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id="toc-Etymology-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Historical_religions" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Historical_religions"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Historical religions</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Historical_religions-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Historical religions subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Historical_religions-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Ancient_priests_and_priestesses" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ancient_priests_and_priestesses"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>Ancient priests and priestesses</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ancient_priests_and_priestesses-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Ancient_Egypt" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ancient_Egypt"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>Ancient Egypt</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ancient_Egypt-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Ancient_Rome" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ancient_Rome"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3</span> <span>Ancient Rome</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ancient_Rome-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Ancient_Greece" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ancient_Greece"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.4</span> <span>Ancient Greece</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ancient_Greece-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Abrahamic_religions" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Abrahamic_religions"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Abrahamic religions</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Abrahamic_religions-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Abrahamic religions subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Abrahamic_religions-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Judaism" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Judaism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>Judaism</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Judaism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Historical" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Historical"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1.1</span> <span>Historical</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Historical-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Modern_Judaism" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Modern_Judaism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1.2</span> <span>Modern Judaism</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Modern_Judaism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Beta_Israel" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-4"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Beta_Israel"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1.2.1</span> <span>Beta Israel</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Beta_Israel-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Samaritanism" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Samaritanism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2</span> <span>Samaritanism</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Samaritanism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Christianity" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Christianity"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.3</span> <span>Christianity</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Christianity-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Catholicism_and_Eastern_Orthodoxy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Catholicism_and_Eastern_Orthodoxy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.3.1</span> <span>Catholicism and Eastern Orthodoxy</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Catholicism_and_Eastern_Orthodoxy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Anglican_or_Episcopalian" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Anglican_or_Episcopalian"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.3.2</span> <span>Anglican or Episcopalian</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Anglican_or_Episcopalian-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Lutheranism" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Lutheranism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.3.3</span> <span>Lutheranism</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Lutheranism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Methodism" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Methodism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.3.4</span> <span>Methodism</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Methodism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Latter_Day_Saints" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Latter_Day_Saints"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.3.5</span> <span>Latter Day Saints</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Latter_Day_Saints-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Islam" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Islam"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.4</span> <span>Islam</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Islam-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Mandaeism" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Mandaeism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.5</span> <span>Mandaeism</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Mandaeism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Eastern_religions" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Eastern_religions"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Eastern religions</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Eastern_religions-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Eastern religions subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Eastern_religions-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Hinduism" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Hinduism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1</span> <span>Hinduism</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Hinduism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Zoroastrianism" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Zoroastrianism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.2</span> <span>Zoroastrianism</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Zoroastrianism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Taoism" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Taoism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.3</span> <span>Taoism</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Taoism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Indigenous_and_ethnic_religions" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Indigenous_and_ethnic_religions"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Indigenous and ethnic religions</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Indigenous_and_ethnic_religions-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Indigenous and ethnic religions subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Indigenous_and_ethnic_religions-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Shinto" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Shinto"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.1</span> <span>Shinto</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Shinto-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Africa" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Africa"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.2</span> <span>Africa</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Africa-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Afro-Latin_American_religions" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Afro-Latin_American_religions"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.3</span> <span>Afro-Latin American religions</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Afro-Latin_American_religions-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Neo-paganism" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Neo-paganism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Neo-paganism</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Neo-paganism-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Neo-paganism subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Neo-paganism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Wicca" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Wicca"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.1</span> <span>Wicca</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Wicca-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Dress" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Dress"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Dress</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Dress-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Assistant_priest" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Assistant_priest"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>Assistant priest</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Assistant_priest-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">12</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Priest</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 110 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-110" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">110 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Priester" title="Priester – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Priester" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-als mw-list-item"><a href="https://als.wikipedia.org/wiki/Priester" title="Priester – Alemannic" lang="gsw" hreflang="gsw" data-title="Priester" data-language-autonym="Alemannisch" data-language-local-name="Alemannic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Alemannisch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%82%D8%B3" title="قس – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="قس" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arc mw-list-item"><a href="https://arc.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DC%9F%DC%97%DC%A2%DC%90" title="ܟܗܢܐ – Aramaic" lang="arc" hreflang="arc" data-title="ܟܗܢܐ" data-language-autonym="ܐܪܡܝܐ" data-language-local-name="Aramaic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ܐܪܡܝܐ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-roa-rup mw-list-item"><a href="https://roa-rup.wikipedia.org/wiki/Preftu" title="Preftu – Aromanian" lang="rup" hreflang="rup" data-title="Preftu" data-language-autonym="Armãneashti" data-language-local-name="Aromanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Armãneashti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-frp mw-list-item"><a href="https://frp.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pr%C3%A9tro" title="Prétro – Arpitan" lang="frp" hreflang="frp" data-title="Prétro" data-language-autonym="Arpetan" data-language-local-name="Arpitan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Arpetan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sacerdote" title="Sacerdote – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Sacerdote" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gn mw-list-item"><a href="https://gn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pa%27i" title="Pa'i – Guarani" lang="gn" hreflang="gn" data-title="Pa'i" data-language-autonym="Avañe'ẽ" data-language-local-name="Guarani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Avañe'ẽ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ke%C5%9Fi%C5%9F" title="Keşiş – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Keşiş" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B2%D1%8F%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%80" title="Святар – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Святар" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D1%8C%D0%B2%D1%8F%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%80" title="Сьвятар – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Сьвятар" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bcl mw-list-item"><a href="https://bcl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Padi_(katongdan)" title="Padi (katongdan) – Central Bikol" lang="bcl" hreflang="bcl" data-title="Padi (katongdan)" data-language-autonym="Bikol Central" data-language-local-name="Central Bikol" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bikol Central</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B2%D0%B5%D1%89%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%BA" title="Свещеник – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Свещеник" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bar mw-list-item"><a href="https://bar.wikipedia.org/wiki/Priesta" title="Priesta – Bavarian" lang="bar" hreflang="bar" data-title="Priesta" data-language-autonym="Boarisch" data-language-local-name="Bavarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Boarisch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bo mw-list-item"><a href="https://bo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%BD%86%E0%BD%BC%E0%BD%A6%E0%BC%8B%E0%BD%91%E0%BD%94%E0%BD%BC%E0%BD%93%E0%BC%8D" title="ཆོས་དཔོན། – Tibetan" lang="bo" hreflang="bo" data-title="ཆོས་དཔོན།" data-language-autonym="བོད་ཡིག" data-language-local-name="Tibetan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>བོད་ཡིག</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sve%C4%87enik" title="Svećenik – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Svećenik" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beleg" title="Beleg – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Beleg" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Brezhoneg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bxr mw-list-item"><a href="https://bxr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BD" title="Санаартан – Russia Buriat" lang="bxr" hreflang="bxr" data-title="Санаартан" data-language-autonym="Буряад" data-language-local-name="Russia Buriat" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Буряад</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sacerdot" title="Sacerdot – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Sacerdot" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cv mw-list-item"><a href="https://cv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%C4%83%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%BF%D0%BB%C4%83%D1%85%C3%A7%C4%83" title="Сăваплăхçă – Chuvash" lang="cv" hreflang="cv" data-title="Сăваплăхçă" data-language-autonym="Чӑвашла" data-language-local-name="Chuvash" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Чӑвашла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kn%C4%9Bz" title="Kněz – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Kněz" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Offeiriad" title="Offeiriad – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Offeiriad" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pr%C3%A6st" title="Præst – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Præst" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ary mw-list-item"><a href="https://ary.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%81%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%8A%D9%84%D9%8A" title="فرايلي – Moroccan Arabic" lang="ary" hreflang="ary" data-title="فرايلي" data-language-autonym="الدارجة" data-language-local-name="Moroccan Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>الدارجة</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Priester" title="Priester – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Priester" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Preester" title="Preester – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Preester" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%99%CE%B5%CF%81%CE%AD%CE%B1%CF%82" title="Ιερέας – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Ιερέας" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eml mw-list-item"><a href="https://eml.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pr%C3%A9t" title="Prét – Emiliano-Romagnolo" lang="egl" hreflang="egl" data-title="Prét" data-language-autonym="Emiliàn e rumagnòl" data-language-local-name="Emiliano-Romagnolo" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Emiliàn e rumagnòl</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sacerdote" title="Sacerdote – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Sacerdote" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pastro" title="Pastro – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Pastro" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apaiz" title="Apaiz – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Apaiz" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%A9%D8%B4%DB%8C%D8%B4" title="کشیش – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="کشیش" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pr%C3%AAtre" title="Prêtre – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Prêtre" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy mw-list-item"><a href="https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Preester" title="Preester – Western Frisian" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" data-title="Preester" data-language-autonym="Frysk" data-language-local-name="Western Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Frysk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sagart" title="Sagart – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Sagart" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gd mw-list-item"><a href="https://gd.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sagart" title="Sagart – Scottish Gaelic" lang="gd" hreflang="gd" data-title="Sagart" data-language-autonym="Gàidhlig" data-language-local-name="Scottish Gaelic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gàidhlig</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sacerdote" title="Sacerdote – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Sacerdote" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%82%AC%EC%A0%9C" title="사제 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="사제" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A6%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%80" title="पादरी – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="पादरी" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sve%C4%87enik" title="Svećenik – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Svećenik" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sacerdoto" title="Sacerdoto – Ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Sacerdoto" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="Ido" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ido</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Imam" title="Imam – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Imam" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ia mw-list-item"><a href="https://ia.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prestre" title="Prestre – Interlingua" lang="ia" hreflang="ia" data-title="Prestre" data-language-autonym="Interlingua" data-language-local-name="Interlingua" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Interlingua</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prestur" title="Prestur – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Prestur" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sacerdote" title="Sacerdote – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Sacerdote" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%9B%D7%94%D7%9F_(%D7%90%D7%99%D7%A9_%D7%93%D7%AA)" title="כהן (איש דת) – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="כהן (איש דת)" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jv mw-list-item"><a href="https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Imam" title="Imam – Javanese" lang="jv" hreflang="jv" data-title="Imam" data-language-autonym="Jawa" data-language-local-name="Javanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Jawa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%9B%E1%83%A6%E1%83%95%E1%83%93%E1%83%94%E1%83%9A%E1%83%98" title="მღვდელი – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="მღვდელი" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kuhani" title="Kuhani – Swahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Kuhani" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="Swahili" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kiswahili</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ku mw-list-item"><a href="https://ku.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ke%C5%9Fe" title="Keşe – Kurdish" lang="ku" hreflang="ku" data-title="Keşe" data-language-autonym="Kurdî" data-language-local-name="Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kurdî</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mrj mw-list-item"><a href="https://mrj.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%98%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B9" title="Иерей – Western Mari" lang="mrj" hreflang="mrj" data-title="Иерей" data-language-autonym="Кырык мары" data-language-local-name="Western Mari" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Кырык мары</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sacerdos" title="Sacerdos – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Sacerdos" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Priesteris" title="Priesteris – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Priesteris" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lb mw-list-item"><a href="https://lb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Priister" title="Priister – Luxembourgish" lang="lb" hreflang="lb" data-title="Priister" data-language-autonym="Lëtzebuergesch" data-language-local-name="Luxembourgish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lëtzebuergesch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-li mw-list-item"><a href="https://li.wikipedia.org/wiki/Preester" title="Preester – Limburgish" lang="li" hreflang="li" data-title="Preester" data-language-autonym="Limburgs" data-language-local-name="Limburgish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Limburgs</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ln mw-list-item"><a href="https://ln.wikipedia.org/wiki/S%C3%A1ng%C3%B3" title="Sángó – Lingala" lang="ln" hreflang="ln" data-title="Sángó" data-language-autonym="Lingála" data-language-local-name="Lingala" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lingála</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lmo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lmo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sacerdot" title="Sacerdot – Lombard" lang="lmo" hreflang="lmo" data-title="Sacerdot" data-language-autonym="Lombard" data-language-local-name="Lombard" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lombard</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pap_(hivat%C3%A1s)" title="Pap (hivatás) – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Pap (hivatás)" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk badge-Q70893996 mw-list-item" title=""><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B2%D0%B5%D1%88%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%BA" title="Свештеник – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Свештеник" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mg mw-list-item"><a href="https://mg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pretra" title="Pretra – Malagasy" lang="mg" hreflang="mg" data-title="Pretra" data-language-autonym="Malagasy" data-language-local-name="Malagasy" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Malagasy</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%82%D8%B3" title="قس – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="قس" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nah mw-list-item"><a href="https://nah.wikipedia.org/wiki/Teopixqui" title="Teopixqui – Nahuatl" lang="nah" hreflang="nah" data-title="Teopixqui" data-language-autonym="Nāhuatl" data-language-local-name="Nahuatl" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nāhuatl</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Priester" title="Priester – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Priester" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nap mw-list-item"><a href="https://nap.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sacerdote" title="Sacerdote – Neapolitan" lang="nap" hreflang="nap" data-title="Sacerdote" data-language-autonym="Napulitano" data-language-local-name="Neapolitan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Napulitano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prest" title="Prest – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Prest" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prest" title="Prest – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Prest" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pr%C3%A8ire" title="Prèire – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Prèire" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Occitan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mhr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mhr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%AE%D0%BC%D1%8B%D0%B7%D0%BE" title="Юмызо – Eastern Mari" lang="mhr" hreflang="mhr" data-title="Юмызо" data-language-autonym="Олык марий" data-language-local-name="Eastern Mari" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Олык марий</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%AA%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%A6%E0%A8%B0%E0%A9%80" title="ਪਾਦਰੀ – Punjabi" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਪਾਦਰੀ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ami mw-list-item"><a href="https://ami.wikipedia.org/wiki/Singpo" title="Singpo – Amis" lang="ami" hreflang="ami" data-title="Singpo" data-language-autonym="Pangcah" data-language-local-name="Amis" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Pangcah</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%82%D8%B3%DB%8C%D8%B3" title="قسیس – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="قسیس" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پنجابی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ps mw-list-item"><a href="https://ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%BE%D8%A7%D8%AF%D8%B1%D9%8A" title="پادري – Pashto" lang="ps" hreflang="ps" data-title="پادري" data-language-autonym="پښتو" data-language-local-name="Pashto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پښتو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-km mw-list-item"><a href="https://km.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%9E%94%E1%9E%BC%E1%9E%87%E1%9E%B6%E1%9E%85%E1%9E%B6%E1%9E%9A%E1%9F%92%E1%9E%99" title="បូជាចារ្យ – Khmer" lang="km" hreflang="km" data-title="បូជាចារ្យ" data-language-autonym="ភាសាខ្មែរ" data-language-local-name="Khmer" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ភាសាខ្មែរ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pcd mw-list-item"><a href="https://pcd.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pr%C3%A8te" title="Prète – Picard" lang="pcd" hreflang="pcd" data-title="Prète" data-language-autonym="Picard" data-language-local-name="Picard" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Picard</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pwn mw-list-item"><a href="https://pwn.wikipedia.org/wiki/pulingaw" title="pulingaw – Paiwan" lang="pwn" hreflang="pwn" data-title="pulingaw" data-language-autonym="Pinayuanan" data-language-local-name="Paiwan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Pinayuanan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kap%C5%82an" title="Kapłan – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Kapłan" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sacerdote" title="Sacerdote – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Sacerdote" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Preot" title="Preot – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Preot" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-qu mw-list-item"><a href="https://qu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kura" title="Kura – Quechua" lang="qu" hreflang="qu" data-title="Kura" data-language-autonym="Runa Simi" data-language-local-name="Quechua" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Runa Simi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rue mw-list-item"><a href="https://rue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B2%D1%8F%D1%89%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%BA" title="Священик – Rusyn" lang="rue" hreflang="rue" data-title="Священик" data-language-autonym="Русиньскый" data-language-local-name="Rusyn" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русиньскый</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B2%D1%8F%D1%89%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%BA" title="Священник – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Священник" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sah mw-list-item"><a href="https://sah.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D2%95%D0%B0%D0%B1%D1%8B%D1%8B%D1%82" title="Аҕабыыт – Yakut" lang="sah" hreflang="sah" data-title="Аҕабыыт" data-language-autonym="Саха тыла" data-language-local-name="Yakut" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Саха тыла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-szy mw-list-item"><a href="https://szy.wikipedia.org/wiki/kakawsan" title="kakawsan – Sakizaya" lang="szy" hreflang="szy" data-title="kakawsan" data-language-autonym="Sakizaya" data-language-local-name="Sakizaya" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sakizaya</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prifti" title="Prifti – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Prifti" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-scn mw-list-item"><a href="https://scn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parrinu_(omu_di_cresia)" title="Parrinu (omu di cresia) – Sicilian" lang="scn" hreflang="scn" data-title="Parrinu (omu di cresia)" data-language-autonym="Sicilianu" data-language-local-name="Sicilian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sicilianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Priest" title="Priest – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Priest" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/K%C5%88az" title="Kňaz – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Kňaz" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Duhovnik" title="Duhovnik – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Duhovnik" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%82%DB%95%D8%B4%DB%95" title="قەشە – Central Kurdish" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="قەشە" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Central Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>کوردی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B2%D0%B5%D1%88%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%BA" title="Свештеник – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Свештеник" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sve%C4%87enik" title="Svećenik – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Svećenik" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pappi" title="Pappi – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Pappi" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pr%C3%A4st" title="Präst – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Präst" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pari" title="Pari – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Pari" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tagalog</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%AA%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%A4%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%B0%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%AF%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%B0%E0%AF%8D" title="பாதிரியார் – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="பாதிரியார்" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tt mw-list-item"><a href="https://tt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D1%83%D1%85%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B8" title="Рухани – Tatar" lang="tt" hreflang="tt" data-title="Рухани" data-language-autonym="Татарча / tatarça" data-language-local-name="Tatar" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Татарча / tatarça</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%9A%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%8A" title="นักบวช – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="นักบวช" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Papaz" title="Papaz – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Papaz" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kcg mw-list-item"><a href="https://kcg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fada" title="Fada – Tyap" lang="kcg" hreflang="kcg" data-title="Fada" data-language-autonym="Tyap" data-language-local-name="Tyap" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tyap</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B2%D1%8F%D1%89%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%BA" title="Священник – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Священник" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%82%D8%B3%DB%8C%D8%B3" title="قسیس – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="قسیس" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vec mw-list-item"><a href="https://vec.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prete" title="Prete – Venetian" lang="vec" hreflang="vec" data-title="Prete" data-language-autonym="Vèneto" data-language-local-name="Venetian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Vèneto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/T%C6%B0_t%E1%BA%BF" title="Tư tế – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Tư tế" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Padi" title="Padi – Waray" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="Padi" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="Waray" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Winaray</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%A5%9E%E7%88%B6" title="神父 – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="神父" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ts mw-list-item"><a href="https://ts.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mufundhisi" title="Mufundhisi – Tsonga" lang="ts" hreflang="ts" data-title="Mufundhisi" data-language-autonym="Xitsonga" data-language-local-name="Tsonga" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Xitsonga</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%A5%AD%E5%8F%B8" title="祭司 – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="祭司" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Cantonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-diq mw-list-item"><a href="https://diq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Papaz" title="Papaz – Zazaki" lang="diq" hreflang="diq" data-title="Papaz" data-language-autonym="Zazaki" data-language-local-name="Zazaki" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Zazaki</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bat-smg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bat-smg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C5%BD%C4%ABn%C4%ABs" title="Žīnīs – Samogitian" lang="sgs" hreflang="sgs" data-title="Žīnīs" data-language-autonym="Žemaitėška" data-language-local-name="Samogitian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Žemaitėška</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%A5%AD%E5%8F%B8" title="祭司 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="祭司" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span 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class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Person authorized to lead the sacred rituals of a religion</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable"><span>For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/Priest_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Priest (disambiguation)">Priest (disambiguation)</a>.</span> <span>"Priesthood" redirects here. For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/Priesthood_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Priesthood (disambiguation)">Priesthood (disambiguation)</a>.</span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Priests_rome.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/be/Priests_rome.jpg/220px-Priests_rome.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="309" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/be/Priests_rome.jpg/330px-Priests_rome.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/be/Priests_rome.jpg/440px-Priests_rome.jpg 2x" data-file-width="730" data-file-height="1024" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Priesthood_in_the_Catholic_Church" title="Priesthood in the Catholic Church">Catholic priests</a> in <a href="/wiki/Rome,_Italy" class="mw-redirect" title="Rome, Italy">Rome, Italy</a>, 2005</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Vajracharya_priest.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ee/Vajracharya_priest.jpg/220px-Vajracharya_priest.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="308" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ee/Vajracharya_priest.jpg/330px-Vajracharya_priest.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ee/Vajracharya_priest.jpg/440px-Vajracharya_priest.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1183" data-file-height="1656" /></a><figcaption>A <i><a href="/wiki/Vajracharya" title="Vajracharya">vajracharya</a></i> (thunderbolt-carrier), a <a href="/wiki/Newar_Buddhism" title="Newar Buddhism">Newar Buddhist</a> priest</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Bronze_egyptian_priest_(6th_century_B.C.)_-_Ephesus_Museum.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Bronze_egyptian_priest_%286th_century_B.C.%29_-_Ephesus_Museum.JPG/220px-Bronze_egyptian_priest_%286th_century_B.C.%29_-_Ephesus_Museum.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="331" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Bronze_egyptian_priest_%286th_century_B.C.%29_-_Ephesus_Museum.JPG/330px-Bronze_egyptian_priest_%286th_century_B.C.%29_-_Ephesus_Museum.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Bronze_egyptian_priest_%286th_century_B.C.%29_-_Ephesus_Museum.JPG/440px-Bronze_egyptian_priest_%286th_century_B.C.%29_-_Ephesus_Museum.JPG 2x" data-file-width="1360" data-file-height="2048" /></a><figcaption>Bronze statue of an Egyptian priest, 6th c. BCE, <a href="/wiki/Ephesus_Archaeological_Museum" title="Ephesus Archaeological Museum">Ephesus Archaeological Museum</a></figcaption></figure> <p>A <b>priest</b> is a <a href="/wiki/Religious_leader" class="mw-redirect" title="Religious leader">religious leader</a> authorized to perform the sacred <a href="/wiki/Ritual" title="Ritual">rituals</a> of a religion, especially as a mediatory agent between humans and one or more <a href="/wiki/Deity" title="Deity">deities</a>. They also have the authority or power to administer religious rites; in particular, rites of sacrifice to, and propitiation of, a deity or deities. Their office or position is the "priesthood", a term which also may apply to such persons collectively. A priest may have the duty to hear confessions periodically, give marriage counseling, provide prenuptial counseling, give spiritual direction, teach <a href="/wiki/Catechism" title="Catechism">catechism</a>, or visit those confined indoors, such as the sick in hospitals and nursing homes. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Description">Description</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Priest&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Description"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>According to the <a href="/wiki/Trifunctional_hypothesis" title="Trifunctional hypothesis">trifunctional hypothesis</a> of prehistoric <a href="/wiki/Proto-Indo-European_society" title="Proto-Indo-European society">Proto-Indo-European society</a>, priests have existed since the earliest of times and in the simplest societies, most likely as a result of <a href="/wiki/Agricultural_surplus#Neolithic" class="mw-redirect" title="Agricultural surplus">agricultural</a> surplus and consequent <a href="/wiki/Social_stratification" title="Social stratification">social stratification</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The necessity to read sacred texts and keep temple or church records helped foster literacy in many early societies. Priests exist in many religions today, such as all or some branches of <a href="/wiki/Judaism" title="Judaism">Judaism</a>, <a href="/wiki/Christianity" title="Christianity">Christianity</a>, <a href="/wiki/Buddhism" title="Buddhism">Buddhism</a>, <a href="/wiki/Shinto" title="Shinto">Shinto</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Hinduism" title="Hinduism">Hinduism</a>. They are generally regarded as having privileged contact with the <a href="/wiki/Deity" title="Deity">deity</a> or deities of the religion to which they subscribe, often interpreting the meaning of events and performing the rituals of the religion. There is no common definition of the duties of priesthood between faiths; but generally it includes mediating the relationship between one's congregation, <a href="/wiki/Worshipper" class="mw-redirect" title="Worshipper">worshippers</a>, and other members of the religious body, and its deity or deities, and administering religious <a href="/wiki/Ritual" title="Ritual">rituals</a> and rites. These often include blessing worshipers with prayers of joy at marriages, after a birth, and at <a href="/wiki/Consecrations" class="mw-redirect" title="Consecrations">consecrations</a>, teaching the wisdom and <a href="/wiki/Dogma" title="Dogma">dogma</a> of the faith at any regular worship service, and mediating and easing the experience of grief and death at funerals – maintaining a spiritual connection to the <a href="/wiki/Afterlife" title="Afterlife">afterlife</a> in faiths where such a concept exists. Administering religious building grounds and office affairs and papers, including any religious library or collection of <a href="/wiki/Sacred_text" class="mw-redirect" title="Sacred text">sacred texts</a>, is also commonly a responsibility – for example, the modern term for <a href="/wiki/Secretary" title="Secretary">clerical duties</a> in a secular office refers originally to the duties of a <a href="/wiki/Cleric" class="mw-redirect" title="Cleric">cleric</a>. The question of which religions have a "priest" depends on how the titles of leaders are used or translated into English. In some cases, leaders are more like those that other believers will often turn to for advice on spiritual matters, and less of a "person authorized to perform the sacred rituals." For example, <a href="/wiki/Clergy" title="Clergy">clergy</a> in <a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church" title="Catholic Church">Roman Catholicism</a> and <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Orthodox_Church" title="Eastern Orthodox Church">Eastern Orthodoxy</a> are <i>priests</i>, as with certain synods of <a href="/wiki/Lutheranism" title="Lutheranism">Lutheranism</a> and <a href="/wiki/Anglicanism" title="Anglicanism">Anglicanism</a>, though other branches of <a href="/wiki/Protestantism" title="Protestantism">Protestant Christianity</a>, such as Methodists and Baptists, use <i><a href="/wiki/Minister_(Christianity)" title="Minister (Christianity)">minister</a></i> and <i><a href="/wiki/Pastor" title="Pastor">pastor</a>.</i> The terms <i>priest</i> and <i>priestess</i> are sufficiently generic that they may be used in an <a href="/wiki/Anthropology" title="Anthropology">anthropological</a> sense to describe the religious mediators of an unknown or otherwise unspecified religion. </p><p>In many religions, being a priest or priestess is a full-time position, ruling out any other career. Many Christian priests and pastors choose or are mandated to dedicate themselves to their churches and receive their living directly from their churches. In other cases, it is a part-time role. For example, in the early <a href="/wiki/History_of_Iceland" title="History of Iceland">history of Iceland</a> the chieftains were titled <i><a href="/wiki/Go%C3%B0i" class="mw-redirect" title="Goði">goði</a></i>, a word meaning "priest". As seen in the <a href="/wiki/Saga" title="Saga">saga</a> of <a href="/wiki/Hrafnkels_saga" title="Hrafnkels saga">Hrafnkell Freysgoði</a>, however, being a priest consisted merely of offering periodic sacrifices to the <a href="/wiki/Norse_mythology" title="Norse mythology">Norse</a> gods and goddesses; it was not a full-time role, nor did it involve ordination. </p><p>In some religions, being a priest or priestess is by human election or human choice. In Judaism, the priesthood is inherited in familial lines. In a <a href="/wiki/Theocracy" title="Theocracy">theocracy</a>, a society is <a href="/wiki/Government" title="Government">governed</a> by its priesthood. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Etymology">Etymology</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Priest&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Etymology"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The word "priest", is ultimately derived from Latin via <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek" title="Ancient Greek">Greek</a> <i><a href="/wiki/Presbyter" title="Presbyter">presbyter</a></i>,<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> the term for "elder", especially elders of Jewish or Christian communities in <a href="/wiki/Late_antiquity" title="Late antiquity">late antiquity</a>. The Latin <i>presbyter</i> ultimately represents Greek <span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language text"><span lang="grc">πρεσβύτερος</span></span> <i>presbúteros</i>, the regular Latin word for "priest" being <i><a href="/wiki/Glossary_of_ancient_Roman_religion#sacerdos" title="Glossary of ancient Roman religion">sacerdos</a></i>, corresponding to <span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language text"><span lang="grc">ἱερεύς</span></span> <i>hiereús</i>. </p><p>It is possible that the Latin word was loaned into <a href="/wiki/Old_English" title="Old English">Old English</a>, and only from Old English reached other Germanic languages via the <a href="/wiki/Anglo-Saxon_mission" title="Anglo-Saxon mission">Anglo-Saxon mission</a> to the continent, giving <a href="/wiki/Old_Icelandic" class="mw-redirect" title="Old Icelandic">Old Icelandic</a> <i>prestr</i>, <a href="/wiki/Old_Swedish" title="Old Swedish">Old Swedish</a> <i>präster</i>, <a href="/wiki/Old_High_German" title="Old High German">Old High German</a> <i>priast</i>. Old High German also has the disyllabic <i>priester, priestar</i>, apparently derived from Latin independently via <a href="/wiki/Old_French" title="Old French">Old French</a> <i>presbtre</i>. </p><p>An alternative theory makes <i>priest</i> cognate with Old High German <i>priast</i>, <i>prest</i>, from <a href="/wiki/Vulgar_Latin" title="Vulgar Latin">Vulgar Latin</a> *<i>prevost</i> "one put over others", from Latin <i>praepositus</i> "person placed in charge".<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>That English should have only the single term <i>priest</i> to translate <i>presbyter</i> and <i>sacerdos</i> came to be seen as a problem in <a href="/wiki/English_Bible_translations" class="mw-redirect" title="English Bible translations">English Bible translations</a>. The <i>presbyter</i> is the minister who both presides and instructs a Christian congregation, while the <i>sacerdos</i>, offerer of <a href="/wiki/Sacrifice" title="Sacrifice">sacrifices</a>, or in a Christian context the <a href="/wiki/Eucharist" title="Eucharist">eucharist</a>, performs "mediatorial offices between God and man".<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The feminine English noun, <i>priestess</i>, was coined in the 17th century, to refer to female priests of the pre-Christian religions of classical antiquity. In the 20th century, the word was used in controversies surrounding the <a href="/wiki/Ordination_of_women_in_the_Anglican_Communion" title="Ordination of women in the Anglican Communion">women ordained in the Anglican communion</a>, who are referred to as "priests", irrespective of gender, and the term priestess is generally considered archaic in Christianity. </p><p>Webster's 1829 Dictionary stated "PRIEST, <i>noun</i> [Latin proestes, a chief, one that presides; proe, before, and sto, to stand, or sisto.]" <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://webstersdictionary1828.com/Dictionary/priest">https://webstersdictionary1828.com/Dictionary/priest</a> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Historical_religions">Historical religions</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Priest&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Historical religions"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Vestalin-2.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/Vestalin-2.jpg/220px-Vestalin-2.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="362" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/Vestalin-2.jpg/330px-Vestalin-2.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/Vestalin-2.jpg/440px-Vestalin-2.jpg 2x" data-file-width="578" data-file-height="950" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Vestal_Virgin" title="Vestal Virgin">Vestal Virgin</a> priestess of <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Rome" title="Ancient Rome">Ancient Rome</a></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Romans_murdering_Druids_and_burning_their_groves_cropped.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/29/Romans_murdering_Druids_and_burning_their_groves_cropped.jpg/220px-Romans_murdering_Druids_and_burning_their_groves_cropped.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="315" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/29/Romans_murdering_Druids_and_burning_their_groves_cropped.jpg/330px-Romans_murdering_Druids_and_burning_their_groves_cropped.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/29/Romans_murdering_Druids_and_burning_their_groves_cropped.jpg/440px-Romans_murdering_Druids_and_burning_their_groves_cropped.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1157" data-file-height="1657" /></a><figcaption>Roman soldiers murdering <a href="/wiki/Druid" title="Druid">druids</a> and burning their groves on <a href="/wiki/Anglesey" title="Anglesey">Anglesey</a>, as described by <a href="/wiki/Tacitus" title="Tacitus">Tacitus</a></figcaption></figure> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Vedic_priesthood" title="Vedic priesthood">Vedic priesthood</a> and <a href="/wiki/Druid" title="Druid">Druid</a></div> <p>In historical <a href="/wiki/Polytheism" title="Polytheism">polytheism</a>, a priest administers the <a href="/wiki/Sacrifice" title="Sacrifice">sacrifice</a> to a deity, often in highly elaborate <a href="/wiki/Ritual" title="Ritual">ritual</a>. In the <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Near_East" title="Ancient Near East">Ancient Near East</a>, the priesthood also acted on behalf of the deities in managing their property. </p><p>Priestesses in antiquity often performed <a href="/wiki/Sacred_prostitution" title="Sacred prostitution">sacred prostitution</a>, and in Ancient Greece, some priestesses such as <a href="/wiki/Pythia" title="Pythia">Pythia</a>, priestess at <a href="/wiki/Delphi" title="Delphi">Delphi</a>, acted as <a href="/wiki/Oracle" title="Oracle">oracles</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Ancient_priests_and_priestesses">Ancient priests and priestesses</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Priest&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Ancient priests and priestesses"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sumerian_language" title="Sumerian language">Sumerian</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r920966791">.mw-parser-output span.smallcaps{font-variant:small-caps}.mw-parser-output span.smallcaps-smaller{font-size:85%}</style><span class="smallcaps"><a href="/wiki/EN_(cuneiform)" title="EN (cuneiform)">en</a></span> (<a href="/wiki/Akkadian_language" title="Akkadian language">Akkadian</a>: <i lang="akk">entu</i>), including <a href="/wiki/Enheduanna" title="Enheduanna">Enheduanna</a> (<abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 23rd century BCE</span>), were top-ranking priests who were distinguished with special ceremonial attire and held equal status to high priests. They owned property, transacted business, and initiated the <a href="/wiki/Hieros_gamos" title="Hieros gamos">hieros gamos</a> with priests and kings.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nad%C4%ABtu" title="Nadītu">Nadītu</a> served as priestesses in the temples of <a href="/wiki/Inanna" title="Inanna">Inanna</a> in the city of <a href="/wiki/Uruk" title="Uruk">Uruk</a>. They were recruited from the highest families in the land and were supposed to remain childless, owned property, and transacted business.</li> <li>The Sumerian word <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r920966791"><span class="smallcaps"><a href="/wiki/NIN_(cuneiform)" title="NIN (cuneiform)">nin</a></span>, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r920966791"><span class="smallcaps">EREŠ</span> in Akkadian, is the sign for "lady." <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r920966791"><span class="smallcaps">nin.<a href="/wiki/Dingir" title="Dingir">dingir</a></span> (Akkadian <i>entu</i>), literally "divine lady", a priestess.</li> <li>In Sumerian epic texts such as "<a href="/wiki/Enmerkar_and_the_Lord_of_Aratta" title="Enmerkar and the Lord of Aratta">Enmerkar and the Lord of Aratta</a>", <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r920966791"><span class="smallcaps">nu-gig</span> were priestesses in temples dedicated to Inanna and may be a reference to the goddess herself.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Puabi" title="Puabi">Puabi</a> of <a href="/wiki/Ur" title="Ur">Ur</a> was an Akkadian <a href="/wiki/Queen_regnant" title="Queen regnant">queen regnant</a> or a priestess. In several other Sumerian city-states, the ruling governor or king was also a head priest with the rank of <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r920966791"><span class="smallcaps"><a href="/wiki/Ensi_(Sumerian)" title="Ensi (Sumerian)">ensi</a></span>, such as at <a href="/wiki/Lagash" title="Lagash">Lagash</a>.</li> <li>Control of the holy city of <a href="/wiki/Nippur" title="Nippur">Nippur</a> and its temple priesthood generally meant hegemony over most of Sumer, as listed on the <i><a href="/wiki/Sumerian_King_List" title="Sumerian King List">Sumerian King List</a></i>; at one point, the Nippur priesthood conferred the title of queen of Sumer on Kugbau, a popular taverness from nearby <a href="/wiki/Kish_(Sumer)" title="Kish (Sumer)">Kish</a> (who was later deified as <a href="/wiki/Kubaba" title="Kubaba">Kubaba</a>).</li> <li>In the <a href="/wiki/Hebrew_Bible" title="Hebrew Bible">Hebrew Bible</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hebrew_language" title="Hebrew language">Hebrew</a>: <span lang="he" dir="rtl">קְדֵשָׁה</span> <i>qědēšā</i>,<sup id="cite_ref-blueletterbible_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-blueletterbible-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> derived from the root <a href="/wiki/Q-D-%C5%A0" title="Q-D-Š">Q-D-Š</a><sup id="cite_ref-kedeshah_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-kedeshah-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> were sacred prostitutes usually associated with the goddess <a href="/wiki/Asherah" title="Asherah">Asherah</a>.</li> <li><i>Quadishtu</i> served in the temples of the Sumerian goddess <a href="/wiki/Qetesh" title="Qetesh">Qetesh</a>.</li> <li><i>Ishtaritu</i> specialized in the arts of dancing, music, and singing and they served in the temples of <a href="/wiki/Ishtar" class="mw-redirect" title="Ishtar">Ishtar</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>In the <i><a href="/wiki/Epic_of_Gilgamesh" title="Epic of Gilgamesh">Epic of Gilgamesh</a></i>, priestess <a href="/wiki/Shamhat" title="Shamhat">Shamhat</a>, a temple prostitute, tamed wild <a href="/wiki/Enkidu" title="Enkidu">Enkidu</a> after "six days and seven nights."</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Gerarai" title="Gerarai">Gerarai</a></i>, fourteen <a href="/wiki/Athens" title="Athens">Athenian</a> matrons of <a href="/wiki/Dionysus" title="Dionysus">Dionysus</a>, presided over sacrifices and participated in the festivals of <a href="/wiki/Anthesteria" title="Anthesteria">Anthesteria</a>.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Ancient_Egypt">Ancient Egypt</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Priest&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Ancient Egypt"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Egyptian_religion" title="Ancient Egyptian religion">ancient Egyptian religion</a>, the right and obligation to interact with the <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Egyptian_deities" title="Ancient Egyptian deities">gods</a> belonged to the <a href="/wiki/Pharaoh" title="Pharaoh">pharaoh</a>. He delegated this duty to priests, who were effectively bureaucrats authorized to act on his behalf. Priests staffed <a href="/wiki/Egyptian_temple" title="Egyptian temple">temples</a> throughout Egypt, giving offerings to the <a href="/wiki/Cult_image" title="Cult image">cult images</a> in which the gods were believed to take up residence and performing other rituals for their benefit.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Little is known about what training may have been required of priests, and the selection of personnel for positions was affected by a tangled set of traditions, although the pharaoh had the final say. In the <a href="/wiki/New_Kingdom_of_Egypt" title="New Kingdom of Egypt">New Kingdom of Egypt</a>, when temples owned great estates, the high priests of the most important cult—that of <a href="/wiki/Amun" title="Amun">Amun</a> at <a href="/wiki/Karnak" title="Karnak">Karnak</a>—were important political figures.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>High-ranking priestly roles were usually held by men. Women were generally relegated to lower positions in the temple hierarchy, although some held specialized and influential positions, especially that of the <a href="/wiki/God%27s_Wife_of_Amun" title="God's Wife of Amun">God's Wife of Amun</a>, whose religious importance overshadowed the <a href="/wiki/High_Priest_of_Amun" title="High Priest of Amun">High Priests of Amun</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Late_Period_of_ancient_Egypt" title="Late Period of ancient Egypt">Late Period</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Ancient_Rome">Ancient Rome</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Priest&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Ancient Rome"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/College_of_Pontiffs" title="College of Pontiffs">College of Pontiffs</a></div> <p>In <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Rome" title="Ancient Rome">ancient Rome</a> and throughout Italy, the ancient sanctuaries of <a href="/wiki/Ceres_(mythology)" title="Ceres (mythology)">Ceres</a> and <a href="/wiki/Proserpina" title="Proserpina">Proserpina</a> were invariably led by female <i>sacerdotes</i>, drawn from women of local and Roman elites. It was the only public priesthood attainable by Roman matrons and was held in great honor. </p><p>A Roman matron was any mature woman of the upper class, married or unmarried. Females could serve public cult as <a href="/wiki/Vestal_Virgin" title="Vestal Virgin">Vestal Virgins</a> but few were chosen, and then only from young maidens of the upper class.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Ancient_Greece">Ancient Greece</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Priest&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Ancient Greece"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>The <a href="/wiki/Pythia" title="Pythia">Pythia</a> was the title of a priestess at the very ancient temple of <a href="/wiki/Delphi" title="Delphi">Delphi</a> that was dedicated to the <a href="/wiki/Earth_Mother" class="mw-redirect" title="Earth Mother">Earth Mother</a>. She was widely credited for her <a href="/wiki/Prophecy" title="Prophecy">prophecies</a>. The priestess retained her role when the temple was rededicated to <a href="/wiki/Apollo" title="Apollo">Apollo</a>, giving her a prominence unusual for a woman in the male-dominated culture of <a href="/wiki/Classical_Greece" title="Classical Greece">classical Greece</a>.</li> <li>The <a href="/wiki/Phrygian_Sibyl" title="Phrygian Sibyl">Phrygian Sibyl</a> was the priestess presiding over an <a href="/wiki/Apollo" title="Apollo">Apollonian</a> <a href="/wiki/Oracle" title="Oracle">oracle</a> at <a href="/wiki/Phrygia" title="Phrygia">Phrygia</a>, a historical kingdom in the <a href="/wiki/Anatolia" title="Anatolia">Anatolian</a> highlands.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Abrahamic_religions">Abrahamic religions</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Priest&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Abrahamic religions"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Judaism">Judaism</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Priest&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Judaism"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Synagoge,_Enschede,_Mozaiek.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ee/Synagoge%2C_Enschede%2C_Mozaiek.jpg/220px-Synagoge%2C_Enschede%2C_Mozaiek.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="200" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ee/Synagoge%2C_Enschede%2C_Mozaiek.jpg/330px-Synagoge%2C_Enschede%2C_Mozaiek.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ee/Synagoge%2C_Enschede%2C_Mozaiek.jpg/440px-Synagoge%2C_Enschede%2C_Mozaiek.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3452" data-file-height="3132" /></a><figcaption>Kohanim's hands: <a href="/wiki/Priestly_Blessing" title="Priestly Blessing">Priestly Blessing</a> gesture depicted on a mosaic in the synagogue of <a href="/wiki/Enschede" title="Enschede">Enschede</a></figcaption></figure> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Kohen" title="Kohen">Kohen</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Historical">Historical</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Priest&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Historical"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Priesthood_(ancient_Israel)" title="Priesthood (ancient Israel)">Priesthood (ancient Israel)</a></div> <p>After <a href="/wiki/The_Exodus" title="The Exodus">the departure of the Israelites from Egypt</a>, priests in <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Israel_(united_monarchy)" title="Kingdom of Israel (united monarchy)">ancient Israel</a> were required by the <a href="/wiki/Law_of_Moses" title="Law of Moses">Law of Moses</a> to be direct <a href="/wiki/Patrilineal_descent" class="mw-redirect" title="Patrilineal descent">patrileneal descendants</a> of <a href="/wiki/Aaron" title="Aaron">Aaron</a>, the elder brother of <a href="/wiki/Moses" title="Moses">Moses</a>. In Exodus 30:22–25 <a href="/wiki/JHWH" class="mw-redirect" title="JHWH">God</a> instructs Moses to make a <a href="/wiki/Holy_anointing_oil" title="Holy anointing oil">holy anointing-oil</a> to consecrate the priests "for all of eternity". During the times of the two Jewish <a href="/wiki/Temple_in_Jerusalem" title="Temple in Jerusalem">Temples in Jerusalem</a>, the Aaronic priests performed the daily and special <a href="/wiki/Jewish_holiday" class="mw-redirect" title="Jewish holiday">Jewish-holiday</a> offerings and sacrifices within the temples; these offerings are known as the <i><a href="/wiki/Korbanot" class="mw-redirect" title="Korbanot">korbanot</a></i>. </p><p>In Hebrew, the word for "priest" is <i><a href="/wiki/Kohen" title="Kohen">kohen</a></i> (singular כהן <i>kohen</i>, plural כּהנִים <i>kohanim</i>), hence the family names <a href="/wiki/Cohen_(surname)" class="mw-redirect" title="Cohen (surname)"><i>Cohen</i></a>, <i><a href="/wiki/Cahn" title="Cahn">Cahn</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Kahn" title="Kahn">Kahn</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Kohn" title="Kohn">Kohn</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Kogan" title="Kogan">Kogan</a></i>, etc. Jewish families with these names belong to the <a href="/wiki/Tribe_of_Levi" title="Tribe of Levi">tribe of Levi</a> (<a href="/wiki/Levites" class="mw-redirect" title="Levites">Levites</a> – descended from <a href="/wiki/Levi" title="Levi">Levi</a>, the great-grandfather of Aaron) and in twenty-four instances are called by scripture as such.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability"><span title="Quotation needed from source to verify. (January 2023)">need quotation to verify</span></a></i>]</sup> In Hebrew, the word for "priesthood" is <i>kehunnah</i>. </p><p>The Hebrew word <i>kohen</i> comes from the <a href="/wiki/Hebrew_root" class="mw-redirect" title="Hebrew root">root</a> KWN/KON כ-ו-ן 'to stand, to be ready, established'<sup id="cite_ref-:0_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> in the sense of "someone who stands ready before God",<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and has cognates in other <a href="/wiki/Semitic_languages" title="Semitic languages">Semitic languages</a>, e.g. <a href="/wiki/Phoenician_language" title="Phoenician language">Phoenician</a> <a href="/wiki/Tabnit_sarcophagus#Inscription" title="Tabnit sarcophagus">KHN 𐤊𐤄𐤍 "priest"</a> or <a href="/wiki/Arabic" title="Arabic">Arabic</a> <i>kahin</i> كاهن "priest". </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Modern_Judaism">Modern Judaism</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Priest&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Modern Judaism"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/List_of_disqualifications_for_the_Jewish_priesthood" title="List of disqualifications for the Jewish priesthood">List of disqualifications for the Jewish priesthood</a></div> <p>Since the <a href="/wiki/Destruction_of_the_Second_Temple" class="mw-redirect" title="Destruction of the Second Temple">destruction of the Second Temple</a>, and (therefore) the cessation of the daily and seasonal temple ceremonies and sacrifices, <a href="/wiki/Kohanim" class="mw-redirect" title="Kohanim">kohanim</a> have become much less prominent. In traditional Judaism (<a href="/wiki/Orthodox_Judaism" title="Orthodox Judaism">Orthodox Judaism</a> and to some extent, <a href="/wiki/Conservative_Judaism" title="Conservative Judaism">Conservative Judaism</a>) a few priestly and <a href="/wiki/Levitical" class="mw-redirect" title="Levitical">Levitical</a> functions, such as the <i><a href="/wiki/Pidyon_haben" title="Pidyon haben">pidyon haben</a></i> (redemption of a first-born son) ceremony and the <a href="/wiki/Priestly_Blessing" title="Priestly Blessing">Priestly Blessing</a>, have been retained. Especially in Orthodox Judaism, kohanim remain subject to a number of restrictions concerning matters related to marriage and <a href="/wiki/Tumah_and_taharah" title="Tumah and taharah">ritual purity</a>. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Orthodox_Judaism" title="Orthodox Judaism">Orthodox Judaism</a> regard the kohanim as being held in reserve for a future <a href="/wiki/Third_Temple" title="Third Temple">restored Temple</a>. Kohanim do not perform roles of propitiation, sacrifice, or sacrament in any branch of <a href="/wiki/Rabbinical_Judaism" class="mw-redirect" title="Rabbinical Judaism">Rabbinical Judaism</a> or in <a href="/wiki/Karaite_Judaism" title="Karaite Judaism">Karaite Judaism</a>. The principal religious function of any kohanim is to perform the <a href="/wiki/Priestly_Blessing" title="Priestly Blessing">Priestly Blessing</a>, although an individual kohen may also become a <a href="/wiki/Rabbi" title="Rabbi">rabbi</a> or other professional religious leader. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading5"><h5 id="Beta_Israel">Beta Israel</h5><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Priest&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Beta Israel"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The traditional <a href="/wiki/Beta_Israel" title="Beta Israel">Beta Israel</a> community in Israel had little direct contact with other Jewish groups after the destruction of the temple and developed separately for almost two thousand years. While some Beta Israel now follow Rabbinical Jewish practices, the Ethiopian Jewish religious tradition (<a href="/wiki/Haymanot" title="Haymanot">Haymanot</a>) uses the word <a href="/wiki/Kahen" title="Kahen">Kahen</a> to refer to a type non-hereditary cleric. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Samaritanism">Samaritanism</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Priest&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Samaritanism"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Aaronic Kohanim also officiated at the <a href="/wiki/Samaritan" class="mw-redirect" title="Samaritan">Samaritan</a> temple on <a href="/wiki/Mount_Gerizim" title="Mount Gerizim">Mount Gerizim</a>. The Samaritan kohanim have retained their role as religious leaders. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Christianity">Christianity</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Priest&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Christianity"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Prokop_Bro%C5%BE.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d8/Prokop_Bro%C5%BE.jpg/220px-Prokop_Bro%C5%BE.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d8/Prokop_Bro%C5%BE.jpg/330px-Prokop_Bro%C5%BE.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d8/Prokop_Bro%C5%BE.jpg/440px-Prokop_Bro%C5%BE.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3200" data-file-height="2400" /></a><figcaption>A <a href="/wiki/Catholic" class="mw-redirect" title="Catholic">Catholic</a> priest during <a href="/wiki/Mass_in_the_Catholic_Church" title="Mass in the Catholic Church">Holy Mass</a></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Georgischer_Priester.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fd/Georgischer_Priester.jpg/220px-Georgischer_Priester.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="215" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fd/Georgischer_Priester.jpg/330px-Georgischer_Priester.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fd/Georgischer_Priester.jpg/440px-Georgischer_Priester.jpg 2x" data-file-width="583" data-file-height="569" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Orthodox" class="mw-redirect" title="Eastern Orthodox">Eastern Orthodox</a> priest wearing <a href="/wiki/Epitrachelion" title="Epitrachelion">epitrachelion</a> (stole) and <a href="/wiki/Epimanikia" title="Epimanikia">epimanikia</a> (cuffs), <a href="/wiki/Mtskheta" title="Mtskheta">Mtskheta</a>, <a href="/wiki/Georgia_(country)" title="Georgia (country)">Republic of Georgia</a></figcaption></figure> <p>With the spread of Christianity and the formation of <a href="/wiki/Parish" title="Parish">parishes</a>, the Greek word <i>ἱερεύς</i> (hiereus), and Latin <i>sacerdos</i>, which Christians had since the 3rd century applied to <a href="/wiki/Bishop" title="Bishop">bishops</a> and only in a secondary sense to <a href="/wiki/Presbyter" title="Presbyter">presbyters</a>, began in the 6th century to be used of presbyters,<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and is today commonly used of presbyters, distinguishing them from bishops.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Today, the term "priest" is used in the <a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church" title="Catholic Church">Catholic Church</a>, <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Orthodoxy" title="Eastern Orthodoxy">Eastern Orthodoxy</a>, <a href="/wiki/Anglicanism" title="Anglicanism">Anglicanism</a>, <a href="/wiki/Oriental_Orthodoxy" class="mw-redirect" title="Oriental Orthodoxy">Oriental Orthodoxy</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Church_of_the_East" title="Church of the East">Church of the East</a>, and some branches of <a href="/wiki/Lutheranism" title="Lutheranism">Lutheranism</a> to refer to those who have been <a href="/wiki/Ordained" class="mw-redirect" title="Ordained">ordained</a> to a ministerial position through receiving the <a href="/wiki/Sacrament" title="Sacrament">sacrament</a> of <a href="/wiki/Holy_Orders" class="mw-redirect" title="Holy Orders">Holy Orders</a>, although "presbyter" is also used.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Since the <a href="/wiki/Protestant_Reformation" class="mw-redirect" title="Protestant Reformation">Protestant Reformation</a>, non-sacramental denominations are more likely to use the term "<a href="/wiki/Elder_(Christianity)" title="Elder (Christianity)">elder</a>" to refer to their pastors. The Christian term "priest" does not have an entry in the <a href="/wiki/Anchor_Bible_Series" title="Anchor Bible Series">Anchor Bible Dictionary</a>, but the dictionary does deal with the above-mentioned terms under the entry for "Sheep, Shepherd.".<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Catholicism_and_Eastern_Orthodoxy">Catholicism and Eastern Orthodoxy</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Priest&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Catholicism and Eastern Orthodoxy"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Priesthood_in_the_Catholic_Church" title="Priesthood in the Catholic Church">Priesthood in the Catholic Church</a> and <a href="/wiki/Priesthood_(Eastern_Orthodox_Church)" title="Priesthood (Eastern Orthodox Church)">Priesthood (Eastern Orthodox Church)</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Orthodox_priest_family.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/07/Orthodox_priest_family.jpg/220px-Orthodox_priest_family.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="231" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/07/Orthodox_priest_family.jpg/330px-Orthodox_priest_family.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/07/Orthodox_priest_family.jpg/440px-Orthodox_priest_family.jpg 2x" data-file-width="913" data-file-height="960" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Clerical_marriage" title="Clerical marriage">Married Eastern Orthodox priest</a> from <a href="/wiki/Jerusalem" title="Jerusalem">Jerusalem</a> with his family (three generations), <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 1893</span></figcaption></figure> <p>The most significant <a href="/wiki/Christian_liturgy" title="Christian liturgy">liturgical</a> acts reserved to priests in these traditions are the administration of the <a href="/wiki/Sacrament" title="Sacrament">Sacraments</a>, including the celebration of the <a href="/wiki/Mass_(liturgy)" title="Mass (liturgy)">Holy Mass</a> or <a href="/wiki/Divine_Liturgy" title="Divine Liturgy">Divine Liturgy</a> (the terms for the celebration of the <a href="/wiki/Eucharist" title="Eucharist">Eucharist</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Latin_Church" title="Latin Church">Latin</a> and Byzantine traditions, respectively), and the <a href="/wiki/Sacrament_of_Reconciliation" class="mw-redirect" title="Sacrament of Reconciliation">Sacrament of Reconciliation</a>, also called <a href="/wiki/Confession_(religion)" title="Confession (religion)">Confession</a>. The sacraments of <a href="/wiki/Anointing_of_the_Sick" class="mw-redirect" title="Anointing of the Sick">Anointing of the Sick</a> (<a href="/wiki/Extreme_Unction" class="mw-redirect" title="Extreme Unction">Extreme Unction</a>) and <a href="/wiki/Confirmation_(Catholic_Church)" class="mw-redirect" title="Confirmation (Catholic Church)">Confirmation</a> are also administered by priests, though in the Western tradition Confirmation is ordinarily celebrated by a <a href="/wiki/Bishop" title="Bishop">bishop</a>. In the East, Chrismation is performed by the priest (using oil specially <a href="/wiki/Consecrated" class="mw-redirect" title="Consecrated">consecrated</a> by a bishop) immediately after Baptism, and <a href="/wiki/Unction" class="mw-redirect" title="Unction">Unction</a> is normally performed by several priests (ideally seven), but may be performed by one if necessary. In the West, <a href="/wiki/Baptism" title="Baptism">Holy Baptism</a> may be celebrated by anyone. The Vatican catechism states that "According to Latin tradition, the spouses as ministers of Christ's grace mutually confer upon each other the sacrament of <a href="/wiki/Catholic_marriage" class="mw-redirect" title="Catholic marriage">Matrimony</a>".<sup id="cite_ref-vatican_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-vatican-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Thus marriage is a sacrament administered by the couple to themselves, but may be witnessed and blessed by a deacon, or priest (who usually administers the ceremony). In the East, Holy Baptism and Marriage (which is called "Crowning") may be performed only by a priest. If a person is baptized <i>in extremis</i> (i.e., when in fear of immediate death), only the actual threefold immersion together with the scriptural words<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> may be performed by a layperson or deacon. The remainder of the rite, and <a href="/wiki/Chrismation" title="Chrismation">Chrismation</a>, must still be performed by a priest, if the person survives. The only sacrament which may be celebrated only by a bishop is that of <a href="/wiki/Ordination" title="Ordination">Ordination</a> (<i>cheirotonia</i>, "Laying-on of Hands"), or <a href="/wiki/Holy_orders_in_the_Catholic_Church" title="Holy orders in the Catholic Church">Holy Orders</a>.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (February 2023)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>In these traditions, only men who meet certain requirements may become priests. In Catholicism, the <a href="/wiki/Canon_law" title="Canon law">canonical</a> minimum age is twenty-five. Bishops may dispense with this rule and ordain men up to one year younger. Dispensations of more than a year are reserved to the <a href="/wiki/Holy_See" title="Holy See">Holy See</a> (Can. 1031 §§ 1, 4.) A Catholic priest must be <a href="/wiki/Incardination_and_excardination" title="Incardination and excardination">incardinated</a> by his bishop or his major religious <a href="/wiki/Superior_(hierarchy)" title="Superior (hierarchy)">superior</a> in order to engage in public ministry. <a href="/wiki/Secular_clergy" title="Secular clergy">Secular priests</a> are incardinated into a <a href="/wiki/Diocese" title="Diocese">diocese</a>, whereas religious priests live the <a href="/wiki/Consecrated_life" title="Consecrated life">consecrated life</a> and can work anywhere in the world that their specific community operates. </p><p>In Orthodoxy, the normal minimum age is thirty (Can. 11 of Neocaesarea) but a bishop may dispense with this if needed. In neither tradition may priests marry after ordination. In the Catholic Church, priests in the Latin Church must be <a href="/wiki/Clerical_celibacy" title="Clerical celibacy">celibate</a> except under special rules for married clergy converting from certain other Christian confessions.<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Married men may become priests in <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Orthodoxy" title="Eastern Orthodoxy">Eastern Orthodoxy</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Catholic_Churches" title="Eastern Catholic Churches">Eastern Catholic Churches</a>, but in neither case may they marry after ordination, even if they become widowed. Candidates for bishop are chosen only from among the celibate. Orthodox priests will either wear a <a href="/wiki/Clerical_collar" title="Clerical collar">clerical collar</a> similar to the above-mentioned, or simply a very loose black robe that does not have a collar. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Anglican_or_Episcopalian">Anglican or Episcopalian</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Priest&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Anglican or Episcopalian"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Choirhabit.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f8/Choirhabit.jpg/220px-Choirhabit.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="293" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f8/Choirhabit.jpg/330px-Choirhabit.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f8/Choirhabit.jpg/440px-Choirhabit.jpg 2x" data-file-width="480" data-file-height="640" /></a><figcaption>An <a href="/wiki/Anglicanism" title="Anglicanism">Anglican</a> priest in choir dress</figcaption></figure> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Anglican_ministry" title="Anglican ministry">Anglican ministry</a></div> <p>The role of a priest in the <a href="/wiki/Anglican_Communion" title="Anglican Communion">Anglican Communion</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Free_Church_of_England" title="Free Church of England">Free Church of England</a> is largely the same as within the <a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church" title="Catholic Church">Roman Catholic Church</a> and <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Christianity" title="Eastern Christianity">Eastern Christianity</a>, except that <a href="/wiki/Canon_law" title="Canon law">canon law</a> in almost every <a href="/wiki/Anglicanism" title="Anglicanism">Anglican</a> province restricts the administration of <a href="/wiki/Confirmation" title="Confirmation">confirmation</a> to the <a href="/wiki/Bishop" title="Bishop">bishop</a>, just as with <a href="/wiki/Ordination" title="Ordination">ordination</a>. Although Anglican priests who are members of <a href="/wiki/Anglican_religious_order" title="Anglican religious order">religious orders</a> must remain <a href="/wiki/Celibate" class="mw-redirect" title="Celibate">celibate</a> (although there are exceptions, such as priests in the <a href="/wiki/Anglican_Cistercians" title="Anglican Cistercians">Anglican Order of Cistercians</a>), the <a href="/wiki/Secular_clergy" title="Secular clergy">secular clergy</a>—bishops, priests, and deacons who are not members of religious orders—are permitted to marry before or after ordination (although in most provinces they are not permitted to <a href="/wiki/Same-sex_marriage" title="Same-sex marriage">marry a person of the same sex</a>). The Anglican churches, unlike the Roman Catholic or <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Christian" class="mw-redirect" title="Eastern Christian">Eastern Christian</a> traditions, have allowed the ordination of women as priests (referred to as "priests" not "priestesses") in some provinces since 1971.<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This practice remains controversial, however; a minority of provinces (10 out of the 38 worldwide) retain an all-male priesthood.<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Most <a href="/wiki/Continuing_Anglican_Movement" class="mw-redirect" title="Continuing Anglican Movement">Continuing Anglican</a> churches do not ordain women to the priesthood. </p><p>As Anglicanism represents a broad range of theological opinion, its <a href="/wiki/Presbyterate" class="mw-redirect" title="Presbyterate">presbyterate</a> includes priests who consider themselves no different in any respect from those of the Roman Catholic Church, and a minority who prefer to use the title <i><a href="/wiki/Presbyter" title="Presbyter">presbyter</a></i> in order to distance themselves from the more sacrificial theological implications which they associate with the word <i>priest</i>. </p><p>While <i>priest</i> is the official title of a member of the presbyterate in every Anglican province worldwide (retained by the Elizabethan Settlement), the ordination rite of certain provinces (including the <a href="/wiki/Church_of_England" title="Church of England">Church of England</a>) recognizes the breadth of opinion by adopting the title <i>The Ordination of Priests (also called Presbyters).</i> Even though both words mean 'elders' historically the term <i>priest</i> has been more associated with the "<a href="/wiki/High_Church" class="mw-redirect" title="High Church">High Church</a>" or <a href="/wiki/Anglo-Catholic" class="mw-redirect" title="Anglo-Catholic">Anglo-Catholic</a> wing, whereas the term "<a href="/wiki/Minister_(Christianity)" title="Minister (Christianity)">minister</a>" has been more commonly used in "<a href="/wiki/Low_Church" class="mw-redirect" title="Low Church">Low Church</a>" or Evangelical circles.<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Lutheranism">Lutheranism</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Priest&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Lutheranism"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Str%C3%A4ngn%C3%A4s_Cathedral_interior.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/35/Str%C3%A4ngn%C3%A4s_Cathedral_interior.jpg/220px-Str%C3%A4ngn%C3%A4s_Cathedral_interior.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="293" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/35/Str%C3%A4ngn%C3%A4s_Cathedral_interior.jpg/330px-Str%C3%A4ngn%C3%A4s_Cathedral_interior.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/35/Str%C3%A4ngn%C3%A4s_Cathedral_interior.jpg/440px-Str%C3%A4ngn%C3%A4s_Cathedral_interior.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2448" data-file-height="3264" /></a><figcaption>A Lutheran priest of the <a href="/wiki/Church_of_Sweden" title="Church of Sweden">Church of Sweden</a> prepares for the celebration of <a href="/wiki/Mass_(liturgy)" title="Mass (liturgy)">Mass</a> in <a href="/wiki/Str%C3%A4ngn%C3%A4s_Cathedral" title="Strängnäs Cathedral">Strängnäs Cathedral</a></figcaption></figure> <p>The general priesthood or the <a href="/wiki/Priesthood_of_all_believers" title="Priesthood of all believers">priesthood of all believers</a>, is a <a href="/wiki/Christianity" title="Christianity">Christian</a> doctrine derived from several passages of the <a href="/wiki/New_Testament" title="New Testament">New Testament</a>. It is a foundational concept of <a href="/wiki/Protestantism" title="Protestantism">Protestantism</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It is this doctrine that <a href="/wiki/Martin_Luther" title="Martin Luther">Martin Luther</a> adduces in his 1520 <i><a href="/wiki/To_the_Christian_Nobility_of_the_German_Nation" title="To the Christian Nobility of the German Nation">To the Christian Nobility of the German Nation</a></i> in order to dismiss the medieval Christian belief that Christians were to be divided into two classes: "spiritual" and "temporal" or non-spiritual. Conservative Lutheran reforms are reflected in the theological and practical view of the ministry of the church. Much of European Lutheranism follows the traditional Catholic governance of deacon, presbyter, and bishop. The Lutheran archbishops of Finland, Sweden, etc. and Baltic countries are the historic national primates and some ancient cathedrals and parishes in the Lutheran church were constructed many centuries before the Reformation. Indeed, ecumenical work within the Anglican Communion and among Scandinavian Lutherans mutually recognize the <a href="/wiki/Apostolic_succession" title="Apostolic succession">historic apostolic legitimacy</a> and <a href="/wiki/Full_communion" title="Full communion">full communion</a>. Likewise in America, Lutherans have embraced the apostolic succession of bishops in the full communion with Episcopalians and most Lutheran ordinations are performed by a bishop. </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Church_of_Sweden" title="Church of Sweden">Church of Sweden</a> has a threefold ministry of bishop, priest, and deacon and those ordained to the presbyterate are referred to as priests.<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the <a href="/wiki/Evangelical_Lutheran_Church_of_Finland" title="Evangelical Lutheran Church of Finland">Evangelical Lutheran Church of Finland</a>, ordained presbyters are referred to by various publications, including Finnish ones, as pastors,<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> or priests.<sup id="cite_ref-Sequeira2021_31-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Sequeira2021-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Doe2011_32-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Doe2011-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the United States, denominations like the <a href="/wiki/Lutheran_Church%E2%80%93Missouri_Synod" class="mw-redirect" title="Lutheran Church–Missouri Synod">Lutheran Church–Missouri Synod</a> use the terms "reverend" and "pastor" interchangeably for ordained members of the clergy.<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Methodism">Methodism</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Priest&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Methodism"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Methodist <a href="/wiki/Clergy" title="Clergy">clergy</a> often have the title of <a href="/wiki/Pastor" title="Pastor">pastor</a>, <a href="/wiki/Minister_(Christianity)" title="Minister (Christianity)">minister</a>, <a href="/wiki/Reverend" class="mw-redirect" title="Reverend">reverend</a>, etc. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Priesthood03080u.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/10/Priesthood03080u.jpg/220px-Priesthood03080u.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="331" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/10/Priesthood03080u.jpg/330px-Priesthood03080u.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/10/Priesthood03080u.jpg/440px-Priesthood03080u.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2000" data-file-height="3010" /></a><figcaption>1898 depiction of the Restoration of the Aaronic Priesthood</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Latter_Day_Saints">Latter Day Saints</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Priest&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Latter Day Saints"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Priesthood_(Latter_Day_Saints)" title="Priesthood (Latter Day Saints)">Priesthood (Latter Day Saints)</a></div> <p>In the <a href="/wiki/Latter_Day_Saint_movement" title="Latter Day Saint movement">Latter Day Saint movement</a>, the priesthood is the power and authority of God given to man, including the authority to perform <a href="/wiki/Ordinance_(Latter_Day_Saints)" title="Ordinance (Latter Day Saints)">ordinances</a> and to act as a leader in the church. A body of priesthood holders is referred to as a <a href="/wiki/Quorum_(Latter_Day_Saints)" title="Quorum (Latter Day Saints)">quorum</a>. Priesthood denotes elements of both power and authority. The priesthood includes the power <a href="/wiki/Jesus" title="Jesus">Jesus</a> gave his <a href="/wiki/Twelve_apostles" class="mw-redirect" title="Twelve apostles">apostles</a> to perform miracles such as the casting out of devils and the healing of sick (<a href="/wiki/Gospel_of_Luke" title="Gospel of Luke">Luke</a> 9:1). Latter Day Saints believe that the <a href="/wiki/Bible" title="Bible">Biblical</a> miracles performed by <a href="/wiki/Prophet" title="Prophet">prophets</a> and apostles were performed by the power of the priesthood, including the miracles of Jesus, who holds all of the keys of the priesthood. The priesthood is formally known as the "Priesthood after the Order of the Son of God", but to avoid the too frequent use of the name of deity, the priesthood is referred to as the Melchizedek priesthood (<a href="/wiki/Melchizedek" title="Melchizedek">Melchizedek</a> being the high priest to whom <a href="/wiki/Abraham" title="Abraham">Abraham</a> paid tithes). As an authority, the priesthood is the authority by which a bearer may perform ecclesiastical acts of service in the name of God. Latter Day Saints believe that acts (and in particular, <a href="/wiki/Ordinance_(Latter_Day_Saints)" title="Ordinance (Latter Day Saints)">ordinances</a>) performed by one with priesthood authority are recognized by God and are binding in heaven, on earth, and in the afterlife. </p><p>There is some variation among the Latter Day Saint denominations regarding who can be ordained to the priesthood. In <a href="/wiki/The_Church_of_Jesus_Christ_of_Latter-day_Saints" title="The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints">the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints</a> (LDS Church), all worthy males above the age of 12 can be ordained to the priesthood. However, prior to a <a href="/wiki/1978_Revelation_on_Priesthood" title="1978 Revelation on Priesthood">policy change in 1978</a>, the LDS Church did not ordain men or boys who were of black African descent. The LDS Church does not ordain women to any of its priesthood offices. The Reorganized Church of Jesus Christ of Latter Day Saints (now the Community of Christ), the second largest denomination of the movement, began ordaining women to all of its priesthood offices in 1984. This decision was one of the reasons that led to a schism in the church, which prompted the formation of the independent <a href="/wiki/Restoration_Branches" class="mw-redirect" title="Restoration Branches">Restoration Branches</a> movement from which other denominations have sprung, including the <a href="/wiki/Remnant_Church_of_Jesus_Christ_of_Latter_Day_Saints" title="Remnant Church of Jesus Christ of Latter Day Saints">Remnant Church of Jesus Christ of Latter Day Saints</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Islam">Islam</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Priest&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Islam"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Clergy#Islam" title="Clergy">Clergy § Islam</a></div> <p>Islam has no <a href="/wiki/Sacerdotalism" class="mw-redirect" title="Sacerdotalism">sacerdotal</a> priesthood. There are, however, a variety of academic and administrative offices which have evolved to assist Muslims with this task, such as the <a href="/wiki/Imam" title="Imam">imāms</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Mullah" title="Mullah">mullāhs</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Mandaeism">Mandaeism</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Priest&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Mandaeism"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Mandaean_priest" title="Mandaean priest">Mandaean priest</a></div> <p>A <a href="/wiki/Mandaean_priest" title="Mandaean priest">Mandaean priest</a> refers to an ordained religious leader in <a href="/wiki/Mandaeism" title="Mandaeism">Mandaeism</a>. In <a href="/wiki/Mandaean_scriptures" class="mw-redirect" title="Mandaean scriptures">Mandaean scriptures</a>, priests are referred to as <i>Naṣuraiia</i> (<a href="/wiki/Nasoraean_Mandaeans" class="mw-redirect" title="Nasoraean Mandaeans">Naṣoraeans</a>).<sup id="cite_ref-Secret_Adam_34-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Secret_Adam-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> All priests must undergo lengthy ordination ceremonies, beginning with <a href="/wiki/Tarmida" title="Tarmida">tarmida</a> initiation.<sup id="cite_ref-Buckley_2002_35-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Buckley_2002-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Mandaean religious leaders and copyists of religious texts hold the title <i>Rabbi</i> or in Arabic '<a href="/wiki/Sheikh" title="Sheikh">Sheikh</a>'.<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>All Mandaean communities traditionally require the presence of a priest, since priests are required to officiate over all important religious rituals, including <a href="/wiki/Masbuta" title="Masbuta">masbuta</a>, <a href="/wiki/Masiqta" title="Masiqta">masiqta</a>, birth and wedding ceremonies. Priests also serve as teachers, scribes, and community leaders.<sup id="cite_ref-Buckley_2002_35-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Buckley_2002-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>There are three types of priests in <a href="/wiki/Mandaeism" title="Mandaeism">Mandaeism</a>:<sup id="cite_ref-Buckley_2002_35-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Buckley_2002-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Rishama" title="Rishama">rišama</a></i> "leader of the people"</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Ganzibra" title="Ganzibra">ganzibria</a></i> "treasurers" (from Old Persian <i>ganza-bara</i> "id.," Neo-Mandaic <i>ganzeḇrānā</i>)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Tarmida" title="Tarmida">tarmidia</a></i> "disciples" (Neo-Mandaic <i>tarmidānā</i>)</li></ul> <p>Priests have lineages based on the succession of <i>ganzibria</i> priests who had initiated them. Priestly lineages, which are distinct from birth lineages, are typically recorded in the <a href="/wiki/Colophon_(publishing)" title="Colophon (publishing)">colophons</a> of many <a href="/wiki/Mandaean_texts" class="mw-redirect" title="Mandaean texts">Mandaean texts</a>. The position is not hereditary, and any Mandaean male who is highly knowledgeable about religious matters is eligible to become a priest.<sup id="cite_ref-Buckley2010_38-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Buckley2010-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Eastern_religions">Eastern religions</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Priest&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Eastern religions"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Puja,_a_ritual_prayer_ceremony_India.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7c/Puja%2C_a_ritual_prayer_ceremony_India.jpg/220px-Puja%2C_a_ritual_prayer_ceremony_India.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="333" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7c/Puja%2C_a_ritual_prayer_ceremony_India.jpg/330px-Puja%2C_a_ritual_prayer_ceremony_India.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7c/Puja%2C_a_ritual_prayer_ceremony_India.jpg/440px-Puja%2C_a_ritual_prayer_ceremony_India.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1332" data-file-height="2014" /></a><figcaption>A Hindu <i><a href="/wiki/Pujari" title="Pujari">pujari</a></i> performing the <i>puja</i> rituals in <a href="/wiki/Varanasi" title="Varanasi">Varanasi</a>, <a href="/wiki/India" title="India">India</a>.</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Hinduism">Hinduism</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Priest&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: Hinduism"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Hindu_priest" title="Hindu priest">Hindu priest</a></div> <p>A <a href="/wiki/Hindu" class="mw-redirect" title="Hindu">Hindu</a> priest traditionally comes from the <a href="/wiki/Brahmin" title="Brahmin">Brahmin</a> community.<sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Priests are ordained and trained as well. There are two types of Hindu priests, <i><a href="/wiki/Pujari" title="Pujari">pujaris</a></i> (<i><a href="/wiki/Swami" title="Swami">swamis</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Yogi" title="Yogi">yogis</a></i>, and <i><a href="/wiki/Guru" title="Guru">gurus</a></i>) and <i><a href="/wiki/Purohit" class="mw-redirect" title="Purohit">purohitas</a></i> (<i><a href="/wiki/Pandit" title="Pandit">pandits</a></i>). A <i>pujari</i> performs rituals in a temple. These rituals include bathing the <i><a href="/wiki/Murti" title="Murti">murti</a></i>s (the statues of the gods/goddesses), performing <i><a href="/wiki/Puja_(Hinduism)" title="Puja (Hinduism)">puja</a></i>, a ritualistic offering of various items to the gods, the waving of a <i><a href="/wiki/Ghee" title="Ghee">ghee</a></i> or oil lamp also called an offering in light, known in Hinduism as <i><a href="/wiki/Aarti" class="mw-redirect" title="Aarti">aarti</a></i>, before the <i>murtis</i>. <i>Pujaris</i> are often married. </p><p>A <i>purohita</i>, on the other hand, performs rituals and <a href="/wiki/Sa%E1%B9%83sk%C4%81ra" class="mw-redirect" title="Saṃskāra">saṃskāras</a> (sacraments), <a href="/wiki/Yajna" title="Yajna">yajnas</a> (sacrifices) outside of the temple. There are special <i>purohitas</i> who perform only funeral rites. </p><p>In many cases, a <i>purohita</i> also functions as a <i>pujari</i>. </p><p>While only men have traditionally been ordained as priests in the past, recent developments such as feminism in India have led to the opening of training schools for women to become priests.<sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Zoroastrianism">Zoroastrianism</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Priest&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: Zoroastrianism"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Mobad" title="Mobad">Mobad</a></div> <p>A Zoroastrian priest are called a Mobad and they officiate the <i><a href="/wiki/Yasna" title="Yasna">Yasna</a></i>, pouring libations into the sacred fire to the accompaniment of ritual chants. The Mobad also prepare drinks for the <i><a href="/wiki/Haoma" title="Haoma">haoma</a></i> ritual.<sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In Indian <a href="/wiki/Zoroastrianism" title="Zoroastrianism">Zoroastrianism</a>, the priesthood is reserved for men and is a mostly hereditary position,<sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> but women have been ordained in Iran and North America as a mobedyar, meaning an assistant mobed.<sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Taoism">Taoism</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Priest&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: Taoism"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Soothsayer-outside-of-Changchun-Temple-0352.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d2/Soothsayer-outside-of-Changchun-Temple-0352.jpg/220px-Soothsayer-outside-of-Changchun-Temple-0352.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d2/Soothsayer-outside-of-Changchun-Temple-0352.jpg/330px-Soothsayer-outside-of-Changchun-Temple-0352.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d2/Soothsayer-outside-of-Changchun-Temple-0352.jpg/440px-Soothsayer-outside-of-Changchun-Temple-0352.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2048" data-file-height="1536" /></a><figcaption>A fortune-telling <a href="/wiki/Taoist_priest" class="mw-redirect" title="Taoist priest">Taoist priest</a> with a customer outside of Changchun Temple, <a href="/wiki/Wuhan" title="Wuhan">Wuhan</a></figcaption></figure> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Taoist_priest" class="mw-redirect" title="Taoist priest">Taoist priests</a> (道士 "master of the <a href="/wiki/Taoism" title="Taoism">Dao</a>" p. 488) act as interpreters of the principles of Yin-Yang <a href="/wiki/Wuxing_(Chinese_philosophy)" title="Wuxing (Chinese philosophy)">5 elements</a> (fire, water, soil, wood, and metal p. 53) school of ancient Chinese philosophy, as they relate to marriage, death, festival cycles, and so on. The Taoist priest seeks to share the benefits of meditation with his or her community through public ritual and liturgy (p. 326). In the ancient priesthood before the Tang, the priest was called <i>Jijiu</i> ("libationer" p. 550), with both male and female practitioners selected by merit. The system gradually changed into a male only hereditary Taoist priesthood until more recent times (p. 550,551).<sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Indigenous_and_ethnic_religions">Indigenous and ethnic religions</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Priest&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: Indigenous and ethnic religions"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Shamanism" title="Shamanism">Shamanism</a> and <a href="/wiki/Medicine_man" title="Medicine man">Medicine man</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Shinto">Shinto</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Priest&action=edit&section=27" title="Edit section: Shinto"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="box-More_citations_needed plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Refimprove" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This article <b>needs additional citations for <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">verification</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Priest" title="Special:EditPage/Priest">improve this article</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a>. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.<br /><small><span class="plainlinks"><i>Find sources:</i> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?as_eq=wikipedia&q=%22Priest%22">"Priest"</a> – <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbm=nws&q=%22Priest%22+-wikipedia&tbs=ar:1">news</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?&q=%22Priest%22&tbs=bkt:s&tbm=bks">newspapers</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbs=bks:1&q=%22Priest%22+-wikipedia">books</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=%22Priest%22">scholar</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/action/doBasicSearch?Query=%22Priest%22&acc=on&wc=on">JSTOR</a></span></small></span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">February 2012</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Yasaka-jinja_01.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Shinto priest and priestess in Japan." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/Yasaka-jinja_01.jpg/220px-Yasaka-jinja_01.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="182" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/Yasaka-jinja_01.jpg/330px-Yasaka-jinja_01.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/Yasaka-jinja_01.jpg/440px-Yasaka-jinja_01.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="845" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Shinto" title="Shinto">Shinto</a> priest and priestess in Japan</figcaption></figure> <p>The Shinto priest is called a <i><a href="/wiki/Kannushi" title="Kannushi">kannushi</a></i><span style="font-weight: normal"> (<span title="Japanese-language text"><span lang="ja">神主</span></span>, lit. "Master of the <a href="/wiki/Kami" title="Kami">kami</a>")</span>, originally pronounced <i>kamunushi</i>, sometimes referred to as a <i>shinshoku</i><span style="font-weight: normal"> (<span title="Japanese-language text"><span lang="ja">神職</span></span>)</span>. A kannushi is the person responsible for the maintenance of a Shinto shrine, or <i><a href="/wiki/Shinto_shrine" title="Shinto shrine">jinja</a></i>, purificatory rites, and for leading worship and veneration of a certain <i>kami</i>. Additionally, <i>kannushi</i> are aided by another priest class, <i><a href="/wiki/Miko" title="Miko">miko</a></i><span style="font-weight: normal"> (<span title="Japanese-language text"><span lang="ja">巫女</span></span>, "shrine maidens")</span>, for many rites. The maidens may either be family members in training, apprentices, or local volunteers. </p><p><i><a href="/wiki/Saiin_(priestess)" title="Saiin (priestess)">Saiin</a></i> were female relatives of the Japanese emperor (termed <i>saiō</i>) who served as High Priestesses in <a href="/wiki/Kamo_Shrine" class="mw-redirect" title="Kamo Shrine">Kamo Shrine</a>. <i>Saiō</i> also served at <a href="/wiki/Ise_Grand_Shrine" class="mw-redirect" title="Ise Grand Shrine">Ise Shrine</a>. <i>Saiin</i> priestesses usually were elected from royalty. In principle, <i>Saiin</i> remained unmarried, but there were exceptions. Some <i>Saiin</i> became <a href="/wiki/Queen_consort" title="Queen consort">consorts</a> of the emperor, called <i>Nyōgo</i> in Japanese. The <i>Saiin</i> order of priestesses existed throughout the Heian and Kamakura periods. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Africa">Africa</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Priest&action=edit&section=28" title="Edit section: Africa"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Yoruba_people" title="Yoruba people">Yoruba people</a> of western <a href="/wiki/Nigeria" title="Nigeria">Nigeria</a> practice an indigenous religion with a <a href="/wiki/Tribal_chief" title="Tribal chief">chiefly</a> hierarchy of priests and priestesses that dates to AD 800–1000.<sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Ifá priests and priestesses bear the titles <a href="/wiki/Babalawo" title="Babalawo">Babalawo</a> for men and <a href="/wiki/Iyanifa" class="mw-redirect" title="Iyanifa">Iyanifa</a> for women.<sup id="cite_ref-google_48-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-google-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Priests and priestesses of the varied <a href="/wiki/Orisa" class="mw-redirect" title="Orisa">Orisha</a> are titled Babalorisa for men and Iyalorisa for women.<sup id="cite_ref-google2_49-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-google2-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Initiates are also given an Orisa or Ifá name that signifies under which deity they are initiated. For example, a Priestess of <a href="/wiki/Osun" class="mw-redirect" title="Osun">Osun</a> may be named Osunyemi, and a Priest of <a href="/wiki/If%C3%A1" title="Ifá">Ifá</a> may be named Ifáyemi. This traditional culture continues to this day as initiates from all around the world return to Nigeria for initiation into the priesthood, and varied derivative sects in the New World (such as <a href="/wiki/Cuba" title="Cuba">Cuban</a> <a href="/wiki/Santer%C3%ADa" title="Santería">Santería</a> and Brazilian <a href="/wiki/Umbanda" title="Umbanda">Umbanda</a>) use the same titles to refer to their officers as well. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Afro-Latin_American_religions">Afro-Latin American religions</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Priest&action=edit&section=29" title="Edit section: Afro-Latin American religions"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In Brazil, the priests in the <a href="/wiki/Umbanda" title="Umbanda">Umbanda</a>, <a href="/wiki/Candombl%C3%A9" title="Candomblé">Candomblé</a> and <a href="/wiki/Quimbanda" title="Quimbanda">Quimbanda</a> religions are called <i><a href="/wiki/Pai-de-santo" title="Pai-de-santo">pai-de-santo</a></i> (literally "Father of saint" in English), or "babalorixá" (a word borrowed from <a href="/wiki/Yoruba_language" title="Yoruba language">Yoruba</a> <i>bàbálórìsà</i>, meaning <i>Father of the <a href="/wiki/Orisha" title="Orisha">Orisha</a></i>); its female equivalent is the <i><a href="/wiki/M%C3%A3e-de-santo" title="Mãe-de-santo">mãe-de-santo</a></i> ("Mother of saint"), also referred to as "ialorixá" (<a href="/wiki/Yoruba_language" title="Yoruba language">Yoruba</a>: <i>iyálórìsà</i>). </p><p>In the <a href="/wiki/Cuba" title="Cuba">Cuban</a> <a href="/wiki/Santer%C3%ADa" title="Santería">Santería</a>, a male priest is called <i>Santero</i>, while female priests are called <i>Iyanifas</i> or "mothers of wisdom".<sup id="cite_ref-50" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Neo-paganism">Neo-paganism</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Priest&action=edit&section=30" title="Edit section: Neo-paganism"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Wicca">Wicca</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Priest&action=edit&section=31" title="Edit section: Wicca"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Wiccan_priestess_preaching,_USA.PNG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3b/Wiccan_priestess_preaching%2C_USA.PNG/150px-Wiccan_priestess_preaching%2C_USA.PNG" decoding="async" width="150" height="229" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3b/Wiccan_priestess_preaching%2C_USA.PNG/225px-Wiccan_priestess_preaching%2C_USA.PNG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3b/Wiccan_priestess_preaching%2C_USA.PNG/300px-Wiccan_priestess_preaching%2C_USA.PNG 2x" data-file-width="308" data-file-height="471" /></a><figcaption>Wiccan priestess preaching in the United States</figcaption></figure> <p>According to traditional <a href="/wiki/Wicca" title="Wicca">Wiccan</a> beliefs, every member of the religion is considered a priestess or priest, as it is believed that no person can stand between another and the divine. However, in response to the growing number of Wiccan temples and <a href="/wiki/Wiccan_church" class="mw-redirect" title="Wiccan church">churches</a>, several denominations of the religion have begun to develop a core group of ordained priestesses and priests serving a larger laity. This trend is far from widespread, but is gaining acceptance due to increased interest in the religion.<sup id="cite_ref-51" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-52" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-53" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Dress">Dress</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Priest&action=edit&section=32" title="Edit section: Dress"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Kruisheren_1964_Canons_Regular_of_the_Order_Sanctae_Crucis.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/13/Kruisheren_1964_Canons_Regular_of_the_Order_Sanctae_Crucis.jpg/150px-Kruisheren_1964_Canons_Regular_of_the_Order_Sanctae_Crucis.jpg" decoding="async" width="150" height="146" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/13/Kruisheren_1964_Canons_Regular_of_the_Order_Sanctae_Crucis.jpg/225px-Kruisheren_1964_Canons_Regular_of_the_Order_Sanctae_Crucis.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/13/Kruisheren_1964_Canons_Regular_of_the_Order_Sanctae_Crucis.jpg/300px-Kruisheren_1964_Canons_Regular_of_the_Order_Sanctae_Crucis.jpg 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="585" /></a><figcaption>Some clergy and religious, such as these, who are <a href="/wiki/Canons_Regular_of_the_Order_of_the_Holy_Cross" title="Canons Regular of the Order of the Holy Cross">Canons Regular of the Order of the Holy Cross</a> and live in the Netherlands, wear distinctive clothing which distinguishes them from other clergy, whether <a href="/wiki/Secular_clergy" title="Secular clergy">secular</a> or <a href="/wiki/Regular_clergy" title="Regular clergy">religious</a>.</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:AGMA_Kylix_femme_autel.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2d/AGMA_Kylix_femme_autel.jpg/150px-AGMA_Kylix_femme_autel.jpg" decoding="async" width="150" height="104" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2d/AGMA_Kylix_femme_autel.jpg/225px-AGMA_Kylix_femme_autel.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2d/AGMA_Kylix_femme_autel.jpg/300px-AGMA_Kylix_femme_autel.jpg 2x" data-file-width="948" data-file-height="660" /></a><figcaption>Priestess officiating before an altar while nude to demonstrate purity, Attic red-figure <a href="/wiki/Kylix_(drinking_cup)" class="mw-redirect" title="Kylix (drinking cup)">kylix</a> by Chairias, c. 510–500 BC, Ancient Agora Museum in Athens</figcaption></figure> <p>The dress of religious workers in ancient times may be demonstrated in frescoes and artifacts from the cultures. The dress is presumed to be related to the customary clothing of the culture, with some symbol of the deity worn on the head or held by the person. Sometimes special colors, materials, or patterns distinguish celebrants, as the white wool veil draped on the head of the <a href="/wiki/Vestal_Virgin" title="Vestal Virgin">Vestal Virgins</a>. </p><p>Occasionally, the celebrants at religious ceremonies shed all clothes in a symbolic gesture of purity. This was often the case in ancient times. An example of this is shown to the left on a Kylix dating from c. 500 BC where a priestess is featured. Modern religious groups tend to avoid such symbolism and some may be quite uncomfortable with the concept. </p><p>The retention of long <a href="/wiki/Skirt" title="Skirt">skirts</a> and <a href="/wiki/Vestment" title="Vestment">vestments</a> among many ranks of contemporary priests when they officiate may be interpreted to express the ancient traditions of the cultures from which their religious practices arose. </p><p>In most Christian traditions, priests wear <a href="/wiki/Clerical_clothing" title="Clerical clothing">clerical clothing</a>, a distinctive form of street dress. Even within individual traditions it varies considerably in form, depending on the specific occasion. In <a href="/wiki/Western_Christianity" title="Western Christianity">Western Christianity</a>, the stiff white <a href="/wiki/Clerical_collar" title="Clerical collar">clerical collar</a> has become the nearly universal feature of priestly clerical clothing, worn either with a <a href="/wiki/Cassock" title="Cassock">cassock</a> or a <a href="/wiki/Clergy_shirt" class="mw-redirect" title="Clergy shirt">clergy shirt</a>. The collar may be either a full collar or a vestigial tab displayed through a square cutout in the shirt collar. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Christianity" title="Eastern Christianity">Eastern Christian</a> priests mostly retain the traditional dress of two layers of differently cut cassock: the <i>rasson</i> (Greek) or <i>podriasnik</i> (Russian) beneath the outer <i>exorasson</i> (Greek) or <i>riasa</i> (Russian). If a pectoral cross has been awarded it is usually worn with street clothes in the Russian tradition, but not so often in the Greek tradition. </p><p>Distinctive clerical clothing is less often worn in modern times than formerly, and in many cases it is rare for a priest to wear it when not acting in a pastoral capacity, especially in countries that view themselves as largely secular in nature. There are frequent exceptions to this however, and many priests rarely if ever go out in public without it, especially in countries where their religion makes up a clear majority of the population. <a href="/wiki/Pope_John_Paul_II" title="Pope John Paul II">Pope John Paul II</a> often instructed Catholic priests and religious to always wear their distinctive (clerical) clothing, unless wearing it would result in persecution or grave verbal attacks. </p><p>Christian traditions that retain the title of priest also retain the tradition of special liturgical <a href="/wiki/Vestment" title="Vestment">vestments</a> worn only during services. Vestments vary widely among the different Christian traditions. </p><p>In modern <a href="/wiki/Pagan" class="mw-redirect" title="Pagan">Pagan</a> religions, such as <a href="/wiki/Wicca" title="Wicca">Wicca</a>, there is no one specific form of dress designated for the clergy. If there is, it is a particular of the denomination in question, and not a universal practice. However, there is a traditional form of dress, (usually a floor-length <a href="/wiki/Tunic" title="Tunic">tunic</a> and a knotted cord <a href="/wiki/Cincture" title="Cincture">cincture</a>, known as the <i>cingulum</i>), which is often worn by worshipers during religious rites. Among those traditions of Wicca that do dictate a specific form of dress for its clergy, they usually wear the traditional tunic in addition to other articles of clothing (such as an open-fronted <a href="/wiki/Robe" title="Robe">robe</a> or a <a href="/wiki/Cloak" title="Cloak">cloak</a>) as a distinctive form of religious dress, similar to a <a href="/wiki/Religious_habit" title="Religious habit">habit</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-54" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-55" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Assistant_priest">Assistant priest</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Priest&action=edit&section=33" title="Edit section: Assistant priest"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In many religions, there are one or more layers of assistant priests. </p><p>In the <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Near_East" title="Ancient Near East">Ancient Near East</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hierodule" class="mw-redirect" title="Hierodule">hierodules</a> served in temples as assistants to the priestess. </p><p>In ancient Judaism, the Priests (Kohanim) had a whole class of Levites as their assistants in making the sacrifices, in singing <a href="/wiki/Psalm" class="mw-redirect" title="Psalm">psalms</a> and in maintaining the <a href="/wiki/Temple_in_Jerusalem" title="Temple in Jerusalem">Temple</a>. The Priests and the Levites were in turn served by servants called <a href="/wiki/Nethinim" title="Nethinim">Nethinim</a>. These lowest level of servants were not priests. </p><p>An assistant priest is a priest in the Anglican and Episcopal churches who is not the senior member of clergy of the parish to which they are appointed, but is nonetheless in priests' orders; there is no difference in function or theology, merely in 'grade' or 'rank'. Some assistant priests have a "sector ministry", that is to say that they specialize in a certain area of ministry within the local church, for example youth work, hospital work, or ministry to local light industry. They may also hold some diocesan appointment part-time. In most (though not all) cases, an assistant priest has the legal status of <a href="/wiki/Curate" title="Curate">assistant curate</a>, although not all assistant curates are priests, as this legal status also applies to many <a href="/wiki/Deacon" title="Deacon">deacons</a> working as assistants in a parochial setting. </p><p>The corresponding term in the <a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church" title="Catholic Church">Catholic Church</a> is "parochial vicar" – an ordained priest assigned to assist the pastor (Latin: <i>parochus</i>) of a parish in the pastoral care of parishioners. Normally, all pastors are also ordained priests; occasionally an auxiliary bishop will be assigned that role. </p><p>In <a href="/wiki/Wicca" title="Wicca">Wicca</a>, the leader of a <a href="/wiki/Coven" title="Coven">coven</a> or temple (either a high priestess or high priest) often appoints an assistant. This assistant is often called a 'deputy', but the more traditional terms 'maiden' (when female and assisting a high priestess) and 'summoner' (when male and assisting a high priest) are still used in many denominations. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Priest&action=edit&section=34" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1184024115">.mw-parser-output .div-col{margin-top:0.3em;column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .div-col-small{font-size:90%}.mw-parser-output .div-col-rules{column-rule:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .div-col dl,.mw-parser-output .div-col ol,.mw-parser-output .div-col ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .div-col li,.mw-parser-output .div-col dd{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}</style><div class="div-col" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Archpriest" title="Archpriest">Archpriest</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brahmin" title="Brahmin">Brahmin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gothi" title="Gothi">Gothi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hieromonk" title="Hieromonk">Hieromonk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jogi_(caste)" title="Jogi (caste)">Jogi (caste)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_fictional_clergy_and_religious_figures" title="List of fictional clergy and religious figures">List of fictional clergy and religious figures</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Presbyterorum_Ordinis" title="Presbyterorum Ordinis">Presbyterorum Ordinis</a>, decree on the priesthood from the <a href="/wiki/Second_Vatican_Council" title="Second Vatican Council">Second Vatican Council</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Priest_shortage" class="mw-redirect" title="Priest shortage">Priest shortage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ritualism_in_the_Church_of_England" title="Ritualism in the Church of England">Ritualism in the Church of England</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sacerdotalism" class="mw-redirect" title="Sacerdotalism">Sacerdotalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vicar" title="Vicar">Vicar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Volkhv" title="Volkhv">Volkhv</a></li></ul></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Priest&action=edit&section=35" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFMomigliano1984" class="citation journal cs1">Momigliano, Arnaldo (1984). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/2505078">"Georges Dumézil and the Trifunctional Approach to Roman Civilization"</a>. <i>History and Theory</i>. <b>23</b> (3): 312–330. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F2505078">10.2307/2505078</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0018-2656">0018-2656</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/2505078">2505078</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=History+and+Theory&rft.atitle=Georges+Dum%C3%A9zil+and+the+Trifunctional+Approach+to+Roman+Civilization&rft.volume=23&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=312-330&rft.date=1984&rft.issn=0018-2656&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F2505078%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F2505078&rft.aulast=Momigliano&rft.aufirst=Arnaldo&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F2505078&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APriest" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Webster's New World Dictionary of the American Language</i>, College Edition, The World Publishing Company, Cleveland OH, s.v. "priest"</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.etymonline.com/word/priest">"priest"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Online_Etymology_Dictionary" title="Online Etymology Dictionary">Online Etymology Dictionary</a></i>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Joseph B. Lightfoot, <i>Epistle to the Philippians; a revised text, with introduction, etc.</i>, 2nd ed. 1869, p. 184, cited after <i><a href="/wiki/OED" class="mw-redirect" title="OED">OED</a></i>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDening1996" class="citation book cs1">Dening, Sarah (1996). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/mythologyofsexan0000deni"><i>The Mythology of Sex – Ch.3</i></a></span>. Macmillan. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-02-861207-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-02-861207-2"><bdi>978-0-02-861207-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Mythology+of+Sex+%E2%80%93+Ch.3&rft.pub=Macmillan&rft.date=1996&rft.isbn=978-0-02-861207-2&rft.aulast=Dening&rft.aufirst=Sarah&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fmythologyofsexan0000deni&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APriest" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBlack1998" class="citation book cs1">Black, Jeremy (1998). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Jj3bi8QAm1AC&pg=PA142"><i><span></span></i>Reading Sumerian Poetry<i><span></span></i></a>. <a href="/wiki/Cambridge_University_Press" title="Cambridge University Press">Cambridge University Press</a>. p. 142. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-485-93003-X" title="Special:BookSources/0-485-93003-X"><bdi>0-485-93003-X</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Reading+Sumerian+Poetry&rft.pages=142&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1998&rft.isbn=0-485-93003-X&rft.aulast=Black&rft.aufirst=Jeremy&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DJj3bi8QAm1AC%26pg%3DPA142&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APriest" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-blueletterbible-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-blueletterbible_7-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.today/20120710120059/http://cf.blueletterbible.org/lang/lexicon/lexicon.cfm?Strongs=H06948&t=kjv">"Hebrew Lexicon :: H6948 (KJV)"</a>. cf.blueletterbible.org. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://cf.blueletterbible.org/lang/lexicon/lexicon.cfm?Strongs=H06948&t=kjv">the original</a> on 2012-07-10<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2015-07-25</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Hebrew+Lexicon+%3A%3A+H6948+%28KJV%29&rft.pub=cf.blueletterbible.org&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fcf.blueletterbible.org%2Flang%2Flexicon%2Flexicon.cfm%3FStrongs%3DH06948%26t%3Dkjv&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APriest" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-kedeshah-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-kedeshah_8-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180829175407/https://www.blueletterbible.org/lang/lexicon/lexicon.cfm?t=kjv&strongs=h6948">"Strong's H6948"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Blue_Letter_Bible" title="Blue Letter Bible">Blue Letter Bible</a></i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.blueletterbible.org/lang/lexicon/lexicon.cfm?t=kjv&strongs=h6948">the original</a> on 2018-08-29<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2018-08-29</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Blue+Letter+Bible&rft.atitle=Strong%27s+H6948&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.blueletterbible.org%2Flang%2Flexicon%2Flexicon.cfm%3Ft%3Dkjv%26strongs%3Dh6948&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APriest" class="Z3988"></span>, incorporating <a href="/wiki/Strong%27s_Concordance" title="Strong's Concordance">Strong's Concordance</a> (1890) and <a href="/wiki/Wilhelm_Gesenius" title="Wilhelm Gesenius">Gesenius</a>'s Lexicon (1857).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPrioreschi1996" class="citation book cs1">Prioreschi, Plinio (1996). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=MJUMhEYGOKsC&pg=PA376"><i>A History of Medicine: Primitive and ancient medicine</i></a>. Vol. 1. Horatius Press. p. 376. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-888456-01-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-888456-01-1"><bdi>978-1-888456-01-1</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/11639620">11639620</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+History+of+Medicine%3A+Primitive+and+ancient+medicine&rft.pages=376&rft.pub=Horatius+Press&rft.date=1996&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F11639620&rft.isbn=978-1-888456-01-1&rft.aulast=Prioreschi&rft.aufirst=Plinio&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DMJUMhEYGOKsC%26pg%3DPA376&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APriest" class="Z3988"></span> <span class="cs1-visible-error citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_book" title="Template:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: </span><span class="cs1-visible-error citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">|journal=</code> ignored (<a href="/wiki/Help:CS1_errors#periodical_ignored" title="Help:CS1 errors">help</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSauneron2000" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Serge_Sauneron" title="Serge Sauneron">Sauneron, Serge</a> (2000). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=J9yureoueAEC"><i>The Priests of Ancient Egypt</i></a>. Cornell University Press. pp. 32–36, 89–92. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8014-8654-8" title="Special:BookSources/0-8014-8654-8"><bdi>0-8014-8654-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Priests+of+Ancient+Egypt&rft.pages=32-36%2C+89-92&rft.pub=Cornell+University+Press&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=0-8014-8654-8&rft.aulast=Sauneron&rft.aufirst=Serge&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DJ9yureoueAEC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APriest" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSauneron2000" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Serge_Sauneron" title="Serge Sauneron">Sauneron, Serge</a> (2000). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=J9yureoueAEC"><i>The Priests of Ancient Egypt</i></a>. Cornell University Press. pp. 42–47, 52–53. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8014-8654-8" title="Special:BookSources/0-8014-8654-8"><bdi>0-8014-8654-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Priests+of+Ancient+Egypt&rft.pages=42-47%2C+52-53&rft.pub=Cornell+University+Press&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=0-8014-8654-8&rft.aulast=Sauneron&rft.aufirst=Serge&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DJ9yureoueAEC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APriest" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Doxey, Denise M., "Priesthood", in <i>The Oxford Encyclopedia of Ancient Egypt</i> (2001), vol. III, pp. 69–70</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Barbette_Stanley_Spaeth" class="mw-redirect" title="Barbette Stanley Spaeth">Barbette Stanley Spaeth</a>, <i>The Roman goddess Ceres</i>, University of Texas Press, 1996, pp. 4–5, 9, 20 (historical overview and Aventine priesthoods), 84–89 (functions of plebeian aediles), 104–106 (women as priestesses): citing among others Cicero, <i>In Verres</i>, 2.4.108; Valerius Maximus, 1.1.1; Plutarch, <i>De Mulierum Virtutibus</i>, 26.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Jerusalem_Talmud" title="Jerusalem Talmud">Jerusalem Talmud</a> to <a href="/wiki/Mishna" class="mw-redirect" title="Mishna">Mishnaic</a> tractate Maaser Sheini p. 31a.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:0-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-:0_15-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEven-Shoshan2003" class="citation book cs1">Even-Shoshan, Avraham (2003). <i>Even-Shoshan Dictionary</i>. pp. Entry "כֹּהֵן" (Kohen).</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Even-Shoshan+Dictionary&rft.pages=Entry+%22%D7%9B%D6%B9%D6%BC%D7%94%D6%B5%D7%9F%22+%28Kohen%29&rft.date=2003&rft.aulast=Even-Shoshan&rft.aufirst=Avraham&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APriest" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.sefaria.org/Klein_Dictionary,_כֹּהֵן">"Klein Dictionary, כֹּהֵן"</a>. <i>www.sefaria.org</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2020-08-01</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.sefaria.org&rft.atitle=Klein+Dictionary%2C+%D7%9B%D6%B9%D6%BC%D7%94%D6%B5%D7%9F&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.sefaria.org%2FKlein_Dictionary%2C_%D7%9B%D6%B9%D6%BC%D7%94%D6%B5%D7%9F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APriest" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGarhammer2005" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Garhammer, Erich (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=C5V7oyy69zgC&q=%22same+tasks+as+bishops%22&pg=PA348">"Priest, Priesthood  3. Roman Catholicism"</a>. In Erwin Fahlbusch (ed.). <i>Encyclopedia of Christianity</i>. Vol. 4. Wm. B. Eerdmans Publishing. p. 348. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8028-2416-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8028-2416-5"><bdi>978-0-8028-2416-5</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2012-06-20</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Priest%2C+Priesthood+3.+Roman+Catholicism&rft.btitle=Encyclopedia+of+Christianity&rft.pages=348&rft.pub=Wm.+B.+Eerdmans+Publishing&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=978-0-8028-2416-5&rft.aulast=Garhammer&rft.aufirst=Erich&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DC5V7oyy69zgC%26q%3D%2522same%2Btasks%2Bas%2Bbishops%2522%26pg%3DPA348&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APriest" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=VrLnu1RiyVgC&dq=Smolarski+%22priests+and+presbyters%22&pg=PA128"><i>Dennis Chester Smolarski, </i>Sacred Mysteries<i> (Paulist Press 1995 ISBN 978-0-8091-3551-6), p. 128</i></a>. Paulist Press. 1995. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8091-3551-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8091-3551-6"><bdi>978-0-8091-3551-6</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2014-08-25</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Dennis+Chester+Smolarski%2C+Sacred+Mysteries+%28Paulist+Press+1995+ISBN+978-0-8091-3551-6%29%2C+p.+128&rft.pub=Paulist+Press&rft.date=1995&rft.isbn=978-0-8091-3551-6&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DVrLnu1RiyVgC%26dq%3DSmolarski%2B%2522priests%2Band%2Bpresbyters%2522%26pg%3DPA128&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APriest" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">An example of the use of "presbyter" is found in <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.vatican.va/archive/ENG0015/__P4U.HTM">Catechism of the Catholic Church, 1554</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Vancil, Jack W. (1992). "Sheep, Shepherd" <i>The Anchor Bible Dictionary</i> New York: Doubleday. 5, 1187–1190. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-385-19363-7" title="Special:BookSources/0-385-19363-7">0-385-19363-7</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-vatican-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-vatican_21-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.vatican.va/archive/ccc_css/archive/catechism/p2s2c3a7.htm">"Catechism of the Catholic Church – The sacrament of Matrimony"</a>. vatican.va<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2015-07-25</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Catechism+of+the+Catholic+Church+%E2%80%93+The+sacrament+of+Matrimony&rft.pub=vatican.va&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.vatican.va%2Farchive%2Fccc_css%2Farchive%2Fcatechism%2Fp2s2c3a7.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APriest" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Bible_(King_James)/Matthew#28:19" class="extiw" title="s:Bible (King James)/Matthew">Matthew 28:19</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMiller2008" class="citation news cs1">Miller, Michael (May 17, 2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://rentapriest.blogspot.com/2008/05/peoria-diocese-ordains-its-first.html">"Peoria diocese ordains its first married priest"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Peoria_Journal_Star" class="mw-redirect" title="Peoria Journal Star">Peoria Journal Star</a></i>. p. C8<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2013-06-14</span></span>. <q>About 100 <a href="/wiki/Episcopal_Church_(United_States)" title="Episcopal Church (United States)">Episcopal</a> priests, many of them married, have become Roman Catholic priests since a "pastoral provision" was created by <a href="/wiki/Pope_John_Paul_II" title="Pope John Paul II">Pope John Paul II</a> in 1980, said [Doug] Grandon, director of catechetics for the diocese. [...] His family life will remain the same, he said. Contrary to popular misunderstandings, he won't have to be celibate.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Peoria+Journal+Star&rft.atitle=Peoria+diocese+ordains+its+first+married+priest&rft.pages=C8&rft.date=2008-05-17&rft.aulast=Miller&rft.aufirst=Michael&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Frentapriest.blogspot.com%2F2008%2F05%2Fpeoria-diocese-ordains-its-first.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APriest" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEmma_John2010" class="citation news cs1">Emma John (July 4, 2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/world/2010/jul/04/should-women-ever-be-made-bishops">"Should women ever be bishops?"</a>. <i>The Observer</i>. London.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Observer&rft.atitle=Should+women+ever+be+bishops%3F&rft.date=2010-07-04&rft.au=Emma+John&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theguardian.com%2Fworld%2F2010%2Fjul%2F04%2Fshould-women-ever-be-made-bishops&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APriest" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSulaiman_Kakaire" class="citation web cs1">Sulaiman Kakaire. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.observer.ug/news-headlines/9899-male-bishops-speak-out-on-female-priests">"Male bishops speak out on female priests"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Male+bishops+speak+out+on+female+priests&rft.au=Sulaiman+Kakaire&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.observer.ug%2Fnews-headlines%2F9899-male-bishops-speak-out-on-female-priests&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APriest" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAnglican_Church_of_Canada" class="citation web cs1">Anglican Church of Canada. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.anglican.ca/help/faq/minister-or-priest/">"Minister or Priest?"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Minister+or+Priest%3F&rft.au=Anglican+Church+of+Canada&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.anglican.ca%2Fhelp%2Ffaq%2Fminister-or-priest%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APriest" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20060614170201/http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-9109446">"The Protestant Heritage"</a>. <i>Encyclopædia Britannica</i>. 2007. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-9109446">the original</a> on June 14, 2006<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2007-09-20</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+Protestant+Heritage&rft.btitle=Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Britannica&rft.date=2007&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.britannica.com%2Feb%2Farticle-9109446&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APriest" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.svenskakyrkan.se/ministry-and-ministries">"Ministry and Ministries – Svenska kyrkan"</a>. Svenskakyrkan.se. 2021-09-20<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2022-03-18</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Ministry+and+Ministries+%E2%80%93+Svenska+kyrkan&rft.pub=Svenskakyrkan.se&rft.date=2021-09-20&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.svenskakyrkan.se%2Fministry-and-ministries&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APriest" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://evl.fi/the-church/organisation/parishes">"Parishes"</a>. evl.fi<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2022-03-18</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Parishes&rft.pub=evl.fi&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fevl.fi%2Fthe-church%2Forganisation%2Fparishes&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APriest" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://evl.fi/current-issues/women-ordained-for-thirty-years">"Women ordained for thirty years"</a>. evl.fi. 1988-03-06<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2022-03-18</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Women+ordained+for+thirty+years&rft.pub=evl.fi&rft.date=1988-03-06&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fevl.fi%2Fcurrent-issues%2Fwomen-ordained-for-thirty-years&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APriest" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Sequeira2021-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Sequeira2021_31-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSequeira2021" class="citation web cs1">Sequeira, Tahira (8 February 2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.helsinkitimes.fi/finland/news-in-brief/18657-gallery-turku-makes-history-with-first-female-bishop.html">"Gallery: Turku makes history with first female bishop"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Helsinki_Times" title="Helsinki Times">Helsinki Times</a></i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">13 May</span> 2021</span>. <q>Leppänen also became the first woman from the Conservative Laestadian movement (a revival movement within the Evangelical Lutheran Church of Finland) to be ordained as a priest in 2012. The first female priests were ordained in Finland 32 years ago.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Helsinki+Times&rft.atitle=Gallery%3A+Turku+makes+history+with+first+female+bishop&rft.date=2021-02-08&rft.aulast=Sequeira&rft.aufirst=Tahira&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.helsinkitimes.fi%2Ffinland%2Fnews-in-brief%2F18657-gallery-turku-makes-history-with-first-female-bishop.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APriest" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Doe2011-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Doe2011_32-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDoe2011" class="citation book cs1">Doe, Norman (4 August 2011). <i>Law and Religion in Europe</i>. Oxford University Press. p. 135. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-960401-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-960401-2"><bdi>978-0-19-960401-2</bdi></a>. <q>In Finland, a priest of the Lutheran church is forbidden to reveal a secret received in confession and in the course of pastoral counselling; a similar rule applies to Orthodox priests.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Law+and+Religion+in+Europe&rft.pages=135&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2011-08-04&rft.isbn=978-0-19-960401-2&rft.aulast=Doe&rft.aufirst=Norman&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APriest" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.paramountchristian.org/christianity-around-the-world/often-asked-when-did-lutheranism-become-the-most-followed-christianity-religion.html">"Paramount Christian"</a>. <i>www.paramountchristian.org</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2022-12-20</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.paramountchristian.org&rft.atitle=Paramount+Christian&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.paramountchristian.org%2Fchristianity-around-the-world%2Foften-asked-when-did-lutheranism-become-the-most-followed-christianity-religion.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APriest" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Secret_Adam-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Secret_Adam_34-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Drower, E. S. 1960. <i>The Secret Adam: A Study of Nasoraean Gnosis</i>. Oxford: Clarendon Press.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Buckley_2002-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Buckley_2002_35-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Buckley_2002_35-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Buckley_2002_35-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBuckley2002" class="citation book cs1">Buckley, Jorunn Jacobsen (2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://mandaeannetwork.com/Mandaean/books/english/2The_Mandaeans_Ancient_Texts_and_Modern_People_American_Academy_of_Religion_Books_Jorunn_Jacobsen_Buckley.pdf?bcsi_scan_955b0cd764557e80=0&bcsi_scan_filename=2The_Mandaeans_Ancient_Texts_and_Modern_People_American_Academy_of_Religion_Books_Jorunn_Jacobsen_Buckley.pdf"><i>The Mandaeans: ancient texts and modern people</i></a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. New York: Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-19-515385-5" title="Special:BookSources/0-19-515385-5"><bdi>0-19-515385-5</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/65198443">65198443</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Mandaeans%3A+ancient+texts+and+modern+people&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2002&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F65198443&rft.isbn=0-19-515385-5&rft.aulast=Buckley&rft.aufirst=Jorunn+Jacobsen&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fmandaeannetwork.com%2FMandaean%2Fbooks%2Fenglish%2F2The_Mandaeans_Ancient_Texts_and_Modern_People_American_Academy_of_Religion_Books_Jorunn_Jacobsen_Buckley.pdf%3Fbcsi_scan_955b0cd764557e80%3D0%26bcsi_scan_filename%3D2The_Mandaeans_Ancient_Texts_and_Modern_People_American_Academy_of_Religion_Books_Jorunn_Jacobsen_Buckley.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APriest" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-36">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMcGrath2010" class="citation web cs1">McGrath, James F. (2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://digitalcommons.butler.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?referer=&httpsredir=1&article=1194&context=facsch_papers">"Reading the Story of Miriai on Two Levels: Evidence from Mandaean Anti-Jewish Polemic about the Origins and Setting of Early Mandaeism"</a>. <i>ARAM Periodical</i>. pp. 583–592<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">10 December</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=ARAM+Periodical&rft.atitle=Reading+the+Story+of+Miriai+on+Two+Levels%3A+Evidence+from+Mandaean+Anti-Jewish+Polemic+about+the+Origins+and+Setting+of+Early+Mandaeism&rft.pages=583-592&rft.date=2010&rft.aulast=McGrath&rft.aufirst=James+F.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdigitalcommons.butler.edu%2Fcgi%2Fviewcontent.cgi%3Freferer%3D%26httpsredir%3D1%26article%3D1194%26context%3Dfacsch_papers&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APriest" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-37">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHoly_Spirit_University_of_Kaslik_–_USEK2017" class="citation cs2">Holy Spirit University of Kaslik – USEK (27 November 2017), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=AdQq4GkT5Ao">"Open discussion with the Sabaeans Mandaeans"</a>, <i>YouTube</i><span class="reference-accessdate">, retrieved <span class="nowrap">10 December</span> 2021</span></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=YouTube&rft.atitle=Open+discussion+with+the+Sabaeans+Mandaeans&rft.date=2017-11-27&rft.au=Holy+Spirit+University+of+Kaslik+%E2%80%93+USEK&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.youtube.com%2Fwatch%3Fv%3DAdQq4GkT5Ao&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APriest" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Buckley2010-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Buckley2010_38-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBuckley2010" class="citation book cs1">Buckley, Jorunn Jacobsen (2010). <i>The great stem of souls: reconstructing Mandaean history</i>. 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Routledge. p. 52. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-429-98238-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-429-98238-5"><bdi>978-0-429-98238-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Brief+Introduction+To+Hinduism%3A+Religion%2C+Philosophy%2C+And+Ways+Of+Liberation&rft.pages=52&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2018-05-04&rft.isbn=978-0-429-98238-5&rft.aulast=Herman&rft.aufirst=A.+L.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DZ0haDwAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA52&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APriest" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-40">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFParsons1993" class="citation book cs1">Parsons, Gerald (1993). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=vM--pQp5qBUC&pg=PA197"><i>The Growth of Religious Diversity: Traditions</i></a>. 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title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Zoroastrian+Faith%3A+Tradition+and+Modern+Research&rft.place=Montreal%2C+Quebec&rft.pages=104&rft.pub=McGill-Queen%27s+University+Press&rft.date=1993&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F243566889&rft.isbn=0-7735-1144-X&rft.aulast=Nigosian&rft.aufirst=Solomon+Alexander&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APriest" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-44">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWadia2011" class="citation cs2">Wadia, Arzan Sam (March 9, 2011), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://parsikhabar.net/religion/the-jury-is-still-out-on-women-as-parsi-priests/2968/">"The Jury Is Still Out On Women as Parsi Priests"</a>, <i>parsikhabar.net</i>, Parsi Khabar</cite><span 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2022-12-20</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=John+Beckett&rft.atitle=How+Should+Pagan+Clergy+Dress%3F&rft.date=2017-02-12&rft.aulast=Beckett&rft.aufirst=John&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.patheos.com%2Fblogs%2Fjohnbeckett%2F2017%2F02%2Fpagan-clergy-dress.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APriest" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Priest&action=edit&section=36" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg/40px-Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg/60px-Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg/80px-Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Look up <i><b><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Special:Search/priest" class="extiw" title="wiktionary:Special:Search/priest">priest</a></b></i> in Wiktionary, the free dictionary.</div></div> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1235681985"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237033735"><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/45px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/59px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <span style="font-weight: bold; font-style: italic;"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Priests" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Priests">Priests</a></span>.</div></div> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1235681985"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237033735"><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/34px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="34" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/51px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/68px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="355" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikiquote has quotations related to <i><b><a href="https://en.wikiquote.org/wiki/Special:Search/Priest" class="extiw" title="q:Special:Search/Priest">Priest</a></b></i>.</div></div> </div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20050616005318/http://acca.asn.au/MESS011H/101P1004.html">Description</a> of the problem of Roman Catholic and Old Catholic reunion with respect to the female priesthood</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChisholm1911" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a href="/wiki/Hugh_Chisholm" title="Hugh Chisholm">Chisholm, Hugh</a>, ed. (1911). <span class="cs1-ws-icon" title="s:1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Priest"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/1911_Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica/Priest">"Priest" </a></span>. <i><a href="/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica_Eleventh_Edition" title="Encyclopædia Britannica Eleventh Edition">Encyclopædia Britannica</a></i> (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Priest&rft.btitle=Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Britannica&rft.edition=11th&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1911&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APriest" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHerbermann1913" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Herbermann, Charles, ed. (1913). <span class="cs1-ws-icon" title="s:Catholic Encyclopedia (1913)/Priest"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Catholic_Encyclopedia_(1913)/Priest">"Priest" </a></span>. <i><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Encyclopedia" title="Catholic Encyclopedia">Catholic Encyclopedia</a></i>. New York: Robert Appleton Company.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Priest&rft.btitle=Catholic+Encyclopedia&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Robert+Appleton+Company&rft.date=1913&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APriest" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul 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aria-labelledby="Sacraments_of_the_Assyrian_Church_of_the_East" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output 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title="Oblation">Oblation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Holy_Leaven" title="Holy Leaven">Holy Leaven</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sign_of_the_cross" title="Sign of the cross">Sign of the cross</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <p><br /> </p> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1038841319">.mw-parser-output .tooltip-dotted{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-labelledby="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q42603#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q42603#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a> <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q42603#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" 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class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="Priests"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/sh85106637">United States</a></span></span></li><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="kněží"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=ph114940&CON_LNG=ENG">Czech Republic</a></span></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://catalogo.bne.es/uhtbin/authoritybrowse.cgi?action=display&authority_id=XX525954">Spain</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://olduli.nli.org.il/F/?func=find-b&local_base=NLX10&find_code=UID&request=987007536483605171">Israel</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalog.archives.gov/id/10643033">NARA</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Priest&oldid=1255923091">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Priest&oldid=1255923091</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Help:Category" title="Help:Category">Categories</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Priests" title="Category:Priests">Priests</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Ecclesiastical_titles" title="Category:Ecclesiastical titles">Ecclesiastical 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