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class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle History subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-History-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Early_seventeenth_century,_1600–1660" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Early_seventeenth_century,_1600–1660"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>Early seventeenth century, 1600–1660</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Early_seventeenth_century,_1600–1660-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Changes_in_demography" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Changes_in_demography"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1.1</span> <span>Changes in demography</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Changes_in_demography-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Spanish_ports" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-4"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Spanish_ports"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1.1.1</span> <span>Spanish ports</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Spanish_ports-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Other_ports" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-4"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Other_ports"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1.1.2</span> <span>Other ports</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Other_ports-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-European_struggle" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#European_struggle"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1.2</span> <span>European struggle</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-European_struggle-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Colonial_disputes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-4"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Colonial_disputes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1.2.1</span> <span>Colonial disputes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Colonial_disputes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Seventeenth_century_crisis_and_colonial_repercussions" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Seventeenth_century_crisis_and_colonial_repercussions"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>Seventeenth century crisis and colonial repercussions</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Seventeenth_century_crisis_and_colonial_repercussions-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Golden_Age_of_Piracy,_1660–1726" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Golden_Age_of_Piracy,_1660–1726"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3</span> <span>Golden Age of Piracy, 1660–1726</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Golden_Age_of_Piracy,_1660–1726-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-End_of_an_era" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#End_of_an_era"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.4</span> <span>End of an era</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-End_of_an_era-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Rules_of_piracy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Rules_of_piracy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Rules of piracy</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Rules_of_piracy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Early_and_Golden_Age_pirates" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Early_and_Golden_Age_pirates"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Early and Golden Age pirates</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Early_and_Golden_Age_pirates-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Early and Golden Age pirates subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Early_and_Golden_Age_pirates-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Jean_Fleury" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Jean_Fleury"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>Jean Fleury</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Jean_Fleury-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-François_Le_Clerc" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#François_Le_Clerc"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2</span> <span>François Le Clerc</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-François_Le_Clerc-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Blackbeard" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Blackbeard"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.3</span> <span>Blackbeard</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Blackbeard-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Henry_Morgan" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Henry_Morgan"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.4</span> <span>Henry Morgan</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Henry_Morgan-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Bartholomew_Roberts" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bartholomew_Roberts"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.5</span> <span>Bartholomew Roberts</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bartholomew_Roberts-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Amaro_Pargo" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Amaro_Pargo"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.6</span> <span>Amaro Pargo</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Amaro_Pargo-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Stede_Bonnet" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Stede_Bonnet"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.7</span> <span>Stede Bonnet</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Stede_Bonnet-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Charles_Vane" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Charles_Vane"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.8</span> <span>Charles Vane</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Charles_Vane-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Edward_Low" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Edward_Low"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.9</span> <span>Edward Low</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Edward_Low-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Anne_Bonny_and_Mary_Read" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Anne_Bonny_and_Mary_Read"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.10</span> <span>Anne Bonny and Mary Read</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Anne_Bonny_and_Mary_Read-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Privateers" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Privateers"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Privateers</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Privateers-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Buccaneers" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Buccaneers"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Buccaneers</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Buccaneers-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Slave_pirates" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Slave_pirates"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Slave pirates</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Slave_pirates-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Roberto_Cofresí—a_19th-century_pirate" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Roberto_Cofresí—a_19th-century_pirate"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Roberto Cofresí—a 19th-century pirate</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Roberto_Cofresí—a_19th-century_pirate-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Boysie_Singh—a_20th-century_pirate" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Boysie_Singh—a_20th-century_pirate"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>Boysie Singh—a 20th-century pirate</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Boysie_Singh—a_20th-century_pirate-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Caribbean_piracy_in_the_21st_century" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Caribbean_piracy_in_the_21st_century"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>Caribbean piracy in the 21st century</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Caribbean_piracy_in_the_21st_century-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Piracy_in_popular_culture" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Piracy_in_popular_culture"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span> <span>Piracy in popular culture</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Piracy_in_popular_culture-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Piracy in popular culture subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Piracy_in_popular_culture-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Films" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Films"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11.1</span> <span>Films</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Films-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Games" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Games"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11.2</span> <span>Games</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Games-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Popular_books" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Popular_books"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11.3</span> <span>Popular books</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Popular_books-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Other" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Other"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11.4</span> <span>Other</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Other-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Historical_studies" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Historical_studies"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">12</span> <span>Historical studies</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Historical_studies-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">13</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">14</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">15</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Piracy in the Caribbean</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 20 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-20" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">20 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%82%D8%B1%D8%B5%D9%86%D8%A9_%D9%81%D9%8A_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%83%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%A8%D9%8A" title="القرصنة في الكاريبي – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="القرصنة في الكاريبي" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%95%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AF%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%AC%E0%A7%80%E0%A6%AF%E0%A6%BC_%E0%A6%85%E0%A6%9E%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%9A%E0%A6%B2%E0%A7%87_%E0%A6%9C%E0%A6%B2%E0%A6%A6%E0%A6%B8%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AF%E0%A7%81%E0%A6%A4%E0%A6%BE" title="ক্যারিবীয় অঞ্চলে জলদস্যুতা – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="ক্যারিবীয় অঞ্চলে জলদস্যুতা" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Morlaeron_ar_Mor_Karib" title="Morlaeron ar Mor Karib – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Morlaeron ar Mor Karib" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Brezhoneg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/S%C3%B8r%C3%B8veri_i_Caribien" title="Sørøveri i Caribien – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Sørøveri i Caribien" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%A0%CE%B5%CE%B9%CF%81%CE%B1%CF%84%CE%B5%CE%AF%CE%B1_%CF%83%CF%84%CE%B7%CE%BD_%CE%9A%CE%B1%CF%81%CE%B1%CF%8A%CE%B2%CE%B9%CE%BA%CE%AE" title="Πειρατεία στην Καραϊβική – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Πειρατεία στην Καραϊβική" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pirater%C3%ADa_en_el_Caribe" title="Piratería en el Caribe – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Piratería en el Caribe" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AF%D8%B2%D8%AF%DB%8C_%D8%AF%D8%B1%DB%8C%D8%A7%DB%8C%DB%8C_%D8%AF%D8%B1_%DA%A9%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%A6%DB%8C%D8%A8" title="دزدی دریایی در کارائیب – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="دزدی دریایی در کارائیب" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Piraterie_dans_les_Cara%C3%AFbes" title="Piraterie dans les Caraïbes – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Piraterie dans les Caraïbes" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ia mw-list-item"><a href="https://ia.wikipedia.org/wiki/Piratas_del_Mar_Caribe" title="Piratas del Mar Caribe – Interlingua" lang="ia" hreflang="ia" data-title="Piratas del Mar Caribe" data-language-autonym="Interlingua" data-language-local-name="Interlingua" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Interlingua</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pirateria_nei_Caraibi" title="Pirateria nei Caraibi – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Pirateria nei Caraibi" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Piraterij_in_de_Cara%C3%AFben" title="Piraterij in de Caraïben – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Piraterij in de Caraïben" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%AB%E3%83%AA%E3%83%96%E6%B5%B7%E3%81%AE%E6%B5%B7%E8%B3%8A_(%E6%AD%B4%E5%8F%B2)" title="カリブ海の海賊 (歴史) – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="カリブ海の海賊 (歴史)" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karibiske_pirater" title="Karibiske pirater – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Karibiske pirater" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jam mw-list-item"><a href="https://jam.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pairesi_ina_di_Kiaribiyan" title="Pairesi ina di Kiaribiyan – Jamaican Creole English" lang="jam" hreflang="jam" data-title="Pairesi ina di Kiaribiyan" data-language-autonym="Patois" data-language-local-name="Jamaican Creole English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Patois</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pirataria_nas_Cara%C3%ADbas" title="Pirataria nas Caraíbas – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Pirataria nas Caraíbas" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pirateria_%C3%AEn_Caraibe" title="Pirateria în Caraibe – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Pirateria în Caraibe" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%B8%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%82%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B2%D0%BE_%D0%B2_%D0%9A%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%B1%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BC_%D0%BC%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B5" title="Пиратство в Карибском море – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Пиратство в Карибском море" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Piracy_in_the_Caribbean" title="Piracy in the Caribbean – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Piracy in the Caribbean" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karibian_merirosvous" title="Karibian merirosvous – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Karibian merirosvous" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tg mw-list-item"><a href="https://tg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D0%BE%D2%B3%D0%B7%D0%B0%D0%BD%D3%A3_%D0%B4%D0%B0%D1%80_%D0%9A%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%B1" title="Роҳзанӣ дар Кариб – Tajik" lang="tg" hreflang="tg" data-title="Роҳзанӣ дар Кариб" data-language-autonym="Тоҷикӣ" data-language-local-name="Tajik" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Тоҷикӣ</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q2469245#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div 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i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">For the franchise, including the series of films, see <a href="/wiki/Pirates_of_the_Caribbean" title="Pirates of the Caribbean"><i>Pirates of the Caribbean</i></a>.</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="box-More_citations_needed plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Refimprove" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This article <b>needs additional citations for <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">verification</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Piracy_in_the_Caribbean" title="Special:EditPage/Piracy in the Caribbean">improve this article</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a>. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.<br /><small><span class="plainlinks"><i>Find sources:</i> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?as_eq=wikipedia&q=%22Piracy+in+the+Caribbean%22">"Piracy in the Caribbean"</a> – <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbm=nws&q=%22Piracy+in+the+Caribbean%22+-wikipedia&tbs=ar:1">news</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?&q=%22Piracy+in+the+Caribbean%22&tbs=bkt:s&tbm=bks">newspapers</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbs=bks:1&q=%22Piracy+in+the+Caribbean%22+-wikipedia">books</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=%22Piracy+in+the+Caribbean%22">scholar</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/action/doBasicSearch?Query=%22Piracy+in+the+Caribbean%22&acc=on&wc=on">JSTOR</a></span></small></span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">March 2024</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table><figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:CIA_map_Central_America_%26_Caribbean.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/CIA_map_Central_America_%26_Caribbean.png/260px-CIA_map_Central_America_%26_Caribbean.png" decoding="async" width="260" height="195" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/CIA_map_Central_America_%26_Caribbean.png/390px-CIA_map_Central_America_%26_Caribbean.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/CIA_map_Central_America_%26_Caribbean.png/520px-CIA_map_Central_America_%26_Caribbean.png 2x" data-file-width="1390" data-file-height="1044" /></a><figcaption>Central America and the Caribbean <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120928155457/https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/graphics/ref_maps/physical/pdf/central_america.pdf">(detailed pdf map)</a></figcaption></figure><p>The era of <a href="/wiki/Piracy" title="Piracy">piracy</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Caribbean" title="Caribbean">Caribbean</a> began in the 1500s and phased out in the 1830s after the navies of the nations of <a href="/wiki/Western_Europe" title="Western Europe">Western Europe</a> and <a href="/wiki/North_America" title="North America">North America</a> with colonies in the Caribbean began hunting and prosecuting pirates. The period during which <a href="/wiki/Golden_Age_of_Piracy" title="Golden Age of Piracy">pirates were most successful</a> was from the 1650s to the 1730s. Piracy flourished in the Caribbean because of the existence of pirate seaports such as <a href="/wiki/Port_Royal" title="Port Royal">Port Royal</a> in <a href="/wiki/Jamaica" title="Jamaica">Jamaica</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-Arian,_2002_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Arian,_2002-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Tortuga_(Haiti)" title="Tortuga (Haiti)">Tortuga</a> in <a href="/wiki/Haiti" title="Haiti">Haiti</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Nassau,_Bahamas" class="mw-redirect" title="Nassau, Bahamas">Nassau</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Bahamas" class="mw-redirect" title="Bahamas">Bahamas</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Smith,_Simon_1996_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Smith,_Simon_1996-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Piracy in the Caribbean was part of a larger <a href="/wiki/Piracy#History" title="Piracy">historical phenomenon of piracy</a>, as it existed close to major trade and exploration routes in almost all the five <a href="/wiki/Oceans" class="mw-redirect" title="Oceans">oceans</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Causes">Causes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Piracy_in_the_Caribbean&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Causes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1251242444"><table class="box-More_citations_needed_section plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Refimprove" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section <b>needs additional citations for <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">verification</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Piracy_in_the_Caribbean" title="Special:EditPage/Piracy in the Caribbean">improve this article</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a> in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">January 2014</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:16th_century_Portuguese_Spanish_trade_routes.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/16th_century_Portuguese_Spanish_trade_routes.png/350px-16th_century_Portuguese_Spanish_trade_routes.png" decoding="async" width="350" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/16th_century_Portuguese_Spanish_trade_routes.png/525px-16th_century_Portuguese_Spanish_trade_routes.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/16th_century_Portuguese_Spanish_trade_routes.png/700px-16th_century_Portuguese_Spanish_trade_routes.png 2x" data-file-width="2835" data-file-height="1188" /></a><figcaption>Main trade routes prey to 16th-century piracy: <a href="/wiki/Spanish_treasure_fleet" title="Spanish treasure fleet">Spanish treasure fleets</a> linking the Caribbean to <a href="/wiki/Seville" title="Seville">Seville</a>, <a href="/wiki/Manila_galleon" title="Manila galleon">Manila galleons</a> (after 1568) (white) and <a href="/wiki/Portuguese_India_Armadas" title="Portuguese India Armadas">Portuguese India Armadas</a> (after 1498) (blue)</figcaption></figure> <p>Pirates were often former sailors experienced in <a href="/wiki/Naval_warfare" title="Naval warfare">naval warfare</a>. In the 16th century, pirate captains recruited seamen to loot European merchant ships, especially the Spanish treasure fleets sailing from the Caribbean to Europe. The following quote by an 18th-century Welsh captain shows the motivations for piracy: </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>In an honest Service, there is thin Commons, low Wages, and hard Labour; in this, Plenty and Satiety, Pleasure and Ease, Liberty and Power; and who would not balance Creditor on this Side, when all the Hazard that is run for it, at worst, is only a sower Look or two at choaking. No, a merry Life and a short one shall be my Motto.</p></blockquote><p>—Pirate Captain <a href="/wiki/Bartholomew_Roberts" title="Bartholomew Roberts">Bartholomew Roberts</a><sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Piracy was sometimes given legal status by the colonial powers, especially France under King <a href="/wiki/Francis_I_of_France" title="Francis I of France">Francis I</a> (r.1515–1547), in the hope of weakening Spain and Portugal's <i><a href="/wiki/Mare_clausum" title="Mare clausum">mare clausum</a></i> trade monopolies in the Atlantic and Indian Oceans. This officially sanctioned piracy was known as <a href="/wiki/Privateering" class="mw-redirect" title="Privateering">privateering</a>. From 1520 to 1560, French privateers were alone in their fight against the Crown of Spain and the vast commerce of the Spanish Empire in the New World. The French privateers were not considered pirates in France as they were in the service of the king of France, they were considered combatants and granted a lettre de marque or lettre de course which legitimized any actions they took under the French justice system.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> They were later joined by the English and Dutch. The English were dubbed "<a href="/wiki/Elizabethan_Sea_Dogs" title="Elizabethan Sea Dogs">sea dogs</a>".<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Caribbean had become an important center of European trade and colonization after <a href="/wiki/Christopher_Columbus" title="Christopher Columbus">Columbus</a>' discovery of the New World for Spain in 1492. In the 1494 <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Tordesillas" title="Treaty of Tordesillas">Treaty of Tordesillas</a> the non-European world had been divided between the Spanish and the Portuguese along a north–south line 370 leagues west of the <a href="/wiki/Cape_Verde_Islands" class="mw-redirect" title="Cape Verde Islands">Cape Verde Islands</a>. This gave Spain control of the Americas, a position the Spaniards later reiterated with an equally unenforceable <a href="/wiki/Papal_bull" title="Papal bull">papal bull</a> (The <a href="/wiki/Inter_caetera" title="Inter caetera">Inter caetera</a>). On the <a href="/wiki/Spanish_Main" title="Spanish Main">Spanish Main</a>, the key early settlements were <a href="/wiki/Cartagena,_Colombia" title="Cartagena, Colombia">Cartagena</a> in present-day <a href="/wiki/Colombia" title="Colombia">Colombia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Portobelo,_Panama" class="mw-redirect" title="Portobelo, Panama">Porto Bello</a> and <a href="/wiki/Panama_City" title="Panama City">Panama City</a> on the <a href="/wiki/Isthmus_of_Panama" title="Isthmus of Panama">Isthmus of Panama</a>, <a href="/wiki/Santiago_de_Cuba" title="Santiago de Cuba">Santiago</a> on the southeastern coast of <a href="/wiki/Cuba" title="Cuba">Cuba</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Santo_Domingo" title="Santo Domingo">Santo Domingo</a> on the island of <a href="/wiki/Hispaniola" title="Hispaniola">Hispaniola</a>. In the 16th century, the Spanish were mining extremely large quantities of silver from the mines of <a href="/wiki/Zacatecas" title="Zacatecas">Zacatecas</a> in <a href="/wiki/New_Spain" title="New Spain">New Spain</a> (Mexico) and <a href="/wiki/Potos%C3%AD" title="Potosí">Potosí</a> in Bolivia (formerly known as Upper Peru). The huge Spanish silver shipments from the New World to the Old attracted pirates and French <a href="/wiki/Privateer" title="Privateer">privateers</a> like François Leclerc or Jean Fleury, both in the Caribbean and across the Atlantic, all along the route from the Caribbean to <a href="/wiki/Seville" title="Seville">Seville</a>. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Jacquesdesores.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/Jacquesdesores.jpg/220px-Jacquesdesores.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="178" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/a0/Jacquesdesores.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="265" data-file-height="214" /></a><figcaption>French pirate <a href="/wiki/Jacques_de_Sores" title="Jacques de Sores">Jacques de Sores</a> looting and burning Havana in 1555</figcaption></figure> <p>To combat this constant danger, in the 1560s the Spanish adopted a convoy system. A <a href="/wiki/Spanish_treasure_fleet" title="Spanish treasure fleet">treasure fleet</a> or <i>flota</i> would sail annually from Seville (and later from <a href="/wiki/C%C3%A1diz" title="Cádiz">Cádiz</a>) in Spain, carrying passengers, troops, and European manufactured goods to the Spanish colonies of the New World. This cargo, though profitable, was really just a form of ballast for the fleet as its true purpose was to transport the year's worth of silver to Europe. The first stage in the journey was the transport of all that silver from the mines in Bolivia and New Spain in a mule convoy called the <a href="/wiki/Spanish_Silver_Train" title="Spanish Silver Train">Silver Train</a> to a major Spanish port, usually on the Isthmus of Panama or <a href="/wiki/Veracruz" title="Veracruz">Veracruz</a> in New Spain. The <i>flota</i> would meet up with the Silver Train, offload its cargo of manufactured goods to waiting colonial merchants and then load its holds with the precious cargo of gold and silver, in bullion or coin form. This made the returning Spanish treasure fleet a tempting target, although pirates were more likely to shadow the fleet to attack stragglers than to engage the well-armed main vessels. The classic route for the treasure fleet in the Caribbean was through the <a href="/wiki/Lesser_Antilles" title="Lesser Antilles">Lesser Antilles</a> to the ports along the Spanish Main on the coast of Central America and New Spain, then northwards into the <a href="/wiki/Yucat%C3%A1n_Channel" title="Yucatán Channel">Yucatán Channel</a> to catch the westerly winds back to Europe.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>By the 1560s, the <a href="/wiki/Netherlands" title="Netherlands">Dutch United Provinces of the Netherlands</a> and England, both <a href="/wiki/Protestant" class="mw-redirect" title="Protestant">Protestant</a> states, were defiantly opposed to <a href="/wiki/Roman_Catholic_Church" class="mw-redirect" title="Roman Catholic Church">Catholic</a> Spain, the greatest power of <a href="/wiki/Christendom" title="Christendom">Christendom</a> in the 16th century; while the French government was seeking to expand its colonial holdings in the New World now that Spain had proven they could be extremely profitable.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It was the French who had established the first non-Spanish settlement in the Caribbean when they had founded <a href="/wiki/Fort_Caroline" title="Fort Caroline">Fort Caroline</a> near what is now <a href="/wiki/Jacksonville,_Florida" title="Jacksonville, Florida">Jacksonville, Florida</a> in 1564, although the settlement was soon wiped out by a Spanish attack from the larger colony of <a href="/wiki/St._Augustine,_Florida" title="St. Augustine, Florida">Saint Augustine</a>. As the <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Tordesillas" title="Treaty of Tordesillas">Treaty of Tordesillas</a> had proven unenforceable, a new concept of "<a href="/wiki/Lines_of_amity" title="Lines of amity">lines of amity</a>", with the northern bound being the Tropic of Cancer and the eastern bound the Prime Meridian passing through the <a href="/wiki/Canary_Islands" title="Canary Islands">Canary Islands</a>, is said to have been verbally agreed upon by French and Spanish negotiators of the <a href="/wiki/Peace_of_Cateau-Cambr%C3%A9sis" class="mw-redirect" title="Peace of Cateau-Cambrésis">Peace of Cateau-Cambrésis</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> South and west of these lines, respectively, no protection could be offered to non-Spanish ships, "no peace beyond the line." English, Dutch and French pirates and settlers moved into this region even in times of nominal peace with the Spanish. </p><p>The Spanish, despite being the most powerful state in Christendom at the time, could not afford a sufficient military presence to control such a vast area of ocean or enforce their exclusionary, mercantilist trading laws. These laws allowed only Spanish merchants to trade with the colonists of the Spanish Empire in the Americas. This arrangement provoked constant smuggling against the Spanish trading laws and new attempts at Caribbean colonization in peacetime by England, France and the Netherlands. Whenever a war was declared in Europe between the Great Powers the result was always widespread piracy and privateering throughout the Caribbean. </p> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Philip_II%27s_realms_in_1598.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ad/Philip_II%27s_realms_in_1598.png/250px-Philip_II%27s_realms_in_1598.png" decoding="async" width="250" height="127" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ad/Philip_II%27s_realms_in_1598.png/375px-Philip_II%27s_realms_in_1598.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ad/Philip_II%27s_realms_in_1598.png/500px-Philip_II%27s_realms_in_1598.png 2x" data-file-width="2560" data-file-height="1303" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Iberian_Union" title="Iberian Union">Iberian Union</a> of Spain and Portugal (1580–1640)</figcaption></figure> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Anglo-Spanish_War_(1585)" class="mw-redirect" title="Anglo-Spanish War (1585)">Anglo-Spanish War</a> in 1585–1604 was partly due to trade disputes in the New World. A focus on extracting mineral and agricultural wealth from the New World rather than building productive, self-sustaining settlements in its colonies; inflation fueled in part by the massive shipments of silver and gold to Western Europe; endless rounds of expensive wars in Europe; an aristocracy that disdained commercial opportunities; and an inefficient system of tolls and tariffs that hampered industry all contributed to <a href="/wiki/Decline_of_Spain" title="Decline of Spain">Spain's decline</a> during the 17th century. However, very profitable trade continued between Spain's <a href="/wiki/Spanish_Empire" title="Spanish Empire">colonies</a>, which continued to expand until the early 19th century. </p><p>Meanwhile, in the Caribbean, the arrival of European diseases with Columbus had reduced the local <a href="/wiki/Indigenous_peoples_of_the_Americas" title="Indigenous peoples of the Americas">Native American</a> populations; the native population of New Spain fell as much as 90% from its original numbers in the 16th century.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This loss of native population led Spain to increasingly rely on African slave labor to run Spanish America's colonies, plantations and mines and the <a href="/wiki/Atlantic_slave_trade" title="Atlantic slave trade">trans-Atlantic slave trade</a> offered new sources of profit for the many English, Dutch and French traders who could violate the Spanish mercantilist laws with impunity. But the relative emptiness of the Caribbean also made it an inviting place for England, France and the Netherlands to set up colonies of their own, especially as gold and silver became less important as commodities to be seized and were replaced by tobacco and sugar as cash crops that could make men very rich. </p><p>As Spain's military might in Europe weakened, the Spanish trading laws in the New World were violated with greater frequency by the merchants of other nations. The Spanish port on the island of <a href="/wiki/Trinidad" title="Trinidad">Trinidad</a> off the northern coast of South America, permanently settled only in 1592, became a major point of contact between all the nations with a presence in the Caribbean. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Piracy_in_the_Caribbean&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Early_seventeenth_century,_1600–1660"><span id="Early_seventeenth_century.2C_1600.E2.80.931660"></span>Early seventeenth century, 1600–1660</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Piracy_in_the_Caribbean&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Early seventeenth century, 1600–1660"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1251242444"><table class="box-Unreferenced_section plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Unreferenced" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section <b>does not <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">cite</a> any <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">sources</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Piracy_in_the_Caribbean" title="Special:EditPage/Piracy in the Caribbean">improve this section</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a>. Unsourced material may be challenged and <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability#Burden_of_evidence" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">removed</a>.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">December 2007</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Changes_in_demography">Changes in demography</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Piracy_in_the_Caribbean&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Changes in demography"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In the early 17th century, expensive fortifications and the size of the colonial garrisons at the major Spanish ports increased to deal with the enlarged presence of Spain's competitors in the Caribbean, but the treasure fleet's silver shipments and the number of Spanish-owned merchant ships operating in the region declined. Additional problems came from shortage of food supplies because of the lack of people to work farms. The number of European-born Spaniards in the New World or Spaniards of pure blood who had been born in New Spain, known as peninsulares and <a href="/wiki/Creole_peoples" title="Creole peoples">creoles</a>, respectively, in the Spanish <a href="/wiki/Caste_system" class="mw-redirect" title="Caste system">caste system</a>, totaled no more than 250,000 people in 1600. </p><p>At the same time, England and France were powers on the rise in 17th-century Europe as they mastered their own internal religious schisms between <a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church" title="Catholic Church">Catholics</a> and <a href="/wiki/Protestants" class="mw-redirect" title="Protestants">Protestants</a> and the resulting societal peace allowed their economies to rapidly expand. England especially began to turn its people's maritime skills into the basis of commercial prosperity. English and French kings of the early 17th century—<a href="/wiki/James_I_of_England" class="mw-redirect" title="James I of England">James I</a> (r. 1603–1625) and <a href="/wiki/Henry_IV_of_France" title="Henry IV of France">Henry IV</a> (r. 1598–1610), respectively, each sought more peaceful relations with <a href="/wiki/Habsburg_Spain" title="Habsburg Spain">Habsburg Spain</a> in an attempt to decrease the financial costs of the ongoing wars. Although the onset of peace in 1604 reduced the opportunities for both piracy and privateering against Spain's colonies, neither monarch discouraged his nation from trying to plant new colonies in the New World and break the Spanish monopoly on the <a href="/wiki/Western_Hemisphere" title="Western Hemisphere">Western Hemisphere</a>. The reputed riches, pleasant climate and the general emptiness of the Americas all beckoned to those eager to make their fortunes and a large assortment of Frenchmen and Englishmen began new colonial ventures during the early 17th century, both in North America, which lay basically empty of European settlement north of Mexico, and in the Caribbean, where Spain remained the dominant power until late in the century. </p><p>As for the Dutch Netherlands, after decades of rebellion against Spain fueled by both Dutch nationalism and their staunch Protestantism, independence had been gained in all but name (and that too would eventually come with the <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Westphalia" class="mw-redirect" title="Treaty of Westphalia">Treaty of Westphalia</a> in 1648). The Netherlands had become Europe's economic powerhouse. With new, innovative ship designs like the <a href="/wiki/Fluyt" title="Fluyt">fluyt</a> (a cargo vessel able to be operated with a small crew and enter relatively inaccessible ports) rolling out of the ship yards in <a href="/wiki/Amsterdam" title="Amsterdam">Amsterdam</a> and <a href="/wiki/Rotterdam" title="Rotterdam">Rotterdam</a>, new capitalist economic arrangements like the joint-stock company taking root and the military reprieve provided by the Twelve Year Truce with the Spanish (1609–1621), Dutch commercial interests were expanding explosively across the globe, but particularly in the New World and East Asia. However, in the early 17th century, the most powerful Dutch companies, like the <a href="/wiki/Dutch_East_India_Company" title="Dutch East India Company">Dutch East India Company</a>, were most interested in developing operations in the <a href="/wiki/East_Indies" title="East Indies">East Indies</a> (<a href="/wiki/Indonesia" title="Indonesia">Indonesia</a>) and Japan, and left the West Indies to smaller, more independent Dutch operators. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading5"><h5 id="Spanish_ports">Spanish ports</h5><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Piracy_in_the_Caribbean&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Spanish ports"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1251242444"><table class="box-Unreferenced_section plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Unreferenced" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section <b>does not <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">cite</a> any <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">sources</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Piracy_in_the_Caribbean" title="Special:EditPage/Piracy in the Caribbean">improve this section</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a>. Unsourced material may be challenged and <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability#Burden_of_evidence" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">removed</a>.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">February 2015</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol 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.mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:none!important}}</style><table class="sidebar nomobile vcard plainlist"><tbody><tr><th class="sidebar-title"><div class="sidebar-pretitle" style="margin: -0.2em 0; font-size:69%; font-weight:normal;">Part of <a href="/wiki/Category:History_of_New_Spain" title="Category:History of New Spain">a series</a> on the</div></th> </tr><tr> <th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle" style=""><a href="/wiki/History_of_New_Spain" title="History of New Spain">History of <span class="fn org label">New Spain</span></a></th> </tr><tr><td style="padding-bottom: 0.4em; border-bottom: 1px solid #ccc;"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Flag_of_Cross_of_Burgundy.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Flag of Cross of Burgundy.svg"><img alt="Flag of Cross of Burgundy.svg" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Flag_of_Cross_of_Burgundy.svg/200px-Flag_of_Cross_of_Burgundy.svg.png" decoding="async" width="200" height="133" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Flag_of_Cross_of_Burgundy.svg/300px-Flag_of_Cross_of_Burgundy.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Flag_of_Cross_of_Burgundy.svg/400px-Flag_of_Cross_of_Burgundy.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_conquest_of_the_Aztec_Empire" title="Spanish conquest of the Aztec Empire">Spanish conquest of the Aztec Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_conquest_of_Guatemala" title="Spanish conquest of Guatemala">Spanish conquest of Guatemala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_conquest_of_Yucat%C3%A1n" title="Spanish conquest of Yucatán">Spanish conquest of Yucatán</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_conquest_of_Pet%C3%A9n" title="Spanish conquest of Petén">Spanish conquest of Petén</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_conquest_of_the_Maya" title="Spanish conquest of the Maya">Spanish conquest of the Maya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Columbian_exchange" title="Columbian exchange">Columbian exchange</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Philippines_(1565%E2%80%931898)" title="History of the Philippines (1565–1898)">History of the Philippines (1565–1898)</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Piracy in the Caribbean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_missions_in_the_Americas" title="Spanish missions in the Americas">Spanish missions in the Americas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Queen_Anne%27s_War" title="Queen Anne's War">Queen Anne's War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bourbon_Reforms" title="Bourbon Reforms">Bourbon Reforms</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish%E2%80%93Moro_conflict" title="Spanish–Moro conflict">Spanish–Moro conflict</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_American_wars_of_independence" title="Spanish American wars of independence">Spanish American wars of independence</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Casta" title="Casta">Casta</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mexican_War_of_Independence" title="Mexican War of Independence">Mexican War of Independence</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:History_of_the_New_Spain" title="Template:History of the New Spain"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:History_of_the_New_Spain" title="Template talk:History of the New Spain"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:History_of_the_New_Spain" title="Special:EditPage/Template:History of the New Spain"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>In the early 17th century, the Spanish colonies of <a href="/wiki/Cartagena,_Colombia" title="Cartagena, Colombia">Cartagena</a>, <a href="/wiki/Havana" title="Havana">Havana</a>, <a href="/wiki/Panam%C3%A1_Viejo" title="Panamá Viejo">Panamá Viejo</a>, <a href="/wiki/Portobelo,_Col%C3%B3n" title="Portobelo, Colón">Porto Bello</a>, <a href="/wiki/Santiago_de_Cuba" title="Santiago de Cuba">Santiago de Cuba</a>, <a href="/wiki/Santo_Domingo" title="Santo Domingo">Santo Domingo</a>, and <a href="/wiki/San_Juan,_Puerto_Rico" title="San Juan, Puerto Rico">San Juan</a> were among the most important settlements of the <a href="/wiki/Spanish_West_Indies" title="Spanish West Indies">Spanish West Indies</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Each possessed a large population and a self-sustaining economy, and was well-protected by Spanish defenders. These Spanish settlements were generally unwilling to deal with traders from the other European states because of the strict enforcement of Spain's mercantilist laws pursued by the large Spanish garrisons. In these cities European manufactured goods could command premium prices for sale to the colonists, while the trade goods of the New World—tobacco, cocoa and other <a href="/wiki/Raw_material" title="Raw material">raw materials</a>, were shipped back to Europe. </p><p>By 1600, Porto Bello had replaced <a href="/wiki/Nombre_de_Dios,_Col%C3%B3n" title="Nombre de Dios, Colón">Nombre de Dios</a> (where <a href="/wiki/Francis_Drake" title="Francis Drake">Sir Francis Drake</a> had first attacked a Spanish settlement) as the Isthmus of Panama's Caribbean port for the Spanish Silver Train and the annual treasure fleet. <a href="/wiki/Veracruz_(city)" title="Veracruz (city)">Veracruz</a>, the only port city open to trans-Atlantic trade in New Spain, continued to serve the vast interior of New Spain as its window on the Caribbean. By the 17th century, the majority of the towns along the Spanish Main and in Central America had become self-sustaining. The smaller towns of the Main grew tobacco and also welcomed foreign smugglers who avoided the Spanish mercantilist laws. The underpopulated inland regions of Hispaniola and Venezuela were another area where tobacco smugglers in particular were welcome to ply their trade. </p><p>The Spanish-ruled island of <a href="/wiki/Trinidad" title="Trinidad">Trinidad</a> was already a wide-open port open to the ships and seamen of every nation in the region at the start of the 17th century, and was a particular favorite for smugglers who dealt in tobacco and European manufactured goods. Local Caribbean smugglers sold their tobacco or sugar for decent prices and then bought manufactured goods from the trans-Atlantic traders in large quantities to be dispersed among the colonists of the West Indies and the Spanish Main who were eager for a little touch of home. The Spanish governor of Trinidad, who both lacked strong harbor fortifications and possessed only a laughably small garrison of Spanish troops, could do little but take lucrative bribes from English, French and Dutch smugglers and look the other way—or risk being overthrown and replaced by his own people with a more pliable administrator. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading5"><h5 id="Other_ports">Other ports</h5><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Piracy_in_the_Caribbean&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Other ports"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1251242444"><table class="box-More_citations_needed_section plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Refimprove" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section <b>needs additional citations for <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">verification</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Piracy_in_the_Caribbean" title="Special:EditPage/Piracy in the Caribbean">improve this article</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a> in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">February 2015</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>The English had established an early colony known as <a href="/wiki/Colony_of_Virginia" title="Colony of Virginia">Virginia</a> in 1607 and one on the island of <a href="/wiki/Barbados" title="Barbados">Barbados</a> in the West Indies in 1625, although this small settlement's people faced considerable dangers from the local <a href="/wiki/Island_Caribs" class="mw-redirect" title="Island Caribs">Carib</a> Indians (believed to be cannibals) for some time after its founding. The two early colonies needed regular imports from England, sometimes of food but primarily of woollen textiles. The main early exports back to England included sugar, tobacco, and tropical food. No large tobacco plantations or even truly organized defenses were established by the English on its Caribbean settlements at first and it would take time for England to realize just how valuable its possessions in the Caribbean could prove to be. Eventually, African slaves would be purchased through the <a href="/wiki/Atlantic_slave_trade" title="Atlantic slave trade">Atlantic slave trade</a>. They would work the colonies and fuel Europe's tobacco, rice and sugar supply; by 1698 England had the largest slave exports with the most efficiency in their labor in relation to any other European imperial power. Barbados, the first truly successful English colony in the <a href="/wiki/West_Indies" title="West Indies">West Indies</a>, grew fast as the 17th century wore on and by 1698 <a href="/wiki/Jamaica" title="Jamaica">Jamaica</a> would be England's biggest colony to employ slave labor.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Increasingly, English ships chose to use it as their primary home port in the Caribbean. Like <a href="/wiki/Trinidad" title="Trinidad">Trinidad</a>, merchants in the trans-Atlantic trade who based themselves on Barbados always paid good money for tobacco and sugar. Both of these commodities remained the key cash crops of this period and fueled the growth of the American Southern Colonies as well as their counterparts in the Caribbean. </p><p>After the destruction of <a href="/wiki/Fort_Caroline" title="Fort Caroline">Fort Caroline</a> by the Spanish, the French made no further colonization attempts in the Caribbean for several decades as France was convulsed by its own Catholic-Protestant religious divide during the late 16th century <a href="/wiki/French_Wars_of_Religion" title="French Wars of Religion">Wars of Religion</a>. However, old French privateering anchorages with small "tent camp" towns could be found during the early 17th century in the <a href="/wiki/Bahamas" class="mw-redirect" title="Bahamas">Bahamas</a>. These settlements provided little more than a place for ships and their crews to take on some fresh water and food and perhaps have a dalliance with the local <a href="/wiki/Camp_followers" class="mw-redirect" title="Camp followers">camp followers</a>, all of which would have been quite expensive. </p><p>From 1630 to 1654, Dutch merchants had a port in Brazil known as <a href="/wiki/Recife" title="Recife">Recife</a>. It was initially founded by the Portuguese in 1548.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Dutch had decided in 1630 to invade several sugar producing cities in Portuguese-controlled Brazil, including Salvador and Natal. From 1630 to 1654, they took control of Recife and <a href="/wiki/Olinda" title="Olinda">Olinda</a>, making Recife the new capital of the territory of <a href="/wiki/Dutch_Brazil" title="Dutch Brazil">Dutch Brazil</a>, renaming the city Mauritsstad. During this period, Mauritsstad became one of the most cosmopolitan cities of the world. Unlike the Portuguese, the Dutch did not prohibit Judaism. The first Jewish community and the first synagogue in the Americas – <a href="/wiki/Kahal_Zur_Israel_Synagogue" title="Kahal Zur Israel Synagogue">Kahal Zur Israel Synagogue</a> – was founded with the help of <a href="/wiki/Moses_Cohen_Henriques" title="Moses Cohen Henriques">Moses Cohen Henriques</a> in the city.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Portuguese inhabitants fought on their own to expel the Dutch in 1654, being helped by the involvement of the Dutch in the <a href="/wiki/First_Anglo-Dutch_War" title="First Anglo-Dutch War">First Anglo-Dutch War</a>. The Dutch fought for nine years, only surrendering when safe passage for the Jews was guaranteed by the Portuguese. This was known as the Insurreição Pernambucana (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Pernambucan_Insurrection&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Pernambucan Insurrection (page does not exist)">Pernambucan Insurrection</a>). Most of the Jews fled to Amsterdam; others fled to North America, starting the first Jewish community of <a href="/wiki/New_Amsterdam" title="New Amsterdam">New Amsterdam</a> (now known as <a href="/wiki/New_York_City" title="New York City">New York City</a>). The Dutch spent most of their time trading in smuggled goods with the smaller Spanish colonies. Trinidad was the unofficial home port for Dutch traders and privateers in the New World early in the 17th century before they established their own colonies in the region in the 1620s and 1630s. As usual, Trinidad's ineffective Spanish governor was helpless to stop the <a href="/wiki/Dutch_people" title="Dutch people">Dutch</a> from using his port and instead he usually accepted their lucrative bribes. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="European_struggle">European struggle</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Piracy_in_the_Caribbean&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: European struggle"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Decline_of_Spain" title="Decline of Spain">Decline of Spain</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1251242444"><table class="box-Unreferenced_section plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Unreferenced" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section <b>does not <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">cite</a> any <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">sources</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Piracy_in_the_Caribbean" title="Special:EditPage/Piracy in the Caribbean">improve this section</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a>. Unsourced material may be challenged and <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability#Burden_of_evidence" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">removed</a>.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">February 2015</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>The first third of the 17th century in the Caribbean was defined by the outbreak of the savage and destructive <a href="/wiki/Thirty_Years%27_War" title="Thirty Years' War">Thirty Years' War</a> in Europe (1618–1648), which represented both the culmination of the Protestant-Catholic conflict of the <a href="/wiki/Reformation" title="Reformation">Reformation</a> and the final showdown between <a href="/wiki/Habsburg" class="mw-redirect" title="Habsburg">Habsburg</a> Spain and <a href="/wiki/House_of_Bourbon" title="House of Bourbon">Bourbon</a> France. The war was mostly fought in Germany, where one-third to one-half of the population would eventually be lost to the strains of the conflict, but it had some effect in the New World as well. The Spanish presence in the Caribbean began to decline at a faster rate, becoming more dependent on African slave labor. The Spanish military presence in the New World also declined as <a href="/wiki/Madrid" title="Madrid">Madrid</a> shifted more of its resources to the Old World in the Habsburgs' apocalyptic fight with almost every Protestant state in Europe. This need for Spanish resources in Europe accelerated the decay of the Spanish Empire in the Americas. The settlements of the Spanish Main and the Spanish West Indies became financially weaker and were garrisoned with a much smaller number of troops as their home countries were more consumed with happenings back in Europe. The Spanish Empire's economy remained stagnant and the Spanish colonies' plantations, ranches and mines became totally dependent upon slave labor imported from West Africa. With Spain no longer able to maintain its military control effectively over the Caribbean, the other Western European states finally began to move in and set up permanent settlements of their own, ending the Spanish monopoly over the control of the New World. </p><p>Even as the Dutch Netherlands was forced to renew its struggle against Spain for independence as part of the Thirty Years' War (the entire rebellion against the Spanish Habsburgs was called the <a href="/wiki/Eighty_Years_War" class="mw-redirect" title="Eighty Years War">Eighty Years War</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Low_Countries" title="Low Countries">Low Countries</a>), the <a href="/wiki/Dutch_Republic" title="Dutch Republic">Dutch Republic</a> had become the world's leader in mercantile shipping and commercial capitalism, and Dutch companies finally turned their attention to the West Indies in the 17th century. The renewed war with Spain with the end of the truce offered many opportunities for the successful Dutch joint-stock companies to finance military expeditions against the Spanish Empire. The old English and French privateering anchorages from the 16th century in the Caribbean now swarmed anew with Dutch warships. </p><p>In England, a new round of colonial ventures in the New World was fueled by declining economic opportunities at home and growing religious intolerance for more radical Protestants (like the <a href="/wiki/Puritans" title="Puritans">Puritans</a>) who rejected the compromise Protestant theology of the established <a href="/wiki/Church_of_England" title="Church of England">Church of England</a>. After the demise of the <a href="/wiki/Saint_Lucia" title="Saint Lucia">Saint Lucia</a> and <a href="/wiki/Grenada" title="Grenada">Grenada</a> colonies soon after their establishment, and the near-extinction of the English settlement of <a href="/wiki/Jamestown,_Virginia" title="Jamestown, Virginia">Jamestown</a> in <a href="/wiki/Virginia" title="Virginia">Virginia</a>, new and stronger colonies were established by the English in the first half of the 17th century, at <a href="/wiki/Plymouth,_Massachusetts" title="Plymouth, Massachusetts">Plymouth</a>, <a href="/wiki/Boston" title="Boston">Boston</a>, <a href="/wiki/Barbados" title="Barbados">Barbados</a>, the West Indian islands of <a href="/wiki/Saint_Kitts" title="Saint Kitts">Saint Kitts</a> and <a href="/wiki/Nevis" title="Nevis">Nevis</a> and <a href="/wiki/Providence_Island_colony" title="Providence Island colony">Providence Island</a>. These colonies would all persevere to become centers of English civilization in the New World. </p><p>For France, now ruled by the Bourbon King <a href="/wiki/Louis_XIII" title="Louis XIII">Louis XIII</a> (r. 1610–1642) and his able minister <a href="/wiki/Cardinal_Richelieu" title="Cardinal Richelieu">Cardinal Richelieu</a>, religious civil war had been reignited between French Catholics and Protestants (called Huguenots). Throughout the 1620s, <a href="/wiki/Huguenots" title="Huguenots">Huguenots</a> fled France and founded colonies in the New World much like their English counterparts. Then, in 1636, to decrease the power of the Habsburg dynasty who ruled Spain and the Holy Roman Empire on France's eastern border, France entered the cataclysm in Germany—on the Protestants' side. The <a href="/wiki/Franco-Spanish_War_(1635%E2%80%931659)" title="Franco-Spanish War (1635–1659)">Franco-Spanish War</a> continued until the 1659 <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_the_Pyrenees" title="Treaty of the Pyrenees">Treaty of the Pyrenees</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading5"><h5 id="Colonial_disputes">Colonial disputes</h5><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Piracy_in_the_Caribbean&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Colonial disputes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1251242444"><table class="box-Unreferenced_section plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Unreferenced" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section <b>does not <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">cite</a> any <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">sources</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Piracy_in_the_Caribbean" title="Special:EditPage/Piracy in the Caribbean">improve this section</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a>. Unsourced material may be challenged and <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability#Burden_of_evidence" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">removed</a>.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">February 2015</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Political_Evolution_of_Central_America_and_the_Caribbean_1700_na.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Political_Evolution_of_Central_America_and_the_Caribbean_1700_na.png/250px-Political_Evolution_of_Central_America_and_the_Caribbean_1700_na.png" decoding="async" width="250" height="188" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Political_Evolution_of_Central_America_and_the_Caribbean_1700_na.png/375px-Political_Evolution_of_Central_America_and_the_Caribbean_1700_na.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Political_Evolution_of_Central_America_and_the_Caribbean_1700_na.png/500px-Political_Evolution_of_Central_America_and_the_Caribbean_1700_na.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="750" /></a><figcaption>Central America and Caribbean sovereignty in 1700</figcaption></figure> <p>Many of the cities on the Spanish Main in the first third of the 17th century were self-sustaining but few had yet achieved any prosperity. The more backward settlements in Jamaica and Hispaniola were primarily places for ships to take on food and fresh water. Spanish Trinidad remained a popular smuggling port where European goods were plentiful and fairly cheap, and good prices were paid by its European merchants for tobacco. </p><p>The English colonies on Saint Kitts and Nevis, founded in 1623, would prove to become wealthy sugar-growing settlements in time. Another new English venture, the <a href="/wiki/Providence_Island_colony" title="Providence Island colony">Providence Island colony</a> on what is now <a href="/wiki/Providencia_Island" class="mw-redirect" title="Providencia Island">Providencia Island</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Mosquito_Coast" title="Mosquito Coast">Mosquito Coast</a> of <a href="/wiki/Nicaragua" title="Nicaragua">Nicaragua</a>, deep in the heart of the Spanish Empire, had become the premier base for English privateers and other pirates raiding the Spanish Main. </p><p>On the shared Anglo-French island of Saint Christophe (called "Saint Kitts" by the English) the French had the upper hand. The French settlers on Saint Christophe were mostly Catholics, while the unsanctioned but growing French colonial presence in northwest Hispaniola (the future nation of <a href="/wiki/Haiti" title="Haiti">Haiti</a>) was largely made up of French Protestants who had settled there without Spain's permission to escape Catholic persecution back home. France cared little what happened to the troublesome Huguenots, but the colonization of western Hispaniola allowed the French to both rid themselves of their religious minority and strike a blow against Spain—an excellent bargain, from the French Crown's point of view. The ambitious Huguenots had also claimed the island of <a href="/wiki/Tortuga_(Haiti)" title="Tortuga (Haiti)">Tortuga</a> off the northwest coast of Hispaniola and had established the settlement of Petit-Goâve on the island itself. Tortuga in particular was to become a pirate and privateer haven and was beloved of smugglers of all nationalities—after all, even the creation of the settlement had been illegal. </p><p>Dutch colonies in the Caribbean remained rare until the second third of the 17th century. Along with the traditional privateering anchorages in the Bahamas and Florida, the <a href="/wiki/Dutch_West_India_Company" title="Dutch West India Company">Dutch West India Company</a> settled a "factory" (commercial town) at <a href="/wiki/New_Amsterdam" title="New Amsterdam">New Amsterdam</a> on the North American mainland in 1626 and at <a href="/wiki/Cura%C3%A7ao" title="Curaçao">Curaçao</a> in 1634, an island positioned right in the center of the Caribbean off the northern coast of <a href="/wiki/Venezuela" title="Venezuela">Venezuela</a> that was perfectly positioned to become a major maritime crossroads. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Seventeenth_century_crisis_and_colonial_repercussions">Seventeenth century crisis and colonial repercussions</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Piracy_in_the_Caribbean&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Seventeenth century crisis and colonial repercussions"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1251242444"><table class="box-Unreferenced_section plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Unreferenced" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section <b>does not <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">cite</a> any <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">sources</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Piracy_in_the_Caribbean" title="Special:EditPage/Piracy in the Caribbean">improve this section</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a>. Unsourced material may be challenged and <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability#Burden_of_evidence" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">removed</a>.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">February 2015</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Prise_et_pillage_de_Carthagene_d%27Amerique_en_1697_par_Pointis.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Prise_et_pillage_de_Carthagene_d%27Amerique_en_1697_par_Pointis.jpg/200px-Prise_et_pillage_de_Carthagene_d%27Amerique_en_1697_par_Pointis.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="257" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Prise_et_pillage_de_Carthagene_d%27Amerique_en_1697_par_Pointis.jpg/300px-Prise_et_pillage_de_Carthagene_d%27Amerique_en_1697_par_Pointis.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Prise_et_pillage_de_Carthagene_d%27Amerique_en_1697_par_Pointis.jpg/400px-Prise_et_pillage_de_Carthagene_d%27Amerique_en_1697_par_Pointis.jpg 2x" data-file-width="559" data-file-height="719" /></a><figcaption>The French <a href="/wiki/Raid_on_Cartagena_(1697)" class="mw-redirect" title="Raid on Cartagena (1697)">raid on Cartagena</a> took place on 6 May 1697, as part of the <a href="/wiki/Nine_Years%27_War" title="Nine Years' War">War of the Grand Alliance</a></figcaption></figure> <p>The mid-17th century in the Caribbean was again shaped by events in far-off Europe. For the Dutch Netherlands, France, Spain and the <a href="/wiki/Holy_Roman_Empire" title="Holy Roman Empire">Holy Roman Empire</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Thirty_Years%27_War" title="Thirty Years' War">Thirty Years' War</a> being fought in Germany, the last great religious war in Europe, had degenerated into an outbreak of <a href="/wiki/Famine" title="Famine">famine</a>, <a href="/wiki/Plague_(disease)" title="Plague (disease)">plague</a> and starvation that managed to kill off one-third to one-half of the population of Germany. England, having avoided any entanglement in the European mainland's wars, had fallen victim to its own ruinous <a href="/wiki/English_Civil_War" title="English Civil War">civil war</a> that resulted in the short but brutal <a href="/wiki/Puritan" class="mw-redirect" title="Puritan">Puritan</a> military dictatorship (1649–1660) of the Lord Protector <a href="/wiki/Oliver_Cromwell" title="Oliver Cromwell">Oliver Cromwell</a> and his <a href="/wiki/Roundhead" title="Roundhead">Roundhead</a> armies. Of all the European Great Powers, Spain was in the worst shape economically and militarily as the Thirty Years' War concluded in 1648. Economic conditions had become so poor for the Spanish by the middle of the 17th century that a major rebellion began against the bankrupt and ineffective <a href="/wiki/Habsburg" class="mw-redirect" title="Habsburg">Habsburg</a> government of <a href="/wiki/Philip_IV_of_Spain" title="Philip IV of Spain">King Philip IV</a> (r. 1625–1665) that was eventually put down only with bloody reprisals by the Spanish Crown. This did not make Philip IV more popular. </p><p>But disasters in the Old World bred opportunities in the New World. The <a href="/wiki/Spanish_Empire" title="Spanish Empire">Spanish Empire</a>'s colonies were badly neglected from the middle of the 17th century because of Spain's many woes. Freebooters and privateers, experienced after decades of European warfare, pillaged and plundered the almost defenseless Spanish settlements with ease and with little interference from the European governments back home who were too worried about their own problems to turn much attention to their New World colonies. The non-Spanish colonies were growing and expanding across the Caribbean, fueled by a great increase in immigration as people fled from the chaos and lack of economic opportunity in Europe. While most of these new immigrants settled into the West Indies' expanding plantation economy, others took to the life of the buccaneer. Meanwhile, the Dutch, at last independent of Spain when the 1648 Treaty of Westphalia ended their own <a href="/wiki/Eighty_Years_War" class="mw-redirect" title="Eighty Years War">Eighty Years War</a> (1568–1648) with the Habsburgs, made a fortune carrying the European trade goods needed by these new colonies. Peaceful trading was not as profitable as privateering, but it was a safer business. </p><p>By the later half of the 17th century, <a href="/wiki/Barbados" title="Barbados">Barbados</a> had become the unofficial capital of the English West Indies before this position was claimed by <a href="/wiki/Jamaica" title="Jamaica">Jamaica</a> later in the century. Barbados was a merchant's dream port in this period. European goods were freely available, the island's sugar crop sold for premium prices, and the island's English governor rarely sought to enforce any type of mercantilist regulations. The English colonies at Saint Kitts and Nevis were economically strong and now well-populated as the demand for sugar in Europe increasingly drove their plantation-based economies. The English had also expanded their dominion in the Caribbean and settled several new islands, including <a href="/wiki/Bermuda" title="Bermuda">Bermuda</a> in 1612, <a href="/wiki/Antigua" title="Antigua">Antigua</a> and <a href="/wiki/Montserrat" title="Montserrat">Montserrat</a> in 1632, and <a href="/wiki/Eleuthera" title="Eleuthera">Eleuthera</a> in the Bahamas in 1648, though these settlements began like all the others as relatively tiny communities that were not economically self-sufficient. </p><p>The French also founded major new colonies on the sugar-growing islands of <a href="/wiki/Guadeloupe" title="Guadeloupe">Guadeloupe</a> in 1634 and <a href="/wiki/Martinique" title="Martinique">Martinique</a> in 1635 in the Lesser Antilles. However, the heart of French activity in the Caribbean in the 17th century remained <a href="/wiki/Tortuga_(Haiti)" title="Tortuga (Haiti)">Tortuga</a>, the fortified island haven off the coast of Hispaniola for privateers, buccaneers and outright pirates. The main French colony on the rest of Hispaniola remained the settlement of Petit-Goâve, which was the French toehold that would develop into the modern state of <a href="/wiki/Haiti" title="Haiti">Haiti</a>. French privateers still used the tent city anchorages in the Florida Keys to plunder the Spaniards' shipping in the <a href="/wiki/Straits_of_Florida" title="Straits of Florida">Straits of Florida</a>, as well as to raid the shipping that plied the sealanes off the northern coast of <a href="/wiki/Cuba" title="Cuba">Cuba</a>. </p><p>For the Dutch in the 17th century, the Caribbean island of <a href="/wiki/Cura%C3%A7ao" title="Curaçao">Curaçao</a> was the equivalent of England's port at Barbados. This large, rich, well-defended free port, open to the ships of all the European states, offered good prices for tobacco, sugar and cocoa that were re-exported to Europe and also sold large quantities of manufactured goods in return to the colonists of every nation in the New World. A second Dutch-controlled free port had also developed on the island of <a href="/wiki/Sint_Eustatius" title="Sint Eustatius">Sint Eustatius</a> which was settled in 1636. The constant back-and-forth warfare between the Dutch and the English for possession of it in the 1660s later damaged the island's economy and desirability as a port. The Dutch also had set up a settlement on the island of <a href="/wiki/Saint_Martin_(island)" title="Saint Martin (island)">Saint Martin</a> which became another haven for Dutch sugar planters and their African slave labor. In 1648, the Dutch agreed to divide the prosperous island in half with the French. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Golden_Age_of_Piracy,_1660–1726"><span id="Golden_Age_of_Piracy.2C_1660.E2.80.931726"></span>Golden Age of Piracy, 1660–1726</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Piracy_in_the_Caribbean&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Golden Age of Piracy, 1660–1726"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1251242444"><table class="box-More_citations_needed_section plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Refimprove" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section <b>needs additional citations for <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">verification</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Piracy_in_the_Caribbean" title="Special:EditPage/Piracy in the Caribbean">improve this article</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a> in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">February 2015</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table><figure class="mw-halign-center" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Haunts_of_The_Brethren_of_the_Coast_(map).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Haunts_of_The_Brethren_of_the_Coast_%28map%29.jpg/700px-Haunts_of_The_Brethren_of_the_Coast_%28map%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="700" height="440" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Haunts_of_The_Brethren_of_the_Coast_%28map%29.jpg/1050px-Haunts_of_The_Brethren_of_the_Coast_%28map%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Haunts_of_The_Brethren_of_the_Coast_%28map%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1273" data-file-height="800" /></a><figcaption>"Haunts of the 'Brethren of the Coast'", a map of the time reproduced in "Buccaneers and Pirates of Our Coasts" (1897)</figcaption></figure> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Golden_Age_of_Piracy" title="Golden Age of Piracy">Golden Age of Piracy</a></div> <p>The late 17th and early 18th centuries (particularly between the years 1706 to 1726) are often considered the "Golden Age of Piracy" in the Caribbean, and pirate ports experienced rapid growth in the areas in and surrounding the Atlantic and Indian Oceans. Furthermore, during this time period there were approximately 2400 men that were currently active pirates.<sup id="cite_ref-Max_2009_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Max_2009-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The military power of the Spanish Empire in the New World started to decline when King <a href="/wiki/Philip_IV_of_Spain" title="Philip IV of Spain">Philip IV of Spain</a> was succeeded by King <a href="/wiki/Charles_II_of_Spain" title="Charles II of Spain">Charles II</a> (r. 1665–1700), who in 1665 became the last <a href="/wiki/Habsburg" class="mw-redirect" title="Habsburg">Habsburg</a> king of Spain at the age of four. While Spanish America in the late 17th century had little military protection as Spain entered a phase of <a href="/wiki/Decline_of_Spain" title="Decline of Spain">decline as a great power</a>, it also suffered less from the Spanish Crown's mercantilist policies with its economy. This lack of interference, combined with a surge in output from the silver mines due to increased availability of slave labor (the demand for sugar increased the number of slaves brought to the Caribbean) began a resurgence in the fortunes of Spanish America. </p><p>England, France and the Dutch Netherlands had all become <a href="/wiki/New_World" title="New World">New World</a> colonial powerhouses in their own right by 1660. Worried by the <a href="/wiki/Dutch_Republic" title="Dutch Republic">Dutch Republic</a>'s intense commercial success since the signing of the <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Westphalia" class="mw-redirect" title="Treaty of Westphalia">Treaty of Westphalia</a>, England launched a trade war with the Dutch. The <a href="/wiki/English_Parliament" class="mw-redirect" title="English Parliament">English Parliament</a> passed the first of its own mercantilist <a href="/wiki/Navigation_Acts" title="Navigation Acts">Navigation Acts</a> (1651) and the Staple Act (1663) that required that English colonial goods be carried only in English ships and legislated limits on trade between the English colonies and foreigners. These laws were aimed at ruining the Dutch merchants whose livelihoods depended on free trade. This trade war would lead to three outright <a href="/wiki/Anglo-Dutch_Wars" title="Anglo-Dutch Wars">Anglo-Dutch Wars</a> over the course of the next twenty-five years. Meanwhile, <a href="/wiki/King_Louis_XIV" class="mw-redirect" title="King Louis XIV">King Louis XIV</a> of France (r. 1642–1715) had finally assumed his majority with the death of his regent mother Queen Anne of Austria's chief minister, Cardinal Mazarin, in 1661. The "Sun King's" aggressive foreign policy was aimed at expanding France's eastern border with the <a href="/wiki/Holy_Roman_Empire" title="Holy Roman Empire">Holy Roman Empire</a> and led to constant warfare (<a href="/wiki/Franco-Dutch_War" title="Franco-Dutch War">Franco-Dutch War</a> and <a href="/wiki/Nine_Years%27_War" title="Nine Years' War">Nine Years' War</a>) against shifting alliances that included England, the Dutch Republic, the various German states and Spain. In short, Europe was consumed in the final decades of the 17th century by nearly constant dynastic intrigue and warfare—an opportune time for pirates and <a href="/wiki/Privateer" title="Privateer">privateers</a> to engage in their bloody trade. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Francoislollonais.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/55/Francoislollonais.JPG/170px-Francoislollonais.JPG" decoding="async" width="170" height="224" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/55/Francoislollonais.JPG/255px-Francoislollonais.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/55/Francoislollonais.JPG/340px-Francoislollonais.JPG 2x" data-file-width="1965" data-file-height="2586" /></a><figcaption>French pirate <a href="/wiki/Fran%C3%A7ois_l%27Olonnais" title="François l'Olonnais">François l'Olonnais</a> was nicknamed <i>Flail of the Spaniards</i> and had a reputation for brutality – offering no quarter to Spanish prisoners.</figcaption></figure> <p>In the Caribbean, this political environment created many new threats for colonial governors. The sugar island of <a href="/wiki/Sint_Eustatius" title="Sint Eustatius">Sint Eustatius</a> changed ownership ten times between 1664 and 1674 as the English and Dutch dueled for supremacy there. Consumed with the various wars in Europe, the mother countries provided few military reinforcements to their colonies, so the governors of the Caribbean increasingly made use of <a href="/wiki/Buccaneer" title="Buccaneer">buccaneers</a> as mercenaries and privateers to protect their territories or carry the fight to their country's enemies. Perhaps unsurprisingly, these undisciplined and greedy dogs of war often proved difficult for their sponsors to control. </p><p>By the late 17th century, the great Spanish towns of the Caribbean had begun to prosper and Spain also began to make a slow, fitful recovery, but remained poorly defended militarily because of Spain's problems and so were sometimes easy prey for pirates and privateers. The English presence continued to expand in the Caribbean as England itself was rising toward great power status in Europe. Captured from Spain in 1655, the island of <a href="/wiki/Jamaica" title="Jamaica">Jamaica</a> had been taken over by England and its chief settlement of <a href="/wiki/Port_Royal" title="Port Royal">Port Royal</a> had become a new English buccaneer haven in the midst of the Spanish Empire. Jamaica was slowly transformed, along with <a href="/wiki/Saint_Kitts" title="Saint Kitts">Saint Kitts</a>, into the heart of the English presence in the Caribbean. At the same time the French <a href="/wiki/Lesser_Antilles" title="Lesser Antilles">Lesser Antilles</a> colonies of <a href="/wiki/Guadeloupe" title="Guadeloupe">Guadeloupe</a> and <a href="/wiki/Martinique" title="Martinique">Martinique</a> remained the main centers of French power in the Caribbean, as well as among the richest French possessions because of their increasingly profitable sugar plantations. The French also maintained privateering strongholds around western <a href="/wiki/Hispaniola" title="Hispaniola">Hispaniola</a>, at their traditional pirate port of <a href="/wiki/Tortuga_(Haiti)" title="Tortuga (Haiti)">Tortuga</a>, and their Hispaniolan capital of <a href="/wiki/Petit-Go%C3%A2ve" title="Petit-Goâve">Petit-Goâve</a>. The French further expanded their settlements on the western half of Hispaniola and founded <a href="/wiki/L%C3%A9og%C3%A2ne" title="Léogâne">Léogâne</a> and <a href="/wiki/Port-de-Paix" title="Port-de-Paix">Port-de-Paix</a>, even as sugar plantations became the primary industry for the French colonies of the Caribbean. </p><p>At the start of the 18th century, Europe remained riven by warfare and constant diplomatic intrigue. France was still the dominant power but now had to contend with a new rival, England (<a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Great_Britain" title="Kingdom of Great Britain">Great Britain</a> after 1707) which emerged as a great power at sea and land during the <a href="/wiki/War_of_the_Spanish_Succession" title="War of the Spanish Succession">War of the Spanish Succession</a>. But the depredations of the pirates and buccaneers in the Americas in the latter half of the 17th century and of similar mercenaries in Germany during the <a href="/wiki/Thirty_Years%27_War" title="Thirty Years' War">Thirty Years' War</a> had taught the rulers and military leaders of Europe that those who fought for profit rather than for King and Country could often ruin the local economy of the region they plundered, in this case the entire Caribbean. At the same time, the constant warfare had led the Great Powers to develop larger standing armies and bigger navies to meet the demands of global colonial warfare. By 1700, the European states had enough troops and ships at their disposal to begin better protecting the important colonies in the <a href="/wiki/West_Indies" title="West Indies">West Indies</a> and in the Americas without relying on the aid of privateers. This spelled the doom of privateering and the easy (and nicely legal) life it provided for the buccaneer. Although Spain remained a weak power for the rest of the colonial period, pirates in large numbers generally disappeared after 1730, chased from the seas by a new British <a href="/wiki/Royal_Navy" title="Royal Navy">Royal Navy</a> squadron based at <a href="/wiki/Port_Royal" title="Port Royal">Port Royal</a>, Jamaica and a smaller group of Spanish privateers sailing from the Spanish Main known as the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Costa_Garda&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Costa Garda (page does not exist)">Costa Garda</a> (Coast Guard in English). With regular military forces now on-station in the West Indies, <a href="/wiki/Letter_of_marque" title="Letter of marque">letters of marque</a> were harder and harder to obtain. </p><p>Economically, the late 17th century and the early 18th century was a time of growing wealth and trade for all the nations who controlled territory in the Caribbean. Although some piracy would always remain until the mid-18th century, the path to wealth in the Caribbean in the future lay through peaceful trade, the growing of tobacco, rice and sugar and smuggling to avoid the British Navigation Acts and Spanish mercantilist laws. By the 18th century the <a href="/wiki/Bahamas" class="mw-redirect" title="Bahamas">Bahamas</a> had become the new colonial frontier for the British. The <a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Pirates" title="Republic of Pirates">Republic of Pirates</a> at the port of Nassau became one of the last pirate havens. A small British colony had even sprung up in former Spanish territory at <a href="/wiki/Belize" title="Belize">Belize</a> in Honduras that had been <a href="/wiki/English_settling_of_Belize" class="mw-redirect" title="English settling of Belize">founded by an English pirate in 1638</a>. The French colonial empire in the Caribbean had not grown substantially by the start of the 18th century. The sugar islands of Guadaloupe and Martinique remained the twin economic capitals of the French Lesser Antilles, and were now equal in population and prosperity to the largest of the English's Caribbean colonies. Tortuga had begun to decline in importance, but France's Hispaniolan settlements were becoming major importers of African slaves as French sugar plantations spread across the western coast of that island, forming the nucleus of the modern nation of <a href="/wiki/Haiti" title="Haiti">Haiti</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="End_of_an_era">End of an era</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Piracy_in_the_Caribbean&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: End of an era"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1251242444"><table class="box-Unreferenced_section plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Unreferenced" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section <b>does not <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">cite</a> any <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">sources</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Piracy_in_the_Caribbean" title="Special:EditPage/Piracy in the Caribbean">improve this section</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a>. Unsourced material may be challenged and <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability#Burden_of_evidence" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">removed</a>.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">December 2007</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>The decline of piracy in the Caribbean paralleled the decline of the use of <a href="/wiki/Mercenary" title="Mercenary">mercenaries</a> and the rise of national armies in Europe. Following the end of the <a href="/wiki/Thirty_Years%27_War" title="Thirty Years' War">Thirty Years' War</a> the direct power of the state in Europe expanded. Armies were systematized and brought under direct state control; the Western European states' navies were expanded and their mission was extended to cover combating piracy. The elimination of piracy from European waters expanded to the Caribbean beginning as early as 1600 with the expansion of standing Royal Naval vessels in the Caribbean, numbering 124 by 1718. Other colonial powers soon followed suit and by the beginning of the nineteenth century, France, Spain, and the United States had all stationed ships in the Caribbean.<sup id="cite_ref-renamed_from_20699624_on_20150613113142_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-renamed_from_20699624_on_20150613113142-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Several European governments passed measures to attempt to combat piracy; in 1717, the <a href="/wiki/Parliament_of_Great_Britain" title="Parliament of Great Britain">Parliament of Great Britain</a> passed the <a href="/wiki/Transportation_Act_1717" class="mw-redirect" title="Transportation Act 1717">1717 Transportation Act</a>, which established a regulated, <a href="/wiki/Surety_bond" class="mw-redirect" title="Surety bond">bonded</a> system to <a href="/wiki/Penal_transportation" title="Penal transportation">transport criminals</a> to <a href="/wiki/British_North_America" title="British North America">Britain's colonies in North America</a> as <a href="/wiki/Indentured_servitude" title="Indentured servitude">indentured servants</a> as a punishment for those convicted or <a href="/wiki/Attainted" class="mw-redirect" title="Attainted">attainted</a> in <a href="/wiki/England_and_Wales" title="England and Wales">England and Wales</a>. Section seven of the act specifically concerned the suppression of piracy, affirming capital punishment for being found guilty for the crime of being a pirate. This act was in line with wider European policies regarding the suppression of piracy.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Despite the increasing crackdowns against Caribbean pirates, piracy in the region saw a brief resurgence between the end of the <a href="/wiki/War_of_the_Spanish_Succession" title="War of the Spanish Succession">War of the Spanish Succession</a> in 1713 and around 1720, as many unemployed seafarers took to piracy as a way to make ends meet when a surplus of sailors after the war led to a decline in wages and working conditions. At the same time, one of the terms of the <a href="/wiki/Peace_of_Utrecht" title="Peace of Utrecht">Treaty of Utrecht</a> that ended the war gave to Great Britain's <a href="/wiki/South_Sea_Company" title="South Sea Company">South Sea Company</a> a thirty-year <a href="/wiki/Asiento_de_Negros" title="Asiento de Negros">asiento</a>, or contract, to furnish African slaves to the Spanish colonies, providing British merchants and smugglers potential inroads into the traditionally closed Spanish markets in America and leading to an economic revival for the whole region. This revived Caribbean trade provided rich new pickings for a new wave of piracy. Also contributing to the increase of Caribbean piracy at this time was Spain's breakup of the British logwood settlement at <a href="/wiki/Campeche" title="Campeche">Campeche</a> and the attractions of a freshly sunken <a href="/wiki/Spanish_treasure_fleet" title="Spanish treasure fleet">Spanish treasure fleet</a> carrying <a href="/wiki/Silver" title="Silver">silver</a> off the southern Bahamas in 1715.<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (April 2022)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>This last large resurgence of piracy saw a change in attitude of European colonial powers towards pirates. It had once been seen as a somewhat minor offense, only punishable if suspects and evidence were taken back to Europe for formal proceedings. Now, the British Parliament set the system of courts of Vice-Admiralty, appointing seven commissioners in the colonies to carry out the legal proceedings. These commissioners were chosen from naval and colonial officers who already contained a certain amount of bias towards the local pirates, instead of civilian judges. Pirates were given no representation in the new courts and were, therefore, often sentenced to hang. Between 1716 and 1726 approximately 400 to 600 pirates were executed.<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Another major attitude change was the policy that if one's ship was attacked by pirates, then one must fight back and attempt to resist to the capture of their ship lest they receive six months imprisonment.<sup id="cite_ref-renamed_from_20699624_on_20150613113142_20-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-renamed_from_20699624_on_20150613113142-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>With royal attitudes growing so harsh towards the pirates in the Caribbean, many fled to areas of the world where piracy may still be a profitable trade. Black Bart, Bartholomew Roberts, perhaps the most successful pirate that had sailed in the Caribbean, eventually returned to Africa in 1722.<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Other, less successful pirates from the golden age in the Caribbean attempted to flee North to the Americas. Stede Bonnet, an accomplice of Blackbeard, supposedly began to plunder ships along the Atlantic Coast, but was captured along the South Carolina coast in 1718.<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Anonymous_portrait_of_Jean_Lafitte,_early_19th_century,_Rosenberg_Library,_Galveston,_Texas.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6a/Anonymous_portrait_of_Jean_Lafitte%2C_early_19th_century%2C_Rosenberg_Library%2C_Galveston%2C_Texas.JPG/170px-Anonymous_portrait_of_Jean_Lafitte%2C_early_19th_century%2C_Rosenberg_Library%2C_Galveston%2C_Texas.JPG" decoding="async" width="170" height="218" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6a/Anonymous_portrait_of_Jean_Lafitte%2C_early_19th_century%2C_Rosenberg_Library%2C_Galveston%2C_Texas.JPG/255px-Anonymous_portrait_of_Jean_Lafitte%2C_early_19th_century%2C_Rosenberg_Library%2C_Galveston%2C_Texas.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6a/Anonymous_portrait_of_Jean_Lafitte%2C_early_19th_century%2C_Rosenberg_Library%2C_Galveston%2C_Texas.JPG/340px-Anonymous_portrait_of_Jean_Lafitte%2C_early_19th_century%2C_Rosenberg_Library%2C_Galveston%2C_Texas.JPG 2x" data-file-width="588" data-file-height="753" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Jean_Lafitte" title="Jean Lafitte">Jean Lafitte</a>, New Orleans' legendary pirate</figcaption></figure> <p>This early 18th century resurgence of piracy lasted only until the presence of European navies and <a href="/wiki/Coast_guard" title="Coast guard">coast guards</a> in the Caribbean were enlarged to deal with the threat. Also crucial to the end of this era of piracy was the loss of the pirates' last <a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Pirates" title="Republic of Pirates">Caribbean safe haven</a> at <a href="/wiki/Nassau,_Bahamas" class="mw-redirect" title="Nassau, Bahamas">Nassau</a>. The famous pirates of the early 18th century were a completely illegal remnant of a golden buccaneering age, and their choices were limited to quick retirement or eventual capture. Contrast this with the earlier example of Welshman <a href="/wiki/Henry_Morgan" title="Henry Morgan">Henry Morgan</a>, who for his privateering efforts was knighted by the <a href="/wiki/The_Crown" title="The Crown">English Crown</a> and appointed the <a href="/wiki/List_of_governors_of_Jamaica" title="List of governors of Jamaica">lieutenant-governor of Jamaica</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Max_2009_19-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Max_2009-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In the early 19th century, piracy along the East and Gulf Coasts of North America as well as in the Caribbean increased again. <a href="/wiki/Jean_Lafitte" title="Jean Lafitte">Jean Lafitte</a> was a pirate/privateer operating in the Caribbean and in American waters from his havens in Texas and Louisiana during the 1810s. But the records of the US Navy indicate that hundreds of pirate attacks occurred in American and Caribbean waters between the years of 1820 and 1835. The <a href="/wiki/Latin_American_Wars_of_Independence" class="mw-redirect" title="Latin American Wars of Independence">Latin American Wars of Independence</a> led to widespread use of privateers both by Spain and by the revolutionary governments of Mexico, Colombia, and other newly independent Latin American countries. These privateers were rarely scrupulous about adhering to the terms of their letters of marque even during the Wars of Independence, and continued to plague the Caribbean as outright pirates long after those conflicts ended. </p><p>About the time of the <a href="/wiki/Mexican%E2%80%93American_War" title="Mexican–American War">Mexican–American War</a> in 1846, the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Navy" title="United States Navy">United States Navy</a> had grown strong and numerous enough to eliminate the pirate threat in the West Indies. By the 1830s, ships had begun to convert to steam propulsion, so the <a href="/wiki/Age_of_Sail" title="Age of Sail">Age of Sail</a> and the classical idea of pirates in the Caribbean ended. Privateering, similar to piracy, continued as an asset in war for a few more decades and proved to be of some importance during the naval campaigns of the <a href="/wiki/American_Civil_War" title="American Civil War">American Civil War</a>. </p><p>Privateering would remain a tool of European states, and even of the newborn United States, until the mid-19th century's <a href="/wiki/Declaration_of_Paris" class="mw-redirect" title="Declaration of Paris">Declaration of Paris</a>. But <a href="/wiki/Letters_of_marque" class="mw-redirect" title="Letters of marque">letters of marque</a> were given out much more sparingly by governments and were terminated as soon as conflicts ended. The idea of "no peace beyond the Line" was a relic that had no meaning by the more settled late 18th and early 19th centuries. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Rules_of_piracy">Rules of piracy</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Piracy_in_the_Caribbean&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Rules of piracy"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Pirate_code" title="Pirate code">Pirate code</a> and <a href="/wiki/No_prey,_no_pay" class="mw-redirect" title="No prey, no pay">No prey, no pay</a></div> <p>Aboard a pirate vessel things were fairly democratic and there were "codes of conduct" that reflect modern laws.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (June 2023)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> Some of these rules consisted of a dress code, no women,<sup id="cite_ref-Caribbean_2009_28-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Caribbean_2009-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and some ships had no smoking. The rules, the punishment for breaking them, and even the staying arrangements would be decided among everyone going on the ship before departure, which was a very abstract process compared to the strict rules and procedures onboard European warships and merchantmen. In further contrast to <a href="/wiki/European_colonization_of_the_Americas" title="European colonization of the Americas">European colonial society in the Americas</a>, on board a pirate vessel racial divisions were usually unknown and in some instances pirates of African descent served as ships' Captains.<sup id="cite_ref-Caribbean_2007_29-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Caribbean_2007-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Another activity that had to be engaged in before the ship left the dock was swearing an oath to not betray anyone in the entire crew, and to sign what was known as the ship's Article,<sup id="cite_ref-Caribbean_2009_28-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Caribbean_2009-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> which would determine the percentage of profit each crew member would receive.<sup id="cite_ref-Smith,_Simon_1996_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Smith,_Simon_1996-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Furthermore, some of the ways for deciding disagreements among pirate crew members were fighting till first blood or in more serious cases abandoning an individual on an uninhabited island, whipping them 39 times, or even executing them by firearm. Despite popular belief, however, the punishment of "walking the plank" was never used to settle disputes among pirates. There was, however, a division of power on a pirate crew between the captain, the quartermaster, the governing council for the vessel, and the regular crewmen;<sup id="cite_ref-Smith,_Simon_1996_2-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Smith,_Simon_1996-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> but in battle the pirate captain always retained all power and ultimate decision-making authority to ensure an orderly chain of command.<sup id="cite_ref-Caribbean_2007_29-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Caribbean_2007-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> When it came time to split the captured wealth into shares, profits were normally given to the person in each rank as follows: Captain (5–6 shares), individuals with a senior position like the quartermaster (2 shares), crewmen (1 share), and individuals in a junior position (1/2 a share).<sup id="cite_ref-Smith,_Simon_1996_2-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Smith,_Simon_1996-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Early_and_Golden_Age_pirates">Early and Golden Age pirates</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Piracy_in_the_Caribbean&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Early and Golden Age pirates"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Jean_Fleury">Jean Fleury</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Piracy_in_the_Caribbean&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Jean Fleury"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Jean_Fleury" title="Jean Fleury">Jean Fleury</a></div> <p>Born in Vatteville and financed by shipowner <a href="/wiki/Jean_Ango" title="Jean Ango">Jean Ango</a>, French privateer Jean Fleury was Spain's nemesis. In 1522, he captured seven Spanish vessels. One year later most of Montezuma's Aztec treasure fell into his hands after he captured two of the three galleons in which Cortez shipped the fabled booty back to Spain. He was captured in 1527 and executed by order of Holy Roman Emperor <a href="/wiki/Charles_V,_Holy_Roman_Emperor" title="Charles V, Holy Roman Emperor">Charles V</a>. He had a very well equipped ship. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="François_Le_Clerc"><span id="Fran.C3.A7ois_Le_Clerc"></span>François Le Clerc</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Piracy_in_the_Caribbean&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: François Le Clerc"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Fran%C3%A7ois_Le_Clerc" title="François Le Clerc">François Le Clerc</a></div> <p>François Le Clerc also nicknamed "Jambe de bois" ("Pie de Palo", "wooden leg") was a formidable privateer, ennobled by Henri II in 1551. In 1552, Le Clerc ransacked Porto Santo. One year later, he mustered one thousand men and caused havoc in the Caribbean with his lieutenants <a href="/wiki/Jacques_de_Sores" title="Jacques de Sores">Jacques de Sores</a> and <a href="/w/index.php?title=Robert_Blondel&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Robert Blondel (page does not exist)">Robert Blondel</a>. They pillaged and burned down the seaport of Santo Domingo, and ransacked <a href="/wiki/Las_Palmas" title="Las Palmas">Las Palmas</a> in the Canary Islands on his way back to France. He led another expedition in 1554 and plundered <a href="/wiki/Santiago_de_Cuba" title="Santiago de Cuba">Santiago de Cuba</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Blackbeard">Blackbeard</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Piracy_in_the_Caribbean&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Blackbeard"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Blackbeard" title="Blackbeard">Blackbeard</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Blackbeard_head_bow.gif" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/Blackbeard_head_bow.gif/220px-Blackbeard_head_bow.gif" decoding="async" width="220" height="207" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/Blackbeard_head_bow.gif/330px-Blackbeard_head_bow.gif 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/Blackbeard_head_bow.gif/440px-Blackbeard_head_bow.gif 2x" data-file-width="621" data-file-height="584" /></a><figcaption>Blackbeard's severed head hanging from Maynard's bow</figcaption></figure> <p>He was born about 1680 in England as Edward Thatch, Teach, or Drummond, and operated off the east coast of North America, particularly pirating in the Bahamas<sup id="cite_ref-Arian,_2002_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Arian,_2002-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and had a base in North Carolina<sup id="cite_ref-Max_2009_19-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Max_2009-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> in the period of 1714–1718. Noted as much for his outlandish appearance as for his piratical success, in combat Blackbeard placed burning slow-match (a type of slow-burning fuse used to set off cannon) under his hat; with his face wreathed in fire and smoke, his victims claimed he resembled a fiendish apparition from <a href="/wiki/Hell" title="Hell">Hell</a>. Blackbeard's ship was the two-hundred-ton, forty-gun frigate he named <a href="/wiki/Queen_Anne%27s_Revenge" title="Queen Anne's Revenge"><i>Queen Anne's Revenge</i></a>. </p><p>Blackbeard met his end at the hands of a British Royal Navy squadron<sup id="cite_ref-Max_2009_19-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Max_2009-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> specifically sent out to capture him. After an extremely bloody boarding action, the British commanding officer of the squadron, Lieutenant <a href="/wiki/Robert_Maynard" title="Robert Maynard">Robert Maynard</a>, killed him with the help of his crew. According to legend, Blackbeard suffered a total of five bullet wounds and twenty slashes with a cutlass before he finally died off the coast of <a href="/wiki/Ocracoke,_North_Carolina" title="Ocracoke, North Carolina">Ocracoke, North Carolina</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Henry_Morgan">Henry Morgan</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Piracy_in_the_Caribbean&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Henry Morgan"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Henry_Morgan" title="Henry Morgan">Henry Morgan</a></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Henry_Morgan" title="Henry Morgan">Henry Morgan</a>, a Welshman, was one of the most destructive pirate captains of the 17th century. Although Morgan always considered himself a privateer rather than a pirate, several of his attacks had no real legal justification and are considered piracy. Recently found off the coast of what is now known as the nation of Haiti, was one of Captain Morgan's "30-cannon oak ships," which was thought to have aided the buccaneer in his ventures.<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Another Caribbean area that was known for the headquarters of Captain Morgan was Port Royal, Jamaica.<sup id="cite_ref-Arian,_2002_1-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Arian,_2002-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A bold, ruthless and daring man, Morgan fought England's enemies for thirty years, and became a very wealthy man in the course of his adventures. Morgan's most famous exploit came in late 1670 when he led 1700 buccaneers up the pestilential <a href="/wiki/Chagres_River" title="Chagres River">Chagres River</a> and then through the Central American jungle to <a href="/wiki/Henry_Morgan%27s_Panama_expedition" title="Henry Morgan's Panama expedition">attack and capture</a> the "impregnable" city of <a href="/wiki/Panama_City" title="Panama City">Panama</a>. Morgan's men burnt the city to the ground, and the inhabitants were either killed or forced to flee. Although the burning of Panama City did not mean any great financial gain for Morgan, it was a deep blow to Spanish power and pride in the Caribbean and Morgan became the hero of the hour in England. At the height of his career, Morgan had been made a titled nobleman by the English Crown and lived on an enormous sugar plantation in <a href="/wiki/Jamaica" title="Jamaica">Jamaica</a>, as lieutenant governor.<sup id="cite_ref-Max_2009_19-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Max_2009-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Morgan died in his bed, rich and respected—something rarely achieved by pirates in his day or any other. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Bartholomew_Roberts">Bartholomew Roberts</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Piracy_in_the_Caribbean&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Bartholomew Roberts"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Bartholomew_Roberts" title="Bartholomew Roberts">Bartholomew Roberts</a></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Bartholomew_Roberts" title="Bartholomew Roberts">Bartholomew Roberts</a> or Black Bart was successful in sinking, or capturing and pillaging some 400 ships.<sup id="cite_ref-Max_2009_19-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Max_2009-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and like most pirate captains of the time he looked fancy doing it.<sup id="cite_ref-Caribbean_2009_28-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Caribbean_2009-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He started his freebooting career in the <a href="/wiki/Gulf_of_Guinea" title="Gulf of Guinea">Gulf of Guinea</a> in February 1719 when <a href="/wiki/Howell_Davis" title="Howell Davis">Howell Davis</a>' pirates captured his ship and he proceeded to join them. Rising to captain, he quickly came to the Caribbean and plagued the area until 1722. He commanded a number of large, powerfully armed ships, all of which he named <i>Fortune</i>, <i>Good Fortune</i>, or <i>Royal Fortune</i>. Aboard his vessels the political atmosphere was a form of democracy that depended on participation; in which was a rule that everyone aboard his ship had to vote on issues that arose.<sup id="cite_ref-Smith,_Simon_1996_2-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Smith,_Simon_1996-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Efforts by the governors of <a href="/wiki/Barbados" title="Barbados">Barbados</a> and <a href="/wiki/Martinique" title="Martinique">Martinique</a> to capture him only provoked his anger; when he found the governor of Martinique aboard a newly captured vessel, Roberts hanged the man from a yardarm. Roberts returned to Africa in February 1722, where he met his death in a naval battle, whereby his crew was captured. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Amaro_Pargo">Amaro Pargo</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Piracy_in_the_Caribbean&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Amaro Pargo"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Amaro_Pargo" title="Amaro Pargo">Amaro Pargo</a></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Amaro_Pargo" title="Amaro Pargo">Amaro Pargo</a> was a privateer who dominated the route between <a href="/wiki/C%C3%A1diz" title="Cádiz">Cádiz</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Caribbean" title="Caribbean">Caribbean</a>, on several occasions attacking ships belonging to enemies of the <a href="/wiki/Spanish_Crown" class="mw-redirect" title="Spanish Crown">Spanish Crown</a> (mainly <a href="/wiki/England" title="England">England</a> and <a href="/wiki/Holland" title="Holland">Holland</a>),<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> earning recognition in his time as a <a href="/wiki/Hero" title="Hero">hero</a> and coming to be regarded as "the Spanish equivalent of <a href="/wiki/Francis_Drake" title="Francis Drake">Francis Drake</a>".<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-discovertenerife.es_35-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-discovertenerife.es-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Because of his service to the Spanish Crown and country, he was declared a <a href="/wiki/Hidalgo_(nobility)" title="Hidalgo (nobility)">Caballero hidalgo</a> in 1725 and obtained certification of nobility and royal arms in 1727.<sup id="cite_ref-lalagunaahora.com_36-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-lalagunaahora.com-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Amaro Pargo lived for ten years in the Caribbean, specifically on the island of Cuba where he had descendants. He used his loot to finance lucrative trade, becoming wealthy. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Stede_Bonnet">Stede Bonnet</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Piracy_in_the_Caribbean&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Stede Bonnet"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Stede_Bonnet" title="Stede Bonnet">Stede Bonnet</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Majoor_Stede_Bonnet_Gehangen_(bw).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6c/Majoor_Stede_Bonnet_Gehangen_%28bw%29.jpg/170px-Majoor_Stede_Bonnet_Gehangen_%28bw%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="264" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6c/Majoor_Stede_Bonnet_Gehangen_%28bw%29.jpg/255px-Majoor_Stede_Bonnet_Gehangen_%28bw%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6c/Majoor_Stede_Bonnet_Gehangen_%28bw%29.jpg/340px-Majoor_Stede_Bonnet_Gehangen_%28bw%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3076" data-file-height="4784" /></a><figcaption>The hanging of <a href="/wiki/Stede_Bonnet" title="Stede Bonnet">Stede Bonnet</a> in Charleston, 1718</figcaption></figure> <p>Probably the least qualified pirate captain ever to sail the Caribbean, <a href="/wiki/Stede_Bonnet" title="Stede Bonnet">Bonnet</a> was a sugar planter who knew nothing about sailing. He started his piracies in 1717 by buying an armed sloop on <a href="/wiki/Barbados" title="Barbados">Barbados</a> and recruiting a pirate crew for wages, possibly to escape from his wife. He lost his command to Blackbeard and sailed with him as his associate.<sup id="cite_ref-Max_2009_19-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Max_2009-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Although Bonnet briefly regained his captaincy, he was captured in 1718 by a privateering vessel that was employed by South Carolina.<sup id="cite_ref-Max_2009_19-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Max_2009-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Charles_Vane">Charles Vane</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Piracy_in_the_Caribbean&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Charles Vane"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Charles_Vane" title="Charles Vane">Charles Vane</a></div> <p>Charles Vane, like many early 18th-century pirates, operated out of <a href="/wiki/Nassau,_Bahamas" class="mw-redirect" title="Nassau, Bahamas">Nassau</a> in the Bahamas. He was the only pirate captain to resist <a href="/wiki/Woodes_Rogers" title="Woodes Rogers">Woodes Rogers</a> when Rogers asserted his governorship over Nassau in 1718, attacking Rogers' squadron with a fire ship and shooting his way out of the harbor rather than accept the new governor's <a href="/wiki/1717%E2%80%931718_Acts_of_Grace" title="1717–1718 Acts of Grace">royal pardon</a>. Vane's quartermaster was <a href="/wiki/Calico_Jack_Rackham" class="mw-redirect" title="Calico Jack Rackham">Calico Jack Rackham</a>, who deposed Vane from the captaincy. Vane started a new pirate crew, but he was captured and hanged in Jamaica in 1721. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Edward_Low">Edward Low</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Piracy_in_the_Caribbean&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Edward Low"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Edward_Low" title="Edward Low">Edward Low</a></div> <p>Edward – or Ned – Low was notorious as one of the most brutal and vicious pirates. Originally from London, he started as a lieutenant to <a href="/wiki/George_Lowther_(pirate)" title="George Lowther (pirate)">George Lowther</a>, before striking out on his own. His career as a pirate lasted just three years, during which he captured over 100 ships, and he and his crew murdered, tortured and maimed hundreds of people. After his own crew mutinied in 1724 when Low murdered a sleeping subordinate, he was rescued by a French vessel who hanged him on <a href="/wiki/Martinique" title="Martinique">Martinique</a> island. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Anne_Bonny_and_Mary_Read">Anne Bonny and Mary Read</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Piracy_in_the_Caribbean&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: Anne Bonny and Mary Read"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Anne_Bonny" title="Anne Bonny">Anne Bonny</a> and <a href="/wiki/Mary_Read" title="Mary Read">Mary Read</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:General_History_of_the_Pyrates_-_Ann_Bonny_and_Mary_Read.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7d/General_History_of_the_Pyrates_-_Ann_Bonny_and_Mary_Read.jpg/220px-General_History_of_the_Pyrates_-_Ann_Bonny_and_Mary_Read.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="123" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7d/General_History_of_the_Pyrates_-_Ann_Bonny_and_Mary_Read.jpg/330px-General_History_of_the_Pyrates_-_Ann_Bonny_and_Mary_Read.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7d/General_History_of_the_Pyrates_-_Ann_Bonny_and_Mary_Read.jpg/440px-General_History_of_the_Pyrates_-_Ann_Bonny_and_Mary_Read.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3260" data-file-height="1830" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Anne_Bonny" title="Anne Bonny">Anne Bonny</a> and <a href="/wiki/Mary_Read" title="Mary Read">Mary Read</a>, convicted of piracy on 28 November 1720</figcaption></figure> <p>Anne Bonny and Mary Read were infamous female pirates of the 18th century;<sup id="cite_ref-Liz_2007_37-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Liz_2007-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> both spent their brief sea-roving careers under the command of <a href="/wiki/Calico_Jack_Rackham" class="mw-redirect" title="Calico Jack Rackham">Calico Jack Rackham</a>. They are noted chiefly for their sex, highly unusual for pirates, which helped to sensationalize their 1720 November trial in Jamaica. They gained further notoriety for their ruthlessness—they are known to have spoken in favor of murdering witnesses in the crew's counsels.<sup id="cite_ref-Liz_2007_37-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Liz_2007-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The capstone to their legend is that all the crew including Rackham, Anne and Mary were tried in a Spanish town close to Port Royal.<sup id="cite_ref-Arian,_2002_1-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Arian,_2002-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Rackham and his crew were hanged, but when the judge sentenced Anne and Mary to death, they plead their bellies, meaning they were pregnant. The judge immediately postponed their death sentence because no English court had the authority to kill an unborn child. Read died in prison around April 1721. There is no record of Anne being executed, nor is she heard from after 1720.<sup id="cite_ref-Liz_2007_37-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Liz_2007-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Privateers">Privateers</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Piracy_in_the_Caribbean&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: Privateers"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Privateer" title="Privateer">Privateer</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Amaro_Pargo.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b2/Amaro_Pargo.jpg/220px-Amaro_Pargo.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="209" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b2/Amaro_Pargo.jpg/330px-Amaro_Pargo.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b2/Amaro_Pargo.jpg/440px-Amaro_Pargo.jpg 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="854" /></a><figcaption>The Spanish <a href="/wiki/Amaro_Pargo" title="Amaro Pargo">Amaro Pargo</a> performed in the Caribbean and lived in <a href="/wiki/Cuba" title="Cuba">Cuba</a> for ten years.</figcaption></figure> <p>In the Caribbean the use of <a href="/wiki/Privateer" title="Privateer">privateers</a> was especially popular for what amounted to legal and state-ordered piracy.<sup id="cite_ref-Max_2009_19-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Max_2009-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The cost of maintaining a fleet to defend the colonies was beyond national governments of the 16th and 17th centuries. Private vessels would be commissioned into a de facto 'navy' with a <a href="/wiki/Letter_of_marque" title="Letter of marque">letter of marque</a>, paid with a substantial share of whatever they could capture from enemy ships and settlements, the rest going to the crown.<sup id="cite_ref-Max_2009_19-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Max_2009-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> These ships would operate independently or as a fleet, and if they were successful the rewards could be great—when Jean Fleury and his men captured Cortes' vessels in 1523, they found an incredible Aztec treasure that they were allowed to keep. Later, when <a href="/wiki/Francis_Drake" title="Francis Drake">Francis Drake</a> captured the Spanish <i>Silver Train</i> at <a href="/wiki/Nombre_de_Dios,_Col%C3%B3n" title="Nombre de Dios, Colón">Nombre de Dios</a> (Panama's Caribbean port at the time) in 1573 his crews were rich for life. This was repeated by <a href="/wiki/Piet_Pieterszoon_Hein" title="Piet Pieterszoon Hein">Piet Hein</a> in 1628, who made a profit of 12 million <a href="/wiki/Guilders" class="mw-redirect" title="Guilders">guilders</a> for the <a href="/wiki/Dutch_West_India_Company" title="Dutch West India Company">Dutch West India Company</a>. This substantial profit made privateering something of a regular line of business; wealthy businessmen or nobles would be quite willing to finance this legitimized piracy in return for a share. The sale of captured goods was a boost to colonial economies as well. The main imperial countries operating at this time and in the region were the French, English, Spanish, Dutch, and Portuguese. Privateers from each country were all ordered to attack the other countries' vessels, especially Spain which was a shared enemy among the other powers.<sup id="cite_ref-Smith,_Simon_1996_2-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Smith,_Simon_1996-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>By the seventeenth century piracy and privateering became less-acceptable behaviour, especially as many privateers turned into full-blown pirates so they would not have to give part of the profit they made back to their country of employment. Corruption led to the removal of many officials over the years, including Governor Nicholas Trott and Governor Benjamin Fletcher. One way that governments found and discouraged active pirates and corrupt privateers was through the use of "pirate hunters" who were bribed with all or at least most of the wealth that they would find aboard pirate vessels, along with a set bounty. The most renowned pirate hunter was Captain William Kidd, who hit the peak of his legal career in 1695 but later saw the benefits of illegal piracy and made that his new vocation.<sup id="cite_ref-Max_2009_19-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Max_2009-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The most well-known privateer corsairs of the eighteenth century in the Spanish colonies were <a href="/wiki/Miguel_Enr%C3%ADquez_(privateer)" title="Miguel Enríquez (privateer)">Miguel Enríquez</a> of <a href="/wiki/Puerto_Rico" title="Puerto Rico">Puerto Rico</a> and <a href="/wiki/Campuzano_Polanco_family#Jose_Campuzano_Polanco_(1689-1760)" class="mw-redirect" title="Campuzano Polanco family">José Campuzano-Polanco</a> of <a href="/wiki/Captaincy_General_of_Santo_Domingo" title="Captaincy General of Santo Domingo">Santo Domingo</a>. Miguel Enríquez was a Puerto Rican <a href="/wiki/Mulatto" title="Mulatto">mulatto</a> who abandoned his work as a shoemaker to work as a privateer. Such was the success of Enríquez, that he became one of the wealthiest men in the New World.<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Also highlights the Spanish <a href="/wiki/Amaro_Pargo" title="Amaro Pargo">Amaro Pargo</a> also stands out, who frequently traded in the Caribbean while looting ships of the enemy powers of the Spanish Crown. Amaro Pargo lived for ten years in the Caribbean, specifically on the island of <a href="/wiki/Cuba" title="Cuba">Cuba</a> where he had descendants.<sup id="cite_ref-DocsAmaro_39-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-DocsAmaro-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Buccaneers">Buccaneers</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Piracy_in_the_Caribbean&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: Buccaneers"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Buccaneer" title="Buccaneer">Buccaneer</a></div> <p>Pirates involved specifically in the Caribbean were called <a href="/wiki/Buccaneer" title="Buccaneer">buccaneers</a>. Roughly speaking, they arrived in the 1630s and remained until the effective end of piracy in the 1730s. The original buccaneers were settlers that were deprived of their land by "Spanish authorities" and eventually were picked up by white settlers.<sup id="cite_ref-Smith,_Simon_1996_2-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Smith,_Simon_1996-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The word "buccaneer" is actually from the French <i>boucaner</i>, meaning "to smoke meat", from the hunters of wild oxen curing meat over an open fire. They transferred the skills which kept them alive into piracy. They operated with the partial support of the non-Spanish colonies and until the 18th century their activities were legal, or partially legal and there were irregular amnesties from all nations. For the most part buccaneers attacked other vessel and ransacked settlements owned by the Spanish.<sup id="cite_ref-Max_2009_19-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Max_2009-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Traditionally buccaneers had a number of peculiarities. Their crews operated as a democracy: the captain was elected by the crew and they could vote to replace him. The captain had to be a leader and a fighter—in combat he was expected to be fighting with his men, not directing operations from a distance. </p><p>Spoils were evenly divided into shares; when the officers had a greater number of shares, it was because they took greater risks or had special skills. Often the crews would sail without wages—"on account"—and the spoils would be built up over a course of months before being divided. There was a strong <i>esprit de corps</i> among pirates. This allowed them to win sea battles: they typically outmanned trade vessels by a large ratio. There was also for some time a social insurance system, guaranteeing money or gold for battle wounds at a worked-out scale. </p><p>The romantic notion of pirates burying treasure on isolated islands<sup id="cite_ref-Smith,_Simon_1996_2-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Smith,_Simon_1996-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and wearing gaudy clothes had some basis in fact. Most pirate wealth was accumulated by selling of chandlery items: ropes, sails, and block and tackle stripped from captured ships. </p><p>One undemocratic aspect of the buccaneers was that sometimes they would force specialists like carpenters or surgeons to sail with them for some time, though they were released when no longer needed (if they had not volunteered to join by that time). A typical poor man had few other promising career choices at the time apart from joining the pirates. According to reputation, the pirates' egalitarianism led them to liberate slaves when taking over <a href="/wiki/Slave_ship" title="Slave ship">slave ships</a>. However, there are several accounts of pirates selling slaves captured on slave ships, sometimes after they had helped man the pirates' own vessels. </p><p>In combat they were considered ferocious and were reputed to be experts with <a href="/wiki/Flintlock" title="Flintlock">flintlock</a> weapons (invented in 1615), but these were so unreliable that they were not in widespread military use before the 1670s. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Slave_pirates">Slave pirates</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Piracy_in_the_Caribbean&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: Slave pirates"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Many slaves, primarily from places in Africa, were being exported to colonies in the Caribbean for slave labour on plantations. Out of the people that were forced into slavery and shipped off to colonies in the years from 1673 to 1798, approximately 9 to 32 percent were children (this number only considers the exports of British slavers).<sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> While on the average 12-week journey to the colonies, the new slaves endured ghastly living conditions that included cramped spaces too small to stand up in, hot temperatures, and poor diets. They were ravaged by disease and death. Many of those taken as slaves were victims or prisoners of civil war.<sup id="cite_ref-Caribbean_2009_28-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Caribbean_2009-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Many aspects of being a slave overall increased the allure of the pirating lifestyle. During the 17th and 18th centuries, piracy was at its height and its symbolic interpretation of freedom was well received. This abstract ideal was very appealing to slaves and victims of <a href="/wiki/Imperialism" title="Imperialism">imperialism</a>. Even though the main European powers did not want slaves to find out about the freedom that piracy offered, "...30 percent of the 5000 or more pirates who were active between 1715 and 1725 were of African heritage".<sup id="cite_ref-Christopher,_2005_41-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Christopher,_2005-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Along with the opportunity of a new life and freedom, the indigenous people of Africa were greeted with equality when they joined pirating communities. Many slaves turned pirate "secured" a position of leadership or prestige on pirating vessels, like that of Captain.<sup id="cite_ref-Christopher,_2005_41-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Christopher,_2005-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The pirate <a href="/wiki/Black_Caesar_(pirate)" title="Black Caesar (pirate)">Black Caesar</a>, who served onboard the <i><a href="/wiki/Queen_Anne%27s_Revenge" title="Queen Anne's Revenge">Queen Anne's Revenge</a></i> under Blackbeard, was one of the best known slave pirates during the Golden Age of Piracy, being mentioned in the 1724 work <i>A General History of the Pyrates</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-Konstam-Blackbeard_Notorious_42-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Konstam-Blackbeard_Notorious-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Roberto_Cofresí—a_19th-century_pirate"><span id="Roberto_Cofres.C3.AD.E2.80.94a_19th-century_pirate"></span>Roberto Cofresí—a 19th-century pirate</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Piracy_in_the_Caribbean&action=edit&section=27" title="Edit section: Roberto Cofresí—a 19th-century pirate"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Roberto_Cofres%C3%AD" title="Roberto Cofresí">Roberto Cofresí</a></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Roberto_Cofres%C3%AD" title="Roberto Cofresí">Roberto Cofresí</a>, better known as "El Pirata Cofresí", became interested in sailing at a young age. By the time he reached adulthood there were some political and economic difficulties in Puerto Rico, which at the time was a colony of Spain. Influenced by this situation he decided to become a pirate in 1818. Cofresí commanded several assaults against cargo vessels focusing on those that were responsible for exporting gold. During this time he focused his attention on boats from the United States and the local Spanish government ignored several of these actions. In early March 1825, <a href="/wiki/Capture_of_the_sloop_Anne" title="Capture of the sloop Anne">Cofresí engaged the USS <i>Grampus</i></a> and a flotilla of ships led by Capt. <a href="/wiki/John_D._Sloat" title="John D. Sloat">John D. Sloat</a> in battle. He eventually abandoned his ship and tried to escape by land before being captured. After being imprisoned he was sent to <a href="/wiki/San_Juan,_Puerto_Rico" title="San Juan, Puerto Rico">San Juan, Puerto Rico</a>, where a brief military trial found him guilty and on 29 March 1825, he and other members of his crew were executed by a firing squad. After his death his life was used as inspiration for several stories and myths, which served as the basis for books and other media.<sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Boysie_Singh—a_20th-century_pirate"><span id="Boysie_Singh.E2.80.94a_20th-century_pirate"></span>Boysie Singh—a 20th-century pirate</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Piracy_in_the_Caribbean&action=edit&section=28" title="Edit section: Boysie Singh—a 20th-century pirate"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Boysie_Singh" title="Boysie Singh">Boysie Singh</a></div> <p>Boysie Singh, usually known as <i>the <a href="/wiki/Raja" title="Raja">Raja</a></i> (the <a href="/wiki/Caribbean_Hindustani#Trinidadian_Hindustani" title="Caribbean Hindustani">Hindi</a> word for king), or just <i>Boysie</i>, was born on 5 April 1908 on 17 Luis Street, <a href="/wiki/Woodbrook,_Port_of_Spain" title="Woodbrook, Port of Spain">Woodbrook</a>, Port of Spain, <a href="/wiki/Saint_George_County" title="Saint George County">Saint George County</a>, <a href="/wiki/Trinidad_and_Tobago" title="Trinidad and Tobago">Trinidad and Tobago</a> to Bhagrang Singh (a fugitive who immigrated to Trinidad and Tobago from <a href="/wiki/British_Raj" title="British Raj">British India</a>) and his wife.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_44-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>He had a long and successful career as a gangster and gambler before turning to piracy and murder. For almost ten years, from 1947 until 1956 he and his gang terrorized the waters between Trinidad and Tobago and the <a href="/wiki/United_States_of_Venezuela" title="United States of Venezuela">United States of Venezuela</a>, later on becoming the <a href="/wiki/Fourth_Republic_of_Venezuela" class="mw-redirect" title="Fourth Republic of Venezuela">Fourth Republic of Venezuela</a>. They were responsible for the deaths of approximately 400 people. They would promise to ferry people from Trinidad to Venezuela but en route he would rob his victims at gunpoint, kill them and dump them into the sea. </p><p>Boysie was well known to people in Trinidad and Tobago. He had successfully beaten a charge of breaking and entering which nearly resulted in his deportation before he was finally executed after losing his third case – for the murder of his niece. He was held in awe and dread by most of the population and was frequently seen strolling grandly about Port of Spain in the early 1950s wearing bright, stylish clothes. Mothers, nannies, and ajees would warn their children: "Behave yourself, man, or Boysie goyn getchu, allyuh!"<sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Boysie Singh died in Port of Spain by being hanged on 20 August 1957 for the murder of a dancer, presumably his own niece.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_44-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Caribbean_piracy_in_the_21st_century">Caribbean piracy in the 21st century</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Piracy_in_the_Caribbean&action=edit&section=29" title="Edit section: Caribbean piracy in the 21st century"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Piracy in the Caribbean is still present today, largely confined to small-scale pirating operations in the waters off of <a href="/wiki/Venezuela" title="Venezuela">Venezuela</a>, <a href="/wiki/Trinidad" title="Trinidad">Trinidad</a>, <a href="/wiki/Guyana" title="Guyana">Guyana</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Suriname" title="Suriname">Suriname</a>. These pirates are often fishermen who have resorted to piracy due to economic crisis or turf wars between groups of fishers.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (April 2024)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>Much of the modern-day piracy in the southern Caribbean is a result of the <a href="/wiki/Crisis_in_Venezuela" title="Crisis in Venezuela">economic upheaval in Venezuela</a>. Venezuelan fishermen, who previously made a living off of catching tuna, shrimp, crab, and octopus, have lost this means of money due to the economic crisis, and are forced to resort to piracy on fishermen off the coasts of Guyana and Trinidad, robbing them and holding them for ransom.<sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Another major source of modern Caribbean piracy stems from turf wars between rival groups of fishermen from <a href="/wiki/Guyana" title="Guyana">Guyana</a> and <a href="/wiki/Suriname" title="Suriname">Suriname</a>. In April 2018, Guyanese nationals Chris Parsram, Rameshwar Roopnarine, Madre Kishore, David Williams, Ramdeo Persaud, Ray Torres, and Ganesh Beeharry were all arrested in Suriname and sentenced to 35 years in prison, for an attack on 20 Surinamese and Guyanese fishermen in which they were thrown overboard; only four made it to shore, with the rest being thrown into the water and presumed either dead or missing.<sup id="cite_ref-48" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The attack was believed to be in retaliation for the shooting death of their leader a few weeks prior.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (April 2024)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>On April 4, 2024, the <a href="/wiki/Panama" title="Panama">Panama</a>-<a href="/wiki/Ensign_(flag)" title="Ensign (flag)">flagged</a> <i>MSC Magalie</i> was attacked in the <a href="/wiki/Caribbean" title="Caribbean">Caribbean</a><sup id="cite_ref-TradeW_49-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-TradeW-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> by two Haitian gangs: 5 Seconds and Taliban. (Unrelated to the Afghan Taliban.) The <i>Magalie</i> was captured by the armed gangs in the <a href="/wiki/Port_international_de_Port-au-Prince#Facilities" title="Port international de Port-au-Prince">Varreux fuel terminal</a> at <a href="/wiki/Port-Au-Prince" class="mw-redirect" title="Port-Au-Prince">Port-Au-Prince</a>. All aboard were taken hostage,<sup id="cite_ref-IMnews_50-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-IMnews-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and a sixth of the cargo, consisting entirely of rice (the primary staple food of Haiti), was stolen. On April 7, the <a href="/wiki/Haitian_National_Police" title="Haitian National Police">Haitian National Police</a> stormed the seized freighter and engaged in a five-hour gun battle with the gangs,<sup id="cite_ref-MarExec_51-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-MarExec-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> in which two police officers were injured and several of the two gang's members turned pirate were killed.<sup id="cite_ref-TradeW_49-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-TradeW-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The ship, owned by U.S. shipping company Claude and Magalie,<sup id="cite_ref-IMnews_50-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-IMnews-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-52" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> was recovered by the Haitian police force.<sup id="cite_ref-MarExec_51-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-MarExec-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The fate of the crew and any other seafarers aboard the <i>Magalie</i>, who were all taken hostage, remained unknown.<sup id="cite_ref-IMnews_50-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-IMnews-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Piracy_in_popular_culture">Piracy in popular culture</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Piracy_in_the_Caribbean&action=edit&section=30" title="Edit section: Piracy in popular culture"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Pirates_in_the_arts_and_popular_culture" title="Pirates in the arts and popular culture">Pirates in the arts and popular culture</a></div> <p>A lot of fiction involving sea pirates and piracy takes place at the Caribbean Sea. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Films">Films</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Piracy_in_the_Caribbean&action=edit&section=31" title="Edit section: Films"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/List_of_pirate_films" class="mw-redirect" title="List of pirate films">List of pirate films</a></div> <ul><li>Many silent films of pirates, especially starring <a href="/wiki/Douglas_Fairbanks" title="Douglas Fairbanks">Douglas Fairbanks</a>, such as <i><a href="/wiki/The_Black_Pirate" title="The Black Pirate">The Black Pirate</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Captain_Blood_(1935_film)" title="Captain Blood (1935 film)">Captain Blood</a></i> (1935)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Treasure_Island" title="Treasure Island">Treasure Island</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Return_to_Treasure_Island_(1954_film)" class="mw-redirect" title="Return to Treasure Island (1954 film)">Return to Treasure Island</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Swashbuckler_(film)" title="Swashbuckler (film)">Swashbuckler</a></i> (1976)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Cutthroat_Island" title="Cutthroat Island">Cutthroat Island</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pirates_of_the_Caribbean_films" class="mw-redirect" title="Pirates of the Caribbean films"><i>Pirates of the Caribbean</i> films</a> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Pirates_of_the_Caribbean:_The_Curse_of_the_Black_Pearl" title="Pirates of the Caribbean: The Curse of the Black Pearl">Pirates of the Caribbean: The Curse of the Black Pearl</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Pirates_of_the_Caribbean:_Dead_Man%27s_Chest" title="Pirates of the Caribbean: Dead Man's Chest">Pirates of the Caribbean: Dead Man's Chest</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Pirates_of_the_Caribbean:_At_World%27s_End" title="Pirates of the Caribbean: At World's End">Pirates of the Caribbean: At World's End</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Pirates_of_the_Caribbean:_On_Stranger_Tides" title="Pirates of the Caribbean: On Stranger Tides">Pirates of the Caribbean: On Stranger Tides</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Pirates_of_the_Caribbean:_Dead_Men_Tell_No_Tales" title="Pirates of the Caribbean: Dead Men Tell No Tales">Pirates of the Caribbean: Dead Men Tell No Tales</a></i></li></ul></li> <li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pirates:_The_Blood_Brothers_(Caraibi)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Pirates: The Blood Brothers (Caraibi) (page does not exist)">Pirates: The Blood Brothers</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Muppet_Treasure_Island" title="Muppet Treasure Island">Muppet Treasure Island</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Nate_and_Hayes" class="mw-redirect" title="Nate and Hayes">Nate and Hayes</a></i>, also known as <i>Savage Islands</i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Yellowbeard" title="Yellowbeard">Yellowbeard</a></i> (1983)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Island_(1980_film)" title="The Island (1980 film)">The Island</a></i> (1980)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Pirates!_In_an_Adventure_with_Scientists!" title="The Pirates! In an Adventure with Scientists!">The Pirates! In an Adventure with Scientists!</a></i> (2012)</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Games">Games</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Piracy_in_the_Caribbean&action=edit&section=32" title="Edit section: Games"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Monkey_Island_(series)" class="mw-redirect" title="Monkey Island (series)">Monkey Island</a></i> video game series</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Sea_Dogs_(video_game)" title="Sea Dogs (video game)">Sea Dogs</a></i>, a 2000 Russian role-playing video game for Windows</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Sid_Meier%27s_Pirates!" title="Sid Meier's Pirates!">Sid Meier's Pirates!</a></i>, a video game</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Pirates_of_the_Spanish_Main" class="mw-redirect" title="Pirates of the Spanish Main">Pirates of the Spanish Main</a></i>, a tabletop game</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Pirates_of_the_Burning_Sea" title="Pirates of the Burning Sea">Pirates of the Burning Sea</a></i>, an MMORPG set in the 1720s</li> <li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Merchants_and_Marauders&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Merchants and Marauders (page does not exist)">Merchants and Marauders</a></i>, a 2010 board game by Christian Marcussen</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Assassin%27s_Creed_IV:_Black_Flag" title="Assassin's Creed IV: Black Flag">Assassin's Creed IV: Black Flag</a></i>, a video game part of the <i><a href="/wiki/Assassin%27s_Creed" title="Assassin's Creed">Assassin's Creed</a></i> series</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Assassin%27s_Creed_Pirates" class="mw-redirect" title="Assassin's Creed Pirates">Assassin's Creed Pirates</a></i>, a video game part in the mobile series of <i>Assassin's Creed</i> series</li> <li><i>Port Royal</i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Puzzle_Pirates" title="Puzzle Pirates">Puzzle Pirates</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Age_of_Pirates:_Caribbean_Tales" title="Age of Pirates: Caribbean Tales">Age of Pirates: Caribbean Tales</a></i> and <i><a href="/wiki/Age_of_Pirates_2:_City_of_Abandoned_Ships" title="Age of Pirates 2: City of Abandoned Ships">Age of Pirates 2: City of Abandoned Ships</a></i>, both <i><a href="/wiki/Age_of_Pirates" class="mw-redirect" title="Age of Pirates">Age of Pirates</a></i> games are for PC. Both games are no longer supported by their developers, support and fixes for these games can be found at piratesahoy.net and are created by experienced mod developers.</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Tropico_2:_Pirate_Cove" title="Tropico 2: Pirate Cove">Tropico 2</a></i>, a video game. The player is a pirate king and must manage their island to gain money, leading their pirates and prisoners, and dealing with France, Spain, England.</li> <li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Blackwake&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Blackwake (page does not exist)">Blackwake</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Sea_of_Thieves" title="Sea of Thieves">Sea of Thieves</a></i>, a video game</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Popular_books">Popular books</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Piracy_in_the_Caribbean&action=edit&section=33" title="Edit section: Popular books"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/A_General_History_of_the_Pyrates" title="A General History of the Pyrates">A General History of the Pyrates</a></i> by <a href="/wiki/Captain_Charles_Johnson" title="Captain Charles Johnson">Charles Johnson</a>, the prime source for the biographies of many well known pirates, giving an almost mythical status to the more colorful characters, such as the infamous English pirates <a href="/wiki/Blackbeard" title="Blackbeard">Blackbeard</a> and <a href="/wiki/Calico_Jack" title="Calico Jack">Calico Jack</a>, and influenced pirate literature that followed.</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Treasure_Island" title="Treasure Island">Treasure Island</a></i> by <a href="/wiki/Robert_Louis_Stevenson" title="Robert Louis Stevenson">Robert Louis Stevenson</a>—a novel with a huge influence on pirates in the public imagination, particularly in the character of the quintessential pirate, <a href="/wiki/Long_John_Silver" title="Long John Silver">Long John Silver</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Captain_Blood_(novel)" title="Captain Blood (novel)">Captain Blood</a></i> by <a href="/wiki/Rafael_Sabatini" title="Rafael Sabatini">Rafael Sabatini</a>, a novel chronicling the adventures of Peter Blood, M.D., wrongly convicted of aiding <a href="/wiki/Monmouth%27s_Rebellion" class="mw-redirect" title="Monmouth's Rebellion">Monmouth's Rebellion</a> and turned pirate during the reign of <a href="/wiki/James_II_of_England" title="James II of England">James II</a>.</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Black_Corsair" title="The Black Corsair">The Black Corsair</a></i> (<i>Il Corsaro Nero</i>, 1898) by <a href="/wiki/Emilio_Salgari" title="Emilio Salgari">Emilio Salgari</a> and its 4 sequels.</li> <li>"Pirates!" by <a href="/wiki/Celia_Rees" title="Celia Rees">Celia Rees</a> a novel about young Nancy and her half sister Minerva who find themselves hunted by the authorities and are rescued by pirates.</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Princess_Bride_(novel)" title="The Princess Bride (novel)">The Princess Bride</a></i> by <a href="/wiki/William_Goldman" title="William Goldman">William Goldman</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/On_Stranger_Tides" title="On Stranger Tides">On Stranger Tides</a></i> by <a href="/wiki/Tim_Powers" title="Tim Powers">Tim Powers</a> – pirates, voodoo, zombies, and the Fountain of Youth.</li> <li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Empire_of_Blue_Water&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Empire of Blue Water (page does not exist)">Empire of Blue Water</a></i> by <a href="/wiki/Stephan_Talty" title="Stephan Talty">Stephan Talty</a> – The story of Captain Morgan and the real pirates of the Caribbean.</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Pirate_Latitudes" title="Pirate Latitudes">Pirate Latitudes</a></i> – a posthumous novel by Michael Crichton</li> <li>In the <i><a href="/wiki/Time_Machine_(novel_series)" title="Time Machine (novel series)">Time Machine</a></i> series, the fourth book, <i><b>Sail with Pirates</b></i>, had the protagonist searching for a treasure ship that sank in the Caribbean and having to defeat the pirates of the region.</li> <li><i>To Catch a Pirate</i> by <a href="/wiki/Jade_Parker" class="mw-redirect" title="Jade Parker">Jade Parker</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Pyrates" title="The Pyrates">The Pyrates</a></i> by <a href="/wiki/George_MacDonald_Fraser" title="George MacDonald Fraser">George MacDonald Fraser</a>—a <a href="/wiki/Comic_novel" title="Comic novel">comedic novel</a> tracing the adventures of Captain Benjamin Avery (RN) multiple damsels in distress, and the six captains who lead the infamous Coast Brotherhood (Calico Jack Rackham, Black Bilbo, Firebeard, Happy Dan Pew, Akbar the Terrible and Sheba the She-Wolf).</li> <li>"The Island" by Peter Benchly (1979)</li> <li>"Daughter of the Pirate King" by Tricia Levenseller (2017)</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Other">Other</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Piracy_in_the_Caribbean&action=edit&section=34" title="Edit section: Other"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>The theme park attraction: <a href="/wiki/Pirates_of_the_Caribbean_(theme_park_ride)" class="mw-redirect" title="Pirates of the Caribbean (theme park ride)">Pirates of the Caribbean</a>.</li> <li>The television show: <a href="/wiki/Black_Sails_(TV_series)" title="Black Sails (TV series)">Black Sails</a></li> <li>The Japanese manga and anime series <a href="/wiki/One_Piece" title="One Piece">One Piece</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pirate_Parties" class="mw-redirect" title="Pirate Parties">Pirate Parties</a> a type of political party dedicated to online freedom and <a href="/wiki/Copyright_law" class="mw-redirect" title="Copyright law">copyright law</a>.</li> <li>The television show <a href="/wiki/Our_Flag_Means_Death" title="Our Flag Means Death">Our Flag Means Death</a>.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Historical_studies">Historical studies</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Piracy_in_the_Caribbean&action=edit&section=35" title="Edit section: Historical studies"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Peter_Gerhard" title="Peter Gerhard">Peter Gerhard</a>, <i>Pirates of New Spain, 1575–1742</i>. Dover Books 2003. <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0486426112" title="Special:BookSources/978-0486426112">978-0486426112</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peter_Gerhard" title="Peter Gerhard">Peter Gerhard</a>, <i>Pirates of the Pacific, 1575–1742</i>. University of Nebraska Press 1990 <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0803270305" title="Special:BookSources/978-0803270305">978-0803270305</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Captain_Charles_Johnson" title="Captain Charles Johnson">Captain Charles Johnson</a>, <a href="/wiki/A_General_History_of_the_Pyrates" title="A General History of the Pyrates">A General History of the Pyrates</a>.</li> <li>Kritzler, Edward, <i>Jewish Pirates of the Caribbean</i>. Anchor Books 2009. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7679-1952-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7679-1952-4">978-0-7679-1952-4</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kris_Lane" title="Kris Lane">Kris Lane</a>, foreword by <a href="/wiki/Hugh_O%27Shaughnessy" title="Hugh O'Shaughnessy">Hugh O'Shaughnessy</a> <i>Blood and Silver: the history of piracy in the Caribbean and Central America</i>, Oxford, Signal (1967) and (1999)</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Piracy_in_the_Caribbean&action=edit&section=36" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239009302">.mw-parser-output .portalbox{padding:0;margin:0.5em 0;display:table;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:175px;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portalborder{border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa)}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-entry{display:table-row;font-size:85%;line-height:110%;height:1.9em;font-style:italic;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-image{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-link{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em 0.2em 0.2em 0.3em;vertical-align:middle}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .portalleft{clear:left;float:left;margin:0.5em 1em 0.5em 0}.mw-parser-output .portalright{clear:right;float:right;margin:0.5em 0 0.5em 1em}}</style><ul role="navigation" aria-label="Portals" class="noprint portalbox portalborder portalright"> <li class="portalbox-entry"><span class="portalbox-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="map" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6b/Relief_Map_of_Caribbean.png/32px-Relief_Map_of_Caribbean.png" decoding="async" width="32" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6b/Relief_Map_of_Caribbean.png/48px-Relief_Map_of_Caribbean.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6b/Relief_Map_of_Caribbean.png/64px-Relief_Map_of_Caribbean.png 2x" data-file-width="891" data-file-height="561" /></span></span></span><span class="portalbox-link"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Caribbean" title="Portal:Caribbean">Caribbean portal</a></span></li><li class="portalbox-entry"><span class="portalbox-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Waves_in_pacifica_1.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/Waves_in_pacifica_1.jpg/32px-Waves_in_pacifica_1.jpg" decoding="async" width="32" height="22" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/Waves_in_pacifica_1.jpg/48px-Waves_in_pacifica_1.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/Waves_in_pacifica_1.jpg/64px-Waves_in_pacifica_1.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2000" data-file-height="1358" /></a></span></span><span class="portalbox-link"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Oceans" title="Portal:Oceans">Oceans portal</a></span></li><li class="portalbox-entry"><span class="portalbox-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/Skull_and_Crossbones.svg/29px-Skull_and_Crossbones.svg.png" decoding="async" width="29" height="28" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/Skull_and_Crossbones.svg/44px-Skull_and_Crossbones.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/Skull_and_Crossbones.svg/58px-Skull_and_Crossbones.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="510" data-file-height="490" /></span></span></span><span class="portalbox-link"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Piracy" title="Portal:Piracy">Piracy portal</a></span></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Piracy_in_the_British_Virgin_Islands" title="Piracy in the British Virgin Islands">Piracy in the British Virgin Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jolly_Roger" title="Jolly Roger">Jolly Roger</a>, the traditional pirate flag</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Piracy_in_Somalia" class="mw-redirect" title="Piracy in Somalia">Piracy in Somalia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Piracy_in_the_Atlantic_World" title="Piracy in the Atlantic World">Piracy in the Atlantic World</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_pirates" title="List of pirates">List of pirates</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thalassocracy" title="Thalassocracy">Thalassocracy</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Piracy_in_the_Caribbean&action=edit&section=37" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-Arian,_2002-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Arian,_2002_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Arian,_2002_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Arian,_2002_1-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Arian,_2002_1-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Campo-Flores/ Arian, "Yar, Mate! Swashbuckler Tours!," Newsweek 180, no. 6 (2002): 58.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Smith,_Simon_1996-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Smith,_Simon_1996_2-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Smith,_Simon_1996_2-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Smith,_Simon_1996_2-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Smith,_Simon_1996_2-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Smith,_Simon_1996_2-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Smith,_Simon_1996_2-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Smith,_Simon_1996_2-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Smith,_Simon_1996_2-7"><sup><i><b>h</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Smith, Simon. "Piracy in early British America." History Today 46, no. 5 (May 1996): 29.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Peter_Gerhard" title="Peter Gerhard">Peter Gerhard</a>, <i>Pirates of New Spain, 1575–1742</i>. Dover Books 2003. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0486426112" title="Special:BookSources/978-0486426112">978-0486426112</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Peter_Gerhard" title="Peter Gerhard">Peter Gerhard</a>, <i>Pirates of the Pacific, 1575–1742</i>. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">1 February</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=St.+Lucia+News+Online&rft.atitle=Trinidad%3A+Fishermen+abducted+by+Venezuelan+pirates+return+home&rft.date=2019-02-07&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.stlucianewsonline.com%2Ftrinidad-fishermen-abducted-by-venezuelan-pirates-return-home%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APiracy+in+the+Caribbean" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-47"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-47">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.com/news/stories-47003108">"Venezuelan pirates – the new scourge of the Caribbean"</a>. <i>BBC News</i>. 28 January 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">26 April</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=tradewindsnews.com&rft.atitle=Five-hour+gun+battle+between+gangsters+and+police+sees+ship+freed&rft.date=2024-04-15&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.tradewindsnews.com%2Fcasualties%2Ffive-hour-gun-battle-between-gangsters-and-police-sees-ship-freed%2F2-1-1626812&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APiracy+in+the+Caribbean" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-IMnews-50"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-IMnews_50-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-IMnews_50-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-IMnews_50-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://insurancemarinenews.com/insurance-marine-news/haitian-gangs-rob-cargo-ship-of-food/">"Haitian gangs rob cargo ship of food"</a>. <i>Insurance Marine News</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">26 April</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Insurance+Marine+News&rft.atitle=Haitian+gangs+rob+cargo+ship+of+food&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Finsurancemarinenews.com%2Finsurance-marine-news%2Fhaitian-gangs-rob-cargo-ship-of-food%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APiracy+in+the+Caribbean" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-MarExec-51"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-MarExec_51-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-MarExec_51-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.maritime-executive.com/article/haiti-s-gangs-try-their-hand-at-piracy-hijacking-a-ship-full-of-food">"Haiti's Gangs Try Their Hand at Piracy, Hijacking a Ship Full of Food"</a>. <i>maritime-executive.com</i>. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">26 April</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=maritime-executive.com&rft.atitle=Haiti%27s+Gangs+Try+Their+Hand+at+Piracy%2C+Hijacking+a+Ship+Full+of+Food&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.maritime-executive.com%2Farticle%2Fhaiti-s-gangs-try-their-hand-at-piracy-hijacking-a-ship-full-of-food&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APiracy+in+the+Caribbean" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-52"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-52">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://world-ships.com/company/9ea4e34b09b03201e279de4f5871372d">"CLAUDE & MAGALIE SHIPPING, Miami FL, United States of America"</a>. <i>world-ships.com</i>. World Shipping Register<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">26 April</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=world-ships.com&rft.atitle=CLAUDE+%26+MAGALIE+SHIPPING%2C+Miami+FL%2C+United+States+of+America&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fworld-ships.com%2Fcompany%2F9ea4e34b09b03201e279de4f5871372d&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APiracy+in+the+Caribbean" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Piracy_in_the_Caribbean&action=edit&section=38" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.economist.com/research/articlesBySubject/displaystory.cfm?subjectid=7933596&story_id=11079332">2004 vs. 2007 global piracy summary, <i>The Economist</i></a>, published 23 April 2008, accessed 2008-04-28.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://blindkat.hegewisch.net/pirates/pirates.html">Pirates of the Caribbean, In Fact and Fiction</a>- from BlindKat Publishers</li> <li><span class="languageicon">(in English and Spanish)</span> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.wdl.org/en/item/4393/">"Method of Securing the Ports and Populations of All the Coasts of the Indies"</a>, from 1694, examines the security of the Spanish West Indies in relation to piracy.</li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-title,.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow{padding:0.25em 1em;line-height:1.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group{white-space:nowrap;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{background-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list{line-height:1.5em;border-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list-with-group{text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid}.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-group,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-image,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-list{border-top:2px solid #fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title{background-color:#ccf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-title{background-color:#ddf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-abovebelow{background-color:#e6e6ff}.mw-parser-output .navbox-even{background-color:#f7f7f7}.mw-parser-output .navbox-odd{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ul,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ul{padding:0.125em 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Piracy" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Pirates" title="Template:Pirates"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Pirates" title="Template talk:Pirates"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Pirates" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Pirates"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Piracy" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Piracy" title="Piracy">Piracy</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;white-space: normal;"><a href="/wiki/Category:Piracy_by_period" title="Category:Piracy by period">Periods</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Mediterranean_piracy" title="Ancient Mediterranean piracy">Ancient Mediterranean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Golden_Age_of_Piracy" title="Golden Age of Piracy">Golden Age</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Piracy_in_the_21st_century" title="Piracy in the 21st century">21st century</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/2022_in_piracy" title="2022 in piracy">2022</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2023_in_piracy" title="2023 in piracy">2023</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2024_in_piracy" title="2024 in piracy">2024</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;white-space: normal;">Types of pirate</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Albanian_piracy" title="Albanian piracy">Albanian piracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anglo-Turkish_piracy" title="Anglo-Turkish piracy">Anglo-Turkish piracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baltic_Slavic_piracy" title="Baltic Slavic piracy">Baltic Slavic pirates</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barbary_pirates" title="Barbary pirates">Barbary pirates (corsairs)</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Corsairs_of_Algiers" title="Corsairs of Algiers">Algiers</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brethren_of_the_Coast" title="Brethren of the Coast">Brethren of the Coast</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buccaneer" title="Buccaneer">Buccaneers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cilician_pirates" title="Cilician pirates">Cilician pirates</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Child_pirate" title="Child pirate">Child pirate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cossacks" title="Cossacks">Cossack pirates</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Filibuster_(military)" title="Filibuster (military)">Filibusters</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_corsairs" title="French corsairs">French corsairs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_pirates" title="Jewish pirates">Jewish pirates</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Piracy_in_the_Sulu_and_Celebes_Seas" title="Piracy in the Sulu and Celebes Seas">Moro pirates</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Narentines" title="Narentines">Narentines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Privateer" title="Privateer">Privateers</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Confederate_privateer" title="Confederate privateer">Confederate</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/River_pirate" title="River pirate">River pirate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geuzen" title="Geuzen">Sea Beggars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elizabethan_Sea_Dogs" title="Elizabethan Sea Dogs">Sea Dogs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bawarij" title="Bawarij">Sindhi corsairs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timber_pirate" title="Timber pirate">Timber pirate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ushkuyniks" title="Ushkuyniks">Ushkuyniks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uskoks" title="Uskoks">Uskoks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vikings" title="Vikings">Vikings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Victual_Brothers" title="Victual Brothers">Victual Brothers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wokou" title="Wokou">Wokou</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_piracy" title="Women in piracy">Women in piracy</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;white-space: normal;">Areas</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Piracy_in_the_Atlantic_World" title="Piracy in the Atlantic World">Atlantic World</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Caribbean</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Piracy_in_the_British_Virgin_Islands" title="Piracy in the British Virgin Islands">British Virgin Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_Main" title="Spanish Main">Spanish Main</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Piracy_on_Lake_Nicaragua" title="Piracy on Lake Nicaragua">Lake Nicaragua</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Piracy_off_the_coast_of_Venezuela" class="mw-redirect" title="Piracy off the coast of Venezuela">Venezuela</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Piracy_in_the_Gulf_of_Guinea" title="Piracy in the Gulf of Guinea">Gulf of Guinea</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Indian Ocean</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Piracy_around_the_Horn_of_Africa" title="Piracy around the Horn of Africa">Horn of Africa</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Piracy_off_the_coast_of_Somalia" title="Piracy off the coast of Somalia">Somali Coast</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Piracy_in_Indonesia" title="Piracy in Indonesia">Indonesia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Piracy_in_the_Persian_Gulf" title="Piracy in the Persian Gulf">Persian Gulf</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Piracy_in_the_Strait_of_Malacca" title="Piracy in the Strait of Malacca">Strait of Malacca</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nosy_Boraha" title="Nosy Boraha">Nosy Boraha</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other waters</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Baltic_Slavic_piracy" title="Baltic Slavic piracy">Baltic Slavic piracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barbary_Coast" title="Barbary Coast">Barbary Coast</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Piracy_on_Falcon_Lake" title="Piracy on Falcon Lake">Falcon Lake</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pirates_of_the_South_China_Coast" title="Pirates of the South China Coast">South China Coast</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Piracy_in_the_Sulu_and_Celebes_Seas" title="Piracy in the Sulu and Celebes Seas">Sulu Sea</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Pirate_haven" title="Pirate haven">Pirate havens</a><br />and bases</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Barataria_Bay" title="Barataria Bay">Barataria Bay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%8Ele_Sainte-Marie" class="mw-redirect" title="Île Sainte-Marie">Île Sainte-Marie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Libertatia" title="Libertatia">Libertatia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lundy" title="Lundy">Lundy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mehdya,_Morocco" title="Mehdya, Morocco">Mamora</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Port_Royal" title="Port Royal">Port Royal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Pirates" title="Republic of Pirates">Republic of Pirates</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Sal%C3%A9" title="Republic of Salé">Republic of Salé</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saint_Augustin,_Madagascar" title="Saint Augustin, Madagascar">Saint Augustin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saint-Malo" title="Saint-Malo">Saint-Malo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tortuga_(Haiti)" title="Tortuga (Haiti)">Tortuga</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;white-space: normal;">Major figures</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Pirates</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abduwali_Muse" title="Abduwali Muse">Abduwali Muse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abshir_Boyah" title="Abshir Boyah">Abshir Boyah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adam_Baldridge" title="Adam Baldridge">Adam Baldridge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abraham_Samuel" title="Abraham Samuel">Abraham Samuel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alf_and_Alfhild" title="Alf and Alfhild">Alfhild</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Albert_W._Hicks" title="Albert W. Hicks">Albert W. Hicks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anne_Bonny" title="Anne Bonny">Anne Bonny</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anne_Dieu-le-Veut" title="Anne Dieu-le-Veut">Anne Dieu-le-Veut</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ant%C3%B3nio_de_Faria" title="António de Faria">António de Faria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexandre_Exquemelin" title="Alexandre Exquemelin">Alexandre Exquemelin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Artemisia_I_of_Caria" title="Artemisia I of Caria">Artemisia I of Caria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Awilda" title="Awilda">Awilda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bartolomeu_Portugu%C3%AAs" title="Bartolomeu Português">Bartolomeu Português</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bartholomew_Roberts" title="Bartholomew Roberts">Bartholomew Roberts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benito_de_Soto" title="Benito de Soto">Benito de Soto</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benjamin_Hornigold" title="Benjamin Hornigold">Benjamin Hornigold</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_Caesar_(pirate)" title="Black Caesar (pirate)">Black Caesar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blackbeard" title="Blackbeard">Blackbeard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bully_Hayes" title="Bully Hayes">Bully Hayes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cai_Qian" title="Cai Qian">Cai Qian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Calico_Jack" title="Calico Jack">Calico Jack</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Gibbs" title="Charles Gibbs">Charles Gibbs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charlotte_de_Berry" title="Charlotte de Berry">Charlotte de Berry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cheung_Po_Tsai" title="Cheung Po Tsai">Cheung Po Tsai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christina_Anna_Skytte" title="Christina Anna Skytte">Christina Anna Skytte</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chui_A-poo" title="Chui A-poo">Chui A-poo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dan_Seavey" title="Dan Seavey">Dan Seavey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diabolito" title="Diabolito">Diabolito</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dido" title="Dido">Dido</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dirk_Chivers" title="Dirk Chivers">Dirk Chivers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dominique_You" title="Dominique You">Dominique You</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edward_England" title="Edward England">Edward England</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edward_Low" title="Edward Low">Edward Low</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eli_Boggs" title="Eli Boggs">Eli Boggs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elise_Eskilsdotter" title="Elise Eskilsdotter">Elise Eskilsdotter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eustace_the_Monk" title="Eustace the Monk">Eustace the Monk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flora_Burn" title="Flora Burn">Flora Burn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flying_Gang" title="Flying Gang">Flying Gang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/F%C5%ABma_Kotar%C5%8D" title="Fūma Kotarō">Fūma Kotarō</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francis_Drake" title="Francis Drake">Francis Drake</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fran%C3%A7ois_Le_Clerc" title="François Le Clerc">François Le Clerc</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fran%C3%A7ois_l%27Olonnais" title="François l'Olonnais">François l'Olonnais</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gan_Ning" title="Gan Ning">Gan Ning</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grace_O%27Malley" title="Grace O'Malley">Grace O'Malley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hayreddin_Barbarossa" title="Hayreddin Barbarossa">Hayreddin Barbarossa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hendrick_Lucifer" title="Hendrick Lucifer">Hendrick Lucifer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henri_Caesar" title="Henri Caesar">Henri Caesar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Every" title="Henry Every">Henry Every</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Morgan" title="Henry Morgan">Henry Morgan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Strangways_(pirate)" title="Henry Strangways (pirate)">Henry Strangways</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hippolyte_Bouchard" title="Hippolyte Bouchard">Hippolyte Bouchard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Huang_Bamei" title="Huang Bamei">Huang Bamei</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Israel_Hands" title="Israel Hands">Israel Hands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jacquotte_Delahaye" title="Jacquotte Delahaye">Jacquotte Delahaye</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jan_Janszoon" title="Jan Janszoon">Jan Janszoon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean_Lafitte" title="Jean Lafitte">Jean Lafitte</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jeanne_de_Clisson" title="Jeanne de Clisson">Jeanne de Clisson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Johanna_H%C3%A5rd" title="Johanna Hård">Johanna Hård</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Hawkins_(naval_commander)" title="John Hawkins (naval commander)">John Hawkins</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Hoar" title="John Hoar">John Hoar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Newland_Maffitt_(privateer)" title="John Newland Maffitt (privateer)">John Newland Maffitt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Pro" title="John Pro">John Pro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/J%C3%B8rgen_J%C3%B8rgensen" title="Jørgen Jørgensen">Jørgen Jørgensen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_Joaquim_Almeida" title="José Joaquim Almeida">José Joaquim Almeida</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Baker_(pirate)" title="Joseph Baker (pirate)">Joseph Baker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Barss" title="Joseph Barss">Joseph Barss</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Klaus_St%C3%B6rtebeker" title="Klaus Störtebeker">Klaus Störtebeker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lai_Choi_San" title="Lai Choi San">Lai Choi San</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Laurens_de_Graaf" title="Laurens de Graaf">Laurens de Graaf</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lawrence_Prince" title="Lawrence Prince">Lawrence Prince</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liang_Daoming" title="Liang Daoming">Liang Daoming</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Limahong" title="Limahong">Limahong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lo_Hon-cho" title="Lo Hon-cho">Lo Hon-cho</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louis-Michel_Aury" title="Louis-Michel Aury">Louis-Michel Aury</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mansel_Alcantra" title="Mansel Alcantra">Mansel Alcantra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manuel_Ribeiro_Pardal" title="Manuel Ribeiro Pardal">Manuel Ribeiro Pardal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martin_Frobisher" title="Martin Frobisher">Martin Frobisher</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eric_Cobham_and_Maria_Lindsey" title="Eric Cobham and Maria Lindsey">Mary Lindsey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mary_Read" title="Mary Read">Mary Read</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mary_Wolverston" title="Mary Wolverston">Mary Wolverston</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michel_de_Grammont" title="Michel de Grammont">Michel de Grammont</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moses_Cohen_Henriques" title="Moses Cohen Henriques">Moses Cohen Henriques</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nathaniel_Gordon" title="Nathaniel Gordon">Nathaniel Gordon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nicholas_van_Hoorn" title="Nicholas van Hoorn">Nicholas van Hoorn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ng_Akew" title="Ng Akew">Ng Akew</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Olivier_Levasseur" title="Olivier Levasseur">Olivier Levasseur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pedro_Gilbert" title="Pedro Gilbert">Pedro Gilbert</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peter_Easton" title="Peter Easton">Peter Easton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pierre_Lafitte" title="Pierre Lafitte">Pierre Lafitte</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Piet_Pieterszoon_Hein" title="Piet Pieterszoon Hein">Piet Pieterszoon Hein</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Princess_Sela" title="Princess Sela">Princess Sela</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rahmah_ibn_Jabir_al-Jalhami" title="Rahmah ibn Jabir al-Jalhami">Rahmah ibn Jabir al-Jalhami</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rachel_Wall" title="Rachel Wall">Rachel Wall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oru%C3%A7_Reis" class="mw-redirect" title="Oruç Reis">Redbeard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Glover_(pirate)" title="Richard Glover (pirate)">Richard Glover</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Culliford" title="Robert Culliford">Robert Culliford</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Surcouf" title="Robert Surcouf">Robert Surcouf</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roberto_Cofres%C3%AD" title="Roberto Cofresí">Roberto Cofresí</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roche_Braziliano" title="Roche Braziliano">Roche Braziliano</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rusla" title="Rusla">Rusla</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sadie_Farrell" title="Sadie Farrell">Sadie Farrell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samuel_Bellamy" title="Samuel Bellamy">Samuel Bellamy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samuel_Hall_Lord" title="Samuel Hall Lord">Samuel Hall Lord</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samuel_Mason" title="Samuel Mason">Samuel Mason</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samuel_Pallache" title="Samuel Pallache">Samuel Pallache</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sayyida_al_Hurra" title="Sayyida al Hurra">Sayyida al Hurra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sister_Ping" title="Sister Ping">Sister Ping</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shap-ng-tsai" title="Shap-ng-tsai">Shap-ng-tsai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shirahama_Kenki" title="Shirahama Kenki">Shirahama Kenki</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Simon_Mascarino" title="Simon Mascarino">Simon Mascarino</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stede_Bonnet" title="Stede Bonnet">Stede Bonnet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Teuta" title="Teuta">Teuta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Cavendish" title="Thomas Cavendish">Thomas Cavendish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Tew" title="Thomas Tew">Thomas Tew</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Veborg" title="Veborg">Veborg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Victual_Brothers" title="Victual Brothers">Victual Brothers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vincenzo_Gambi" title="Vincenzo Gambi">Vincenzo Gambi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wang_Zhi_(pirate)" title="Wang Zhi (pirate)">Wang Zhi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Dampier" title="William Dampier">William Dampier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Kidd" title="William Kidd">William Kidd</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zheng_Jing" title="Zheng Jing">Zheng Jing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zheng_Qi_(pirate)" title="Zheng Qi (pirate)">Zheng Qi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zheng_Yi_(pirate)" title="Zheng Yi (pirate)">Zheng Yi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zheng_Zhilong" title="Zheng Zhilong">Zheng Zhilong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zheng_Yi_Sao" title="Zheng Yi Sao">Zheng Yi Sao</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Pirate<br />hunters</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Angelo_Emo" title="Angelo Emo">Angelo Emo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chaloner_Ogle" title="Chaloner Ogle">Chaloner Ogle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Porter_(naval_officer)" title="David Porter (naval officer)">David Porter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Duarte_Pacheco_Pereira" title="Duarte Pacheco Pereira">Duarte Pacheco Pereira</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Brooke" title="James Brooke">James Brooke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Julius_Caesar" title="Julius Caesar">Julius Caesar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Campuzano_Polanco_family" class="mw-redirect" title="Campuzano Polanco family">Jose Campuzano-Polanco</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luis_Fajardo_(Spanish_Navy_officer)" title="Luis Fajardo (Spanish Navy officer)">Luis Fajardo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Miguel_Enr%C3%ADquez_(privateer)" title="Miguel Enríquez (privateer)">Miguel Enríquez</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pedro_Men%C3%A9ndez_de_Avil%C3%A9s" title="Pedro Menéndez de Avilés">Pedro Menéndez de Avilés</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pompey" title="Pompey">Pompey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Avery_Hornsby" title="Richard Avery Hornsby">Richard Avery Hornsby</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Maynard" title="Robert Maynard">Robert Maynard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Warren_(Royal_Navy_officer)" title="Thomas Warren (Royal Navy officer)">Thomas Warren</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Woodes_Rogers" title="Woodes Rogers">Woodes Rogers</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;white-space: normal;">Pirate ships</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Adventure_Galley" title="Adventure Galley">Adventure Galley</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Ambrose_Light_(ship)" title="Ambrose Light (ship)">Ambrose Light</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Fancy_(ship)" title="Fancy (ship)">Fancy</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Flying_Dutchman" title="Flying Dutchman">Flying Dutchman</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Ganj-i-Sawai" title="Ganj-i-Sawai">Ganj-i-Sawai</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Queen_Anne%27s_Revenge" title="Queen Anne's Revenge">Queen Anne's Revenge</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Quedagh_Merchant" title="Quedagh Merchant">Quedagh Merchant</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/CSS_McRae" title="CSS McRae">Marquis of Havana</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Jeanne_de_Clisson" title="Jeanne de Clisson">My Revenge</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Bartholomew_Roberts" title="Bartholomew Roberts">Royal Fortune</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Saladin_(barque)" title="Saladin (barque)">Saladin</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Whydah_Gally" title="Whydah Gally">Whydah Gally</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/MV_York" title="MV York">York</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;white-space: normal;">Pirate battles and incidents</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><figure class="mw-halign-right noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Pirate_Flag.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6c/Pirate_Flag.svg/100px-Pirate_Flag.svg.png" decoding="async" width="100" height="63" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6c/Pirate_Flag.svg/150px-Pirate_Flag.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6c/Pirate_Flag.svg/200px-Pirate_Flag.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="750" data-file-height="470" /></a><figcaption></figcaption></figure> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1582_Cagayan_battles" title="1582 Cagayan battles">1582 Cagayan battles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1985_Lahad_Datu_ambush" title="1985 Lahad Datu ambush">1985 Lahad Datu ambush</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Action_of_9_November_1822" title="Action of 9 November 1822">Action of 9 November 1822</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Action_of_28_October_2007" title="Action of 28 October 2007">Action of 28 October 2007</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Action_of_11_November_2008" title="Action of 11 November 2008">Action of 11 November 2008</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/April_2009_raid_off_Somalia" title="April 2009 raid off Somalia">Action of 9 April 2009</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Action_of_23_March_2010" class="mw-redirect" title="Action of 23 March 2010">Action of 23 March 2010</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Action_of_1_April_2010" class="mw-redirect" title="Action of 1 April 2010">Action of 1 April 2010</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Action_of_5_April_2010" class="mw-redirect" title="Action of 5 April 2010">Action of 5 April 2010</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aegean_Sea_anti-piracy_operations_of_the_United_States" title="Aegean Sea anti-piracy operations of the United States">Anti-piracy in the Aegean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antelope_of_Boston" title="Antelope of Boston">Antelope incident</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/West_Indies_anti-piracy_operations_of_the_United_States" title="West Indies anti-piracy operations of the United States">Anti-piracy in the West Indies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Attack_on_Veracruz" title="Attack on Veracruz">Attack on Veracruz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_expedition_to_Balanguingui" title="Spanish expedition to Balanguingui">Balanguingui Expedition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Boca_Teacapan" title="Battle of Boca Teacapan">Battle of Boca Teacapan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Cape_Fear_River_(1718)" title="Battle of Cape Fear River (1718)">Battle of Cape Fear River</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Cape_Lopez" title="Battle of Cape Lopez">Battle of Cape Lopez</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Doro_Passage" title="Battle of Doro Passage">Battle of Doro Passage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ganj-i-Sawai" title="Ganj-i-Sawai">Battle of Mandab Strait</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Manila_(1574)" title="Battle of Manila (1574)">Battle of Manila</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_off_Minicoy_Island" class="mw-redirect" title="Battle off Minicoy Island">Battle off Minicoy Island</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_off_Mukah" title="Battle off Mukah">Battle off Mukah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Nam_Quan" title="Battle of Nam Quan">Battle of Nam Quan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_New_Orleans" title="Battle of New Orleans">Battle of New Orleans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blackbeard" title="Blackbeard">Battle of Ocracoke Inlet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Pianosa" title="Battle of Pianosa">Battle of Pianosa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Leotung" title="Battle of the Leotung">Battle of the Leotung</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Tiger%27s_Mouth" title="Battle of the Tiger's Mouth">Battle of the Tiger's Mouth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Tonkin_River" title="Battle of Tonkin River">Battle of Tonkin River</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Ty-ho_Bay" title="Battle of Ty-ho Bay">Battle of Ty-ho Bay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Tysami" title="Battle of Tysami">Battle of Tysami</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MV_Beluga_Nomination_incident" title="MV Beluga Nomination incident"><i>Beluga Nomination</i> incident</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Vane" title="Charles Vane">Blockade of Charleston (Vane)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chepo_expedition" title="Chepo expedition">Chepo Expedition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ambrose_Light_(ship)" title="Ambrose Light (ship)">Capture of the <i>Ambrose Light</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Capture_of_John_%22Calico_Jack%22_Rackham" title="Capture of John "Calico Jack" Rackham">Capture of John "Calico Jack" Rackham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Capture_of_the_schooner_Bravo" title="Capture of the schooner Bravo">Capture of the schooner <i>Bravo</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Capture_of_the_schooner_Fancy" class="mw-redirect" title="Capture of the schooner Fancy">Capture of the schooner <i>Fancy</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Capture_of_the_sloop_Anne" title="Capture of the sloop Anne">Capture of the sloop <i>Anne</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carr%C3%A9_d%27As_IV_incident" title="Carré d'As IV incident"><i>Carré d'As IV</i> incident</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dai_Hong_Dan_incident" title="Dai Hong Dan incident"><i>Dai Hong Dan</i> incident</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Falklands_Expedition" title="Falklands Expedition">Falklands Expedition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Lakes_Patrol" title="Great Lakes Patrol">Great Lakes Patrol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irene_incident" title="Irene incident"><i>Irene</i> incident</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jiajing_wokou_raids" title="Jiajing wokou raids">Jiajing wokou raids</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maersk_Alabama_hijacking" title="Maersk Alabama hijacking"><i>Maersk Alabama</i> hijacking</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MT_Zafirah_hijacking" title="MT Zafirah hijacking">MT <i>Zafirah</i> hijacking</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MT_Orkim_Harmony_hijacking" title="MT Orkim Harmony hijacking">MT <i>Orkim Harmony</i> hijacking</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MV_Moscow_University_hijacking" title="MV Moscow University hijacking">MV <i>Moscow University</i> hijacking</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_Star_affair" title="North Star affair"><i>North Star</i> affair</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Enduring_Freedom_%E2%80%93_Horn_of_Africa" title="Operation Enduring Freedom – Horn of Africa">Operation Enduring Freedom – HOA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Atalanta" title="Operation Atalanta">Operation Atalanta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Dawn_of_Gulf_of_Aden" title="Operation Dawn of Gulf of Aden">Operation Dawn of Gulf of Aden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Dawn_8:_Gulf_of_Aden" title="Operation Dawn 8: Gulf of Aden">Operation Dawn 8: Gulf of Aden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Ocean_Shield" title="Operation Ocean Shield">Operation Ocean Shield</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persian_Gulf_campaign_of_1809" title="Persian Gulf campaign of 1809">Persian Gulf Campaign</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cross_border_attacks_in_Sabah" title="Cross border attacks in Sabah">Pirate attacks in Borneo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SY_Quest_incident" title="SY Quest incident"><i>Quest</i> incident</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raid_on_Cartagena_(1683)" title="Raid on Cartagena (1683)">Raid on Cartagena</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sack_of_Baltimore" title="Sack of Baltimore">Sack of Baltimore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sack_of_Campeche_(1663)" title="Sack of Campeche (1663)">Sack of Campeche</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salvador_Pirates" title="Salvador Pirates">Salvador Pirates</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slave_raid_of_Su%C3%B0uroy" title="Slave raid of Suðuroy">Slave raid of Suðuroy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turkish_Abductions" title="Turkish Abductions">Turkish Abductions</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;white-space: normal;">Piracy law</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <li><a href="/wiki/Acts_of_grace_(piracy)" title="Acts of grace (piracy)">Acts of grace</a> (<a href="/wiki/1717%E2%80%931718_Acts_of_Grace" title="1717–1718 Acts of Grace">1717–1718 Acts of Grace</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_piracy_law" title="International piracy law">International piracy law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Letter_of_marque" title="Letter of marque">Letter of marque</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paris_Declaration_Respecting_Maritime_Law" title="Paris Declaration Respecting Maritime Law">Paris Declaration Respecting Maritime Law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Piracy_Act" title="Piracy Act">Piracy Act</a> (<a href="/wiki/Offences_at_Sea_Act_1536" title="Offences at Sea Act 1536">1536</a>, <a href="/wiki/Piracy_Act_1698" title="Piracy Act 1698">1698</a>, <a href="/wiki/Transportation_Act_1717" class="mw-redirect" title="Transportation Act 1717">1717</a>, <a href="/wiki/Piracy_Act_1721" title="Piracy Act 1721">1721</a>, <a href="/wiki/Piracy_Act_1837" title="Piracy Act 1837">1837</a>, <a href="/wiki/Piracy_Act_1850" title="Piracy Act 1850">1850</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Piracy_Law_of_1820" class="mw-redirect" title="Piracy Law of 1820">Piracy Law of 1820</a></li> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;white-space: normal;"><a href="/wiki/History_of_slavery" title="History of slavery">Slave trade</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_Africa" title="Slavery in Africa">African slave trade</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African_Slave_Trade_Patrol" title="African Slave Trade Patrol">African Slave Trade Patrol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/La_Amistad" title="La Amistad"><i>Amistad</i> Incident</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atlantic_slave_trade" title="Atlantic slave trade">Atlantic slave trade</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barbary_slave_trade" title="Barbary slave trade">Barbary slave trade</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blockade_of_Africa" title="Blockade of Africa">Blockade of Africa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Capture_of_the_Veloz_Passagera" title="Capture of the Veloz Passagera">Capture of the <i>Veloz Passagera</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Capture_of_the_brig_Brillante" title="Capture of the brig Brillante">Capture of the brig <i>Brillante</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_Ocean_slave_trade" title="Indian Ocean slave trade">Indian Ocean slave trade</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trans-Saharan_slave_trade" title="Trans-Saharan slave trade">Trans-Saharan slave trade</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;white-space: normal;"><a href="/wiki/Pirates_in_the_arts_and_popular_culture" title="Pirates in the arts and popular culture">Pirates in<br />popular<br />culture</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_fictional_pirates" title="List of fictional pirates">Fictional pirates</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Askeladd" title="Askeladd">Askeladd</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tom_Ayrton" title="Tom Ayrton">Tom Ayrton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Redbeard_(comics)" title="Redbeard (comics)">Barbe Rouge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Captain_Birdseye" title="Captain Birdseye">Captain Birdseye</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Captain_Blood_(novel)" title="Captain Blood (novel)">Captain Blood</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/McDonaldland" title="McDonaldland">Captain Crook</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Captain_Flint" title="Captain Flint">Captain Flint</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Captain_Hook" title="Captain Hook">Captain Hook</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Captain_Nemo" title="Captain Nemo">Captain Nemo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Captain_Pugwash" title="Captain Pugwash">Captain Pugwash</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Captain_Sabertooth" title="Captain Sabertooth">Captain Sabertooth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Captain_Stingaree" title="Captain Stingaree">Captain Stingaree</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charlotte_de_Berry" title="Charlotte de Berry">Charlotte de Berry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Davy_Jones_(Pirates_of_the_Caribbean)" title="Davy Jones (Pirates of the Caribbean)">Davy Jones</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edward_Kenway" title="Edward Kenway">Edward Kenway</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elaine_Marley" title="Elaine Marley">Elaine Marley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elizabeth_Swann" title="Elizabeth Swann">Elizabeth Swann</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Franky_(One_Piece)" title="Franky (One Piece)">Franky</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guybrush_Threepwood" title="Guybrush Threepwood">Guybrush Threepwood</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hector_Barbossa" title="Hector Barbossa">Hector Barbossa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jack_Sparrow" title="Jack Sparrow">Jack Sparrow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jacquotte_Delahaye" title="Jacquotte Delahaye">Jacquotte Delahaye</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_Gaspar" title="José Gaspar">José Gaspar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joshamee_Gibbs" title="Joshamee Gibbs">Joshamee Gibbs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Long_John_Silver" title="Long John Silver">Long John Silver</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monkey_D._Luffy" title="Monkey D. Luffy">Monkey D. Luffy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vaas_Montenegro" title="Vaas Montenegro">Vaas Montenegro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mr._Smee" title="Mr. Smee">Mr. Smee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nami_(One_Piece)" title="Nami (One Piece)">Nami</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nico_Robin" title="Nico Robin">Nico Robin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roronoa_Zoro" title="Roronoa Zoro">Roronoa Zoro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sandokan" title="Sandokan">Sandokan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sanji_(One_Piece)" title="Sanji (One Piece)">Sanji</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tony_Tony_Chopper" title="Tony Tony Chopper">Tony Tony Chopper</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Usopp" title="Usopp">Usopp</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Will_Turner" title="Will Turner">Will Turner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zanzibar_(G.I._Joe)" title="Zanzibar (G.I. Joe)">Zanzibar</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Novels</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Pirate_(novel)" title="The Pirate (novel)">The Pirate</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Pilot:_A_Tale_of_the_Sea" title="The Pilot: A Tale of the Sea">The Pilot: A Tale of the Sea</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Treasure_Island" title="Treasure Island">Treasure Island</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Facing_the_Flag" title="Facing the Flag">Facing the Flag</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/On_Stranger_Tides" title="On Stranger Tides">On Stranger Tides</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Jim_Hawkins_and_the_Curse_of_Treasure_Island" title="Jim Hawkins and the Curse of Treasure Island">Jim Hawkins and the Curse of Treasure Island</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Castaways_of_the_Flying_Dutchman" title="Castaways of the Flying Dutchman">Castaways of the Flying Dutchman</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Angel%27s_Command" title="The Angel's Command">The Angel's Command</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Voyage_of_Slaves" title="Voyage of Slaves">Voyage of Slaves</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Long_John_Silver_(comics)" title="Long John Silver (comics)">Long John Silver</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Pirate_Latitudes" title="Pirate Latitudes">Pirate Latitudes</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Mistress_of_the_Seas" title="Mistress of the Seas">Mistress of the Seas</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Silver_(Motion_novel)" title="Silver (Motion novel)">Silver: Return to Treasure Island</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Tropes</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Buried_treasure" title="Buried treasure">Buried treasure</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Davy_Jones%27s_locker" title="Davy Jones's locker">Davy Jones's locker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eyepatch" title="Eyepatch">Eyepatch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jolly_Roger" title="Jolly Roger">Jolly Roger</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Skull_and_crossbones_(symbol)" class="mw-redirect" title="Skull and crossbones (symbol)">skull and crossbones</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Keelhauling" title="Keelhauling">Keelhauling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marooning" title="Marooning">Marooning</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/No_purchase,_no_pay" title="No purchase, no pay">No purchase, no pay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pegleg" class="mw-redirect" title="Pegleg">Pegleg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Companion_parrot" title="Companion parrot">Pet parrot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pirate_code" title="Pirate code">Pirate code</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pirate_utopia" title="Pirate utopia">Pirate utopia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treasure_map" title="Treasure map">Treasure map</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Walking_the_plank" title="Walking the plank">Walking the plank</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Miscellaneous</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Air_pirate" title="Air pirate">Air pirate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_space_pirates" title="List of space pirates">Space pirate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Talk_Like_a_Pirate_Day" title="International Talk Like a Pirate Day">International Talk Like a Pirate Day</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pirates_versus_Ninjas" title="Pirates versus Ninjas">Pirates versus Ninjas</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;white-space: normal;">Miscellaneous</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/A_General_History_of_the_Pyrates" title="A General History of the Pyrates">A General History of the Pyrates</a></i> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Captain_Charles_Johnson" title="Captain Charles Johnson">Captain Charles Johnson</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Truce_of_Ratisbon" title="Truce of Ratisbon">Truce of Ratisbon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pirate_Round" title="Pirate Round">Pirate Round</a></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mutiny" title="Mutiny">Mutiny</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Matelotage" title="Matelotage">Matelotage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Piracy_kidnappings" title="Piracy kidnappings">Piracy kidnappings</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;white-space: normal;">Meta</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Lists</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_pirates" title="List of pirates">Pirates</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_pirate_films_and_television_series" title="List of pirate films and television series">Pirate films and TV series</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_privateers" title="List of privateers">Privateers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_ships_attacked_by_Somali_pirates" title="List of ships attacked by Somali pirates">List of ships attacked by Somali pirates</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_piracy" title="Timeline of piracy">Timeline of piracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_piracy" title="Women in piracy">Women in piracy</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Categories</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Barbary_pirates" class="mw-disambig" title="Category:Barbary pirates">Barbary pirates</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Pirates_by_nationality" title="Category:Pirates by nationality">By nationality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Female_pirates" title="Category:Female pirates">Female pirates</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Fictional_pirates" title="Category:Fictional pirates">Fictional pirates</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Piracy" title="Category:Piracy">Piracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Piracy_by_year" title="Category:Piracy by year">Piracy by year</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Pirates" title="Category:Pirates">Pirates</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow hlist" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><b><span class="nowrap"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/Skull_and_Crossbones.svg/29px-Skull_and_Crossbones.svg.png" decoding="async" width="29" height="28" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/Skull_and_Crossbones.svg/44px-Skull_and_Crossbones.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/Skull_and_Crossbones.svg/58px-Skull_and_Crossbones.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="510" data-file-height="490" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Piracy" title="Portal:Piracy">Piracy portal</a></b></li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Category:Piracy" title="Category:Piracy">Category</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Spanish_Empire" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Spanish_Empire" title="Template:Spanish Empire"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Spanish_Empire" title="Template talk:Spanish Empire"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Spanish_Empire" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Spanish Empire"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Spanish_Empire" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Spanish_Empire" title="Spanish Empire">Spanish Empire</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="text-align: center;"><div id="Timeline–immersed" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Timeline–immersed</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Monarchs" class="mw-redirect" title="Catholic Monarchs">Catholic Monarchs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_colonization_of_the_Americas" title="Spanish colonization of the Americas">Conquest of the Americas</a>, <a href="/wiki/Spanish_East_Indies" title="Spanish East Indies">Asia and the Pacific</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Tordesillas" title="Treaty of Tordesillas">Treaty of Tordesillas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_Wars" title="Italian Wars">Italian Wars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Habsburg_Spain" title="Habsburg Spain">Habsburgs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_Golden_Age" title="Spanish Golden Age">Golden Age</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/War_of_the_League_of_Cognac" title="War of the League of Cognac">War of the League of Cognac</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Encomienda" title="Encomienda">Encomiendas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Laws" title="New Laws">New Laws in favour of the indigenous</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Expulsion_of_the_Moriscos" title="Expulsion of the Moriscos">Expulsion of the Moriscos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ottoman%E2%80%93Habsburg_wars" title="Ottoman–Habsburg wars">Ottoman–Habsburg wars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_Wars_of_Religion" title="French Wars of Religion">French Wars of Religion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Castilian_War" title="Castilian War">Bruneian–Spanish conflict</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anglo-Spanish_War_(1585%E2%80%931604)" title="Anglo-Spanish War (1585–1604)">Anglo-Spanish War (1585–1604)</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Piracy in the Caribbean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eighty_Years%27_War" title="Eighty Years' War">Eighty Years' War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish%E2%80%93Moro_conflict" title="Spanish–Moro conflict">Spanish–Moro conflict</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thirty_Years%27_War" title="Thirty Years' War">Thirty Years' War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Franco-Spanish_War_(1635%E2%80%931659)" title="Franco-Spanish War (1635–1659)">Franco-Spanish War (1635–1659)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portuguese_Restoration_War" title="Portuguese Restoration War">Portuguese Restoration War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/War_of_the_Spanish_Succession" title="War of the Spanish Succession">War of the Spanish Succession</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Queen_Anne%27s_War" title="Queen Anne's War">Queen Anne's War</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Enlightenment_in_Spain" title="Enlightenment in Spain">Bourbons</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bourbon_Reforms" title="Bourbon Reforms">Bourbon Reforms</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/War_of_Jenkins%27_Ear" title="War of Jenkins' Ear">War of Jenkins' Ear</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Madrid_(13_January_1750)" title="Treaty of Madrid (13 January 1750)">Treaty of Madrid (1750)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seven_Years%27_War" title="Seven Years' War">Seven Years' War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nootka_Convention" title="Nootka Convention">Nootka Convention</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peninsular_War" title="Peninsular War">Napoleonic invasion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Third_Treaty_of_San_Ildefonso" title="Third Treaty of San Ildefonso">Third Treaty of San Ildefonso</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_American_wars_of_independence" title="Spanish American wars of independence">Independence of Spanish continental Americas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adams%E2%80%93On%C3%ADs_Treaty" title="Adams–Onís Treaty">Adams–Onís Treaty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_Constitution_of_1812" title="Spanish Constitution of 1812">Liberal constitution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carlist_Wars" title="Carlist Wars">Carlist Wars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish%E2%80%93American_War" title="Spanish–American War">Spanish–American War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German%E2%80%93Spanish_Treaty_(1899)" title="German–Spanish Treaty (1899)">German–Spanish Treaty (1899)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_Civil_War" title="Spanish Civil War">Spanish Civil War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Morocco#Independent_Morocco_(since_1956)" title="History of Morocco">Independence of Morocco</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_Guinea" title="Spanish Guinea">Independence of Equatorial Guinea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_Sahara_conflict" title="Western Sahara conflict">Western Sahara conflict</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="text-align: center;"><div id="Territories" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Territories</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Europe" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Europe</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Spain" title="Spain">Spain</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Crown_of_Castille" class="mw-redirect" title="Crown of Castille">Crown of Castille</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crown_of_Aragon" title="Crown of Aragon">Crown of Aragon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iberian_Union" title="Iberian Union">Union with Portugal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gibraltar" title="Gibraltar">Gibraltar</a></li></ul></li> <li>Southern Italy (Kingdoms of <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Naples#Aragonese_dynasty" title="Kingdom of Naples">Naples</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Sicily#The_insular_kingdom_of_Sicily_under_the_Crown_of_Aragon_and_Spain" title="Kingdom of Sicily">Sicily</a> and <a href="/wiki/Sardinia#Aragonese_period" title="Sardinia">Sardinia</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Duchy_of_Milan" title="Duchy of Milan">Milan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_V,_Holy_Roman_Emperor" title="Charles V, Holy Roman Emperor">Union with Holy Roman Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_Netherlands" title="Spanish Netherlands">Netherlands, Belgium, Luxembourg, northernmost France</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Franche-Comt%C3%A9" title="Franche-Comté">Franche-Comté</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northern_Catalonia" title="Northern Catalonia">Pyrénées-Orientales</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="North_America" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">North America</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/New_Spain" title="New Spain">New Spain</a> (<a href="/wiki/Spanish_expeditions_to_the_Pacific_Northwest" title="Spanish expeditions to the Pacific Northwest">Coastal Alaska</a>, Central United States (<a href="/wiki/Louisiana_(New_Spain)" title="Louisiana (New Spain)">Spanish Louisiana</a>), Western United States (<a href="/wiki/Spanish_Texas" title="Spanish Texas">Spanish Texas</a>), <a href="/wiki/Spanish_Florida" title="Spanish Florida">Florida</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Kingdom_of_Mexico&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kingdom of Mexico (page does not exist)">Mexico</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reino_de_M%C3%A9xico" class="extiw" title="es:Reino de México">es</a>]</span>, Central America (<a href="/wiki/Captaincy_General_of_Yucatan" class="mw-redirect" title="Captaincy General of Yucatan">Captaincy General of Yucatan</a>), <a href="/wiki/Spanish_West_Indies" title="Spanish West Indies">Spanish Caribbean</a>)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Central_America" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Central America</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Captaincy_General_of_Guatemala" title="Captaincy General of Guatemala">Captaincy General of Guatemala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_West_Indies" title="Spanish West Indies">Spanish West Indies</a> (<a href="/wiki/Captaincy_General_of_Cuba" title="Captaincy General of Cuba">Cuba</a>, <a href="/wiki/Captaincy_General_of_Santo_Domingo" title="Captaincy General of Santo Domingo">Dominican Republic</a>, <a href="/wiki/Captaincy_General_of_Puerto_Rico" title="Captaincy General of Puerto Rico">Puerto Rico</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Trinidad_and_Tobago#Spanish_period" title="History of Trinidad and Tobago">Trinidad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colony_of_Santiago" title="Colony of Santiago">Jamaica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Haiti#Spanish_history_(1492–1625)" title="History of Haiti">Haiti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aruba#History" title="Aruba">Aruba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cura%C3%A7ao#History" title="Curaçao">Curazao</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bonaire#History" title="Bonaire">Bonaire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Belize_(1506%E2%80%931862)" title="History of Belize (1506–1862)">Belize</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="South_America" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">South America</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Viceroyalty_of_New_Granada" title="Viceroyalty of New Granada">New Granada</a> (<a href="/wiki/New_Kingdom_of_Granada" title="New Kingdom of Granada">Colombia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Real_Audiencia_of_Quito" title="Real Audiencia of Quito">Ecuador</a>, <a href="/wiki/Real_Audiencia_of_Panama" title="Real Audiencia of Panama">Panama</a>, <a href="/wiki/Captaincy_General_of_Venezuela" title="Captaincy General of Venezuela">Venezuela, part of Guyana</a>, a northernmost portion of Brazilian Amazon)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Viceroyalty_of_Peru" title="Viceroyalty of Peru">Peru</a> (Peru, <a href="/wiki/Acre_(state)" title="Acre (state)">Acre</a>, <a href="/wiki/Captaincy_General_of_Chile" title="Captaincy General of Chile">Chile</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Viceroyalty_of_the_R%C3%ADo_de_la_Plata" title="Viceroyalty of the Río de la Plata">Río de la Plata</a> (<a href="/wiki/Governorate_of_the_R%C3%ADo_de_la_Plata" title="Governorate of the Río de la Plata">Argentina</a>, <a href="/wiki/Governorate_of_Paraguay" title="Governorate of Paraguay">Paraguay</a>, <a href="/wiki/Real_Audiencia_of_Charcas" title="Real Audiencia of Charcas">Charcas</a> (Bolivia), <a href="/wiki/Banda_Oriental" title="Banda Oriental">Banda Oriental</a> (Uruguay), <a href="/wiki/Misiones_Orientales" title="Misiones Orientales">Misiones Orientales</a>, <a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Falkland_Islands" title="History of the Falkland Islands">Malvinas</a>)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Asia_and_Oceania_(Spanish_East_Indies)" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Asia and Oceania (<a href="/wiki/Spanish_East_Indies" title="Spanish East Indies">Spanish East Indies</a>)</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Captaincy_General_of_the_Philippines" title="Captaincy General of the Philippines">Captaincy General of the Philippines</a> (<a href="/wiki/Philippines" title="Philippines">Philippines</a>, <a href="/wiki/Guam" title="Guam">Guam</a>, <a href="/wiki/Northern_Mariana_Islands" title="Northern Mariana Islands">Mariana</a>, <a href="/wiki/Caroline_Islands" title="Caroline Islands">Caroline</a>, <a href="/wiki/Federated_States_of_Micronesia" title="Federated States of Micronesia">Micronesia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Palau" title="Palau">Palau</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_Formosa" title="Spanish Formosa">Northern Taiwan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tidore" title="Tidore">Tidore</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Africa" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Africa</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_Guinea" title="Spanish Guinea">Equatorial Guinea</a></li> <li>Northern Africa (<a href="/wiki/Spanish_Sahara" title="Spanish Sahara">Western Sahara</a>, <a href="/wiki/Spanish_protectorate_in_Morocco" title="Spanish protectorate in Morocco">Spanish Morocco</a>, <a href="/wiki/Spanish_Tripoli" title="Spanish Tripoli">Tripoli</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tunis#Spanish_occupation_and_Ottoman_control" title="Tunis">Tunis</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pe%C3%B1%C3%B3n_of_Algiers" title="Peñón of Algiers">Peñón of Algiers</a>, <a href="/wiki/Oran#Spanish_period_(1509–1708,_1732–1792)" title="Oran">Oran</a>, <a href="/wiki/B%C3%A9ja%C3%AFa#Muslim_and_feudal_rulers" title="Béjaïa">Béjaïa</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ifni" title="Ifni">Ifni</a> and <a href="/wiki/Cape_Juby" title="Cape Juby">Cape Juby</a>)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Antarctica" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Antarctica</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Terra_Australis,_Spain" class="mw-redirect" title="Terra Australis, Spain">Terra Australis</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="text-align: center;"><div id="Administration" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Administration</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;white-space: nowrap; text-align: right;">Organization</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0;background: white; text-align: left;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ayuntamiento" title="Ayuntamiento">Ayuntamiento</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cabildo_(council)" title="Cabildo (council)">Cabildo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Council_of_the_Indies" title="Council of the Indies">Council of the Indies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Germania_(guild)" title="Germania (guild)">Germania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Santa_Hermandad" title="Santa Hermandad">Santa Hermandad</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;white-space: nowrap; text-align: right;">Law</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0;background: white; text-align: left;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Exequatur" title="Exequatur">Exequatur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Laws_of_the_Indies" title="Laws of the Indies">Laws of the Indies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Papal_bull" title="Papal bull">Papal bull</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Royal_Decree_of_Graces_of_1815" title="Royal Decree of Graces of 1815">Royal Decree of Graces</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/School_of_Salamanca" title="School of Salamanca">School of Salamanca</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trial_of_residence" title="Trial of residence">Trial of residence</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;white-space: nowrap; text-align: right;">Titles and positions</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0;background: white; text-align: left;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alcalde" title="Alcalde">Alcalde</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corregidor_(position)" title="Corregidor (position)">Corregidor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Municipal_president" title="Municipal president">Municipal president</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Regidor" title="Regidor">Regidor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syndic" title="Syndic">Syndic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vecino" title="Vecino">Vecino</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="text-align: center;"><div id="Administrative_subdivisions" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Administrative subdivisions</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;white-space: nowrap; text-align: right;"><a href="/wiki/Viceroy#In_the_Americas" title="Viceroy">Viceroyalties</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0;background: white; text-align: left;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Columbian_Viceroyalty" title="Columbian Viceroyalty">Columbian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Viceroyalty_of_New_Spain" class="mw-redirect" title="Viceroyalty of New Spain">New Spain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Viceroyalty_of_New_Granada" title="Viceroyalty of New Granada">New Granada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Viceroyalty_of_Peru" title="Viceroyalty of Peru">Perú</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Viceroyalty_of_the_R%C3%ADo_de_la_Plata" title="Viceroyalty of the Río de la Plata">Río de la Plata</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;white-space: nowrap; text-align: right;"><a href="/wiki/Captaincies_of_the_Spanish_Empire" title="Captaincies of the Spanish Empire">Captaincies General</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0;background: white; text-align: left;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Captaincy_General_of_Chile" title="Captaincy General of Chile">Chile</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Captaincy_General_of_Cuba" title="Captaincy General of Cuba">Cuba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Captaincy_General_of_Guatemala" title="Captaincy General of Guatemala">Guatemala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Captaincy_General_of_the_Philippines" title="Captaincy General of the Philippines">Philippines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Provincias_Internas" title="Provincias Internas">Provincias Internas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Captaincy_General_of_Puerto_Rico" title="Captaincy General of Puerto Rico">Puerto Rico</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Captaincy_General_of_Santo_Domingo" title="Captaincy General of Santo Domingo">Santo Domingo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Captaincy_General_of_Venezuela" title="Captaincy General of Venezuela">Venezuela</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Captaincy_General_of_Yucat%C3%A1n" title="Captaincy General of Yucatán">Yucatán</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;white-space: nowrap; text-align: right;"><a href="/wiki/Governorates_of_the_Spanish_Empire" title="Governorates of the Spanish Empire">Governorates</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0;background: white; text-align: left;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Castilla_de_Oro" title="Castilla de Oro">Castilla de Oro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Governorate_of_Cuba" title="Governorate of Cuba">Cuba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_Florida" title="Spanish Florida">La Florida</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louisiana_(New_Spain)" title="Louisiana (New Spain)">La Luisiana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Governorate_of_New_Andalusia_(1501%E2%80%931513)" title="Governorate of New Andalusia (1501–1513)">New Andalusia (1501–1513)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Governorate_of_New_Andalusia" title="Governorate of New Andalusia">New Andalusia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Governorate_of_New_Castile" title="Governorate of New Castile">New Castile</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Navarre" title="New Navarre">New Navarre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Spain" title="New Spain">New Spain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Governorate_of_New_Toledo" title="Governorate of New Toledo">New Toledo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Governorate_of_Paraguay" title="Governorate of Paraguay">Paraguay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Governorate_of_the_R%C3%ADo_de_la_Plata" title="Governorate of the Río de la Plata">Río de la Plata</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Governorate_of_Terra_Australis" title="Governorate of Terra Australis">Terra Australis</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;white-space: nowrap; text-align: right;"><a href="/wiki/Real_Audiencia" title="Real Audiencia">Audiencias</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0;background: white; text-align: left;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/New_Kingdom_of_Granada" title="New Kingdom of Granada">Bogotá</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Royal_Audiencia_of_Buenos_Aires" class="mw-redirect" title="Royal Audiencia of Buenos Aires">Buenos Aires</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Captaincy_General_of_Venezuela" title="Captaincy General of Venezuela">Caracas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Real_Audiencia_of_Charcas" title="Real Audiencia of Charcas">Charcas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Real_Audiencia_of_Concepci%C3%B3n" title="Real Audiencia of Concepción">Concepción</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Real_Audiencia_of_Cusco" class="mw-redirect" title="Real Audiencia of Cusco">Cusco</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Royal_Audiencia_of_Guadalajara" title="Royal Audiencia of Guadalajara">Guadalajara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Real_Audiencia_of_Guatemala" title="Real Audiencia of Guatemala">Guatemala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Real_Audiencia_of_Lima" title="Real Audiencia of Lima">Lima</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Real_Audiencia_of_Manila" title="Real Audiencia of Manila">Manila</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Royal_Audiencia_of_Mexico" class="mw-redirect" title="Royal Audiencia of Mexico">Mexico</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Real_Audiencia_of_Panama" title="Real Audiencia of Panama">Panamá</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Real_Audiencia_of_Quito" title="Real Audiencia of Quito">Quito</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Real_Audiencia_of_Santiago" title="Real Audiencia of Santiago">Santiago</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Real_Audiencia_of_Santo_Domingo" title="Real Audiencia of Santo Domingo">Santo Domingo</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="text-align: center;"><div id="Economy" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Economy</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Currency_of_Spanish_America" title="Currency of Spanish America">Currencies</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_dollar" title="Spanish dollar">Dollar (Peso)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_colonial_real" title="Spanish colonial real">Real</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maraved%C3%AD" title="Maravedí">Maravedí</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_escudo" title="Spanish escudo">Escudo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Columnarios" class="mw-redirect" title="Columnarios">Columnario</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Doubloon" title="Doubloon">Doubloon</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Trade</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Manila_galleon" title="Manila galleon">Manila galleon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_treasure_fleet" title="Spanish treasure fleet">Spanish treasure fleet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Casa_de_Contrataci%C3%B3n" title="Casa de Contratación">Casa de Contratación</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_Road" title="Spanish Road">Spanish Road</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guipuzcoan_Company_of_Caracas" title="Guipuzcoan Company of Caracas">Guipuzcoan Company of Caracas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barcelona_Trading_Company" title="Barcelona Trading Company">Barcelona Trading Company</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Consulate_of_the_Sea" title="Consulate of the Sea">Consulate of the Sea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Camino_Real_de_Tierra_Adentro" title="Camino Real de Tierra Adentro">Camino Real de Tierra Adentro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Commerce_Consulate_of_Buenos_Aires" title="Commerce Consulate of Buenos Aires">Commerce Consulate of Buenos Aires</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="text-align: center;"><div id="Military" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Military</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;white-space: nowrap; text-align: right;">Armies</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0;background: white; text-align: left;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tercio" title="Tercio">Tercio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Army_of_Flanders" title="Army of Flanders">Army of Flanders</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Free_Company_of_Volunteers_of_Catalonia" title="Free Company of Volunteers of Catalonia">Free Company of Volunteers of Catalonia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_auxiliaries" title="Indian auxiliaries">Indian auxiliaries</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_Armada" title="Spanish Armada">Spanish Armada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_ships_of_the_line_of_Spain" title="List of ships of the line of Spain">Ships of the line</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Royalist_(Spanish_American_independence)" title="Royalist (Spanish American independence)">Royalists</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_Legion" title="Spanish Legion">Legión</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Army_of_Africa_(Spain)" title="Army of Africa (Spain)">Army of Africa</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;white-space: nowrap; text-align: right;">Strategists</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0;background: white; text-align: left;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fernando_%C3%81lvarez_de_Toledo,_3rd_Duke_of_Alba" title="Fernando Álvarez de Toledo, 3rd Duke of Alba">Duke of Alba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antonio_de_Leyva,_Duke_of_Terranova" title="Antonio de Leyva, Duke of Terranova">Antonio de Leyva</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mart%C3%ADn_de_Goiti" title="Martín de Goiti">Martín de Goiti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alfonso_d%27Avalos" title="Alfonso d'Avalos">Alfonso d'Avalos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Garc%C3%ADa_de_Toledo_Osorio,_4th_Marquis_of_Villafranca" class="mw-redirect" title="García de Toledo Osorio, 4th Marquis of Villafranca">García de Toledo Osorio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emmanuel_Philibert,_Duke_of_Savoy" title="Emmanuel Philibert, Duke of Savoy">Duke of Savoy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%81lvaro_de_Baz%C3%A1n_the_Elder" title="Álvaro de Bazán the Elder">Álvaro de Bazán the Elder</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_of_Austria" title="John of Austria">John of Austria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Bonaventure_de_Longueval,_Count_of_Bucquoy" class="mw-redirect" title="Charles Bonaventure de Longueval, Count of Bucquoy">Charles Bonaventure de Longueval</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pedro_de_Zubiaur" title="Pedro de Zubiaur">Pedro de Zubiaur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ambrogio_Spinola,_1st_Marquis_of_the_Balbases" class="mw-redirect" title="Ambrogio Spinola, 1st Marquis of the Balbases">Ambrosio Spinola</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blas_de_Lezo" title="Blas de Lezo">Blas de Lezo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bernardo_de_G%C3%A1lvez" title="Bernardo de Gálvez">Bernardo de Gálvez</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;white-space: nowrap; text-align: right;">Mariners</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0;background: white; text-align: left;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Christopher_Columbus" title="Christopher Columbus">Christopher Columbus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pinz%C3%B3n_brothers" title="Pinzón brothers">Pinzón brothers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ferdinand_Magellan" title="Ferdinand Magellan">Ferdinand Magellan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Juan_Sebasti%C3%A1n_Elcano" title="Juan Sebastián Elcano">Juan Sebastián Elcano</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Juan_de_la_Cosa" title="Juan de la Cosa">Juan de la Cosa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Juan_Ponce_de_Le%C3%B3n" title="Juan Ponce de León">Juan Ponce de León</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Miguel_L%C3%B3pez_de_Legazpi" title="Miguel López de Legazpi">Miguel López de Legazpi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pedro_Men%C3%A9ndez_de_Avil%C3%A9s" title="Pedro Menéndez de Avilés">Pedro Menéndez de Avilés</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sebasti%C3%A1n_de_Ocampo" title="Sebastián de Ocampo">Sebastián de Ocampo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%81lvar_N%C3%BA%C3%B1ez_Cabeza_de_Vaca" title="Álvar Núñez Cabeza de Vaca">Álvar Núñez Cabeza de Vaca</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alonso_de_Ojeda" title="Alonso de Ojeda">Alonso de Ojeda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vasco_N%C3%BA%C3%B1ez_de_Balboa" title="Vasco Núñez de Balboa">Vasco Núñez de Balboa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alonso_de_Salazar" title="Alonso de Salazar">Alonso de Salazar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andr%C3%A9s_de_Urdaneta" title="Andrés de Urdaneta">Andrés de Urdaneta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antonio_de_Ulloa" title="Antonio de Ulloa">Antonio de Ulloa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ruy_L%C3%B3pez_de_Villalobos" title="Ruy López de Villalobos">Ruy López de Villalobos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diego_Columbus" title="Diego Columbus">Diego Columbus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alonso_de_Ercilla" title="Alonso de Ercilla">Alonso de Ercilla</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nicol%C3%A1s_de_Ovando" title="Nicolás de Ovando">Nicolás de Ovando</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Juan_de_Ayala" title="Juan de Ayala">Juan de Ayala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sebasti%C3%A1n_Vizca%C3%ADno" title="Sebastián Vizcaíno">Sebastián Vizcaíno</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Juan_Fern%C3%A1ndez_(explorer)" title="Juan Fernández (explorer)">Juan Fernández</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luis_Fajardo_y_Ru%C3%ADz_de_Avenda%C3%B1o" class="mw-redirect" title="Luis Fajardo y Ruíz de Avendaño">Luis Fajardo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Felipe_Gonz%C3%A1lez_de_Ahedo" title="Felipe González de Ahedo">Felipe González de Ahedo</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;white-space: nowrap; text-align: right;"><a href="/wiki/Conquistador" title="Conquistador">Conquistadors</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0;background: white; text-align: left;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hern%C3%A1n_Cort%C3%A9s" title="Hernán Cortés">Hernán Cortés</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francisco_Pizarro" title="Francisco Pizarro">Francisco Pizarro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gonzalo_Jim%C3%A9nez_de_Quesada" title="Gonzalo Jiménez de Quesada">Gonzalo Jiménez de Quesada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hern%C3%A1n_P%C3%A9rez_de_Quesada" title="Hernán Pérez de Quesada">Hernán Pérez de Quesada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francisco_V%C3%A1zquez_de_Coronado" title="Francisco Vázquez de Coronado">Francisco Vázquez de Coronado</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diego_Vel%C3%A1zquez_de_Cu%C3%A9llar" title="Diego Velázquez de Cuéllar">Diego Velázquez de Cuéllar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pedro_de_Valdivia" title="Pedro de Valdivia">Pedro de Valdivia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gaspar_de_Portol%C3%A0" class="mw-redirect" title="Gaspar de Portolà">Gaspar de Portolà</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pere_Fages_i_Beleta" class="mw-redirect" title="Pere Fages i Beleta">Pere Fages i Beleta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joan_Orp%C3%AD" title="Joan Orpí">Joan Orpí</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pedro_de_Alvarado" title="Pedro de Alvarado">Pedro de Alvarado</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mart%C3%ADn_de_Urs%C3%BAa" title="Martín de Ursúa">Martín de Ursúa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diego_de_Almagro" title="Diego de Almagro">Diego de Almagro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/P%C3%A1nfilo_de_Narv%C3%A1ez" title="Pánfilo de Narváez">Pánfilo de Narváez</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diego_de_Mazariegos" title="Diego de Mazariegos">Diego de Mazariegos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jer%C3%B3nimo_Luis_de_Cabrera" title="Jerónimo Luis de Cabrera">Jerónimo Luis de Cabrera</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pere_d%27Albern%C3%AD_i_Teixidor" class="mw-redirect" title="Pere d'Alberní i Teixidor">Pere d'Alberní i Teixidor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Garc%C3%ADa_L%C3%B3pez_de_C%C3%A1rdenas" title="García López de Cárdenas">García López de Cárdenas</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;white-space: nowrap; text-align: right;">Notable battles</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0;background: white; text-align: left;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Old World</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Won</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Revolt_of_the_Comuneros" title="Revolt of the Comuneros">Comuneros</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Bicocca" title="Battle of Bicocca">Bicocca</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sack_of_Rome_(1527)" title="Sack of Rome (1527)">Rome (1527)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Landriano" title="Battle of Landriano">Landriano</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Pavia" title="Battle of Pavia">Pavia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conquest_of_Tunis_(1535)" title="Conquest of Tunis (1535)">Tunis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_M%C3%BChlberg" title="Battle of Mühlberg">Mühlberg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_St._Quentin_(1557)" title="Battle of St. Quentin (1557)">St. Quentin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Gravelines_(1558)" title="Battle of Gravelines (1558)">Gravelines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Siege_of_Malta" title="Great Siege of Malta">Malta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Lepanto" title="Battle of Lepanto">Lepanto</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fall_of_Antwerp" title="Fall of Antwerp">Antwerp</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Ponta_Delgada" class="mw-redirect" title="Battle of Ponta Delgada">Azores</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Mons_(1572)" title="Siege of Mons (1572)">Mons</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Gembloux_(1578)" title="Battle of Gembloux (1578)">Gembloux</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Ostend" title="Siege of Ostend">Ostend</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/English_Armada" title="English Armada">English Armada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Cape_Celidonia" title="Battle of Cape Celidonia">Cape Celidonia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_White_Mountain" title="Battle of White Mountain">White Mountain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Breda_(1624)" title="Siege of Breda (1624)">Breda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_N%C3%B6rdlingen_(1634)" title="Battle of Nördlingen (1634)">Nördlingen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Valenciennes_(1656)" title="Battle of Valenciennes (1656)">Valenciennes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sieges_of_Ceuta_(1694%E2%80%931727)" title="Sieges of Ceuta (1694–1727)">Ceuta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Bitonto" title="Battle of Bitonto">Bitonto</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Bail%C3%A9n" title="Battle of Bailén">Bailén</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Vitoria" title="Battle of Vitoria">Vitoria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_T%C3%A9touan" title="Battle of Tétouan">Tetouan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alhucemas_landing" title="Alhucemas landing">Alhucemas</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Lost</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Capo_d%27Orso" title="Battle of Capo d'Orso">Capo d'Orso</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Vienna_(1529)" title="Siege of Vienna (1529)">Vienna (1529)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Preveza" title="Battle of Preveza">Preveza</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Castelnuovo" title="Siege of Castelnuovo">Siege of Castelnuovo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Algiers_expedition_(1541)" title="Algiers expedition (1541)">Algiers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Ceresole" title="Battle of Ceresole">Ceresole</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ottoman_invasion_of_the_Balearic_Islands_(1558)" class="mw-redirect" title="Ottoman invasion of the Balearic Islands (1558)">Balearic Islands (1558)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Djerba" title="Battle of Djerba">Djerba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conquest_of_Tunis_(1574)" title="Conquest of Tunis (1574)">Tunis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_Armada" title="Spanish Armada">Spanish Armada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Leiden" title="Siege of Leiden">Leiden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Rocroi" title="Battle of Rocroi">Rocroi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Downs" title="Battle of the Downs">Downs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Montes_Claros" title="Battle of Montes Claros">Montes Claros</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Cape_Passaro" title="Battle of Cape Passaro">Passaro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Manila_Bay" title="Battle of Manila Bay">Manila Bay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Trafalgar" title="Battle of Trafalgar">Trafalgar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Somosierra" title="Battle of Somosierra">Somosierra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Annual" title="Battle of Annual">Annual</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Mactan" title="Battle of Mactan">Mactan</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">New World</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Won</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fall_of_Tenochtitlan" title="Fall of Tenochtitlan">Tenochtitlan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Cajamarca" title="Battle of Cajamarca">Cajamarca</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Cusco" title="Siege of Cusco">Cusco</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_conquest_of_the_Muisca" title="Spanish conquest of the Muisca">Bogotá savanna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Penco" title="Battle of Penco">Penco</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Mataquito" title="Battle of Mataquito">Mataquito</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Guadalupe_Island_(1595)" title="Battle of Guadalupe Island (1595)">Guadalupe Island</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Capture_of_Recife_(1595)" title="Capture of Recife (1595)">Recife</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_San_Juan_(1595)" title="Battle of San Juan (1595)">San Juan (1595)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Recapture_of_Bahia" title="Recapture of Bahia">Bahia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Colonia_del_Sacramento" title="Siege of Colonia del Sacramento">Colonia del Sacramento</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Revolt_of_the_Comuneros_(Paraguay)" title="Revolt of the Comuneros (Paraguay)">Comuneros (Paraguay)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Cartagena_de_Indias" title="Battle of Cartagena de Indias">Cartagena de Indias</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cuerno_Verde" title="Cuerno Verde">Cuerno Verde</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rebellion_of_T%C3%BApac_Amaru_II" title="Rebellion of Túpac Amaru II">Túpac Amaru II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/T%C3%BApac_Katari" title="Túpac Katari">Túpac Katari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Pensacola" title="Siege of Pensacola">Pensacola</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Newfoundland_expedition" title="Newfoundland expedition">Newfoundland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_San_Juan_(1797)" title="Battle of San Juan (1797)">San Juan (1797)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Lost</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/La_Noche_Triste" title="La Noche Triste">La Noche Triste</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iguape_War" title="Iguape War">Iguape</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Tucapel" title="Battle of Tucapel">Tucapel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raleigh%27s_El_Dorado_Expedition" class="mw-redirect" title="Raleigh's El Dorado Expedition">Guiana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Curalaba" title="Battle of Curalaba">Curalaba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Revolt_of_the_Comuneros_(New_Granada)" title="Revolt of the Comuneros (New Granada)">Comuneros (New Granada)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Invasion_of_Trinidad_(1797)" title="Invasion of Trinidad (1797)">Trinidad (1797)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Chacabuco" title="Battle of Chacabuco">Chacabuco</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Boyac%C3%A1" title="Battle of Boyacá">Boyacá</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Carabobo" title="Battle of Carabobo">Carabobo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Pichincha" title="Battle of Pichincha">Pichincha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Ayacucho" title="Battle of Ayacucho">Ayacucho</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Capture_of_Guam" title="Capture of Guam">Guam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Santiago_de_Cuba" title="Battle of Santiago de Cuba">Santiago de Cuba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Puerto_Rican_Campaign#Battle_of_Asomante" class="mw-redirect" title="Puerto Rican Campaign">Asomante</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="text-align: center;"><div id="Spanish_conquests" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Spanish conquests</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Conquest_of_the_Canary_Islands" title="Conquest of the Canary Islands">Canary Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_colonization_of_the_Americas" title="Spanish colonization of the Americas">The Americas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_conquest_of_the_Aztec_Empire" title="Spanish conquest of the Aztec Empire">Aztec</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_conquest_of_the_Maya" title="Spanish conquest of the Maya">Maya</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_conquest_of_Chiapas" title="Spanish conquest of Chiapas">Chiapas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_conquest_of_Yucat%C3%A1n" title="Spanish conquest of Yucatán">Yucatán</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_conquest_of_Guatemala" title="Spanish conquest of Guatemala">Guatemala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_conquest_of_Pet%C3%A9n" title="Spanish conquest of Petén">Petén</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_conquest_of_El_Salvador" title="Spanish conquest of El Salvador">El Salvador</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_conquest_of_Honduras" title="Spanish conquest of Honduras">Honduras</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_conquest_of_Nicaragua" title="Spanish conquest of Nicaragua">Nicaragua</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_conquest_of_the_Chibchan_Nations" class="mw-redirect" title="Spanish conquest of the Chibchan Nations">Chibchan Nations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_conquest_of_the_Muisca" title="Spanish conquest of the Muisca">Colombia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conquest_of_Chile" title="Conquest of Chile">Chile</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_conquest_of_the_Inca_Empire" title="Spanish conquest of the Inca Empire">Inca</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Philippines_(1521%E2%80%931898)#Spanish_expeditions_and_colonization" class="mw-redirect" title="History of the Philippines (1521–1898)">Philippines</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="text-align: center;"><div id="Other_civil_topics" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Other civil topics</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_missions_in_the_Americas" title="Spanish missions in the Americas">Spanish missions in the Americas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_Colonial_architecture" title="Spanish Colonial architecture">Architecture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mesoamerican_Codices" title="Mesoamerican Codices">Mesoamerican Codices</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cusco_School" class="mw-redirect" title="Cusco School">Cusco painting tradition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indochristian_art" title="Indochristian art">Indochristian painting in New Spain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quito_School" class="mw-redirect" title="Quito School">Quito painting tradition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tapada_lime%C3%B1a" title="Tapada limeña">Tapada limeña</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Academia_Ant%C3%A1rtica" title="Academia Antártica">Academia Antártica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_colonial_universities_in_Hispanic_America" title="List of colonial universities in Hispanic America">Colonial universities in Hispanic America</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_the_oldest_schools_in_the_Philippines" title="List of the oldest schools in the Philippines">Colonial universities in the Philippines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/General_Archive_of_the_Indies" title="General Archive of the Indies">General Archive of the Indies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colonial_Spanish_Horse" class="mw-redirect" title="Colonial Spanish Horse">Colonial Spanish Horse</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mustang" title="Mustang">Mustang</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Casta" title="Casta">Castas</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Criollo_people#Spanish_colonial_caste_system" title="Criollo people">Criollos in the colonial society</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_Inquisition" title="Spanish Inquisition">Old inquisition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_the_Spanish_New_World_colonies" class="mw-redirect" title="Slavery in the Spanish New World colonies">Slavery in Spanish Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Asiento" class="mw-redirect" title="Asiento">Asiento</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African_Americans#Colonial_era" title="African Americans">Law of coartación (which allowed slaves to buy their freedom, and that of others)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Potos%C3%AD_Mint_Fraud_of_1649" title="Great Potosí Mint Fraud of 1649">Great Potosí Mint Fraud of 1649</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Piracy_in_the_Americas" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Americas_topic" title="Template:Americas topic"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Americas_topic" title="Template talk:Americas topic"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Americas_topic" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Americas topic"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Piracy_in_the_Americas" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Piracy in the Americas</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_sovereign_states_in_the_Americas" class="mw-redirect" title="List of sovereign states in the Americas">Sovereign<br />states</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Piracy_in_Antigua_and_Barbuda&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Piracy in Antigua and Barbuda (page does not exist)">Antigua and Barbuda</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Piracy_in_Argentina&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Piracy in Argentina (page does not exist)">Argentina</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Piracy_in_the_Bahamas&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Piracy in the Bahamas (page does not exist)">Bahamas</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Piracy_in_Barbados&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Piracy in Barbados (page does not exist)">Barbados</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Piracy_in_Belize&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Piracy in Belize (page does not exist)">Belize</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Piracy_in_Bolivia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Piracy in Bolivia (page does not exist)">Bolivia</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Piracy_in_Brazil&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Piracy in Brazil (page does not exist)">Brazil</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Piracy_in_Canada&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Piracy in Canada (page does not exist)">Canada</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Piracy_in_Chile&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Piracy in Chile (page does not exist)">Chile</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Piracy_in_Colombia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Piracy in Colombia (page does not exist)">Colombia</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Piracy_in_Costa_Rica&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Piracy in Costa Rica (page does not exist)">Costa Rica</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Piracy_in_Cuba&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Piracy in Cuba (page does not exist)">Cuba</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Piracy_in_Dominica&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Piracy in Dominica (page does not exist)">Dominica</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Piracy_in_the_Dominican_Republic&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Piracy in the Dominican Republic (page does not exist)">Dominican Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Piracy_in_Ecuador&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Piracy in Ecuador (page does not exist)">Ecuador</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Piracy_in_El_Salvador&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Piracy in El Salvador (page does not exist)">El Salvador</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Piracy_in_Grenada&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Piracy in Grenada (page does not exist)">Grenada</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Piracy_in_Guatemala&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Piracy in Guatemala (page does not exist)">Guatemala</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Piracy_in_Guyana&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Piracy in Guyana (page does not exist)">Guyana</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Piracy_in_Haiti&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Piracy in Haiti (page does not exist)">Haiti</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Piracy_in_Honduras&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Piracy in Honduras (page does not exist)">Honduras</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Piracy_in_Jamaica&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Piracy in Jamaica (page does not exist)">Jamaica</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Piracy_in_Mexico&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Piracy in Mexico (page does not exist)">Mexico</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Piracy_in_Nicaragua&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Piracy in Nicaragua (page does not exist)">Nicaragua</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Piracy_in_Panama&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Piracy in Panama (page does not exist)">Panama</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Piracy_in_Paraguay&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Piracy in Paraguay (page does not exist)">Paraguay</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Piracy_in_Peru&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Piracy in Peru (page does not exist)">Peru</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Piracy_in_Saint_Kitts_and_Nevis&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Piracy in Saint Kitts and Nevis (page does not exist)">Saint Kitts and Nevis</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Piracy_in_Saint_Lucia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Piracy in Saint Lucia (page does not exist)">Saint Lucia</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Piracy_in_Saint_Vincent_and_the_Grenadines&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Piracy in Saint Vincent and the Grenadines (page does not exist)">Saint Vincent and the Grenadines</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Piracy_in_Suriname&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Piracy in Suriname (page does not exist)">Suriname</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Piracy_in_Trinidad_and_Tobago&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Piracy in Trinidad and Tobago (page does not exist)">Trinidad and Tobago</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Piracy_in_the_United_States" class="mw-redirect" title="Piracy in the United States">United States</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Piracy_in_Uruguay&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Piracy in Uruguay (page does not exist)">Uruguay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Piracy_in_Venezuela" title="Piracy in Venezuela">Venezuela</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="2" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Americas" title="Americas"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Americas_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg/100px-Americas_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="100" height="100" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Americas_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg/150px-Americas_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Americas_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg/200px-Americas_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="550" data-file-height="550" /></a></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Dependent_territory" title="Dependent territory">Dependencies</a><br />and <a href="/wiki/Territory" title="Territory">territories</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Piracy_in_Anguilla&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Piracy in Anguilla (page does not exist)">Anguilla</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Piracy_in_Aruba&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Piracy in Aruba (page does not exist)">Aruba</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Piracy_in_Bermuda&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Piracy in Bermuda (page does not exist)">Bermuda</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Piracy_in_Bonaire&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Piracy in Bonaire (page does not exist)">Bonaire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Piracy_in_the_British_Virgin_Islands" title="Piracy in the British Virgin Islands">British Virgin Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Piracy_in_the_Cayman_Islands&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Piracy in the Cayman Islands (page does not exist)">Cayman Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Piracy_in_Cura%C3%A7ao&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Piracy in Curaçao (page does not exist)">Curaçao</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Piracy_in_the_Falkland_Islands&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Piracy in the Falkland Islands (page does not exist)">Falkland Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Piracy_in_French_Guiana&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Piracy in French Guiana (page does not exist)">French Guiana</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Piracy_in_Greenland&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Piracy in Greenland (page does not exist)">Greenland</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Piracy_in_Guadeloupe&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Piracy in Guadeloupe (page does not exist)">Guadeloupe</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Piracy_in_Martinique&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Piracy in Martinique (page does not exist)">Martinique</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Piracy_in_Montserrat&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Piracy in Montserrat (page does not exist)">Montserrat</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Piracy_in_Puerto_Rico&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Piracy in Puerto Rico (page does not exist)">Puerto Rico</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Piracy_in_Saba_(island)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Piracy in Saba (island) (page does not exist)">Saba</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Piracy_in_Saint_Barth%C3%A9lemy&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Piracy in Saint Barthélemy (page does not exist)">Saint Barthélemy</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Piracy_in_the_Collectivity_of_Saint_Martin&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Piracy in the Collectivity of Saint Martin (page does not exist)">Saint Martin</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Piracy_in_Saint_Pierre_and_Miquelon&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Piracy in Saint Pierre and Miquelon (page does not exist)">Saint Pierre and Miquelon</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Piracy_in_Sint_Eustatius&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Piracy in Sint Eustatius (page does not exist)">Sint Eustatius</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Piracy_in_Sint_Maarten&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Piracy in Sint Maarten (page does not exist)">Sint Maarten</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Piracy_in_South_Georgia_and_the_South_Sandwich_Islands&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Piracy in South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands (page does not exist)">South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Piracy_in_the_Turks_and_Caicos_Islands&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Piracy in the Turks and Caicos Islands (page does not exist)">Turks and Caicos Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Piracy_in_the_United_States_Virgin_Islands&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Piracy in the United States Virgin Islands (page does not exist)">U.S. Virgin Islands</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3"><div> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Piracy_in_North_America&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Piracy in North America (page does not exist)">North America</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Piracy_in_Central_America&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Piracy in Central America (page does not exist)">Central America</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Caribbean</a></li> <li class="mw-empty-elt"></li> <li class="mw-empty-elt"></li> <li class="mw-empty-elt"></li> <li><b><a href="/w/index.php?title=Piracy_in_South_America&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Piracy in South America (page does not exist)">South America</a></b></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r886047488">.mw-parser-output .nobold{font-weight:normal}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Caribbean_articles" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Caribbean_topics" title="Template:Caribbean topics"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Caribbean_topics" title="Template talk:Caribbean topics"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Caribbean_topics" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Caribbean topics"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Caribbean_articles" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Caribbean" title="Caribbean">Caribbean</a> articles</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Caribbean" title="History of the Caribbean">History</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6.5em;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;">Timeline</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_West_Indies" title="Spanish West Indies">Spanish Caribbean (1492–1898)</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Piracy</a> (1500s–1830)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Netherlands_Antilles" title="Netherlands Antilles">Dutch Caribbean (1554–1863)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_British_West_Indies" title="History of the British West Indies">British Caribbean (1586–1834)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_West_Indies" title="French West Indies">French Caribbean (1625–1817)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Curonian_colonization_of_the_Americas" title="Curonian colonization of the Americas">Baltic-German Caribbean (1654-1689)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Danish_West_Indies" title="Danish West Indies">Danish Caribbean (1672–1917)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saint_Thomas_(Brandenburg_colony)" title="Saint Thomas (Brandenburg colony)">German Caribbean (1685-1693)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swedish_colony_of_Saint_Barth%C3%A9lemy" title="Swedish colony of Saint Barthélemy">Swedish Caribbean (1784–1878)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6.5em;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;">By topic</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Afro-Caribbean_history" title="Afro-Caribbean history">Afro-Caribbean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caribbean_Court_of_Justice" title="Caribbean Court of Justice">Caribbean Court of Justice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indigenous_peoples_of_the_Caribbean" title="Indigenous peoples of the Caribbean">Indigenous people</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ta%C3%ADno" title="Taíno">Taíno</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arawak" title="Arawak">Arawak</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Impact_of_hurricanes_on_Caribbean_history" title="Impact of hurricanes on Caribbean history">Hurricanes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Influx_of_disease_in_the_Caribbean" title="Influx of disease in the Caribbean">Influx of diseases</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Malaria_and_the_Caribbean" class="mw-redirect" title="Malaria and the Caribbean">Malaria</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Territorial_evolution_of_the_Caribbean" title="Territorial evolution of the Caribbean">Territorial evolution</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Caribbean#Geography_and_geology" title="Caribbean">Geography</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6.5em;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;">Regions</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Antilles" title="Antilles">Antilles</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Greater_Antilles" title="Greater Antilles">Greater Antilles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lesser_Antilles" title="Lesser Antilles">Lesser Antilles</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Leeward_Islands" title="Leeward Islands">Leeward Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leeward_Antilles" title="Leeward Antilles">Leeward Antilles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Windward_Islands" title="Windward Islands">Windward Islands</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caribbean_Lowlands" title="Caribbean Lowlands">Caribbean Lowlands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caribbean_Plate" class="mw-redirect" title="Caribbean Plate">Caribbean Plate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caribbean_Sea" title="Caribbean Sea">Caribbean Sea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caribbean_South_America" title="Caribbean South America">Caribbean South America</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Latin_America_and_the_Caribbean" title="Latin America and the Caribbean">Latin America and the Caribbean</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Southern_Caribbean&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Southern Caribbean (page does not exist)">Southern Caribbean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_Caribbean_zone" title="Western Caribbean zone">Western Caribbean zone</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6.5em;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;">By topic</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Caribbean_bioregion" title="Caribbean bioregion">Bioregion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_earthquakes_in_the_Caribbean" title="List of earthquakes in the Caribbean">Earthquakes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Extreme_points_of_the_Caribbean" title="Extreme points of the Caribbean">Extreme points</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Caribbean_islands" title="List of Caribbean islands">Islands</a> (<a href="/wiki/List_of_Caribbean_islands_by_area" title="List of Caribbean islands by area">by area</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mammals_of_the_Caribbean" title="Mammals of the Caribbean">Mammals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cetaceans_of_the_Caribbean" title="Cetaceans of the Caribbean">Cetaceans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_metropolitan_areas_in_the_West_Indies" class="mw-redirect" title="List of metropolitan areas in the West Indies">Metropolitan areas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_mountain_peaks_of_the_Caribbean" title="List of mountain peaks of the Caribbean">Mountains</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_populated_places_in_the_Caribbean" title="List of populated places in the Caribbean">Populated places</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_rivers_of_Central_America_and_the_Caribbean" title="List of rivers of Central America and the Caribbean">Rivers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_trees_of_the_Caribbean" title="List of trees of the Caribbean">Trees</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Ultras_of_the_Caribbean" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Ultras of the Caribbean">Ultras</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_sovereign_states_and_dependent_territories_in_the_West_Indies#Sovereign_states" class="mw-redirect" title="List of sovereign states and dependent territories in the West Indies">Sovereign states</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_sovereign_states_and_dependent_territories_in_the_West_Indies#Dependent_territories" class="mw-redirect" title="List of sovereign states and dependent territories in the West Indies">Dependent territories</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_World_Heritage_Sites_in_the_Caribbean" title="List of World Heritage Sites in the Caribbean">World Heritage Sites</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Caribbean#Politics" title="Caribbean">Politics</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Democracy_in_Latin_America_and_the_Caribbean" title="Democracy in Latin America and the Caribbean">Democracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Afro-Caribbean_leftism" title="Afro-Caribbean leftism">Afro-Caribbean leftism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Association_of_Caribbean_States" title="Association of Caribbean States">Association of Caribbean States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caribbean_Community" title="Caribbean Community">Caribbean Community</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CARIFORUM" title="CARIFORUM">CARIFORUM</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Organisation_of_Eastern_Caribbean_States" title="Organisation of Eastern Caribbean States">Organisation of Eastern Caribbean States</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_the_Caribbean" title="Economy of the Caribbean">Economy</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_largest_airlines_in_Central_America_and_the_Caribbean" title="List of largest airlines in Central America and the Caribbean">Airlines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_airports_in_the_Caribbean" title="List of airports in the Caribbean">Airports</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caribbean_Basin_Trade_and_Partnership_Act" title="Caribbean Basin Trade and Partnership Act">Caribbean Basin Trade and Partnership Act</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caribbean_Development_Bank" title="Caribbean Development Bank">Caribbean Development Bank</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central_banks_and_currencies_of_the_Caribbean" title="Central banks and currencies of the Caribbean">Central banks and currencies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Citrus_industry_in_the_Caribbean" title="Citrus industry in the Caribbean">Citrus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Caribbean_companies" title="List of Caribbean companies">Companies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fishing_industry_in_the_Caribbean" title="Fishing industry in the Caribbean">Fishing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_hotels_in_the_Caribbean" title="List of hotels in the Caribbean">Hotels</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_stock_exchanges_in_the_Americas" title="List of stock exchanges in the Americas">Stock exchanges</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Caribbean_Securities_Exchange" title="Eastern Caribbean Securities Exchange">Eastern Caribbean Securities Exchange</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sugar_plantations_in_the_Caribbean" title="Sugar plantations in the Caribbean">Sugar</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cuban_sugar_economy" class="mw-redirect" title="Cuban sugar economy">in Cuba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sugar_production_in_the_Danish_West_Indies" title="Sugar production in the Danish West Indies">in the Danish West Indies</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tourism_in_the_Caribbean" class="mw-redirect" title="Tourism in the Caribbean">Tourism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_the_Caribbean" title="Culture of the Caribbean">Culture</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Caribbean_art" title="Caribbean art">Art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beer_in_the_Caribbean" title="Beer in the Caribbean">Beer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caribbean_people" title="Caribbean people">Caribbean people</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Caribbean_carnivals_around_the_world#Local_Caribbean_Carnivals" title="List of Caribbean carnivals around the world">Carnivals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caribbean_cuisine" title="Caribbean cuisine">Cuisine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caribbean_literature" title="Caribbean literature">Literature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Caribbean_music_genres" title="List of Caribbean music genres">Music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caribbean_poetry" title="Caribbean poetry">Poetry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Radio_stations_in_the_Caribbean_by_country" title="Category:Radio stations in the Caribbean by country">Radio stations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sport_in_the_Caribbean" class="mw-redirect" title="Sport in the Caribbean">Sport</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Central_American_and_Caribbean_Games" title="Central American and Caribbean Games">Central American and Caribbean Games</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_stadiums_in_Central_America_and_the_Caribbean" title="List of stadiums in Central America and the Caribbean">Stadiums</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_television_stations_in_the_Caribbean" title="List of television stations in the Caribbean">Television stations</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Demographics_of_the_Caribbean" class="mw-redirect" title="Demographics of the Caribbean">Demographics</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_the_Caribbean" title="Languages of the Caribbean">Languages</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pre-Arawakan_languages_of_the_Greater_Antilles" title="Pre-Arawakan languages of the Greater Antilles">Pre-Arawakan</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Caribbean_countries_by_population" title="List of Caribbean countries by population">Population</a></li> <li><a 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