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subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Mathematical_definitions-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Hemispherical_reflectance" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Hemispherical_reflectance"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1</span> <span>Hemispherical reflectance</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Hemispherical_reflectance-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Spectral_hemispherical_reflectance" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Spectral_hemispherical_reflectance"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2</span> <span>Spectral hemispherical reflectance</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Spectral_hemispherical_reflectance-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Directional_reflectance" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Directional_reflectance"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.3</span> <span>Directional reflectance</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Directional_reflectance-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Spectral_directional_reflectance" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Spectral_directional_reflectance"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.4</span> <span>Spectral directional reflectance</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Spectral_directional_reflectance-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Reflectivity" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Reflectivity"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Reflectivity</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Reflectivity-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Surface_type" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Surface_type"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Surface type</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Surface_type-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Water_reflectance" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Water_reflectance"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Water reflectance</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Water_reflectance-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Grating_efficiency" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Grating_efficiency"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Grating efficiency</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Grating_efficiency-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Other_radiometric_coefficients" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Other_radiometric_coefficients"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Other radiometric coefficients</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Other_radiometric_coefficients-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul 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href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Odrazivost" title="Odrazivost – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Odrazivost" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reflexionsgrad" title="Reflexionsgrad – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Reflexionsgrad" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peegeldustegur" title="Peegeldustegur – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Peegeldustegur" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reflectividad" title="Reflectividad – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Reflectividad" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%D8%A7%D8%B2%D8%AA%D8%A7%D8%A8%DB%8C" title="بازتابی – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="بازتابی" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/R%C3%A9flectance" title="Réflectance – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Réflectance" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reflektivitas" title="Reflektivitas – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Reflektivitas" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Riflettanza" title="Riflettanza – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Riflettanza" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atstarot%C4%81jsp%C4%93ja" title="Atstarotājspēja – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Atstarotājspēja" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%8F%8D%E5%B0%84%E7%8E%87" title="反射率 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="反射率" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Refleksjonsfaktor" title="Refleksjonsfaktor – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Refleksjonsfaktor" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wsp%C3%B3%C5%82czynnik_odbicia" title="Współczynnik odbicia – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Współczynnik odbicia" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reflet%C3%A2ncia" title="Refletância – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Refletância" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reflectan%C8%9B%C4%83" title="Reflectanță – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Reflectanță" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9E%D1%82%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B6%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D1%81%D0%BF%D0%BE%D1%81%D0%BE%D0%B1%D0%BD%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%82%D1%8C" title="Отражательная способность – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Отражательная 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class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Capacity of an object to reflect light</div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Image-Metal-reflectance.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9d/Image-Metal-reflectance.png/400px-Image-Metal-reflectance.png" decoding="async" width="400" height="303" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/9/9d/Image-Metal-reflectance.png 1.5x" data-file-width="480" data-file-height="363" /></a><figcaption>Spectral reflectance curves for <a href="/wiki/Aluminium" title="Aluminium">aluminium</a> (Al), <a href="/wiki/Silver" title="Silver">silver</a> (Ag), and <a href="/wiki/Gold" title="Gold">gold</a> (Au) metal <a href="/wiki/Mirror" title="Mirror">mirrors</a> at normal incidence</figcaption></figure> <p>The <b>reflectance</b> of the surface of a <a href="/wiki/Material" title="Material">material</a> is its effectiveness in <a href="/wiki/Reflection_(physics)" title="Reflection (physics)">reflecting</a> <a href="/wiki/Radiant_energy" title="Radiant energy">radiant energy</a>. It is the fraction of incident electromagnetic power that is reflected at the boundary. Reflectance is a component of the response of the <a href="/wiki/Electronic_structure" class="mw-redirect" title="Electronic structure">electronic structure</a> of the material to the electromagnetic field of light, and is in general a function of the frequency, or <a href="/wiki/Wavelength" title="Wavelength">wavelength</a>, of the light, its polarization, and the <a href="/wiki/Angle_of_incidence_(optics)" title="Angle of incidence (optics)">angle of incidence</a>. The dependence of reflectance on the wavelength is called a <i>reflectance spectrum</i> or <i>spectral reflectance curve</i>. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Mathematical_definitions">Mathematical definitions</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Reflectance&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Mathematical definitions"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Hemispherical_reflectance">Hemispherical reflectance</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Reflectance&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Hemispherical reflectance"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The <i>hemispherical reflectance</i> of a surface, denoted <span class="texhtml mvar" style="font-style:italic;">R</span>, is defined as<sup id="cite_ref-ISO_9288-1989_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ISO_9288-1989-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-display mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math display="block" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle R={\frac {\Phi _{\mathrm {e} }^{\mathrm {r} }}{\Phi _{\mathrm {e} }^{\mathrm {i} }}},}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mi>R</mi> <mo>=</mo> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mfrac> <msubsup> <mi mathvariant="normal">Φ</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi mathvariant="normal">e</mi> </mrow> </mrow> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi mathvariant="normal">r</mi> </mrow> </mrow> </msubsup> <msubsup> <mi mathvariant="normal">Φ</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi mathvariant="normal">e</mi> </mrow> </mrow> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi mathvariant="normal">i</mi> </mrow> </mrow> </msubsup> </mfrac> </mrow> <mo>,</mo> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle R={\frac {\Phi _{\mathrm {e} }^{\mathrm {r} }}{\Phi _{\mathrm {e} }^{\mathrm {i} }}},}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/b884ecd92aced307e643df4591df2fe37580f71c" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-display mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -2.505ex; width:8.986ex; height:6.009ex;" alt="{\displaystyle R={\frac {\Phi _{\mathrm {e} }^{\mathrm {r} }}{\Phi _{\mathrm {e} }^{\mathrm {i} }}},}"></span> where <span class="texhtml">Φ<sub>e</sub><sup>r</sup></span> is the <a href="/wiki/Radiant_flux" title="Radiant flux">radiant flux</a> <i>reflected</i> by that surface and <span class="texhtml">Φ<sub>e</sub><sup>i</sup></span> is the radiant flux <i>received</i> by that surface. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Spectral_hemispherical_reflectance">Spectral hemispherical reflectance</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Reflectance&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Spectral hemispherical reflectance"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The <i>spectral hemispherical reflectance in frequency</i> and <i>spectral hemispherical reflectance in wavelength</i> of a surface, denoted <span class="texhtml"><i>R</i><sub><i>ν</i></sub></span> and <span class="texhtml"><i>R</i><sub><i>λ</i></sub></span> respectively, are defined as<sup id="cite_ref-ISO_9288-1989_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ISO_9288-1989-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-display mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math display="block" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle R_{\nu }={\frac {\Phi _{\mathrm {e} ,\nu }^{\mathrm {r} }}{\Phi _{\mathrm {e} ,\nu }^{\mathrm {i} }}},}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <msub> <mi>R</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi>ν</mi> </mrow> </msub> <mo>=</mo> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mfrac> <msubsup> <mi mathvariant="normal">Φ</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi mathvariant="normal">e</mi> </mrow> <mo>,</mo> <mi>ν</mi> </mrow> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi mathvariant="normal">r</mi> </mrow> </mrow> </msubsup> <msubsup> <mi mathvariant="normal">Φ</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi mathvariant="normal">e</mi> </mrow> <mo>,</mo> <mi>ν</mi> </mrow> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi mathvariant="normal">i</mi> </mrow> </mrow> </msubsup> </mfrac> </mrow> <mo>,</mo> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle R_{\nu }={\frac {\Phi _{\mathrm {e} ,\nu }^{\mathrm {r} }}{\Phi _{\mathrm {e} ,\nu }^{\mathrm {i} }}},}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/65c46f19835e8e55a770d58eb38f8eeae27bd504" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-display mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -2.838ex; width:11.418ex; height:6.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle R_{\nu }={\frac {\Phi _{\mathrm {e} ,\nu }^{\mathrm {r} }}{\Phi _{\mathrm {e} ,\nu }^{\mathrm {i} }}},}"></span> <span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-display mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math display="block" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle R_{\lambda }={\frac {\Phi _{\mathrm {e} ,\lambda }^{\mathrm {r} }}{\Phi _{\mathrm {e} ,\lambda }^{\mathrm {i} }}},}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <msub> <mi>R</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi>λ</mi> </mrow> </msub> <mo>=</mo> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mfrac> <msubsup> <mi mathvariant="normal">Φ</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi mathvariant="normal">e</mi> </mrow> <mo>,</mo> <mi>λ</mi> </mrow> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi mathvariant="normal">r</mi> </mrow> </mrow> </msubsup> <msubsup> <mi mathvariant="normal">Φ</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi mathvariant="normal">e</mi> </mrow> <mo>,</mo> <mi>λ</mi> </mrow> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi mathvariant="normal">i</mi> </mrow> </mrow> </msubsup> </mfrac> </mrow> <mo>,</mo> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle R_{\lambda }={\frac {\Phi _{\mathrm {e} ,\lambda }^{\mathrm {r} }}{\Phi _{\mathrm {e} ,\lambda }^{\mathrm {i} }}},}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/2856d962c78a826c815faf8ef0f3d9a734f90186" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-display mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -3.338ex; width:11.592ex; height:7.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle R_{\lambda }={\frac {\Phi _{\mathrm {e} ,\lambda }^{\mathrm {r} }}{\Phi _{\mathrm {e} ,\lambda }^{\mathrm {i} }}},}"></span> where </p> <ul><li><span class="texhtml">Φ<sub>e,<i>ν</i></sub><sup>r</sup></span> is the <a href="/wiki/Radiant_flux" title="Radiant flux">spectral radiant flux in frequency</a> <i>reflected</i> by that surface;</li> <li><span class="texhtml">Φ<sub>e,<i>ν</i></sub><sup>i</sup></span> is the spectral radiant flux in frequency received by that surface;</li> <li><span class="texhtml">Φ<sub>e,<i>λ</i></sub><sup>r</sup></span> is the <a href="/wiki/Radiant_flux" title="Radiant flux">spectral radiant flux in wavelength</a> <i>reflected</i> by that surface;</li> <li><span class="texhtml">Φ<sub>e,<i>λ</i></sub><sup>i</sup></span> is the spectral radiant flux in wavelength received by that surface.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Directional_reflectance">Directional reflectance</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Reflectance&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Directional reflectance"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The <i>directional reflectance</i> of a surface, denoted <i>R</i><sub>Ω</sub>, is defined as<sup id="cite_ref-ISO_9288-1989_1-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ISO_9288-1989-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-display mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math display="block" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle R_{\Omega }={\frac {L_{\mathrm {e} ,\Omega }^{\mathrm {r} }}{L_{\mathrm {e} ,\Omega }^{\mathrm {i} }}},}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <msub> <mi>R</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi mathvariant="normal">Ω</mi> </mrow> </msub> <mo>=</mo> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mfrac> <msubsup> <mi>L</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi mathvariant="normal">e</mi> </mrow> <mo>,</mo> <mi mathvariant="normal">Ω</mi> </mrow> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi mathvariant="normal">r</mi> </mrow> </mrow> </msubsup> <msubsup> <mi>L</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi mathvariant="normal">e</mi> </mrow> <mo>,</mo> <mi mathvariant="normal">Ω</mi> </mrow> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi mathvariant="normal">i</mi> </mrow> </mrow> </msubsup> </mfrac> </mrow> <mo>,</mo> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle R_{\Omega }={\frac {L_{\mathrm {e} ,\Omega }^{\mathrm {r} }}{L_{\mathrm {e} ,\Omega }^{\mathrm {i} }}},}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/938fee20524b499ec9e313716a5b46551c866991" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-display mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -3.338ex; width:11.953ex; height:7.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle R_{\Omega }={\frac {L_{\mathrm {e} ,\Omega }^{\mathrm {r} }}{L_{\mathrm {e} ,\Omega }^{\mathrm {i} }}},}"></span> where </p> <ul><li><span class="texhtml"><i>L</i><sub>e,Ω</sub><sup>r</sup></span> is the <a href="/wiki/Radiance" title="Radiance">radiance</a> <i>reflected</i> by that surface;</li> <li><span class="texhtml"><i>L</i><sub>e,Ω</sub><sup>i</sup></span> is the radiance received by that surface.</li></ul> <p>This depends on both the reflected direction and the incoming direction. In other words, it has a value for every combination of incoming and outgoing directions. It is related to the <a href="/wiki/Bidirectional_reflectance_distribution_function" title="Bidirectional reflectance distribution function">bidirectional reflectance distribution function</a> and its upper limit is 1. Another measure of reflectance, depending only on the outgoing direction, is <i>I</i>/<i>F</i>, where <i>I</i> is the radiance reflected in a given direction and <i>F</i> is the incoming radiance averaged over all directions, in other words, the total flux of radiation hitting the surface per unit area, divided by π.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This can be greater than 1 for a glossy surface illuminated by a source such as the sun, with the reflectance measured in the direction of maximum radiance (see also <a href="/wiki/Seeliger_effect" class="mw-redirect" title="Seeliger effect">Seeliger effect</a>). </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Spectral_directional_reflectance">Spectral directional reflectance</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Reflectance&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Spectral directional reflectance"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The <i>spectral directional reflectance in frequency</i> and <i>spectral directional reflectance in wavelength</i> of a surface, denoted <span class="texhtml"><i>R</i><sub>Ω,<i>ν</i></sub></span> and <span class="texhtml"><i>R</i><sub>Ω,<i>λ</i></sub></span> respectively, are defined as<sup id="cite_ref-ISO_9288-1989_1-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ISO_9288-1989-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-display mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math display="block" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle R_{\Omega ,\nu }={\frac {L_{\mathrm {e} ,\Omega ,\nu }^{\mathrm {r} }}{L_{\mathrm {e} ,\Omega ,\nu }^{\mathrm {i} }}},}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <msub> <mi>R</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi mathvariant="normal">Ω</mi> <mo>,</mo> <mi>ν</mi> </mrow> </msub> <mo>=</mo> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mfrac> <msubsup> <mi>L</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi mathvariant="normal">e</mi> </mrow> <mo>,</mo> <mi mathvariant="normal">Ω</mi> <mo>,</mo> <mi>ν</mi> </mrow> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi mathvariant="normal">r</mi> </mrow> </mrow> </msubsup> <msubsup> <mi>L</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi mathvariant="normal">e</mi> </mrow> <mo>,</mo> <mi mathvariant="normal">Ω</mi> <mo>,</mo> <mi>ν</mi> </mrow> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi mathvariant="normal">i</mi> </mrow> </mrow> </msubsup> </mfrac> </mrow> <mo>,</mo> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle R_{\Omega ,\nu }={\frac {L_{\mathrm {e} ,\Omega ,\nu }^{\mathrm {r} }}{L_{\mathrm {e} ,\Omega ,\nu }^{\mathrm {i} }}},}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/2050382e7b87ee4d8b63dfb88822dd99bd69be6e" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-display mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -3.338ex; width:14.611ex; height:7.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle R_{\Omega ,\nu }={\frac {L_{\mathrm {e} ,\Omega ,\nu }^{\mathrm {r} }}{L_{\mathrm {e} ,\Omega ,\nu }^{\mathrm {i} }}},}"></span> <span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-display mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math display="block" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle R_{\Omega ,\lambda }={\frac {L_{\mathrm {e} ,\Omega ,\lambda }^{\mathrm {r} }}{L_{\mathrm {e} ,\Omega ,\lambda }^{\mathrm {i} }}},}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <msub> <mi>R</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi mathvariant="normal">Ω</mi> <mo>,</mo> <mi>λ</mi> </mrow> </msub> <mo>=</mo> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mfrac> <msubsup> <mi>L</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi mathvariant="normal">e</mi> </mrow> <mo>,</mo> <mi mathvariant="normal">Ω</mi> <mo>,</mo> <mi>λ</mi> </mrow> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi mathvariant="normal">r</mi> </mrow> </mrow> </msubsup> <msubsup> <mi>L</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi mathvariant="normal">e</mi> </mrow> <mo>,</mo> <mi mathvariant="normal">Ω</mi> <mo>,</mo> <mi>λ</mi> </mrow> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi mathvariant="normal">i</mi> </mrow> </mrow> </msubsup> </mfrac> </mrow> <mo>,</mo> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle R_{\Omega ,\lambda }={\frac {L_{\mathrm {e} ,\Omega ,\lambda }^{\mathrm {r} }}{L_{\mathrm {e} ,\Omega ,\lambda }^{\mathrm {i} }}},}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/b657c8cf9c24fd4b7d1fc921ed810ab186e2b89a" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-display mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -3.338ex; width:14.785ex; height:7.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle R_{\Omega ,\lambda }={\frac {L_{\mathrm {e} ,\Omega ,\lambda }^{\mathrm {r} }}{L_{\mathrm {e} ,\Omega ,\lambda }^{\mathrm {i} }}},}"></span> where </p> <ul><li><span class="texhtml"><i>L</i><sub>e,Ω,<i>ν</i></sub><sup>r</sup></span> is the <a href="/wiki/Radiance" title="Radiance">spectral radiance in frequency</a> <i>reflected</i> by that surface;</li> <li><span class="texhtml"><i>L</i><sub>e,Ω,<i>ν</i></sub><sup>i</sup></span> is the spectral radiance received by that surface;</li> <li><span class="texhtml"><i>L</i><sub>e,Ω,<i>λ</i></sub><sup>r</sup></span> is the <a href="/wiki/Radiance" title="Radiance">spectral radiance in wavelength</a> <i>reflected</i> by that surface;</li> <li><span class="texhtml"><i>L</i><sub>e,Ω,<i>λ</i></sub><sup>i</sup></span> is the spectral radiance in wavelength received by that surface.</li></ul> <p>Again, one can also define a value of <span class="texhtml"><i>I</i>/<i>F</i></span> (see above) for a given wavelength.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Reflectivity">Reflectivity</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Reflectance&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Reflectivity"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Fresnel_equations_-_reflectance.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/34/Fresnel_equations_-_reflectance.svg/400px-Fresnel_equations_-_reflectance.svg.png" decoding="async" width="400" height="282" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/34/Fresnel_equations_-_reflectance.svg/600px-Fresnel_equations_-_reflectance.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/34/Fresnel_equations_-_reflectance.svg/800px-Fresnel_equations_-_reflectance.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1100" data-file-height="775" /></a><figcaption>Fresnel reflection coefficients for a boundary surface between air and a variable material in dependence of the complex refractive index and the angle of incidence</figcaption></figure> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">"Reflectivity" redirects here. For the EM formulation, see <a href="/wiki/Fresnel_power_reflection" class="mw-redirect" title="Fresnel power reflection">Fresnel power reflection</a>.</div> <p>For homogeneous and semi-infinite (see <a href="/wiki/Half-space_(geometry)" title="Half-space (geometry)">halfspace</a>) materials, reflectivity is the same as reflectance. Reflectivity is the square of the magnitude of the <a href="/wiki/Fresnel_reflection_coefficient" class="mw-redirect" title="Fresnel reflection coefficient">Fresnel reflection coefficient</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> which is the ratio of the reflected to incident <a href="/wiki/Electric_field" title="Electric field">electric field</a>;<sup id="cite_ref-GoldBook_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-GoldBook-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> as such the reflection coefficient can be expressed as a <a href="/wiki/Complex_number" title="Complex number">complex number</a> as determined by the <a href="/wiki/Fresnel_equation" class="mw-redirect" title="Fresnel equation">Fresnel equations</a> for a single layer, whereas the reflectance is always a positive <a href="/wiki/Real_number" title="Real number">real number</a>. </p><p>For layered and finite media, according to the <a href="/wiki/International_Commission_on_Illumination" title="International Commission on Illumination">CIE</a>,<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (May 2015)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> reflectivity is distinguished from <i>reflectance</i> by the fact that reflectivity is a value that applies to <i>thick</i> reflecting objects.<sup id="cite_ref-ILV_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ILV-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> When reflection occurs from thin layers of material, internal reflection effects can cause the reflectance to vary with surface thickness. Reflectivity is the limit value of reflectance as the sample becomes thick; it is the intrinsic reflectance of the surface, hence irrespective of other parameters such as the reflectance of the rear surface. Another way to interpret this is that the reflectance is the fraction of electromagnetic power reflected from a specific sample, while reflectivity is a property of the material itself, which would be measured on a perfect machine if the material filled half of all space.<sup id="cite_ref-Grant_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Grant-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Surface_type">Surface type</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Reflectance&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Surface type"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Given that reflectance is a directional property, most surfaces can be divided into those that give <a href="/wiki/Specular_reflection" title="Specular reflection">specular reflection</a> and those that give <a href="/wiki/Diffuse_reflection" title="Diffuse reflection">diffuse reflection</a>. </p><p>For specular surfaces, such as glass or polished metal, reflectance is nearly zero at all angles except at the appropriate reflected angle; that is the same angle with respect to the surface normal in the <a href="/wiki/Plane_of_incidence" title="Plane of incidence">plane of incidence</a>, but on the opposing side. When the radiation is incident normal to the surface, it is reflected back into the same direction. </p><p>For diffuse surfaces, such as matte white paint, reflectance is uniform; radiation is reflected in all angles equally or near-equally. Such surfaces are said to be <a href="/wiki/Lambertian_reflectance" title="Lambertian reflectance">Lambertian</a>. </p><p>Most practical objects exhibit a combination of diffuse and specular reflective properties. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Water_reflectance">Water reflectance</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Reflectance&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Water reflectance"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Water_reflectivity.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/7/7f/Water_reflectivity.jpg/400px-Water_reflectivity.jpg" decoding="async" width="400" height="300" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/7/7f/Water_reflectivity.jpg/600px-Water_reflectivity.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/7/7f/Water_reflectivity.jpg/800px-Water_reflectivity.jpg 2x" data-file-width="960" data-file-height="720" /></a><figcaption>Reflectance of smooth water at 20 °C (refractive index 1.333)</figcaption></figure> <p>Reflection occurs when light moves from a medium with one <a href="/wiki/Index_of_refraction" class="mw-redirect" title="Index of refraction">index of refraction</a> into a second medium with a different index of refraction. </p><p>Specular reflection from a body of water is calculated by the <a href="/wiki/Fresnel_equations" title="Fresnel equations">Fresnel equations</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Ottav_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ottav-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Fresnel reflection is directional and therefore does not contribute significantly to <a href="/wiki/Albedo" title="Albedo">albedo</a> which primarily diffuses reflection. </p><p>A real water surface may be wavy. Reflectance, which assumes a flat surface as given by the <a href="/wiki/Fresnel_equations" title="Fresnel equations">Fresnel equations</a>, can be adjusted to account for <a href="/wiki/Waviness" title="Waviness">waviness</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Grating_efficiency">Grating efficiency</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Reflectance&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Grating efficiency"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The generalization of reflectance to a <a href="/wiki/Diffraction_grating" title="Diffraction grating">diffraction grating</a>, which disperses light by <a href="/wiki/Wavelength" title="Wavelength">wavelength</a>, is called <i><a href="/wiki/Diffraction_efficiency" title="Diffraction efficiency">diffraction efficiency</a></i>. </p> <div style="clear:both;" class=""></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Other_radiometric_coefficients">Other radiometric coefficients</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Reflectance&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Other radiometric coefficients"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <table class="wikitable" style="margin:1em auto 1em auto;"> <caption><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1045256916">.mw-parser-output .navbar-header{text-align:center;position:relative;white-space:nowrap}.mw-parser-output .navbar-header .navbar{position:absolute;right:0;top:0;margin:0 5px}</style><div class="navbar-header">Radiometry coefficients<style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output 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<tbody><tr> <th colspan="2">Quantity </th> <th rowspan="2">SI units </th> <th rowspan="2">Notes </th></tr> <tr> <th>Name </th> <th><abbr title="Symbol">Sym.</abbr> </th></tr> <tr> <td style="background: #FFF5F5"><a href="/wiki/Emissivity" title="Emissivity">Hemispherical emissivity</a> </td> <td><span class="texhtml mvar" style="font-style:italic;">ε</span> </td> <td data-sort-value="" style="background: var(--background-color-interactive, #ececec); color: var(--color-base, inherit); vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="table-na">— </td> <td>Radiant exitance of a <i>surface</i>, divided by that of a <i>black body</i> at the same temperature as that surface. </td></tr> <tr> <td style="background: #FFF5F5"><a href="/wiki/Emissivity" title="Emissivity">Spectral hemispherical emissivity</a> </td> <td><span class="texhtml mvar" style="font-style:italic;">ε<sub>ν</sub></span> <br /> <span class="texhtml mvar" style="font-style:italic;">ε<sub>λ</sub></span> </td> <td data-sort-value="" style="background: var(--background-color-interactive, #ececec); color: var(--color-base, inherit); vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="table-na">— </td> <td>Spectral exitance of a <i>surface</i>, divided by that of a <i>black body</i> at the same temperature as that surface. </td></tr> <tr> <td style="background: #FFF5F5"><a href="/wiki/Emissivity" title="Emissivity">Directional emissivity</a> </td> <td><span class="texhtml"><i>ε</i><sub>Ω</sub></span> </td> <td data-sort-value="" style="background: var(--background-color-interactive, #ececec); color: var(--color-base, inherit); vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="table-na">— </td> <td>Radiance <i>emitted</i> by a <i>surface</i>, divided by that emitted by a <i>black body</i> at the same temperature as that surface. </td></tr> <tr> <td style="background: #FFF5F5"><a href="/wiki/Emissivity" title="Emissivity">Spectral directional emissivity</a> </td> <td><span class="texhtml"><i>ε</i><sub>Ω,<i>ν</i></sub></span><br /> <span class="texhtml"><i>ε</i><sub>Ω,<i>λ</i></sub></span> </td> <td data-sort-value="" style="background: var(--background-color-interactive, #ececec); color: var(--color-base, inherit); vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="table-na">— </td> <td>Spectral radiance <i>emitted</i> by a <i>surface</i>, divided by that of a <i>black body</i> at the same temperature as that surface. </td></tr> <tr> <td style="background: #FDFFF5"><a href="/wiki/Absorptance" title="Absorptance">Hemispherical absorptance</a> </td> <td><span class="texhtml mvar" style="font-style:italic;">A</span> </td> <td data-sort-value="" style="background: var(--background-color-interactive, #ececec); color: var(--color-base, inherit); vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="table-na">— </td> <td>Radiant flux <i>absorbed</i> by a <i>surface</i>, divided by that received by that surface. This should not be confused with "<a href="/wiki/Absorbance" title="Absorbance">absorbance</a>". </td></tr> <tr> <td style="background: #FDFFF5"><a href="/wiki/Absorptance" title="Absorptance">Spectral hemispherical absorptance</a> </td> <td><span class="texhtml mvar" style="font-style:italic;">A<sub>ν</sub></span><br /><span class="texhtml mvar" style="font-style:italic;">A<sub>λ</sub></span> </td> <td data-sort-value="" style="background: var(--background-color-interactive, #ececec); color: var(--color-base, inherit); vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="table-na">— </td> <td>Spectral flux <i>absorbed</i> by a <i>surface</i>, divided by that received by that surface. This should not be confused with "<a href="/wiki/Absorbance" title="Absorbance">spectral absorbance</a>". </td></tr> <tr> <td style="background: #FDFFF5"><a href="/wiki/Absorptance" title="Absorptance">Directional absorptance</a> </td> <td><span class="texhtml"><i>A</i><sub>Ω</sub></span> </td> <td data-sort-value="" style="background: var(--background-color-interactive, #ececec); color: var(--color-base, inherit); vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="table-na">— </td> <td>Radiance <i>absorbed</i> by a <i>surface</i>, divided by the radiance incident onto that surface. This should not be confused with "<a href="/wiki/Absorbance" title="Absorbance">absorbance</a>". </td></tr> <tr> <td style="background: #FDFFF5"><a href="/wiki/Absorptance" title="Absorptance">Spectral directional absorptance</a> </td> <td><span class="texhtml"><i>A</i><sub>Ω,<i>ν</i></sub></span><br /> <span class="texhtml"><i>A</i><sub>Ω,<i>λ</i></sub></span> </td> <td data-sort-value="" style="background: var(--background-color-interactive, #ececec); color: var(--color-base, inherit); vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="table-na">— </td> <td>Spectral radiance <i>absorbed</i> by a <i>surface</i>, divided by the spectral radiance incident onto that surface. This should not be confused with "<a href="/wiki/Absorbance" title="Absorbance">spectral absorbance</a>". </td></tr> <tr> <td style="background: #F5FFF8"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Hemispherical reflectance</a> </td> <td><span class="texhtml mvar" style="font-style:italic;">R</span> </td> <td data-sort-value="" style="background: var(--background-color-interactive, #ececec); color: var(--color-base, inherit); vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="table-na">— </td> <td>Radiant flux <i>reflected</i> by a <i>surface</i>, divided by that received by that surface. </td></tr> <tr> <td style="background: #F5FFF8"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Spectral hemispherical reflectance</a> </td> <td><span class="texhtml mvar" style="font-style:italic;">R<sub>ν</sub></span><br /><span class="texhtml mvar" style="font-style:italic;">R<sub>λ</sub></span> </td> <td data-sort-value="" style="background: var(--background-color-interactive, #ececec); color: var(--color-base, inherit); vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="table-na">— </td> <td>Spectral flux <i>reflected</i> by a <i>surface</i>, divided by that received by that surface. </td></tr> <tr> <td style="background: #F5FFF8"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Directional reflectance</a> </td> <td><span class="texhtml"><i>R</i><sub>Ω</sub></span> </td> <td data-sort-value="" style="background: var(--background-color-interactive, #ececec); color: var(--color-base, inherit); vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="table-na">— </td> <td>Radiance <i>reflected</i> by a <i>surface</i>, divided by that received by that surface. </td></tr> <tr> <td style="background: #F5FFF8"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Spectral directional reflectance</a> </td> <td><span class="texhtml"><i>R</i><sub>Ω,<i>ν</i></sub></span><br /><span class="texhtml"><i>R</i><sub>Ω,<i>λ</i></sub></span> </td> <td data-sort-value="" style="background: var(--background-color-interactive, #ececec); color: var(--color-base, inherit); vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="table-na">— </td> <td>Spectral radiance <i>reflected</i> by a <i>surface</i>, divided by that received by that surface. </td></tr> <tr> <td style="background: #F5FAFF"><a href="/wiki/Transmittance" title="Transmittance">Hemispherical transmittance</a> </td> <td><span class="texhtml mvar" style="font-style:italic;">T</span> </td> <td data-sort-value="" style="background: var(--background-color-interactive, #ececec); color: var(--color-base, inherit); vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="table-na">— </td> <td>Radiant flux <i>transmitted</i> by a <i>surface</i>, divided by that received by that surface. </td></tr> <tr> <td style="background: #F5FAFF"><a href="/wiki/Transmittance" title="Transmittance">Spectral hemispherical transmittance</a> </td> <td><span class="texhtml mvar" style="font-style:italic;">T<sub>ν</sub></span><br /><span class="texhtml mvar" style="font-style:italic;">T<sub>λ</sub></span> </td> <td data-sort-value="" style="background: var(--background-color-interactive, #ececec); color: var(--color-base, inherit); vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="table-na">— </td> <td>Spectral flux <i>transmitted</i> by a <i>surface</i>, divided by that received by that surface. </td></tr> <tr> <td style="background: #F5FAFF"><a href="/wiki/Transmittance" title="Transmittance">Directional transmittance</a> </td> <td><span class="texhtml"><i>T</i><sub>Ω</sub></span> </td> <td data-sort-value="" style="background: var(--background-color-interactive, #ececec); color: var(--color-base, inherit); vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="table-na">— </td> <td>Radiance <i>transmitted</i> by a <i>surface</i>, divided by that received by that surface. </td></tr> <tr> <td style="background: #F5FAFF"><a href="/wiki/Transmittance" title="Transmittance">Spectral directional transmittance</a> </td> <td><span class="texhtml"><i>T</i><sub>Ω,ν</sub></span><br /><span class="texhtml"><i>T</i><sub>Ω,<i>λ</i></sub></span> </td> <td data-sort-value="" style="background: var(--background-color-interactive, #ececec); color: var(--color-base, inherit); vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="table-na">— </td> <td>Spectral radiance <i>transmitted</i> by a <i>surface</i>, divided by that received by that surface. </td></tr> <tr> <td style="background: #FCF5FF"><a href="/wiki/Attenuation_coefficient" title="Attenuation coefficient">Hemispherical attenuation coefficient</a> </td> <td><span class="texhtml mvar" style="font-style:italic;">μ</span> </td> <td>m<sup>−1</sup> </td> <td>Radiant flux <i>absorbed</i> and <i>scattered</i> by a <i>volume</i> per unit length, divided by that received by that volume. </td></tr> <tr> <td style="background: #FCF5FF"><a href="/wiki/Attenuation_coefficient" title="Attenuation coefficient">Spectral hemispherical attenuation coefficient</a> </td> <td><span class="texhtml mvar" style="font-style:italic;">μ<sub>ν</sub></span><br /><span class="texhtml mvar" style="font-style:italic;">μ<sub>λ</sub></span> </td> <td>m<sup>−1</sup> </td> <td>Spectral radiant flux <i>absorbed</i> and <i>scattered</i> by a <i>volume</i> per unit length, divided by that received by that volume. </td></tr> <tr> <td style="background: #FCF5FF"><a href="/wiki/Attenuation_coefficient" title="Attenuation coefficient">Directional attenuation coefficient</a> </td> <td><span class="texhtml"><i>μ</i><sub>Ω</sub></span> </td> <td>m<sup>−1</sup> </td> <td>Radiance <i>absorbed</i> and <i>scattered</i> by a <i>volume</i> per unit length, divided by that received by that volume. </td></tr> <tr> <td style="background: #FCF5FF"><a href="/wiki/Attenuation_coefficient" title="Attenuation coefficient">Spectral directional attenuation coefficient</a> </td> <td><span class="texhtml"><i>μ</i><sub>Ω,<i>ν</i></sub></span><br /><span class="texhtml"><i>μ</i><sub>Ω,<i>λ</i></sub></span> </td> <td>m<sup>−1</sup> </td> <td>Spectral radiance <i>absorbed</i> and <i>scattered</i> by a <i>volume</i> per unit length, divided by that received by that volume. </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Reflectance&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bidirectional_reflectance_distribution_function" title="Bidirectional reflectance distribution function">Bidirectional reflectance distribution function</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colorimetry" title="Colorimetry">Colorimetry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emissivity" title="Emissivity">Emissivity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lambert%27s_cosine_law" title="Lambert's cosine law">Lambert's cosine law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transmittance" title="Transmittance">Transmittance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sun_path" title="Sun path">Sun path</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Light_Reflectance_Value" class="mw-redirect" title="Light Reflectance Value">Light Reflectance Value</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Albedo" title="Albedo">Albedo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reststrahlen_effect" title="Reststrahlen effect">Reststrahlen effect</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lyddane%E2%80%93Sachs%E2%80%93Teller_relation" title="Lyddane–Sachs–Teller relation">Lyddane–Sachs–Teller relation</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Reflectance&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-ISO_9288-1989-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-ISO_9288-1989_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ISO_9288-1989_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ISO_9288-1989_1-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ISO_9288-1989_1-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.iso.org/iso/home/store/catalogue_tc/catalogue_detail.htm?csnumber=16943">"Thermal insulation — Heat transfer by radiation — Physical quantities and definitions"</a>. <i>ISO 9288:1989</i>. <a href="/wiki/International_Organization_for_Standardization" title="International Organization for Standardization">ISO</a> catalogue. 1989<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2015-03-15</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=ISO+9288%3A1989&rft.atitle=Thermal+insulation+%E2%80%94+Heat+transfer+by+radiation+%E2%80%94+Physical+quantities+and+definitions&rft.date=1989&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.iso.org%2Fiso%2Fhome%2Fstore%2Fcatalogue_tc%2Fcatalogue_detail.htm%3Fcsnumber%3D16943&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AReflectance" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCuzziChambersHendrix2016" class="citation journal cs1">Cuzzi, Jeffrey; Chambers, Lindsey; Hendrix, Amanda (Oct 21, 2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6839776">"Rough Surfaces: is the dark stuff just shadow?"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Icarus_(journal)" title="Icarus (journal)">Icarus</a></i>. <b>289</b>: 281–294. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.icarus.2016.10.018">10.1016/j.icarus.2016.10.018</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6839776">6839776</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/31708591">31708591</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Icarus&rft.atitle=Rough+Surfaces%3A+is+the+dark+stuff+just+shadow%3F&rft.volume=289&rft.pages=281-294&rft.date=2016-10-21&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC6839776%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F31708591&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fj.icarus.2016.10.018&rft.aulast=Cuzzi&rft.aufirst=Jeffrey&rft.au=Chambers%2C+Lindsey&rft.au=Hendrix%2C+Amanda&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC6839776&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AReflectance" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">See for example <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFP.G.J_Irwin2022" class="citation journal cs1">P.G.J Irwin; et al. (Jan 12, 2022). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC9286428">"Hazy Blue Worlds: A Holistic Aerosol Model for Uranus and Neptune, Including Dark Spots"</a>. <i>Journal of Geophysical Research: Planets</i>. <b>127</b> (6): e2022JE007189. <a href="/wiki/ArXiv_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ArXiv (identifier)">arXiv</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://arxiv.org/abs/2201.04516">2201.04516</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2022JGRE..12707189I">2022JGRE..12707189I</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1029%2F2022JE007189">10.1029/2022JE007189</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/Hdl_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Hdl (identifier)">hdl</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://hdl.handle.net/1983%2F65ee78f0-1d28-4017-bbd9-1b49b24700d7">1983/65ee78f0-1d28-4017-bbd9-1b49b24700d7</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC9286428">9286428</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/35865671">35865671</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:245877540">245877540</a></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Geophysical+Research%3A+Planets&rft.atitle=Hazy+Blue+Worlds%3A+A+Holistic+Aerosol+Model+for+Uranus+and+Neptune%2C+Including+Dark+Spots&rft.volume=127&rft.issue=6&rft.pages=e2022JE007189&rft.date=2022-01-12&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC9286428%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A245877540%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2022JGRE..12707189I&rft_id=info%3Aarxiv%2F2201.04516&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F35865671&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1029%2F2022JE007189&rft_id=info%3Ahdl%2F1983%2F65ee78f0-1d28-4017-bbd9-1b49b24700d7&rft.au=P.G.J+Irwin&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC9286428&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AReflectance" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">E. Hecht (2001). Optics (4th ed.). Pearson Education. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8053-8566-5" title="Special:BookSources/0-8053-8566-5">0-8053-8566-5</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-GoldBook-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-GoldBook_5-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/International_Union_of_Pure_and_Applied_Chemistry" title="International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry">IUPAC</a>, <i><a href="/wiki/IUPAC_books#Gold_Book" class="mw-redirect" title="IUPAC books">Compendium of Chemical Terminology</a></i>, 2nd ed. (the "Gold Book") (1997). Online corrected version: (2006–) "<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://goldbook.iupac.org/terms/view/R05235.html">Reflectance</a>". <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1351%2Fgoldbook.R05235">10.1351/goldbook.R05235</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-ILV-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-ILV_6-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160616060734/http://www.cie.co.at/index.php/index.php?i_ca_id=306">"CIE International Lighting Vocabulary"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.cie.co.at/index.php/index.php?i_ca_id=306">the original</a> on 2016-06-16<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2010-12-04</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=CIE+International+Lighting+Vocabulary&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.cie.co.at%2Findex.php%2Findex.php%3Fi_ca_id%3D306&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AReflectance" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Grant-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Grant_7-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.amazon.com/dp/081947245X">Palmer and Grant, <i>The Art of Radiometry</i></a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Ottav-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Ottav_8-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Ottaviani, M. and Stamnes, K. and Koskulics, J. and Eide, H. and Long, S.R. and Su, W. and Wiscombe, W., 2008: '<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://journals.ametsoc.org/doi/pdf/10.1175/2007JTECHA1049.1">Light Reflection from Water Waves: Suitable Setup for a Polarimetric Investigation under Controlled Laboratory Conditions</a><i>. Journal of Atmospheric and Oceanic Technology, <b>25 (5)</b>, 715--728.</i></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Reflectance&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg/40px-Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg/60px-Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg/80px-Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Look up <i><b><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/reflectance" class="extiw" title="wiktionary:reflectance">reflectance</a></b></i> in Wiktionary, the free dictionary.</div></div> </div> <ul><li>Reflectivity of metals <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160304024228/http://www.tvu.com/metalreflectivityLR.jpg">Archived</a> 2016-03-04 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.graphics.cornell.edu/online/measurements/reflectance/index.html">Reflectance Data</a>.</li></ul>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; 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