right{float:right;margin-left:1em}}</style><div class="stack mw-stack stack-clear-right"><div><table class="infobox vevent" style="width:25.5em;border-spacing:2px;"><tbody><tr><th class="summary" colspan="2" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;font-size:110%;">Glorious First of June</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" style="background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;">Part of the <a href="/wiki/Naval_campaigns,_operations_and_battles_of_the_French_Revolutionary_Wars" title="Naval campaigns, operations and battles of the French Revolutionary Wars">naval operations</a> during the <a href="/wiki/War_of_the_First_Coalition" title="War of the First Coalition">War of the First Coalition</a></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" style="text-align:center;border-bottom:1px solid #aaa;line-height:1.5em;"><a href="/wiki/File:Loutherbourg-La_Victoire_de_Lord_Howe.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Loutherbourg-La_Victoire_de_Lord_Howe.jpg/220px-Loutherbourg-La_Victoire_de_Lord_Howe.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="156" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Loutherbourg-La_Victoire_de_Lord_Howe.jpg/330px-Loutherbourg-La_Victoire_de_Lord_Howe.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Loutherbourg-La_Victoire_de_Lord_Howe.jpg/440px-Loutherbourg-La_Victoire_de_Lord_Howe.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2439" data-file-height="1729" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Lord_Howe%27s_action,_or_the_Glorious_First_of_June" class="mw-redirect" title="Lord Howe's action, or the Glorious First of June">Lord Howe's action, or the Glorious First of June</a>, <a href="/wiki/Philip_James_de_Loutherbourg" title="Philip James de Loutherbourg">Philip James de Loutherbourg</a></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2"><table style="width:100%;margin:0;padding:0;border:0;display:inline-table"><tbody><tr><th style="padding-right:1em">Date</th><td>1 June 1794</td></tr><tr><th style="padding-right:1em">Location</th><td><div class="location">400 nautical miles (740 km) west of <a href="/wiki/Ushant" title="Ushant">Ushant</a>, <a href="/wiki/Atlantic_Ocean" title="Atlantic Ocean">Atlantic Ocean</a><a href="#cite_note-1">[a]</a></div><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1156832818">.mw-parser-output .geo-default,.mw-parser-output .geo-dms,.mw-parser-output .geo-dec{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .geo-nondefault,.mw-parser-output .geo-multi-punct,.mw-parser-output .geo-inline-hidden{display:none}.mw-parser-output .longitude,.mw-parser-output .latitude{white-space:nowrap}</style><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Glorious_First_of_June&params=47_24_N_17_27_W_type:event">47°24′N 17°27′W / 47.400°N 17.450°W / 47.400; -17.450</a></td></tr><tr><th style="padding-right:1em">Result</th><td class="status"> See <a class="mw-selflink-fragment" href="#Aftermath">aftermath</a></td></tr></tbody></table></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;font-size:110%;">Belligerents</th></tr><tr><td style="width:50%;border-right:1px dotted #aaa;"> <img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/Flag_of_Great_Britain_%281707%E2%80%931800%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Great_Britain_%281707%E2%80%931800%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/Flag_of_Great_Britain_%281707%E2%80%931800%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Great_Britain_%281707%E2%80%931800%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/Flag_of_Great_Britain_%281707%E2%80%931800%29.svg/46px-Flag_of_Great_Britain_%281707%E2%80%931800%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Great_Britain" title="Kingdom of Great Britain">Great Britain</a></td><td style="width:50%;padding-left:0.25em"> <img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/Flag_of_France_official.svg/23px-Flag_of_France_official.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/Flag_of_France_official.svg/35px-Flag_of_France_official.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/Flag_of_France_official.svg/45px-Flag_of_France_official.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/French_First_Republic" title="French First Republic">France</a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;font-size:110%;">Commanders and leaders</th></tr><tr><td style="width:50%;border-right:1px dotted #aaa;"> <img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/White_Ensign_of_Great_Britain_%281707%E2%80%931800%29.svg/23px-White_Ensign_of_Great_Britain_%281707%E2%80%931800%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/White_Ensign_of_Great_Britain_%281707%E2%80%931800%29.svg/35px-White_Ensign_of_Great_Britain_%281707%E2%80%931800%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/White_Ensign_of_Great_Britain_%281707%E2%80%931800%29.svg/46px-White_Ensign_of_Great_Britain_%281707%E2%80%931800%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1008" data-file-height="560" /> <a href="/wiki/Richard_Howe,_1st_Earl_Howe" title="Richard Howe, 1st Earl Howe">Richard Howe</a></td><td style="width:50%;padding-left:0.25em"> <img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/Flag_of_France_official.svg/23px-Flag_of_France_official.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/Flag_of_France_official.svg/35px-Flag_of_France_official.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/Flag_of_France_official.svg/45px-Flag_of_France_official.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Louis_Thomas_Villaret_de_Joyeuse" title="Louis Thomas Villaret de Joyeuse">Villaret-Joyeuse</a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;font-size:110%;">Strength</th></tr><tr><td style="width:50%;border-right:1px dotted #aaa;"> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><div class="plainlist"> <ul><li>25 ships of the line</li> <li>7 frigates</li> <li>2 fireships</li> <li>2 cutters</li> <li>1 sloop</li></ul> </div></td><td style="width:50%;padding-left:0.25em"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"> <ul><li>26 ships of the line</li> <li>5 frigates</li> <li>2 corvettes</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;font-size:110%;">Casualties and losses</th></tr><tr><td style="width:50%;border-right:1px dotted #aaa;"> 1,200 killed and wounded</td><td style="width:50%;padding-left:0.25em"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"> <ul><li>6 ships of the line captured</li> <li>1 ship of the line sunk</li> <li>~4,000 killed and wounded</li> <li>3,000 captured</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist 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title="Battle of Verdun (1792)">Verdun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Thionville_(1792)" title="Siege of Thionville (1792)">Thionville</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Valmy" title="Battle of Valmy">Valmy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Lille_(1792)" title="Siege of Lille (1792)">Lille</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Mainz_(1792)" title="Siege of Mainz (1792)">Mainz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Jemappes" title="Battle of Jemappes">Jemappes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_expedition_to_Sardinia" title="French expedition to Sardinia">Sardinia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Martinique_(1794)" title="Battle of Martinique (1794)">Martinique</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Invasion_of_Guadeloupe_(1794)" title="Invasion of Guadeloupe (1794)">Guadeloupe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Capture_of_the_Dutch_fleet_at_Den_Helder" title="Capture of the Dutch fleet at Den Helder">Den Helder</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Siegburg" title="Battle of Siegburg">Siegburg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Altenkirchen" title="Battle of Altenkirchen">Altenkirchen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Wetzlar_(1796)" class="mw-redirect" title="Battle of Wetzlar (1796)">Wetzlar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Kircheib" title="Battle of Kircheib">Kircheib</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Kehl_(1796)" title="Battle of Kehl (1796)">1st Kehl</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Ettlingen" title="Battle of Ettlingen">Malsch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Neresheim" title="Battle of Neresheim">Neresheim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Amberg" title="Battle of Amberg">Amberg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Newfoundland_expedition" title="Newfoundland expedition">Newfoundland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_W%C3%BCrzburg" title="Battle of Würzburg">Würzburg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Limburg_(1796)" title="Battle of Limburg (1796)">Limburg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Battle_of_Kehl_(1796)" title="Second Battle of Kehl (1796)">2nd Kehl</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Biberach_(1796)" title="Battle of Biberach (1796)">Biberach</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_expedition_to_Ireland_(1796)" title="French expedition to Ireland (1796)">Ireland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Fishguard" title="Battle of Fishguard">Fishguard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Neuwied_(1797)" title="Battle of Neuwied (1797)">Neuwied</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Diersheim_(1797)" title="Battle of Diersheim (1797)">Diersheim</a></li></ul> <hr /> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Low_Countries_theatre_of_the_War_of_the_First_Coalition" title="Low Countries theatre of the War of the First Coalition">Flanders campaign</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chouannerie" title="Chouannerie">Chouannerie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mediterranean_campaign_of_1793%E2%80%931796" title="Mediterranean campaign of 1793–1796">Mediterranean campaign</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/War_in_the_Vend%C3%A9e" title="War in the Vendée">War in the Vendée</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/War_of_the_Pyrenees" title="War of the Pyrenees">War of the Pyrenees</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_campaigns_of_the_French_Revolutionary_Wars" title="Italian campaigns of the French Revolutionary Wars">Italian campaigns</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/East_Indies_theatre_of_the_French_Revolutionary_Wars" title="East Indies theatre of the French Revolutionary Wars">East Indies Theatre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:Campaignbox_Rhine_Campaign_of_1793%E2%80%9394" title="Template:Campaignbox Rhine Campaign of 1793–94">Rhine campaign of 1793–94</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atlantic_campaign_of_May_1794" title="Atlantic campaign of May 1794">Atlantic campaign</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rhine_campaign_of_1795" title="Rhine campaign of 1795">Rhine campaign of 1795</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rhine_campaign_of_1796" title="Rhine campaign of 1796">Rhine campaign of 1796</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_Campaign_of_1796%E2%80%931797" class="mw-redirect" title="Italian Campaign of 1796–1797">Italian campaign of 1796-1797</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anglo-Spanish_War_(1796%E2%80%931808)" title="Anglo-Spanish War (1796–1808)">Anglo-Spanish War</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Naval_campaigns,_operations_and_battles_of_the_French_Revolutionary_Wars" style="margin:0;float:right;clear:right;width:25.5em;margin-bottom:0.5em;margin-left:1em;;padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks navbox-vertical mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Campaignbox_French_Revolutionary_Wars_Naval_Battles" title="Template:Campaignbox French Revolutionary Wars Naval Battles"><abbr title="View this template" style="color:inherit">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Campaignbox_French_Revolutionary_Wars_Naval_Battles" title="Template talk:Campaignbox French Revolutionary Wars Naval Battles"><abbr title="Discuss this template" style="color:inherit">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Campaignbox_French_Revolutionary_Wars_Naval_Battles" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Campaignbox French Revolutionary Wars Naval Battles"><abbr title="Edit this template" style="color:inherit">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Naval_campaigns,_operations_and_battles_of_the_French_Revolutionary_Wars" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Naval_campaigns,_operations_and_battles_of_the_French_Revolutionary_Wars" title="Naval campaigns, operations and battles of the French Revolutionary Wars">Naval campaigns, operations and battles of the French Revolutionary Wars</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/French_expedition_to_Sardinia" title="French expedition to Sardinia">Sardinia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Action_of_18_June_1793" title="Action of 18 June 1793">Nymphe vs. Cléopâtre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Action_of_31_July_1793" title="Action of 31 July 1793">Embuscade vs. Boston</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Toulon_(1793)" title="Siege of Toulon (1793)">Toulon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raid_on_Genoa" title="Raid on Genoa">1st Genoa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Action_of_20_October_1793" title="Action of 20 October 1793">Crescent vs. Réunion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Action_of_23_April_1794" title="Action of 23 April 1794">Guernsey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atlantic_campaign_of_May_1794" title="Atlantic campaign of May 1794">May 1794</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Ushant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Action_of_6_November_1794" title="Action of 6 November 1794">Alexander</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Capture_of_the_Dutch_fleet_at_Den_Helder" title="Capture of the Dutch fleet at Den Helder">Den Helder</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Croisi%C3%A8re_du_Grand_Hiver" title="Croisière du Grand Hiver">Croisière du Grand Hiver</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Gulf_of_Roses" title="Battle of the Gulf of Roses">Gulf of Roses</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Genoa_(1795)" title="Battle of Genoa (1795)">2nd Genoa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Action_of_10_April_1795" title="Action of 10 April 1795">April 1795</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cornwallis%27s_Retreat" title="Cornwallis's Retreat">Cornwallis's Retreat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Groix" title="Battle of Groix">Groix</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Hy%C3%A8res_Islands" title="Battle of the Hyères Islands">Hyères</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Levant_Convoy" title="Battle of the Levant Convoy">Levant Convoy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Capitulation_of_Saldanha_Bay" title="Capitulation of Saldanha Bay">Saldanha Bay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Newfoundland_expedition" title="Newfoundland expedition">Newfoundland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_expedition_to_Ireland_(1796)" title="French expedition to Ireland (1796)">Ireland</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Action_of_13_January_1797" title="Action of 13 January 1797">Droits de l'Homme</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Cape_St._Vincent_(1797)" title="Battle of Cape St. Vincent (1797)">Cape St. Vincent</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Jean-Rabel" title="Battle of Jean-Rabel">Jean-Rabel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Santa_Cruz_de_Tenerife_(1797)" title="Battle of Santa Cruz de Tenerife (1797)">Santa Cruz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Camperdown" title="Battle of Camperdown">Camperdown</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Raz_de_Sein" title="Battle of the Raz de Sein">Mars vs. Hercule</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_%C3%8Eles_Saint-Marcouf" title="Battle of the Îles Saint-Marcouf">Îles Saint-Marcouf</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Expedition_to_Ostend" title="Expedition to Ostend">Ostend</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Action_of_30_May_1798" title="Action of 30 May 1798">Dives River</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Nile" title="Battle of the Nile">Nile</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_St._George%27s_Caye" title="Battle of St. George's Caye">St. George's Caye</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Tory_Island" title="Battle of Tory Island">Tory Island</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Action_of_24_October_1798" title="Action of 24 October 1798">Texel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Croisi%C3%A8re_de_Bruix" title="Croisière de Bruix">Croisière de Bruix</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Malta_Convoy" title="Battle of the Malta Convoy">Malta Convoy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raid_on_Dunkirk_(1800)" title="Raid on Dunkirk (1800)">Dunkirk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Malta_(1798%E2%80%931800)" title="Siege of Malta (1798–1800)">Malta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Copenhagen_(1801)" title="Battle of Copenhagen (1801)">Copenhagen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Algeciras_campaign" title="Algeciras campaign">Algeciras</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/First_Battle_of_Algeciras" title="First Battle of Algeciras">1st</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Battle_of_Algeciras" title="Second Battle of Algeciras">2nd</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raids_on_Boulogne" title="Raids on Boulogne">Boulogne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Mah%C3%A9" title="Battle of Mahé">Mahé</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Atlantic_Campaign_of_May_1794" style="margin:0;float:right;clear:right;width:25.5em;margin-bottom:0.5em;margin-left:1em;;padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks navbox-vertical mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Campaignbox_Atlantic_campaign_of_May_1794" title="Template:Campaignbox Atlantic campaign of May 1794"><abbr title="View this template" style="color:inherit">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Campaignbox_Atlantic_campaign_of_May_1794" title="Template talk:Campaignbox Atlantic campaign of May 1794"><abbr title="Discuss this template" style="color:inherit">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Campaignbox_Atlantic_campaign_of_May_1794" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Campaignbox Atlantic campaign of May 1794"><abbr title="Edit this template" style="color:inherit">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Atlantic_Campaign_of_May_1794" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Atlantic_campaign_of_May_1794" title="Atlantic campaign of May 1794">Atlantic Campaign of May 1794</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Action_of_7_May_1794" title="Action of 7 May 1794">7 May 1794</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atlantic_campaign_of_May_1794#28_May" title="Atlantic campaign of May 1794">28 May 1794</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frigate_action_of_29_May_1794" title="Frigate action of 29 May 1794">29 May 1794</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Glorious First of June</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div></div></div> The Glorious First of June (1 June 1794), also known as the Fourth Battle of Ushant, (known in France as the Bataille du 13 prairial an 2 or Combat de Prairial)<a href="#cite_note-2">[b]</a> was the first and largest <a href="/wiki/Fleet_action" title="Fleet action">fleet action</a> of the naval conflict between the <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Great_Britain" title="Kingdom of Great Britain">Kingdom of Great Britain</a> and the <a href="/wiki/First_French_Republic" class="mw-redirect" title="First French Republic">First French Republic</a> during the <a href="/wiki/French_Revolutionary_Wars" title="French Revolutionary Wars">French Revolutionary Wars</a>. The action was the culmination of a <a href="/wiki/May_1794_Atlantic_campaign" class="mw-redirect" title="May 1794 Atlantic campaign">campaign</a> that had criss-crossed the <a href="/wiki/Bay_of_Biscay" title="Bay of Biscay">Bay of Biscay</a> over the previous month in which both sides had captured numerous merchant ships and minor warships and had engaged in two partial, but inconclusive, fleet actions. The <a href="/wiki/British_Channel_Fleet" class="mw-redirect" title="British Channel Fleet">British Channel Fleet</a> under Admiral <a href="/wiki/Richard_Howe,_1st_Earl_Howe" title="Richard Howe, 1st Earl Howe">Lord Howe</a> attempted to prevent the passage of a vital French <a href="/wiki/Cereal" title="Cereal">grain</a> <a href="/wiki/Convoy" title="Convoy">convoy</a> from the <a href="/wiki/Federalist_Era#Foreign_Affairs" title="Federalist Era">United States</a>, which was protected by the <a href="/wiki/French_Navy" title="French Navy">French Atlantic Fleet</a>, commanded by Rear-Admiral <a href="/wiki/Louis_Thomas_Villaret_de_Joyeuse" title="Louis Thomas Villaret de Joyeuse">Villaret-Joyeuse</a>. The two forces clashed in the Atlantic Ocean, some 400 nautical miles (700 km) west of the French island of <a href="/wiki/Ushant" title="Ushant">Ushant</a> on 1 June 1794. During the battle, Howe defied naval convention by ordering his fleet to turn towards the French and for each of his vessels to <a href="/wiki/Raking_fire" title="Raking fire">rake</a> and engage their immediate opponent. This unexpected order was not understood by all of his captains, and as a result, his attack was more piecemeal than he intended. Nevertheless, his ships inflicted a severe tactical defeat on the French fleet. In the aftermath of the battle both fleets were left shattered; in no condition for further combat, Howe and Villaret returned to their home ports. Despite losing seven of his <a href="/wiki/Ships_of_the_line" class="mw-redirect" title="Ships of the line">ships of the line</a>, Villaret had bought enough time for the French grain convoy to reach safety unimpeded by Howe's fleet, securing a strategic success. However, he was also forced to withdraw his battle fleet back to port, leaving the British free to conduct a campaign of <a href="/wiki/Blockade" title="Blockade">blockade</a> for the remainder of the war. In the immediate aftermath, both sides claimed victory and the outcome of the battle was seized upon by the press of both nations as a demonstration of the prowess and bravery of their respective navies. The Glorious First of June demonstrated a number of the major problems inherent in the French and British navies at the start of the Revolutionary Wars. Both admirals were faced with disobedience from their captains, along with ill-discipline and poor training among their shorthanded crews, and they failed to control their fleets effectively during the height of the combat. <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Background">Background</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Glorious_First_of_June&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Background">edit</a>]</div> Since early 1792 France had been at war with four of its neighbours on two fronts, battling the <a href="/wiki/Habsburg_monarchy" title="Habsburg monarchy">Habsburg monarchy</a> and <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Prussia" title="Kingdom of Prussia">Prussia</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Austrian_Netherlands" title="Austrian Netherlands">Austrian Netherlands</a>, and the Austrians and <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Sardinia" title="Kingdom of Sardinia">Piedmontese</a> in Italy. On 2 January 1793, almost one year into the <a href="/wiki/French_Revolutionary_War" class="mw-redirect" title="French Revolutionary War">French Revolutionary War</a>, republican-held forts at <a href="/wiki/Brest,_France" title="Brest, France">Brest</a> in Brittany <a href="/wiki/Childers_Incident" title="Childers Incident">fired on</a> the British <a href="/wiki/Brig" title="Brig">brig</a> HMS <a href="/wiki/HMS_Childers_(1778)" title="HMS Childers (1778)">Childers</a>.<a href="#cite_note-4">[c]</a> A few weeks later, following the <a href="/wiki/Execution_of_Louis_XVI" title="Execution of Louis XVI">execution</a> of the imprisoned King <a href="/wiki/Louis_XVI" title="Louis XVI">Louis XVI</a>,<a href="#cite_note-RG9-5">[2]</a> diplomatic ties between Britain and France were broken. On 1 February, France declared war on both Britain and the <a href="/wiki/Dutch_Republic" title="Dutch Republic">Dutch Republic</a>.<a href="#cite_note-HM373-6">[3]</a> Protected from immediate invasion by the <a href="/wiki/English_Channel" title="English Channel">English Channel</a>, Britain prepared for an extensive naval campaign and dispatched troops to the Netherlands for service against the French.<a href="#cite_note-PP15-7">[4]</a> Throughout the remainder of 1793, the British and French navies undertook minor operations in Northern waters, the <a href="/wiki/Mediterranean" class="mw-redirect" title="Mediterranean">Mediterranean</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Caribbean" title="Caribbean">West</a> and <a href="/wiki/East_Indies" title="East Indies">East Indies</a>, where both nations maintained <a href="/wiki/European_colonization_of_the_Americas" title="European colonization of the Americas">colonies</a>. The closest the <a href="/wiki/Channel_Fleet" title="Channel Fleet">Channel Fleet</a> had come to an engagement was when it had narrowly missed intercepting the French convoy from the Caribbean, escorted by 15 ships of the line on 2 August.<a href="#cite_note-NM102-8">[5]</a> The only major clash was the <a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Toulon_(1793)" title="Siege of Toulon (1793)">Siege of Toulon</a>, a confused and bloody affair in which the British force holding the town—alongside <a href="/wiki/History_of_Spain_(1700-1808)" class="mw-redirect" title="History of Spain (1700-1808)">Spanish</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Sardinia_(1720-1861)" class="mw-redirect" title="Kingdom of Sardinia (1720-1861)">Sardinian</a>, Austrian and <a href="/wiki/Arm%C3%A9e_des_%C3%89migr%C3%A9s" title="Armée des Émigrés">French Royalist</a> troops—had to be evacuated by the <a href="/wiki/Royal_Navy" title="Royal Navy">Royal Navy</a> to prevent its imminent defeat at the hands of the <a href="/wiki/French_Revolutionary_Army" title="French Revolutionary Army">French Revolutionary Army</a>.<a href="#cite_note-NT27-9">[6]</a> The aftermath of this siege was punctuated by recriminations and accusations of cowardice and betrayal among the allies, eventually resulting in Spain switching allegiance with the signing of the <a href="/wiki/Second_Treaty_of_San_Ildefonso" title="Second Treaty of San Ildefonso">Treaty of San Ildefonso</a> two years later.<a href="#cite_note-HW387-10">[7]</a> Nevertheless, the siege produced one major success: Sir <a href="/wiki/Sidney_Smith_(Royal_Navy_officer)" title="Sidney Smith (Royal Navy officer)">Sidney Smith</a>, with parties of sailors from the retreating British fleet, accomplished the destruction of substantial French naval stores and shipping in <a href="/wiki/Toulon" title="Toulon">Toulon</a>.<a href="#cite_note-HM373-6">[3]</a> More might have been achieved had the Spanish raiding parties that accompanied Smith not been issued with secret orders to stall the destruction of the French fleet.<a href="#cite_note-NT53-11">[8]</a> The situation in Europe remained volatile into 1794. Off northern France, the French Atlantic Fleet had mutinied due to errors in provisions and pay. In consequence, the French Navy officer corps suffered greatly from the effects of the <a href="/wiki/Reign_of_Terror" title="Reign of Terror">Reign of Terror</a>, with many experienced sailors being executed, imprisoned or dismissed from the service for perceived disloyalty.<a href="#cite_note-WJ122-12">[9]</a> The shortage of provisions was more than a navy problem though; France itself was starving because the social upheavals of the previous year had combined with a harsh winter to ruin the harvest.<a href="#cite_note-HM381-13">[10]</a> By this time at war with all her neighbours, France had nowhere to turn for overland imports of fresh provisions. Eventually a solution to the food crisis was agreed by the <a href="/wiki/National_Convention" title="National Convention">National Convention</a>: food produced in France's overseas colonies would be concentrated on board a fleet of merchant ships gathered in <a href="/wiki/Chesapeake_Bay" title="Chesapeake Bay">Chesapeake Bay</a>, and augmented with food and goods purchased from the United States.<a href="#cite_note-NT89-14">[11]</a> During April and May 1794, the merchantmen would convoy the supplies across the Atlantic to Brest, protected by elements of the French Atlantic Fleet.<a href="#cite_note-NM132-15">[12]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Fleets">Fleets</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Glorious_First_of_June&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Fleets">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Order_of_battle_at_the_Glorious_First_of_June" class="mw-redirect" title="Order of battle at the Glorious First of June">Order of battle at the Glorious First of June</a></div> The navies of Britain and France in 1794 were at very different stages of development. Although the British fleet was numerically superior, the French ships were larger (even if more lightly built), and carried a heavier weight of shot.<a href="#cite_note-FJ96-16">[13]</a> The largest French ships were three-decker <a href="/wiki/First_rates" class="mw-redirect" title="First rates">first rates</a>, carrying 110 or 120 guns, against 100 guns on the largest British vessels.<a href="#cite_note-WJ127-17">[14]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Royal_Navy">Royal Navy</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Glorious_First_of_June&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Royal Navy">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Richard_Howe,_1st_Earl_Howe_-_Project_Gutenberg_eText_18314.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Richard_Howe%2C_1st_Earl_Howe_-_Project_Gutenberg_eText_18314.jpg/220px-Richard_Howe%2C_1st_Earl_Howe_-_Project_Gutenberg_eText_18314.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="218" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Richard_Howe%2C_1st_Earl_Howe_-_Project_Gutenberg_eText_18314.jpg/330px-Richard_Howe%2C_1st_Earl_Howe_-_Project_Gutenberg_eText_18314.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Richard_Howe%2C_1st_Earl_Howe_-_Project_Gutenberg_eText_18314.jpg/440px-Richard_Howe%2C_1st_Earl_Howe_-_Project_Gutenberg_eText_18314.jpg 2x" data-file-width="650" data-file-height="643" /></a><figcaption>Richard Howe, 1st Earl Howe; 1794 painting by <a href="/wiki/John_Singleton_Copley" title="John Singleton Copley">John Singleton Copley</a></figcaption></figure> Since the <a href="/wiki/Nootka_Crisis" title="Nootka Crisis">Nootka Crisis</a> of 1790, the Royal Navy had been at sea in a state of readiness for over three years.<a href="#cite_note-WJ48-18">[15]</a> The Navy's dockyards under <a href="/wiki/First_Lord_of_the_Admiralty" title="First Lord of the Admiralty">First Lord of the Admiralty</a> <a href="/wiki/Charles_Middleton,_1st_Baron_Barham" title="Charles Middleton, 1st Baron Barham">Charles Middleton</a> were all fully fitted and prepared for conflict. This was quite unlike the disasters of the <a href="/wiki/American_Revolutionary_War" title="American Revolutionary War">American Revolutionary War</a> ten years earlier, when an ill-prepared Royal Navy had taken too long to reach full effectiveness and was consequently unable to support the North American campaign, which ended in defeat at the <a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Yorktown" title="Siege of Yorktown">Siege of Yorktown</a> due to lack of supplies.<a href="#cite_note-NR429-19">[16]</a> With British dockyards now readily turning out cannon, shot, sails, provisions and other essential equipment, the only remaining problem was that of manning the several hundred ships on the Navy list.<a href="#cite_note-FJ94-20">[17]</a> Unfortunately for the British, gathering sufficient manpower was difficult and never satisfactorily accomplished throughout the entire war. The shortage of seamen was such that <a href="/wiki/Press_gangs" class="mw-redirect" title="Press gangs">press gangs</a> were forced to take thousands of men with no experience on the sea, meaning that training and preparing them for naval life would take quite some time.<a href="#cite_note-FJ94-20">[17]</a> The lack of <a href="/wiki/Royal_Marines" title="Royal Marines">Royal Marines</a> was even more urgent, and soldiers from the <a href="/wiki/British_Army" title="British Army">British Army</a> were drafted into the fleet for service at sea. Men of the <a href="/wiki/Queen%27s_Royal_Regiment" class="mw-redirect" title="Queen's Royal Regiment">2nd. Regiment of Foot – The Queen's (Royal West Surrey Regiment)</a> and the <a href="/wiki/29th_Regiment_of_Foot" class="mw-redirect" title="29th Regiment of Foot">29th Regiment of Foot</a> served aboard Royal Navy ships during the campaign; their descendant regiments still maintain the <a href="/wiki/Battle_honour" title="Battle honour">battle honour</a> "1 June 1794".<a href="#cite_note-Worcs-21">[18]</a><a href="#cite_note-QRSR-22">[19]</a> Despite these difficulties, the Channel Fleet was possessed of one of the best naval commanders of the age; its commander-in-chief, <a href="/wiki/Richard_Howe,_1st_Earl_Howe" title="Richard Howe, 1st Earl Howe">Richard Howe, 1st Earl Howe</a>, had learned his trade under <a href="/wiki/Edward_Hawke,_1st_Baron_Hawke" title="Edward Hawke, 1st Baron Hawke">Edward Hawke, 1st Baron Hawke</a> and fought at the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Quiberon_Bay" title="Battle of Quiberon Bay">Battle of Quiberon Bay</a> in 1759.<a href="#cite_note-ODNBHowe-23">[20]</a> In the spring of 1794, with the French convoy's arrival in European waters imminent, Howe had dispersed his fleet in three groups. <a href="/wiki/George_Montagu_(Royal_Navy_officer)" title="George Montagu (Royal Navy officer)">George Montagu</a>, in <a href="/wiki/HMS_Hector_(1774)" title="HMS Hector (1774)">HMS Hector</a>, was sent with six ships of the line and two <a href="/wiki/Frigate" title="Frigate">frigates</a> to guard British convoys to the East Indies, West Indies and <a href="/wiki/Newfoundland_(island)" title="Newfoundland (island)">Newfoundland</a> as far as <a href="/wiki/Cape_Finisterre" title="Cape Finisterre">Cape Finisterre</a>. <a href="/wiki/Peter_Rainier_(Royal_Navy_officer,_born_1741)" title="Peter Rainier (Royal Navy officer, born 1741)">Peter Rainier</a>, in <a href="/wiki/HMS_Suffolk_(1765)" title="HMS Suffolk (1765)">HMS Suffolk</a> and commanding six other ships, was to escort the convoys for the rest of their passage. The third force consisted of 26 ships of the line, with several supporting vessels, under Howe's direct command. They were to patrol the Bay of Biscay for the arriving French.<a href="#cite_note-WJ125-24">[21]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="French_Navy">French Navy</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Glorious_First_of_June&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: French Navy">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Louis-Thomas_Villaret_de_Joyeuse,_vice-amiral_(1750-1812).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cf/Louis-Thomas_Villaret_de_Joyeuse%2C_vice-amiral_%281750-1812%29.jpg/170px-Louis-Thomas_Villaret_de_Joyeuse%2C_vice-amiral_%281750-1812%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="214" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cf/Louis-Thomas_Villaret_de_Joyeuse%2C_vice-amiral_%281750-1812%29.jpg/255px-Louis-Thomas_Villaret_de_Joyeuse%2C_vice-amiral_%281750-1812%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cf/Louis-Thomas_Villaret_de_Joyeuse%2C_vice-amiral_%281750-1812%29.jpg/340px-Louis-Thomas_Villaret_de_Joyeuse%2C_vice-amiral_%281750-1812%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="692" data-file-height="870" /></a><figcaption>Louis Thomas Villaret de Joyeuse, 1839 painting by <a href="/wiki/Jean-Baptiste_Paulin_Gu%C3%A9rin" title="Jean-Baptiste Paulin Guérin">Guérin</a></figcaption></figure> In contrast to their British counterparts, the <a href="/wiki/French_Navy" title="French Navy">French Navy</a> was in a state of confusion. Although the quality of the fleet's ships was high, the fleet hierarchy was riven by the same crises that had torn through France since the <a href="/wiki/French_Revolution" title="French Revolution">Revolution</a> five years earlier.<a href="#cite_note-FJ94-20">[17]</a> Consequently, the high standard of ships and ordnance was not matched by that of the available crews, which were largely untrained and inexperienced. With the Terror resulting in the death or dismissal of many senior French sailors and officers, political appointees and conscripts—many of whom had never been to sea at all, let alone in a fighting vessel—filled the Atlantic fleet.<a href="#cite_note-RG16-25">[22]</a> The manpower problem was compounded by the supply crisis which was affecting the entire nation, with the fleet going unpaid and largely unfed for months at times.<a href="#cite_note-WJ58-26">[23]</a> In August 1793, these problems came to a head in the fleet off Brest, when a lack of provisions resulted in a mutiny among the regular sailors. The crews overruled their officers and brought their ships into harbour in search of food, leaving the French coast undefended.<a href="#cite_note-WJ59-27">[24]</a> The <a href="/wiki/National_Convention" title="National Convention">National Convention</a> responded instantly by executing a swathe of senior officers and ship's non-commissioned officers. Hundreds more officers and sailors were imprisoned, banished or dismissed from naval service. The effect of this purge was devastating, seriously degrading the fighting ability of the fleet by removing at a stroke many of its most capable personnel.<a href="#cite_note-WJ122-12">[9]</a> In their places were promoted junior officers, merchant captains and even civilians who expressed sufficient revolutionary zeal, although few of them knew how to fight or control a battle fleet at sea.<a href="#cite_note-WJ123-28">[25]</a><a href="#cite_note-PP13-29">[26]</a> The newly appointed commander of this troubled fleet was <a href="/wiki/Villaret_de_Joyeuse" class="mw-redirect" title="Villaret de Joyeuse">Villaret de Joyeuse</a>; although formerly in a junior position, he was known to possess a high degree of tactical ability;<a href="#cite_note-FJ96-16">[13]</a> he had trained under Admiral <a href="/wiki/Pierre_Andr%C3%A9_de_Suffren" title="Pierre André de Suffren">Pierre André de Suffren</a> in the Indian Ocean during the American war.<a href="#cite_note-NM133-30">[27]</a> However, Villaret's attempts to mould his new officer corps into an effective fighting unit were hampered by another new appointee, a deputy of the National Convention named <a href="/wiki/Jean-Bon_Saint-Andr%C3%A9" class="mw-redirect" title="Jean-Bon Saint-André">Jean-Bon Saint-André</a>. Saint-André's job was to report directly to the National Convention on the revolutionary ardour of both the fleet and its admiral. He frequently intervened in strategic planning and tactical operations.<a href="#cite_note-WJ123-28">[25]</a> Shortly after his arrival, Saint-André proposed issuing a decree ordering that any officer deemed to have shown insufficient zeal in defending his ship in action should be put to death on his return to France, although this highly controversial legislation does not appear to have ever been acted upon.<a href="#cite_note-WJ123-28">[25]</a> Although his interference was a source of frustration for Villaret, Saint-André's dispatches to Paris were published regularly in <a href="/wiki/Le_Moniteur_Universel" title="Le Moniteur Universel">Le Moniteur Universel</a>, and did much to popularise the Navy in France.<a href="#cite_note-WJ124-31">[28]</a> The French Atlantic fleet was even more dispersed than the British in the spring of 1794: Rear-Admiral <a href="/wiki/Pierre_Vanstabel" class="mw-redirect" title="Pierre Vanstabel">Pierre Vanstabel</a> had been dispatched, with five ships including two of the line, to meet the much-needed French grain convoy off the American eastern seaboard. Rear-Admiral <a href="/wiki/Joseph-Marie_Nielly" title="Joseph-Marie Nielly">Joseph-Marie Nielly</a> had sailed from <a href="/wiki/Rochefort,_Charente-Maritime" title="Rochefort, Charente-Maritime">Rochefort</a> with five ships of the line and assorted cruising warships to rendezvous with the convoy in the mid-Atlantic. This left Villaret with 25 ships of the line at Brest to meet the threat posed by the British fleet under Lord Howe.<a href="#cite_note-WJ127-17">[14]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Convoy">Convoy</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Glorious_First_of_June&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Convoy">edit</a>]</div> By early spring of 1794, the situation in France was dire. With famine looming after the failure of the harvest and the blockade of French ports and trade, the French government was forced to look overseas for sustenance.<a href="#cite_note-NR429-19">[16]</a> Turning to <a href="/wiki/French_colonization_of_the_Americas" title="French colonization of the Americas">France's colonies in the Americas</a>, and the agricultural bounty of the United States, the National Convention gave orders for the formation of a large convoy of sailing vessels to gather at <a href="/wiki/Hampton_Roads" title="Hampton Roads">Hampton Roads</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Chesapeake_Bay" title="Chesapeake Bay">Chesapeake Bay</a>, where Admiral Vanstabel would wait for them. According to contemporary historian <a href="/wiki/William_James_(naval_historian)" title="William James (naval historian)">William James</a> this conglomeration of ships was said to be over 350 strong, although he disputes this figure, citing the number as 117 (in addition to the French warships).<a href="#cite_note-WJ127-17">[14]</a> The convoy had also been augmented by the United States government, in both cargo and shipping, as repayment for French financial, moral and military support during the <a href="/wiki/American_Revolution" title="American Revolution">American Revolution</a>. In supporting the French Revolution in this way, the American government, urged especially by Ambassador <a href="/wiki/Gouverneur_Morris" title="Gouverneur Morris">Gouverneur Morris</a>, was fulfilling its ten-year-old debt to France.<a href="#cite_note-HM381-13">[10]</a> Friendly relations between the United States and France did not long survive the <a href="/wiki/Jay_Treaty" title="Jay Treaty">Jay Treaty</a> which came into effect in 1796; by 1798 the two nations would be engaged in the <a href="/wiki/Quasi_War" class="mw-redirect" title="Quasi War">Quasi War</a>.<a href="#cite_note-RG148-32">[29]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="May_1794">May 1794</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Glorious_First_of_June&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: May 1794">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Atlantic_campaign_of_May_1794" title="Atlantic campaign of May 1794">Atlantic campaign of May 1794</a></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238443738">.mw-parser-output .locmap .od{position:absolute}.mw-parser-output .locmap .id{position:absolute;line-height:0}.mw-parser-output .locmap .l0{font-size:0;position:absolute}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pv{line-height:110%;position:absolute;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pl{line-height:110%;position:absolute;top:-0.75em;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pr{line-height:110%;position:absolute;top:-0.75em;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pv>div{display:inline;padding:1px}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pl>div{display:inline;padding:1px;float:right}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pr>div{display:inline;padding:1px;float:left}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .od,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .od .pv>div,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .od .pl>div,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .od .pr>div{background:#fff!important;color:#000!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .locmap{filter:grayscale(0.6)}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data .locmap div{background:transparent!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .locmap{filter:grayscale(0.6)}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .od,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .od .pv>div,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .od .pl>div,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .od .pr>div{background:white!important;color:#000!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data .locmap div{background:transparent!important}}</style><div class="locmap noviewer noresize thumb tright"><div class="thumbinner" style="width:402px"><div style="position:relative;width:400px;border:1px solid lightgray"><a href="/wiki/File:North_Atlantic_Ocean_laea_relief_location_map.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Glorious First of June is located in North Atlantic"><img alt="Glorious First of June is located in North Atlantic" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/26/North_Atlantic_Ocean_laea_relief_location_map.jpg/400px-North_Atlantic_Ocean_laea_relief_location_map.jpg" decoding="async" width="400" height="324" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/26/North_Atlantic_Ocean_laea_relief_location_map.jpg/600px-North_Atlantic_Ocean_laea_relief_location_map.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/26/North_Atlantic_Ocean_laea_relief_location_map.jpg/800px-North_Atlantic_Ocean_laea_relief_location_map.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1181" data-file-height="958" /></a><div class="od notheme" style="top:37.098%;left:60.574%;font-size:91%"><div class="id" style="left:-4px;top:-4px"><img alt="Glorious First of June" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/8px-Red_pog.svg.png" decoding="async" width="8" height="8" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/12px-Red_pog.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/16px-Red_pog.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="64" data-file-height="64" /></div></div></div><div class="thumbcaption"><div class="magnify"><a href="/wiki/File:North_Atlantic_Ocean_laea_relief_location_map.jpg" title="File:North Atlantic Ocean laea relief location map.jpg">class=notpageimage| </a></div>Map of the Atlantic Ocean showing the position of the battle</div></div></div> The French convoy, escorted by Vanstabel, departed America from <a href="/wiki/Virginia" title="Virginia">Virginia</a> on 2 April, and Howe sailed from <a href="/wiki/Portsmouth" title="Portsmouth">Portsmouth</a> on 2 May, taking his entire fleet to both escort British convoys to the <a href="/wiki/Western_Approaches" title="Western Approaches">Western Approaches</a> and intercept the French.<a href="#cite_note-NM132-15">[12]</a> Checking that Villaret was still in <a href="/wiki/Brest,_France" title="Brest, France">Brest</a>, Howe spent two weeks searching the Bay of Biscay for the grain convoy, returning to Brest on 18 May to discover that Villaret had sailed the previous day.<a href="#cite_note-34">[d]</a> Returning to sea in search of his opponent, Howe pursued Villaret deep into the Atlantic. Also at sea during this period were the squadrons of Nielly (French) and Montagu (British), both of whom had met with some success; Nielly had captured a number of British merchant ships and Montagu had taken several back. Nielly was the first to encounter the grain convoy, deep in the Atlantic in the second week of May. He took it under escort as it moved closer to Europe, while Montagu was searching fruitlessly to the south.<a href="#cite_note-WJ128-35">[31]</a> Despite Howe's pursuit, the main French sortie found initial success, running into a Dutch convoy and taking 20 ships from it on Villaret's first day at sea. For the next week Howe continued to follow the French, seizing and burning a trail of French-held Dutch ships and enemy corvettes.<a href="#cite_note-RG27-36">[32]</a> On 25 May Howe spotted a straggler from Villaret's fleet and gave chase; <a href="/wiki/French_ship_Audacieux_(1784)" title="French ship Audacieux (1784)">Audacieux</a> led Howe straight to his opponent's location.<a href="#cite_note-WJ130-37">[33]</a> Having finally found Villaret, on 28 May Howe attacked, using a flying squadron of his fastest ships to cut off its rearmost vessel <a href="/wiki/French_ship_Bretagne_(1766)" title="French ship Bretagne (1766)">Révolutionnaire</a>. This <a href="/wiki/First_rate" class="mw-redirect" title="First rate">first rate</a> was at various times engaged with six British ships and took heavy damage, possibly striking her colours late in the action.<a href="#cite_note-WJ132-38">[34]</a> As darkness fell the British and French fleets separated, leaving Révolutionnaire and her final enemy, <a href="/wiki/HMS_Audacious_(1785)" title="HMS Audacious (1785)">HMS Audacious</a>, still locked in combat behind them. These two ships parted company during the night and eventually returned to their respective home ports.<a href="#cite_note-RG28-39">[35]</a> By this stage Villaret knew through his patrolling frigates that the grain convoy was close, and deliberately took his fleet to the west, hoping to decoy Howe away from the vital convoy.<a href="#cite_note-HM381-13">[10]</a> Taking the bait, the following day Howe attacked again, but his attempt to split the French fleet in half was unsuccessful when his lead ship, <a href="/wiki/HMS_Caesar_(1793)" title="HMS Caesar (1793)">HMS Caesar</a>, failed to follow orders.<a href="#cite_note-WJ138-40">[36]</a> Much damage was done to both fleets but the action was inconclusive, and the two forces again separated without having settled the issue. Howe had however gained an important advantage during the engagement by seizing the <a href="/wiki/Weather_gage" title="Weather gage">weather gage</a>, enabling him to further attack Villaret at a time of his choosing.<a href="#cite_note-42">[e]</a> Three French ships were sent back to port with damage, but these losses were offset by reinforcements gained the following day with the arrival of Nielly's detached squadron.<a href="#cite_note-PP16-43">[38]</a> Battle was postponed during the next two days because of thick fog, but when the haze lifted on 1 June 1794, the battle lines were only 6 miles (10 km) apart and Howe was prepared to force a decisive action.<a href="#cite_note-PP16-43">[38]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="First_of_June">First of June</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Glorious_First_of_June&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: First of June">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:June_1_1794_Order_of_Battle_Map_EN.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ab/June_1_1794_Order_of_Battle_Map_EN.svg/330px-June_1_1794_Order_of_Battle_Map_EN.svg.png" decoding="async" width="330" height="170" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ab/June_1_1794_Order_of_Battle_Map_EN.svg/495px-June_1_1794_Order_of_Battle_Map_EN.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ab/June_1_1794_Order_of_Battle_Map_EN.svg/660px-June_1_1794_Order_of_Battle_Map_EN.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1060" data-file-height="546" /></a><figcaption>The British and French fleets on the morning of 1 June 1794<a href="#cite_note-44">[39]</a></figcaption></figure> Although Howe was in a favourable position, Villaret had not been idle during the night. He had attempted, with near success, to distance his ships from the British fleet; when dawn broke at 05:00 he was within a few hours of gaining enough wind to escape over the horizon.<a href="#cite_note-WJ146-45">[40]</a> Allowing his men to breakfast, Howe took full advantage of his position on the weather gage to close with Villaret, and by 08:12 the British fleet was just four miles (6 km) from the enemy. By this time, Howe's formation was deployed in an organised line parallel to the French, with <a href="/wiki/Frigate" title="Frigate">frigates</a> acting as repeaters for the admiral's commands.<a href="#cite_note-FJ95-46">[41]</a> The French were likewise in <a href="/wiki/Line_ahead" class="mw-redirect" title="Line ahead">line ahead</a> and the two lines began exchanging long-range gunfire at 09:24, whereupon Howe unleashed his innovative battleplan.<a href="#cite_note-WJ146-45">[40]</a> It was normal in fleet actions of the 18th century for the two lines of battle to pass one another sedately, exchanging fire at long ranges and then <a href="/wiki/Jibe" title="Jibe">wearing</a> away, often without either side losing a ship or taking an enemy.<a href="#cite_note-PP18-47">[42]</a> In contrast, Howe was counting on the professionalism of his captains and crews combined with the advantage of the weather gage to attack the French directly, driving through their line.<a href="#cite_note-FJ94-20">[17]</a> However, this time he did not plan to manoeuvre in the way he had during the two previous encounters, each ship following in the wake of that in front to create a new line arrowing through his opponent's force (as <a href="/wiki/George_Rodney" class="mw-redirect" title="George Rodney">Rodney</a> had done at the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Saintes" title="Battle of the Saintes">Battle of the Saintes</a> 12 years earlier).<a href="#cite_note-RG31-48">[43]</a> Instead, Howe ordered each of his ships to turn individually towards the French line, intending to breach it at every point and rake the French ships at both bow and stern. The British captains would then pull up on the leeward side of their opposite numbers, cutting them off from their retreat downwind, and engage them directly, hopefully forcing each to surrender and consequently destroying the French Atlantic Fleet.<a href="#cite_note-NR430-41">[37]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="British_break_the_line">British break the line</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Glorious_First_of_June&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: British break the line">edit</a>]</div> Within minutes of issuing the signal and turning his flagship <a href="/wiki/HMS_Queen_Charlotte_(1790)" title="HMS Queen Charlotte (1790)">HMS Queen Charlotte</a>, Howe's plan began to falter. Many of the British captains had either misunderstood or ignored the signal and were hanging back in the original line.<a href="#cite_note-PP22-49">[44]</a> Other ships were still struggling with damage from Howe's earlier engagements and could not get into action fast enough. The result was a ragged formation tipped by Queen Charlotte that headed unevenly for Villaret's fleet. The French responded by firing on the British ships as they approached, but the lack of training and coordination in the French fleet was obvious; many ships which did obey Howe's order and attacked the French directly arrived in action without significant damage.<a href="#cite_note-WJ155-50">[45]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Van_squadron">Van squadron</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Glorious_First_of_June&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Van squadron">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:The_%27Defence%27_at_the_Battle_of_the_First_of_June,_1794.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b8/The_%27Defence%27_at_the_Battle_of_the_First_of_June%2C_1794.jpg/350px-The_%27Defence%27_at_the_Battle_of_the_First_of_June%2C_1794.jpg" decoding="async" width="350" height="241" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b8/The_%27Defence%27_at_the_Battle_of_the_First_of_June%2C_1794.jpg/525px-The_%27Defence%27_at_the_Battle_of_the_First_of_June%2C_1794.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/b/b8/The_%27Defence%27_at_the_Battle_of_the_First_of_June%2C_1794.jpg 2x" data-file-width="700" data-file-height="482" /></a><figcaption>HMS Defence at the Battle of the Glorious 1 June 1794, by <a href="/wiki/Nicholas_Pocock" title="Nicholas Pocock">Nicholas Pocock</a><a href="#cite_note-51">[f]</a></figcaption></figure> Although Queen Charlotte pressed on all sail, she was not the first through the enemy line. That distinction belonged to a ship of the <a href="/wiki/Vanguard_(military_tactics)" class="mw-redirect" title="Vanguard (military tactics)">van squadron</a> under <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Graves,_1st_Baron_Graves" title="Thomas Graves, 1st Baron Graves">Admiral Graves</a>: <a href="/wiki/HMS_Defence_(1763)" title="HMS Defence (1763)">HMS Defence</a> under Captain <a href="/wiki/James_Gambier" class="mw-redirect" title="James Gambier">James Gambier</a>, a notoriously dour officer nicknamed "Dismal Jimmy" by his contemporaries.<a href="#cite_note-RG32-52">[46]</a> Defence, the seventh ship of the British line, successfully cut the French line between its sixth and seventh ships; <a href="/wiki/French_ship_Orion_(1787)" title="French ship Orion (1787)">Mucius</a> and <a href="/wiki/French_ship_Tourville_(1788)" title="French ship Tourville (1788)">Tourville</a>. Raking both opponents, Defence soon found herself in difficulty due to the failure of those ships behind her to properly follow up.<a href="#cite_note-WJ158-53">[47]</a> This left her vulnerable to Mucius, Tourville and the ships following them, with which she began a furious fusillade. However, Defence was not the only ship of the van to break the French line; minutes later <a href="/wiki/George_Cranfield_Berkeley" title="George Cranfield Berkeley">George Cranfield Berkeley</a> in <a href="/wiki/HMS_Marlborough_(1767)" title="HMS Marlborough (1767)">HMS Marlborough</a> executed Howe's manoeuvre perfectly, raking and then entangling his ship with <a href="/wiki/French_ship_Imp%C3%A9tueux_(1787)" title="French ship Impétueux (1787)">Impétueux</a>.<a href="#cite_note-PP29-54">[48]</a><a href="#cite_note-WJ157-55">[49]</a> In front of Marlborough the rest of the van had mixed success. <a href="/wiki/HMS_Bellerophon_(1786)" title="HMS Bellerophon (1786)">HMS Bellerophon</a> and <a href="/wiki/HMS_Leviathan_(1790)" title="HMS Leviathan (1790)">HMS Leviathan</a> were both still suffering the effects of their exertions earlier in the week and did not breach the enemy line. Instead they pulled along the near side of <a href="/wiki/French_ship_%C3%89ole_(1789)" title="French ship Éole (1789)">Éole</a> and <a href="/wiki/French_ship_America_(1788)" title="French ship America (1788)">America</a> respectively and brought them to close gunnery duels. Rear-Admiral <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Pasley" class="mw-redirect" title="Thomas Pasley">Thomas Pasley</a> of Bellerophon was an early casualty, losing a leg in the opening exchanges. <a href="/wiki/HMS_Royal_Sovereign_(1786)" title="HMS Royal Sovereign (1786)">HMS Royal Sovereign</a>, Graves's flagship, was less successful due to a miscalculation of distance that resulted in her pulling up too far from the French line and coming under heavy fire from her opponent <a href="/wiki/French_ship_Terrible_(1779)" class="mw-redirect" title="French ship Terrible (1779)">Terrible</a>.<a href="#cite_note-WJ157-55">[49]</a> In the time it took to engage Terrible more closely, Royal Sovereign suffered a severe pounding and Admiral Graves was badly wounded.<a href="#cite_note-WJ157-55">[49]</a> More disturbing to Lord Howe were the actions of <a href="/wiki/HMS_Russell_(1764)" title="HMS Russell (1764)">HMS Russell</a> and HMS Caesar. Russell's captain <a href="/wiki/John_Willett_Payne" title="John Willett Payne">John Willett Payne</a> was criticised at the time for failing to get to grips with the enemy more closely and allowing her opponent <a href="/wiki/French_ship_T%C3%A9m%C3%A9raire_(1782)" title="French ship Téméraire (1782)">Téméraire</a> to badly damage her rigging in the early stages, although later commentators blamed damage received on 29 May for her poor start to the action.<a href="#cite_note-WJ156-56">[50]</a> There were no such excuses, however, for Captain <a href="/wiki/Anthony_James_Pye_Molloy" title="Anthony James Pye Molloy">Anthony Molloy</a> of Caesar, who totally failed in his duty to engage the enemy. Molloy completely ignored Howe's signal and continued ahead as if the British battleline was following him rather than engaging the French fleet directly.<a href="#cite_note-PP24-57">[51]</a> Caesar did participate in a desultory exchange of fire with the leading French ship Trajan but her fire had little effect, while Trajan inflicted much damage to Caesar's rigging and was subsequently able to attack Bellerophon as well, roaming unchecked through the melee developing at the head of the line.<a href="#cite_note-WJ155-50">[45]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Centre">Centre</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Glorious_First_of_June&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Centre">edit</a>]</div> The centre of the two fleets was divided by two separate squadrons of the British line: the forward division under admirals <a href="/wiki/Benjamin_Caldwell" title="Benjamin Caldwell">Benjamin Caldwell</a> and <a href="/wiki/Sir_George_Bowyer,_1st_Baronet" class="mw-redirect" title="Sir George Bowyer, 1st Baronet">George Bowyer</a> and the rear under Lord Howe. While Howe in Queen Charlotte was engaging the French closely, his subordinates in the forward division were less active. Instead of moving in on their opposite numbers directly, the forward division sedately closed with the French in line ahead formation, engaging in a long distance duel which did not prevent their opponents from harassing the embattled Defence just ahead of them.<a href="#cite_note-WJ158-53">[47]</a> Of all the ships in this squadron only <a href="/wiki/HMS_Invincible_(1765)" title="HMS Invincible (1765)">HMS Invincible</a>, under <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Pakenham_(Royal_Navy_officer)" title="Thomas Pakenham (Royal Navy officer)">Thomas Pakenham</a>, ranged close to the French lines. Invincible was badly damaged by her lone charge but managed to engage the larger <a href="/wiki/French_ship_Deux_Fr%C3%A8res" title="French ship Deux Frères">Juste</a>.<a href="#cite_note-WJ159-58">[52]</a> <a href="/wiki/HMS_Barfleur_(1768)" title="HMS Barfleur (1768)">HMS Barfleur</a> under Bowyer did later enter the action, but Bowyer was not present, having lost a leg in the opening exchanges.<a href="#cite_note-PP32-59">[53]</a> Howe and Queen Charlotte led the fleet by example, sailing directly at the French flagship <a href="/wiki/French_ship_Oc%C3%A9an_(1790)" title="French ship Océan (1790)">Montagne</a>. Passing between Montagne and the next in line <a href="/wiki/French_ship_Vengeur_du_Peuple" title="French ship Vengeur du Peuple">Vengeur du Peuple</a>, Queen Charlotte raked both and hauled up close to Montagne to engage in a close-range artillery battle.<a href="#cite_note-PP24-57">[51]</a> As she did so, Queen Charlotte also became briefly entangled with <a href="/wiki/French_ship_Auguste_(1778)" class="mw-redirect" title="French ship Auguste (1778)">Jacobin</a>, and exchanged fire with her too, causing serious damage to both French ships.<a href="#cite_note-PP31-60">[54]</a> To the right of Queen Charlotte, <a href="/wiki/HMS_Brunswick_(1790)" title="HMS Brunswick (1790)">HMS Brunswick</a> had initially struggled to join the action. Labouring behind the flagship, her captain <a href="/wiki/John_Harvey_(Royal_Navy_officer)" class="mw-redirect" title="John Harvey (Royal Navy officer)">John Harvey</a> received a rebuke from Howe for the delay. Spurred by this signal, Harvey pushed his ship forward and almost outstripped Queen Charlotte, blocking her view of the eastern half of the French fleet for a time and taking severe damage from French fire as she did so. Harvey hoped to run aboard Jacobin and support his admiral directly, but was not fast enough to reach her and so attempted to cut between <a href="/wiki/French_ship_Annibal_(1779)" class="mw-redirect" title="French ship Annibal (1779)">Achille</a> and Vengeur du Peuple. This manoeuvre failed when Brunswick's anchors became entangled in Vengeur's rigging. Harvey's <a href="/wiki/Master_mariner" title="Master mariner">master</a> asked if Vengeur should be cut loose, to which Harvey replied "No; we have got her and we will keep her".<a href="#cite_note-ODNBJHarvey-61">[55]</a> The two ships swung so close to each other that Brunswick's crew could not open their gunports and had to fire through the closed lids, the ships battering each other from a distance of just a few feet.<a href="#cite_note-WJ161-62">[56]</a> Behind this combat, other ships of the centre division struck the French line, <a href="/wiki/HMS_Valiant_(1759)" title="HMS Valiant (1759)">HMS Valiant</a> under <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Pringle_(Royal_Navy_officer)" title="Thomas Pringle (Royal Navy officer)">Thomas Pringle</a> passing close to <a href="/wiki/French_ship_Patriote_(1785)" title="French ship Patriote (1785)">Patriote</a> which pulled away, her crew suffering from <a href="/wiki/Infectious_disease" class="mw-redirect" title="Infectious disease">contagion</a> and unable to take their ship into battle.<a href="#cite_note-WJ165-63">[57]</a> Valiant instead turned her attention on Achille, which had already been raked by Queen Charlotte and Brunswick, and badly damaged her before pressing on sail to join the embattled van division.<a href="#cite_note-PP31-60">[54]</a> <a href="/wiki/HMS_Orion_(1787)" title="HMS Orion (1787)">HMS Orion</a> under <a href="/wiki/John_Thomas_Duckworth" class="mw-redirect" title="John Thomas Duckworth">John Thomas Duckworth</a> and <a href="/wiki/HMS_Queen_(1769)" title="HMS Queen (1769)">HMS Queen</a> under Admiral <a href="/wiki/Alan_Gardner,_1st_Baron_Gardner" title="Alan Gardner, 1st Baron Gardner">Alan Gardner</a> both attacked the same ship, Queen suffering severely from the earlier actions in which her masts were badly damaged and her captain <a href="/wiki/John_Hutt_(Royal_Navy_officer)" title="John Hutt (Royal Navy officer)">John Hutt</a> mortally wounded.<a href="#cite_note-PP31-60">[54]</a> Both ships bore down on the French <a href="/wiki/French_ship_Northumberland_(1780)" title="French ship Northumberland (1780)">Northumberland</a>, which was soon dismasted and left attempting to escape on only the stump of a mast. Queen was too slow to engage Northumberland as closely as Orion, and soon fell in with <a href="/wiki/French_ship_Jemmapes_(1794)" title="French ship Jemmapes (1794)">Jemmapes</a>, both ships battering each other severely.<a href="#cite_note-NT99-64">[58]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Rear">Rear</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Glorious_First_of_June&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Rear">edit</a>]</div> Of the British rear ships, only two made a determined effort to break the French line. Admiral <a href="/wiki/Alexander_Hood,_1st_Viscount_Bridport" title="Alexander Hood, 1st Viscount Bridport">Hood</a>'s flagship <a href="/wiki/HMS_Royal_George_(1788)" title="HMS Royal George (1788)">HMS Royal George</a> pierced it between <a href="/wiki/French_ship_Royal_Louis_(1780)" title="French ship Royal Louis (1780)">Républicain</a> and <a href="/wiki/French_ship_Sans_Pareil" title="French ship Sans Pareil">Sans Pareil</a>, engaging both closely, while <a href="/wiki/HMS_Glory_(1788)" title="HMS Glory (1788)">HMS Glory</a> came through the line behind Sans Pareil and threw herself into the melee as well. The rest of the British and French rearguard did not participate in this close combat; <a href="/wiki/HMS_Montagu_(1779)" title="HMS Montagu (1779)">HMS Montagu</a> fought a long range gunnery duel with <a href="/wiki/French_ship_Neptune_(1778)" title="French ship Neptune (1778)">Neptune</a> which damaged neither ship severely,<a href="#cite_note-WJ167-65">[59]</a> although the British captain <a href="/wiki/James_Montagu_(Royal_Navy_officer)" title="James Montagu (Royal Navy officer)">James Montagu</a> was killed in the opening exchanges, command devolving to Lieutenant <a href="/wiki/Ross_Donnelly" title="Ross Donnelly">Ross Donnelly</a>.<a href="#cite_note-ODNB-66">[60]</a> Next in line, <a href="/wiki/HMS_Ramillies_(1785)" title="HMS Ramillies (1785)">HMS Ramillies</a> ignored her opponent completely and sailed west, Captain <a href="/wiki/Henry_Harvey" title="Henry Harvey">Henry Harvey</a> seeking Brunswick, his brother's ship, in the confused action around Queen Charlotte.<a href="#cite_note-WJ163-67">[61]</a> Three other British ships failed to respond to the signal from Howe, including <a href="/wiki/HMS_Alfred_(1778)" title="HMS Alfred (1778)">HMS Alfred</a> which engaged the French line at extreme range without noticeable effect, and Captain <a href="/wiki/Sir_Charles_Cotton,_5th_Baronet" title="Sir Charles Cotton, 5th Baronet">Charles Cotton</a> in <a href="/wiki/HMS_Majestic_(1785)" title="HMS Majestic (1785)">HMS Majestic</a> who likewise did little until the action was decided, at which point he took the surrender of several already shattered French ships.<a href="#cite_note-WJ167-65">[59]</a> Finally <a href="/wiki/HMS_Thunderer_(1783)" title="HMS Thunderer (1783)">HMS Thunderer</a> under <a href="/wiki/Sir_Albemarle_Bertie,_1st_Baronet" title="Sir Albemarle Bertie, 1st Baronet">Albemarle Bertie</a> took no part in the initial action at all, standing well away from the British line and failing to engage the enemy despite the signal for close engagement hanging limply from her mainmast. The French rear ships were no less idle, with <a href="/wiki/French_ship_Entreprenant_(1787)" title="French ship Entreprenant (1787)">Entreprenant</a> and <a href="/wiki/French_ship_Seduisant_(1783)" class="mw-redirect" title="French ship Seduisant (1783)">Pelletier</a> firing at any British ships in range but refusing to close or participate in the melees on either side.<a href="#cite_note-WJ167-65">[59]</a> The French rear ship <a href="/wiki/French_ship_Saint-Esprit_(1766)" class="mw-redirect" title="French ship Saint-Esprit (1766)">Scipion</a> did not attempt to join the action either, but could not avoid becoming embroiled in the group around Royal George and Républicain and suffered severe damage.<a href="#cite_note-WJ168-68">[62]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Melee">Melee</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Glorious_First_of_June&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Melee">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Combat-de-prairial.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/03/Combat-de-prairial.jpg/220px-Combat-de-prairial.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="129" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/03/Combat-de-prairial.jpg/330px-Combat-de-prairial.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/03/Combat-de-prairial.jpg/440px-Combat-de-prairial.jpg 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="293" /></a><figcaption>The dismasted ship <a href="/wiki/French_ship_Vengeur_du_Peuple" title="French ship Vengeur du Peuple">Vengeur du Peuple</a> in the aftermath of battle. Lithograph after <a href="/wiki/Auguste_Mayer" class="mw-redirect" title="Auguste Mayer">Auguste Mayer</a>.</figcaption></figure> Within an hour of their opening volleys the British and French lines were hopelessly confused, with three separate engagements being fought within sight of one another. In the van, Caesar had finally attempted to join the fight, only to have a vital spar shot away by Trajan which caused her to slip down the two embattled fleets without contributing significantly to the battle.<a href="#cite_note-WJ154-69">[63]</a> Bellerophon and Leviathan were in the thick of the action, the outnumbered Bellerophon taking serious damage to her rigging. This left her unable to manoeuvre and in danger from her opponents, of which Eole also suffered severely. Captain <a href="/wiki/William_Johnstone_Hope" title="William Johnstone Hope">William Johnstone Hope</a> sought to extract his ship from her perilous position and called up support; the frigate <a href="/wiki/HMS_Latona_(1781)" title="HMS Latona (1781)">HMS Latona</a> under Captain <a href="/wiki/Edward_Thornbrough" title="Edward Thornbrough">Edward Thornbrough</a> arrived to provide assistance.<a href="#cite_note-WJ155-50">[45]</a> Thornbrough brought his small ship between the ships of the French battleline and opened fire on Eole, helping to drive off three ships of the line and then towing Bellerophon to safety. Leviathan, under <a href="/wiki/Lord_Hugh_Seymour" title="Lord Hugh Seymour">Lord Hugh Seymour</a>, had been more successful than Bellerophon, her gunnery dismasting America despite receiving fire from Eole and Trajan in passing. Leviathan only left America after a two-hour duel, sailing at 11:50 to join Queen Charlotte in the centre.<a href="#cite_note-WJ156-56">[50]</a> Russell had not broken the French line and her opponent Témeraire got the better of her, knocking away a topmast and escaping to windward with Trajan and Eole. Russell then fired on several passing French ships before joining Leviathan in attacking the centre of the French line. Russell's boats also took the surrender of America, her crew boarding the vessel to make her a prize (although later replaced by men from Royal Sovereign).<a href="#cite_note-NT98-70">[64]</a> Royal Sovereign lost Admiral Graves to a serious wound and lost her opponent as well, as Terrible fell out of the line to windward and joined a growing collection of French ships forming a new line on the far side of the action. Villaret was leading this line in his flagship Montagne, which had escaped from Queen Charlotte, and it was Montagne which Royal Sovereign engaged next, pursuing her close to the new French line accompanied by Valiant, and beginning a long-range action.<a href="#cite_note-WJ157-55">[49]</a> Behind Royal Sovereign was Marlborough, inextricably tangled with Impétueux. Badly damaged and on the verge of surrender, Impétueux was briefly reprieved when Mucius appeared through the smoke and collided with both ships.<a href="#cite_note-PP33-71">[65]</a> The three entangled ships continued exchanging fire for some time, all suffering heavy casualties with Marlborough and Impétueux losing all three of their masts. This combat continued for several hours. Captain Berkeley of Marlborough had to retire below with serious wounds, and command fell to Lieutenant <a href="/wiki/John_Monkton" title="John Monkton">John Monkton</a>, who signalled for help from the frigates in reserve.<a href="#cite_note-WJ158-53">[47]</a> <a href="/wiki/Robert_Stopford_(Royal_Navy_officer)" title="Robert Stopford (Royal Navy officer)">Robert Stopford</a> responded in <a href="/w/index.php?title=HMS_Aquilon_(1786)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="HMS Aquilon (1786) (page does not exist)">HMS Aquilon</a>, which had the assignment of repeating signals, and towed Marlborough out of the line as Mucius freed herself and made for the regrouped French fleet to the north. Impétueux was in too damaged a state to move at all, and was soon seized by sailors from HMS Russell.<a href="#cite_note-NT98-70">[64]</a> Dismasted, Defence was unable to hold any of her various opponents to a protracted duel, and by 13:00 was threatened by the damaged Républicain moving from the east. Although Républicain later hauled off to join Villaret to the north, Gambier requested support for his ship from the fleet's frigates and was aided by <a href="/wiki/HMS_Phaeton_(1782)" title="HMS Phaeton (1782)">HMS Phaeton</a> under Captain <a href="/wiki/William_Bentinck_(Royal_Navy_officer)" title="William Bentinck (Royal Navy officer)">William Bentinck</a>. As Impétueux passed she fired on Phaeton, to which Bentinck responded with several broadsides of his own.<a href="#cite_note-WJ158-53">[47]</a> Invincible, the only ship of the forward division of the British centre to engage the enemy closely, became embroiled in the confusion surrounding Queen Charlotte. Invincible's guns drove <a href="/wiki/French_ship_Deux_Fr%C3%A8res" title="French ship Deux Frères">Juste</a> onto the broadside of Queen Charlotte, where she was forced to surrender to Lieutenant <a href="/wiki/Henry_Blackwood" title="Henry Blackwood">Henry Blackwood</a> in a boat from Invincible.<a href="#cite_note-WJ159-58">[52]</a> Among the other ships of the division there were only minor casualties, although <a href="/wiki/HMS_Impregnable_(1786)" title="HMS Impregnable (1786)">HMS Impregnable</a> lost several <a href="/wiki/Yard_(sailing)" title="Yard (sailing)">yards</a> and was only brought back into line by the quick reactions of two junior officers, Lieutenant <a href="/wiki/Robert_Otway" title="Robert Otway">Robert Otway</a> and Midshipman <a href="/wiki/Charles_Dashwood_(Royal_Navy_officer)" title="Charles Dashwood (Royal Navy officer)">Charles Dashwood</a>.<a href="#cite_note-ODNBOt-72">[66]</a> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Lord_Howe_on_the_deck_of_HMS_Queen_Charlotte_1_June_1794.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d1/Lord_Howe_on_the_deck_of_HMS_Queen_Charlotte_1_June_1794.jpg/250px-Lord_Howe_on_the_deck_of_HMS_Queen_Charlotte_1_June_1794.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="181" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d1/Lord_Howe_on_the_deck_of_HMS_Queen_Charlotte_1_June_1794.jpg/375px-Lord_Howe_on_the_deck_of_HMS_Queen_Charlotte_1_June_1794.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d1/Lord_Howe_on_the_deck_of_HMS_Queen_Charlotte_1_June_1794.jpg/500px-Lord_Howe_on_the_deck_of_HMS_Queen_Charlotte_1_June_1794.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1280" data-file-height="926" /></a><figcaption>Lord Howe on the deck of HMS Queen Charlotte 1 June 1794, painted by <a href="/wiki/Mather_Brown" title="Mather Brown">Mather Brown</a>.</figcaption></figure> The conflict between Queen Charlotte and Montagne was oddly one-sided, the French flagship failing to make use of her lower-deck guns and consequently suffering extensive damage and casualties.<a href="#cite_note-WJ149-73">[67]</a> Queen Charlotte in her turn was damaged by fire from nearby ships and was therefore unable to follow when Montagne set her remaining sails and slipped to the north to create a new focal point for the survivors of the French fleet.<a href="#cite_note-WJ149-73">[67]</a> Queen Charlotte also took fire during the engagement from <a href="/wiki/HMS_Gibraltar_(1780)" class="mw-redirect" title="HMS Gibraltar (1780)">HMS Gibraltar</a>, under <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Mackenzie_(Royal_Navy_officer)" title="Thomas Mackenzie (Royal Navy officer)">Thomas Mackenzie</a>, which had failed to close with the enemy and instead fired at random into the smoke bank surrounding the flagship. Captain <a href="/wiki/Andrew_Snape_Douglas" title="Andrew Snape Douglas">Sir Andrew Snape Douglas</a> was seriously wounded by this fire.<a href="#cite_note-PP32-59">[53]</a> Following Montagne's escape, Queen Charlotte engaged Jacobin and Républicain as they passed, and was successful in forcing the surrender of Juste.<a href="#cite_note-PP37-74">[68]</a> To the east of Queen Charlotte, Brunswick and Vengeur du Peuple continued their bitter combat, locked together and firing main broadsides from point blank range. Captain Harvey of Brunswick was mortally wounded early in this action by <a href="/wiki/Naval_artillery_in_the_Age_of_Sail#Shot" title="Naval artillery in the Age of Sail">langrage fire</a> from Vengeur, but refused to quit the deck, ordering more fire into his opponent.<a href="#cite_note-ODNBJHarvey-61">[55]</a> Brunswick also managed to drive Achille off from her far side when the French ship attempted to intervene. Achille, already damaged, was totally dismasted in the exchange and briefly surrendered, although her crew rescinded this when it became clear Brunswick was in no position to take possession.<a href="#cite_note-WJ163-67">[61]</a> With her colours rehoisted, Achille then made what sail she could in an attempt to join Villaret to the north. It was not until 12:45 that the shattered Vengeur and Brunswick pulled apart, both largely dismasted and very battered. Brunswick was only able to return to the British side of the line after being supported by Ramillies, while Vengeur was unable to move at all.<a href="#cite_note-PP37-74">[68]</a> Ramillies took Vengeur's surrender after a brief cannonade but was unable to board her and instead pursued the fleeing Achille, which soon surrendered as well.<a href="#cite_note-WJ164-75">[69]</a> To the east, Orion and Queen forced the surrender of both Northumberland and Jemmappes, although Queen was unable to secure Jemmappes and she had to be abandoned later. Queen especially was badly damaged and unable to make the British lines again, wallowing between the newly reformed French fleet and the British battleline along with several other shattered ships.<a href="#cite_note-NT99-64">[58]</a><a href="#cite_note-76">[g]</a> Royal George and Glory had between them disabled Scipion and Sans Pareil in a bitter exchange, but were also too badly damaged themselves to take possession. All four ships were among those left drifting in the gap between the fleets.<a href="#cite_note-WJ168-68">[62]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="French_recovery">French recovery</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Glorious_First_of_June&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: French recovery">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:La_Marine-Pacini-50.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/La_Marine-Pacini-50.png/220px-La_Marine-Pacini-50.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="149" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/La_Marine-Pacini-50.png/330px-La_Marine-Pacini-50.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/La_Marine-Pacini-50.png/440px-La_Marine-Pacini-50.png 2x" data-file-width="976" data-file-height="662" /></a><figcaption>Villaret's Montagne breaking loose to reform the French forces. Drawing by <a href="/wiki/Antoine_Morel-Fatio" class="mw-redirect" title="Antoine Morel-Fatio">Antoine Morel-Fatio</a>.</figcaption></figure> Villaret in Montagne, having successfully broken contact with the British flagship and slipped away to the north, managed to gather 11 ships of the line around him and formed them up in a reconstituted battle squadron.<a href="#cite_note-NT99-64">[58]</a> At 11:30, with the main action drawing to a close, he began a recovery manoeuvre intended to lessen the tactical defeat his fleet had suffered. Aiming his new squadron at the battered Queen, Villaret's attack created consternation in the British fleet, which was unprepared for a second engagement.<a href="#cite_note-PP38-77">[70]</a> However, discerning Villaret's intention, Howe also pulled his ships together to create a new force. His reformed squadron consisted of Queen Charlotte, Royal Sovereign, Valiant, Leviathan, Barfleur, and Thunderer.<a href="#cite_note-WJ151-78">[71]</a> Howe deployed this squadron in defence of Queen, and the two short lines engaged one another at a distance before Villaret abandoned his manoeuvre and hauled off to collect several of his own dismasted ships that were endeavouring to escape British pursuit.<a href="#cite_note-RG38-79">[72]</a> Villaret was subsequently joined by the battered Terrible, which sailed straight through the dispersed British fleet to reach the French lines, and he also recovered the dismasted Scipion, Mucius, Jemmappes, and Républicain—all of which lay within reach of the unengaged British ships—before turning eastwards towards France.<a href="#cite_note-WJ169-80">[73]</a><a href="#cite_note-81">[h]</a> At this stage of the battle, Howe retired below and the British consolidation was left to his <a href="/wiki/Captain_of_the_Fleet" class="mw-redirect" title="Captain of the Fleet">Captain of the Fleet</a>, <a href="/wiki/Roger_Curtis" title="Roger Curtis">Sir Roger Curtis</a>. Curtis was subsequently blamed by some in the Navy for not capturing more of the dismasted French ships, and was also accused of dissuading Howe from attempting further pursuit.<a href="#cite_note-FJ96-16">[13]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Vengeur_du_Peuple-Prairial.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/Vengeur_du_Peuple-Prairial.png/220px-Vengeur_du_Peuple-Prairial.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="154" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/Vengeur_du_Peuple-Prairial.png/330px-Vengeur_du_Peuple-Prairial.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/Vengeur_du_Peuple-Prairial.png/440px-Vengeur_du_Peuple-Prairial.png 2x" data-file-width="920" data-file-height="642" /></a><figcaption>The sinking of the <a href="/wiki/French_ship_Vengeur_du_Peuple" title="French ship Vengeur du Peuple">Vengeur du Peuple</a>, engraving by P. Ozanne.<a href="#cite_note-82">[i]</a></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Bataille_du_13_prairial_an_II.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c5/Bataille_du_13_prairial_an_II.jpg/220px-Bataille_du_13_prairial_an_II.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c5/Bataille_du_13_prairial_an_II.jpg/330px-Bataille_du_13_prairial_an_II.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c5/Bataille_du_13_prairial_an_II.jpg/440px-Bataille_du_13_prairial_an_II.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3000" data-file-height="2000" /></a><figcaption>The sinking of the Vengeur du Peuple, haut relief by <a href="/wiki/L%C3%A9opold_Morice" title="Léopold Morice">Léopold Morice</a>, Monument to the Republic, Paris, 1883.</figcaption></figure> In fact, the British fleet was unable to pursue Villaret, having only 11 ships still capable of battle to the French 12, and having numerous dismasted ships and prizes to protect. Retiring and regrouping, the British crews set about making hasty repairs and securing their prizes; seven in total, including the badly damaged Vengeur du Peuple. Vengeur had been holed by cannon firing from Brunswick directly through the ship's bottom, and after her surrender no British ship had managed to get men aboard. This left Vengeur's few remaining unwounded crew to attempt to salvage what they could—a task made harder when some of her sailors broke into the spirit room and became drunk.<a href="#cite_note-WJ164-75">[69]</a> Ultimately the ship's pumps became unmanageable, and Vengeur began to sink. Only the timely arrival of boats from the undamaged Alfred and <a href="/wiki/HMS_Culloden_(1783)" title="HMS Culloden (1783)">HMS Culloden</a>, as well as the services of the cutter HMS Rattler, saved any of the Vengeur's crew from drowning, these ships taking off nearly 500 sailors between them.<a href="#cite_note-RG33-83">[74]</a> Lieutenant John Winne of Rattler was especially commended for this hazardous work.<a href="#cite_note-WJ164-75">[69]</a> By 18:15, Vengeur was clearly beyond salvage and only the very worst of the wounded, the dead, and the drunk remained aboard. Several sailors are said to have waved <a href="/wiki/Flag_of_France" title="Flag of France">the tricolor</a> from the bow of the ship and cried "Vive la Nation, vive la République!"<a href="#cite_note-91">[j]</a> Having escaped to the east, Villaret made what sail his battered fleet could muster to return to France, and dispatched his frigates in search of the convoy. Villaret was also hoping for reinforcements; eight ships of the line, commanded by Admiral <a href="/wiki/Pierre-Fran%C3%A7ois_Cornic_Dumoulin" title="Pierre-François Cornic Dumoulin">Pierre-François Cornic Dumoulin</a>, were patrolling near the <a href="/wiki/Ushant" title="Ushant">Ushant</a> headland. Behind him to the west, the British took the whole night to secure their ships and prizes, not setting out to return to Britain until 05:00 on 2 June.<a href="#cite_note-WJ169-80">[73]</a> Casualties in the battle are notoriously hard to calculate exactly.<a href="#cite_note-casualties-98">[k]</a> With only one exception (Scipion), records made by the French captains of their losses at the time are incomplete. The only immediately available casualty counts are the sketchy reports of Saint-André and the records made by British officers aboard the captured ships, neither of which can be treated as completely reliable.<a href="#cite_note-WJ153-99">[88]</a> Most sources accept that French casualties in the campaign numbered approximately 7,000, including around 3,000 captured, but these figures are vague and frequently do not agree with each other on details.<a href="#cite_note-100">[l]</a> British casualties are easier to confirm but here, too, there are some discrepancies; overall British casualties are generally given as around 1,200.<a href="#cite_note-casualties-98">[k]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Convoy_arrives">Convoy arrives</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Glorious_First_of_June&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Convoy arrives">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Ozanne-Glorious_First_of_June.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/Ozanne-Glorious_First_of_June.jpg/220px-Ozanne-Glorious_First_of_June.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="181" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/Ozanne-Glorious_First_of_June.jpg/330px-Ozanne-Glorious_First_of_June.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/Ozanne-Glorious_First_of_June.jpg/440px-Ozanne-Glorious_First_of_June.jpg 2x" data-file-width="823" data-file-height="677" /></a><figcaption>Although a tactical British victory, Admiral <a href="/wiki/Richard_Howe,_1st_Earl_Howe" title="Richard Howe, 1st Earl Howe">Howe</a> failed to achieve the broader strategic aim of intercepting a vital grain convoy bound for the famine-ridden French populace.</figcaption></figure> With a large portion of his fleet no longer battleworthy, Howe was unable to resume his search for the French convoy in the Bay of Biscay. The <a href="/wiki/British_Admiralty" class="mw-redirect" title="British Admiralty">Admiralty</a>, though unaware of Howe's specific circumstances, knew a battle had taken place through the arrival of <a href="/wiki/HMS_Audacious_(1785)" title="HMS Audacious (1785)">HMS Audacious</a> in Portsmouth, and was preparing a second expedition under <a href="/wiki/George_Montagu_(Royal_Navy_officer)" title="George Montagu (Royal Navy officer)">George Montagu</a>. Montagu had returned to England after his unsuccessful May cruise, and was refitting in Portsmouth when ordered to sea again.<a href="#cite_note-WJ169-80">[73]</a> His force of ten ships was intended to both cover Howe's withdrawal from Biscay, and find and attack the French grain convoy. Montagu returned to sea on 3 June, and by 8 June was off Ushant searching for signs of either the French or Howe; unknown to him, neither had yet entered European waters. At 15:30 on 8 June Montagu spotted sails, and soon identified them as the enemy. He had located Cornic's squadron, which was also patrolling for the convoy and the returning fleets. Montagu gave chase and drove Cornic into Bertheaume Bay, where he blockaded the French squadron overnight, hoping to bring them to action the following day.<a href="#cite_note-WJ171-101">[89]</a> However, on 9 June, Montagu sighted 19 French ships appearing from the west—the remnants of Villaret's fleet. Hastily turning his ships, Montagu sailed south to avoid becoming trapped between two forces which might easily overwhelm him.<a href="#cite_note-HM382-102">[90]</a> Villaret and Cornic gave chase for a day before turning east towards the safety of the French ports.<a href="#cite_note-WJ171-101">[89]</a> Howe benefited from Montagu's withdrawal, as his own battered fleet passed close to the scene of this stand-off on 10 June, pushing north into the English Channel.<a href="#cite_note-WJ172-103">[91]</a> With Villaret and Cornic fortuitously pursuing Montagu to the south, Howe was free to pass Ushant without difficulty and arrived off <a href="/wiki/Plymouth" title="Plymouth">Plymouth</a> on 12 June, joined soon afterwards by Montagu. Villaret had anchored with Cornic in Bertheaume Bay the day before, but Saint-André refused to allow him to enter Brest until the republican attitudes of the town's population had been assessed.<a href="#cite_note-WJ172-103">[91]</a> On 12 June, the convoy from America finally arrived off France, having lost just one ship in passage during a storm.<a href="#cite_note-WJ172-103">[91]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Aftermath">Aftermath</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Glorious_First_of_June&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Aftermath">edit</a>]</div> Both Britain and France claimed victory in the battle: Britain by virtue of capturing or sinking seven French ships without losing any of her own and remaining in control of the battle site; France because the vital convoy had passed through the Atlantic unharmed and arrived in France without significant loss.<a href="#cite_note-NT89-14">[11]</a> The two fleets were showered by their respective nations with both praise and criticism—the latter particularly directed at those captains not felt to have contributed significantly to the fighting.<a href="#cite_note-WJ173-104">[92]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="France">France</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Glorious_First_of_June&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: France">edit</a>]</div> In France the revolutionary principles of égalité precluded extensive awards, but Villaret was promoted to vice-admiral on 27 September 1794<a href="#cite_note-levot544-105">[93]</a> and other minor awards were distributed to the admirals of the fleet. In addition the fleet's officers took part in a celebratory parade from Brest to Paris, accompanying the recently arrived food supplies. The role of <a href="/wiki/French_ship_Vengeur_du_Peuple" title="French ship Vengeur du Peuple">Vengeur du Peuple</a> was mythified by <a href="/wiki/Bertrand_Barr%C3%A8re" class="mw-redirect" title="Bertrand Barrère">Bertrand Barrère</a>, giving birth to an exalted legend. Opinion in France concerning the battle's outcome was divided; while many celebrated Saint-André's exaggerated accounts of victory in Le Moniteur, senior naval officers disagreed.<a href="#cite_note-WJ174-106">[94]</a> Among the dissenters was the highly experienced but recently dismissed Admiral <a href="/wiki/Yves-Joseph_de_Kerguelen-Tr%C3%A9marec" title="Yves-Joseph de Kerguelen-Trémarec">Kerguelen</a>. Kerguelen was disgusted by Villaret's failure to renew the battle after he had reformed his squadron, and felt that the French fleet could have been successful tactically as well as strategically if only Villaret had made greater efforts to engage the remains of Howe's fleet.<a href="#cite_note-WJ175-107">[95]</a> The French Navy had suffered its worst losses in a single day since the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_La_Hogue" class="mw-redirect" title="Battle of La Hogue">Battle of La Hogue</a> in 1692.<a href="#cite_note-NR430-41">[37]</a> Ultimately the revolutionary excesses of the period would prove disastrous for the French Navy. Poor leadership, conflicting and arbitrary orders and the decimation of the experienced seamen in the ranks promoted a negative attitude in the French officer corps.<a href="#cite_note-PP163-108">[96]</a> The French battlefleet did not contest British dominance in Northern European waters again, and their raiding operations repeatedly ended in failure at the hands of more confident British squadrons and the unforgiving Atlantic weather. By 1805, when the last great French fleet to take to the sea was crushed at the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Trafalgar" title="Battle of Trafalgar">Battle of Trafalgar</a>, poor training and low investment in the Navy had reduced its efficiency to levels unthinkable 20 years earlier.<a href="#cite_note-PP163-108">[96]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Britain">Britain</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Glorious_First_of_June&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Britain">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Glorious_First_of_June.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Glorious_First_of_June.jpg/220px-Glorious_First_of_June.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="329" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Glorious_First_of_June.jpg/330px-Glorious_First_of_June.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Glorious_First_of_June.jpg/440px-Glorious_First_of_June.jpg 2x" data-file-width="510" data-file-height="762" /></a><figcaption>1802 engraving commemorating the Glorious First of June.</figcaption></figure> In Britain, the fleet in <a href="/wiki/Spithead" title="Spithead">Spithead</a> was treated with a Royal visit by King <a href="/wiki/George_III" title="George III">George III</a> and the entire royal household.<a href="#cite_note-NT95-109">[97]</a> Numerous honours were bestowed on the fleet and its commanders. Admiral Howe, already an earl, refused any further elevation, and one of Howe's political opponents dissuaded King George III from making him a <a href="/wiki/Knight_of_the_Garter" class="mw-redirect" title="Knight of the Garter">Knight of the Garter</a>.<a href="#cite_note-WJ179-110">[98]</a> Vice-Admiral Graves was elevated to the <a href="/wiki/Peerage_of_Ireland" title="Peerage of Ireland">Peerage of Ireland</a> as <a href="/wiki/Baron_Graves" title="Baron Graves">Baron Graves</a>, while Vice-Admiral Hood was made <a href="/wiki/Viscount_Bridport" title="Viscount Bridport">Viscount Bridport</a>.<a href="#cite_note-111">[m]</a> Rear-Admirals <a href="/wiki/Sir_George_Bowyer,_5th_Baronet" title="Sir George Bowyer, 5th Baronet">Bowyer</a>, Gardner, Pasley and Curtis (the last-named was promoted from captain on 4 July 1794) were all made <a href="/wiki/Baronets" class="mw-redirect" title="Baronets">baronets</a>, and Bowyer and Pasley also received pensions of £1,000 a year to compensate them for their severe wounds.<a href="#cite_note-WJ179-110">[98]</a> All first lieutenants were promoted to <a href="/wiki/Commander" title="Commander">commander</a> and numerous other officers were promoted in consequence of their actions. The thanks of <a href="/wiki/Parliament_of_Great_Britain" title="Parliament of Great Britain">parliament</a> were unanimously passed to all who fought at the action and various other gifts and awards were distributed among the fleet.<a href="#cite_note-RG39-112">[99]</a> A memorial to Captains John Hutt and John Harvey, both of whom had died of their wounds on 30 June, was raised in <a href="/wiki/Westminster_Abbey" title="Westminster Abbey">Westminster Abbey</a>.<a href="#cite_note-ODNBJHarvey-61">[55]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:London-Woolwich,_Royal_Arsenal,_Shell_Foundry_Gate,_cannon_01.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/London-Woolwich%2C_Royal_Arsenal%2C_Shell_Foundry_Gate%2C_cannon_01.jpg/220px-London-Woolwich%2C_Royal_Arsenal%2C_Shell_Foundry_Gate%2C_cannon_01.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="138" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/London-Woolwich%2C_Royal_Arsenal%2C_Shell_Foundry_Gate%2C_cannon_01.jpg/330px-London-Woolwich%2C_Royal_Arsenal%2C_Shell_Foundry_Gate%2C_cannon_01.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/London-Woolwich%2C_Royal_Arsenal%2C_Shell_Foundry_Gate%2C_cannon_01.jpg/440px-London-Woolwich%2C_Royal_Arsenal%2C_Shell_Foundry_Gate%2C_cannon_01.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2400" data-file-height="1503" /></a><figcaption>French cannon, captured by Lord Howe, now on display at <a href="/wiki/Royal_Arsenal" title="Royal Arsenal">Royal Arsenal</a>, <a href="/wiki/Woolwich" title="Woolwich">Woolwich</a></figcaption></figure> There was, however, a bitter consequence of the awards, rooted in Howe's official dispatch to the Admiralty concerning the battle, which according to some accounts was actually written by Curtis.<a href="#cite_note-NR430-41">[37]</a> Howe had appended a list to his report containing the names of officers whom he believed merited special reward for their part in the battle. The list included Vice-Admirals Graves and Hood, Rear-Admirals Bowyer, Gardner, and Pasley, and Captains Seymour, Pakenham, Cranfield Berkeley, Gambier, John Harvey, Payne, Henry Harvey, Pringle, Duckworth, Elphinstone, Nichols, and Hope. Also mentioned were Lieutenants Monkton and Donnelly.<a href="#cite_note-WJ181-113">[100]</a> The list had omitted a number of officers who had served in the battle, and the justice of their omission was a highly controversial issue in the Navy.<a href="#cite_note-NT90-114">[101]</a> Rear-Admiral Caldwell was the sole British flag officer present not to receive a hereditary honour, although he was promoted to Vice-Admiral on 4 July (as were Bowyer and Gardner). After studying the ship's logs and reports of the battle, the Admiralty minted a medal to be awarded to the living captains on the list only (although Captain <a href="/wiki/Sir_William_Parker,_1st_Baronet,_of_Harburn" title="Sir William Parker, 1st Baronet, of Harburn">William Parker</a> of HMS Audacious was awarded one as well).<a href="#cite_note-NR430-41">[37]</a> The captains excluded from the list were furious, and the furore from this selective commendation lasted years: in 1795 Vice-Admiral Caldwell quit the service in anger as a result,<a href="#cite_note-ODNBCald-115">[102]</a> while <a href="/wiki/Cuthbert_Collingwood" class="mw-redirect" title="Cuthbert Collingwood">Cuthbert Collingwood</a>, flag captain of Barfleur, refused all awards for future service until the Glorious First of June medal was presented to him as well. He eventually received it after the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Cape_St_Vincent_(1797)" class="mw-redirect" title="Battle of Cape St Vincent (1797)">Battle of Cape St Vincent</a> in 1797.<a href="#cite_note-ODNBColl-116">[103]</a> Over five decades later the battle was among the actions recognised by a clasp attached to the <a href="/wiki/Naval_General_Service_Medal_(1847)" title="Naval General Service Medal (1847)">Naval General Service Medal</a>, awarded upon application to all British participants still living in 1847.<a href="#cite_note-LG4-117">[104]</a> Bitterest of all was the <a href="/wiki/Whispering_campaign" title="Whispering campaign">whispering campaign</a> directed at Anthony Molloy, captain of HMS Caesar. Molloy was accused of cowardice by fellow officers for his failure to follow Howe's orders on both 29 May and 1 June. Molloy's request for an official court-martial to clear his name failed, and although his personal courage was not called into question, his professional ability was.<a href="#cite_note-RG39-112">[99]</a> Molloy was dismissed from his ship.<a href="#cite_note-118">[105]</a> Of the captured ships, several were purchased and enjoyed long careers in the Royal Navy, in particular the two 80-gun ships <a href="/wiki/HMS_Sans_Pareil_(1794)" title="HMS Sans Pareil (1794)">HMS Sans Pareil</a>, which was decommissioned in 1802 but not broken up until 1842, and <a href="/wiki/French_ship_Deux_Fr%C3%A8res" title="French ship Deux Frères">HMS Juste</a>, which was a popular command until her decommissioning in 1802 at the <a href="/wiki/Peace_of_Amiens" class="mw-redirect" title="Peace of Amiens">Peace of Amiens</a>.<a href="#cite_note-RG41-119">[106]</a> Of the four 74-gun prizes, Achille and Northumberland (both 74s built in the late 1770s) were broken up as unserviceable soon after arrival in Britain, while Impétueux was destroyed in a dockyard fire on 24 August 1794 while undergoing repairs. America, the final prize, was taken into the Royal Navy as HMS America but renamed <a href="/wiki/French_ship_America_(1788)" title="French ship America (1788)">HMS Impetueux</a> in July 1795 and remained in service until 1813.<a href="#cite_note-RG40-120">[107]</a> The combined <a href="/wiki/Prize_money" title="Prize money">prize money</a> for these ships was £201,096 (the equivalent of £29,000,000 as of 2024),<a href="#cite_note-inflation-UK-121">[n]</a> divided among the ships under Lord Howe's command.<a href="#cite_note-TW64-122">[108]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Glorious_First_of_June&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Notes">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width reflist-lower-alpha" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a> Although some sources differ (Smith, p. 82 claims only 50 km from Ushant, which may be a typographical error), the accepted position of the battle is approximately 400 nautical miles (740 km) west of <a href="/wiki/Ushant" title="Ushant">Ushant</a> in the Eastern Atlantic. (Padfield, p. 13) </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a> The battle is generally known in both English and French by its date rather than its geographical location. Naval battles were traditionally known by the closest land feature to the battle or a particularly prominent coastal feature nearby. In the case of the Glorious First of June, however, the nearest land was hundreds of miles away and bore no relation to the battle. Thus the date has instead been commonly used to represent the action. The discrepancy between English and French renditions is a result of the different calendars then in use: for Britain the <a href="/wiki/Gregorian_calendar" title="Gregorian calendar">Gregorian calendar</a> and for France the <a href="/wiki/French_Revolutionary_calendar" class="mw-redirect" title="French Revolutionary calendar">French Revolutionary calendar</a>. The name Third Battle of Ushant follows the nearest landmark tradition and also acknowledges the two previous <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Ushant_(disambiguation)" class="mw-redirect mw-disambig" title="Battle of Ushant (disambiguation)">Battles of Ushant</a> during the <a href="/wiki/American_Revolutionary_War" title="American Revolutionary War">American Revolutionary War</a>.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a> HMS Childers was under the command of Lieutenant <a href="/wiki/Robert_Barlow_(Royal_Navy_officer)" title="Robert Barlow (Royal Navy officer)">Robert Barlow</a>, who later commanded the frigate <a href="/wiki/HMS_Pegasus_(1779)" title="HMS Pegasus (1779)">HMS Pegasus</a> at the Glorious First of June.<a href="#cite_note-NT3-3">[1]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a> It has been suggested by historian Peter Padfield that allowing Villaret to escape Brest was part of a deliberate strategy on Howe's part. If Howe could draw Villaret into the open ocean, he could rely on superior training and tactics to destroy the French fleet in battle. If successful, this would eliminate the threat from the French Atlantic Fleet for years to come.<a href="#cite_note-PP17-33">[30]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-42"><a href="#cite_ref-42">^</a> The weather gage was a vital advantage in sailing warfare because the ships required wind of the correct volume and direction to conduct offensive operations. When the wind was in the wrong direction, a captain could <a href="/wiki/Tacking_(sailing)" title="Tacking (sailing)">tack</a> to compensate, but possessing the weather gage meant that a ship could use the wind to attack its opponent directly, without the need for complicated manoeuvre.<a href="#cite_note-NR430-41">[37]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-51"><a href="#cite_ref-51">^</a> Pocock had been an officer with the British Fleet at the Glorious First of June, serving aboard the repeating frigate <a href="/wiki/HMS_Pegasus_(1779)" title="HMS Pegasus (1779)">HMS Pegasus</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-76"><a href="#cite_ref-76">^</a> Manderson served as a lieutenant aboard HMS Queen </li> <li id="cite_note-81"><a href="#cite_ref-81">^</a> Several of these ships had already signified surrender by lowering their flags, only to re-hoist them once out of danger. This was a severe breach of the customs of naval warfare at the time and provoked outrage in the British naval establishment. (Woodman, p. 36) </li> <li id="cite_note-82"><a href="#cite_ref-82">^</a> This depiction is somewhat fantastical, as the <a href="/wiki/French_ensigns" title="French ensigns">French ensign</a> flown by Vengeur was in all likelihood the white flag with a canton of three equal columns of red, white, and blue, and not the tricolour which, even though it had been officially introduced, was flown only by the flagship Montagne due to a lack of appropriate fabric in Brest. Furthermore, Vengeur is seen listing on the wrong side. </li> <li id="cite_note-91"><a href="#cite_ref-91">^</a> The arguments about the final minutes of Vengeur du Peuple have been extensive and bitter. French accounts report a great patriotic gesture,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWilliams1907381-84">[75]</a> mainly due to the report of the action made to the French National Convention in a celebrated speech by <a href="/wiki/Bertrand_Barr%C3%A8re" class="mw-redirect" title="Bertrand Barrère">Bertrand Barrère</a><a href="#cite_note-Bryan1906-85">[76]</a> Lord Howe however debunks that report entirely, claiming that it never occurred,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETracy199895-86">[77]</a> a position followed by many British sources.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJane199795-87">[78]</a> Some interesting light is thrown on this story by <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Carlyle" title="Thomas Carlyle">Thomas Carlyle</a>, who originally included the legend in his history of the French Revolution. When Admiral John Griffiths—who, as a lieutenant on HMS Culloden at the time, had been an eyewitness to the sinking—publicly challenged Carlyle's tale, dismissing both Barrère's version of the tale and Carlyle's own poetic license, Carlyle set out to get to the bottom of the story, eventually unearthing the official report of Vengeur by <a href="/wiki/Jean_Fran%C3%A7ois_Renaudin" title="Jean François Renaudin">Captain Renaudin</a>. Carlyle concluded that Barrère had concocted a "cunningly devised fable", and changed his account of the sinking of Vengeur in subsequent editions.<a href="#cite_note-Carlyle_to_Mary_Rich-88">[79]</a> <a href="/wiki/William_James_(naval_historian)" title="William James (naval historian)">William James</a> provides an alternative theory when he suggests that any person who behaved in such a manner on the stricken ship was acting under the influence of alcohol.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJames2002164-89">[80]</a> In his Histoire de la Marine Française, <a href="/wiki/Claude_Farr%C3%A8re" title="Claude Farrère">Claude Farrère</a> attributes the sinking to failure of the crew to close damaged lower gunports, claims that a good part of the crew evacuated the ship, and describes the patriotic cries as those of wounded men trapped on the sinking ship with no hope of rescue.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFarrère1956271-90">[81]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-casualties-98">^ <a href="#cite_ref-casualties_98-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-casualties_98-1">b</a> French losses have been estimated by various commentators and historians with some variation: N. A. M. Rodger gives 4,200 casualties and 3,300 captured;<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERodger2004430-92">[82]</a> Digby Smith gives 4,270 casualties and 3,254 captured;<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESmith199883-93">[83]</a> Padfield lists 3,500 casualties;<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPadfield200039-94">[84]</a> Gardiner 3,500 casualties and the same number captured.<a href="#cite_note-95">[85]</a> Saint-André gave 3,000 killed and wounded in his official dispatch and James assesses total French killed, wounded, and captured as no fewer than 7,000.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJames2002153-96">[86]</a> British casualty returns are easier to establish due to surviving records although there are discrepancies here too. The official total was 287 killed and 811 wounded during the campaign, while the individual ship totals listed in James do not add up to his eventual total of 1,148, coming in slightly under this figure.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJames2002152-97">[87]</a> Most sources agree however that the total casualty figure is approximately 1,200. </li> <li id="cite_note-100"><a href="#cite_ref-100">^</a> As an example of this, the losses sustained aboard the sinking Vengeur have been variously reported as "very low besides the badly wounded", (James, p. 164) 150 survivors, (Gardiner, p. 33) and "over 600 drowned". (Tracy, p. 106) </li> <li id="cite_note-111"><a href="#cite_ref-111">^</a> The title <a href="/wiki/Viscount_Hood" title="Viscount Hood">Viscount Hood</a> was already in use as the title of his cousin, Admiral <a href="/wiki/Samuel_Hood,_1st_Viscount_Hood" title="Samuel Hood, 1st Viscount Hood">Samuel Hood, 1st Viscount Hood</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-inflation-UK-121"><a href="#cite_ref-inflation-UK_121-0">^</a> UK <a href="/wiki/Retail_Price_Index" title="Retail Price Index">Retail Price Index</a> inflation figures are based on data from <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFClark2017" class="citation web cs1">Clark, Gregory (2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://measuringworth.com/datasets/ukearncpi/">"The Annual RPI and Average Earnings for Britain, 1209 to Present (New Series)"</a>. <a href="/wiki/MeasuringWorth" title="MeasuringWorth">MeasuringWorth</a>. Retrieved 7 May 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=MeasuringWorth&rft.atitle=The+Annual+RPI+and+Average+Earnings+for+Britain%2C+1209+to+Present+%28New+Series%29&rft.date=2017&rft.aulast=Clark&rft.aufirst=Gregory&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fmeasuringworth.com%2Fdatasets%2Fukearncpi%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGlorious+First+of+June" class="Z3988"> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Glorious_First_of_June&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: References">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 20em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-NT3-3"><a href="#cite_ref-NT3_3-0">^</a> Tracy, p. 3 </li> <li id="cite_note-RG9-5"><a href="#cite_ref-RG9_5-0">^</a> Gardiner, Fleet Battle and Blockade, p. 9 </li> <li id="cite_note-HM373-6">^ <a href="#cite_ref-HM373_6-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-HM373_6-1">b</a> Williams, p. 373 </li> <li id="cite_note-PP15-7"><a href="#cite_ref-PP15_7-0">^</a> Padfield, p. 15 </li> <li id="cite_note-NM102-8"><a href="#cite_ref-NM102_8-0">^</a> Mostert, p. 102 </li> <li id="cite_note-NT27-9"><a href="#cite_ref-NT27_9-0">^</a> Tracy, p. 27 </li> <li id="cite_note-HW387-10"><a href="#cite_ref-HW387_10-0">^</a> Williams, p. 387 </li> <li id="cite_note-NT53-11"><a href="#cite_ref-NT53_11-0">^</a> Tracy, p. 53 </li> <li id="cite_note-WJ122-12">^ <a href="#cite_ref-WJ122_12-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-WJ122_12-1">b</a> James, p. 122 </li> <li id="cite_note-HM381-13">^ <a href="#cite_ref-HM381_13-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-HM381_13-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-HM381_13-2">c</a> Williams, p. 381 </li> <li id="cite_note-NT89-14">^ <a href="#cite_ref-NT89_14-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-NT89_14-1">b</a> Tracy, p. 89 </li> 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Paris: Flammarion.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Chapitre+IX%3A+R%C3%A9volution+fran%C3%A7aise&rft.btitle=Histoire+de+la+Marine+fran%C3%A7aise&rft.place=Paris&rft.pub=Flammarion&rft.date=1956&rft.aulast=Farr%C3%A8re&rft.aufirst=Claude&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGlorious+First+of+June" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGardiner2001" class="citation book cs1">Gardiner, Robert, ed. (2001) [1996]. "The Glorious First of June". Fleet Battle and Blockade: The French Revolutionary War, 1793–1797. London: Chatham. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-86176-018-3" title="Special:BookSources/1-86176-018-3"><bdi>1-86176-018-3</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/36666951">36666951</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+Glorious+First+of+June&rft.btitle=Fleet+Battle+and+Blockade%3A+The+French+Revolutionary+War%2C+1793%E2%80%931797&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Chatham&rft.date=2001&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F36666951&rft.isbn=1-86176-018-3&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGlorious+First+of+June" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGardiner,_Robert2001" class="citation book cs1">Gardiner, Robert, ed. (2001) [1996]. Nelson Against Napoleon. London: Caxton Editions. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-86176-026-4" title="Special:BookSources/1-86176-026-4"><bdi>1-86176-026-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Nelson+Against+Napoleon&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Caxton+Editions&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=1-86176-026-4&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGlorious+First+of+June" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJames2002" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/William_James_(naval_historian)" title="William James (naval historian)">James, William</a> (2002) [1827]. The Naval History of Great Britain, Volume 1, 1793–1796. London: Conway Maritime Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-85177-905-0" title="Special:BookSources/0-85177-905-0"><bdi>0-85177-905-0</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/165702223">165702223</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Naval+History+of+Great+Britain%2C+Volume+1%2C+1793%E2%80%931796&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Conway+Maritime+Press&rft.date=2002&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F165702223&rft.isbn=0-85177-905-0&rft.aulast=James&rft.aufirst=William&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGlorious+First+of+June" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJane1997" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Fred_T._Jane" title="Fred T. 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London: Conway Maritime Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-85177-723-6" title="Special:BookSources/0-85177-723-6"><bdi>0-85177-723-6</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/163816462">163816462</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+British+Battle-Fleet&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Conway+Maritime+Press&rft.date=1997&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F163816462&rft.isbn=0-85177-723-6&rft.aulast=Jane&rft.aufirst=Fred+T.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGlorious+First+of+June" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLevot1866" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a href="/wiki/Prosper_Levot" title="Prosper Levot">Levot, Prosper</a> (1866). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=08O_XGLO43QC">Les gloires maritimes de la France: notices biographiques sur les plus célèbres marins</a> (in French). Bertrand.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Les+gloires+maritimes+de+la+France%3A+notices+biographiques+sur+les+plus+c%C3%A9l%C3%A8bres+marins&rft.pub=Bertrand&rft.date=1866&rft.aulast=Levot&rft.aufirst=Prosper&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D08O_XGLO43QC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGlorious+First+of+June" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMostert2007" class="citation book cs1">Mostert, Noel (2007). The Line upon a Wind: The Greatest War Fought at Sea Under Sail 1793–1815. Vintage Books. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7126-0927-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7126-0927-2"><bdi>978-0-7126-0927-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Line+upon+a+Wind%3A+The+Greatest+War+Fought+at+Sea+Under+Sail+1793%E2%80%931815&rft.pub=Vintage+Books&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-0-7126-0927-2&rft.aulast=Mostert&rft.aufirst=Noel&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGlorious+First+of+June" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPadfield2000" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Peter_Padfield" title="Peter Padfield">Padfield, Peter</a> (2000) [1976]. Nelson's War. Ware: Wordsworth Military Library. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-84022-225-5" title="Special:BookSources/1-84022-225-5"><bdi>1-84022-225-5</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/43500487">43500487</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Nelson%27s+War&rft.place=Ware&rft.pub=Wordsworth+Military+Library&rft.date=2000&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F43500487&rft.isbn=1-84022-225-5&rft.aulast=Padfield&rft.aufirst=Peter&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGlorious+First+of+June" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRodger2004" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Nicholas_Rodger" class="mw-redirect" title="Nicholas Rodger">Rodger, Nicholas A. M.</a> (2004). The Command of the Ocean. London: Allan Lane. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7139-9411-8" title="Special:BookSources/0-7139-9411-8"><bdi>0-7139-9411-8</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/43500487">43500487</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Command+of+the+Ocean&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Allan+Lane&rft.date=2004&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F43500487&rft.isbn=0-7139-9411-8&rft.aulast=Rodger&rft.aufirst=Nicholas+A.+M.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGlorious+First+of+June" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSmith1998" class="citation book cs1">Smith, Digby (1998). The Napoleonic Wars Data Book. Greenhill Books. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-85367-276-9" title="Special:BookSources/1-85367-276-9"><bdi>1-85367-276-9</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/231766509">231766509</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Napoleonic+Wars+Data+Book&rft.pub=Greenhill+Books&rft.date=1998&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F231766509&rft.isbn=1-85367-276-9&rft.aulast=Smith&rft.aufirst=Digby&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGlorious+First+of+June" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTracy1998" class="citation book cs1">Tracy, Ed. Nicholas (1998). 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The Star Captains, Frigate Command in the Napoleonic Wars. Chatham Publishing. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-86176-169-4" title="Special:BookSources/1-86176-169-4"><bdi>1-86176-169-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Star+Captains%2C+Frigate+Command+in+the+Napoleonic+Wars&rft.pub=Chatham+Publishing&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=1-86176-169-4&rft.aulast=Wareham&rft.aufirst=Tom&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGlorious+First+of+June" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWarner1961" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Oliver_Warner" title="Oliver Warner">Warner, Oliver</a> (1961). The Glorious First of June. B.T. 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Barnsley: Seaforth Publishing. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-84415-700-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-84415-700-6"><bdi>978-1-84415-700-6</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/216617748">216617748</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=British+Warships+in+the+Age+of+Sail%3B+1793%E2%80%931817&rft.place=Barnsley&rft.pub=Seaforth+Publishing&rft.date=2008&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F216617748&rft.isbn=978-1-84415-700-6&rft.aulast=Winfield&rft.aufirst=Rif&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGlorious+First+of+June" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWoodman2001" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Richard_Woodman" title="Richard Woodman">Woodman, Richard</a> (2001). The Sea Warriors. London: Constable Publishers. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-84119-183-3" title="Special:BookSources/1-84119-183-3"><bdi>1-84119-183-3</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/231895733">231895733</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Sea+Warriors&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Constable+Publishers&rft.date=2001&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F231895733&rft.isbn=1-84119-183-3&rft.aulast=Woodman&rft.aufirst=Richard&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGlorious+First+of+June" class="Z3988"></li> <li>Campagnes, thriomphes, revers, désastres et guerres civiles des Français de 1792 à la paix de 1856, F. Ladimir et E. Moreau. Librairie Populaire des Villes et des Campagnes, 1856 <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=fSFCAAAAcAAJ&q=Campagnes,+thriomphes,+revers,+d%C3%A9sastres+et+guerres+civiles+des+Fran%C3%A7ais+de+1792+%C3%A0+la+paix+de+1856">Tome 5</a>, pp. 17–27</li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Glorious_First_of_June&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: External links">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 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