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class="vector-toc vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-toc-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="toc-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-toc" > <h2 class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Inhoud</h2> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.pin">naar zijbalk verplaatsen</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.unpin">verbergen</button> </div> <ul class="vector-toc-contents" id="mw-panel-toc-list"> <li id="toc-mw-content-text" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a href="#" class="vector-toc-link"> <div class="vector-toc-text">Top</div> </a> </li> <li id="toc-Geschiedenis_van_de_celtheorie" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Geschiedenis_van_de_celtheorie"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1</span> <span>Geschiedenis van de celtheorie</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Geschiedenis_van_de_celtheorie-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Celkern_en_andere_organellen" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Celkern_en_andere_organellen"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Celkern en andere organellen</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Celkern_en_andere_organellen-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Celkern en andere organellen-subkopje inklappen</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Celkern_en_andere_organellen-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Ontstaan_van_organellen" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ontstaan_van_organellen"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>Ontstaan van organellen</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ontstaan_van_organellen-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Celdeling" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Celdeling"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Celdeling</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Celdeling-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Prokaryoten" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Prokaryoten"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Prokaryoten</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Prokaryoten-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Prokaryoten-subkopje inklappen</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Prokaryoten-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Bacteriën" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bacteriën"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>Bacteriën</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bacteriën-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Archaea" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Archaea"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2</span> <span>Archaea</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Archaea-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Eukaryoten" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Eukaryoten"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Eukaryoten</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Eukaryoten-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Eukaryoten-subkopje inklappen</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Eukaryoten-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Dieren" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Dieren"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1</span> <span>Dieren</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Dieren-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Schimmels" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Schimmels"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.2</span> <span>Schimmels</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Schimmels-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Planten" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Planten"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.3</span> <span>Planten</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Planten-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Zie_ook" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Zie_ook"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Zie ook</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Zie_ook-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Externe_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Externe_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Externe links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Externe_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Inhoud" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" title="Inhoudsopgave" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Inhoudsopgave omschakelen" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Inhoudsopgave omschakelen</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Cel (biologie)</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Ga naar een artikel in een andere taal. Beschikbaar in 179 talen" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-179" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">179 talen</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sel" title="Sel – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Sel" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-als mw-list-item"><a href="https://als.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zelle_(Biologie)" title="Zelle (Biologie) – Zwitserduits" lang="gsw" hreflang="gsw" data-title="Zelle (Biologie)" data-language-autonym="Alemannisch" data-language-local-name="Zwitserduits" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Alemannisch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-am mw-list-item"><a href="https://am.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%88%85%E1%8B%8B%E1%88%B5" title="ህዋስ – Amhaars" lang="am" hreflang="am" data-title="ህዋስ" data-language-autonym="አማርኛ" data-language-local-name="Amhaars" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>አማርኛ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-an mw-list-item"><a href="https://an.wikipedia.org/wiki/Celula" title="Celula – Aragonees" lang="an" hreflang="an" data-title="Celula" data-language-autonym="Aragonés" data-language-local-name="Aragonees" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Aragonés</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ang mw-list-item"><a href="https://ang.wikipedia.org/wiki/L%C4%ABfcl%C4%93ofa" title="Līfclēofa – Oudengels" lang="ang" hreflang="ang" data-title="Līfclēofa" data-language-autonym="Ænglisc" data-language-local-name="Oudengels" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ænglisc</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-anp mw-list-item"><a href="https://anp.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%B6%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%BE" title="कोशिका – Angika" lang="anp" hreflang="anp" data-title="कोशिका" data-language-autonym="अंगिका" data-language-local-name="Angika" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>अंगिका</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AE%D9%84%D9%8A%D8%A9" title="خلية – Arabisch" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="خلية" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabisch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ary mw-list-item"><a href="https://ary.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%D9%86%D9%8A%D9%82%D8%A9" title="بنيقة – Marokkaans Arabisch" lang="ary" hreflang="ary" data-title="بنيقة" data-language-autonym="الدارجة" data-language-local-name="Marokkaans Arabisch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>الدارجة</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AE%D9%84%D9%8A%D9%87" title="خليه – Egyptisch Arabisch" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="خليه" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptisch Arabisch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-as mw-list-item"><a href="https://as.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%95%E0%A7%8B%E0%A6%B7_(%E0%A6%9C%E0%A7%80%E0%A7%B1%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%9C%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%9E%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%A8)" title="কোষ (জীৱবিজ্ঞান) – Assamees" lang="as" hreflang="as" data-title="কোষ (জীৱবিজ্ঞান)" data-language-autonym="অসমীয়া" data-language-local-name="Assamees" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>অসমীয়া</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/C%C3%A9lula" title="Célula – Asturisch" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Célula" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturisch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-av mw-list-item"><a href="https://av.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9B%D1%8A%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B5%D0%BB" title="Лъамел – Avarisch" lang="av" hreflang="av" data-title="Лъамел" data-language-autonym="Авар" data-language-local-name="Avarisch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Авар</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/H%C3%BCceyr%C9%99" title="Hüceyrə – Azerbeidzjaans" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Hüceyrə" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbeidzjaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AD%D9%88%D8%AC%D8%B1%D9%87" title="حوجره – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="حوجره" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>تۆرکجه</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ba badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="goed artikel"><a href="https://ba.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D2%AF%D2%99%D3%99%D0%BD%D3%99%D0%BA" title="Күҙәнәк – Basjkiers" lang="ba" hreflang="ba" data-title="Күҙәнәк" data-language-autonym="Башҡортса" data-language-local-name="Basjkiers" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Башҡортса</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bat-smg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bat-smg.wikipedia.org/wiki/L%C5%8Dstel%C4%97" title="Lōstelė – Samogitisch" lang="sgs" hreflang="sgs" data-title="Lōstelė" data-language-autonym="Žemaitėška" data-language-local-name="Samogitisch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Žemaitėška</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bcl mw-list-item"><a href="https://bcl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Selula" title="Selula – Central Bikol" lang="bcl" hreflang="bcl" data-title="Selula" data-language-autonym="Bikol Central" data-language-local-name="Central Bikol" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bikol Central</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%BB%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Клетка – Belarussisch" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Клетка" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarussisch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D1%83%D0%B7%D0%B0" title="Вуза – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Вуза" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%BB%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Клетка – Bulgaars" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Клетка" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgaars" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bh mw-list-item"><a href="https://bh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%B7_(%E0%A4%9C%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%9C%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9E%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8)" title="कोष (जीवविज्ञान) – Bhojpuri" lang="bh" hreflang="bh" data-title="कोष (जीवविज्ञान)" data-language-autonym="भोजपुरी" data-language-local-name="Bhojpuri" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>भोजपुरी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-blk mw-list-item"><a href="https://blk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%9E%E1%80%B2%E1%80%9C%E1%80%BA" title="သဲလ် – Pa'O" lang="blk" hreflang="blk" data-title="သဲလ်" data-language-autonym="ပအိုဝ်ႏဘာႏသာႏ" data-language-local-name="Pa'O" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ပအိုဝ်ႏဘာႏသာႏ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%95%E0%A7%8B%E0%A6%B7_(%E0%A6%9C%E0%A7%80%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%9C%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%9E%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%A8)" title="কোষ (জীববিজ্ঞান) – Bengaals" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="কোষ (জীববিজ্ঞান)" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bengaals" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bo mw-list-item"><a href="https://bo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%BD%95%E0%BE%B2%E0%BC%8B%E0%BD%95%E0%BD%B4%E0%BD%84%E0%BC%8D" title="ཕྲ་ཕུང། – Tibetaans" lang="bo" hreflang="bo" data-title="ཕྲ་ཕུང།" data-language-autonym="བོད་ཡིག" data-language-local-name="Tibetaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>བོད་ཡིག</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kellig" title="Kellig – Bretons" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Kellig" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Bretons" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Brezhoneg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%86elija_(biologija)" title="Ćelija (biologija) – Bosnisch" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Ćelija (biologija)" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnisch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bxr mw-list-item"><a href="https://bxr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%AD%D1%81" title="Эс – Russia Buriat" lang="bxr" hreflang="bxr" data-title="Эс" data-language-autonym="Буряад" data-language-local-name="Russia Buriat" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Буряад</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="uitgelicht artikel"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/C%C3%A8l%C2%B7lula" title="Cèl·lula – Catalaans" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Cèl·lula" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cdo mw-list-item"><a href="https://cdo.wikipedia.org/wiki/S%C3%A1%CC%A4-b%C3%A0u" title="Sá̤-bàu – Mindong" lang="cdo" hreflang="cdo" data-title="Sá̤-bàu" data-language-autonym="閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄" data-language-local-name="Mindong" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ce mw-list-item"><a href="https://ce.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%BB%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Клетка – Tsjetsjeens" lang="ce" hreflang="ce" data-title="Клетка" data-language-autonym="Нохчийн" data-language-local-name="Tsjetsjeens" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Нохчийн</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AE%D8%A7%D9%86%DB%95" title="خانە – Soranî" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="خانە" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Soranî" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>کوردی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bu%C5%88ka" title="Buňka – Tsjechisch" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Buňka" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Tsjechisch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cv mw-list-item"><a href="https://cv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%B0%D0%B9%D1%80%C4%83%D0%BC" title="Пайрăм – Tsjoevasjisch" lang="cv" hreflang="cv" data-title="Пайрăм" data-language-autonym="Чӑвашла" data-language-local-name="Tsjoevasjisch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Чӑвашла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cell_(bioleg)" title="Cell (bioleg) – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Cell (bioleg)" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Celle_(biologi)" title="Celle (biologi) – Deens" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Celle (biologi)" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Deens" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zelle_(Biologie)" title="Zelle (Biologie) – Duits" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Zelle (Biologie)" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="Duits" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%9A%CF%8D%CF%84%CF%84%CE%B1%CF%81%CE%BF" title="Κύτταρο – Grieks" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Κύτταρο" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Grieks" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-en mw-list-item"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cell_(biology)" title="Cell (biology) – Engels" lang="en" hreflang="en" data-title="Cell (biology)" data-language-autonym="English" data-language-local-name="Engels" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%88elo_(biologio)" title="Ĉelo (biologio) – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Ĉelo (biologio)" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="uitgelicht artikel"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/C%C3%A9lula" title="Célula – Spaans" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Célula" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rakk" title="Rakk – Estisch" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Rakk" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estisch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="uitgelicht artikel"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zelula" title="Zelula – Baskisch" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Zelula" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Baskisch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ext mw-list-item"><a href="https://ext.wikipedia.org/wiki/C%C3%A9lula" title="Célula – Extremeens" lang="ext" hreflang="ext" data-title="Célula" data-language-autonym="Estremeñu" data-language-local-name="Extremeens" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Estremeñu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B3%D9%84%D9%88%D9%84" title="سلول – Perzisch" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="سلول" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Perzisch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solu" title="Solu – Fins" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Solu" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Fins" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fo mw-list-item"><a href="https://fo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kykna" title="Kykna – Faeröers" lang="fo" hreflang="fo" data-title="Kykna" data-language-autonym="Føroyskt" data-language-local-name="Faeröers" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Føroyskt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cellule_(biologie)" title="Cellule (biologie) – Frans" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Cellule (biologie)" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="Frans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-frp mw-list-item"><a href="https://frp.wikipedia.org/wiki/C%C3%A8lula_(biologia)" title="Cèlula (biologia) – Arpitaans" lang="frp" hreflang="frp" data-title="Cèlula (biologia)" data-language-autonym="Arpetan" data-language-local-name="Arpitaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Arpetan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-frr mw-list-item"><a href="https://frr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sel" title="Sel – Noord-Fries" lang="frr" hreflang="frr" data-title="Sel" data-language-autonym="Nordfriisk" data-language-local-name="Noord-Fries" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nordfriisk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cill_(bitheola%C3%ADocht)" title="Cill (bitheolaíocht) – Iers" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Cill (bitheolaíocht)" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Iers" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gcr mw-list-item"><a href="https://gcr.wikipedia.org/wiki/S%C3%A9loul_(byoloji)" title="Séloul (byoloji) – Guianan Creole" lang="gcr" hreflang="gcr" data-title="Séloul (byoloji)" data-language-autonym="Kriyòl gwiyannen" data-language-local-name="Guianan Creole" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kriyòl gwiyannen</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gd mw-list-item"><a href="https://gd.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cealla_(bith-e%C3%B2las)" title="Cealla (bith-eòlas) – Schots-Gaelisch" lang="gd" hreflang="gd" data-title="Cealla (bith-eòlas)" data-language-autonym="Gàidhlig" data-language-local-name="Schots-Gaelisch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gàidhlig</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/C%C3%A9lula" title="Célula – Galicisch" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Célula" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galicisch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-glk mw-list-item"><a href="https://glk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B3%D9%84%D9%84%DB%8A%D9%84" title="سللۊل – Gilaki" lang="glk" hreflang="glk" data-title="سللۊل" data-language-autonym="گیلکی" data-language-local-name="Gilaki" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>گیلکی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gn mw-list-item"><a href="https://gn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tekoveap%E1%BB%B9i" title="Tekoveapỹi – Guaraní" lang="gn" hreflang="gn" data-title="Tekoveapỹi" data-language-autonym="Avañe'ẽ" data-language-local-name="Guaraní" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Avañe'ẽ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gv mw-list-item"><a href="https://gv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Killag" title="Killag – Manx" lang="gv" hreflang="gv" data-title="Killag" data-language-autonym="Gaelg" data-language-local-name="Manx" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaelg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hak mw-list-item"><a href="https://hak.wikipedia.org/wiki/Se-p%C3%A2u" title="Se-pâu – Hakka" lang="hak" hreflang="hak" data-title="Se-pâu" data-language-autonym="客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî" data-language-local-name="Hakka" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%AA%D7%90" title="תא – Hebreeuws" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="תא" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebreeuws" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%B6%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%BE" title="कोशिका – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="कोशिका" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hif mw-list-item"><a href="https://hif.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cell" title="Cell – Fijisch Hindi" lang="hif" hreflang="hif" data-title="Cell" data-language-autonym="Fiji Hindi" data-language-local-name="Fijisch Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Fiji Hindi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stanica" title="Stanica – Kroatisch" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Stanica" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Kroatisch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ht mw-list-item"><a href="https://ht.wikipedia.org/wiki/Selil" title="Selil – Haïtiaans Creools" lang="ht" hreflang="ht" data-title="Selil" data-language-autonym="Kreyòl ayisyen" data-language-local-name="Haïtiaans Creools" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kreyòl ayisyen</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sejt" title="Sejt – Hongaars" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Sejt" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hongaars" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%B2%D5%BB%D5%AB%D5%BB" title="Բջիջ – Armeens" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Բջիջ" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armeens" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hyw mw-list-item"><a href="https://hyw.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%B2%D5%BB%D5%AB%D5%BB" title="Բջիջ – Western Armenian" lang="hyw" hreflang="hyw" data-title="Բջիջ" data-language-autonym="Արեւմտահայերէն" data-language-local-name="Western Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Արեւմտահայերէն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ia mw-list-item"><a href="https://ia.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cellula_(biologia)" title="Cellula (biologia) – Interlingua" lang="ia" hreflang="ia" data-title="Cellula (biologia)" data-language-autonym="Interlingua" data-language-local-name="Interlingua" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Interlingua</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="uitgelicht artikel"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sel_(biologi)" title="Sel (biologi) – Indonesisch" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Sel (biologi)" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesisch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ie mw-list-item"><a href="https://ie.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cellul" title="Cellul – Interlingue" lang="ie" hreflang="ie" data-title="Cellul" data-language-autonym="Interlingue" data-language-local-name="Interlingue" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Interlingue</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ilo mw-list-item"><a href="https://ilo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Selula_(biolohia)" title="Selula (biolohia) – Iloko" lang="ilo" hreflang="ilo" data-title="Selula (biolohia)" data-language-autonym="Ilokano" data-language-local-name="Iloko" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ilokano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-inh mw-list-item"><a href="https://inh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9E%D0%B0%D0%B3%D0%B8%D0%BB%D0%B3" title="Оагилг – Ingoesjetisch" lang="inh" hreflang="inh" data-title="Оагилг" data-language-autonym="ГӀалгӀай" data-language-local-name="Ingoesjetisch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ГӀалгӀай</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Celulo" title="Celulo – Ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Celulo" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="Ido" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ido</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fruma" title="Fruma – IJslands" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Fruma" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="IJslands" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cellula" title="Cellula – Italiaans" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Cellula" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italiaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%B4%B0%E8%83%9E" title="細胞 – Japans" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="細胞" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jam mw-list-item"><a href="https://jam.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sel_(bailoji)" title="Sel (bailoji) – Jamaicaans Creools" lang="jam" hreflang="jam" data-title="Sel (bailoji)" data-language-autonym="Patois" data-language-local-name="Jamaicaans Creools" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Patois</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jbo mw-list-item"><a href="https://jbo.wikipedia.org/wiki/ji%27esle" title="ji'esle – Lojban" lang="jbo" hreflang="jbo" data-title="ji'esle" data-language-autonym="La .lojban." data-language-local-name="Lojban" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>La .lojban.</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jv mw-list-item"><a href="https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/S%C3%A8l_(biologi)" title="Sèl (biologi) – Javaans" lang="jv" hreflang="jv" data-title="Sèl (biologi)" data-language-autonym="Jawa" data-language-local-name="Javaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Jawa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%A3%E1%83%AF%E1%83%A0%E1%83%94%E1%83%93%E1%83%98" title="უჯრედი – Georgisch" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="უჯრედი" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgisch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kaa mw-list-item"><a href="https://kaa.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kletka" title="Kletka – Karakalpaks" lang="kaa" hreflang="kaa" data-title="Kletka" data-language-autonym="Qaraqalpaqsha" data-language-local-name="Karakalpaks" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Qaraqalpaqsha</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kab mw-list-item"><a href="https://kab.wikipedia.org/wiki/Takwatt" title="Takwatt – Kabylisch" lang="kab" hreflang="kab" data-title="Takwatt" data-language-autonym="Taqbaylit" data-language-local-name="Kabylisch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Taqbaylit</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kbd mw-list-item"><a href="https://kbd.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A3%D1%8D%D1%82%D1%8D" title="Уэтэ – Kabardisch" lang="kbd" hreflang="kbd" data-title="Уэтэ" data-language-autonym="Адыгэбзэ" data-language-local-name="Kabardisch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Адыгэбзэ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%96%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%83%D1%88%D0%B0" title="Жасуша – Kazachs" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Жасуша" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazachs" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-km mw-list-item"><a href="https://km.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%9E%80%E1%9F%84%E1%9E%9F%E1%9E%B7%E1%9E%80%E1%9E%B6%E1%9E%87%E1%9E%B8%E1%9E%9C%E1%9E%9C%E1%9E%B7%E1%9E%91%E1%9F%92%E1%9E%99%E1%9E%B6" title="កោសិកាជីវវិទ្យា – Khmer" lang="km" hreflang="km" data-title="កោសិកាជីវវិទ្យា" data-language-autonym="ភាសាខ្មែរ" data-language-local-name="Khmer" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ភាសាខ្មែរ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kn mw-list-item"><a href="https://kn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%9C%E0%B3%80%E0%B2%B5%E0%B2%95%E0%B3%8B%E0%B2%B6" title="ಜೀವಕೋಶ – Kannada" lang="kn" hreflang="kn" data-title="ಜೀವಕೋಶ" data-language-autonym="ಕನ್ನಡ" data-language-local-name="Kannada" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ಕನ್ನಡ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%84%B8%ED%8F%AC" title="세포 – Koreaans" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="세포" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Koreaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ku mw-list-item"><a href="https://ku.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xane" title="Xane – Koerdisch" lang="ku" hreflang="ku" data-title="Xane" data-language-autonym="Kurdî" data-language-local-name="Koerdisch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kurdî</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kw mw-list-item"><a href="https://kw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kell" title="Kell – Cornish" lang="kw" hreflang="kw" data-title="Kell" data-language-autonym="Kernowek" data-language-local-name="Cornish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kernowek</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%BB%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Клетка – Kirgizisch" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Клетка" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="Kirgizisch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Кыргызча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cellula" title="Cellula – Latijn" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Cellula" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latijn" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lb mw-list-item"><a href="https://lb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zell_(Biologie)" title="Zell (Biologie) – Luxemburgs" lang="lb" hreflang="lb" data-title="Zell (Biologie)" data-language-autonym="Lëtzebuergesch" data-language-local-name="Luxemburgs" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lëtzebuergesch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lbe mw-list-item"><a href="https://lbe.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%96%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%BA%D1%8A%D0%B0%D1%82%D1%82%D0%B0" title="Жаннакъатта – Lak" lang="lbe" hreflang="lbe" data-title="Жаннакъатта" data-language-autonym="Лакку" data-language-local-name="Lak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Лакку</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lez mw-list-item"><a href="https://lez.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%BB%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Клетка – Lezgisch" lang="lez" hreflang="lez" data-title="Клетка" data-language-autonym="Лезги" data-language-local-name="Lezgisch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Лезги</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lfn mw-list-item"><a href="https://lfn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Selula" title="Selula – Lingua Franca Nova" lang="lfn" hreflang="lfn" data-title="Selula" data-language-autonym="Lingua Franca Nova" data-language-local-name="Lingua Franca Nova" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lingua Franca Nova</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lg mw-list-item"><a href="https://lg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Akataffaali" title="Akataffaali – Luganda" lang="lg" hreflang="lg" data-title="Akataffaali" data-language-autonym="Luganda" data-language-local-name="Luganda" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Luganda</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-li mw-list-item"><a href="https://li.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cel_(biologie)" title="Cel (biologie) – Limburgs" lang="li" hreflang="li" data-title="Cel (biologie)" data-language-autonym="Limburgs" data-language-local-name="Limburgs" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Limburgs</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lmo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lmo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cellula" title="Cellula – Lombardisch" lang="lmo" hreflang="lmo" data-title="Cellula" data-language-autonym="Lombard" data-language-local-name="Lombardisch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lombard</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%BB%80%E0%BA%8A%E0%BA%A5_(%E0%BA%8A%E0%BA%B5%E0%BA%A7%E0%BA%B0%E0%BA%A7%E0%BA%B4%E0%BA%97%E0%BA%B0%E0%BA%8D%E0%BA%B2)" title="ເຊລ (ຊີວະວິທະຍາ) – Laotiaans" lang="lo" hreflang="lo" data-title="ເຊລ (ຊີວະວິທະຍາ)" data-language-autonym="ລາວ" data-language-local-name="Laotiaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ລາວ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/L%C4%85stel%C4%97" title="Ląstelė – Litouws" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Ląstelė" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Litouws" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C5%A0%C5%ABna" title="Šūna – Lets" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Šūna" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Lets" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mg mw-list-item"><a href="https://mg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sela" title="Sela – Malagassisch" lang="mg" hreflang="mg" data-title="Sela" data-language-autonym="Malagasy" data-language-local-name="Malagassisch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Malagasy</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mhr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mhr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%98%D0%BB%D0%BF%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%87%D0%B0%D0%BA" title="Илпарчак – Eastern Mari" lang="mhr" hreflang="mhr" data-title="Илпарчак" data-language-autonym="Олык марий" data-language-local-name="Eastern Mari" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Олык марий</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-min mw-list-item"><a href="https://min.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sel_(biologi)" title="Sel (biologi) – Minangkabau" lang="min" hreflang="min" data-title="Sel (biologi)" data-language-autonym="Minangkabau" data-language-local-name="Minangkabau" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Minangkabau</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%BB%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Клетка – Macedonisch" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Клетка" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonisch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%95%E0%B5%8B%E0%B4%B6%E0%B4%82" title="കോശം – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="കോശം" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%AD%D1%81" title="Эс – Mongools" lang="mn" hreflang="mn" data-title="Эс" data-language-autonym="Монгол" data-language-local-name="Mongools" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Монгол</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%B6%E0%A5%80" title="पेशी – Marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="पेशी" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="Marathi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>मराठी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sel_(biologi)" title="Sel (biologi) – Maleis" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Sel (biologi)" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Maleis" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-my mw-list-item"><a href="https://my.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%80%E1%80%9C%E1%80%AC%E1%80%95%E1%80%BA%E1%80%85%E1%80%8A%E1%80%BA%E1%80%B8" title="ကလာပ်စည်း – Birmaans" lang="my" hreflang="my" data-title="ကလာပ်စည်း" data-language-autonym="မြန်မာဘာသာ" data-language-local-name="Birmaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>မြန်မာဘာသာ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-myv mw-list-item"><a href="https://myv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A7%D0%BE%D0%B2%D1%8D%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%86%D1%8F" title="Човэриця – Erzja" lang="myv" hreflang="myv" data-title="Човэриця" data-language-autonym="Эрзянь" data-language-local-name="Erzja" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Эрзянь</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mzn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mzn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B3%D9%84%D9%88%D9%84" title="سلول – Mazanderani" lang="mzn" hreflang="mzn" data-title="سلول" data-language-autonym="مازِرونی" data-language-local-name="Mazanderani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مازِرونی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds mw-list-item"><a href="https://nds.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zell_(Biologie)" title="Zell (Biologie) – Nedersaksisch" lang="nds" hreflang="nds" data-title="Zell (Biologie)" data-language-autonym="Plattdüütsch" data-language-local-name="Nedersaksisch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Plattdüütsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-new mw-list-item"><a href="https://new.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%B7" title="कोष – Newari" lang="new" hreflang="new" data-title="कोष" data-language-autonym="नेपाल भाषा" data-language-local-name="Newari" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>नेपाल भाषा</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Celle" title="Celle – Noors - Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Celle" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Noors - Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Celle" title="Celle – Noors - Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Celle" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Noors - Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nrm mw-list-item"><a href="https://nrm.wikipedia.org/wiki/A%C3%AEtre" title="Aître – Norman" lang="nrf" hreflang="nrf" data-title="Aître" data-language-autonym="Nouormand" data-language-local-name="Norman" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nouormand</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cellula_(biologia)" title="Cellula (biologia) – Occitaans" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Cellula (biologia)" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Occitan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-om mw-list-item"><a href="https://om.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seelii_(Lubbiyyoo)" title="Seelii (Lubbiyyoo) – Afaan Oromo" lang="om" hreflang="om" data-title="Seelii (Lubbiyyoo)" data-language-autonym="Oromoo" data-language-local-name="Afaan Oromo" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oromoo</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-or mw-list-item"><a href="https://or.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AC%95%E0%AD%8B%E0%AC%B7" title="କୋଷ – Odia" lang="or" hreflang="or" data-title="କୋଷ" data-language-autonym="ଓଡ଼ିଆ" data-language-local-name="Odia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ଓଡ଼ିଆ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%95%E0%A9%8B%E0%A8%B8%E0%A8%BC%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%A3%E0%A9%82" title="ਕੋਸ਼ਾਣੂ – Punjabi" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਕੋਸ਼ਾਣੂ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pam mw-list-item"><a href="https://pam.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cell" title="Cell – Pampanga" lang="pam" hreflang="pam" data-title="Cell" data-language-autonym="Kapampangan" data-language-local-name="Pampanga" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kapampangan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pap mw-list-item"><a href="https://pap.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cel" title="Cel – Papiaments" lang="pap" hreflang="pap" data-title="Cel" data-language-autonym="Papiamentu" data-language-local-name="Papiaments" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Papiamentu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kom%C3%B3rka" title="Komórka – Pools" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Komórka" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Pools" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pms mw-list-item"><a href="https://pms.wikipedia.org/wiki/S%C3%A9lula" title="Sélula – Piëmontees" lang="pms" hreflang="pms" data-title="Sélula" data-language-autonym="Piemontèis" data-language-local-name="Piëmontees" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Piemontèis</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AE%D9%84%DB%8C%DB%81" title="خلیہ – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="خلیہ" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پنجابی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ps mw-list-item"><a href="https://ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%98%D9%88%D9%86%DA%A9%D9%87" title="ژونکه – Pasjtoe" lang="ps" hreflang="ps" data-title="ژونکه" data-language-autonym="پښتو" data-language-local-name="Pasjtoe" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پښتو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/C%C3%A9lula" title="Célula – Portugees" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Célula" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portugees" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-qu mw-list-item"><a href="https://qu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kawsaykuq" title="Kawsaykuq – Quechua" lang="qu" hreflang="qu" data-title="Kawsaykuq" data-language-autonym="Runa Simi" data-language-local-name="Quechua" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Runa Simi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Celul%C4%83_(biologie)" title="Celulă (biologie) – Roemeens" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Celulă (biologie)" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Roemeens" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-roa-rup mw-list-item"><a href="https://roa-rup.wikipedia.org/wiki/Celul%C3%A2_(biologie)" title="Celulâ (biologie) – Aroemeens" lang="rup" hreflang="rup" data-title="Celulâ (biologie)" data-language-autonym="Armãneashti" data-language-local-name="Aroemeens" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Armãneashti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%BB%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Клетка – Russisch" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Клетка" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russisch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rue mw-list-item"><a href="https://rue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D1%83%D0%BD%D0%BA%D0%B0_(%D0%B1%D1%96%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%BE%D2%91%D1%96%D1%8F)" title="Бунка (біолоґія) – Roetheens" lang="rue" hreflang="rue" data-title="Бунка (біолоґія)" data-language-autonym="Русиньскый" data-language-local-name="Roetheens" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русиньскый</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sa mw-list-item"><a href="https://sa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%B7:" title="रसकोष: – Sanskriet" lang="sa" hreflang="sa" data-title="रसकोष:" data-language-autonym="संस्कृतम्" data-language-local-name="Sanskriet" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>संस्कृतम्</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sah mw-list-item"><a href="https://sah.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B0%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%8B%D0%BA" title="Саанык – Jakoets" lang="sah" hreflang="sah" data-title="Саанык" data-language-autonym="Саха тыла" data-language-local-name="Jakoets" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Саха тыла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-scn mw-list-item"><a href="https://scn.wikipedia.org/wiki/C%C3%A8llula" title="Cèllula – Siciliaans" lang="scn" hreflang="scn" data-title="Cèllula" data-language-autonym="Sicilianu" data-language-local-name="Siciliaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sicilianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sd mw-list-item"><a href="https://sd.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AC%D9%8A%D9%88_%DA%AF%DA%BE%D8%B1%DA%99%D9%88" title="جيو گھرڙو – Sindhi" lang="sd" hreflang="sd" data-title="جيو گھرڙو" data-language-autonym="سنڌي" data-language-local-name="Sindhi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>سنڌي</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-se mw-list-item"><a href="https://se.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sealla" title="Sealla – Noord-Samisch" lang="se" hreflang="se" data-title="Sealla" data-language-autonym="Davvisámegiella" data-language-local-name="Noord-Samisch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Davvisámegiella</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%86elija_(biologija)" title="Ćelija (biologija) – Servo-Kroatisch" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Ćelija (biologija)" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Servo-Kroatisch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-si mw-list-item"><a href="https://si.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B7%83%E0%B7%9B%E0%B6%BD%E0%B6%BA_(%E0%B6%A2%E0%B7%93%E0%B7%80_%E0%B7%80%E0%B7%92%E0%B6%AF%E0%B7%8A%E2%80%8D%E0%B6%BA%E0%B7%8F%E0%B7%80)" title="සෛලය (ජීව විද්‍යාව) – Singalees" lang="si" hreflang="si" data-title="සෛලය (ජීව විද්‍යාව)" data-language-autonym="සිංහල" data-language-local-name="Singalees" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>සිංහල</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cell" title="Cell – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Cell" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bunka" title="Bunka – Slowaaks" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Bunka" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slowaaks" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-skr mw-list-item"><a href="https://skr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AE%D9%84%DB%8C%DB%81" title="خلیہ – Saraiki" lang="skr" hreflang="skr" data-title="خلیہ" data-language-autonym="سرائیکی" data-language-local-name="Saraiki" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>سرائیکی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Celica" title="Celica – Sloveens" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Celica" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Sloveens" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sn mw-list-item"><a href="https://sn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nyere_(Dzezvipenyu)" title="Nyere (Dzezvipenyu) – Shona" lang="sn" hreflang="sn" data-title="Nyere (Dzezvipenyu)" data-language-autonym="ChiShona" data-language-local-name="Shona" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ChiShona</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-so mw-list-item"><a href="https://so.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unug" title="Unug – Somalisch" lang="so" hreflang="so" data-title="Unug" data-language-autonym="Soomaaliga" data-language-local-name="Somalisch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Soomaaliga</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qeliza" title="Qeliza – Albanees" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Qeliza" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanees" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%8B%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B8%D1%98%D0%B0_(%D0%B1%D0%B8%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%B8%D1%98%D0%B0)" title="Ћелија (биологија) – Servisch" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Ћелија (биологија)" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Servisch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-stq mw-list-item"><a href="https://stq.wikipedia.org/wiki/S%C3%A4lle_(Biologie)" title="Sälle (Biologie) – Saterfries" lang="stq" hreflang="stq" data-title="Sälle (Biologie)" data-language-autonym="Seeltersk" data-language-local-name="Saterfries" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Seeltersk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-su mw-list-item"><a href="https://su.wikipedia.org/wiki/S%C3%A9l_(biologi)" title="Sél (biologi) – Soendanees" lang="su" hreflang="su" data-title="Sél (biologi)" data-language-autonym="Sunda" data-language-local-name="Soendanees" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sunda</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cell" title="Cell – Zweeds" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Cell" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Zweeds" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seli" title="Seli – Swahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Seli" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="Swahili" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kiswahili</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-szy mw-list-item"><a href="https://szy.wikipedia.org/wiki/sipaw" title="sipaw – Sakizaya" lang="szy" hreflang="szy" data-title="sipaw" data-language-autonym="Sakizaya" data-language-local-name="Sakizaya" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sakizaya</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%89%E0%AE%AF%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%B0%E0%AE%A3%E0%AF%81" title="உயிரணு – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="உயிரணு" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-te mw-list-item"><a href="https://te.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B0%9C%E0%B1%80%E0%B0%B5%E0%B0%95%E0%B0%A3%E0%B0%82" title="జీవకణం – Telugu" lang="te" hreflang="te" data-title="జీవకణం" data-language-autonym="తెలుగు" data-language-local-name="Telugu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>తెలుగు</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tg mw-list-item"><a href="https://tg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D2%B2%D1%83%D2%B7%D0%B0%D0%B9%D1%80%D0%B0" title="Ҳуҷайра – Tadzjieks" lang="tg" hreflang="tg" data-title="Ҳуҷайра" data-language-autonym="Тоҷикӣ" data-language-local-name="Tadzjieks" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Тоҷикӣ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%8B%E0%B8%A5%E0%B8%A5%E0%B9%8C_(%E0%B8%8A%E0%B8%B5%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%97%E0%B8%A2%E0%B8%B2)" title="เซลล์ (ชีววิทยา) – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="เซลล์ (ชีววิทยา)" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tk mw-list-item"><a href="https://tk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%96%C3%BDj%C3%BCk" title="Öýjük – Turkmeens" lang="tk" hreflang="tk" data-title="Öýjük" data-language-autonym="Türkmençe" data-language-local-name="Turkmeens" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkmençe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Selula" title="Selula – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Selula" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tagalog</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tpi mw-list-item"><a href="https://tpi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sel" title="Sel – Tok Pisin" lang="tpi" hreflang="tpi" data-title="Sel" data-language-autonym="Tok Pisin" data-language-local-name="Tok Pisin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tok Pisin</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/H%C3%BCcre" title="Hücre – Turks" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Hücre" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turks" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tt mw-list-item"><a href="https://tt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D2%AF%D0%B7%D3%99%D0%BD%D3%99%D0%BA" title="Күзәнәк – Tataars" lang="tt" hreflang="tt" data-title="Күзәнәк" data-language-autonym="Татарча / tatarça" data-language-local-name="Tataars" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Татарча / tatarça</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="uitgelicht artikel"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%BB%D1%96%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B0" title="Клітина – Oekraïens" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Клітина" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Oekraïens" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AE%D9%84%DB%8C%DB%81" title="خلیہ – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="خلیہ" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hujayra" title="Hujayra – Oezbeeks" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Hujayra" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Oezbeeks" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vec mw-list-item"><a href="https://vec.wikipedia.org/wiki/Se%C5%82u%C5%82a" title="Sełuła – Venetiaans" lang="vec" hreflang="vec" data-title="Sełuła" data-language-autonym="Vèneto" data-language-local-name="Venetiaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Vèneto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/T%E1%BA%BF_b%C3%A0o" title="Tế bào – Vietnamees" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Tế bào" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamees" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vo mw-list-item"><a href="https://vo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Si%C3%BCl" title="Siül – Volapük" lang="vo" hreflang="vo" data-title="Siül" data-language-autonym="Volapük" data-language-local-name="Volapük" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Volapük</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wa mw-list-item"><a href="https://wa.wikipedia.org/wiki/Celule" title="Celule – Waals" lang="wa" hreflang="wa" data-title="Celule" data-language-autonym="Walon" data-language-local-name="Waals" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Walon</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Selul%C3%A1" title="Selulá – Waray" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="Selulá" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="Waray" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Winaray</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%B4%B0%E8%83%9E" title="細胞 – Wuyu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="細胞" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wuyu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xh mw-list-item"><a href="https://xh.wikipedia.org/wiki/I-cell" title="I-cell – Xhosa" lang="xh" hreflang="xh" data-title="I-cell" data-language-autonym="IsiXhosa" data-language-local-name="Xhosa" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>IsiXhosa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xmf mw-list-item"><a href="https://xmf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%97%E1%83%9D%E1%83%9A%E1%83%98" title="თოლი – Mingreels" lang="xmf" hreflang="xmf" data-title="თოლი" data-language-autonym="მარგალური" data-language-local-name="Mingreels" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>მარგალური</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yi mw-list-item"><a href="https://yi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A6%D7%A2%D7%9C" title="צעל – Jiddisch" lang="yi" hreflang="yi" data-title="צעל" data-language-autonym="ייִדיש" data-language-local-name="Jiddisch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ייִדיש</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yo mw-list-item"><a href="https://yo.wikipedia.org/wiki/H%C3%B3r%C3%B3" title="Hóró – Yoruba" lang="yo" hreflang="yo" data-title="Hóró" data-language-autonym="Yorùbá" data-language-local-name="Yoruba" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Yorùbá</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-za mw-list-item"><a href="https://za.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sibau" title="Sibau – Zhuang" lang="za" hreflang="za" data-title="Sibau" data-language-autonym="Vahcuengh" data-language-local-name="Zhuang" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Vahcuengh</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%BB%86%E8%83%9E" title="细胞 – Chinees" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="细胞" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinees" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-classical mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-classical.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%B4%B0%E8%83%9E" title="細胞 – Klassiek Chinees" lang="lzh" hreflang="lzh" data-title="細胞" data-language-autonym="文言" data-language-local-name="Klassiek Chinees" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>文言</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/S%C3%A8-pau" title="Sè-pau – Minnanyu" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Sè-pau" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Minnanyu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%B4%B0%E8%83%9E" title="細胞 – Kantonees" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="細胞" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Kantonees" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zu mw-list-item"><a href="https://zu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ingqamuzana" title="Ingqamuzana – Zoeloe" lang="zu" hreflang="zu" data-title="Ingqamuzana" data-language-autonym="IsiZulu" data-language-local-name="Zoeloe" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>IsiZulu</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q7868#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Taalkoppelingen bewerken" class="wbc-editpage">Koppelingen bewerken</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> 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srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/31/Red_onion_cells.jpg/390px-Red_onion_cells.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/31/Red_onion_cells.jpg/520px-Red_onion_cells.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2988" data-file-height="5312" /></a><figcaption>Rode uicellen onder een microscoop. Levende cellen met gekleurde <a href="/wiki/Vacuole" title="Vacuole">vacuole</a>, afgestorven met kleurloze vacuole, luchtbel met dikke zwarte rand</figcaption></figure> <p>In de <a href="/wiki/Biologie" title="Biologie">biologie</a> is de <b>cel</b> het kleinste onderdeel van een <a href="/wiki/Organisme" title="Organisme">organisme</a> dat alle <a href="/wiki/Genoom" title="Genoom">genetische informatie</a> van dat organisme bevat. <a href="/wiki/Stofwisseling" title="Stofwisseling">Stofwisseling</a>, zoals <a href="/wiki/Celademhaling" title="Celademhaling">celademhaling</a> en <a href="/wiki/Eiwitsynthese" title="Eiwitsynthese">eiwitsynthese</a>, vindt binnen iedere individuele, <a href="/wiki/Leven" title="Leven">levende</a> cel plaats. Andere belangrijke cellulaire levensprocessen zijn het <a href="/wiki/Passief_transport" title="Passief transport">passief</a> en <a href="/wiki/Actief_transport" title="Actief transport">actief transport</a> van stoffen, in en uit de cel. Deze processen vormen het studiegebied van de <a href="/wiki/Celfysiologie" title="Celfysiologie">celfysiologie</a>. </p><p>Cellen van <a href="/wiki/Eukaryoten" title="Eukaryoten">eukaryoten</a> bestaan uit een <a href="/wiki/Celmembraan" title="Celmembraan">celmembraan</a> dat het <a href="/wiki/Cytoplasma" title="Cytoplasma">cytoplasma</a> omgeeft met daarin de <a href="/wiki/Celkern" title="Celkern">celkern</a>. Het cytoplasma bestaat uit waterig <a href="/wiki/Cytosol" title="Cytosol">cytosol</a> waarin zich de <a href="/wiki/Organel" title="Organel">celorganellen</a> bevinden. In de cellen van bacteriën, schimmels en planten wordt de <a href="/wiki/Celmembraan" title="Celmembraan">celmembraan</a> nog omgeven door een extra, relatief dikke, <a href="/wiki/Celwand" title="Celwand">celwand</a>. De fysiologische eenheid die gevormd wordt door de <a href="/wiki/Celkern" title="Celkern">celkern</a> met het eromheen liggende <a href="/wiki/Cytoplasma" title="Cytoplasma">cytoplasma</a> wordt ook wel <a href="/wiki/Energide" title="Energide">energide</a> genoemd. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Bacteri%C3%ABn" title="Bacteriën">Bacteriën</a>, en <a href="/wiki/Protisten" title="Protisten">protisten</a>, waaronder veel <a href="/wiki/Algen" title="Algen">algensoorten</a>, zijn <a href="/wiki/Eencellige" title="Eencellige">eencellige</a> organismen. In <a href="/wiki/Meercellig_organisme" title="Meercellig organisme">meercellige organismen</a> komen verschillende soorten - <a href="/wiki/Celdifferentiatie" title="Celdifferentiatie">gespecialiseerde</a> - cellen 'groepsgewijs' voor als <a href="/wiki/Weefsel_(biologie)" title="Weefsel (biologie)">weefsels</a>. Meercellige organismen zijn <a href="/wiki/Dieren_(biologie)" title="Dieren (biologie)">dieren</a>, <a href="/wiki/Planten" title="Planten">planten</a>, veel <a href="/wiki/Schimmels" title="Schimmels">schimmels</a> en veel <a href="/wiki/Groenwieren" title="Groenwieren">groen-</a>, <a href="/wiki/Roodwieren" title="Roodwieren">rood-</a> en <a href="/wiki/Bruinwieren" title="Bruinwieren">bruinwieren</a>. </p><p>Een tussenvorm tussen eencellige en meercellige organismen wordt gevormd door <a href="/wiki/Coenobium" title="Coenobium">coenobia</a>, dat zijn celkolonies, met een min of meer vaste vorm, van niet-gespecialiseerde, gelijksoortige cellen. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Geschiedenis_van_de_celtheorie">Geschiedenis van de celtheorie</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cel_(biologie)&veaction=edit&section=1" title="Bewerk dit kopje: Geschiedenis van de celtheorie" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>bewerken</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cel_(biologie)&action=edit&section=1" title="De broncode bewerken van de sectie: Geschiedenis van de celtheorie"><span>brontekst bewerken</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="hatnote" style="margin-bottom:0.5em; padding:0.5em 0 0.5em 1.6em; font-size:95%;" role="note"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ee/1rightarrow_blue.svg/15px-1rightarrow_blue.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ee/1rightarrow_blue.svg/23px-1rightarrow_blue.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ee/1rightarrow_blue.svg/30px-1rightarrow_blue.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="480" data-file-height="480" /></span></span> <i>Zie <a href="/wiki/Celtheorie" title="Celtheorie">Celtheorie</a> voor het hoofdartikel over dit onderwerp.</i></div> <p>De eerste waarnemingen van cellen dateren uit de begindagen van de <a href="/wiki/Microscoop" title="Microscoop">lichtmicroscoop</a>. <a href="/wiki/Robert_Hooke" title="Robert Hooke">Robert Hooke</a> publiceerde in 1665 zijn verhandeling <i>Micrographia</i> waarin hij onder meer de microstructuur van <a href="/wiki/Kurk_(weefsel)" title="Kurk (weefsel)">kurk</a> beschreef. Hij ontleende het woord cel aan de leefruimten van monniken.<sup id="cite_ref-rogers21_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-rogers21-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Antoni_van_Leeuwenhoek" title="Antoni van Leeuwenhoek">Antoni van Leeuwenhoek</a> wordt beschouwd als de eerste persoon die <i>levende</i> cellen zag. Hij bekeek onder andere druppels water met een microscoop: een bolvormige lens die op een koperen plaatje was gemonteerd. Hiermee ontdekte hij in het water 'kleine diertjes', die met het blote oog niet te zien waren. Deze 'diertjes' bleken <a href="/wiki/Protozoa" title="Protozoa">protozoa</a>, waaronder <a href="/wiki/Klokdiertjes" title="Klokdiertjes">klokdiertjes</a>, te zijn. Ook bekeek hij <a href="/wiki/Bacteri%C3%ABn" title="Bacteriën">bacteriën</a> uit zijn eigen mond. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Theodor_Schwann" title="Theodor Schwann">Theodor Schwann</a> en <a href="/wiki/Matthias_Jacob_Schleiden" title="Matthias Jacob Schleiden">Matthias Jacob Schleiden</a> merkten in 1838 op dat dierlijke en plantaardige cellen onder een microscoop opvallende gelijkenissen vertoonden. Daaruit concludeerden ze de beginselen van wat later <i><a href="/wiki/Celtheorie" title="Celtheorie">celtheorie</a></i> is gaan heten:<sup id="cite_ref-rogers21_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-rogers21-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul><li>de cel is de basiseenheid van structuur, fysiologie en organisatie in levende organismen</li> <li>alle levensvormen bestaan uit een of meer cellen</li> <li>cellen komen voort uit deling van oudere cellen middels een sterk gereguleerd proces</li></ul> <p>Daaraan zijn later nog de volgende elementen toegevoegd:<sup id="cite_ref-rogers21_1-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-rogers21-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul><li>cellen bevatten erfelijke informatie die ze bij de deling doorgeven aan de <a href="/wiki/Dochtercel" title="Dochtercel">dochtercellen</a></li> <li>alle cellen lijken biochemisch op elkaar in de zin dat ze bestaan uit <a href="/wiki/Eiwitten" title="Eiwitten">eiwitten</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nucle%C3%AFnezuur" title="Nucleïnezuur">nucleïnezuren</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lipide" title="Lipide">lipiden</a> en <a href="/wiki/Koolhydraten" title="Koolhydraten">koolhydraten</a></li> <li>binnen de cel vindt energie-uitwisseling plaats door biochemische <a href="/wiki/Stofwisseling" title="Stofwisseling">metabolische reacties</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Celkern_en_andere_organellen">Celkern en andere organellen</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cel_(biologie)&veaction=edit&section=2" title="Bewerk dit kopje: Celkern en andere organellen" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>bewerken</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cel_(biologie)&action=edit&section=2" title="De broncode bewerken van de sectie: Celkern en andere organellen"><span>brontekst bewerken</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="hatnote" style="margin-bottom:0.5em; padding:0.5em 0 0.5em 1.6em; font-size:95%;" role="note"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ee/1rightarrow_blue.svg/15px-1rightarrow_blue.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ee/1rightarrow_blue.svg/23px-1rightarrow_blue.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ee/1rightarrow_blue.svg/30px-1rightarrow_blue.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="480" data-file-height="480" /></span></span> <i>Zie <a href="/wiki/Celkern" title="Celkern">Celkern</a> en <a href="/wiki/Organel" title="Organel">Organel</a> voor de hoofdartikelen over dit onderwerp.</i></div> <p>Cellen worden onderverdeeld in twee verschillende hoofdtypes: <a href="/wiki/Prokaryoten" title="Prokaryoten">prokaryotisch</a> en eukaryotisch. In een prokaryotische cel (cellen van <a href="/wiki/Bacteri%C3%ABn" title="Bacteriën">Bacteria</a> en van <a href="/wiki/Archaea" title="Archaea">Archaea</a>) is er geen compartimentering (door membranen gescheiden delen van de cel) en komt het genetische materiaal "los" in de cel voor. In eukaryotische cellen (cellen van <a href="/wiki/Eukaryoten" title="Eukaryoten">Eukaryota</a>) zit een groot deel van het genetische materiaal (<a href="/wiki/Desoxyribonucle%C3%AFnezuur" class="mw-redirect" title="Desoxyribonucleïnezuur">DNA</a>) in een <a href="/wiki/Organel" title="Organel">organel</a>, de <a href="/wiki/Celkern" title="Celkern">celkern</a> of nucleus genoemd, die wordt omgeven door het <a href="/wiki/Kernmembraan" title="Kernmembraan">kernmembraan</a>. Typische eukaryotische cellen hebben, behalve de kern, nog een aantal andere organellen die eveneens door membranen worden gescheiden van de rest van de cel: het <a href="/wiki/Endomembraansysteem" title="Endomembraansysteem">endomembraansysteem</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Eukaryotische cellen hebben dus een inwendige structuur, in tegenstelling tot prokaryotische cellen. Een organel is in ruime zin een functioneel gespecialiseerd compartiment van een eukaryotische cel. Het belangrijkste organel is de celkern. De fysiologische eenheid die gevormd wordt door de celkern met het eromheen liggende <a href="/wiki/Cytoplasma" title="Cytoplasma">cytoplasma</a> wordt <a href="/wiki/Energide" title="Energide">energide</a> genoemd. </p><p>Voorbeelden van organellen die bij alle eukaryoten voorkomen, zijn: </p> <ul><li>celkern: per definitie bevat een eukaryotische cel een of meer celkernen; de <a href="/wiki/Kernmembraan" title="Kernmembraan">kernmembraan</a> zondert het genetisch materiaal af van de rest van de cel</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Endoplasmatisch_reticulum" title="Endoplasmatisch reticulum">endoplasmatisch reticulum</a>, verder onderverdeeld in <i>ruw</i> en <i>glad endoplasmatisch reticulum</i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Golgicomplex" title="Golgicomplex">golgicomplex</a>: wordt gebruikt bij de aanmaak van <a href="/wiki/Prote%C3%AFne" class="mw-redirect" title="Proteïne">proteïnen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mitochondrion" title="Mitochondrion">mitochondrion</a>: genereert energie door oxidatie van <a href="/wiki/Glucose" title="Glucose">glucose</a></li></ul> <p>Voorbeelden van organellen die alleen bij sommige soorten eukaryoten voorkomen, zijn: </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Plastide" title="Plastide">plastiden</a> (zoals <a href="/wiki/Chloroplast" title="Chloroplast">chloroplasten</a> en <a href="/wiki/Leukoplast" title="Leukoplast">leukoplasten</a>): onder meer bij planten, bijvoorbeeld om glucose aan te maken met behulp van de energie van zonlicht of om zetmeel, <a href="/wiki/Plantaardige_olie" title="Plantaardige olie">olie</a> en proteïne op te slaan</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zweepstaartje" title="Zweepstaartje">flagellen</a> en <a href="/wiki/Trilhaar" title="Trilhaar">cilia</a>: voor de <a href="/wiki/Locomotie" title="Locomotie">voortbeweging</a> van een eencellig organismes of een <a href="/wiki/Gameet" title="Gameet">voortplantingscellen</a>.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Ontstaan_van_organellen">Ontstaan van organellen</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cel_(biologie)&veaction=edit&section=3" title="Bewerk dit kopje: Ontstaan van organellen" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>bewerken</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cel_(biologie)&action=edit&section=3" title="De broncode bewerken van de sectie: Ontstaan van organellen"><span>brontekst bewerken</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="hatnote" style="margin-bottom:0.5em; padding:0.5em 0 0.5em 1.6em; font-size:95%;" role="note"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ee/1rightarrow_blue.svg/15px-1rightarrow_blue.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ee/1rightarrow_blue.svg/23px-1rightarrow_blue.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ee/1rightarrow_blue.svg/30px-1rightarrow_blue.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="480" data-file-height="480" /></span></span> <i>Zie <a href="/wiki/Endosymbiontentheorie" title="Endosymbiontentheorie">Endosymbiontentheorie</a> voor het hoofdartikel over dit onderwerp.</i></div> <p>Er zijn aanwijzingen dat eukaryote cellen <a href="/wiki/Evolutie_(biologie)" title="Evolutie (biologie)">geëvolueerd</a> zijn uit prokaryoten, door symbiotische opname van andere soorten, prokaryote <a href="/wiki/Eencellige" title="Eencellige">eencellige</a> organismen, die geleidelijk zijn geëvolueerd tot organellen van de <a href="/wiki/Gastheer_(biologie)" title="Gastheer (biologie)">gastcel</a>. </p><p>Een aanvankelijke <a href="/wiki/Endosymbiose" title="Endosymbiose">endosymbiose</a> (gunstige samenlevingsvorm) van twee verschillende, prokaryote organismen, zou uiteindelijk geleid hebben tot versmelting in één nieuw, <a href="/wiki/Complex_systeem" title="Complex systeem">complexer</a> eencellig organisme, met een groter celvolume en een compartimentering van de cel. Endosymbiose is verantwoordelijk voor het ontstaan van zowel mitochondria als <a href="/wiki/Chloroplast" title="Chloroplast">chloroplasten</a>, de <a href="/wiki/Chlorofyl" title="Chlorofyl">chlorofylbevattende</a> <a href="/wiki/Plastide" title="Plastide">plastiden</a>, die verantwoordelijk zijn voor <a href="/wiki/Fotosynthese" title="Fotosynthese">fotosynthese</a> bij planten en algen. Mitochondria zijn geëvolueerd uit <a href="/wiki/Aeroob" title="Aeroob">aerobe</a> bacteriën, en chloroplasten komen voort uit <a href="/wiki/Blauwalgen" title="Blauwalgen">blauwalgen</a> (bacteriën die in staat zijn tot fotosynthese, onder vorming van <a href="/wiki/Dizuurstof" title="Dizuurstof">zuurstof</a>). Over de evolutionaire herkomst van de celkern is nog geen <a href="/wiki/Wetenschap" title="Wetenschap">wetenschappelijke</a> overeenstemming. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Celdeling">Celdeling</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cel_(biologie)&veaction=edit&section=4" title="Bewerk dit kopje: Celdeling" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>bewerken</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cel_(biologie)&action=edit&section=4" title="De broncode bewerken van de sectie: Celdeling"><span>brontekst bewerken</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="hatnote" style="margin-bottom:0.5em; padding:0.5em 0 0.5em 1.6em; font-size:95%;" role="note"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ee/1rightarrow_blue.svg/15px-1rightarrow_blue.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ee/1rightarrow_blue.svg/23px-1rightarrow_blue.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ee/1rightarrow_blue.svg/30px-1rightarrow_blue.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="480" data-file-height="480" /></span></span> <i>Zie <a href="/wiki/Celdeling" title="Celdeling">Celdeling</a> voor het hoofdartikel over dit onderwerp.</i></div> <p>Als voldoende bouw- en voedingsstoffen aanwezig zijn, kan een cel zichzelf splitsen in twee of meer nieuwe cellen. </p><p>Prokaryote cellen hebben een eenvoudige structuur, en kennen <a href="/wiki/Binaire_deling" title="Binaire deling">binaire deling</a> en <a href="/wiki/Knopvorming" title="Knopvorming">knopvorming</a>. </p><p>Bij eukaryote, <a href="/wiki/Meercellig_organisme" title="Meercellig organisme">meercellige organismen</a> is celdeling essentieel voor de <a href="/wiki/Groei_(fysiologie)" title="Groei (fysiologie)">groei en ontwikkeling</a>, en voor het vervangen van afgestorven of beschadigde cellen. Sommige soorten gebruiken celdeling bovendien voor de <a href="/wiki/Ongeslachtelijke_voortplanting" title="Ongeslachtelijke voortplanting">ongeslachtelijke voortplanting</a>, bijvoorbeeld <a href="/wiki/Knopvorming" title="Knopvorming">knopvorming</a> door <a href="/wiki/Poliep_(neteldier)" title="Poliep (neteldier)">poliepen</a> of <a href="/wiki/Stekken" title="Stekken">stekken</a> van planten, ook bekend als <a href="/wiki/Vegetatieve_vermeerdering" title="Vegetatieve vermeerdering">vegetatieve vermeerdering</a>. </p><p>Bij eukaryote cellen is het celdelingsproces gefaseerd, en zijn er verschillende mogelijkheden, naargelang de rol die de <a href="/wiki/Celkern" title="Celkern">celkern</a> speelt: </p> <ul><li>bij <a href="/wiki/Mitose" title="Mitose">mitose</a> worden de chromosomen van de <a href="/wiki/Moedercel" title="Moedercel">moedercel</a> verdubbeld (gekopieerd) en daarna over beide <a href="/wiki/Dochtercel" title="Dochtercel">dochtercellen</a> verdeeld, waardoor de dochtercellen genetisch gelijk zijn aan de moedercel.</li> <li>bij <a href="/wiki/Meiose_(voortplanting)" title="Meiose (voortplanting)">meiose</a> geeft een <a href="/wiki/Diplo%C3%AFdie" title="Diploïdie">diploïde</a> moedercel slechts één chromosoom van elk chromosomenpaar aan de dochtercellen; dit is het geval bij de vorming van <a href="/wiki/Gameet" title="Gameet">geslachtscellen</a> en van <a href="/wiki/Spore" title="Spore">(meio-)sporen</a>.</li></ul> <p>Sommige organellen in de eukaryote cel, met name de mitochondriën en de plastiden, hebben hun eigen genetische materiaal. Deze organellen delen zich gelijktijdig met de celdeling, via een eenvoudige binaire deling, en worden verdeeld over de dochtercellen. </p><p>Bij veel organismen met <a href="/wiki/Geslachtelijke_voortplanting" title="Geslachtelijke voortplanting">geslachtelijke voortplanting</a>, ook bij de mens, wordt het <a href="/wiki/Mitochondriaal_DNA" title="Mitochondriaal DNA">mitochondriaal DNA</a> uitsluitend van de moeder geërfd. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Prokaryoten">Prokaryoten</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cel_(biologie)&veaction=edit&section=5" title="Bewerk dit kopje: Prokaryoten" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>bewerken</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cel_(biologie)&action=edit&section=5" title="De broncode bewerken van de sectie: Prokaryoten"><span>brontekst bewerken</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Bestand:Bacterie-en-plantaardige-cel-schematisch.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/Bacterie-en-plantaardige-cel-schematisch.svg/260px-Bacterie-en-plantaardige-cel-schematisch.svg.png" decoding="async" width="260" height="140" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/Bacterie-en-plantaardige-cel-schematisch.svg/390px-Bacterie-en-plantaardige-cel-schematisch.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/Bacterie-en-plantaardige-cel-schematisch.svg/520px-Bacterie-en-plantaardige-cel-schematisch.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="270" /></a><figcaption>Schematische weergave van een <a href="/wiki/Plantaardige_cel" title="Plantaardige cel">plantaardige cel</a> en een <a href="/wiki/Bacteri%C3%ABn" title="Bacteriën">bacterie</a></figcaption></figure> <p><a href="/wiki/Prokaryoten" title="Prokaryoten">Prokaryoot</a>: (pro = voor, voorafgaand aan; karyon = celkern, karyoot = met karyon) </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Eencellige" title="Eencellige">eencellig</a></li> <li>circulaire <a href="/wiki/Chromosoom" title="Chromosoom">chromosomen</a> los in het cytoplasma of vastgehecht aan de celmembraan</li> <li>grootte: 0,5–3 <a href="/wiki/Micrometer_(eenheid)" title="Micrometer (eenheid)">μm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Celdeling" title="Celdeling">celdeling</a> door <a href="/wiki/Binaire_deling" title="Binaire deling">binaire deling</a>, zelden door <a href="/wiki/Knopvorming" title="Knopvorming">knopvorming</a></li> <li>deze informele groep bevat de meeste <a href="/wiki/Soort" title="Soort">soorten</a> op aarde; hiervan zijn de bacteriën het meest bekend</li> <li>ontbreken van celcompartimenten (organellen) als celkern, <a href="/wiki/Mitochondrion" title="Mitochondrion">mitochondria</a>, <a href="/wiki/Plastide" title="Plastide">plastiden</a>, <a href="/wiki/Vacuole" title="Vacuole">vacuolen</a> of <a href="/wiki/Vesikel_(cel)" title="Vesikel (cel)">vesikels</a></li></ul> <p>Er zijn twee <a href="/wiki/Domein_(biologie)" title="Domein (biologie)">domeinen</a> met prokaryote cellen: de <a href="/wiki/Archaea" title="Archaea">Archaea</a> en de <a href="/wiki/Bacteri%C3%ABn" title="Bacteriën">Bacteria</a>. De Bacteria vormen de <a href="/wiki/Zustergroep" title="Zustergroep">zustergroep</a> van de Archaea en de Eukaryota samen. De Archaea vormen de zustergroep van de Eukaryota. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Bacteriën"><span id="Bacteri.C3.ABn"></span>Bacteriën</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cel_(biologie)&veaction=edit&section=6" title="Bewerk dit kopje: Bacteriën" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>bewerken</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cel_(biologie)&action=edit&section=6" title="De broncode bewerken van de sectie: Bacteriën"><span>brontekst bewerken</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Bacteri%C3%ABn" title="Bacteriën">Bacteriën</a> </p> <ul><li>hebben een <a href="/wiki/Celwand" title="Celwand">celwand</a></li> <li>celwand bevat <a href="/wiki/Peptidoglycaan" title="Peptidoglycaan">mureïnen</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Archaea">Archaea</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cel_(biologie)&veaction=edit&section=7" title="Bewerk dit kopje: Archaea" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>bewerken</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cel_(biologie)&action=edit&section=7" title="De broncode bewerken van de sectie: Archaea"><span>brontekst bewerken</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Archaea" title="Archaea">Archaea</a> </p> <ul><li>hebben een enkelvoudig <a href="/wiki/Celmembraan" title="Celmembraan">celmembraan</a></li> <li>celwand bevat <a href="/wiki/Glycoprote%C3%AFne" title="Glycoproteïne">glycoproteïnen</a> (evenals bij eukaryoten)</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Eukaryoten">Eukaryoten</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cel_(biologie)&veaction=edit&section=8" title="Bewerk dit kopje: Eukaryoten" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>bewerken</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cel_(biologie)&action=edit&section=8" title="De broncode bewerken van de sectie: Eukaryoten"><span>brontekst bewerken</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Eukaryoten" title="Eukaryoten">Eukaryoten</a> (eu = goed, echt; karyoot = met karyon (kern)) </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Eencellige" title="Eencellige">een-</a> of <a href="/wiki/Meercellig_organisme" title="Meercellig organisme">meercellig</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Endomembraansysteem" title="Endomembraansysteem">endomembraansysteem</a>, celcompartimenten, dat wil zeggen <a href="/wiki/Organel" title="Organel">organellen</a>, zoals: <ul><li>celkern</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mitochondrion" title="Mitochondrion">mitochondria</a> (met eigen DNA)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plastide" title="Plastide">plastiden</a>, zoals <a href="/wiki/Chloroplast" title="Chloroplast">chloroplasten</a> (met eigen DNA)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vacuole" title="Vacuole">vacuolen</a> en <a href="/wiki/Vesikel_(cel)" title="Vesikel (cel)">vesikels</a></li></ul></li> <li>lineaire chromosomen in de celkern</li> <li>celwand bevat <a href="/wiki/Glycoprote%C3%AFne" title="Glycoproteïne">glycoproteïnen</a></li> <li>cellen groter dan 3 micrometer</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meercellig_organisme" title="Meercellig organisme">meercelligen</a> met <a href="/wiki/Levenscyclus" title="Levenscyclus">levenscyclus</a>: <a href="/wiki/Generatiewisseling" title="Generatiewisseling">generatiewisseling</a> en/of <a href="/wiki/Kernfasewisseling" title="Kernfasewisseling">kernfasewisseling</a></li></ul> <p>De <a href="/wiki/Microscoop" title="Microscoop">lichtmicroscoop</a>, de <a href="/wiki/Donkerveldmicroscoop" class="mw-redirect" title="Donkerveldmicroscoop">donkerveldmicroscoop</a> en de <a href="/wiki/Fasecontrastmicroscoop" title="Fasecontrastmicroscoop">fasecontrastmicroscoop</a> maakten het mogelijk de structuur van (vaak levende) cellen waar te nemen en de samenstelling en opbouw ervan te bestuderen; de <a href="/wiki/Elektronenmicroscoop" class="mw-redirect" title="Elektronenmicroscoop">elektronenmicroscoop</a> en de <a href="/wiki/Rasterelektronenmicroscoop" title="Rasterelektronenmicroscoop">rasterelektronenmicroscoop</a> hebben het aanvankelijk eenvoudige model van de bouw van de cel steeds verder verfijnd. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Dieren">Dieren</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cel_(biologie)&veaction=edit&section=9" title="Bewerk dit kopje: Dieren" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>bewerken</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cel_(biologie)&action=edit&section=9" title="De broncode bewerken van de sectie: Dieren"><span>brontekst bewerken</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <table class="zijbalk" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="0" style="font-size:85%;"> <tbody><tr> <th style="font-size:1.4em;">Celbiologie </th></tr> <tr> <th style="background-color:#0073CF; font-size:1.2em;"><a href="/wiki/Dierlijke_cel" title="Dierlijke cel"><span style="color:white;">De dierlijke cel</span></a> </th></tr> <tr> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Bestand:Animal_Cell.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Animal Cell"><img alt="Animal Cell" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/Animal_Cell.svg/270px-Animal_Cell.svg.png" decoding="async" width="270" height="156" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/Animal_Cell.svg/405px-Animal_Cell.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/Animal_Cell.svg/540px-Animal_Cell.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1405" data-file-height="811" /></a></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="padding:0.6em;"><b>Componenten van een dierlijke cel:</b> <ol><li><a href="/wiki/Nucleolus" title="Nucleolus">Nucleolus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Celkern" title="Celkern">Celkern</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ribosoom" title="Ribosoom">Ribosoom</a> (blauwe puntjes)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vesikel_(cel)" title="Vesikel (cel)">Vesikel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Endoplasmatisch_reticulum" title="Endoplasmatisch reticulum">Ruw endoplasmatisch reticulum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Golgicomplex" title="Golgicomplex">Golgicomplex</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cytoskelet" title="Cytoskelet">Cytoskelet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Endoplasmatisch_reticulum" title="Endoplasmatisch reticulum">Glad endoplasmatisch reticulum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mitochondrion" title="Mitochondrion">Mitochondrion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vacuole" title="Vacuole">Vacuole</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cytosol" title="Cytosol">Cytosol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lysosoom" title="Lysosoom">Lysosoom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Centrosoom" title="Centrosoom">Centrosoom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Celmembraan" title="Celmembraan">Celmembraan</a></li></ol> </td></tr> <tr> <th style="background-color:#EEEEEE; font-size:1.1em;">Portaal  <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Bestand:Portal.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Portaalicoon"><img alt="Portaalicoon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/Portal.svg/22px-Portal.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/Portal.svg/33px-Portal.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/Portal.svg/44px-Portal.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="36" data-file-height="32" /></a></span>  <a href="/wiki/Portaal:Biologie" title="Portaal:Biologie">Biologie</a> </th></tr></tbody></table> <div class="hatnote" style="margin-bottom:0.5em; padding:0.5em 0 0.5em 1.6em; font-size:95%;" role="note"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ee/1rightarrow_blue.svg/15px-1rightarrow_blue.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ee/1rightarrow_blue.svg/23px-1rightarrow_blue.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ee/1rightarrow_blue.svg/30px-1rightarrow_blue.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="480" data-file-height="480" /></span></span> <i>Zie <a href="/wiki/Dierlijke_cel" title="Dierlijke cel">Dierlijke cel</a> voor het hoofdartikel over dit onderwerp.</i></div> <p>Kenmerkend voor cellen van <a href="/wiki/Dieren_(biologie)" title="Dieren (biologie)">dieren</a> zijn: </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lysosoom" title="Lysosoom">lysosomen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Centrosoom" title="Centrosoom">centrosomen</a> met <a href="/wiki/Centriool" title="Centriool">centrioles</a></li> <li>geen celwand</li> <li>zelden een vacuole, maar wanneer vacuolen aanwezig zijn, zijn het er meerdere en zijn ze kleiner dan bij plantaardige cellen.</li> <li>geen plastiden</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diplo%C3%AFdie" title="Diploïdie">diploïde</a>, met uitzondering van de <a href="/wiki/Gameet" title="Gameet">voortplantingscellen</a></li></ul> <p>Organellen in de dierencel: </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r68724794">.mw-parser-output .kolommen-lijst{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .kolommen-lijst ul,.mw-parser-output .kolommen-lijst ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .kolommen-lijst li,.mw-parser-output .kolommen-lijst dd{margin-bottom:0;padding-bottom:0.1em;page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}html.vector-feature-custom-font-size-clientpref-0 .mw-parser-output .kolommen-lijst sup{line-height:0.8714285em}html.vector-feature-custom-font-size-clientpref-1 .mw-parser-output .kolommen-lijst sup{line-height:0.9em}html.vector-feature-custom-font-size-clientpref-2 .mw-parser-output .kolommen-lijst sup{line-height:0.8em}.mw-parser-output .infobox .kolommen-lijst{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .kolommen-lijst figure{break-inside:avoid-column}@media screen and (max-width:640px){.mw-parser-output .kolommen-lijst{clear:both}}</style><div class="kolommen-lijst" style="column-width:12em; column-count:3;"> <ol><li><a href="/wiki/Nucleolus" title="Nucleolus">nucleolus</a> of <i>kernlichaampje</i></li> <li>celkern of nucleus</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ribosoom" title="Ribosoom">ribosomen</a></li> <li>vesikel</li> <li>ruw <a href="/wiki/Endoplasmatisch_reticulum" title="Endoplasmatisch reticulum">endoplasmatisch reticulum</a> (RER, R van rough)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Golgicomplex" title="Golgicomplex">golgiapparaat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cytoskelet" title="Cytoskelet">cytoskelet</a></li> <li>glad endoplasmatisch reticulum (SER, S van smooth)</li> <li>mitochondriën</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peroxisoom" title="Peroxisoom">peroxisoom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cytoplasma" title="Cytoplasma">cytoplasma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lysosoom" title="Lysosoom">lysosoom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Centriool" title="Centriool">centriolen</a></li></ol> </div> <p>Voorbeelden van verschillende dierlijke celtypen zijn de <a href="/wiki/Zenuwcel" title="Zenuwcel">zenuwcellen</a>, die jarenlang meegaan; de drie verschillende hoofdsoorten <a href="/wiki/Bloedcel" title="Bloedcel">bloedcellen</a>, die per dag in grote hoeveelheden vanuit het <a href="/wiki/Beenmerg" title="Beenmerg">beenmerg</a> vervangen worden en waarvan de <a href="/wiki/Rode_bloedcel" title="Rode bloedcel">rode bloedcellen</a> geen celkern hebben; en de <a href="/wiki/Spiercel" title="Spiercel">spiercellen</a> met een hoger aantal <a href="/wiki/Mitochondri%C3%ABn" class="mw-redirect" title="Mitochondriën">mitochondriën</a>, waarbinnen de <a href="/wiki/Celademhaling" title="Celademhaling">celademhaling</a> de energie levert die de <a href="/wiki/Spiercontractie" title="Spiercontractie">spiercontractie</a> mogelijk maakt. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Schimmels">Schimmels</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cel_(biologie)&veaction=edit&section=10" title="Bewerk dit kopje: Schimmels" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>bewerken</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cel_(biologie)&action=edit&section=10" title="De broncode bewerken van de sectie: Schimmels"><span>brontekst bewerken</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Schimmels" title="Schimmels">Schimmels</a> zijn meer verwant met <a href="/wiki/Dieren_(biologie)" title="Dieren (biologie)">dieren</a> dan met planten. Schimmelcellen hebben, net als plantencellen, wel vaak een celwand, maar van een andere chemische samenstelling: <a href="/wiki/Chitine" title="Chitine">chitine</a> voor schimmels versus <a href="/wiki/Cellulose" title="Cellulose">cellulose</a> voor planten. </p> <ul><li>celwand (chitine)</li> <li>geen <a href="/wiki/Plastide" title="Plastide">plastiden</a></li> <li>grotendeels <a href="/wiki/Haplo%C3%AFdie" title="Haploïdie">haploïde</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dikarya" title="Dikarya">Dikaryomycota</a> met twee kernen per cel in bepaalde fase van <a href="/wiki/Levenscyclus" title="Levenscyclus">levenscyclus</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Planten">Planten</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cel_(biologie)&veaction=edit&section=11" title="Bewerk dit kopje: Planten" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>bewerken</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cel_(biologie)&action=edit&section=11" title="De broncode bewerken van de sectie: Planten"><span>brontekst bewerken</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <table class="infobox" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1"> <tbody><tr> <th class="infobox-kop notheme" colspan="3"><big><a href="/wiki/Plantaardige_cel" title="Plantaardige cel">Plantaardige cel</a></big> </th></tr> <tr> <td class="ta-center" colspan="3"> <p>Onderdeel van <a href="/wiki/Celbiologie" title="Celbiologie">celbiologie</a> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="ta-center" colspan="3"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Bestand:Plant_cell_structure_svg_labels.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Plant cell structure svg labels.svg"><img alt="Plant cell structure svg labels.svg" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3f/Plant_cell_structure_svg_labels.svg/264px-Plant_cell_structure_svg_labels.svg.png" decoding="async" width="264" height="193" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3f/Plant_cell_structure_svg_labels.svg/396px-Plant_cell_structure_svg_labels.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3f/Plant_cell_structure_svg_labels.svg/528px-Plant_cell_structure_svg_labels.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="649" data-file-height="475" /></a></span> </td></tr> <tr> <th class="infobox-kop notheme" colspan="3">Componenten van een plantencel </th></tr> <tr> <td colspan="3"> <dl><dd>a. <a href="/wiki/Plasmodesma" title="Plasmodesma">Plasmodesma</a></dd> <dd>b. <a href="/wiki/Celmembraan" title="Celmembraan">Celmembraan</a></dd> <dd>c. <a href="/wiki/Celwand" title="Celwand">Celwand</a></dd> <dd>1. <a href="/wiki/Chloroplast" title="Chloroplast">Chloroplast</a> <dl><dd>d. <a href="/wiki/Thylako%C3%AFde" title="Thylakoïde">Thylakoïde</a></dd> <dd>e. <a href="/wiki/Leukoplast" title="Leukoplast">Leukoplast</a></dd></dl></dd> <dd>2. <a href="/wiki/Vacuole" title="Vacuole">Vacuole</a> <dl><dd>f. <a href="/wiki/Vacuole" title="Vacuole">Vacuole</a></dd> <dd>g. <a href="/wiki/Vacuolemembraan" title="Vacuolemembraan">Vacuolemembraan</a></dd></dl></dd> <dd>h. <a href="/wiki/Mitochondrion" title="Mitochondrion">Mitochondrion</a></dd> <dd>i. <a href="/wiki/Peroxisoom" title="Peroxisoom">Peroxisoom</a></dd> <dd>j. <a href="/wiki/Cytoplasma" title="Cytoplasma">Cytoplasma</a></dd> <dd>k. <a href="/wiki/Vesikel_(cel)" title="Vesikel (cel)">Kleine vesikels</a></dd> <dd>l. <a href="/wiki/Ruw_endoplasmatisch_reticulum" class="mw-redirect" title="Ruw endoplasmatisch reticulum">ruw ER</a></dd> <dd>3. <a href="/wiki/Celkern" title="Celkern">Celkern</a> <dl><dd>m. <a href="/wiki/Kernporie" title="Kernporie">Kernporie</a></dd> <dd>n. <a href="/wiki/Kernmembraan" title="Kernmembraan">Kernmembraan</a></dd> <dd>o. <a href="/wiki/Nucleolus" title="Nucleolus">Nucleolus</a></dd></dl></dd> <dd>p. <a href="/wiki/Ribosoom" title="Ribosoom">Ribosoom</a></dd> <dd>q. <a href="/wiki/Glad_endoplasmatisch_reticulum" class="mw-redirect" title="Glad endoplasmatisch reticulum">glad ER</a></dd> <dd>r. <a href="/wiki/Golgicomplex#Functie" title="Golgicomplex">Golgivesikels</a></dd> <dd>s. <a href="/wiki/Golgiapparaat" class="mw-redirect" title="Golgiapparaat">Golgiapparaat</a></dd> <dd>t. <a href="/wiki/Cytoskelet" title="Cytoskelet">Cytoskelet</a></dd></dl> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="infobox-kop center notheme" colspan="3"> <table cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0"> <tbody><tr> <td style="vertical-align:middle;"><b>Portaal</b>  <span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Bestand:Portal.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Portaalicoon"><img alt="Portaalicoon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/Portal.svg/22px-Portal.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/Portal.svg/33px-Portal.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/Portal.svg/44px-Portal.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="36" data-file-height="32" /></a></span>   </td> <td class="ta-left"><b><a href="/wiki/Portaal:Biologie" title="Portaal:Biologie">Biologie</a> </b> </td></tr></tbody></table> </td></tr> </tbody></table> <div class="hatnote" style="margin-bottom:0.5em; padding:0.5em 0 0.5em 1.6em; font-size:95%;" role="note"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ee/1rightarrow_blue.svg/15px-1rightarrow_blue.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ee/1rightarrow_blue.svg/23px-1rightarrow_blue.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ee/1rightarrow_blue.svg/30px-1rightarrow_blue.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="480" data-file-height="480" /></span></span> <i>Zie <a href="/wiki/Plantaardige_cel" title="Plantaardige cel">Plantaardige cel</a> voor het hoofdartikel over dit onderwerp.</i></div> <p>Kenmerkend voor plantencellen : </p> <ul><li>aanwezigheid van celwand (<a href="/wiki/Cellulose" title="Cellulose">cellulose</a> en <a href="/wiki/Lignine" title="Lignine">lignine</a>)</li> <li>plastiden, zoals <a href="/wiki/Chloroplast" title="Chloroplast">chloroplasten</a> (maar niet in elke plantencel; bijvoorbeeld niet in <a href="/wiki/Wortel_(plant)" title="Wortel (plant)">wortelcellen</a>)</li> <li>aanwezigheid van één grote centrale vacuole, die ontstaat bij de <a href="/wiki/Celstrekking" title="Celstrekking">celstrekking</a></li> <li>voorkomen van <a href="/wiki/Plasmodesma" title="Plasmodesma">plasmodesmata</a>: plasmaverbindingen tussen de cellen</li> <li>verscheidenheid in <a href="/wiki/Levenscyclus" title="Levenscyclus">levenscyclus</a>: bij <a href="/wiki/Vaatplanten" title="Vaatplanten">vaatplanten</a> is er een afwisseling van een <a href="/wiki/Diplofase" title="Diplofase">diploïde fase</a> met een korte <a href="/wiki/Haplofase" title="Haplofase">haploïde fase</a>; een afwisseling van een dominante <a href="/wiki/Haplo%C3%AFde" class="mw-redirect" title="Haploïde">haploïde</a> fase en een korte diploïde fase bij <a href="/wiki/Levermossen" title="Levermossen">levermossen</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mossen" title="Mossen">mossen</a> en <a href="/wiki/Hauwmossen" title="Hauwmossen">hauwmossen</a>; bij varens een meer gelijkwaardige afwisseling.</li></ul> <p><a href="/wiki/Polyplo%C3%AFdie" title="Polyploïdie">Polyploïdie</a> komt vaker voor dan bij dieren. </p><p>Bij <a href="/wiki/Algen" title="Algen">algen</a> is er zeer grote variatie in levenscyclus, afhankelijk van de groep. </p><p>Organellen en andere belangrijke structuren in de plantencel: </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r68724794"><div class="kolommen-lijst" style="column-width:12em;"> <ul><li>plasmodesmata</li> <li>celmembraan</li> <li>celwand</li> <li>chloroplasten</li> <li>vacuole</li> <li>mitochondriën</li> <li>peroxisoom</li> <li>cytoplasma</li> <li>vesikels</li> <li>endoplasmatisch reticulum (ER) (bevat ribosomen)</li> <li>celkern of <i>nucleus</i> met <ul><li>een nucleolus of <i>kernlichaampje</i></li></ul></li> <li>ribosomen (in RER)</li> <li>golgicomplex</li> <li>cytoskelet</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leukoplast" title="Leukoplast">leukoplast</a></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Zie_ook">Zie ook</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cel_(biologie)&veaction=edit&section=12" title="Bewerk dit kopje: Zie ook" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>bewerken</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cel_(biologie)&action=edit&section=12" title="De broncode bewerken van de sectie: Zie ook"><span>brontekst bewerken</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r68724794"><div class="kolommen-lijst" style="column-width:12em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Apoptose" title="Apoptose">Apoptose</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Celbiologie" title="Celbiologie">Celbiologie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Celcyclus" title="Celcyclus">Celcyclus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Endocytose" title="Endocytose">Endocytose</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Extracellulaire_matrix" title="Extracellulaire matrix">Extracellulaire matrix</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Extracellulaire_vloeistof" title="Extracellulaire vloeistof">Extracellulaire vloeistof</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Interstitium" title="Interstitium">Interstitium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stamcel" title="Stamcel">Stamcel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zygote" title="Zygote">Zygote</a></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Externe_links">Externe links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cel_(biologie)&veaction=edit&section=13" title="Bewerk dit kopje: Externe links" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>bewerken</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cel_(biologie)&action=edit&section=13" title="De broncode bewerken van de sectie: Externe links"><span>brontekst bewerken</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190212232716/http://www.zytologie-online.net/">Cell Biology - Graphics</a></li></ul> <div class="toccolours appendix" role="presentation" style="font-size:90%; margin:1em 0 -0.5em; clear:both;"> <div><span style="font-weight:bold">Bronnen, noten en/of referenties</span></div> <div class="reflist" style="list-style-type: decimal;"><div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-rogers21-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">↑ <a href="#cite_ref-rogers21_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-rogers21_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-rogers21_1-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Paragraaf 2.1 <i>Cell Theory</i> in <span style="font-variant:small-caps;">Rogers, Ryan</span>, "Cell and Molecular Biology for Environmental Engineers," Momentum Press 2018.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-2">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Herbert Fromm en Mark Hargrove, <i>Essentials of Biochemistry</i>, Springer, 2012.</span> </li> </ol></div></div> </div> <div class="interProject commons mw-list-item" style="display:none;"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Cel_(biologie)#mw-subcategories" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Cel (biologie)">Mediabestanden</a></div> <div class="interProjectTemplate interProject-groot toccolours" style="display:flex; gap:1em; align-items:center; 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