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class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Role in nuclear waste</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Role_in_nuclear_waste-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Releases" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Releases"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Releases</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Releases-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-In_the_environment" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#In_the_environment"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>In the environment</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-In_the_environment-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Separation_of_technetium-99" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Separation_of_technetium-99"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Separation of technetium-99</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Separation_of_technetium-99-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Transmutation_of_technetium_to_stable_ruthenium-100" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Transmutation_of_technetium_to_stable_ruthenium-100"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Transmutation of technetium to stable ruthenium-100</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Transmutation_of_technetium_to_stable_ruthenium-100-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul 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data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox"><caption class="infobox-title">Technetium-99, <sup>99</sup>Tc</caption><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Technetium-sample-cropped.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ab/Technetium-sample-cropped.jpg/220px-Technetium-sample-cropped.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="119" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ab/Technetium-sample-cropped.jpg/330px-Technetium-sample-cropped.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ab/Technetium-sample-cropped.jpg/440px-Technetium-sample-cropped.jpg 2x" data-file-width="971" data-file-height="526" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background:#eee">General</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Table_of_nuclides" title="Table of nuclides">Symbol</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><sup>99</sup>Tc</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/List_of_nuclides" title="List of nuclides">Names</a></th><td class="infobox-data">technetium-99, 99Tc, Tc-99</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Atomic_number" title="Atomic number">Protons</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r886047488">.mw-parser-output .nobold{font-weight:normal}</style><span class="nobold">(<i>Z</i>)</span></th><td class="infobox-data">43</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Neutron_number" title="Neutron number">Neutrons</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488" /><span class="nobold">(<i>N</i>)</span></th><td class="infobox-data">56</td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background:#eee"><a href="/wiki/Table_of_nuclides" title="Table of nuclides">Nuclide data</a></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Natural_abundance" title="Natural abundance">Natural abundance</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Trace_radioisotope" title="Trace radioisotope">trace</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Half-life" title="Half-life">Half-life</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488" /><span class="nobold">(<i>t</i><sub>1/2</sub>)</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><span class="nowrap"><span data-sort-value="7012666180936000000♠"></span>211<span style="margin-left:.25em;">100</span><span style="margin-left:0.3em;margin-right:0.15em;">±</span>1200 years</span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Spin_(particle_physics)" class="mw-redirect" title="Spin (particle physics)">Spin</a></th><td class="infobox-data">9/2+</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Excess_energy" class="mw-redirect" title="Excess energy">Excess energy</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><span class="nowrap"><span data-sort-value="2995126721000000000♠"></span>−87<span style="margin-left:.25em;">327</span>.9<span style="margin-left:0.3em;margin-right:0.15em;">±</span>0.9</span> <a href="/wiki/Electronvolt" title="Electronvolt">keV</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Binding_energy" title="Binding energy">Binding energy</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><span class="nowrap"><span data-sort-value="7003861361000000000♠"></span>8<span style="margin-left:.25em;">613</span>.610<span style="margin-left:0.3em;margin-right:0.15em;">±</span>0.009</span> keV</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Decay_product" title="Decay product">Decay products</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Ruthenium-99" class="mw-redirect" title="Ruthenium-99"><sup>99</sup>Ru</a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background:#eee">Decay modes</th></tr><tr style="font-weight:bold"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Decay_mode" class="mw-redirect" title="Decay mode">Decay mode</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Decay_energy" title="Decay energy">Decay energy</a> (<a href="/wiki/Electronvolt" title="Electronvolt">MeV</a>)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><span style="font-weight:normal"><a href="/wiki/Beta_decay" title="Beta decay">Beta decay</a></span></th><td class="infobox-data">0.2975</td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-below" style="background:#eee"><a href="/wiki/Isotopes_of_technetium" title="Isotopes of technetium">Isotopes of technetium</a> <br /><a href="/wiki/Table_of_nuclides" title="Table of nuclides">Complete table of nuclides</a></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Technetium-99</b> (<b><sup>99</sup>Tc</b>) is an isotope of <a href="/wiki/Technetium" title="Technetium">technetium</a> that decays with a <a href="/wiki/Half-life" title="Half-life">half-life</a> of 211,000 years to stable <a href="/wiki/Ruthenium-99" class="mw-redirect" title="Ruthenium-99">ruthenium-99</a>, emitting <a href="/wiki/Beta_particle" title="Beta particle">beta particles</a>, but no gamma rays. It is the most significant <a href="/wiki/Long-lived_fission_product" title="Long-lived fission product">long-lived fission product</a> of uranium fission, producing the largest fraction of the total long-lived radiation emissions of <a href="/wiki/Nuclear_waste" class="mw-redirect" title="Nuclear waste">nuclear waste</a>. Technetium-99 has a <a href="/wiki/Fission_product_yield" title="Fission product yield">fission product yield</a> of 6.0507% for <a href="/wiki/Thermal_neutron" class="mw-redirect" title="Thermal neutron">thermal neutron</a> fission of <a href="/wiki/Uranium-235" title="Uranium-235">uranium-235</a>. </p><p>The metastable <span class="anchor" id="technetium-99m"></span><a href="/wiki/Technetium-99m" title="Technetium-99m">technetium-99m</a> (<sup>99m</sup>Tc) is a short-lived (half-life about 6 hours) <a href="/wiki/Nuclear_isomer" title="Nuclear isomer">nuclear isomer</a> used in <a href="/wiki/Nuclear_medicine" title="Nuclear medicine">nuclear medicine</a>, produced from molybdenum-99. It decays by <a href="/wiki/Isomeric_transition" class="mw-redirect" title="Isomeric transition">isomeric transition</a> to technetium-99, a desirable characteristic, since the very long half-life and type of decay of technetium-99 imposes little further radiation burden on the body. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Radiation">Radiation</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Technetium-99&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Radiation"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The weak beta emission is stopped by the walls of laboratory glassware. Soft X-rays are emitted when the beta particles are stopped, but as long as the body is kept more than 30 cm away these should pose no problem. The primary hazard when working with technetium is inhalation of dust; such <a href="/wiki/Radioactive_contamination" title="Radioactive contamination">radioactive contamination</a> in the lungs can pose a significant cancer risk.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (December 2018)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Role_in_nuclear_waste">Role in nuclear waste</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Technetium-99&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Role in nuclear waste"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <table class="wikitable sortable" align="left" style="margin-right: 10px;"> <caption style="background-color:#b6b6ff;"><a href="/wiki/Fission_product_yield" title="Fission product yield">Yield</a>, % per <a href="/wiki/Nuclear_fission" title="Nuclear fission">fission</a><sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </caption> <tbody><tr> <th> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Thermal_neutron" class="mw-redirect" title="Thermal neutron">Thermal</a> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Fast_neutron" class="mw-redirect" title="Fast neutron">Fast</a> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Neutron#Fusion_neutrons" title="Neutron">14 MeV</a> </th></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Thorium-232" title="Thorium-232"><sup>232</sup>Th</a> </td> <td>not <a href="/wiki/Fissile_material" title="Fissile material">fissile</a> </td> <td>2.919 ± .076 </td> <td>1.953 ± 0.098 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Uranium-233" title="Uranium-233"><sup>233</sup>U</a> </td> <td>5.03 ± 0.14 </td> <td>4.85 ± 0.17 </td> <td>3.87 ± 0.22 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Uranium-235" title="Uranium-235"><sup>235</sup>U</a> </td> <td>6.132 ± 0.092 </td> <td>5.80 ± 0.13 </td> <td>5.02 ± 0.13 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Uranium-238" title="Uranium-238"><sup>238</sup>U</a> </td> <td>not <a href="/wiki/Fissile_material" title="Fissile material">fissile</a> </td> <td>6.181 ± 0.099 </td> <td>5.737 ± 0.040 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Plutonium-239" title="Plutonium-239"><sup>239</sup>Pu</a> </td> <td>6.185 ± 0.056 </td> <td>5.82 ± 0.13 </td> <td>? </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Plutonium-241" title="Plutonium-241"><sup>241</sup>Pu</a> </td> <td>5.61 ± 0.25 </td> <td>4.1 ± 2.3 </td> <td>? </td></tr></tbody></table> <p>Due to its high fission yield, relatively long half-life, and mobility in the environment, technetium-99 is one of the more significant components of nuclear waste. Measured in becquerels per amount of spent fuel, it is the dominant producer of radiation in the period from about 10<sup>4</sup> to 10<sup>6</sup> years after the creation of the nuclear waste.<sup id="cite_ref-yoshihara_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-yoshihara-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The next shortest-lived fission product is <a href="/wiki/Samarium-151" class="mw-redirect" title="Samarium-151">samarium-151</a> with a half-life of 90 years, though a number of <a href="/wiki/Actinide" title="Actinide">actinides</a> produced by <a href="/wiki/Neutron_capture" title="Neutron capture">neutron capture</a> have half-lives in the intermediate range. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Releases">Releases</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Technetium-99&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Releases"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div style="float:right; margin:1em"> <table class="wikitable sortable" style="clear:right; float:right; max-width:27em; margin:0.5em 0 0.5em 1em; text-align:right;"> <caption style="background-color:#FF6666; padding:0.2em 0.4em;"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1045256916">.mw-parser-output .navbar-header{text-align:center;position:relative;white-space:nowrap}.mw-parser-output .navbar-header .navbar{position:absolute;right:0;top:0;margin:0 5px}</style><div class="navbar-header"><a href="/wiki/Long-lived_fission_product" title="Long-lived fission product">Long-lived fission products</a><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li::after{content:" · ";font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li:last-child::after{content:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:first-child::before{content:" (";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:last-child::after{content:")";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol{counter-reset:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li{counter-increment:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li::before{content:" "counter(listitem)"\a0 "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li ol>li:first-child::before{content:" ("counter(listitem)"\a0 "}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Long-lived_fission_products" title="Template:Long-lived fission products"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Long-lived_fission_products" title="Template talk:Long-lived fission products"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Long-lived_fission_products" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Long-lived fission products"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></div> </caption> <tbody><tr> <th>Nuclide </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Halflife" class="mw-redirect" title="Halflife"><i>t</i><sub><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1154941027">'"`UNIQ--templatestyles-0000000F-QINU`"'</style><span class="frac"><span class="num">1</span>⁄<span class="den">2</span></span></sub></a> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Fission_product_yield" title="Fission product yield">Yield</a> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Decay_energy" title="Decay energy"><i>Q</i></a><sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>a 1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Decay_mode" class="mw-redirect" title="Decay mode">βγ</a> </th></tr> <tr> <th> </th> <th><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488" /><span class="nobold">(<a href="/wiki/Megaannum" class="mw-redirect" title="Megaannum">Ma</a>)</span> </th> <th><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488" /><span class="nobold">(%)</span><sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>a 2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </th> <th><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488" /><span class="nobold">(<a href="/wiki/Kiloelectronvolt" class="mw-redirect" title="Kiloelectronvolt">keV</a>)</span> </th> <th> </th></tr> <tr> <td><a class="mw-selflink selflink"><sup>99</sup>Tc</a> </td> <td>0.211</td> <td>6.1385</td> <td>294 </td> <td style="text-align:left;">β </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Tin-126" class="mw-redirect" title="Tin-126"><sup>126</sup>Sn</a> </td> <td>0.230</td> <td>0.1084</td> <td>4050<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>a 3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td style="text-align:left;">β<b>γ</b> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Selenium-79" title="Selenium-79"><sup>79</sup>Se</a> </td> <td>0.327</td> <td>0.0447</td> <td>151 </td> <td style="text-align:left;">β </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Caesium-135" class="mw-redirect" title="Caesium-135"><sup>135</sup>Cs</a> </td> <td>1.33<span class="nowrap"> </span></td> <td>6.9110<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>a 4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td> <td>269 </td> <td style="text-align:left;">β </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Zirconium-93" class="mw-redirect" title="Zirconium-93"><sup>93</sup>Zr</a> </td> <td>1.53<span class="nowrap"> </span></td> <td>5.4575</td> <td>91 </td> <td style="text-align:left;">βγ </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Palladium-107" class="mw-redirect" title="Palladium-107"><sup>107</sup>Pd</a> </td> <td>6.5<span class="nowrap">  </span></td> <td>1.2499</td> <td>33 </td> <td style="text-align:left;">β </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Iodine-129" title="Iodine-129"><sup>129</sup>I</a> </td> <td>16.14<span class="nowrap">  </span></td> <td>0.8410</td> <td>194 </td> <td style="text-align:left;">βγ </td></tr> <tr class="sortbottom"> <td colspan="5" style="text-align:left;"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Decay energy is split among <a href="/wiki/Beta_particle" title="Beta particle">β</a>, <a href="/wiki/Neutrino" title="Neutrino">neutrino</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Gamma_ray" title="Gamma ray">γ</a> if any.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Per 65 thermal neutron fissions of <a href="/wiki/Uranium-235" title="Uranium-235"><sup>235</sup>U</a> and 35 of <a href="/wiki/Plutonium-239" title="Plutonium-239"><sup>239</sup>Pu</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Has decay energy 380 keV, but its decay product <sup>126</sup>Sb has decay energy 3.67 MeV.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Lower in thermal reactors because <a href="/wiki/Xenon-135" title="Xenon-135"><sup>135</sup>Xe</a>, its predecessor, <a href="/wiki/Neutron_poison" title="Neutron poison">readily absorbs neutrons</a>.</span> </li> </ol></div></div> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> <p>An estimated 160 <a href="/wiki/Becquerel" title="Becquerel">TBq</a> (about 250 kg) of technetium-99 was released into the environment up to 1994 by atmospheric nuclear tests.<sup id="cite_ref-yoshihara_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-yoshihara-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The amount of technetium-99 from civilian nuclear power released into the environment up to 1986 is estimated to be on the order of 1000 TBq (about 1600 kg), primarily by outdated methods of <a href="/wiki/Nuclear_fuel_reprocessing" class="mw-redirect" title="Nuclear fuel reprocessing">nuclear fuel reprocessing</a>; most of this was discharged into the sea. In recent years, reprocessing methods have improved to reduce emissions, but as of 2005<sup class="plainlinks noexcerpt noprint asof-tag update" style="display:none;"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Technetium-99&action=edit">[update]</a></sup> the primary release of technetium-99 into the environment is by the <a href="/wiki/Sellafield" title="Sellafield">Sellafield</a> plant, which released an estimated 550 TBq (about 900 kg) from 1995–1999 into the <a href="/wiki/Irish_Sea" title="Irish Sea">Irish Sea</a>. From 2000 onwards the amount has been limited by regulation to 90 TBq (about 140 kg) per year.<sup id="cite_ref-Tagami2003_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Tagami2003-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="In_the_environment">In the environment</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Technetium-99&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: In the environment"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The long half-life of technetium-99 and its ability to form an <a href="/wiki/Anion" class="mw-redirect" title="Anion">anionic</a> species make it (along with <a href="/wiki/Iodine-129" title="Iodine-129"><sup>129</sup>I</a>) a major concern when considering long-term disposal of <a href="/wiki/High-level_radioactive_waste" class="mw-redirect" title="High-level radioactive waste">high-level radioactive waste</a>.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (November 2018)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> Many of the processes designed to remove fission products from medium-active process streams in reprocessing plants are designed to remove <a href="/wiki/Cation" class="mw-redirect" title="Cation">cationic</a> species like <a href="/wiki/Caesium" title="Caesium">caesium</a> (e.g., <a href="/wiki/Caesium-137" title="Caesium-137"><sup>137</sup>Cs</a>, <a href="/wiki/Caesium-134" class="mw-redirect" title="Caesium-134"><sup>134</sup>Cs</a>) and <a href="/wiki/Strontium" title="Strontium">strontium</a> (e.g., <a href="/wiki/Strontium-90" title="Strontium-90"><sup>90</sup>Sr</a>). Hence the pertechnetate escapes through these treatment processes. Current disposal options favor burial in geologically stable rock. The primary danger with such a course is that the waste is likely to come into contact with water, which could leach <a href="/wiki/Radioactive_contamination" title="Radioactive contamination">radioactive contamination</a> into the environment. The natural <a href="/wiki/Cation-exchange_capacity" title="Cation-exchange capacity">cation-exchange capacity</a> of soils tends to immobilize <a href="/wiki/Plutonium" title="Plutonium">plutonium</a>, <a href="/wiki/Uranium" title="Uranium">uranium</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Caesium" title="Caesium">caesium</a> cations. However, the anion-exchange capacity is usually much smaller, so minerals are less likely to <a href="/wiki/Adsorption" title="Adsorption">adsorb</a> the <a href="/wiki/Pertechnetate" title="Pertechnetate">pertechnetate</a> and <a href="/wiki/Iodide" title="Iodide">iodide</a> anions, leaving them mobile in the soil. For this reason, the environmental chemistry of technetium is an active area of research. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Separation_of_technetium-99">Separation of technetium-99</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Technetium-99&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Separation of technetium-99"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Several methods have been proposed for technetium-99 separation including: crystallization,<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> liquid-liquid extraction,<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> molecular recognition methods,<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> volatilization, and others. </p><p>In 2012 the crystalline compound Notre Dame Thorium Borate-1 (NDTB-1) was presented by researchers at the University of Notre Dame. It can be tailored to safely absorb radioactive ions from nuclear waste streams. Once captured, the radioactive ions can then be exchanged for higher-charged species of a similar size, recycling the material for re-use. Lab results using the NDTB-1 crystals removed approximately 96 percent of technetium-99.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Transmutation_of_technetium_to_stable_ruthenium-100">Transmutation of technetium to stable ruthenium-100</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Technetium-99&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Transmutation of technetium to stable ruthenium-100"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>An alternative disposal method, <a href="/wiki/Nuclear_transmutation#Long-lived_fission_products" title="Nuclear transmutation">transmutation</a>, has been demonstrated at <a href="/wiki/CERN" title="CERN">CERN</a> and <a href="/wiki/Research_Institute_of_Atomic_Reactors" title="Research Institute of Atomic Reactors">NIIAR</a> for technetium-99. This transmutation process bombards the technetium (<span class="chemf nowrap"><span class="nowrap"><span style="display:inline-block;margin-bottom:-0.3em;vertical-align:0.5em;line-height:1em;font-size:80%;text-align:left"><sup style="font-size:inherit;line-height:inherit;vertical-align:baseline">99</sup><br /><sub style="font-size:inherit;line-height:inherit;vertical-align:baseline"></sub></span></span>Tc</span> as a <a href="/wiki/Metal" title="Metal">metal</a> target<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>) with <a href="/wiki/Neutron" title="Neutron">neutrons</a>, forming the short-lived <span class="chemf nowrap"><span class="nowrap"><span style="display:inline-block;margin-bottom:-0.3em;vertical-align:0.5em;line-height:1em;font-size:80%;text-align:left"><sup style="font-size:inherit;line-height:inherit;vertical-align:baseline">100</sup><br /><sub style="font-size:inherit;line-height:inherit;vertical-align:baseline"></sub></span></span>Tc</span> (half-life 16 seconds), which decays by <a href="/wiki/Beta_decay" title="Beta decay">beta decay</a> to stable <a href="/wiki/Ruthenium" title="Ruthenium">ruthenium</a> (<span class="chemf nowrap"><span class="nowrap"><span style="display:inline-block;margin-bottom:-0.3em;vertical-align:0.5em;line-height:1em;font-size:80%;text-align:left"><sup style="font-size:inherit;line-height:inherit;vertical-align:baseline">100</sup><br /><sub style="font-size:inherit;line-height:inherit;vertical-align:baseline"></sub></span></span>Ru</span>).<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Given the relatively high market value of ruthenium<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and the particularly undesirable properties of technetium, this type of nuclear transmutation appears particularly promising.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Technetium-99&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Isotopes_of_technetium" title="Isotopes of technetium">Isotopes of technetium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_elements_facing_shortage" class="mw-redirect" title="List of elements facing shortage">List of elements facing shortage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Technetium-99m" title="Technetium-99m">Technetium-99m</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Technetium-99&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626" /><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output 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