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.infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox"><caption class="infobox-title">RD-253</caption><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Mockup_rocket_motor_RD-275_Salon_du_Bourget_2013_DSC_0062.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e8/Mockup_rocket_motor_RD-275_Salon_du_Bourget_2013_DSC_0062.jpg/250px-Mockup_rocket_motor_RD-275_Salon_du_Bourget_2013_DSC_0062.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="346" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e8/Mockup_rocket_motor_RD-275_Salon_du_Bourget_2013_DSC_0062.jpg/375px-Mockup_rocket_motor_RD-275_Salon_du_Bourget_2013_DSC_0062.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e8/Mockup_rocket_motor_RD-275_Salon_du_Bourget_2013_DSC_0062.jpg/500px-Mockup_rocket_motor_RD-275_Salon_du_Bourget_2013_DSC_0062.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1404" data-file-height="1945" /></a></span><div class="infobox-caption">Mock-up of a RD-275 rocket motor at the <a href="/wiki/Paris_Air_Show" title="Paris Air Show">Paris Air Show</a> in 2013</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Country of origin</th><td class="infobox-data"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Soviet_Union" title="Soviet Union">Soviet Union</a><br /><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Russia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Russia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Russia.svg/35px-Flag_of_Russia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Russia.svg/45px-Flag_of_Russia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Russia" title="Russia">Russia</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">First flight</th><td class="infobox-data"><b>RD-253</b>: 1965<br /><b>RD-275</b>: 1995<br /><b>RD-275М</b>: 2007</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Designer</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/NPO_Energomash" title="NPO Energomash">NPO Energomash</a>, <a href="/wiki/Valentin_Glushko" title="Valentin Glushko">Valentin Glushko</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Manufacturer</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Proton-PM" title="Proton-PM">Proton-PM</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Application</th><td class="infobox-data">First stage booster</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Associated <abbr title="launch vehicle">LV</abbr></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Proton_(rocket)" class="mw-redirect" title="Proton (rocket)">Proton</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Successor</th><td class="infobox-data">RD-254, RD-256, RD-275, RD-275М</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Status</th><td class="infobox-data">Operational</td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color:#FFDEAD"><a href="/wiki/Liquid-propellant_rocket" title="Liquid-propellant rocket">Liquid-fuel engine</a></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Propellant</th><td class="infobox-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1123817410">.mw-parser-output .template-chem2-su{display:inline-block;font-size:80%;line-height:1;vertical-align:-0.35em}.mw-parser-output .template-chem2-su>span{display:block;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output sub.template-chem2-sub{font-size:80%;vertical-align:-0.35em}.mw-parser-output sup.template-chem2-sup{font-size:80%;vertical-align:0.65em}</style><span class="chemf nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Dinitrogen_tetroxide" title="Dinitrogen tetroxide">N<sub class="template-chem2-sub">2</sub>O<sub class="template-chem2-sub">4</sub></a></span> / <a href="/wiki/Unsymmetrical_dimethylhydrazine" title="Unsymmetrical dimethylhydrazine">UDMH</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Mixture ratio</th><td class="infobox-data">2.67</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Cycle</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Staged_combustion_cycle_(rocket)" class="mw-redirect" title="Staged combustion cycle (rocket)">Staged combustion</a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color:#FFDEAD">Configuration</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Chamber</th><td class="infobox-data">1</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Nozzle ratio</th><td class="infobox-data">26.2</td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color:#FFDEAD">Performance</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Thrust, vacuum</th><td class="infobox-data"><b>RD-253</b>: 1,630 kN (370,000 lb<sub>f</sub>)<br /><b>RD-275</b>: 1,750 kN (390,000 lb<sub>f</sub>)<br /><b>RD-275М</b>: 1,832 kN (412,000 lb<sub>f</sub>)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Thrust, sea-level</th><td class="infobox-data"><b>RD-253</b>: 1,470 kN (330,000 lb<sub>f</sub>)<br /><b>RD-275</b>: 1,590 kN (360,000 lb<sub>f</sub>)<br /><b>RD-275М</b>: 1,671 kN (376,000 lb<sub>f</sub>)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Thrust-to-weight_ratio" title="Thrust-to-weight ratio">Thrust-to-weight ratio</a></th><td class="infobox-data">156.2</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Chamber <a href="/wiki/Pressure" title="Pressure">pressure</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><b>RD-253</b>: 14.7 MPa (2,130 psi; 147 bar)<br /><b>RD-275</b>: 15.7 MPa (2,280 psi; 157 bar)<br /><b>RD-275M</b>: 16.5 MPa (2,390 psi; 165 bar)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Specific_impulse" title="Specific impulse">Specific impulse</a>, vacuum</th><td class="infobox-data"><b>RD-253</b>: 316s<br /><b>RD-275</b>: 316s<br /><b>RD-275M</b>: 315.8s</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Specific_impulse" title="Specific impulse">Specific impulse</a>, sea-level</th><td class="infobox-data"><b>RD-253</b>: 285s<br /><b>RD-275</b>: 287s<br /><b>RD-275M</b>: 288s</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Gimbaled_thrust" title="Gimbaled thrust">Gimbal range</a></th><td class="infobox-data">7.5°, single plane</td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color:#FFDEAD">Dimensions</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Length</th><td class="infobox-data">3 m (9.8 ft)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Diameter</th><td class="infobox-data">1.5 m (4 ft 11 in)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Dry mass</th><td class="infobox-data"><b>RD-253</b>: 1,080 kg (2,380 lb)<br /><b>RD-275</b>: 1,070 kg (2,360 lb)<br /><b>RD-275M</b>: 1,070 kg (2,360 lb)</td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color:#FFDEAD">References</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">References</th><td class="infobox-data"><sup id="cite_ref-npoem-rd253_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-npoem-rd253-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-ea-rd211d48_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ea-rd211d48-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-ea-rd253_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ea-rd253-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-protonpm-rd276_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-protonpm-rd276-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-ea-protonk_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ea-protonk-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-rsw-protonhist_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-rsw-protonhist-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-rsw-rd353_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-rsw-rd353-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>The <b>RD-253</b> (<a href="/wiki/Russian_language" title="Russian language">Russian</a>: <span lang="ru">Ракетный Двигатель-253</span>, <small><a href="/wiki/Romanization_of_Russian" title="Romanization of Russian">romanized</a>: </small><span title="Russian-language romanization"><i lang="ru-Latn">Raketnyy Dvigatel-253</i></span>, <small><a href="/wiki/Literal_translation" title="Literal translation">lit.</a> </small>'Rocket Engine 253') and its later variants, the <b>RD-275</b> and <b>RD-275M</b>, are <a href="/wiki/Liquid-propellant_rocket" title="Liquid-propellant rocket">liquid-propellant rocket</a> <a href="/wiki/Rocket_engine" title="Rocket engine">engines</a> developed in the <a href="/wiki/Soviet_Union" title="Soviet Union">Soviet Union</a> by <a href="/wiki/NPO_Energomash" title="NPO Energomash">Energomash</a>. The engines are used on the first stage of the <a href="/wiki/Proton_(rocket)" class="mw-redirect" title="Proton (rocket)">Proton</a> launch vehicle and use an oxidizer-rich <a href="/wiki/Staged_combustion_cycle_(rocket)" class="mw-redirect" title="Staged combustion cycle (rocket)">staged combustion</a> cycle to power the turbopumps. The engine burns a <a href="/wiki/Hypergolic_propellant" title="Hypergolic propellant">hypergolic</a> mixture of <a href="/wiki/Unsymmetrical_dimethylhydrazine" title="Unsymmetrical dimethylhydrazine">unsymmetrical dimethylhydrazine</a> (UDMH) fuel with <a href="/wiki/Dinitrogen_tetroxide" title="Dinitrogen tetroxide">dinitrogen tetroxide</a> (<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1123817410" /><span class="chemf nowrap">N<sub class="template-chem2-sub">2</sub>O<sub class="template-chem2-sub">4</sub></span>) oxidizer, which are highly toxic, but storable at room temperature. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=RD-253&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Development of the RD-253 started in 1961. Preliminary investigations and development of the engine and its further production was performed under the guidance of <a href="/wiki/Valentin_Glushko" title="Valentin Glushko">Valentin Glushko</a> and finished in 1963. The RD-253 uses an <a href="/wiki/Staged_combustion_cycle_(rocket)#Oxidizer-rich_staged_combustion" class="mw-redirect" title="Staged combustion cycle (rocket)">oxidiser-rich staged combustion</a> cycle. It was used for the first time in July 1965, when six engines powered the first stage of the <a href="/wiki/Proton_(rocket_family)" title="Proton (rocket family)">Proton</a> rocket. Development and production of RD-253 was a qualitative leap forward for rocketry of that time by achieving high levels of <a href="/wiki/Thrust" title="Thrust">thrust</a>, <a href="/wiki/Specific_impulse" title="Specific impulse">specific impulse</a> and pressure in the <a href="/wiki/Combustion_chamber" title="Combustion chamber">combustion chamber</a>. This engine is one of the most reliable engines in the <a href="/wiki/USSR" class="mw-redirect" title="USSR">USSR</a> and modern <a href="/wiki/Russia" title="Russia">Russia</a>. </p><p>As the first stage of the <a href="/wiki/Proton-K" title="Proton-K">Proton-K</a> rocket used six RD-253 engines, the system played a pivotal role in Russian <a href="/wiki/Space_mission" class="mw-redirect" title="Space mission">space missions</a> when this rocket was chosen as a carrier, including the following programs: <a href="/wiki/Luna_programme" title="Luna programme">"Luna"</a>, "<a href="/wiki/Venera" title="Venera">Venera</a>", <a href="/wiki/Mars_probe_program" class="mw-redirect" title="Mars probe program">"Mars probe"</a>, crewed <a href="/wiki/Orbital_station" class="mw-redirect" title="Orbital station">orbital stations</a> <a href="/wiki/Salyut_program" class="mw-redirect" title="Salyut program">"Salyut"</a>, "<a href="/wiki/Mir" title="Mir">Mir</a>", and it launched several principal modules for <a href="/wiki/ISS" class="mw-redirect" title="ISS">ISS</a>. It was widely used for the launches of heavy satellites.<sup id="cite_ref-npoem-rd253_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-npoem-rd253-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-ea-protonk_5-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ea-protonk-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The last RD-253 rocket engine was used on a Proton-K rocket and launched on March 30, 2012.<sup id="cite_ref-rsw-protonhist_6-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-rsw-protonhist-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Since the original development of the engine, several modifications were designed that were not flown. One of them was the RD-256 engine, for which development stopped on experimental models. It was not used in flights and was designed for a cancelled vehicle.<sup id="cite_ref-lprd-rd253_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-lprd-rd253-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The RD-254 variant was supplied with an extended nozzle for use in vacuum. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Current_state_and_development">Current state and development</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=RD-253&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Current state and development"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>All rights to sell and employ the RD-253 for <a href="/wiki/Proton_(rocket)" class="mw-redirect" title="Proton (rocket)">Proton</a> rocket are held by <a href="/wiki/NPO_Energomash" title="NPO Energomash">Energomash</a> which produces it in <a href="/wiki/Perm,_Russia" title="Perm, Russia">Perm</a>, <a href="/wiki/Russia" title="Russia">Russia</a>. </p><p>The modification <b>RD-275</b> (14D14) appeared as the result of development in 1987–1993, with the purpose to achieve a more powerful version of the engine. Its 7.7% higher thrust was reached by raising pressure in the <a href="/wiki/Combustion_chamber" title="Combustion chamber">combustion chamber</a> and enabled an increase of <a href="/wiki/Payload_(air_and_space_craft)" class="mw-redirect" title="Payload (air and space craft)">payload</a> mass to <a href="/wiki/Geostationary_orbit" title="Geostationary orbit">geostationary orbit (GEO)</a> up to more than 6,000 kg (13,000 lb). The successful maiden flight of a <a href="/wiki/Proton_(rocket)" class="mw-redirect" title="Proton (rocket)">Proton</a> rocket with the new engine was completed in 1995. </p><p><a href="/wiki/NPO_Energomash" title="NPO Energomash">Energomash</a> started the development of next more powerful version of engine in 2001. It has 5.2% higher thrust and has the designation 14D14M (<b>RD-275M</b>). It was designed to allow the rocket to deliver 150 kg (330 lb) more payload to <a href="/wiki/Geostationary_orbit" title="Geostationary orbit">GEO</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-npoem-rd253_1-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-npoem-rd253-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In the period from 2002 to 2003 years some experimental work was completed with this version of the engine. It included four test firings of three experimental RD-275M with a total time of 735<a href="/wiki/Second" title="Second">s</a>. In the middle of 2005, this engine went into production by government commission. The first launch of a <a href="/wiki/Proton-M" title="Proton-M">Proton-M</a> with 14D14M engines was launched on July 7, 2007.<sup id="cite_ref-npoem-rd253_1-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-npoem-rd253-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The final version RD-275M is sometimes designated as RD-276, but through 2009 the name RD-275M (14D14M) was more common.<sup id="cite_ref-npoem-rd253_1-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-npoem-rd253-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-protonpm-rd276_4-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-protonpm-rd276-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Some sources<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Avoid_weasel_words" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:Avoid weasel words"><span title="The material near this tag possibly uses too vague attribution or weasel words. (January 2015)">which?</span></a></i>]</sup> points out the cost of production per engine as much as 1.5 million <a href="/wiki/USD" class="mw-redirect" title="USD">USD</a> and sometimes calls some lower figures around 1 million <a href="/wiki/USD" class="mw-redirect" title="USD">USD</a> per unit.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (January 2015)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Versions">Versions</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=RD-253&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Versions"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>During the years there have been many versions of this engine: </p> <ul><li><b>RD-220</b>: Initial proposal for the <a href="/wiki/N1_(rocket)" title="N1 (rocket)">N-1</a> first stage.<sup id="cite_ref-npoem-el_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-npoem-el-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><b>RD-221</b>: Initial proposal for the <a href="/wiki/N1_(rocket)" title="N1 (rocket)">N-1</a> second stage.<sup id="cite_ref-npoem-el_9-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-npoem-el-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><b>RD-222</b> (<a href="/wiki/GRAU" class="mw-redirect" title="GRAU">GRAU</a> Index <b>11D41</b>): Development program for the <a href="/wiki/N1_(rocket)" title="N1 (rocket)">N-1</a> first stage.<sup id="cite_ref-npoem-el_9-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-npoem-el-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><b>RD-223</b> (<a href="/wiki/GRAU" class="mw-redirect" title="GRAU">GRAU</a> Index <b>11D42</b>): Development program for the <a href="/wiki/N1_(rocket)" title="N1 (rocket)">N-1</a> second stage.<sup id="cite_ref-npoem-el_9-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-npoem-el-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><b>RD-253</b> (<a href="/wiki/GRAU" class="mw-redirect" title="GRAU">GRAU</a> Index <b>11D43</b>): Serial production version for the <a href="/wiki/Proton-K" title="Proton-K">Proton</a> (8K62) first stage. Was proposed for the <a href="/wiki/N1_(rocket)" title="N1 (rocket)">N-1</a> first stage.</li> <li><b>RD-253F</b> (<a href="/wiki/GRAU" class="mw-redirect" title="GRAU">GRAU</a> Index <b>11D43F</b>): Project for <a href="/wiki/R-36_(missile)#R-36M_(SS-18)_variants" title="R-36 (missile)">R-36M</a> (15А14) first stage.<sup id="cite_ref-npoem-el_9-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-npoem-el-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><b>RD-254</b> (<a href="/wiki/GRAU" class="mw-redirect" title="GRAU">GRAU</a> Index <b>11D44</b>): Project for <a href="/wiki/Universal_Rocket#UR-700" title="Universal Rocket">UR-700</a> third stage and for <a href="/wiki/Proton-K" title="Proton-K">Proton</a> and <a href="/wiki/N1_(rocket)" title="N1 (rocket)">N-1</a> second stages, it was a RD-253 high-altitude version.</li> <li><b>RD-275</b> (<a href="/wiki/GRAU" class="mw-redirect" title="GRAU">GRAU</a> Index <b>14D14</b>): Serial production for <a href="/wiki/Proton-M" title="Proton-M">Proton-M</a> first stage. RD-253 with increased thrust by 8%.<sup id="cite_ref-npoem-el_9-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-npoem-el-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><b>RD-276</b> (<a href="/wiki/GRAU" class="mw-redirect" title="GRAU">GRAU</a> Index <b>14D14М</b>): Serial production for <a href="/wiki/Proton-M" title="Proton-M">Proton-M</a> first stage. Sometimes previously called RD-275M. Improved RD-275.<sup id="cite_ref-npoem-el_9-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-npoem-el-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <table class="wikitable"> <caption>RD-253 Family of Engines<sup id="cite_ref-npoem-el_9-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-npoem-el-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </caption> <tbody><tr style="vertical-align:top;"> <th>Engine </th> <th>RD-220 </th> <th>RD-221 </th> <th>RD-222<br /><span style="font-size: 85%;">(11D41)</span> </th> <th>RD-223<br /><span style="font-size: 85%;">(11D42)</span> </th> <th>RD-253<br /><span style="font-size: 85%;">(11D413)</span> </th> <th>RD-253F<br /><span style="font-size: 85%;">(11D413F)</span> </th> <th>RD-254<br /><span style="font-size: 85%;">(11D44)</span> </th> <th>RD-275<br /><span style="font-size: 85%;">(14D14)</span> </th> <th>RD-275M<br /><span style="font-size: 85%;">(RD-276, 14D14M)</span><sup id="cite_ref-protonpm-rd276_4-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-protonpm-rd276-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </th></tr> <tr> <th>Development </th> <td colspan="2">1960</td> <td colspan="2">1960-1961</td> <td>1962-1966</td> <td>1966-1967</td> <td>1961-1963</td> <td>1987-1993</td> <td>2001-2005 </td></tr> <tr> <th>Combustion Chamber Pressure </th> <td colspan="5">14.7 MPa (2,130 psi)</td> <td>16.9 MPa (2,450 psi)</td> <td>14.7 MPa (2,130 psi)</td> <td>15.7 MPa (2,280 psi)</td> <td>16.5 MPa (2,390 psi) </td></tr> <tr> <th>Thrust (Vacuum) </th> <td>1,074 kN (241,000 lbf)</td> <td>1,120 kN (250,000 lbf)</td> <td>1,634 kN (367,000 lbf)</td> <td>1,700 kN (380,000 lbf)</td> <td>1,635 kN (368,000 lbf)</td> <td>1,870 kN (420,000 lbf)</td> <td>1,720 kN (390,000 lbf)</td> <td>1,750 kN (390,000 lbf)</td> <td>1,832 kN (412,000 lbf) </td></tr> <tr> <th>Thrust (Sea Level) </th> <td>947 kN (213,000 lbf)</td> <td>N/A</td> <td>1,471 kN (331,000 lbf)</td> <td>N/A</td> <td>1,474 kN (331,000 lbf)</td> <td>1,720 kN (390,000 lbf)</td> <td>N/A</td> <td>1,590 kN (360,000 lbf)</td> <td>1,671 kN (376,000 lbf) </td></tr> <tr> <th>Specific Impulse (Vacuum) </th> <td>306 s (3.00 km/s)</td> <td>318 s (3.12 km/s)</td> <td>302 s (2.96 km/s)</td> <td>314 s (3.08 km/s)</td> <td>316 s (3.10 km/s)</td> <td>317 s (3.11 km/s)</td> <td>328 s (3.22 km/s)</td> <td>316 s (3.10 km/s)</td> <td>315.8 s (3.097 km/s) </td></tr> <tr> <th>Specific Impulse (Sea Level) </th> <td>270 s (2.6 km/s)</td> <td>N/A</td> <td>272 s (2.67 km/s)</td> <td>N/A</td> <td>285 s (2.79 km/s)</td> <td>290 s (2.8 km/s)</td> <td>N/A</td> <td>287 s (2.81 km/s)</td> <td>288 s (2.82 km/s) </td></tr> <tr> <th>Height </th> <td>2,600 mm (100 in)</td> <td>4,200 mm (170 in)</td> <td>3,470 mm (137 in)</td> <td>5,050 mm (199 in)</td> <td>3,000 mm (120 in)</td> <td>2,700 mm (110 in)</td> <td>4,000 mm (160 in)</td> <td>3,050 mm (120 in)</td> <td>3,050 mm (120 in) </td></tr> <tr> <th>Diameter </th> <td>1,300 mm (51 in)</td> <td>2,400 mm (94 in)</td> <td>1,460 mm (57 in)</td> <td>2,530 mm (100 in)</td> <td>1,500 mm (59 in)</td> <td>1,490 mm (59 in)</td> <td>2,600 mm (100 in)</td> <td>1,500 mm (59 in)</td> <td>1,500 mm (59 in) </td></tr> <tr> <th>Intended Use </th> <td><a href="/wiki/N1_(rocket)" title="N1 (rocket)">N-1</a> first stage</td> <td><a href="/wiki/N1_(rocket)" title="N1 (rocket)">N-1</a> second stage</td> <td><a href="/wiki/N1_(rocket)" title="N1 (rocket)">N-1</a> first stage</td> <td><a href="/wiki/N1_(rocket)" title="N1 (rocket)">N-1</a> second stage</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Proton-K" title="Proton-K">Proton</a> (8K62) first stage</td> <td><a href="/wiki/R-36_(missile)#R-36M_(SS-18)_variants" title="R-36 (missile)">R-36M</a> (15А14) first stage</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Universal_Rocket#UR-700" title="Universal Rocket">UR-700</a> third stage, <a href="/wiki/Proton-K" title="Proton-K">Proton</a> and <a href="/wiki/N1_(rocket)" title="N1 (rocket)">N-1</a> second stages</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Proton-M" title="Proton-M">Proton-M</a> first stage</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Proton-M" title="Proton-M">Proton-M</a> first stage </td></tr> <tr> <th>Status </th> <td colspan="4">Project (Abandoned)</td> <td>Retired</td> <td colspan="2">Project (Abandoned)</td> <td>Retired</td> <td>In Production </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=RD-253&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Proton_(rocket)" class="mw-redirect" title="Proton (rocket)">Proton</a> - uses RD-275</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rocket_engine" title="Rocket engine">Rocket engine</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="References">References</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=RD-253&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-npoem-rd253-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-npoem-rd253_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-npoem-rd253_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-npoem-rd253_1-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-npoem-rd253_1-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-npoem-rd253_1-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150405185423/http://www.npoenergomash.ru/eng/dejatelnost/engines/rd253/">"RD-253"</a>. <a href="/wiki/NPO_Energomash" title="NPO Energomash">NPO Energomash</a>. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2015-07-07</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Encyclopedia+Astronautica&rft.atitle=Proton-K&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.astronautix.com%2Flvs%2Fprotonk.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARD-253" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-rsw-protonhist-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-rsw-protonhist_6-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-rsw-protonhist_6-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFZak" class="citation web cs1">Zak, Anatoly. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.russianspaceweb.com/proton_history.html">"Proton History"</a>. <i>RussianSpaceWeb</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2015-07-07</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=RussianSpaceWeb&rft.atitle=2015-07-07&rft.aulast=Zak&rft.aufirst=Anatoly&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.russianspaceweb.com%2Frd253.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARD-253" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-lprd-rd253-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-lprd-rd253_8-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.lpre.de/energomash/RD-253/index.htm">"RD-253 (11D43) and RD-275 (14D14)"</a> (in Russian)<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2015-07-07</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=RD-253+%2811D43%29+and+RD-275+%2814D14%29&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.lpre.de%2Fenergomash%2FRD-253%2Findex.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARD-253" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-npoem-el-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-npoem-el_9-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-npoem-el_9-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-npoem-el_9-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-npoem-el_9-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-npoem-el_9-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-npoem-el_9-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-npoem-el_9-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-npoem-el_9-7"><sup><i><b>h</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20141107202512/http://www.npoenergomash.ru/netcat_files/File/Table_of_Engines.docx">"NPO Energomash list of engines"</a>. <a href="/wiki/NPO_Energomash" title="NPO Energomash">NPO Energomash</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.npoenergomash.ru/netcat_files/File/Table_of_Engines.docx">the original</a> on 7 November 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=NPO+Energomash+list+of+engines&rft.pub=NPO+Energomash&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.npoenergomash.ru%2Fnetcat_files%2FFile%2FTable_of_Engines.docx&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARD-253" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl 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.navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Rocket_engines_and_solid_motors_for_orbital_launch_vehicles400" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output 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href="/wiki/Template_talk:Rocket_engines" title="Template talk:Rocket engines"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Rocket_engines" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Rocket engines"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Rocket_engines_and_solid_motors_for_orbital_launch_vehicles400" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Rocket_engine" title="Rocket engine">Rocket engines</a> and <a href="/wiki/Solid_rocket_booster" title="Solid rocket booster">solid motors</a> for <a href="/wiki/Orbital_spaceflight" title="Orbital spaceflight">orbital</a> <a href="/wiki/Launch_vehicle" title="Launch vehicle">launch vehicles</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Comparison_of_orbital_rocket_engines" title="Comparison of orbital rocket engines">Comparison of orbital rocket engines</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Liquid-propellant_rocket" title="Liquid-propellant rocket">Liquid <br />fuel</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Cryogenic_fuel" title="Cryogenic fuel">Cryogenic</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Hydrolox <br />(<a href="/wiki/Liquid_hydrogen" title="Liquid hydrogen">LH<sub>2</sub></a> / <a href="/wiki/Liquid_oxygen" title="Liquid oxygen">LOX</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>China <ul><li><a href="/wiki/YF-73" title="YF-73">YF-73</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/YF-75" title="YF-75">YF-75</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/YF-75D" title="YF-75D">YF-75D</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/YF-77" title="YF-77">YF-77</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/YF-79" title="YF-79">YF-79</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/YF-90" title="YF-90">YF-90</a></i></li></ul></li> <li>Europe <ul><li><a href="/wiki/HM7B" title="HM7B">HM7B</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vinci_(rocket_engine)" title="Vinci (rocket engine)">Vinci</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vulcain_(rocket_engine)" title="Vulcain (rocket engine)">Vulcain</a></li></ul></li> <li>India <ul><li><a href="/wiki/CE-7.5" title="CE-7.5">CE-7.5</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CE-20" title="CE-20">CE-20</a></li></ul></li> <li>Japan <ul><li><a href="/wiki/LE-5" title="LE-5">LE-5</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LE-7" title="LE-7">LE-7</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LE-9" title="LE-9">LE-9</a></li></ul></li> <li>Russia <ul><li><a href="/wiki/KVD-1" title="KVD-1">KVD-1 (RD-56)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/RD-0120" title="RD-0120">RD-0120</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/RD-0146" title="RD-0146">RD-0146</a></i></li></ul></li> <li>United States <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/BE-3U" class="mw-redirect" title="BE-3U">BE-3U</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/BE-7" title="BE-7">BE-7</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rocketdyne_J-2" title="Rocketdyne J-2">J-2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/RL10" title="RL10">RL10</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/RS-25" title="RS-25">RS-25</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/RS-68" title="RS-68">RS-68</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Methalox <br />(<a href="/wiki/Methane" title="Methane">CH<sub>4</sub></a> / <a href="/wiki/Liquid_oxygen" title="Liquid oxygen">LOX</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>China <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/BF-20" title="BF-20">BF-20</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Lingyun_(rocket_engine)" title="Lingyun (rocket engine)">Lingyun</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Longyun_(rocket_engine)" title="Longyun (rocket engine)">Longyun</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/TQ-11" title="TQ-11">TQ-11</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/TQ-12" title="TQ-12">TQ-12</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/TQ-15" title="TQ-15">TQ-15A</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/YF-209" title="YF-209">YF-209</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/YF-215" title="YF-215">YF-215</a></i></li></ul></li> <li>United States <ul><li><a href="/wiki/BE-4" title="BE-4">BE-4</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SpaceX_Raptor" title="SpaceX Raptor">Raptor</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Archimedes_(rocket_engine)" title="Archimedes (rocket engine)">Archimedes</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Relativity_Space#Aeon_1" title="Relativity Space">Aeon 1</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Relativity_Space#Aeon_R" title="Relativity Space">Aeon R</a></i></li></ul></li> <li>Russia <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/RD-0169" title="RD-0169">RD-0169</a></i></li></ul></li> <li>Europe <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Prometheus_(rocket_engine)" title="Prometheus (rocket engine)">Prometheus</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/M10_(rocket_engine)" title="M10 (rocket engine)">M-10</a></i></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Semi-<br />cryogenic</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Kerolox_(RP-1_/_LOX)47" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Kerolox <br />(<a href="/wiki/RP-1" title="RP-1">RP-1</a> / <a href="/wiki/Liquid_oxygen" title="Liquid oxygen">LOX</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>China <ul><li><a href="/wiki/TH-11" title="TH-11">TH-11</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/TH-12" title="TH-12">TH-12</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/YF-100" title="YF-100">YF-100</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/YF-102_(rocket_engine)" title="YF-102 (rocket engine)">YF-102</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/YF-115" title="YF-115">YF-115</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/YF-130" title="YF-130">YF-130</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Galactic_Energy_Welkin" title="Galactic Energy Welkin">Welkin</a></i></li></ul></li> <li>India <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/SCE-200" title="SCE-200">SCE-200</a></i></li></ul></li> <li>Russia <ul><li><a href="/wiki/NK-15" title="NK-15">NK-15</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/NK-33" title="NK-33">NK-33, 44</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/RD-58" title="RD-58">RD-58</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/RD-0109" title="RD-0109">RD-0105, 0109</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/RD-0110" title="RD-0110">RD-0107, 0108, 0110</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/RD-0110R" title="RD-0110R">RD-0110R</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/RD-0124" title="RD-0124">RD-0124</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/RD-107" title="RD-107">RD-107, 108, 117, 118</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/RD-120" title="RD-120">RD-120</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/RD-170" title="RD-170">RD-170, 171</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/RD-180" title="RD-180">RD-180</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/RD-191" title="RD-191">RD-191, 151, 181</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/RD-193" title="RD-193">RD-193</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/S1.5400" title="S1.5400">S1.5400</a></li></ul></li> <li>Spain <ul><li><a href="/wiki/TEPREL" title="TEPREL">TEPREL</a></li></ul></li> <li>Ukraine <ul><li><a href="/wiki/RD-8" title="RD-8">RD-8</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/RD-801" title="RD-801">RD-801</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/RD-810" title="RD-810">RD-810</a></i></li></ul></li> <li>United States <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Rocketdyne_F-1" title="Rocketdyne F-1">F-1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rocketdyne_H-1" title="Rocketdyne H-1">H-1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SpaceX_Kestrel" title="SpaceX Kestrel">Kestrel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/PGM-17_Thor#Specifications_(PGM-17A)" title="PGM-17 Thor">LR-79</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LR89" title="LR89">LR89</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LR105" title="LR105">LR105</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/PGM-19_Jupiter" title="PGM-19 Jupiter">LR70-NA , S-3D</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SpaceX_Merlin" title="SpaceX Merlin">Merlin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/RS-27" title="RS-27">RS-27</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/RS-27A" class="mw-redirect" title="RS-27A">RS-27A</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/RS-56" title="RS-56">RS-56</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rocketdyne_S-3D" title="Rocketdyne S-3D">S-3D</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rutherford_(rocket_engine)" title="Rutherford (rocket engine)">Rutherford</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/XLR50" title="XLR50">XLR50</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Storable</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Hypergolic_(Aerozine,_UH_25,_MMH,_or_UDMH_/_N2O4,_MON,_or_HNO3)282" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Hypergolic_propellant" title="Hypergolic propellant">Hypergolic</a> (<a href="/wiki/Aerozine_50" title="Aerozine 50">Aerozine</a>, <br /><a href="/wiki/UH_25" title="UH 25">UH 25</a>, <a href="/wiki/Monomethylhydrazine" title="Monomethylhydrazine">MMH</a>, or <a href="/wiki/Unsymmetrical_dimethylhydrazine" title="Unsymmetrical dimethylhydrazine">UDMH</a> <br />/ <a href="/wiki/Dinitrogen_tetroxide" title="Dinitrogen tetroxide">N<sub>2</sub>O<sub>4</sub></a>, <a href="/wiki/Mixed_oxides_of_nitrogen" title="Mixed oxides of nitrogen">MON</a>, or <a href="/wiki/Nitric_acid" title="Nitric acid">HNO<sub>3</sub></a>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>China <ul><li><a href="/wiki/YF-1" title="YF-1">YF-1, 2, 3</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/YF-20" title="YF-20">YF-20, 21, 22, 24, 25</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/YF-23_(rocket_engine)" title="YF-23 (rocket engine)">YF-23</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/YF-40" title="YF-40">YF-40</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yuanzheng" title="Yuanzheng">YF-50D</a></li></ul></li> <li>Europe <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aestus" title="Aestus">Aestus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Astris_(rocket_engine)" title="Astris (rocket engine)">Astris</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diamant#Vexin" title="Diamant">Vexin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Viking_(rocket_engine)" title="Viking (rocket engine)">Viking</a></li></ul></li> <li>India <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Polar_Satellite_Launch_Vehicle#Vehicle_description" title="Polar Satellite Launch Vehicle">PS4</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vikas_(rocket_engine)" title="Vikas (rocket engine)">Vikas</a></li></ul></li> <li>Israel <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Shavit_2" title="Shavit 2">LK-4</a></li></ul></li> <li>North Korea <ul><li><a href="/wiki/RD-250" title="RD-250">Paektusan LRE</a> along other LREs</li></ul></li> <li>Russia <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ikar_(rocket_stage)" title="Ikar (rocket stage)">17D61</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/RD-0210" title="RD-0210">RD-0202 to 0206, 0208 to 0213</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/RD-0214" title="RD-0214">RD-0207, 0214</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/RD-0216" title="RD-0216">RD-0216, 0217, 0235</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/RD-0233" title="RD-0233">RD-0233, 0234</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/RD-0236" title="RD-0236">RD-0236</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/RD-0237" title="RD-0237">RD-0237</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/RD-0243" title="RD-0243">RD-0243 to 0245</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/RD-0255" title="RD-0255">RD-0255 to 0257</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/RD-215" title="RD-215">RD-215 to 219</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/RD-250" title="RD-250">RD-250 to 252, 261, 262</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">RD-253, 275</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/RD-263" title="RD-263">RD-263, 268, 273</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/RD-270" title="RD-270">RD-270</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/S5.92" title="S5.92">S5.92</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/S5.98M" title="S5.98M">S5.98M</a></li></ul></li> <li>Ukraine <ul><li><a href="/wiki/RD-843" title="RD-843">RD-843</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/RD-861" title="RD-861">RD-854, 861</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/RD-855" title="RD-855">RD-855</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/RD-856" title="RD-856">RD-856</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/RD-864" title="RD-864">RD-864, 869</a></li></ul></li> <li>United States <ul><li><a href="/wiki/AJ10" title="AJ10">AJ10</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aerojet_LR87" title="Aerojet LR87">LR-87</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LR91" title="LR91">LR-91</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/RS-88" title="RS-88">RS-88</a>*</li> <li><a href="/wiki/TR-201" title="TR-201">TR-201</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/XLR81" title="XLR81">XLR81</a>*</li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Russia <ul><li><a href="/wiki/RD-119" title="RD-119">RD-109, 119</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/RD-214" title="RD-214">RD-211 to 214</a></li></ul></li> <li>UK <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bristol_Siddeley_Gamma" title="Bristol Siddeley Gamma">Gamma</a></li></ul></li> <li>United States <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Curie_(rocket_engine)" title="Curie (rocket engine)">Curie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/RS-88" title="RS-88">RS-88</a>*</li> <li><a href="/wiki/XLR81" title="XLR81">XLR81</a>*</li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="2" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4d/RS-68_rocket_engine_test.jpg/120px-RS-68_rocket_engine_test.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4d/RS-68_rocket_engine_test.jpg/180px-RS-68_rocket_engine_test.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4d/RS-68_rocket_engine_test.jpg/240px-RS-68_rocket_engine_test.jpg 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="750" /></span></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Solid-propellant_rocket" title="Solid-propellant rocket">Solid <br />fuel</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>China <ul><li><a href="/wiki/FG-02" title="FG-02">FG-02</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/FG-36" title="FG-36">FG-36</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/FG-46" title="FG-46">FG-46</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/FG-47" title="FG-47">FG-47</a></li> <li>SpaB-65</li> <li>SpaB-140C</li></ul></li> <li>Europe <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ariane_1" title="Ariane 1">Mage 1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diamant#P-4" title="Diamant">P-4</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diamant#P-6" title="Diamant">P-6</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ariane_4" title="Ariane 4">PAP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/P80_(rocket_stage)" title="P80 (rocket stage)">P80</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/P120C" title="P120C">P120C</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ariane_5" title="Ariane 5">P230</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diamant#Topaze" title="Diamant">Topaze</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Waxwing_(rocket_motor)" title="Waxwing (rocket motor)">Waxwing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zefiro_(rocket_stage)" title="Zefiro (rocket stage)">Zefiro 9</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zefiro_(rocket_stage)" title="Zefiro (rocket stage)">Zefiro 23</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zefiro_(rocket_stage)" title="Zefiro (rocket stage)">Zefiro 40</a></li></ul></li> <li>India <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Polar_Satellite_Launch_Vehicle#Vehicle_description" title="Polar Satellite Launch Vehicle">S7</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polar_Satellite_Launch_Vehicle#Vehicle_description" title="Polar Satellite Launch Vehicle">S9</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polar_Satellite_Launch_Vehicle#Vehicle_description" title="Polar Satellite Launch Vehicle">S12</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geosynchronous_Satellite_Launch_Vehicle#Vehicle_description" title="Geosynchronous Satellite Launch Vehicle">S139</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geosynchronous_Satellite_Launch_Vehicle_Mk_III#Vehicle_description" class="mw-redirect" title="Geosynchronous Satellite Launch Vehicle Mk III">S200</a></li></ul></li> <li>Iran <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Salman_(rocket_motor)" title="Salman (rocket motor)">Salman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qaem_100_(rocket)#Design" class="mw-redirect" title="Qaem 100 (rocket)">Rafe</a></li></ul></li> <li>Israel <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Shavit_2" title="Shavit 2">LK-1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shavit_2" title="Shavit 2">RSA-3</a></li></ul></li> <li>Japan <ul><li><a href="/wiki/M-V" title="M-V">KM-V1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Epsilon_(rocket)" title="Epsilon (rocket)">KM-V2b</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/M-V" title="M-V">M-14</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/M-V" title="M-V">M-24</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/M-V" title="M-V">M-34</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Epsilon_(rocket)" title="Epsilon (rocket)">M-34c</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SRB-A" title="SRB-A">SRB-A</a></li></ul></li> <li>United States <ul><li><a href="/wiki/AJ-60A" title="AJ-60A">AJ-60A</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Algol_(rocket_stage)" title="Algol (rocket stage)">Algol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Castor_(rocket_stage)" title="Castor (rocket stage)">Castor 30</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Graphite-Epoxy_Motor" title="Graphite-Epoxy Motor">GEM</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inertial_Upper_Stage" title="Inertial Upper Stage">Orbus-6</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inertial_Upper_Stage" title="Inertial Upper Stage">Orbus-21</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orion_(rocket_stage)" title="Orion (rocket stage)">Orion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Space_Shuttle_Solid_Rocket_Booster" title="Space Shuttle Solid Rocket Booster">Space Shuttle SRB</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Star_(rocket_stage)" title="Star (rocket stage)">Star 37</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Star_48" title="Star 48">Star 48</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/UA120" title="UA120">UA120</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Solid_Rocket_Motor_Upgrade" title="Solid Rocket Motor Upgrade">SRMU</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/X-248" class="mw-redirect" title="X-248">X-248</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/X-254" class="mw-redirect" title="X-254">X-254</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3"><div> <ul><li>* Different versions of the engine use different propellant combinations</li> <li>Engines in <i>italics</i> are under development</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img 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