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class="mw-redirectedfrom">(Redirected from <a href="/w/index.php?title=Vitreous_marble&redirect=no" class="mw-redirect" title="Vitreous marble">Vitreous marble</a>)</span></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">High-strength, colored glass</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Express_Building.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/Express_Building.jpg/220px-Express_Building.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="329" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/Express_Building.jpg/330px-Express_Building.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/Express_Building.jpg/440px-Express_Building.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1339" data-file-height="2000" /></a><figcaption>Black Vitrolite panelling on the <a href="/wiki/Daily_Express_Building,_London" title="Daily Express Building, London">Daily Express Building</a> in <a href="/wiki/Fleet_Street" title="Fleet Street">Fleet Street</a>, <a href="/wiki/London" title="London">London</a>.</figcaption></figure> <p><b>Pigmented structural glass</b>, also known generically as <b>structural glass</b> and as <b>vitreous marble</b>, and marketed under the names <b>Carrara glass</b>, <b>Sani Onyx</b>, and <b>Vitrolite</b>, among others, is a high-strength, colored <a href="/wiki/Glass" title="Glass">glass</a>. Developed in the United States in 1900, it was widely used around the world in the first half of the 20th century in <a href="/wiki/Art_Deco" title="Art Deco">Art Deco</a> and <a href="/wiki/Streamline_Moderne" title="Streamline Moderne">Streamline Moderne</a> buildings. It also found use as a material for signs, tables, and areas requiring a hygienic surface. Over time, the trademarked name "vitrolite" became a generic term for the glass. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Overview">Overview</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pigmented_structural_glass&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Overview"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Pigmented structural glass<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>a<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> was developed in 1900 in the United States by the Marrietta Manufacturing Company of <a href="/wiki/Indianapolis" title="Indianapolis">Indianapolis</a>, <a href="/wiki/Indiana" title="Indiana">Indiana</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPenderGodfraind2011432_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPenderGodfraind2011432-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKappos198797_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKappos198797-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDyson1995169_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDyson1995169-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The product was made by combining <a href="/wiki/Borax" title="Borax">borax</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTE''The_Modern_Hospital_Yearbook''1919692_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTE''The_Modern_Hospital_Yearbook''1919692-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Cryolite" title="Cryolite">cryolite</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kaolinite" title="Kaolinite">kaolinite</a>, <a href="/wiki/Manganese" title="Manganese">manganese</a>, <a href="/wiki/Silica" class="mw-redirect" title="Silica">silica</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDyson1995169_5-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDyson1995169-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Feldspar" title="Feldspar">feldspar</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-compo_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-compo-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTE''The_Modern_Hospital_Yearbook''1919692_6-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTE''The_Modern_Hospital_Yearbook''1919692-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and <a href="/wiki/Fluorite" title="Fluorite">fluorspar</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-compo_7-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-compo-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTE''The_Modern_Hospital_Yearbook''1919692_6-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTE''The_Modern_Hospital_Yearbook''1919692-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>b<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Fluoride" title="Fluoride">fluorides</a> made the glass opaque.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDyson1995169–170_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDyson1995169–170-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>These materials were fused<sup id="cite_ref-compo_7-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-compo-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> into glass at a temperature of 3,000 °F (1,650 °C)<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDyson1995169_5-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDyson1995169-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTE''The_Modern_Hospital_Yearbook''1919692_6-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTE''The_Modern_Hospital_Yearbook''1919692-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTE''Sweet's_Architectural_Catalog''19201304_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTE''Sweet's_Architectural_Catalog''19201304-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and then <a href="/wiki/Annealing_(glass)" title="Annealing (glass)">annealed</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDyson1995169_5-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDyson1995169-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTE''Sweet's_Architectural_Catalog''19201304_10-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTE''Sweet's_Architectural_Catalog''19201304-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The annealing process took much longer than it did for <a href="/wiki/Flat_glass" class="mw-redirect" title="Flat glass">plate glass</a>, often lasting three to five days.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDyson1995169_5-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDyson1995169-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This left the glass very strong, with a <a href="/wiki/Compressive_strength" title="Compressive strength">compressive strength</a> about 40 percent greater than <a href="/wiki/Marble" title="Marble">marble</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-whyvitrolite_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-whyvitrolite-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> If the product was to be affixed to another surface (such as the exterior of a building), one side of the slab was grooved before the glass hardened.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The exposed side(s) of the material was <a href="/wiki/Flame_polishing" title="Flame polishing">flame polished</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDyson1995169_5-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDyson1995169-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTE''Sweet's_Architectural_Catalog''19201304_10-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTE''Sweet's_Architectural_Catalog''19201304-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> which left the product highly reflective and brilliant.<sup id="cite_ref-whyvitrolite_11-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-whyvitrolite-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Later manufacturing techniques used fine sand to polish the surface, followed by <a href="/wiki/Felt" title="Felt">felt</a> blocks and <a href="/wiki/Iron(III)_oxide" title="Iron(III) oxide">iron(III) oxide</a> powder.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDyson1995169_5-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDyson1995169-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Originally, only beige, black, and white colors were available. But by the 1930s, new manufacturing methods could make pigmented structure glass <a href="/wiki/Translucent" class="mw-redirect" title="Translucent">translucent</a>, and more than 30 colors were available.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPenderGodfraind2011432_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPenderGodfraind2011432-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In time, even <a href="/wiki/Agate" title="Agate">agate</a>- and marble-like color patterns were available.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKappos198798_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKappos198798-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Black structural glass was sometimes <a href="/wiki/Silvering" title="Silvering">silvered</a>, to give it a reflective finish.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPenderGodfraind2011432_3-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPenderGodfraind2011432-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Pigmented structural glass could be manufactured in flat panels or curves, and in a wide range of sizes and thicknesses.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPenderGodfraind2011432_3-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPenderGodfraind2011432-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Small mosaic tiles, affixed to flexible fabric, were another option for fitting the product to curved surfaces.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPenderGodfraind2011432_3-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPenderGodfraind2011432-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In time, manufacturers learned that pigmented structural glass could be carved, cut, inlaid, laminated, sandblasted, and sculpted to create a wide range of finishes and textures. When translucent, it could be illuminated from within.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKappos198797_4-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKappos198797-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Manufacturing_history">Manufacturing history</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pigmented_structural_glass&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Manufacturing history"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Eglinton_Station_Vitrolite.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/30/Eglinton_Station_Vitrolite.jpg/220px-Eglinton_Station_Vitrolite.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/30/Eglinton_Station_Vitrolite.jpg/330px-Eglinton_Station_Vitrolite.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/30/Eglinton_Station_Vitrolite.jpg/440px-Eglinton_Station_Vitrolite.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1664" data-file-height="1248" /></a><figcaption>Vitrolite tiling at <a href="/wiki/Eglinton_(TTC)" class="mw-redirect" title="Eglinton (TTC)">Eglinton station</a> in <a href="/wiki/Toronto" title="Toronto">Toronto</a>.</figcaption></figure> <p>Pigmented structural glass was originally marketed under the name "Sani Onyx" by Marrietta Manufacturing.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKappos198797_4-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKappos198797-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDyson1995169_5-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDyson1995169-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The company also used the name "Sani Rox",<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKappos198797_4-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKappos198797-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> while the term "vitreous marble" was coined by the firm as a general descriptive.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPiazzaMachielseAustin2015110_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPiazzaMachielseAustin2015110-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> By 1906, the <a href="/wiki/PPG_Industries" title="PPG Industries">Pittsburgh Plate Glass Company</a> had developed its own pigmented structural glass, which it called "Carrara glass".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEsperdy2008106_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEsperdy2008106-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>c<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The same year, the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Penn-American_Plate_Company&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Penn-American Plate Company (page does not exist)">Penn-American Plate Company</a> began making a pigmented structural glass which it called "Novus Sanitary Structural Glass".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEsperdy2008106_15-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEsperdy2008106-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1916, The Vitrolite Company began manufacturing the product under the name "Vitrolite",<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEsperdy2008106_15-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEsperdy2008106-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> which eventually became a <a href="/wiki/Generic_trademark" title="Generic trademark">generic name</a> for pigmented structural glass.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPenderGodfraind2011432_3-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPenderGodfraind2011432-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>d<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In time, about eight American firms made pigmented structural glass,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPenderGodfraind2011432_3-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPenderGodfraind2011432-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> although Carrara glass and Vitrolite dominated the market.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPenderGodfraind2011432_3-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPenderGodfraind2011432-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEsperdy2008117_18-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEsperdy2008117-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Names used by these and other companies to market the product included "Argentine", "Glastone", "Marbrunite", "Nuralite", and "Opalite".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDyson1995169_5-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDyson1995169-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Pigmented structural glass was also manufactured by <a href="/wiki/Pilkington" title="Pilkington">Pilkington Brothers</a> in the <a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom" title="United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPenderGodfraind2011432_3-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPenderGodfraind2011432-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Marrietta Manufacturing originally marketed pigmented structural glass as a lining for refrigerators. Industrial consumers quickly found new uses for the product as countertops, <a href="/wiki/Dado_(architecture)" title="Dado (architecture)">dados</a>, bathroom partitions, storefront signs, and tabletops.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPenderGodfraind2011432_3-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPenderGodfraind2011432-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKappos198797_4-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKappos198797-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> By the early 1920s, it was advertised as an inexpensive alternative to marble or ceramic tile.<sup id="cite_ref-compo_7-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-compo-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Art Deco and Steamline Moderne architectural movements vastly increased the market for pigmented structural glass.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEsperdy2008108,_117-119_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEsperdy2008108,_117-119-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Its first important architectural use came in 1912, when it was used for bathroom stall partitions and dados in the <a href="/wiki/Woolworth_Building" title="Woolworth Building">Woolworth Building</a> in <a href="/wiki/New_York_City" title="New York City">New York City</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPenderGodfraind2011432_3-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPenderGodfraind2011432-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> By 1929, 5,000,000 square feet (460,000 m<sup>2</sup>) of pigmented structural glass was being manufactured in the United States.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDyson1995169_5-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDyson1995169-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Throughout the 1930s, the product also found a use as <a href="/wiki/Cladding_(construction)" title="Cladding (construction)">cladding</a> for storefronts, entryways, lobbies, and even as ceiling material. It was seen as an inexpensive means of making a dated building look modern.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPenderGodfraind2011432_3-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPenderGodfraind2011432-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKappos198797_4-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKappos198797-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Great Depression significantly reduced the demand for pigmented structural glass. American production reached only 1,000,000 square feet (93,000 m<sup>2</sup>) in 1933.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEsperdy2008107_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEsperdy2008107-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> By the 1950s, changing architectural tastes had vastly reduced the demand for the product.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDyson1995169_5-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDyson1995169-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The last two American manufacturers ceased production about 1960: Libbey-Owens-Ford shut down its pigmented structural glass plant in 1958, followed by Pittsburgh Plate Glass in the early 1960s.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDyson1995169_5-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDyson1995169-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>e<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Production continued in the United Kingdom until 1968, and in <a href="/wiki/Bavaria" title="Bavaria">Bavaria</a>, <a href="/wiki/Germany" title="Germany">Germany</a>, until the end of the 20th century.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEUnited_States_Department_of_the_Interior2004119_24-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEUnited_States_Department_of_the_Interior2004119-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Characteristics">Characteristics</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pigmented_structural_glass&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Characteristics"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Unlike <a href="/wiki/Masonry" title="Masonry">masonry</a>, pigmented structural glass does not <a href="/wiki/Crazing" title="Crazing">craze</a>, swell, or warp. It is highly burn and stain resistant, and is <a href="/wiki/Colour_fastness" title="Colour fastness">colorfast</a>. Since it is a glass, it is impervious to moisture.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKappos198799_25-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKappos198799-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It cannot absorb <a href="/wiki/Pathogenic_bacteria" title="Pathogenic bacteria">pathogenic bacteria</a>, <a href="/wiki/Virus" title="Virus">viruses</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pathogenic_fungi" class="mw-redirect" title="Pathogenic fungi">pathogenic fungi</a>, or <a href="/wiki/Parasitism" title="Parasitism">parasites</a>, and is easy to render <a href="/wiki/Asepsis" title="Asepsis">aseptic</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDyson1995170_26-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDyson1995170-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEParkerHauf1977309_27-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEParkerHauf1977309-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pigmented_structural_glass&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <dl><dt>Notes</dt></dl> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-lower-alpha"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Pigmented structural glass is also known as "structural glass". However, the term "structural glass" can encompass a wide range of high-strength glass (such as <a href="/wiki/Glass_brick" title="Glass brick">glass brick</a>), and is not the preferred term for pigmented structural glass.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDyson1995169–170_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDyson1995169–170-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Fluorspar was eventually replaced by other kinds of fluorides.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPenderGodfraind2011468_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPenderGodfraind2011468-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">"Carrara glass" was named for the white or blue-grey <a href="/wiki/Carrara_marble" title="Carrara marble">Carrara marble</a>, for which pigmented structural glass was a low-cost alternative.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKappos198797_4-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKappos198797-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">The Meyercord Company of <a href="/wiki/Chicago" title="Chicago">Chicago</a>, <a href="/wiki/Illinois" title="Illinois">Illinois</a>, and the Opalite Tile Company of <a href="/wiki/Monaca,_Pennsylvania" title="Monaca, Pennsylvania">Monaca, Pennsylvania</a>, founded a new firm, Meyercord-Carter, in 1908. Meyercord made "vitrolite" signs. These were curved or flat <a href="/wiki/Opal_glass" class="mw-redirect" title="Opal glass">opal glass</a> signs in a metal frame on which a company logo or an advertisement were painted. Meyercord had partnered with Opalite to manufacture vitrolite signs by using clear <a href="/wiki/Decal" title="Decal">decals</a> instead of paint. Meyercord-Carter was founded to formalize their partnership. Meyercord-Carter was renamed The Vitrolite Company in 1910.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKiousRoussin201221_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKiousRoussin201221-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Vitrolite Company was acquired by <a href="/wiki/Libbey-Owens-Ford" title="Libbey-Owens-Ford">Libbey-Owens-Ford</a> in 1935.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEsperdy2008117_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEsperdy2008117-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">One source claims production ceased in the United States in the late 1940s.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPenderGodfraind2011432_3-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPenderGodfraind2011432-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <dl><dt>Citations</dt></dl> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width reflist-columns-2"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDyson1995169–170-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDyson1995169–170_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDyson1995169–170_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFDyson1995">Dyson 1995</a>, pp. 169–170.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPenderGodfraind2011432-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPenderGodfraind2011432_3-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPenderGodfraind2011432_3-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPenderGodfraind2011432_3-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPenderGodfraind2011432_3-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPenderGodfraind2011432_3-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPenderGodfraind2011432_3-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPenderGodfraind2011432_3-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPenderGodfraind2011432_3-7"><sup><i><b>h</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPenderGodfraind2011432_3-8"><sup><i><b>i</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPenderGodfraind2011432_3-9"><sup><i><b>j</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPenderGodfraind2011432_3-10"><sup><i><b>k</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPenderGodfraind2011432_3-11"><sup><i><b>l</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPenderGodfraind2011432_3-12"><sup><i><b>m</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFPenderGodfraind2011">Pender & Godfraind 2011</a>, p. 432.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKappos198797-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKappos198797_4-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKappos198797_4-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKappos198797_4-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKappos198797_4-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKappos198797_4-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKappos198797_4-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKappos198797_4-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFKappos1987">Kappos 1987</a>, p. 97.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDyson1995169-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDyson1995169_5-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDyson1995169_5-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDyson1995169_5-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDyson1995169_5-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDyson1995169_5-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDyson1995169_5-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDyson1995169_5-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDyson1995169_5-7"><sup><i><b>h</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDyson1995169_5-8"><sup><i><b>i</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDyson1995169_5-9"><sup><i><b>j</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDyson1995169_5-10"><sup><i><b>k</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDyson1995169_5-11"><sup><i><b>l</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFDyson1995">Dyson 1995</a>, p. 169.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTE''The_Modern_Hospital_Yearbook''1919692-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a 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a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation news cs1">"Composition, Manufacture and Uses of Vitrolite". <i>Buildings</i>. 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March 1934. p. 91.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=American+Architect+and+Architecture&rft.atitle=Why+Vitrolite+for+the+Next+Bathrooms+You+Design%3F&rft.pages=91&rft.date=1934-03&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APigmented+structural+glass" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1">"Vitrolite". <i>The Architects' Journal</i>. 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University of Pennsylvania. p. 20<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">February 21,</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Adissertation&rft.title=Pigmented+Structural+Glass+and+the+Storefront&rft.inst=University+of+Pennsylvania&rft.date=1985&rft.aulast=Elk&rft.aufirst=Sara+Jane&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Frepository.upenn.edu%2Fcgi%2Fviewcontent.cgi%3Farticle%3D1447%26context%3Dhp_theses&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APigmented+structural+glass" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEUnited_States_Department_of_the_Interior2004119-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEUnited_States_Department_of_the_Interior2004119_24-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFUnited_States_Department_of_the_Interior2004">United States Department of the Interior 2004</a>, p. 119.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKappos198799-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKappos198799_25-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFKappos1987">Kappos 1987</a>, p. 99.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDyson1995170-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDyson1995170_26-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFDyson1995">Dyson 1995</a>, p. 170.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEParkerHauf1977309-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEParkerHauf1977309_27-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFParkerHauf1977">Parker & Hauf 1977</a>, p. 309.</span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Bibliography">Bibliography</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pigmented_structural_glass&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Bibliography"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDyson1995" class="citation book cs1">Dyson, Carol J. (1995). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=kn9DBAAAQBAJ&q=%22Libbey-Owens-Ford%22+vitrolite&pg=PA169">"Structural Glass"</a>. In Jester, Thomas C. (ed.). <i>Twentieth-Century Building Materials: History and Conservation</i>. New York: McGraw-Hill. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780070325739" title="Special:BookSources/9780070325739"><bdi>9780070325739</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Structural+Glass&rft.btitle=Twentieth-Century+Building+Materials%3A+History+and+Conservation&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=McGraw-Hill&rft.date=1995&rft.isbn=9780070325739&rft.aulast=Dyson&rft.aufirst=Carol+J.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dkn9DBAAAQBAJ%26q%3D%2522Libbey-Owens-Ford%2522%2Bvitrolite%26pg%3DPA169&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APigmented+structural+glass" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEsperdy2008" class="citation book cs1">Esperdy, Gabrielle M. (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=2E5D1sjD7l4C"><i>Modernizing Main Street : architecture and consumer culture in the New Deal</i></a>. Chicago: University of Chicago Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780226218021" title="Special:BookSources/9780226218021"><bdi>9780226218021</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Modernizing+Main+Street+%3A+architecture+and+consumer+culture+in+the+New+Deal&rft.place=Chicago&rft.pub=University+of+Chicago+Press&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=9780226218021&rft.aulast=Esperdy&rft.aufirst=Gabrielle+M.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D2E5D1sjD7l4C&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APigmented+structural+glass" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKappos1987" class="citation book cs1">Kappos, Ludwig (1987). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=6t8VA3onDgIC"><i>Preservation Briefs 1-14: Recognizing and Resolving Common Preservation and Repair Problems Prior to Working on Historic Buildings</i></a>. Washington, D.C.: U.S. Government Printing Office. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780160035487" title="Special:BookSources/9780160035487"><bdi>9780160035487</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Preservation+Briefs+1-14%3A+Recognizing+and+Resolving+Common+Preservation+and+Repair+Problems+Prior+to+Working+on+Historic+Buildings&rft.place=Washington%2C+D.C.&rft.pub=U.S.+Government+Printing+Office&rft.date=1987&rft.isbn=9780160035487&rft.aulast=Kappos&rft.aufirst=Ludwig&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D6t8VA3onDgIC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APigmented+structural+glass" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKiousRoussin2012" class="citation book cs1">Kious, Kevin; Roussin, Donald (2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=MAjDCwAAQBAJ"><i>Breweriana: American Beer Collectibles</i></a>. Oxford, UK: Shire. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780747810445" title="Special:BookSources/9780747810445"><bdi>9780747810445</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Breweriana%3A+American+Beer+Collectibles&rft.place=Oxford%2C+UK&rft.pub=Shire&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=9780747810445&rft.aulast=Kious&rft.aufirst=Kevin&rft.au=Roussin%2C+Donald&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DMAjDCwAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APigmented+structural+glass" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFParkerHauf1977" class="citation book cs1">Parker, Harry; Hauf, Harold Dana (1977). <i>Simplified Mechanics and Strength of Materials</i>. New York: Wiley. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780471665625" title="Special:BookSources/9780471665625"><bdi>9780471665625</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Simplified+Mechanics+and+Strength+of+Materials&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Wiley&rft.date=1977&rft.isbn=9780471665625&rft.aulast=Parker&rft.aufirst=Harry&rft.au=Hauf%2C+Harold+Dana&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APigmented+structural+glass" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPenderGodfraind2011" class="citation book cs1">Pender, Robyn; Godfraind, Sophie (2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=m3dqs6zRCcEC"><i>Practical Building Conservation: Glass and Glazing</i></a>. Farnham, Surrey, England: Ashgate. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780754645573" title="Special:BookSources/9780754645573"><bdi>9780754645573</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Practical+Building+Conservation%3A+Glass+and+Glazing&rft.place=Farnham%2C+Surrey%2C+England&rft.pub=Ashgate&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=9780754645573&rft.aulast=Pender&rft.aufirst=Robyn&rft.au=Godfraind%2C+Sophie&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dm3dqs6zRCcEC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APigmented+structural+glass" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPiazzaMachielseAustin2015" class="citation book cs1">Piazza, Gregory; Machielse, Allan; Austin, Dan (2015). <i>A History of Detroit's Palmer Park</i>. Charleston, S.C.: The History Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781626197848" title="Special:BookSources/9781626197848"><bdi>9781626197848</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/907885624">907885624</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+History+of+Detroit%27s+Palmer+Park&rft.place=Charleston%2C+S.C.&rft.pub=The+History+Press&rft.date=2015&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F907885624&rft.isbn=9781626197848&rft.aulast=Piazza&rft.aufirst=Gregory&rft.au=Machielse%2C+Allan&rft.au=Austin%2C+Dan&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APigmented+structural+glass" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFUnited_States_Department_of_the_Interior2004" class="citation book cs1">United States Department of the Interior (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/preservationofhi00depa"><i>The Preservation of Historic Architecture: The U.S. Government's Official Guidelines for Preserving Historic Homes</i></a>. Guilford, Conn.: Lyons Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781592281268" title="Special:BookSources/9781592281268"><bdi>9781592281268</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Preservation+of+Historic+Architecture%3A+The+U.S.+Government%27s+Official+Guidelines+for+Preserving+Historic+Homes&rft.place=Guilford%2C+Conn.&rft.pub=Lyons+Press&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=9781592281268&rft.au=United+States+Department+of+the+Interior&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fpreservationofhi00depa&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APigmented+structural+glass" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSweet's_Architectural_Catalog1920" class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=K9c7AQAAMAAJ&q=vitrolite+annealed&pg=PA1304">"The Vitrolite Company: Sanitary Structural Slabs"</a>. <i>Sweet's Architectural Catalog. 15th Annual Edition</i>. New York: Sweet's Catalogue Service. 1920.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+Vitrolite+Company%3A+Sanitary+Structural+Slabs&rft.btitle=Sweet%27s+Architectural+Catalog.+15th+Annual+Edition&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Sweet%27s+Catalogue+Service&rft.date=1920&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DK9c7AQAAMAAJ%26q%3Dvitrolite%2Bannealed%26pg%3DPA1304&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APigmented+structural+glass" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFThe_Modern_Hospital_Yearbook1919" class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=NcoyAQAAMAAJ&q=vitrolite&pg=PA692">"The Vitrolite Co."</a>. <i>The Modern Hospital Yearbook</i>. Chicago: The Modern Hospital Publishing Company. 1919.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+Vitrolite+Co.&rft.btitle=The+Modern+Hospital+Yearbook&rft.place=Chicago&rft.pub=The+Modern+Hospital+Publishing+Company&rft.date=1919&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DNcoyAQAAMAAJ%26q%3Dvitrolite%26pg%3DPA692&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APigmented+structural+glass" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Pigmented_structural_glass&oldid=1117490803">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Pigmented_structural_glass&oldid=1117490803</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Help:Category" title="Help:Category">Categories</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Glass_trademarks_and_brands" title="Category:Glass trademarks and brands">Glass trademarks and brands</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Building_materials" title="Category:Building materials">Building materials</a></li></ul></div><div id="mw-hidden-catlinks" class="mw-hidden-catlinks mw-hidden-cats-hidden">Hidden categories: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_short_description" title="Category:Articles with short description">Articles with short description</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Short_description_matches_Wikidata" title="Category:Short description matches Wikidata">Short description matches Wikidata</a></li></ul></div></div> </div> </main> </div> <div class="mw-footer-container"> <footer id="footer" class="mw-footer" > <ul id="footer-info"> <li id="footer-info-lastmod"> This page was last edited on 22 October 2022, at 00:45<span class="anonymous-show"> (UTC)</span>.</li> <li id="footer-info-copyright">Text is available under the <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Text_of_the_Creative_Commons_Attribution-ShareAlike_4.0_International_License" title="Wikipedia:Text of the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License">Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 License</a>; additional terms may apply. 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