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class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Utility</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Utility-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Origin" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Origin"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Origin</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Origin-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Product_design_and_manufacture" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Product_design_and_manufacture"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Product design and manufacture</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Product_design_and_manufacture-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Risks" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Risks"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Risks</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Risks-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Structural_Process" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Structural_Process"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Structural Process</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Structural_Process-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Structural Process subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Structural_Process-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Securitization" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Securitization"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.1</span> <span>Securitization</span> </div> 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class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Pre-packaged investment strategy</div> <table style="float: right;" border="1" width="400"> <caption> </caption> <tbody><tr valign="top"> <td> <p><b>Structured Product Categories</b> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Interest_rate-linked_note" class="mw-redirect" title="Interest rate-linked note">Interest rate-linked notes</a> and deposits</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Equity-linked_note" title="Equity-linked note">Equity-linked notes</a> and deposits</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Exchange-traded_note" title="Exchange-traded note">Exchange-traded note</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foreign_exchange_market" title="Foreign exchange market">FX</a> and <a href="/wiki/Commodity_market#Exchange-traded_commodities_(ETCs)" title="Commodity market">commodity-linked</a> notes and deposits</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Floating_rate_note" title="Floating rate note">Floating rate notes</a> and <a href="/wiki/Inverse_floating_rate_note" title="Inverse floating rate note">inverse floating rate notes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hybrid_security" title="Hybrid security">Hybrid</a>-linked notes and deposits</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Credit-linked_note" title="Credit-linked note">Credit-linked notes</a> and deposits</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constant_proportion_debt_obligations" class="mw-redirect" title="Constant proportion debt obligations">Constant proportion debt obligations</a> (CPDOs)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constant_proportion_portfolio_insurance" title="Constant proportion portfolio insurance">Constant proportion portfolio insurance</a> (CPPI)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Market-linked_note" class="mw-redirect" title="Market-linked note">Market-linked notes</a> and deposits</li></ul> </td></tr></tbody></table> <p>A <b>structured product</b>, also known as a <b>market-linked investment</b>, is a pre-packaged <a href="/wiki/Structured_finance" title="Structured finance">structured finance</a> <a href="/wiki/Investment" title="Investment">investment</a> strategy based on a single <a href="/wiki/Security_(finance)" title="Security (finance)">security</a>, a basket of securities, <a href="/wiki/Option_(finance)" title="Option (finance)">options</a>, <a href="/wiki/Index_(economics)" title="Index (economics)">indices</a>, <a href="/wiki/Commodities" class="mw-redirect" title="Commodities">commodities</a>, debt issuance or foreign <a href="/wiki/Currency" title="Currency">currencies</a>, and to a lesser extent, <a href="/wiki/Derivative_(finance)" title="Derivative (finance)">derivatives</a>. Structured products are not homogeneous — there are numerous varieties of derivatives and underlying assets — but they can be classified under the aside categories. Typically, a <a href="/wiki/Trading_desk" class="mw-redirect" title="Trading desk">desk</a> will employ a specialized "<a href="/wiki/Structurer" title="Structurer">structurer</a>" to design and manage its structured-product offering. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Formal_definitions">Formal definitions</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Structured_product&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Formal definitions"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/U.S._Securities_and_Exchange_Commission" title="U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission">U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission</a> (SEC) Rule 434 (regarding certain prospectus deliveries) defines structured securities as "securities whose cash flow characteristics depend upon one or more indices or that have <a href="/wiki/Embedded_option" title="Embedded option">embedded</a> forwards or options or securities where an investor's investment return and the issuer's payment obligations are <a href="/wiki/Contingent_claim" title="Contingent claim">contingent on</a>, or <a href="/wiki/Greeks_(finance)" title="Greeks (finance)">highly sensitive to</a>, changes in the value of underlying assets, indices, interest rates or cash flows".<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Utility">Utility</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Structured_product&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Utility"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>From the <a href="/wiki/Investor" title="Investor">investor</a>'s point of view, the concept of structuring means customizing a specified <a href="/wiki/Return_(finance)" class="mw-redirect" title="Return (finance)">return stream</a>; structured products can be used as an alternative to a direct investment, as part of the <a href="/wiki/Asset_allocation" title="Asset allocation">asset allocation</a> process to reduce risk exposure of a <a href="/wiki/Portfolio_(finance)" title="Portfolio (finance)">portfolio</a>, or to utilize the current market trend. From the issuer's point of view, structuring means that a number of existing financial products are combined to achieve the client's desired return function. Theoretically an investor can do this themselves, but the cost and transaction volume requirements of many options and swaps are beyond many individual investors.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As such, structured products were created to meet specific needs that cannot be met from the standardized financial instruments available in the markets. The more outlandish the idea and with less time to play out, the cheaper pricing will naturally be (see <a href="/wiki/Moneyness" title="Moneyness">moneyness</a>). </p><p>Two typical <a href="/wiki/Use_case" title="Use case">use cases</a>: </p> <ul><li>An investor <a href="/wiki/Fundamental_analysis" title="Fundamental analysis">dislikes a specific stock</a> and does not want to hold it in their portfolio, but <a href="/wiki/Regret_(decision_theory)#Minimax_regret" title="Regret (decision theory)">knows how much regret</a> a 20 percent rise in the stock would cause. Therefore, the investor chooses to purchase a structured product on the stock instead: an agreement ('contract', 'certificate', '<a href="/wiki/Structured_note" title="Structured note">note</a>') with another entity (e.g. a bank) that pays out the full return on the given stock, but only if the stock surpasses a specified threshold, such as this 20%, over a specified time period. This product is known as a <b>market-linked note</b>. Numerous combinations of conditions and assets are available to construct this, <a href="#Product_design_and_manufacture">see below</a>, and the pricing is then <a href="/wiki/Monte_Carlo_methods_in_finance#Overview" title="Monte Carlo methods in finance">based on past likelihoods and actual occurrences</a>, and current market expectations of such returns happening over such timespans given the agreed constraints.</li> <li>A feature of some structured products is a <a href="/wiki/Capital_guarantee" title="Capital guarantee">principal guarantee</a> function, which offers protection of principal if held to maturity. For example, an investor invests $100, the issuer simply invests in a <a href="/wiki/T-bill" class="mw-redirect" title="T-bill">risk-free bond</a> that has sufficient interest to grow to $100 after the five-year period. This bond might cost $80 today and after five years it will grow to $100. With the remaining funds, the issuer purchases the <a href="/wiki/Options_(finance)" class="mw-redirect" title="Options (finance)">options</a> and <a href="/wiki/Swap_(finance)" title="Swap (finance)">swaps</a> needed to perform whatever the investment strategy calls for. See <a href="/wiki/Structured_note" title="Structured note">structured note</a>.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Origin">Origin</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Structured_product&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Origin"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Structured investments arose from the needs of companies that want to issue <a href="/wiki/Debt" title="Debt">debt</a> more cheaply. This could have been done by issuing a <a href="/wiki/Convertible_bond" title="Convertible bond">convertible bond</a>—i.e., debt that could be converted to <a href="/wiki/Equity_(finance)" title="Equity (finance)">equity</a> under certain circumstances. In exchange for the potential for a higher return (if the equity value would increase and the bond could be converted at a profit), investors would accept lower interest rates in the meantime. However, the worth of this tradeoff is debatable, as the movement of the company's equity value could be unpredictable. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Investment_bank" class="mw-redirect" title="Investment bank">Investment banks</a> then decided to add features to the basic convertible bond, such as increased income in exchange for limits on the <a href="/wiki/Convertibility" title="Convertibility">convertibility</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Stock" title="Stock">stock</a>, or principal protection. These extra features were all strategies investors could perform themselves using options and other derivatives, except that they were prepackaged as one product. The goal was again to give investors more reasons to accept a lower <a href="/wiki/Interest_rate" title="Interest rate">interest rate</a> on debt in exchange for certain features. On the other hand, the goal for investment banks was to increase <a href="/wiki/Profit_margins" class="mw-redirect" title="Profit margins">profit margins</a> since the newer products with added features were harder to value, and thus harder to gauge bank profits.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="Statements about goals or intentions need to have authoritative sources—especially in a case like this, where other principal motivations might be likely, such as an ability to profit from economies of scale (June 2017)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>Interest in these investments has been growing in recent years, and <a href="/wiki/High-net-worth_individual" title="High-net-worth individual">high-net-worth</a> investors now use structured products as way of <a href="/wiki/Portfolio_diversification" class="mw-redirect" title="Portfolio diversification">portfolio diversification</a>. Nowadays the product range is very wide, and <a href="/wiki/Reverse_convertible_securities" title="Reverse convertible securities">reverse convertible securities</a> represent the other end of the product spectrum (<a href="/wiki/Yield_(finance)" title="Yield (finance)">yield</a> enhancement products). Structured products are also available at the mass <a href="/wiki/Retail" title="Retail">retail</a> level—particularly in <a href="/wiki/Europe" title="Europe">Europe</a>, where national <a href="/wiki/Post_offices" class="mw-redirect" title="Post offices">post offices</a>, and even <a href="/wiki/Supermarkets" class="mw-redirect" title="Supermarkets">supermarkets</a>, sell investments on these to their customers; these are referred to as <a href="/wiki/PRIIPS" title="PRIIPS">PRIIPs</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Structured product business, as a key part of customer-driven derivatives business, has changed dramatically in recent years. Its modern setup<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> requires a comprehensive understanding of: </p> <ul><li>Prevailing regulatory environment, specifically existing and forthcoming regulations including <a href="/wiki/MiFID_II" class="mw-redirect" title="MiFID II">MiFID II</a>, <a href="/wiki/Know_your_customer" title="Know your customer">KYC</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.efama.org/policy/distribution-client-disclosures/priips">PRIIPs-KIDs</a>, etc.</li> <li>Principles of risk-based <a href="/wiki/Capital_requirement" title="Capital requirement">capital/liquidity requirements</a> specified by <a href="/wiki/Basel_III" title="Basel III">Basel III</a>, <a href="/wiki/FRTB" class="mw-redirect" title="FRTB">FRTB</a>, etc.</li> <li>Real-life <a href="/wiki/Financial_modeling#Quantitative_finance" title="Financial modeling">quantitative pricing models</a> able to handle <a href="/wiki/Multi-curve_framework" class="mw-redirect" title="Multi-curve framework">multi-curve environments</a>, <a href="/wiki/Volatility_surface" class="mw-redirect" title="Volatility surface">volatility smile/skew</a>, etc.</li> <li>Structured product payoff features and their risk characteristics, as above</li> <li>Structured product manufacture process, and the "derivatives business" value chain - i.e. linking trading, structuring, quantitative modelling and risk management</li> <li>Structured product distribution channels, <a href="/wiki/Wrap_account" title="Wrap account">product wrappers</a>, impact of e-platforms</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Product_design_and_manufacture">Product design and manufacture</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Structured_product&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Product design and manufacture"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Structured products aspire to provide investors with highly targeted investments tied to their specific <a href="/wiki/Risk_profiles" class="mw-redirect" title="Risk profiles">risk profiles</a>, return requirements and market expectations. Benefits of structured products may include: </p> <ul><li>Principal protection, <a href="#Utility">as above</a> (depending on the type of structured product)</li> <li>Tax-efficient access to fully taxable investments</li> <li>Enhanced returns within an investment (depending on the type of structured product)</li> <li>Reduced volatility (or risk) within an investment (depending on the type of structured product)</li> <li>Ability to earn a positive return in low-yield or flat equity market environments</li> <li>Ability to minimize issuer risk by using collateral secured instruments (COSIs) backed with collateral in the form of securities or cash deposits</li></ul> <p>Historically, this aspiration is met with an ad hoc approach: the structure of the product is postulated in a way that seems appropriate for the client. Within this approach it can be difficult to articulate the precise problem the product is designed to solve, let alone to claim the product as <a href="/wiki/Optimal" class="mw-redirect" title="Optimal">optimal</a> for the client. Nevertheless, this approach is still widely used in practice. </p><p>A more advanced mathematical approach to product design has been proposed.<sup id="cite_ref-SoklakovWQS_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-SoklakovWQS-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It allows the structure of <a href="/wiki/Financial_products" class="mw-redirect" title="Financial products">financial products</a> to be derived as a mathematically optimal solution to the clients' needs. This approach demands higher proficiency from both the <a href="/wiki/Structurer" title="Structurer">structurer</a> who designs the product, and the client who needs to understand the proposal. </p><p>Once the product is designed, it is manufactured through the process of <a href="/wiki/Financial_engineering" title="Financial engineering">financial engineering</a>. This involves replicating the product through a trading strategy involving <a href="/wiki/Underlying" class="mw-redirect" title="Underlying">underlying</a> instruments such as <a href="/wiki/Bond_(finance)" title="Bond (finance)">bonds</a>, <a href="/wiki/Share_(finance)" title="Share (finance)">shares</a>, <a href="/wiki/Index_(economics)" title="Index (economics)">indices</a>, <a href="/wiki/Commodities" class="mw-redirect" title="Commodities">commodities</a> as well as simple derivatives like vanilla <a href="/wiki/Option_(finance)" title="Option (finance)">options</a>, <a href="/wiki/Swap_(finance)" title="Swap (finance)">swaps</a> and <a href="/wiki/Forward_contract" title="Forward contract">forward contracts</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Risks">Risks</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Structured_product&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Risks"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The market for derivatives has grown quickly in recent years because, <a href="#Utility">as above</a>, they perform an economic function by enabling the risk averse to transfer risk to those who are willing to bear it for a fee. At the same time, there are several risks associated with many structured products, especially those that present risks of loss of principal due to market movements, are similar to risks involved with options.<sup id="cite_ref-NYT41813_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NYT41813-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Disadvantages of structured products may include:<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Credit_risk" title="Credit risk">Credit risk</a> – structured products are <a href="/wiki/Unsecured_debt" title="Unsecured debt">unsecured debt</a> from investment banks</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liquidity_risk" title="Liquidity risk">Lack of liquidity</a> – structured products are primarily traded over the counter and issuers are not obligated to provide a bid</li> <li>Highly complex – the complexity of the return calculations means that it is difficult to determine how the structured product would perform versus simply owning the <a href="/wiki/Underlying_asset" class="mw-redirect" title="Underlying asset">underlying asset</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intuition" title="Intuition">Intuition</a>-based methods of product design often produce trades that are mathematically equivalent to <a href="/wiki/Gambling" title="Gambling">gambling</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> (<a href="#Product_design_and_manufacture">the above</a> "Quantitative Structuring approach"<sup id="cite_ref-SoklakovWQS_5-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-SoklakovWQS-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> can be used to eliminate this problem)</li> <li>Lack of clarity on what exact problem the product is actually solving (does not apply to products built through the Quantitative Structuring approach<sup id="cite_ref-SoklakovWQS_5-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-SoklakovWQS-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>).</li> <li>Lack of transparency on pricing - the investment bank fees are hidden in the product pricing and difficult for the customer to discern</li></ul> <p>More generally, the serious risks in options trading are well-established and customers must be explicitly approved for options trading. The U.S. <a href="/wiki/Financial_Industry_Regulatory_Authority" title="Financial Industry Regulatory Authority">Financial Industry Regulatory Authority</a> (FINRA) suggests that firms "consider" whether purchasers of some or all structured products should be required to go through a similar approval process, so that only accounts approved for options trading would also be approved for some or all structured products. </p><p>Further, "principal-protected" products are not always insured by the <a href="/wiki/Federal_Deposit_Insurance_Corporation" title="Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation">Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation</a> in the United States; they may only be insured by the issuer, and thus could potentially lose the principal if there is a <a href="/wiki/Liquidity_crisis" title="Liquidity crisis">liquidity crisis</a> or <a href="/wiki/Bankruptcy" title="Bankruptcy">bankruptcy</a>. Some firms attempted to create a new market for structured products that are no longer trading; some have traded in <a href="/wiki/Secondary_market" title="Secondary market">secondary markets</a> for as low as pennies on the dollar.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The regulatory framework for structured products is hazy and they may fall in legal grey areas. In <a href="/wiki/India" title="India">India</a>, equity-related structured products may violate the <a href="/wiki/Securities_Contracts_(Regulation)_Act,_1956" title="Securities Contracts (Regulation) Act, 1956">Securities Contract Regulation Act</a>, which prohibits issuing and trading equity derivatives that do not trade on a nationally recognized exchange. </p><p>A Quantitative framework in order to assess the risk-reward profile of structured products based on probability theory was developed by Marcello Minenna.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Structural_Process">Structural Process</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Structured_product&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Structural Process"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Securitization">Securitization</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Structured_product&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Securitization"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Securitization" title="Securitization">Securitization</a> in relation to structured products is the undertaking and pooling of bundles of debt which may include commercial mortgages, residential mortgages, and other debt obligations such as credit cards. </p><p>It is under the branch of <a href="/wiki/Structured_finance" title="Structured finance">structured finance</a> which relates to the management of leverage and the risk and serves as a very large source of financing across economies around the world. Securitized products such as Mortgage-backed securities allow investors to get paid from principal and interest cash flows which are usually collected from underlying debt and collateral and then paid back based upon the capital structure of the security, whether it be in relation to mortgages and real estate, or any other debt products that can be financed in this way. Securitized products also provide a huge source of financing in economies and funds more than 50% of US household debt. The securitization process follows a waterfall model<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> which is divided into tranches and pays investors based upon the level of riskiness their investments hold. Securities with lower risk are usually paid first and are considered investment grade investors which invest in bonds that usually have a “AAA rating” with subprime securities having lower credit ratings such as “BBB”.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In order to <a href="/wiki/Origination_fee" title="Origination fee">originate</a> and structure these products, the securitization process employs a <a href="/wiki/Special-purpose_entity" title="Special-purpose entity">special purpose vehicle</a><sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> technique so that a separate company is created in which the securitized debt in formed as a limited liability venture, so it can carry large mortgages with varying levels of riskiness without having to deploy this capital on their own <a href="/wiki/Balance_sheet" title="Balance sheet">balance sheets.</a> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="COVID-19_Implications">COVID-19 Implications</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Structured_product&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: COVID-19 Implications"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In light of the COVID-19 pandemic, structured products saw a major increase in their prices including products such as Commercial Mortgage-backed securities, Residential Mortgage-backed securities, Collateralized loan obligations, and other esoteric asset backed securities due to the federal reserve significantly lowering interest rates. More significantly, bonds and the credit market react this way due to being contra-cyclical with interest rate decreases having the opposite effect on bond prices. In recent times however, in order to control extremely high levels of inflation, the fed has raised interest rates leading to the price of the bond market and structured notes falling significantly, as well as the formulation of a much higher rate of <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.investopedia.com/terms/y/yield.asp">yield</a> to investors like asset managers, hedge funds, and investment banks who buy these products. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Structured_product&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Accumulator_(structured_product)" title="Accumulator (structured product)">Accumulator</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Credit_derivative" title="Credit derivative">Credit derivative</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Derivative_(finance)" title="Derivative (finance)">Derivative (finance)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Exotic_derivatives" class="mw-redirect" title="Exotic derivatives">Exotic derivatives</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Structured_finance" title="Structured finance">Structured finance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Structured_note" title="Structured note">Structured note</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Equity-linked_note" title="Equity-linked note">Equity-linked note</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Floating_rate_note" title="Floating rate note">Floating rate note</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inverse_floating_rate_note" title="Inverse floating rate note">Inverse floating rate note</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Credit-linked_note" title="Credit-linked note">Credit-linked note</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Market-linked_note" class="mw-redirect" title="Market-linked note">Market-linked note</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Structurer" title="Structurer">Structurer</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Structured_product&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.sec.gov/divisions/corpfin/forms/regc.htm#delivery">"Regulation C – Registration"</a>, U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFMehraj_Mattoo1996" class="citation book cs1">Mehraj Mattoo (1996). <i>Structured Derivatives: A Handbook of Structuring, Pricing & Investor Applications</i>. London: <a href="/wiki/FT_Press" title="FT Press">FT Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0273611202" title="Special:BookSources/978-0273611202"><bdi>978-0273611202</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Structured+Derivatives%3A+A+Handbook+of+Structuring%2C+Pricing+%26+Investor+Applications&rft.place=London&rft.pub=FT+Press&rft.date=1996&rft.isbn=978-0273611202&rft.au=Mehraj+Mattoo&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AStructured+product" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.eiopa.europa.eu/browse/regulation-and-policy/packaged-retail-and-insurance-based-investment-products-priips_en">"Packaged Retail and Insurance-Based Investment Products (PRIIPs)"</a>. European Commission.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Packaged+Retail+and+Insurance-Based+Investment+Products+%28PRIIPs%29&rft.pub=European+Commission&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.eiopa.europa.eu%2Fbrowse%2Fregulation-and-policy%2Fpackaged-retail-and-insurance-based-investment-products-priips_en&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AStructured+product" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Qu, Dong (2016). <i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.amazon.com/gp/product/1118632621?keywords=dong%20qu&qid=1444725736&ref_=sr_1_2&sr=8-2">Manufacturing and Managing Customer-Driven Derivatives</a></i>. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2022-10-11</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.whitecase.com&rft.atitle=Structured+Finance+Special+Purpose+Vehicles+and+FinCEN%27s+CDD+Rule+%7C+White+%26+Case+LLP&rft.date=2019-10-22&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.whitecase.com%2Finsight-our-thinking%2Fstructured-finance-special-purpose-vehicles-and-fincens-cdd-rule&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AStructured+product" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Structured_product&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120930050417/http://www.spgo.co.uk/educationcentre">Structured Product Guides and Education</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.investopedia.com/articles/optioninvestor/07/structured_products.asp">Investopedia - Understanding Structured Products</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.structuredproducts.org">Structured Products Association (US)</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.structuredproductsonline.com">Structured Products magazine</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.wswifa.com/structuredproductsexplained">Structured Products Information for the UK market</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ukstructuredproductsassociation.co.uk">UK Structured Products Association</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://eusipa.org/">European Structured Products 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