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vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Fourth_stage_(PS4)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.4 Fourth stage (PS4) </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Fourth_stage_(PS4)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-PS4_stage_as_orbital_platform" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#PS4_stage_as_orbital_platform"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.4.1 PS4 stage as orbital platform </div> </a> <ul id="toc-PS4_stage_as_orbital_platform-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-PS4_on_RLV-OREX" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#PS4_on_RLV-OREX"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.4.2 PS4 on RLV-OREX </div> </a> <ul id="toc-PS4_on_RLV-OREX-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Payload_fairing" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Payload_fairing"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.5 Payload fairing </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Payload_fairing-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Variants" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Variants"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3 Variants </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Variants-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Variants subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Variants-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-PSLV-G" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#PSLV-G"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.1 PSLV-G </div> </a> <ul id="toc-PSLV-G-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-PSLV-CA" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#PSLV-CA"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.2 PSLV-CA </div> </a> <ul id="toc-PSLV-CA-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-PSLV-XL" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#PSLV-XL"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.3 PSLV-XL </div> </a> <ul id="toc-PSLV-XL-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-PSLV-DL" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#PSLV-DL"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.4 PSLV-DL </div> </a> <ul id="toc-PSLV-DL-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-PSLV-QL" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#PSLV-QL"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.5 PSLV-QL </div> </a> <ul id="toc-PSLV-QL-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-PSLV-3S_(concept)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#PSLV-3S_(concept)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.6 PSLV-3S (concept) </div> </a> <ul id="toc-PSLV-3S_(concept)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Launch_profile" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Launch_profile"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4 Launch profile </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Launch_profile-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Launch_statistics" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Launch_statistics"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5 Launch statistics </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Launch_statistics-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6 See also </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7 References </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8 External links </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" title="Table of Contents" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" > Toggle the table of contents </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading">Polar Satellite Launch Vehicle</h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 38 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-38" aria-hidden="true" > 38 languages </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%AE%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%B0%E0%A7%81_%E0%A6%89%E0%A6%AA%E0%A6%97%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%B9_%E0%A6%89%E0%A7%8E%E0%A6%95%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%B7%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%AA%E0%A6%95_%E0%A6%AF%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%A8" title="মেরু উপগ্রহ উৎক্ষেপক যান – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="মেরু উপগ্রহ উৎক্ষেপক যান" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target">বাংলা</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/PSLV" title="PSLV – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="PSLV" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Беларуская</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bh mw-list-item"><a href="https://bh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%8F%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%8F%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%B5%E0%A5%80" title="पीएसएलवी – Bhojpuri" lang="bh" hreflang="bh" data-title="पीएसएलवी" data-language-autonym="भोजपुरी" data-language-local-name="Bhojpuri" class="interlanguage-link-target">भोजपुरी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/PSLV" title="PSLV – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="PSLV" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Български</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polar_Satellite_Launch_Vehicle" title="Polar Satellite Launch Vehicle – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Polar Satellite Launch Vehicle" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target">Čeština</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polar_Satellite_Launch_Vehicle" title="Polar Satellite Launch Vehicle – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Polar Satellite Launch Vehicle" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target">Deutsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polar_Satellite_Launch_Vehicle" title="Polar Satellite Launch Vehicle – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Polar Satellite Launch Vehicle" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Español</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/PSLV" title="PSLV – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="PSLV" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target">Esperanto</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%88%D8%B3%DB%8C%D9%84%D9%87_%D9%BE%D8%B1%D8%AA%D8%A7%D8%A8_%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%87%D9%88%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%87_%D9%82%D8%B7%D8%A8%DB%8C" title="وسیله پرتاب ماهواره قطبی – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="وسیله پرتاب ماهواره قطبی" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target">فارسی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polar_Satellite_Launch_Vehicle" title="Polar Satellite Launch Vehicle – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Polar Satellite Launch Vehicle" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target">Français</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polar_Satellite_Launch_Vehicle" title="Polar Satellite Launch Vehicle – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Polar Satellite Launch Vehicle" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target">Galego</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/PSLV" title="PSLV – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="PSLV" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target">한국어</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%A7%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%B5%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%AF_%E0%A4%89%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%97%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%B9_%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%9A%E0%A4%A8_%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%A8" title="ध्रुवीय उपग्रह प्रमोचन वाहन – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="ध्रुवीय उपग्रह प्रमोचन वाहन" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target">हिन्दी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polar_Satellite_Launch_Vehicle" title="Polar Satellite Launch Vehicle – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Polar Satellite Launch Vehicle" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Indonesia</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polar_Satellite_Launch_Vehicle" title="Polar Satellite Launch Vehicle – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Polar Satellite Launch Vehicle" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Italiano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/PSLV" title="PSLV – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="PSLV" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target">עברית</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kn mw-list-item"><a href="https://kn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%AA%E0%B3%8B%E0%B2%B2%E0%B2%BE%E0%B2%B0%E0%B3%8D_%E0%B2%B8%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%AF%E0%B2%BE%E0%B2%9F%E0%B2%B2%E0%B3%88%E0%B2%9F%E0%B3%8D_%E0%B2%B2%E0%B2%BE%E0%B2%82%E0%B2%9A%E0%B3%8D_%E0%B2%B5%E0%B3%86%E0%B2%B9%E0%B2%BF%E0%B2%95%E0%B2%B2%E0%B3%8D" title="ಪೋಲಾರ್ ಸ್ಯಾಟಲೈಟ್ ಲಾಂಚ್ ವೆಹಿಕಲ್ – Kannada" lang="kn" hreflang="kn" data-title="ಪೋಲಾರ್ ಸ್ಯಾಟಲೈಟ್ ಲಾಂಚ್ ವೆಹಿಕಲ್" data-language-autonym="ಕನ್ನಡ" data-language-local-name="Kannada" class="interlanguage-link-target">ಕನ್ನಡ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polar_Satellite_Launch_Vehicle" title="Polar Satellite Launch Vehicle – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Polar Satellite Launch Vehicle" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latviešu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/PSLV" title="PSLV – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="PSLV" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Magyar</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%AA%E0%B5%8B%E0%B4%B3%E0%B4%BE%E0%B5%BC_%E0%B4%B8%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%B1%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B1%E0%B4%B2%E0%B5%88%E0%B4%B1%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B1%E0%B5%8D_%E0%B4%B2%E0%B5%8B%E0%B4%9E%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%9A%E0%B5%8D_%E0%B4%B5%E0%B5%86%E0%B4%B9%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%95%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%95%E0%B4%BF%E0%B5%BE" title="പോളാർ സാറ്റലൈറ്റ് ലോഞ്ച് വെഹിക്കിൾ – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="പോളാർ സാറ്റലൈറ്റ് ലോഞ്ച് വെഹിക്കിൾ" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target">മലയാളം</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%80.%E0%A4%8F%E0%A4%B8.%E0%A4%8F%E0%A4%B2.%E0%A4%B5%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B9%E0%A5%80." title="पी.एस.एल.व्ही. – Marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="पी.एस.एल.व्ही." data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="Marathi" class="interlanguage-link-target">मराठी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polar_Satellite_Launch_Vehicle" title="Polar Satellite Launch Vehicle – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Polar Satellite Launch Vehicle" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nederlands</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/PSLV" title="PSLV – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="PSLV" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">日本語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polar_Satellite_Launch_Vehicle" title="Polar Satellite Launch Vehicle – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Polar Satellite Launch Vehicle" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk bokmål</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-or mw-list-item"><a href="https://or.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AC%AA%E0%AD%8B%E0%AC%B2%E0%AC%BE%E0%AC%B0_%E0%AC%B8%E0%AC%BE%E0%AC%9F%E0%AD%87%E0%AC%B2%E0%AC%BE%E0%AC%87%E0%AC%9F%E0%AD%8D_%E0%AC%B2%E0%AC%9E%E0%AD%8D%E0%AC%9A%E0%AD%8D_%E0%AC%AD%E0%AD%87%E0%AC%87%E0%AC%95%E0%AC%BF%E0%AC%B2%E0%AD%8D%E2%80%8C" title="ପୋଲାର ସାଟେଲାଇଟ୍ ଲଞ୍ଚ୍ ଭେଇକିଲ୍‌ – Odia" lang="or" hreflang="or" data-title="ପୋଲାର ସାଟେଲାଇଟ୍ ଲଞ୍ଚ୍ ଭେଇକିଲ୍‌" data-language-autonym="ଓଡ଼ିଆ" data-language-local-name="Odia" class="interlanguage-link-target">ଓଡ଼ିଆ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%A7%E0%A9%8D%E0%A8%B0%E0%A9%81%E0%A8%B5%E0%A9%80_%E0%A8%89%E0%A8%AA%E0%A8%97%E0%A9%8D%E0%A8%B0%E0%A8%B9%E0%A8%BF_%E0%A8%B2%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%82%E0%A8%9A_%E0%A8%B5%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%B9%E0%A8%A8" title="ਧ੍ਰੁਵੀ ਉਪਗ੍ਰਹਿ ਲਾਂਚ ਵਾਹਨ – Punjabi" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਧ੍ਰੁਵੀ ਉਪਗ੍ਰਹਿ ਲਾਂਚ ਵਾਹਨ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target">ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polar_Satellite_Launch_Vehicle" title="Polar Satellite Launch Vehicle – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Polar Satellite Launch Vehicle" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Polski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polar_Satellite_Launch_Vehicle" title="Polar Satellite Launch Vehicle – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Polar Satellite Launch Vehicle" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Português</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/PSLV" title="PSLV – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="PSLV" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Русский</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sa badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://sa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%A7%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%B5%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%AF%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%97%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B7%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%A3%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%8D" title="ध्रुवीयोपग्रहप्रक्षेपणयानम् – Sanskrit" lang="sa" hreflang="sa" data-title="ध्रुवीयोपग्रहप्रक्षेपणयानम्" data-language-autonym="संस्कृतम्" data-language-local-name="Sanskrit" class="interlanguage-link-target">संस्कृतम्</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polar_Satellite_Launch_Vehicle" title="Polar Satellite Launch Vehicle – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Polar Satellite Launch 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searchaux" style="display:none">Indian expendable launch vehicle</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox hproduct"><caption class="infobox-title">Polar Satellite Launch Vehicle</caption><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><a href="/wiki/File:PSLV_C-35_at_the_launch_pad_(cropped).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7c/PSLV_C-35_at_the_launch_pad_%28cropped%29.jpg/250px-PSLV_C-35_at_the_launch_pad_%28cropped%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="472" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7c/PSLV_C-35_at_the_launch_pad_%28cropped%29.jpg/330px-PSLV_C-35_at_the_launch_pad_%28cropped%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7c/PSLV_C-35_at_the_launch_pad_%28cropped%29.jpg/500px-PSLV_C-35_at_the_launch_pad_%28cropped%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="644" data-file-height="1383" /></a><div class="infobox-caption">PSLV-C35 on the <a href="/wiki/Satish_Dhawan_Space_Centre#First_Launch_Pad" title="Satish Dhawan Space Centre">SDSC FLP</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Function</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Medium-lift_launch_vehicle" title="Medium-lift launch vehicle">Medium-lift launch system</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Manufacturer</th><td class="infobox-data brand">ISRO</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Country of origin</th><td class="infobox-data">India</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Cost per launch</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Indian_rupee" title="Indian rupee">₹</a>130 <a href="/wiki/Crore" title="Crore">crore</a> (equivalent to ₹153 crore or US$18 million in 2023) -<a href="/wiki/Indian_rupee" title="Indian rupee">₹</a>200 <a href="/wiki/Crore" title="Crore">crore</a> (equivalent to ₹235 crore or US$27 million in 2023)<a href="#cite_note-1">[1]</a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background: #ccf;">Size</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Height</th><td class="infobox-data">44 m (144 ft)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Diameter</th><td class="infobox-data">2.8 m (9 ft 2 in)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Mass</th><td class="infobox-data">PSLV-G: 295,000 kg (650,000 lb) PSLV-CA: 230,000 kg (510,000 lb) PSLV-XL: 320,000 kg (710,000 lb)<a href="#cite_note-pslv-2">[2]</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Stages</th><td class="infobox-data">4</td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background: #ccf;">Capacity <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546" /></th></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background:#ddf;">Payload to <a href="/wiki/Low_Earth_orbit" title="Low Earth orbit">LEO</a> (200 km @ 30° inclination)</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Mass</th><td class="infobox-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><div class="plainlist"> <ul><li>G: 3,200 kg (7,100 lb)</li> <li>CA: 2,100 kg (4,600 lb)</li> <li>XL: 3,800 kg (8,400 lb)</li></ul> </div><a href="#cite_note-Access_to_Space-3">[3]</a><a href="#cite_note-Thales_2009-4">[4]</a></td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546" /></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background:#ddf;">Payload to <a href="/wiki/Sun-synchronous_orbit" title="Sun-synchronous orbit">SSO</a> (620 km circular)</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Mass</th><td class="infobox-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409" /><div class="plainlist"> <ul><li>G: 1,600 kg (3,500 lb)</li> <li>CA: 1,100 kg (2,400 lb)</li> <li>XL: 1,750 kg (3,860 lb)</li></ul> </div><a href="#cite_note-Access_to_Space-3">[3]</a><a href="#cite_note-pslv-2">[2]</a><a href="#cite_note-VSSC_PSLV-5">[5]</a></td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546" /></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background:#ddf;">Payload to <a href="/wiki/Geostationary_transfer_orbit" title="Geostationary transfer orbit">Sub-GTO</a> (284 × 20650 km)</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Mass</th><td class="infobox-data">1,425 kg (3,142 lb) (PSLV-XL)<a href="#cite_note-pslv-2">[2]</a><a href="#cite_note-VSSC_PSLV-5">[5]</a></td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546" /></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background:#ddf;">Payload to <a href="/wiki/Geostationary_transfer_orbit" title="Geostationary transfer orbit">GTO</a></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Mass</th><td class="infobox-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409" /><div class="plainlist"> <ul><li>G: 1,150 kg (2,540 lb)</li> <li>XL: 1,300 kg (2,900 lb)</li></ul> </div><a href="#cite_note-Access_to_Space-3">[3]</a><a href="#cite_note-6">[6]</a></td></tr><tr style="display:none"><th colspan="2"> </th></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background: #ccf;">Associated rockets</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Comparable</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Vega_(rocket)" title="Vega (rocket)">Vega</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nuri_(rocket)" title="Nuri (rocket)">Nuri</a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background: #ccf;">Launch history</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Status</th><td class="infobox-data">Active</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Launch sites</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Satish_Dhawan_Space_Centre" title="Satish Dhawan Space Centre">Satish Dhawan Space Centre</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Total launches</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/List_of_PSLV_launches#Launch_history" title="List of PSLV launches">62</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Success(es)</th><td class="infobox-data">59</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Failure(s)</th><td class="infobox-data">2</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Partial failure(s)</th><td class="infobox-data">1</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">First flight</th><td class="infobox-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409" /><div class="plainlist"> <ul><li>PSLV-G: 20 September 1993</li> <li>PSLV-CA: 23 April 2007</li> <li>PSLV-XL: 22 October 2008</li> <li>PSLV-DL: 24 January 2019</li> <li>PSLV-QL: 1 April 2019</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Last flight</th><td class="infobox-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409" /><div class="plainlist"> <ul><li>PSLV-G: 26 September 2016</li> <li>PSLV-CA: 30 December 2024</li> <li>PSLV-XL: 5 December 2024</li> <li>PSLV-DL: 1 January 2024</li> <li>PSLV-QL: 11 December 2019</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Carries passengers or cargo</th><td class="infobox-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409" /><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chandrayaan-1" title="Chandrayaan-1">Chandrayaan-1</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Mars_Orbiter_Mission" title="Mars Orbiter Mission">Mars Orbiter Mission</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Astrosat" class="mw-redirect" title="Astrosat">Astrosat</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/SRE-1" class="mw-redirect" title="SRE-1">SRE-1</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/NAVIC" class="mw-redirect" title="NAVIC">NAVIC</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Aditya-L1" title="Aditya-L1">Aditya-L1</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/PROBA-3" title="PROBA-3">PROBA-3</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546" /></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background: #ddf;">Boosters (PSLV-G) – S9</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">No. boosters</th><td class="infobox-data">6</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Maximum thrust</th><td class="infobox-data">510 kN (110,000 lbf)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Specific_impulse" title="Specific impulse">Specific impulse</a></th><td class="infobox-data">262 s (2.57 km/s)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Burn time</th><td class="infobox-data">44 s</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Propellant</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Hydroxyl-terminated_polybutadiene" title="Hydroxyl-terminated polybutadiene">HTPB</a></td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546" /></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background: #ddf;">Boosters (PSLV-XL/QL/DL) – S12</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">No. boosters</th><td class="infobox-data">6 (XL) 4 (QL) 2 (DL)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Height</th><td class="infobox-data">12 m (39 ft)<a href="#cite_note-C37borchure-7">[7]</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Diameter</th><td class="infobox-data">1 m (3 ft 3 in)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Propellant mass</th><td class="infobox-data">12,200 kg (26,900 lb) each</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Powered by</th><td class="infobox-data">off</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Maximum thrust</th><td class="infobox-data">703.5 kN (158,200 lbf)<a href="#cite_note-C41_Brochure-8">[8]</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Total thrust</th><td class="infobox-data">4,221 kN (949,000 lbf) (XL) 2,814 kN (633,000 lbf) (QL) 1,407 kN (316,000 lbf) (DL)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Specific_impulse" title="Specific impulse">Specific impulse</a></th><td class="infobox-data">262 s (2.57 km/s)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Burn time</th><td class="infobox-data">70 s</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Propellant</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Hydroxyl-terminated_polybutadiene" title="Hydroxyl-terminated polybutadiene">HTPB</a></td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546" /></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background: #ddf;">First stage</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Height</th><td class="infobox-data">20 m (66 ft)<a href="#cite_note-C37borchure-7">[7]</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Diameter</th><td class="infobox-data">2.8 m (9 ft 2 in)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Propellant mass</th><td class="infobox-data">138,200 kg (304,700 lb) each<a href="#cite_note-C37borchure-7">[7]</a><a href="#cite_note-pslv-2">[2]</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Powered by</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/S139_Booster" title="S139 Booster">S139</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Maximum thrust</th><td class="infobox-data">4,846.9 kN (1,089,600 lbf)<a href="#cite_note-C41_Brochure-8">[8]</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Specific_impulse" title="Specific impulse">Specific impulse</a></th><td class="infobox-data">237 s (2.32 km/s) (<a href="/wiki/Sea_level" title="Sea level">sea level</a>) 269 s (2.64 km/s) (<a href="/wiki/Vacuum" title="Vacuum">vacuum</a>)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Burn time</th><td class="infobox-data">110 s</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Propellant</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Hydroxyl-terminated_polybutadiene" title="Hydroxyl-terminated polybutadiene">HTPB</a></td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546" /></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background: #ddf;">Second stage</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Height</th><td class="infobox-data">12.8 m (42 ft)<a href="#cite_note-C37borchure-7">[7]</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Diameter</th><td class="infobox-data">2.8 m (9 ft 2 in)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Propellant mass</th><td class="infobox-data">42,000 kg (93,000 lb) each<a href="#cite_note-C37borchure-7">[7]</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Powered by</th><td class="infobox-data">1 <a href="/wiki/Vikas_engine" class="mw-redirect" title="Vikas engine">Vikas</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Maximum thrust</th><td class="infobox-data">803.7 kN (180,700 lbf)<a href="#cite_note-C41_Brochure-8">[8]</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Specific_impulse" title="Specific impulse">Specific impulse</a></th><td class="infobox-data">293 s (2.87 km/s)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Burn time</th><td class="infobox-data">133 s</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Propellant</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Dinitrogen_tetroxide" title="Dinitrogen tetroxide">N2O4</a>/<a href="/wiki/UDMH" class="mw-redirect" title="UDMH">UDMH</a></td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546" /></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background: #ddf;">Third stage</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Height</th><td class="infobox-data">3.6 m (12 ft)<a href="#cite_note-C37borchure-7">[7]</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Diameter</th><td class="infobox-data">2 m (6 ft 7 in)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Propellant mass</th><td class="infobox-data">7,600 kg (16,800 lb) each<a href="#cite_note-C37borchure-7">[7]</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Powered by</th><td class="infobox-data">S-7<a href="#cite_note-sf101-9">[9]</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Maximum thrust</th><td class="infobox-data">250 kN (56,000 lbf)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Specific_impulse" title="Specific impulse">Specific impulse</a></th><td class="infobox-data">295 s (2.89 km/s)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Burn time</th><td class="infobox-data">113.5 s<a href="#cite_note-CurrSci_V119_I6-10">[10]</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Propellant</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Hydroxyl-terminated_polybutadiene" title="Hydroxyl-terminated polybutadiene">HTPB</a></td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546" /></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background: #ddf;">Fourth stage</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Height</th><td class="infobox-data">3 m (9.8 ft)<a href="#cite_note-C37borchure-7">[7]</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Diameter</th><td class="infobox-data">1.3 m (4 ft 3 in)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Propellant mass</th><td class="infobox-data">2,500 kg (5,500 lb) each<a href="#cite_note-C37borchure-7">[7]</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Powered by</th><td class="infobox-data">2 x L-2-5<a href="#cite_note-sf101-9">[9]</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Maximum thrust</th><td class="infobox-data">14.66 kN (3,300 lbf)<a href="#cite_note-C41_Brochure-8">[8]</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Specific_impulse" title="Specific impulse">Specific impulse</a></th><td class="infobox-data">308 s (3.02 km/s)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Burn time</th><td class="infobox-data">525 s</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Propellant</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Monomethylhydrazine" title="Monomethylhydrazine">MMH</a>/<a href="/wiki/Mixed_Oxides_of_Nitrogen" class="mw-redirect" title="Mixed Oxides of Nitrogen">MON</a></td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-below"><div class="metadata" style="text-align: right;">[<a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q221654" class="extiw" title="d:Q221654">edit on Wikidata</a>]</div></td></tr></tbody></table> The Polar Satellite Launch Vehicle (PSLV) is an <a href="/wiki/Expendable_launch_system" title="Expendable launch system">expendable</a> <a href="/wiki/Medium-lift_launch_vehicle" title="Medium-lift launch vehicle">medium-lift launch vehicle</a> designed and operated by the <a href="/wiki/ISRO" title="ISRO">Indian Space Research Organisation</a> (ISRO). It was developed to allow India to launch its <a href="/wiki/Indian_Remote_Sensing_Programme" title="Indian Remote Sensing Programme">Indian Remote Sensing</a> (IRS) <a href="/wiki/Satellite" title="Satellite">satellites</a> into <a href="/wiki/Sun-synchronous_orbit" title="Sun-synchronous orbit">Sun-synchronous orbits</a>, a service that was, until the advent of the PSLV in 1993, only commercially available from Russia. PSLV can also launch small size satellites into <a href="/wiki/Geostationary_transfer_orbit" title="Geostationary transfer orbit">Geostationary Transfer Orbit</a> (GTO).<a href="#cite_note-ISRO_Launch_Vehiles-11">[11]</a> Some notable payloads launched by PSLV include India's first <a href="/wiki/Moon" title="Moon">lunar</a> probe <a href="/wiki/Chandrayaan-1" title="Chandrayaan-1">Chandrayaan-1</a>, India's first <a href="/wiki/Interplanetary_spaceflight" title="Interplanetary spaceflight">interplanetary mission</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mars_Orbiter_Mission" title="Mars Orbiter Mission">Mars Orbiter Mission</a> (Mangalyaan), India's first <a href="/wiki/Space_telescope" title="Space telescope">space observatory</a>, <a href="/wiki/AstroSat" title="AstroSat">Astrosat</a> and India's first <a href="/wiki/Sun#Solar_space_missions" title="Sun">Solar mission</a>, <a href="/wiki/Aditya-L1" title="Aditya-L1">Aditya-L1</a>.<a href="#cite_note-pslv-2">[2]</a> PSLV has gained credibility as a leading provider of <a href="/wiki/Secondary_payload" title="Secondary payload">rideshare</a> services for small satellites, owing to its numerous multi-satellite deployment campaigns with auxiliary payloads, usually ride-sharing along with an Indian primary payload.<a href="#cite_note-12">[12]</a> As of June 2022, PSLV has launched <a href="/wiki/List_of_foreign_satellites_launched_by_India" title="List of foreign satellites launched by India">345 foreign satellites</a> from 36 countries.<a href="#cite_note-13">[13]</a> Most notable among these was the launch of <a href="/wiki/PSLV-C37" title="PSLV-C37">PSLV-C37</a> on 15 February 2017, successfully deploying 104 satellites in Sun-synchronous orbit, tripling the previous record held by Russia for the highest number of satellites sent to space on a single launch,<a href="#cite_note-14">[14]</a><a href="#cite_note-timesofindia.indiatimes.com-15">[15]</a> until 24 January 2021, when <a href="/wiki/SpaceX" title="SpaceX">SpaceX</a> launched the Transporter-1 mission on a <a href="/wiki/Falcon_9" title="Falcon 9">Falcon 9</a> rocket carrying 143 satellites into orbit.<a href="#cite_note-16">[16]</a> Payloads can be integrated in tandem configuration employing a Dual Launch Adapter.<a href="#cite_note-17">[17]</a><a href="#cite_note-18">[18]</a> Smaller payloads are also placed on equipment deck and customized payload adapters.<a href="#cite_note-19">[19]</a> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Development">Development</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Polar_Satellite_Launch_Vehicle&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Development">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:PSLV-C11_Strapon01.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6b/PSLV-C11_Strapon01.jpg/330px-PSLV-C11_Strapon01.jpg" decoding="async" width="290" height="192" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6b/PSLV-C11_Strapon01.jpg/500px-PSLV-C11_Strapon01.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6b/PSLV-C11_Strapon01.jpg/960px-PSLV-C11_Strapon01.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="679" /></a><figcaption>PSLV-C11 strap-on</figcaption></figure> Studies by the PSLV Planning group under <a href="/wiki/S._Srinivasan" title="S. Srinivasan">S Srinivasan</a> to develop a vehicle capable of delivering a 600 kg payload to a 550 km <a href="/wiki/Sun-synchronous_orbit" title="Sun-synchronous orbit">sun-synchronous orbit</a> from <a href="/wiki/Satish_Dhawan_Space_Centre" title="Satish Dhawan Space Centre">SHAR</a> began in 1978.<a href="#cite_note-20">[20]</a><a href="#cite_note-21">[21]</a> Among 35 proposed configurations, four were picked; by November 1980, a vehicle configuration with two strap-ons on a core booster (S80) with 80 tonne solid propellant loading each, a liquid stage with 30 tonne propellant load (L30), and an upper stage called the Perigee-Apogee System (PAS) was being considered.<a href="#cite_note-22">[22]</a><a href="#cite_note-:1-23">[23]</a><a href="#cite_note-:3-24">[24]</a><a href="#cite_note-25">[25]</a> By 1981, confidence grew in <a href="/wiki/Remote_sensing_satellites" class="mw-redirect" title="Remote sensing satellites">remote sensing spacecraft</a> development with the launch of <a href="/wiki/Bhaskara_(satellite)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bhaskara (satellite)">Bhaskara-1</a>, and the PSLV project objectives were upgraded to have the vehicle deliver a 1000 kg payload into a 900 km <a href="/wiki/Sun-synchronous_orbit" title="Sun-synchronous orbit">SSO</a>. As technology transfer of <a href="/wiki/Viking_(rocket_engine)" title="Viking (rocket engine)">Viking</a> rocket engine firmed up, a new lighter configuration with the inclusion of a liquid powered stage was selected.<a href="#cite_note-26">[26]</a> Funding was approved in July 1982 for the finalized design, employing a single large S125 solid core as first stage with six 9 tonne strap-ons (S9) derived from the <a href="/wiki/Satellite_Launch_Vehicle" title="Satellite Launch Vehicle">SLV-3</a> first stage, liquid fueled second stage (L33), and two solid upper stages (S7 and S2.) This configuration needed further improvement to meet the orbital injection accuracy requirements of IRS satellites, and hence, the solid terminal stage (S2) was replaced with a pressure fed liquid fueled stage (L1.8 or LUS) powered by twin engines derived from roll control engines of the first stage. Apart from increasing precision, liquid upper stage also absorbed any deviation in performance of solid third stage. The final configuration of <a href="/wiki/PSLV-D1" title="PSLV-D1">PSLV-D1</a> to fly in 1993 was (6 × S9 + S125) + L37.5 + S7 + L2.<a href="#cite_note-:1-23">[23]</a><a href="#cite_note-:3-24">[24]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Inertial_navigation_system" title="Inertial navigation system">inertial navigation systems</a> are developed by <a href="/wiki/ISRO_Inertial_Systems_Unit" title="ISRO Inertial Systems Unit">ISRO Inertial Systems Unit</a> (IISU) at <a href="/wiki/Thiruvananthapuram" title="Thiruvananthapuram">Thiruvananthapuram</a>. The liquid propulsion for the second and fourth stages of the PSLV as well as the <a href="/wiki/Reaction_control_system" title="Reaction control system">Reaction control systems</a> (RCS) are developed by the <a href="/wiki/Liquid_Propulsion_Systems_Centre" title="Liquid Propulsion Systems Centre">Liquid Propulsion Systems Centre</a> (LPSC) at <a href="/w/index.php?title=Valiamala&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Valiamala (page does not exist)">Valiamala</a> near <a href="/wiki/Thiruvananthapuram" title="Thiruvananthapuram">Thiruvananthapuram</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kerala" title="Kerala">kerala</a>. The solid <a href="/wiki/Solid-propellant_rocket" title="Solid-propellant rocket">propellant motors</a> are processed at <a href="/wiki/Satish_Dhawan_Space_Centre" title="Satish Dhawan Space Centre">Satish Dhawan Space Centre</a> (SHAR) at <a href="/wiki/Sriharikota" title="Sriharikota">Sriharikota</a>, <a href="/wiki/Andhra_Pradesh" title="Andhra Pradesh">Andhra Pradesh</a>, which also carries out launch operations. The aerodynamic characterization research was conducted at the <a href="/wiki/National_Aerospace_Laboratories" title="National Aerospace Laboratories">National Aerospace Laboratories</a>' 1.2m Trisonic Wind Tunnel Facility.<a href="#cite_note-27">[27]</a> The PSLV was first launched on 20 September 1993.<a href="#cite_note-28">[28]</a><a href="#cite_note-:4-29">[29]</a> The first and second stages performed as expected, but an <a href="/wiki/Spacecraft_attitude_control" class="mw-redirect" title="Spacecraft attitude control">attitude control</a> problem led to the collision of the second and third stages at separation, and the payload failed to reach orbit.<a href="#cite_note-30">[30]</a> After this initial setback, the PSLV successfully completed its second mission in 1994.<a href="#cite_note-31">[31]</a> The fourth launch of PSLV suffered a partial failure in 1997, leaving its payload in a lower than planned orbit. In November 2014, the PSLV had launched 34 times with no further failures.<a href="#cite_note-32">[32]</a> (Although launch 41: August 2017 PSLV-C39 was unsuccessful.<a href="#cite_note-pslv-2">[2]</a>) PSLV continues to support Indian and foreign satellite launches especially for <a href="/wiki/Low_Earth_orbit" title="Low Earth orbit">low Earth orbit</a> (LEO) satellites. It has undergone several improvements with each subsequent version, especially those involving thrust, efficiency as well as weight. In November 2013, it was used to launch the <a href="/wiki/Mars_Orbiter_Mission" title="Mars Orbiter Mission">Mars Orbiter Mission</a>, India's first interplanetary probe.<a href="#cite_note-33">[33]</a> In June 2018, the Union Cabinet approved <a href="/wiki/Indian_rupee" title="Indian rupee">₹</a>6,131 <a href="/wiki/Crore" title="Crore">crore</a> (equivalent to ₹72 billion or US$830 million in 2023) for 30 operational flights of the PSLV scheduled to take place between 2019 and 2024.<a href="#cite_note-34">[34]</a> ISRO is working towards handing over the production and operation of PSLV to private industry through a joint venture.<a href="#cite_note-35">[35]</a> On 16 August 2019, <a href="/wiki/NewSpace_India_Limited" title="NewSpace India Limited">NewSpace India Limited</a> issued an <a href="/wiki/Invitation_to_tender" title="Invitation to tender">invitation to tender</a> for manufacturing PSLV entirely by private industries.<a href="#cite_note-36">[36]</a><a href="#cite_note-37">[37]</a> On 5 September 2022, <a href="/wiki/NewSpace_India_Limited" title="NewSpace India Limited">NewSpace India Limited</a> signed a contract with <a href="/wiki/Hindustan_Aeronautics_Limited" title="Hindustan Aeronautics Limited">Hindustan Aeronautics Limited</a> and <a href="/wiki/Larsen_%26_Toubro" title="Larsen & Toubro">Larsen & Toubro</a> led conglomerate for the production of five PSLV-XL launch vehicles after they won competitive bidding. Under this contract, they have to deliver their first PSLV-XL within 24 months and the remaining four vehicles every six months.<a href="#cite_note-38">[38]</a><a href="#cite_note-39">[39]</a><a href="#cite_note-40">[40]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Vehicle_description">Vehicle description</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Polar_Satellite_Launch_Vehicle&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Vehicle description">edit</a>]</div> The PSLV has four stages, using solid and liquid propulsion systems alternately. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="First_stage_(PS1)">First stage (PS1)</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Polar_Satellite_Launch_Vehicle&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: First stage (PS1)">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:PSLV-C44_Integrated_upto_First_Stage_inside_Mobile_Service_Tower.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3b/PSLV-C44_Integrated_upto_First_Stage_inside_Mobile_Service_Tower.jpg/250px-PSLV-C44_Integrated_upto_First_Stage_inside_Mobile_Service_Tower.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="375" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3b/PSLV-C44_Integrated_upto_First_Stage_inside_Mobile_Service_Tower.jpg/376px-PSLV-C44_Integrated_upto_First_Stage_inside_Mobile_Service_Tower.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3b/PSLV-C44_Integrated_upto_First_Stage_inside_Mobile_Service_Tower.jpg/500px-PSLV-C44_Integrated_upto_First_Stage_inside_Mobile_Service_Tower.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2456" data-file-height="3680" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/PSLV-C44" title="PSLV-C44">PSLV-C44</a> first stage inside Mobile Service Tower</figcaption></figure> The first stage, one of the largest <a href="/wiki/Solid_rocket_boosters" class="mw-redirect" title="Solid rocket boosters">solid rocket boosters</a> in the world, carries 138 t (136 long tons; 152 short tons) of <a href="/wiki/Hydroxyl-terminated_polybutadiene" title="Hydroxyl-terminated polybutadiene">hydroxyl-terminated polybutadiene</a>-bound (HTPB) propellant and develops a maximum thrust of about 4,800 kN (1,100,000 lbf). The 2.8 m (9 ft 2 in) diameter motor case is made of <a href="/wiki/Maraging_steel" title="Maraging steel">maraging steel</a> and has an empty mass of 30,200 kg (66,600 lb).<a href="#cite_note-sf101-9">[9]</a> <a href="/wiki/Aircraft_principal_axes" title="Aircraft principal axes">Pitch</a> and <a href="/wiki/Yaw_(rotation)" title="Yaw (rotation)">yaw</a> control during first stage flight is provided by the Secondary Injection Thrust Vector Control (SITVC) System, which injects an <a href="/wiki/Aqueous_solution" title="Aqueous solution">aqueous solution</a> of <a href="/wiki/Strontium_perchlorate" title="Strontium perchlorate">strontium perchlorate</a> into the <a href="/wiki/S139_Booster" title="S139 Booster">S139</a> exhaust divergent from a ring of 24 injection ports to produce asymmetric thrust. The solution is stored in two cylindrical <a href="/wiki/Aluminium" title="Aluminium">aluminium</a> tanks strapped to the core solid rocket motor and pressurised with <a href="/wiki/Nitrogen" title="Nitrogen">nitrogen</a>. Underneath these two SITVC tanks, <a href="/wiki/Roll_program" title="Roll program">Roll</a> Control Thruster (RCT) modules with small bi-propellant (MMH/MON) liquid engine are also attached.<a href="#cite_note-:4-29">[29]</a> On the PSLV-G and PSLV-XL, first stage thrust is augmented by six <a href="/wiki/Strap-on_booster" class="mw-redirect" title="Strap-on booster">strap-on solid boosters</a>. Four boosters are ground-lit and the remaining two ignite 25 seconds after launch. The solid boosters carry 9 t (8.9 long tons; 9.9 short tons) or 12 t (12 long tons; 13 short tons) (for PSLV-XL configuration) propellant and produce 510 kN (110,000 lbf) and 719 kN (162,000 lbf) thrust respectively. Two strap-on boosters are equipped with SITVC for additional attitude control.<a href="#cite_note-sf101-9">[9]</a> The PSLV-CA uses no strap-on boosters. First stage separation is aided by four pairs of retro-rockets installed on inter-stage (1/2L). During staging, these eight rockets help push away the spent stage away from second stage.<a href="#cite_note-:5-41">[41]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Second_stage_(PS2)">Second stage (PS2)</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Polar_Satellite_Launch_Vehicle&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Second stage (PS2)">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:PSLV_C50_second_stage_with_Vikas_engine.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/67/PSLV_C50_second_stage_with_Vikas_engine.jpg/250px-PSLV_C50_second_stage_with_Vikas_engine.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="167" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/67/PSLV_C50_second_stage_with_Vikas_engine.jpg/500px-PSLV_C50_second_stage_with_Vikas_engine.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="4096" data-file-height="2734" /></a><figcaption>PSLV-C50 second stage with <a href="/wiki/VIKAS_engine" class="mw-redirect" title="VIKAS engine">Vikas engine</a></figcaption></figure> The second stage is powered by a single <a href="/wiki/Vikas_(rocket_engine)" title="Vikas (rocket engine)">Vikas engine</a> and carries 41.5 t (40.8 long tons; 45.7 short tons) of <a href="/wiki/Earth" title="Earth">Earth</a> store-able liquid propellant – <a href="/wiki/Unsymmetrical_dimethylhydrazine" title="Unsymmetrical dimethylhydrazine">unsymmetrical dimethylhydrazine</a> (UDMH) as fuel and <a href="/wiki/Nitrogen_tetroxide" class="mw-redirect" title="Nitrogen tetroxide">nitrogen tetroxide</a> (N2O4) as oxidiser in two tanks separated by a common bulkhead.<a href="#cite_note-:4-29">[29]</a> It generates a maximum thrust of 800 kN (180,000 lbf). The engine is <a href="/wiki/Gimbal" title="Gimbal">gimbaled</a> (±4°) in two planes to provide pitch and yaw control by two actuators, while roll control is provided by a Hot gas Reaction Control Motor (HRCM) that ejects hot gases diverted from gas generator of Vikas engine.<a href="#cite_note-42">[42]</a> On inter-stage (1/2U) of PS2, there are two pairs of ullage rockets to maintain positive acceleration during PS1/PS2 staging and also two pairs of retro-rockets to help push away spent stage during PS2/PS3 staging.<a href="#cite_note-:5-41">[41]</a> Second stage also carries some quantity of water in a <a href="/wiki/Toroid" title="Toroid">toroidal</a> tank at its bottom.<a href="#cite_note-:6-43">[43]</a> Water spray is used to cool hot gases from Vikas' gas generator to about 600 °C before entering turbopump. Propellant and water tanks of second stage are pressurized by <a href="/wiki/Helium" title="Helium">Helium</a>.<a href="#cite_note-44">[44]</a><a href="#cite_note-45">[45]</a><a href="#cite_note-46">[46]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Third_stage_(PS3)">Third stage (PS3)</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Polar_Satellite_Launch_Vehicle&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Third stage (PS3)">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:PSLV_C45_EMISAT_campaign_09.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6d/PSLV_C45_EMISAT_campaign_09.jpg/250px-PSLV_C45_EMISAT_campaign_09.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="375" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6d/PSLV_C45_EMISAT_campaign_09.jpg/500px-PSLV_C45_EMISAT_campaign_09.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="2456" data-file-height="3680" /></a><figcaption>Third and fourth stages of <a href="/wiki/PSLV-C45" title="PSLV-C45">PSLV-C45</a></figcaption></figure> The third stage uses 7.6 t (7.5 long tons; 8.4 short tons) of HTPB solid propellant and produces a maximum thrust of 250 kN (56,000 lbf). Its burn duration is 113.5 seconds. It has a <a href="/wiki/Kevlar" title="Kevlar">Kevlar</a>-<a href="/wiki/Polyamide" title="Polyamide">polyamide</a> fibre case and a submerged nozzle equipped with a flex-bearing-seal gimbaled nozzle with ±2° <a href="/wiki/Thrust-vectoring" class="mw-redirect" title="Thrust-vectoring">thrust vector</a> for pitch and yaw control. Roll control is provided by the fourth stage <a href="/wiki/Reaction_control_system" title="Reaction control system">reaction control system</a> (RCS) during thrust phase as well as during combined-coasting phase under which burnt-out PS3 remains attached to PS4.<a href="#cite_note-sf101-9">[9]</a><a href="#cite_note-CurrSci_V119_I6-10">[10]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Fourth_stage_(PS4)">Fourth stage (PS4)</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Polar_Satellite_Launch_Vehicle&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Fourth stage (PS4)">edit</a>]</div> The fourth stage is powered by regeneratively cooled twin engines,<a href="#cite_note-47">[47]</a> burning <a href="/wiki/Monomethylhydrazine" title="Monomethylhydrazine">monomethylhydrazine</a> (MMH) and <a href="/wiki/Mixed_oxides_of_nitrogen" title="Mixed oxides of nitrogen">mixed oxides of nitrogen</a> (MON). Each pressure fed engine generates 7.4 kN (1,700 lbf) thrust and is gimbaled (±3°) to provide pitch, yaw and roll control during powered flight. Coast phase attitude control is provided by six 50N RCS thrusters.<a href="#cite_note-48">[48]</a> The stage is pressurized by <a href="/wiki/Helium" title="Helium">helium</a><a href="#cite_note-49">[49]</a> and carries 1,600 kg (3,500 lb) to 2,500 kg (5,500 lb) of propellant depending on the mission requirements. PS4 has three variants L1.6, L2.0 and L2.5 based on propellant tank capacity.<a href="#cite_note-sport-50">[50]</a><a href="#cite_note-51">[51]</a> On PSLV-C29/TeLEOS-1 mission, the fourth stage demonstrated re-ignition capability for the first time which was used in many subsequent flights to deploy payloads in multiple orbits on a single campaign.<a href="#cite_note-:12-52">[52]</a> As a <a href="/wiki/Space_debris" title="Space debris">space debris</a> mitigation measure, PSLV fourth stage gets <a href="/wiki/Passivation_(spacecraft)" title="Passivation (spacecraft)">passivated</a> by venting pressurant and propellant vapour after achieving main mission objectives. Such passivation prevents any unintentional fragmentation or explosion due to stored internal energy.<a href="#cite_note-53">[53]</a><a href="#cite_note-54">[54]</a><a href="#cite_note-55">[55]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Niobium_alloy" title="Niobium alloy">niobium alloy</a> nozzle used on twin engines of fourth stage is expected to be replaced by lighter, <a href="/wiki/Silicon_carbide" title="Silicon carbide">silicon carbide</a> coated <a href="/wiki/Reinforced_carbon%E2%80%93carbon" title="Reinforced carbon–carbon">carbon–carbon</a> nozzle divergent. The new nozzle was hot tested at facilities of <a href="/wiki/ISRO_Propulsion_Complex" title="ISRO Propulsion Complex">IPRC, Mahendragiri</a> in March and April 2024. This substitution should increase payload capacity of PSLV by 15 kilograms (33 lb).<a href="#cite_note-56">[56]</a> ISRO successfully completed 665-second hot test of <a href="/wiki/3D_printed" class="mw-redirect" title="3D printed">3D printed</a> PS4 engine, produced by Wipro 3D through <a href="/wiki/Selective_laser_melting" title="Selective laser melting">selective laser melting</a>. A total of 19 weld joints were eliminated through this process while engine's 14 components were reduced to one piece. It saved 60% of the production time and drastically decreased the amount of raw materials used per engine, from 565 kg to 13.7 kg of metal powder.<a href="#cite_note-57">[57]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="PS4_stage_as_orbital_platform">PS4 stage as orbital platform</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Polar_Satellite_Launch_Vehicle&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: PS4 stage as orbital platform">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/PSLV_Orbital_Experiment_Module" title="PSLV Orbital Experiment Module">PSLV Orbital Experiment Module</a></div> PS4 has carried hosted payloads like AAM on PSLV-C8,<a href="#cite_note-:6-43">[43]</a> <a href="/wiki/Luxspace" title="Luxspace">Rubin 9.1</a>/<a href="/wiki/Rubin_9.2" title="Rubin 9.2">Rubin 9.2</a> on PSLV-C14<a href="#cite_note-58">[58]</a> and mRESINS on PSLV-C21.<a href="#cite_note-59">[59]</a> But now, PS4 is being augmented to serve as a long duration orbital platform after completion of primary mission. PS4 Orbital Platform (PS4-OP) will have its own power supply, telemetry package, data storage and attitude control for hosted payloads.<a href="#cite_note-60">[60]</a><a href="#cite_note-61">[61]</a><a href="#cite_note-62">[62]</a> On <a href="/wiki/PSLV-C37" title="PSLV-C37">PSLV-C37</a> and <a href="/wiki/PSLV-C38" title="PSLV-C38">PSLV-C38</a> campaigns,<a href="#cite_note-63">[63]</a> as a demonstration PS4 was kept operational and monitored for over ten orbits after delivering spacecraft.<a href="#cite_note-64">[64]</a><a href="#cite_note-65">[65]</a><a href="#cite_note-66">[66]</a> <a href="/wiki/PSLV-C44" title="PSLV-C44">PSLV-C44</a> was the first campaign where PS4 functioned as independent orbital platform for short duration as there was no on-board power generation capacity.<a href="#cite_note-67">[67]</a> It carried KalamSAT-V2 as a fixed payload, a 1U CubeSat by Space Kidz India based on <a href="/wiki/Interorbital_Systems" title="Interorbital Systems">Interorbital Systems</a> kit.<a href="#cite_note-68">[68]</a><a href="#cite_note-69">[69]</a> On <a href="/wiki/PSLV-C45" title="PSLV-C45">PSLV-C45</a> campaign, the fourth stage had its own power generation capability as it was augmented with an array of fixed <a href="/wiki/Solar_cell" title="Solar cell">solar cells</a> around PS4 propellant tank.<a href="#cite_note-70">[70]</a> The three payloads hosted on PS4-OP were the Advanced Retarding Potential Analyzer for Ionospheric Studies (ARIS 101F) by <a href="/wiki/IIST" class="mw-redirect" title="IIST">IIST</a>,<a href="#cite_note-71">[71]</a> an experimental <a href="/wiki/Automatic_identification_system" title="Automatic identification system">AIS</a> payload by ISRO, and AISAT by <a href="/wiki/Satellize" title="Satellize">Satellize</a>.<a href="#cite_note-72">[72]</a> To function as orbital platform, fourth stage was put in <a href="/wiki/Spin-stabilisation" class="mw-redirect" title="Spin-stabilisation">spin-stabilized</a> mode using its RCS thrusters.<a href="#cite_note-73">[73]</a> On the <a href="/wiki/PSLV-C53" title="PSLV-C53">PSLV-C53</a> campaign, the PS4-OP is referred to as the <a href="/wiki/PSLV-C53#PSLV_Orbital_Experimental_Module" title="PSLV-C53">PSLV Orbital Experimental Module (POEM)</a>, and it hosted six payloads. POEM was the first PSLV fourth stage based orbital platform to be actively stabilised using Helium based cold gas thrusters after the primary mission and stage passivization.<a href="#cite_note-74">[74]</a><a href="#cite_note-75">[75]</a><a href="#cite_note-76">[76]</a><a href="#cite_note-77">[77]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="PS4_on_RLV-OREX">PS4 on RLV-OREX</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Polar_Satellite_Launch_Vehicle&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: PS4 on RLV-OREX">edit</a>]</div> The <a href="/wiki/RLV_Technology_Demonstration_Programme" title="RLV Technology Demonstration Programme">Reusable Launch Vehicle Technology Demonstration program</a> is an prototype <a href="/wiki/Spaceplane" title="Spaceplane">spaceplane</a> project currently being processed by ISRO. It is planned to use a GSLV, modified by replacing it's Cryogenic Upper Stage(CUS) with the PS-4 as the RLV would not required the excess thrust created by the CUS.<a href="#cite_note-78">[78]</a><a href="#cite_note-79">[79]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Payload_fairing">Payload fairing</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Polar_Satellite_Launch_Vehicle&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Payload fairing">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:PSLV_heat_shield_at_HAL_museum,_Bengaluru_(Ank_Kumar)_01.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/12/PSLV_heat_shield_at_HAL_museum%2C_Bengaluru_%28Ank_Kumar%29_01.jpg/250px-PSLV_heat_shield_at_HAL_museum%2C_Bengaluru_%28Ank_Kumar%29_01.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="293" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/12/PSLV_heat_shield_at_HAL_museum%2C_Bengaluru_%28Ank_Kumar%29_01.jpg/330px-PSLV_heat_shield_at_HAL_museum%2C_Bengaluru_%28Ank_Kumar%29_01.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/12/PSLV_heat_shield_at_HAL_museum%2C_Bengaluru_%28Ank_Kumar%29_01.jpg/500px-PSLV_heat_shield_at_HAL_museum%2C_Bengaluru_%28Ank_Kumar%29_01.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3024" data-file-height="4032" /></a><figcaption>PSLV heat shield at <a href="/wiki/HAL_Aerospace_Museum" title="HAL Aerospace Museum">HAL Aerospace Museum</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bengaluru" title="Bengaluru">Bengaluru</a></figcaption></figure> Payload fairing of PSLV, also referred as its "Heatshield" consists of a conical upper section with spherical nose-cap, a cylindrical middle section and a lower boat-tail section. Weighing 1,182 kilograms (2,606 lb), it has 3.2 meter diameter and 8.3 meter height.<a href="#cite_note-ODC2019-80">[80]</a> It has <a href="/wiki/Isogrid" title="Isogrid">Isogrid</a> construction and is made out of <a href="/wiki/7075_aluminium_alloy" title="7075 aluminium alloy">7075 aluminum alloy</a> with a 3 mm thick steel nose-cap.<a href="#cite_note-81">[81]</a><a href="#cite_note-82">[82]</a> The two halves of fairing are separated using a <a href="/wiki/Pyrotechnics" title="Pyrotechnics">pyrotechnic</a> device based jettisoning system consisting of horizontal and lateral separation mechanisms.<a href="#cite_note-83">[83]</a> To protect the spacecraft from damage due to excessive acoustic loads during launch, the heatshield interior is lined with acoustic blankets.<a href="#cite_note-:4-29">[29]</a> <table class="wikitable" style="margin: 1em auto 1em auto;background:#fff; font-size:95%;width:60%"> <tbody><tr> <th> </th> <th>Stage 1 </th> <th>Stage 2 </th> <th>Stage 3 </th> <th>Stage 4 </th></tr> <tr> <th>Pitch </th> <td>SITVC </td> <td>Engine Gimbal </td> <td>Nozzle Flex </td> <td>Engine Gimbal </td></tr> <tr> <th>Yaw </th> <td>SITVC </td> <td>Engine Gimbal </td> <td>Nozzle Flex </td> <td>Engine Gimbal </td></tr> <tr> <th>Roll </th> <td>RCT and SITVC in 2 PSOMs </td> <td>HRCM Hot Gas Reaction Control Motor </td> <td>PS4 RCS </td> <td>PS4 RCS </td></tr></tbody></table> <div style="clear:both;" class=""></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Variants">Variants</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Polar_Satellite_Launch_Vehicle&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Variants">edit</a>]</div> ISRO has envisaged a number of variants of PSLV to cater to different mission requirements. There are currently two operational versions of the PSLV — the core-alone (PSLV-CA) without strap-on motors, and the (PSLV-XL) version, with six extended length (XL) strap-on motors carrying 12 tonnes of HTPB based propellant each.<a href="#cite_note-hi-84">[84]</a> These configurations provide wide variations in payload capabilities up to 3,800 kg (8,400 lb) in LEO and 1,800 kg (4,000 lb) in sun-synchronous orbit. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="PSLV-G">PSLV-G</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Polar_Satellite_Launch_Vehicle&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: PSLV-G">edit</a>]</div> The standard or "Generic" version of the PSLV, PSLV-G had four stages using solid and liquid propulsion systems alternately and six strap-on motors (PSOM or S9) with 9 tonne propellant loading. It had capability to launch 1,678 kg (3,699 lb) to 622 km (386 mi) into sun-synchronous orbit. <a href="/wiki/PSLV-C35" title="PSLV-C35">PSLV-C35</a> was the last operational launch of PSLV-G before its discontinuation.<a href="#cite_note-85">[85]</a><a href="#cite_note-86">[86]</a><a href="#cite_note-:0-87">[87]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="PSLV-CA">PSLV-CA</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Polar_Satellite_Launch_Vehicle&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: PSLV-CA">edit</a>]</div> The PSLV-CA, CA meaning "Core Alone", model premiered on 23 April 2007. The CA model does not include the six strap-on boosters used by the PSLV standard variant but two SITVC tanks with Roll Control Thruster modules are still attached to the side of the first stage with addition of two cylindrical aerodynamic stabilizers.<a href="#cite_note-sport-50">[50]</a><a href="#cite_note-:0-87">[87]</a> The fourth stage of the CA variant has 400 kg (880 lb) less propellant when compared to its standard version.<a href="#cite_note-sport-50">[50]</a> It currently has capability to launch 1,100 kg (2,400 lb) to 622 km (386 mi) <a href="/wiki/Sun-synchronous_orbit" title="Sun-synchronous orbit">Sun-synchronous orbit</a>.<a href="#cite_note-versions-88">[88]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="PSLV-XL">PSLV-XL</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Polar_Satellite_Launch_Vehicle&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: PSLV-XL">edit</a>]</div> PSLV-XL is the upgraded version of Polar Satellite Launch Vehicle in its standard configuration boosted by more powerful, stretched strap-on boosters with 12 tonne propellant load.<a href="#cite_note-sport-50">[50]</a> Weighing 320 t (310 long tons; 350 short tons) at lift-off, the vehicle uses larger strap-on motors (PSOM-XL or S12) to achieve higher payload capability.<a href="#cite_note-Chandrayaan_1_Launch-89">[89]</a> On 29 December 2005, ISRO successfully tested the improved version of strap-on booster for the PSLV.<a href="#cite_note-90">[90]</a> The first use of PSLV-XL was the launch of <a href="/wiki/Chandrayaan-1" title="Chandrayaan-1">Chandrayaan-1</a> by PSLV-C11. The payload capability for this variant is 1,800 kg (4,000 lb) to Sun-synchronous orbit.<a href="#cite_note-versions-88">[88]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="PSLV-DL">PSLV-DL</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Polar_Satellite_Launch_Vehicle&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: PSLV-DL">edit</a>]</div> PSLV-DL variant has only two strap-on boosters with 12 tonne propellant load on them. <a href="/wiki/PSLV-C44" title="PSLV-C44">PSLV-C44</a> on 24 January 2019 was the first flight to use PSLV-DL variant of Polar Satellite Launch Vehicle.<a href="#cite_note-PSLV_DL-91">[91]</a><a href="#cite_note-92">[92]</a> It is capable of launching 1,257 kg (2,771 lb) to 600 km (370 mi) Sun-synchronous orbit.<a href="#cite_note-VSSC_PSLV-5">[5]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="PSLV-QL">PSLV-QL</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Polar_Satellite_Launch_Vehicle&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: PSLV-QL">edit</a>]</div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:PSLV_C45_EMISAT_campaign_22.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/30/PSLV_C45_EMISAT_campaign_22.jpg/290px-PSLV_C45_EMISAT_campaign_22.jpg" decoding="async" width="290" height="436" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/30/PSLV_C45_EMISAT_campaign_22.jpg/435px-PSLV_C45_EMISAT_campaign_22.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/30/PSLV_C45_EMISAT_campaign_22.jpg/580px-PSLV_C45_EMISAT_campaign_22.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3280" data-file-height="4928" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/PSLV-C45" title="PSLV-C45">PSLV-C45</a> lift off</figcaption></figure> PSLV-QL variant has four ground-lit strap-on boosters, each with 12 tonnes of propellant. <a href="/wiki/PSLV-C45" title="PSLV-C45">PSLV-C45</a> on 1 April 2019 was the first flight of PSLV-QL.<a href="#cite_note-c45_kit-93">[93]</a> It has the capacity to launch 1,523 kg (3,358 lb) to 600 km (370 mi) Sun-synchronous orbit.<a href="#cite_note-VSSC_PSLV-5">[5]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="PSLV-3S_(concept)">PSLV-3S (concept)</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Polar_Satellite_Launch_Vehicle&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: PSLV-3S (concept)">edit</a>]</div> PSLV-3S was conceived as a three-staged version of PSLV with its six strap-on boosters and second liquid stage removed. The total lift-off mass of PSLV-3S was expected to be 175 tonnes with capacity to place 500 kg in 550 km <a href="/wiki/Low_Earth_orbit" title="Low Earth orbit">low Earth orbit</a>.<a href="#cite_note-versions-88">[88]</a><a href="#cite_note-94">[94]</a><a href="#cite_note-95">[95]</a><a href="#cite_note-96">[96]</a><a href="#cite_note-:2-97">[97]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Launch_profile">Launch profile</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Polar_Satellite_Launch_Vehicle&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Launch profile">edit</a>]</div> PSLV - XL: <ul><li>The PS1 ignites at T+0 providing 4846 kN of thrust.</li> <li>Within T+1, 4 out of the 6 boosters ignite on ground, each producing 703 kN of thrust. 7658 kN of total thrust is produced by the combined propulsion of the PSOMs and the PS1.</li> <li>At around T+23/26, the remaining 2 unlit boosters are air-lit bringing the rocket at its maximum thrust capacity.</li> <li>At T+1:10, the first 4 ground-lit PSOMs have depleted its propellant and now separates and falls down to the ocean. The remaining 2 PSOMs and the PS1 continue to burn.</li> <li>At T+1:35, the remaining 2 PSOMs complete its 70 seconds burn and separate, leaving the rocket in a Core Alone configuration.</li> <li>At T+1:50, the PS1 has completed its 110-second burn and it separates and the <a href="/wiki/Vikas_(rocket_engine)" title="Vikas (rocket engine)">Vikas Engine</a> inside the PS2 ignites.</li> <li>The second stage burns for around 130 seconds and around T+4 minutes, the second stages shuts off and separates.</li> <li>The third stage, which is a solid rocket booster, and burns 80 seconds and then coasts for the remainder of time and around T+8/10 minutes, it separates and the 4th stage ignites to give the rocket a final push into the orbit.</li> <li>This 4th stage burn is highly variable and depends on the mass and number of payloads and usually is around 500 seconds long. The 4th stage may shut off around T+16/18 minutes followed by the Payload Deployment.</li></ul> <a href="#cite_note-98">[98]</a><a href="#cite_note-99">[99]</a><a href="#cite_note-100">[100]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Launch_statistics">Launch statistics</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Polar_Satellite_Launch_Vehicle&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Launch statistics">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/List_of_PSLV_launches" title="List of PSLV launches">List of PSLV launches</a></div> As of 5 December 2024<a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Polar_Satellite_Launch_Vehicle&action=edit">[update]</a>, the PSLV has made 61 launches, with 58 successfully reaching their planned orbits, two outright failures and one partial failure, yielding a success rate of 95% (or 97% including the partial failure).<a href="#cite_note-101">[101]</a> All launches have occurred from the Satish Dhawan Space Centre, known before 2002 as the Sriharikota Range (SHAR). <dl><dt>Launch system status</dt> <dd></dd></dl> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r981673959">.mw-parser-output .legend{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .legend-color{display:inline-block;min-width:1.25em;height:1.25em;line-height:1.25;margin:1px 0;text-align:center;border:1px solid black;background-color:transparent;color:black}.mw-parser-output .legend-text{}</style><div class="legend">  Retired</div> <table class="wikitable" style="margin: 1em auto 1em auto;background:#fff; font-size:95%;width:60%"> <tbody><tr> <th>Variant </th> <th>Launches </th> <th>Successes </th> <th>Failures </th> <th>Partial failures </th></tr> <tr style="background:#949090"> <td>PSLV-G (Standard) </td> <td>12 </td> <td>10 </td> <td>1 </td> <td>1 </td></tr> <tr> <td>PSLV-CA (Core Alone) </td> <td>17 </td> <td>17 </td> <td>0 </td> <td>0 </td></tr> <tr> <td>PSLV-XL (Extended)<a href="#cite_note-pslv-2">[2]</a> </td> <td>26 </td> <td>25 </td> <td>1 </td> <td>0 </td></tr> <tr> <td>PSLV-DL<a href="#cite_note-pslv-2">[2]</a> </td> <td>4 </td> <td>4 </td> <td>0 </td> <td>0 </td></tr> <tr> <td>PSLV-QL<a href="#cite_note-pslv-2">[2]</a> </td> <td>2 </td> <td>2 </td> <td>0 </td> <td>0 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Total as of December 2024<a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Polar_Satellite_Launch_Vehicle&action=edit">[update]</a><a href="#cite_note-102">[102]</a> </td> <td>61 </td> <td>58 </td> <td>2 </td> <td>1 </td></tr></tbody></table> <dl><dt>Decade-wise summary of PSLV launches</dt> <dd></dd></dl> <table class="wikitable" style="margin: 1em auto 1em auto;background:#fff; font-size:95%;width:60%"> <tbody><tr> <th>Decade </th> <th>Successful </th> <th>Partial success </th> <th>Failure </th> <th>Total </th></tr> <tr> <td>1990s </td> <td>3 </td> <td>1 </td> <td>1 </td> <td>5 </td></tr> <tr> <td>2000s </td> <td>11 </td> <td>0 </td> <td>0 </td> <td>11 </td></tr> <tr> <td>2010s </td> <td>33 </td> <td>0 </td> <td>1 </td> <td>34 </td></tr> <tr> <td>2020s </td> <td>11 </td> <td>0 </td> <td>0 </td> <td>11 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Total </td> <td>58 </td> <td>1 </td> <td>2 </td> <td>61 </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Polar_Satellite_Launch_Vehicle&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: See also">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1266661725">.mw-parser-output .portalbox{padding:0;margin:0.5em 0;display:table;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:175px;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portalborder{border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa)}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-entry{display:table-row;font-size:85%;line-height:110%;height:1.9em;font-style:italic;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-image{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-link{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em 0.2em 0.2em 0.3em;vertical-align:middle}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .portalleft{margin:0.5em 1em 0.5em 0}.mw-parser-output .portalright{clear:right;float:right;margin:0.5em 0 0.5em 1em}}</style><ul role="navigation" aria-label="Portals" class="noprint portalbox portalborder portalright"> <li class="portalbox-entry"><img alt="flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_India.svg/32px-Flag_of_India.svg.png" decoding="async" width="32" height="21" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_India.svg/48px-Flag_of_India.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_India.svg/64px-Flag_of_India.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /><a href="/wiki/Portal:India" title="Portal:India">India portal</a></li><li class="portalbox-entry"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1e/Rocktet_icon201001.svg/40px-Rocktet_icon201001.svg.png" decoding="async" width="32" height="28" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1e/Rocktet_icon201001.svg/60px-Rocktet_icon201001.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1e/Rocktet_icon201001.svg/120px-Rocktet_icon201001.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="160" /><a href="/wiki/Portal:Rocketry" title="Portal:Rocketry">Rocketry portal</a></li><li class="portalbox-entry"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/RocketSunIcon.svg/28px-RocketSunIcon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="28" height="28" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/RocketSunIcon.svg/42px-RocketSunIcon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/RocketSunIcon.svg/56px-RocketSunIcon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="128" data-file-height="128" /><a href="/wiki/Portal:Spaceflight" title="Portal:Spaceflight">Spaceflight portal</a></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Geosynchronous_Satellite_Launch_Vehicle" title="Geosynchronous Satellite Launch Vehicle">Geosynchronous Satellite Launch Vehicle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LVM3" title="LVM3">LVM3</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Next_Generation_Launch_Vehicle" title="Next Generation Launch Vehicle">Next Generation Launch Vehicle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comparison_of_orbital_launchers_families" class="mw-redirect" title="Comparison of orbital launchers families">Comparison of orbital launchers families</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Medium-lift_launch_vehicle" title="Medium-lift launch vehicle">Medium-lift launch vehicle</a>, 2,000 to 20,000 kg to LEO</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comparison_of_orbital_rocket_engines" title="Comparison of orbital rocket engines">Comparison of orbital rocket engines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comparison_of_orbital_launch_systems" title="Comparison of orbital launch systems">Comparison of orbital launch systems</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Polar_Satellite_Launch_Vehicle&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: References">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.gao.gov/products/GAO-17-609">"SURPLUS MISSILE MOTORS: Sale Price Drives Potential Effects on DOD and Commercial Launch 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U.S. Government Accountability Office. 16 August 2017. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180413081425/https://www.gao.gov/products/GAO-17-609">Archived</a> from the original on 13 April 2018. Retrieved 2 May 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=gao.gov&rft.atitle=SURPLUS+MISSILE+MOTORS%3A+Sale+Price+Drives+Potential+Effects+on+DOD+and+Commercial+Launch+Providers&rft.date=2017-08-16&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.gao.gov%2Fproducts%2FGAO-17-609&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APolar+Satellite+Launch+Vehicle" class="Z3988"> <img alt="Public Domain" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/62/PD-icon.svg/12px-PD-icon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/62/PD-icon.svg/18px-PD-icon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/62/PD-icon.svg/24px-PD-icon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="196" data-file-height="196" /> This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the <a href="/wiki/Public_domain" title="Public domain">public domain</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-pslv-2">^ <a href="#cite_ref-pslv_2-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-pslv_2-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-pslv_2-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-pslv_2-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-pslv_2-4">e</a> <a href="#cite_ref-pslv_2-5">f</a> <a href="#cite_ref-pslv_2-6">g</a> <a href="#cite_ref-pslv_2-7">h</a> <a href="#cite_ref-pslv_2-8">i</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.isro.gov.in/launchers/pslv">"Polar Satellite Launch Vehicle"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20161222143633/http://www.isro.gov.in/launchers/pslv">Archived</a> from the original on 22 December 2016. 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Bloomsbury Publishing. 2018. p. 203.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Ready+to+Fire%3A+How+India+and+I+survived+the+ISRO+Spy+case&rft.pages=203&rft.pub=Bloomsbury+Publishing&rft.date=2018&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APolar+Satellite+Launch+Vehicle" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation book cs1">From Fishing Hamlet to Red Planet. ISRO. p. 173.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=From+Fishing+Hamlet+to+Red+Planet&rft.pages=173&rft.pub=ISRO&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APolar+Satellite+Launch+Vehicle" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=IbbMj56ht8sC&pg=PA215">"Indian ambitions in space go sky-high"</a>. New Scientist. 22 January 1981. p. 215. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20221010090941/https://books.google.com/books?id=IbbMj56ht8sC&pg=PA215">Archived</a> from the original on 10 October 2022. Retrieved 30 December 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Indian+ambitions+in+space+go+sky-high&rft.pages=215&rft.date=1981-01-22&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DIbbMj56ht8sC%26pg%3DPA215&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APolar+Satellite+Launch+Vehicle" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-:1-23">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:1_23-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:1_23-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFRaoRadhakrishnan2012" class="citation book cs1">Rao, P.V. Monoranjan; Radhakrishnan, Paramaswaran (2012). A brief history of rocketry in ISRO. Orient Blackswan. p. 215. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-8173717642" title="Special:BookSources/978-8173717642"><bdi>978-8173717642</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+brief+history+of+rocketry+in+ISRO&rft.pages=215&rft.pub=Orient+Blackswan&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=978-8173717642&rft.aulast=Rao&rft.aufirst=P.V.+Monoranjan&rft.au=Radhakrishnan%2C+Paramaswaran&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APolar+Satellite+Launch+Vehicle" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-:3-24">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:3_24-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:3_24-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFRao2015" class="citation book cs1">Rao, P.V. Manoranjan, ed. (2015). "2.6 PSLV: The workhorse of ISRO by N. Narayanamoorthy". From fishing hamlet to red planet. Harpercollins. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-9351776895" title="Special:BookSources/978-9351776895"><bdi>978-9351776895</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=2.6+PSLV%3A+The+workhorse+of+ISRO+by+N.+Narayanamoorthy&rft.btitle=From+fishing+hamlet+to+red+planet&rft.pub=Harpercollins&rft.date=2015&rft.isbn=978-9351776895&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APolar+Satellite+Launch+Vehicle" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFRaj2000" class="citation book cs1">Raj, Gopal (2000). "8. PSLV: Achieving Operational Launch Capability". Reach For the Stars: The Evolution of India's Rocket Programme. Viking. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0670899500" title="Special:BookSources/978-0670899500"><bdi>978-0670899500</bdi></a>. <q>About a year later, an important change was made, with the solid fourth stage being substituted by a liquid stage. This change was considered necessary since the accuracy with which the IRS satellites had to be put into orbit — within 15 km in terms of orbital height and within 0.1° of the desired orbital inclination — could not be achieved with a solid stage.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=8.+PSLV%3A+Achieving+Operational+Launch+Capability&rft.btitle=Reach+For+the+Stars%3A+The+Evolution+of+India%27s+Rocket+Programme&rft.pub=Viking&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=978-0670899500&rft.aulast=Raj&rft.aufirst=Gopal&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APolar+Satellite+Launch+Vehicle" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation book cs1">Ready To Fire: How India and I Survived the ISRO Spy Case. Bloomsbury Publishing. 2018. pp. 207–208.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Ready+To+Fire%3A+How+India+and+I+Survived+the+ISRO+Spy+Case&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E207-%3C%2Fspan%3E208&rft.pub=Bloomsbury+Publishing&rft.date=2018&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APolar+Satellite+Launch+Vehicle" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.aninews.in/news/national/general-news/bengaluru-12m-trisonic-wind-tunnel-at-national-aerospace-laboratories-completes-55-years-of-service20220606001500/">"Bengaluru: 1.2m trisonic wind tunnel at National Aerospace Laboratories completes 55 years of service"</a>. ANI. 6 June 2022. Retrieved 22 November 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=ANI&rft.atitle=Bengaluru%3A+1.2m+trisonic+wind+tunnel+at+National+Aerospace+Laboratories+completes+55+years+of+service&rft.date=2022-06-06&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.aninews.in%2Fnews%2Fnational%2Fgeneral-news%2Fbengaluru-12m-trisonic-wind-tunnel-at-national-aerospace-laboratories-completes-55-years-of-service20220606001500%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APolar+Satellite+Launch+Vehicle" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.isro.gov.in/launchers/pslv">"PSLV - ISRO"</a>. www.isro.gov.in. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200209203227/https://www.isro.gov.in/launchers/pslv">Archived</a> from the original on 9 February 2020. Retrieved 9 March 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.isro.gov.in&rft.atitle=PSLV+-+ISRO&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.isro.gov.in%2Flaunchers%2Fpslv&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APolar+Satellite+Launch+Vehicle" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-:4-29">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:4_29-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:4_29-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:4_29-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:4_29-3">d</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.currentscience.ac.in/Downloads/article_id_065_07_0522_0528_0.pdf">"Current Science (Volume 65 - Issue 07) PSLV-D1"</a> (PDF). 10 October 1993. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200806072408/https://www.currentscience.ac.in/Downloads/article_id_065_07_0522_0528_0.pdf">Archived</a> (PDF) from the original on 6 August 2020. Retrieved 20 December 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Current+Science+%28Volume+65+-+Issue+07%29+PSLV-D1&rft.date=1993-10-10&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.currentscience.ac.in%2FDownloads%2Farticle_id_065_07_0522_0528_0.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APolar+Satellite+Launch+Vehicle" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://claudelafleur.qc.ca/Indians-launchers.html">"India (Launchers)"</a>. Spacecraft Encyclopedia. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160520142430/http://claudelafleur.qc.ca/Indians-launchers.html">Archived</a> from the original on 20 May 2016. Retrieved 12 November 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=India+%28Launchers%29&rft.pub=Spacecraft+Encyclopedia&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fclaudelafleur.qc.ca%2FIndians-launchers.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APolar+Satellite+Launch+Vehicle" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://space.skyrocket.de/doc_lau_det/pslv_1.htm">"PSLV (1)"</a>. Gunter's Space Page. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201205170455/https://space.skyrocket.de/doc_lau_det/pslv_1.htm">Archived</a> from the original on 5 December 2020. Retrieved 12 November 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=PSLV+%281%29&rft.pub=Gunter%27s+Space+Page&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fspace.skyrocket.de%2Fdoc_lau_det%2Fpslv_1.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APolar+Satellite+Launch+Vehicle" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://space.skyrocket.de/doc_lau/pslv.htm">"PSLV"</a>. Gunter's Space Page. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110724081813/http://space.skyrocket.de/doc_lau/pslv.htm">Archived</a> from the original on 24 July 2011. Retrieved 12 November 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Gunter%27s+Space+Page&rft.atitle=PSLV&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fspace.skyrocket.de%2Fdoc_lau%2Fpslv.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APolar+Satellite+Launch+Vehicle" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.isro.org/satellites/mars-orbiter-spacecraft.aspx">"ISRO - Mars Orbiter Mission"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20141027123201/http://www.isro.org/satellites/mars-orbiter-spacecraft.aspx">Archived</a> from the original on 27 October 2014. Retrieved 8 April 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=ISRO+-+Mars+Orbiter+Mission&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.isro.org%2Fsatellites%2Fmars-orbiter-spacecraft.aspx&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APolar+Satellite+Launch+Vehicle" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/science/government-approves-rs-10000-crore-continuation-programmes-for-pslv-gslv/articleshow/64483323.cms">"Government approves Rs 10,000-crore continuation programmes for PSLV, GSLV"</a>. The Economic Times. 7 June 2018. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180608035934/https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/science/government-approves-rs-10000-crore-continuation-programmes-for-pslv-gslv/articleshow/64483323.cms">Archived</a> from the original on 8 June 2018. Retrieved 8 June 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Government+approves+Rs+10%2C000-crore+continuation+programmes+for+PSLV%2C+GSLV&rft.pub=The+Economic+Times&rft.date=2018-06-07&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Feconomictimes.indiatimes.com%2Fnews%2Fscience%2Fgovernment-approves-rs-10000-crore-continuation-programmes-for-pslv-gslv%2Farticleshow%2F64483323.cms&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APolar+Satellite+Launch+Vehicle" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-35"><a href="#cite_ref-35">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220909125437/https://www.nsilindia.co.in/sites/default/files/Press%20Release-%20Contract%20signed%20for%20production%20of%2005%20nos%20PSLV-XL.pdf">"Press Release - NSIL signs Contract with HAL (lead member of HAL-L&T consortium) for production of 05 nos of PSLV-XL"</a> (PDF). Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nsilindia.co.in/sites/default/files/Press%20Release-%20Contract%20signed%20for%20production%20of%2005%20nos%20PSLV-XL.pdf">the original</a> (PDF) on 9 September 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Press+Release+-+NSIL+signs+Contract+with+HAL+%28lead+member+of+HAL-L%26T+consortium%29+for+production+of+05+nos+of+PSLV-XL&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nsilindia.co.in%2Fsites%2Fdefault%2Ffiles%2FPress%2520Release-%2520Contract%2520signed%2520for%2520production%2520of%252005%2520nos%2520PSLV-XL.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APolar+Satellite+Launch+Vehicle" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-36"><a href="#cite_ref-36">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFD.s2019" class="citation news cs1">D.s, Madhumathi (16 August 2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/new-isro-arm-begins-search-for-pslv-makers/article29112870.ece">"ISRO's business arm begins search for PSLV makers"</a>. The Hindu. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0971-751X">0971-751X</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220909133320/https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/new-isro-arm-begins-search-for-pslv-makers/article29112870.ece">Archived</a> from the original on 9 September 2022. Retrieved 9 September 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Hindu&rft.atitle=ISRO%27s+business+arm+begins+search+for+PSLV+makers&rft.date=2019-08-16&rft.issn=0971-751X&rft.aulast=D.s&rft.aufirst=Madhumathi&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.thehindu.com%2Fnews%2Fnational%2Fnew-isro-arm-begins-search-for-pslv-makers%2Farticle29112870.ece&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APolar+Satellite+Launch+Vehicle" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-37"><a href="#cite_ref-37">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFChethan_Kumar2021" class="citation web cs1">Chethan Kumar (27 August 2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/adani-lt-in-race-for-deal-to-make-space-launch-vehicles/articleshow/85674630.cms">"Adani, L&T among those in race for PSLV contract | India News - Times of India"</a>. The Times of India. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220909133322/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/adani-lt-in-race-for-deal-to-make-space-launch-vehicles/articleshow/85674630.cms">Archived</a> from the original on 9 September 2022. Retrieved 9 September 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Times+of+India&rft.atitle=Adani%2C+L%26T+among+those+in+race+for+PSLV+contract+%7C+India+News+-+Times+of+India&rft.date=2021-08-27&rft.au=Chethan+Kumar&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ftimesofindia.indiatimes.com%2Findia%2Fadani-lt-in-race-for-deal-to-make-space-launch-vehicles%2Farticleshow%2F85674630.cms&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APolar+Satellite+Launch+Vehicle" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-38"><a href="#cite_ref-38">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/industry/indl-goods/svs/engineering/hal-lt-to-build-five-pslv-rockets-bags-rs-860-crore-deal-from-nsil-for-the-project/articleshow/93980649.cms">"HAL-L&T to build five PSLV rockets, bags Rs 860 crore deal from NSIL for the project"</a>. The Economic Times. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220909133332/https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/industry/indl-goods/svs/engineering/hal-lt-to-build-five-pslv-rockets-bags-rs-860-crore-deal-from-nsil-for-the-project/articleshow/93980649.cms">Archived</a> from the original on 9 September 2022. Retrieved 9 September 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Economic+Times&rft.atitle=HAL-L%26T+to+build+five+PSLV+rockets%2C+bags+Rs+860+crore+deal+from+NSIL+for+the+project&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Feconomictimes.indiatimes.com%2Findustry%2Findl-goods%2Fsvs%2Fengineering%2Fhal-lt-to-build-five-pslv-rockets-bags-rs-860-crore-deal-from-nsil-for-the-project%2Farticleshow%2F93980649.cms&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APolar+Satellite+Launch+Vehicle" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-39"><a href="#cite_ref-39">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.geospatialworld.net/blogs/isro-looks-jv-pslv-manufacture-launch-privatized-2020/">"ISRO looks at JV for PSLV manufacture; launch to be privatized by 2020"</a>. 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Retrieved 26 October 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=ISRO+looks+at+JV+for+PSLV+manufacture%3B+launch+to+be+privatized+by+2020&rft.date=2017-10-26&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.geospatialworld.net%2Fblogs%2Fisro-looks-jv-pslv-manufacture-launch-privatized-2020%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APolar+Satellite+Launch+Vehicle" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-40"><a href="#cite_ref-40">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFChethan_Kumar2022" class="citation web cs1">Chethan Kumar (9 April 2022). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/hal-lt-wins-over-824-cr-contract-for-making-5-pslvs/articleshow/90736339.cms">"Hal-l&t Wins Over 824-cr Contract For Making 5 Pslvs | India News - Times of India"</a>. The Times of India. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220909133320/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/hal-lt-wins-over-824-cr-contract-for-making-5-pslvs/articleshow/90736339.cms">Archived</a> from the original on 9 September 2022. Retrieved 9 September 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Times+of+India&rft.atitle=Hal-l%26t+Wins+Over+824-cr+Contract+For+Making+5+Pslvs+%7C+India+News+-+Times+of+India&rft.date=2022-04-09&rft.au=Chethan+Kumar&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ftimesofindia.indiatimes.com%2Findia%2Fhal-lt-wins-over-824-cr-contract-for-making-5-pslvs%2Farticleshow%2F90736339.cms&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APolar+Satellite+Launch+Vehicle" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-:5-41">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:5_41-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:5_41-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.isro.gov.in/sites/default/files/flipping_book/PSLV-C1/files/assets/basic-html/page-3.html">"PSLV-C1"</a>. isro.gov.in. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200806063834/https://www.isro.gov.in/sites/default/files/flipping_book/PSLV-C1/files/assets/basic-html/page-3.html">Archived</a> from the original on 6 August 2020. 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Retrieved 31 July 2023. <q>The fourth stage has three variants designated as L1.6, L2.0 and L2.5 based on the propellant loading capacity of 1.6t, 2t and 2.5t respectively required for a particular mission.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Signatures%2C+Newsletter+of+the+Indian+Society+of+Remote+Sensing+%E2%80%93+Ahmedabad+Chapter.+Volume%3A+24%2C+No.2%2C+April-+June+2012&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.sac.gov.in%2FSAC_Industry_Portal%2Fpublication%2Fnewsletter%2FSignatures_RISAT.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APolar+Satellite+Launch+Vehicle" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-:12-52"><a href="#cite_ref-:12_52-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160503044453/http://www.newindianexpress.com/states/andhra_pradesh/ISRO-Successfully-Tests-Multiple-Burn-Fuel-Engine-During-Launch-of-Six-Singaporean-Satellites/2015/12/16/article3180961.ece">"ISRO Successfully Tests Multiple Burn Fuel Engine During Launch of Six Singaporean Satellites"</a>. 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Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers, Part G: Journal of Aerospace Engineering. 221 (6): 925–931. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1243%2F09544100JAERO231">10.1243/09544100JAERO231</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0954-4100">0954-4100</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:110656798">110656798</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Proceedings+of+the+Institution+of+Mechanical+Engineers%2C+Part+G%3A+Journal+of+Aerospace+Engineering&rft.atitle=Design+and+operational+practices+for+the+passivation+of+spacecraft+and+launchers+at+the+end+of+life&rft.volume=221&rft.issue=6&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E925-%3C%2Fspan%3E931&rft.date=2007-06-01&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A110656798%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.issn=0954-4100&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1243%2F09544100JAERO231&rft.aulast=Bonnal&rft.aufirst=C&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fjournals.sagepub.com%2Fdoi%2F10.1243%2F09544100JAERO231&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APolar+Satellite+Launch+Vehicle" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-55"><a href="#cite_ref-55">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.unoosa.org/pdf/pres/stsc2010/tech-33.pdf">"Indian Presentation to the 47th Session of Scientific and Technical Subcommittee of United Nations Committee on the Peaceful Uses of Outer Space Agenda 8 'Space Debris Activities in India'"</a> (PDF). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20221009/https://www.unoosa.org/pdf/pres/stsc2010/tech-33.pdf">Archived</a> (PDF) from the original on 9 October 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Indian+Presentation+to+the+47th+Session+of+Scientific+and+Technical+Subcommittee+of+United+Nations+Committee+on+the+Peaceful+Uses+of+Outer+Space+Agenda+8+%27Space+Debris+Activities+in+India%27&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.unoosa.org%2Fpdf%2Fpres%2Fstsc2010%2Ftech-33.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APolar+Satellite+Launch+Vehicle" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-56"><a href="#cite_ref-56">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240419183918/https://www.isro.gov.in/ISRO_Develops_Lightweight_Carbon_Carbon_Nozzle_for_Rocket_Engines.html">"ISRO Develops Lightweight Carbon-Carbon Nozzle for Rocket Engines, Enhancing Payload Capacity"</a>. www.isro.gov.in. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.isro.gov.in/ISRO_Develops_Lightweight_Carbon_Carbon_Nozzle_for_Rocket_Engines.html">the original</a> on 19 April 2024. Retrieved 21 April 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.isro.gov.in&rft.atitle=ISRO+Develops+Lightweight+Carbon-Carbon+Nozzle+for+Rocket+Engines%2C+Enhancing+Payload+Capacity&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.isro.gov.in%2FISRO_Develops_Lightweight_Carbon_Carbon_Nozzle_for_Rocket_Engines.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APolar+Satellite+Launch+Vehicle" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-57"><a href="#cite_ref-57">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/with-3d-printed-rocket-engine-isro-adds-another-feather-to-cap/articleshow/110019883.cms">"With 3D-printed rocket engine, Isro adds another feather to cap"</a>. The Times of India. 11 May 2024. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0971-8257">0971-8257</a>. Retrieved 13 May 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Times+of+India&rft.atitle=With+3D-printed+rocket+engine%2C+Isro+adds+another+feather+to+cap&rft.date=2024-05-11&rft.issn=0971-8257&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ftimesofindia.indiatimes.com%2Findia%2Fwith-3d-printed-rocket-engine-isro-adds-another-feather-to-cap%2Farticleshow%2F110019883.cms&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APolar+Satellite+Launch+Vehicle" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-58"><a href="#cite_ref-58">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200806094152/https://www.isro.gov.in/sites/default/files/flipping_book/PSLV-C14/files/assets/common/downloads/publication.pdf">"PSLV C14/Oceansat-2 brochure"</a> (PDF). Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.isro.gov.in/sites/default/files/flipping_book/PSLV-C14/files/assets/common/downloads/publication.pdf">the original</a> (PDF) on 6 August 2020. 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Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.isro.gov.in/sites/default/files/orbital_platform-_ao.pdf">the original</a> (PDF) on 6 August 2020. Retrieved 23 February 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Announcement+of+Opportunity+%28AO%29+for+Orbital+platform%3A+an+avenue+for+in-orbit+scientific+experiments&rft.date=2019-06-15&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.isro.gov.in%2Fsites%2Fdefault%2Ffiles%2Forbital_platform-_ao.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APolar+Satellite+Launch+Vehicle" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-62"><a href="#cite_ref-62">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFKumar2019" class="citation news cs1">Kumar, Chethan (15 June 2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/2-days-after-space-station-news-isro-calls-for-docking-experiments-on-pslv-stage-4/articleshow/69800354.cms">"2 days after Space Station news, Isro calls for "docking experiments" on PSLV stage-4"</a>. The Times of India. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190824073052/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/2-days-after-space-station-news-isro-calls-for-docking-experiments-on-pslv-stage-4/articleshow/69800354.cms">Archived</a> from the original on 24 August 2019. 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Retrieved 27 June 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.isro.gov.in&rft.atitle=In-situ+observations+of+rocket+burn+induced+modulations+of+the+top+side+ionosphere+using+the+IDEA+payload+on-board+the+unique+orbiting+experimental+platform+%28PS4%29+of+the+Indian+Polar+Orbiting+Satellite+Launch+Vehicle+mission+-+ISRO&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.isro.gov.in%2Fsitu-observations-of-rocket-burn-induced-modulations-of-top-side-ionosphere-using-idea-payload-board&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APolar+Satellite+Launch+Vehicle" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-64"><a href="#cite_ref-64">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.isro.gov.in/sites/default/files/article-files/node/9805/annualreport2017-18.pdf">"Department of Space Annual Report 2017-18"</a> (PDF). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180213093132/https://www.isro.gov.in/sites/default/files/article-files/node/9805/annualreport2017-18.pdf">Archived</a> (PDF) from the original on 13 February 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Department+of+Space+Annual+Report+2017-18&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.isro.gov.in%2Fsites%2Fdefault%2Ffiles%2Farticle-files%2Fnode%2F9805%2Fannualreport2017-18.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APolar+Satellite+Launch+Vehicle" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-65"><a href="#cite_ref-65">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFSingh2018" class="citation web cs1">Singh, Surendra (16 December 2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/in-a-first-isro-will-make-dead-rocket-stage-alive-in-space-for-experiments/articleshow/67067817.cms">"In a first, ISRO will make dead rocket stage "alive" in space for experiments"</a>. The Times of India. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201108132514/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/in-a-first-isro-will-make-dead-rocket-stage-alive-in-space-for-experiments/articleshow/67067817.cms">Archived</a> from the original on 8 November 2020. Retrieved 23 February 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Times+of+India&rft.atitle=In+a+first%2C+ISRO+will+make+dead+rocket+stage+%22alive%22+in+space+for+experiments&rft.date=2018-12-16&rft.aulast=Singh&rft.aufirst=Surendra&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ftimesofindia.indiatimes.com%2Findia%2Fin-a-first-isro-will-make-dead-rocket-stage-alive-in-space-for-experiments%2Farticleshow%2F67067817.cms&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APolar+Satellite+Launch+Vehicle" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-66"><a href="#cite_ref-66">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFrajasekhar2017" class="citation web cs1">rajasekhar, pathri (20 June 2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.deccanchronicle.com/science/science/200617/isro-to-lower-rockets-altitude.html">"Isro to lower rocket's altitude"</a>. Deccan Chronicle. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200806095054/https://www.deccanchronicle.com/science/science/200617/isro-to-lower-rockets-altitude.html">Archived</a> from the original on 6 August 2020. Retrieved 23 February 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Isro+to+lower+rocket%27s+altitude&rft.pub=Deccan+Chronicle&rft.date=2017-06-20&rft.aulast=rajasekhar&rft.aufirst=pathri&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.deccanchronicle.com%2Fscience%2Fscience%2F200617%2Fisro-to-lower-rockets-altitude.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APolar+Satellite+Launch+Vehicle" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-67"><a href="#cite_ref-67">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFRajwi2019" class="citation news cs1">Rajwi, Tiki (12 January 2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/kerala/pslv-lift-off-with-added-features/article25981654.ece">"PSLV lift-off with added features"</a>. The Hindu. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0971-751X">0971-751X</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200806161530/https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/kerala/pslv-lift-off-with-added-features/article25981654.ece">Archived</a> from the original on 6 August 2020. Retrieved 23 February 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Hindu&rft.atitle=PSLV+lift-off+with+added+features&rft.date=2019-01-12&rft.issn=0971-751X&rft.aulast=Rajwi&rft.aufirst=Tiki&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.thehindu.com%2Fnews%2Fnational%2Fkerala%2Fpslv-lift-off-with-added-features%2Farticle25981654.ece&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APolar+Satellite+Launch+Vehicle" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-68"><a href="#cite_ref-68">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190117013408/https://www.isro.gov.in/launcher/pslv-c44">"PSLV-C44 - ISRO"</a>. isro.gov.in. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.isro.gov.in/launcher/pslv-c44">the original</a> on 17 January 2019. Retrieved 26 June 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=isro.gov.in&rft.atitle=PSLV-C44+-+ISRO&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.isro.gov.in%2Flauncher%2Fpslv-c44&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APolar+Satellite+Launch+Vehicle" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-69"><a href="#cite_ref-69">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFInterorbital_Systems2019" class="citation web cs1">Interorbital Systems [@interorbital] (25 January 2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://x.com/interorbital/status/1088526772109422592">"Congratulations to ISRO and SpaceKidzIndia on getting their CubeSat into orbit! The students modified their IOS CubeSat kit, complete w/ their own experiments!"</a> (<a href="/wiki/Tweet_(social_media)" title="Tweet (social media)">Tweet</a>) – via <a href="/wiki/Twitter" title="Twitter">Twitter</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Congratulations+to+ISRO+and+SpaceKidzIndia+on+getting+their+CubeSat+into+orbit%21+The+students+modified+their+IOS+CubeSat+kit%2C+complete+w%2F+their+own+experiments%21&rft.date=2019-01-25&rft.au=Interorbital+Systems&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fx.com%2Finterorbital%2Fstatus%2F1088526772109422592&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APolar+Satellite+Launch+Vehicle" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-70"><a href="#cite_ref-70">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFClark" class="citation web cs1">Clark, Stephen. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://spaceflightnow.com/2019/04/01/indian-military-satellite-20-more-planet-imaging-cubesats-aboard-successful-pslv-launch/">"Indian military satellite, 20 more Planet imaging CubeSats launched by PSLV"</a>. 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The Times of India. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220625153537/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/bengaluru-digantara-hyderabad-startup-dhruva-become-first-to-get-in-space-authorisation/articleshow/92460375.cms">Archived</a> from the original on 25 June 2022. Retrieved 26 June 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Times+of+India&rft.atitle=Bengaluru%27s+Digantara%2C+Hyderabad+startup+Dhruva+become+first+to+get+IN-SPACe+authorisation&rft.date=2012-06-25&rft.aulast=Kumar&rft.aufirst=Chethan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ftimesofindia.indiatimes.com%2Findia%2Fbengaluru-digantara-hyderabad-startup-dhruva-become-first-to-get-in-space-authorisation%2Farticleshow%2F92460375.cms&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APolar+Satellite+Launch+Vehicle" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-75"><a href="#cite_ref-75">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220705162540/https://www.isro.gov.in/sites/default/files/article-files/pslv-c53-ds-eo-mission/pslv-c53-ds-eo-mission-brochure-english/brochure_pslv_c53-ds-eo_mission_english.pdf">"PSLV-C53/DS-EO mission"</a> (PDF). 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ISRO did hoist the Indian flag in Space!"</a>. NEWS9LIVE. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220909095750/https://www.news9live.com/india/har-ghar-tiranga-happened-in-antriksh-isro-did-hoist-the-indian-flag-in-space-194691">Archived</a> from the original on 9 September 2022. Retrieved 9 September 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=NEWS9LIVE&rft.atitle=Har+Ghar+Tiranga+happened+in+Antriksh.+ISRO+did+hoist+the+Indian+flag+in+Space%21&rft.date=2022-09-08&rft.au=News9+Staff&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.news9live.com%2Findia%2Fhar-ghar-tiranga-happened-in-antriksh-isro-did-hoist-the-indian-flag-in-space-194691&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APolar+Satellite+Launch+Vehicle" class="Z3988"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_web" title="Template:Cite web">cite web</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_numeric_names:_authors_list" title="Category:CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list">link</a>) </li> <li id="cite_note-78"><a href="#cite_ref-78">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/rlv-re-entry-mission-to-use-gslv-with-pslv-last-stage-landing-gear-to-change-more/amp_articleshow/111267553.cms">"RLV re-entry mission to use GSLV with PSLV last stage; landing gear to change & more"</a>. 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Retrieved 26 June 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Times+of+India&rft.atitle=RLV+re-entry+mission+to+use+GSLV+with+PSLV+last+stage%3B+landing+gear+to+change+%26+more&rft.issn=0971-8257&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ftimesofindia.indiatimes.com%2Findia%2Frlv-re-entry-mission-to-use-gslv-with-pslv-last-stage-landing-gear-to-change-more%2Famp_articleshow%2F111267553.cms&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APolar+Satellite+Launch+Vehicle" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-79"><a href="#cite_ref-79">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.msn.com/en-in/news/other/rlv-re-entry-mission-to-use-gslv-with-pslv-last-stage-landing-gear-to-change-more/ar-BB1oSNaF">"MSN"</a>. www.msn.com. 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Event occurs at 20 minutes 40 seconds. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201203100310/http://mmcr.iisc.ernet.in:8008/cgi-bin/nwayfiles.py?folder=Any%2Bfolder&date=2015-08-21&title=Any%2Btitle&presenter=Any%2Bpresenter&button=Search">Archived</a> from the original on 3 December 2020. Retrieved 8 January 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Indigenous+Development+of+Materials+for+Space+Programme&rft.date=2015-08-21&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fmmcr.iisc.ernet.in%3A8008%2Fcgi-bin%2Fnwayfiles.py%3Ffolder%3DAny%2Bfolder%26date%3D2015-08-21%26title%3DAny%2Btitle%26presenter%3DAny%2Bpresenter%26button%3DSearch&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APolar+Satellite+Launch+Vehicle" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-83"><a href="#cite_ref-83">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFChakrabortyVasantha" class="citation web cs1">Chakraborty, D; Vasantha, S. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.aero.iitb.ac.in/~debasis/assets/int/JP-int-2.pdf">"Aerodynamic simulation of heatshield separation on ground"</a> (PDF). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20221009/https://www.aero.iitb.ac.in/~debasis/assets/int/JP-int-2.pdf">Archived</a> (PDF) from the original on 9 October 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Aerodynamic+simulation+of+heatshield+separation+on+ground.&rft.aulast=Chakraborty&rft.aufirst=D&rft.au=Vasantha%2C+S&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.aero.iitb.ac.in%2F~debasis%2Fassets%2Fint%2FJP-int-2.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APolar+Satellite+Launch+Vehicle" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-hi-84"><a href="#cite_ref-hi_84-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFSubramanian2011" class="citation news cs1">Subramanian, T.S. (15 July 2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.thehindu.com/sci-tech/science/article2230282.ece">"The PSLV is a proud symbol of ISRO's self-reliance"</a>. The Hindu. Chennai, India. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20121026015701/http://www.thehindu.com/sci-tech/science/article2230282.ece">Archived</a> from the original on 26 October 2012. Retrieved 16 July 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Hindu&rft.atitle=The+PSLV+is+a+proud+symbol+of+ISRO%27s+self-reliance&rft.date=2011-07-15&rft.aulast=Subramanian&rft.aufirst=T.S.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.thehindu.com%2Fsci-tech%2Fscience%2Farticle2230282.ece&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APolar+Satellite+Launch+Vehicle" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-85"><a href="#cite_ref-85">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/pslv-c34-isro-s-biggest-launch-event-as-it-unfolded/story-60VI3nZjesqzhjWVUifj4H.html">"Where India reaches for the stars: Inside ISRO's Sriharikota Centre"</a>. Hindustan Times. 22 June 2016. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180915230041/https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/pslv-c34-isro-s-biggest-launch-event-as-it-unfolded/story-60VI3nZjesqzhjWVUifj4H.html">Archived</a> from the original on 15 September 2018. Retrieved 15 September 2018. <q>Today, the PSLV is available in three configurations — the generic vehicle with six strap-ons, which is the earlier edition of PSLV (which will be discontinued soon)</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Where+India+reaches+for+the+stars%3A+Inside+ISRO%27s+Sriharikota+Centre&rft.date=2016-06-22&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.hindustantimes.com%2Findia-news%2Fpslv-c34-isro-s-biggest-launch-event-as-it-unfolded%2Fstory-60VI3nZjesqzhjWVUifj4H.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APolar+Satellite+Launch+Vehicle" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-86"><a href="#cite_ref-86">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170625163259/http://isro.gov.in/sites/default/files/article-files/node/7064/outcomebudget2016-2017.pdf">"Outcome Budget 2016–2017"</a> (PDF). Government of India, Department of Space. 2016. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.isro.gov.in/sites/default/files/article-files/node/7064/outcomebudget2016-2017.pdf">the original</a> (PDF) on 25 June 2017. Retrieved 15 September 2018. <q>Currently, two versions of PSLV are operational, namely PSLV-XL (with six extended version of Strap-on motors) and the PSLV Core-alone (without Strap-on motors).</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Outcome+Budget+2016%E2%80%932017&rft.pub=Government+of+India%2C+Department+of+Space&rft.date=2016&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.isro.gov.in%2Fsites%2Fdefault%2Ffiles%2Farticle-files%2Fnode%2F7064%2Foutcomebudget2016-2017.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APolar+Satellite+Launch+Vehicle" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-:0-87">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:0_87-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_87-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation book cs1">"2.6 PSLV: The workhorse of ISRO by N. Narayanamoorthy". From Fishing Hamlet to Red Planet: India's Space Journey. Harpercollins. 2015. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-9351776895" title="Special:BookSources/978-9351776895"><bdi>978-9351776895</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=2.6+PSLV%3A+The+workhorse+of+ISRO+by+N.+Narayanamoorthy&rft.btitle=From+Fishing+Hamlet+to+Red+Planet%3A+India%27s+Space+Journey&rft.pub=Harpercollins&rft.date=2015&rft.isbn=978-9351776895&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APolar+Satellite+Launch+Vehicle" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-versions-88">^ <a href="#cite_ref-versions_88-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-versions_88-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-versions_88-2">c</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110710163553/http://www.earth2orbit.com/pdf/PSLV.PDF">"India's PSLV"</a> (PDF). www.earth2orbit.com. 15 March 2009. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.earth2orbit.com/pdf/PSLV.PDF">the original</a> (PDF) on 10 July 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.earth2orbit.com&rft.atitle=India%27s+PSLV&rft.date=2009-03-15&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.earth2orbit.com%2Fpdf%2FPSLV.PDF&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APolar+Satellite+Launch+Vehicle" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Chandrayaan_1_Launch-89"><a href="#cite_ref-Chandrayaan_1_Launch_89-0">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://isro.org/pressrelease/Oct22_2008.htm">PSLV-C11 Successfully Launches Chandrayaan-1</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20081025031443/http://www.isro.org/pressrelease/Oct22_2008.htm">Archived</a> 25 October 2008 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-90"><a href="#cite_ref-90">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.isro.org/newsletters/spaceindia/oct2005mar2006/Newsolid.htm">"New Solid Propellant Motor to Increase PSLV Capability"</a>. ISRO. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090217222352/http://isro.org/newsletters/spaceindia/oct2005mar2006/Newsolid.htm">Archived</a> from the original on 17 February 2009. Retrieved 27 April 2007.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=New+Solid+Propellant+Motor+to+Increase+PSLV+Capability&rft.pub=ISRO&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.isro.org%2Fnewsletters%2Fspaceindia%2Foct2005mar2006%2FNewsolid.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APolar+Satellite+Launch+Vehicle" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-PSLV_DL-91"><a href="#cite_ref-PSLV_DL_91-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFRajwi" class="citation news cs1">Rajwi, Tiki. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.thehindu.com/sci-tech/science/pslv-c44-to-lift-off-with-added-features/article25972663.ece">"SLV-C44 to lift-off with added features"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190111210842/https://www.thehindu.com/sci-tech/science/pslv-c44-to-lift-off-with-added-features/article25972663.ece">Archived</a> from the original on 11 January 2019. Retrieved 11 January 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=SLV-C44+to+lift-off+with+added+features&rft.aulast=Rajwi&rft.aufirst=Tiki&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.thehindu.com%2Fsci-tech%2Fscience%2Fpslv-c44-to-lift-off-with-added-features%2Farticle25972663.ece&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APolar+Satellite+Launch+Vehicle" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-92"><a href="#cite_ref-92">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFRajwi2019" class="citation news cs1">Rajwi, Tiki (12 January 2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/kerala/pslv-lift-off-with-added-features/article25981654.ece">"PSLV lift-off with added features"</a>. The Hindu. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0971-751X">0971-751X</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200806161530/https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/kerala/pslv-lift-off-with-added-features/article25981654.ece">Archived</a> from the original on 6 August 2020. Retrieved 12 January 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Hindu&rft.atitle=PSLV+lift-off+with+added+features&rft.date=2019-01-12&rft.issn=0971-751X&rft.aulast=Rajwi&rft.aufirst=Tiki&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.thehindu.com%2Fnews%2Fnational%2Fkerala%2Fpslv-lift-off-with-added-features%2Farticle25981654.ece&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APolar+Satellite+Launch+Vehicle" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-c45_kit-93"><a href="#cite_ref-c45_kit_93-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.isro.gov.in/pslv-c45-emisat-mission/launch-kit">"Launch Kit C45"</a>. ISRO. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190324134458/https://www.isro.gov.in/pslv-c45-emisat-mission/launch-kit">Archived</a> from the original on 24 March 2019. Retrieved 23 March 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Launch+Kit+C45&rft.pub=ISRO&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.isro.gov.in%2Fpslv-c45-emisat-mission%2Flaunch-kit&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APolar+Satellite+Launch+Vehicle" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-94"><a href="#cite_ref-94">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110524225122/http://www.ias.ac.in/currsci/dec252007/1697.pdf">"Evolution of Indian launch vehicle technologies"</a> (PDF). www.ias.ac.in. Indian Academy of Sciences. 25 December 2007. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ias.ac.in/currsci/dec252007/1697.pdf">the original</a> (PDF) on 24 May 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.ias.ac.in&rft.atitle=Evolution+of+Indian+launch+vehicle+technologies&rft.date=2007-12-25&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ias.ac.in%2Fcurrsci%2Fdec252007%2F1697.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APolar+Satellite+Launch+Vehicle" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-95"><a href="#cite_ref-95">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20181024195940/http://spl.gov.in/nsss2016/Program/web/SPS/SPS-1-2.pdf">"Future of Space Transportation: S. Somanath"</a> (PDF). 9 February 2016. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://spl.gov.in/nsss2016/Program/web/SPS/SPS-1-2.pdf">the original</a> (PDF) on 24 October 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Future+of+Space+Transportation%3A+S.+Somanath&rft.date=2016-02-09&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fspl.gov.in%2Fnsss2016%2FProgram%2Fweb%2FSPS%2FSPS-1-2.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APolar+Satellite+Launch+Vehicle" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-96"><a href="#cite_ref-96">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFMurthi2009" class="citation web cs1">Murthi, K.R. Sridhara (9 May 2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.mcgill.ca/iasl/files/iasl/Session_3_KRS_Murthi.pdf">"Space Debris Mitigation – Coordination and Implementation efforts in India"</a> (PDF). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20221010085517/https://www.mcgill.ca/iasl/files/iasl/Session_3_KRS_Murthi.pdf">Archived</a> (PDF) from the original on 10 October 2022. Retrieved 22 November 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Space+Debris+Mitigation+%E2%80%93+Coordination+and+Implementation+efforts+in+India&rft.date=2009-05-09&rft.aulast=Murthi&rft.aufirst=K.R.+Sridhara&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.mcgill.ca%2Fiasl%2Ffiles%2Fiasl%2FSession_3_KRS_Murthi.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APolar+Satellite+Launch+Vehicle" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-:2-97"><a href="#cite_ref-:2_97-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.newindianexpress.com/states/kerala/2018/jan/02/isros-baby-rocket-to-carry-small-satellites-likely-to-take-off-in-2019-1742052.html">"ISRO's baby rocket to carry small satellites, likely to take off in 2019"</a>. The New Indian Express. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180103072531/http://www.newindianexpress.com/states/kerala/2018/jan/02/isros-baby-rocket-to-carry-small-satellites-likely-to-take-off-in-2019-1742052.html">Archived</a> from the original on 3 January 2018. Retrieved 2 January 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=ISRO%27s+baby+rocket+to+carry+small+satellites%2C+likely+to+take+off+in+2019&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.newindianexpress.com%2Fstates%2Fkerala%2F2018%2Fjan%2F02%2Fisros-baby-rocket-to-carry-small-satellites-likely-to-take-off-in-2019-1742052.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APolar+Satellite+Launch+Vehicle" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-98"><a href="#cite_ref-98">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://spaceflight101.com/pslv-c40/flight-profile/">"Flight Profile – PSLV C40 | Spaceflight101"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220213150054/https://spaceflight101.com/pslv-c40/flight-profile/">Archived</a> from the original on 13 February 2022. Retrieved 15 February 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Flight+Profile+%E2%80%93+PSLV+C40+%7C+Spaceflight101&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fspaceflight101.com%2Fpslv-c40%2Fflight-profile%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APolar+Satellite+Launch+Vehicle" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-99"><a href="#cite_ref-99">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://spaceflight101.com/pslv-c38/flight-profile/">"Flight Profile – PSLV C38 | Spaceflight101"</a>. 23 June 2017. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220215015926/https://spaceflight101.com/pslv-c38/flight-profile/">Archived</a> from the original on 15 February 2022. Retrieved 15 February 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Flight+Profile+%E2%80%93+PSLV+C38+%7C+Spaceflight101&rft.date=2017-06-23&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fspaceflight101.com%2Fpslv-c38%2Fflight-profile%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APolar+Satellite+Launch+Vehicle" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-100"><a href="#cite_ref-100">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220320182325/https://www.isro.gov.in/sites/default/files/pslv-c24-brochure.pdf">"PSLV-C24 Brochure"</a> (PDF). Isro. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.isro.gov.in/sites/default/files/pslv-c24-brochure.pdf">the original</a> (PDF) on 20 March 2022. Retrieved 15 February 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Isro&rft.atitle=PSLV-C24+Brochure&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.isro.gov.in%2Fsites%2Fdefault%2Ffiles%2Fpslv-c24-brochure.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APolar+Satellite+Launch+Vehicle" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-101"><a href="#cite_ref-101">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation news cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.vikatan.com/news/english/80953-pslv--the-travel-beyond-the-blue-isro-vikataninfographic.html">"PSLV- The Travel Beyond the Blue! #ISRO #VikatanInfographic"</a>. vikatan.com (in Tamil). Retrieved 20 February 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=vikatan.com&rft.atitle=PSLV-+The+Travel+Beyond+the+Blue%21+%23ISRO+%23VikatanInfographic&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.vikatan.com%2Fnews%2Fenglish%2F80953-pslv--the-travel-beyond-the-blue-isro-vikataninfographic.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APolar+Satellite+Launch+Vehicle" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-102"><a href="#cite_ref-102">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.isro.gov.in/launchers/pslv">"Polar Satellite Launch Vehicle"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20161222143633/http://www.isro.gov.in/launchers/pslv">Archived</a> from the original on 22 December 2016. Retrieved 29 November 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Polar+Satellite+Launch+Vehicle&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.isro.gov.in%2Flaunchers%2Fpslv&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APolar+Satellite+Launch+Vehicle" class="Z3988"> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Polar_Satellite_Launch_Vehicle&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: External links">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output 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href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409" /> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><a href="/wiki/File:Commons-logo.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/40px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/60px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></a></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Polar_Satellite_Launch_Vehicle" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Polar Satellite Launch Vehicle">Polar Satellite Launch Vehicle</a>.</div></div> </div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.isro.gov.in/launchers/pslv">PSLV : Official ISRO Page</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20161222143633/http://www.isro.gov.in/launchers/pslv">Archived</a> 22 December 2016 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20091027104026/http://geocities.com/hari_ghk/pslv.htm">India in Space PSLV page</a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol 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.navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Polar_Satellite_Launch_Vehicle117" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3" style="background:#FFC569;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:PSLV" title="Template:PSLV"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:PSLV" title="Template talk:PSLV"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:PSLV" title="Special:EditPage/Template:PSLV"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Polar_Satellite_Launch_Vehicle117" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Polar Satellite Launch Vehicle</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#FFC569;;width:1%">1990s</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/PSLV-D1" title="PSLV-D1">PSLV-D1</a> (20 Sep 1993, failure)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/PSLV-D2" title="PSLV-D2">PSLV-D2</a> (15 Oct 1994)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/PSLV-D3" title="PSLV-D3">PSLV-D3</a> (21 Mar 1996)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/PSLV-C1" title="PSLV-C1">PSLV-C1</a> (29 Sep 1997)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/PSLV-C2" title="PSLV-C2">PSLV-C2</a> (26 May 1999)</li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="4" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><a href="/wiki/File:PSLV.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/81/PSLV.svg/40px-PSLV.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="142" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/81/PSLV.svg/60px-PSLV.svg.png 1.5x" data-file-width="140" data-file-height="661" /></a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#FFC569;;width:1%">2000s</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/PSLV-C3" title="PSLV-C3">PSLV-C3</a> (22 Oct 2001)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/PSLV-C4" title="PSLV-C4">PSLV-C4</a> (<a href="/wiki/METSAT" class="mw-redirect" title="METSAT">METSAT</a>, 12 Sep 2002)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/PSLV-C5" title="PSLV-C5">PSLV-C5</a> (<a href="/wiki/Resourcesat-1" title="Resourcesat-1">Resourcesat-1</a>, 17 Oct 2003)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/PSLV-C6" title="PSLV-C6">PSLV-C6</a> (<a href="/wiki/HAMSAT" title="HAMSAT">HAMSAT</a>, 5 May 2005)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/PSLV-C7" class="mw-redirect" title="PSLV-C7">PSLV-C7</a> (10 Jan 2007)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=PSLV-C8&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="PSLV-C8 (page does not exist)">PSLV-C8</a> (23 Apr 2007)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=PSLV-C10&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="PSLV-C10 (page does not exist)">PSLV-C10</a> (21 Jan 2008)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/PSLV-C9" class="mw-redirect" title="PSLV-C9">PSLV-C9</a> (28 Apr 2008)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=PSLV-C11&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="PSLV-C11 (page does not exist)">PSLV-C11</a> (22 Oct 2008)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=PSLV-C12&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="PSLV-C12 (page does not exist)">PSLV-C12</a> (20 Apr 2009)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=PSLV-C14&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="PSLV-C14 (page does not exist)">PSLV-C14</a> (23 Sep 2009)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#FFC569;;width:1%">2010s</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=PSLV-C15&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="PSLV-C15 (page does not exist)">PSLV-C15</a> (12 Jul 2010)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=PSLV-C16&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="PSLV-C16 (page does not exist)">PSLV-C16</a> (20 Apr 2011)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=PSLV-C17&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="PSLV-C17 (page does not exist)">PSLV-C17</a> (15 Jul 2011)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=PSLV-C18&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="PSLV-C18 (page does not exist)">PSLV-C18</a> (12 Oct 2011)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=PSLV-C19&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="PSLV-C19 (page does not exist)">PSLV-C19</a> (26 Apr 2012)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=PSLV-C21&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="PSLV-C21 (page does not exist)">PSLV-C21</a> (9 Sep 2012)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=PSLV-C20&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="PSLV-C20 (page does not exist)">PSLV-C20</a> (25 Feb 2013)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/PSLV-C22" class="mw-redirect" title="PSLV-C22">PSLV-C22</a> (<a href="/wiki/IRNSS-1A" title="IRNSS-1A">IRNSS-1A</a>, 1 Jul 2013)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/PSLV-C25" class="mw-redirect" title="PSLV-C25">PSLV-C25</a> (<a href="/wiki/Mars_Orbiter_Mission" title="Mars Orbiter Mission">Mars Orbiter Mission</a>, 5 Nov 2013)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/PSLV-C24" class="mw-redirect" title="PSLV-C24">PSLV-C24</a> (<a href="/wiki/IRNSS-1B" title="IRNSS-1B">IRNSS-1B</a>, 4 Apr 2014)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/PSLV-C23" class="mw-redirect" title="PSLV-C23">PSLV-C23</a> (30 Jun 2014)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/PSLV-C26" class="mw-redirect" title="PSLV-C26">PSLV-C26</a> (<a href="/wiki/IRNSS-1C" title="IRNSS-1C">IRNSS-1C</a>, 16 Oct 2014)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/PSLV-C27" class="mw-redirect" title="PSLV-C27">PSLV-C27</a> (<a href="/wiki/IRNSS-1D" title="IRNSS-1D">IRNSS-1D</a>, 28 Mar 2015)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/PSLV-C28" title="PSLV-C28">PSLV-C28</a> (<a href="/wiki/DMC-3" class="mw-redirect" title="DMC-3">DMC-3</a>, 10 Jul 2015)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=PSLV-C30&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="PSLV-C30 (page does not exist)">PSLV-C30</a> (28 Sep 2015)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=PSLV-C29&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="PSLV-C29 (page does not exist)">PSLV-C29</a> (16 Dec 2015)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/PSLV-C31" class="mw-redirect" title="PSLV-C31">PSLV-C31</a> (<a href="/wiki/IRNSS-1E" title="IRNSS-1E">IRNSS-1E</a>, 20 Jan 2016)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/PSLV-C32" class="mw-redirect" title="PSLV-C32">PSLV-C32</a> (<a href="/wiki/IRNSS-1F" title="IRNSS-1F">IRNSS-1F</a>, 10 Mar 2016)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/PSLV-C33" class="mw-redirect" title="PSLV-C33">PSLV-C33</a> (<a href="/wiki/IRNSS-1G" title="IRNSS-1G">IRNSS-1G</a>, 28 Apr 2016)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/PSLV-C34" title="PSLV-C34">PSLV-C34</a> (22 Jun 2016)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/PSLV-C35" title="PSLV-C35">PSLV-C35</a> (<a href="/wiki/SCATSAT-1" class="mw-redirect" title="SCATSAT-1">SCATSAT-1</a>, 26 Sep 2016)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/PSLV-C36" class="mw-redirect" title="PSLV-C36">PSLV-C36</a> (<a href="/wiki/Resourcesat-2A" title="Resourcesat-2A">Resourcesat-2A</a>, 7 Dec 2016)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/PSLV-C37" title="PSLV-C37">PSLV-C37</a> (15 Feb 2017)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/PSLV-C38" title="PSLV-C38">PSLV-C38</a> (23 Jun 2017)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/PSLV-C39" title="PSLV-C39">PSLV-C39</a> (<a href="/wiki/IRNSS-1H" title="IRNSS-1H">IRNSS-1H</a>, 31 Aug 2017, failure)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/PSLV-C40" title="PSLV-C40">PSLV-C40</a> (<a href="/wiki/Cartosat-2F" title="Cartosat-2F">Cartosat-2F</a>, 12 Jan 2018)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/PSLV-C41" title="PSLV-C41">PSLV-C41</a> (<a href="/wiki/IRNSS-1I" title="IRNSS-1I">IRNSS-1I</a>, 11 Apr 2018)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/PSLV-C42" title="PSLV-C42">PSLV-C42</a> (16 Sep 2018)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/PSLV-C43" title="PSLV-C43">PSLV-C43</a> (<a href="/wiki/HySIS" title="HySIS">HySIS</a>, 29 Nov 2018)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/PSLV-C44" title="PSLV-C44">PSLV-C44</a> (<a href="/wiki/Microsat-R" title="Microsat-R">Microsat-R</a>, 24 Jan 2019)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/PSLV-C45" title="PSLV-C45">PSLV-C45</a> (<a href="/wiki/EMISAT" title="EMISAT">EMISAT</a>, 1 Apr 2019)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/PSLV-C46" title="PSLV-C46">PSLV-C46</a> (<a href="/wiki/RISAT-2B" title="RISAT-2B">RISAT-2B</a>, 22 May 2019)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/PSLV-C47" title="PSLV-C47">PSLV-C47</a> (<a href="/wiki/Cartosat-3" title="Cartosat-3">Cartosat-3</a>, 27 Nov 2019)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/PSLV-C48" title="PSLV-C48">PSLV-C48</a> (<a href="/wiki/RISAT-2BR1" title="RISAT-2BR1">RISAT-2BR1</a>, 11 Dec 2019)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#FFC569;;width:1%">2020s</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/PSLV-C49" title="PSLV-C49">PSLV-C49</a> (<a href="/wiki/EOS-01" title="EOS-01">EOS-01</a>, 7 Nov 2020)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/PSLV-C50" title="PSLV-C50">PSLV-C50</a> (<a href="/wiki/CMS-01" title="CMS-01">CMS-01</a>, 17 Dec 2020)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/PSLV-C51" title="PSLV-C51">PSLV-C51</a> (<a href="/wiki/Amaz%C3%B4nia-1" title="Amazônia-1">Amazônia-1</a>, 28 Feb 2021)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/PSLV-C52" title="PSLV-C52">PSLV-C52</a> (<a href="/wiki/EOS-04" title="EOS-04">EOS-04</a>, 14 Feb 2022)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/PSLV-C53" title="PSLV-C53">PSLV-C53</a> (DS-EO, NeuSAR, Scoob-1, <a href="/wiki/PSLV_Orbital_Experiment_Module#POEM-1" title="PSLV Orbital Experiment Module">POEM-1</a> (hosted), 30 Jun 2022)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/PSLV-C54" title="PSLV-C54">PSLV-C54</a> (EOS-06, BhutanSat aka INS-2B, Anand, 26 Nov 2022)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/PSLV-C55" title="PSLV-C55">PSLV-C55</a> (TeLEOS-2, Lumelite-4, <a href="/wiki/PSLV_Orbital_Experiment_Module#POEM-2" title="PSLV Orbital Experiment Module">POEM-2</a> (hosted), 22 Apr 2023)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/PSLV-C56" title="PSLV-C56">PSLV-C56</a> (DS-SAR, VELOX-AM, 30 Jul 2023)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/PSLV-C57" title="PSLV-C57">PSLV-C57</a> (<a href="/wiki/Aditya-L1" title="Aditya-L1">Aditya-L1</a>, 2 Sep 2023)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/PSLV-C58" title="PSLV-C58">PSLV-C58</a> (<a href="/wiki/XPoSat" title="XPoSat">XPoSat</a>, <a href="/wiki/PSLV_Orbital_Experiment_Module#POEM-3" title="PSLV Orbital Experiment Module">POEM-3</a> (hosted), 1 Jan 2024)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=PSLV-C59&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="PSLV-C59 (page does not exist)">PSLV-C59</a> (<a href="/wiki/PROBA-3" title="PROBA-3">PROBA-3</a>, 5 Dec 2024)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3" style="background:#FFC569;"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_PSLV_launches" title="List of PSLV launches">List of PSLV launches</a></li> <li>Italics indicates future missions</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235" /></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Orbital_launch_systems535" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231" /><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Orbital_launch_systems" title="Template:Orbital launch systems"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Orbital_launch_systems" title="Template talk:Orbital launch systems"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Orbital_launch_systems" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Orbital launch systems"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Orbital_launch_systems535" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Launch_vehicle" title="Launch vehicle">Orbital launch systems</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_orbital_launch_systems" title="List of orbital launch systems">List of orbital launch systems</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comparison_of_orbital_launch_systems" title="Comparison of orbital launch systems">Comparison of orbital launch systems</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Current</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Angara_(rocket_family)" title="Angara (rocket family)">Angara</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Angara-1.2" title="Angara-1.2">1.2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Angara_A5" title="Angara A5">A5</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ariane_6" title="Ariane 6">Ariane 6</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atlas_V" title="Atlas V">Atlas V</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ceres-1" title="Ceres-1">Ceres</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ceres-1" title="Ceres-1">1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ceres-1S" class="mw-redirect" title="Ceres-1S">1S</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chollima-1" title="Chollima-1">Chollima-1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rocket_Lab_Electron" title="Rocket Lab Electron">Electron</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Falcon_9_Block_5" title="Falcon 9 Block 5">Falcon 9 Block 5</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Falcon_Heavy" title="Falcon Heavy">Falcon Heavy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Firefly_Alpha" title="Firefly Alpha">Firefly Alpha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gravity-1" title="Gravity-1">Gravity-1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geosynchronous_Satellite_Launch_Vehicle" title="Geosynchronous Satellite Launch Vehicle">GSLV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/H-IIA" title="H-IIA">H-IIA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/H3_(rocket)" title="H3 (rocket)">H3</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hyperbola-1" title="Hyperbola-1">Hyperbola-1</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Jielong_(rocket_family)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Jielong (rocket family) (page does not exist)">Jielong</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jielong_1" title="Jielong 1">1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jielong_3" title="Jielong 3">3</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Space_One_KAIROS" title="Space One KAIROS">KAIROS</a>†</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kaituozhe_(rocket_family)" title="Kaituozhe (rocket family)">Kaituozhe 2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kinetica_1" title="Kinetica 1">Kinetica 1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kuaizhou" title="Kuaizhou">Kuaizhou</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kuaizhou_1" class="mw-redirect" title="Kuaizhou 1">1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kuaizhou_1A" class="mw-redirect" title="Kuaizhou 1A">1A</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kuaizhou_11" class="mw-redirect" title="Kuaizhou 11">11</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Long_March_(rocket_family)" title="Long March (rocket family)">Long March</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Long_March_2C" title="Long March 2C">2C</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Long_March_2D" title="Long March 2D">2D</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Long_March_2F" title="Long March 2F">2F</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Long_March_3A" title="Long March 3A">3A</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Long_March_3B" title="Long March 3B">3B/E</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Long_March_3C" title="Long March 3C">3C</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Long_March_4B" title="Long March 4B">4B</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Long_March_4C" title="Long March 4C">4C</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Long_March_5" title="Long March 5">5</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Long_March_5B" class="mw-redirect" title="Long March 5B">5B</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Long_March_6" title="Long March 6">6</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Long_March_6A" title="Long March 6A">6A</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Long_March_6C" title="Long March 6C">6C</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Long_March_7" title="Long March 7">7</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Long_March_7A" class="mw-redirect" title="Long March 7A">7A</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Long_March_8" title="Long March 8">8</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Long_March_11" title="Long March 11">11</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Long_March_11" title="Long March 11">11H</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Long_March_12" title="Long March 12">12</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LVM3" title="LVM3">LVM3</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Minotaur_(rocket_family)" title="Minotaur (rocket family)">Minotaur</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Minotaur_I" title="Minotaur I">I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Minotaur_IV" title="Minotaur IV">IV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Minotaur_V" title="Minotaur V">V</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Minotaur-C" title="Minotaur-C">C</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Glenn" title="New Glenn">New Glenn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nuri_(rocket)" title="Nuri (rocket)">Nuri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/OS-M1" class="mw-redirect" title="OS-M1">OS-M1</a>†</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pegasus_XL" class="mw-redirect" title="Pegasus XL">Pegasus XL</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proton-M" title="Proton-M">Proton-M</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">PSLV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qaem_100" title="Qaem 100">Qaem 100</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qased_(rocket)" title="Qased (rocket)">Qased</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shavit_2" title="Shavit 2">Shavit 2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Simorgh_(rocket)" title="Simorgh (rocket)">Simorgh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Space_Launch_System" title="Space Launch System">SLS</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Space_Launch_System#Block_variants" title="Space Launch System">Block 1</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soyuz-2" title="Soyuz-2">Soyuz-2</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Soyuz-2.1a" class="mw-redirect" title="Soyuz-2.1a">2.1a / STA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soyuz-2.1b" class="mw-redirect" title="Soyuz-2.1b">2.1b / STB</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Small_Satellite_Launch_Vehicle" title="Small Satellite Launch Vehicle">SSLV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SpaceX_Starship" title="SpaceX Starship">Starship</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tianlong-2" title="Tianlong-2">Tianlong-2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unha" title="Unha">Unha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vega_(rocket)" title="Vega (rocket)">Vega</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Vega_C" title="Vega C">C</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vulcan_Centaur" title="Vulcan Centaur">Vulcan Centaur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LandSpace" title="LandSpace">Zhuque</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Zhuque-2" title="Zhuque-2">2</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">In development</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Antares_(rocket)" title="Antares (rocket)">Antares 330</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bloostar" class="mw-redirect" title="Bloostar">Bloostar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blue_Whale_1" class="mw-redirect" title="Blue Whale 1">Blue Whale 1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cyclone-4M" title="Cyclone-4M">Cyclone-4M</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Interstellar_Technologies#DECA_orbital_rocket" title="Interstellar Technologies">Deca</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Epsilon_(rocket)#Epsilon_S" title="Epsilon (rocket)">Epsilon S</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gilmour_Space_Technologies#Eris_orbital_rocket" title="Gilmour Space Technologies">Eris</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orienspace" title="Orienspace">Gravity-2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Innospace_HANBIT-NANO" title="Innospace HANBIT-NANO">HANBIT-NANO</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hyperbola-2" class="mw-redirect" title="Hyperbola-2">Hyperbola-2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irtysh_(rocket)" title="Irtysh (rocket)">Irtysh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/KSLV-III" title="KSLV-III">KSLV-III</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kuaizhou" title="Kuaizhou">Kuaizhou</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kuaizhou_21" class="mw-redirect" title="Kuaizhou 21">21</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kuaizhou_31" class="mw-redirect" title="Kuaizhou 31">31</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Long_March_(rocket_family)" title="Long March (rocket family)">Long March</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Long_March_9" title="Long March 9">9</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Long_March_10" title="Long March 10">10</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Miura_5" title="Miura 5">Miura 5</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Medium_Launch_Vehicle" title="Medium Launch Vehicle">MLV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rocket_Lab_Neutron" title="Rocket Lab Neutron">Neutron</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Line_1" class="mw-redirect" title="New Line 1">New Line 1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Next_Generation_Launch_Vehicle" title="Next Generation Launch Vehicle">NGLV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stoke_Space_Nova" title="Stoke Space Nova">Nova</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/OneSpace#OS-M_series" title="OneSpace">OS-M</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/OneSpace#OS-M_series" title="OneSpace">2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/OneSpace#OS-M_series" title="OneSpace">4</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orbex#Prime" title="Orbex">Orbex Prime</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pallas-1" title="Pallas-1">Pallas-1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/BluShift_Aerospace#Red_Dwarf" title="BluShift Aerospace">Red Dwarf</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Space_Launch_System" title="Space Launch System">SLS</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Space_Launch_System#Block_variants" title="Space Launch System">Block 1B</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Space_Launch_System#Block_variants" title="Space Launch System">Block 2</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soyuz-7_(rocket_family)" class="mw-redirect" title="Soyuz-7 (rocket family)">Soyuz-7</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spectrum_(rocket)" title="Spectrum (rocket)">Spectrum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Terran_R" title="Terran R">Terran R</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tianlong-3" title="Tianlong-3">Tianlong-3</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/VLM_(rocket)" title="VLM (rocket)">VLM</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vega_E" class="mw-redirect" title="Vega E">Vega E</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Interstellar_Technologies#ZERO_orbital_rocket" title="Interstellar Technologies">Zero</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LandSpace" title="LandSpace">Zhuque</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/LandSpace#Zhuque-3" title="LandSpace">3</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zuljanah_(rocket)" title="Zuljanah (rocket)">Zuljanah</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Retired</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Antares_(rocket)" title="Antares (rocket)">Antares</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Antares_(rocket)" title="Antares (rocket)">110</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antares_(rocket)" title="Antares (rocket)">120</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antares_(rocket)" title="Antares (rocket)">130</a>†</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antares_(rocket)" title="Antares (rocket)">230</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antares_(rocket)" title="Antares (rocket)">230+</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ariane_(rocket_family)" title="Ariane (rocket family)">Ariane</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ariane_1" title="Ariane 1">1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ariane_2" title="Ariane 2">2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ariane_3" title="Ariane 3">3</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ariane_4" title="Ariane 4">4</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ariane_5" title="Ariane 5">5</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Augmented_Satellite_Launch_Vehicle" title="Augmented Satellite Launch Vehicle">ASLV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Athena_(rocket_family)" title="Athena (rocket family)">Athena</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Athena_I" title="Athena I">I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Athena_II" title="Athena II">II</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atlas_(rocket_family)" title="Atlas (rocket family)">Atlas</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/SM-65B_Atlas" title="SM-65B Atlas">B</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SM-65D_Atlas" title="SM-65D Atlas">D</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atlas_E/F" title="Atlas E/F">E/F</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atlas_G" title="Atlas G">G</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atlas_H" title="Atlas H">H</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atlas_I" title="Atlas I">I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atlas_II" title="Atlas II">II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atlas_III" title="Atlas III">III</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atlas_LV-3B" title="Atlas LV-3B">LV-3B</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atlas_SLV-3" title="Atlas SLV-3">SLV-3</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atlas-Able" title="Atlas-Able">Able</a>†</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atlas-Agena" title="Atlas-Agena">Agena</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atlas-Centaur" title="Atlas-Centaur">Centaur</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_Arrow" title="Black Arrow">Black Arrow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conestoga_(rocket)" title="Conestoga (rocket)">Conestoga</a>†</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Delta_(rocket_family)" title="Delta (rocket family)">Delta</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Delta_A" title="Delta A">A</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Delta_B" title="Delta B">B</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Delta_C" title="Delta C">C</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Delta_D" title="Delta D">D</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Delta_E" title="Delta E">E</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Delta_G" title="Delta G">G</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Delta_J" title="Delta J">J</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Delta_L" title="Delta L">L</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Delta_M" title="Delta M">M</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Delta_N" title="Delta N">N</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Delta_0100" title="Delta 0100">0100</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Delta_1000" title="Delta 1000">1000</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Delta_2000" title="Delta 2000">2000</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Delta_3000" title="Delta 3000">3000</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Delta_4000" title="Delta 4000">4000</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Delta_5000" title="Delta 5000">5000</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Delta_II" title="Delta II">II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Delta_III" title="Delta III">III</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Delta_IV" title="Delta IV">IV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Delta_IV_Heavy" title="Delta IV Heavy">IV Heavy</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diamant" title="Diamant">Diamant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dnepr_(rocket)" title="Dnepr (rocket)">Dnepr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Energia_(rocket)" title="Energia (rocket)">Energia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Epsilon_(rocket)" title="Epsilon (rocket)">Epsilon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Europa_(rocket)" title="Europa (rocket)">Europa</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Europa_(rocket)" title="Europa (rocket)">I</a>†</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Europa_(rocket)" title="Europa (rocket)">II</a>†</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Falcon_1" title="Falcon 1">Falcon 1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Falcon_9" title="Falcon 9">Falcon 9</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Falcon_9_v1.0" title="Falcon 9 v1.0">v1.0</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Falcon_9_v1.1" title="Falcon 9 v1.1">v1.1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Falcon_9_Full_Thrust" title="Falcon 9 Full Thrust">v1.2 "Full Thrust"</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feng_Bao_1" title="Feng Bao 1">Feng Bao 1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geosynchronous_Satellite_Launch_Vehicle" title="Geosynchronous Satellite Launch Vehicle">GSLV</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/GSLV_Mk_I" class="mw-redirect" title="GSLV Mk I">Mk I</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/H-I" title="H-I">H-I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/H-II" title="H-II">H-II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/H-IIB" title="H-IIB">H-IIB</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Juno_I" title="Juno I">Juno I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Juno_II" title="Juno II">Juno II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kaituozhe-1" class="mw-redirect" title="Kaituozhe-1">Kaituozhe-1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kosmos_(rocket_family)" title="Kosmos (rocket family)">Kosmos</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kosmos_(rocket_family)" title="Kosmos (rocket family)">original</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kosmos-1" title="Kosmos-1">1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kosmos-2I" class="mw-redirect" title="Kosmos-2I">2/2I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kosmos-3" class="mw-redirect" title="Kosmos-3">3</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kosmos-3M" title="Kosmos-3M">3M</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lambda_(rocket_family)" title="Lambda (rocket family)">Lambda</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lambda_4S" title="Lambda 4S">4S</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LauncherOne" title="LauncherOne">LauncherOne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Long_March_(rocket_family)" title="Long March (rocket family)">Long March</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Long_March_1" title="Long March 1">1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Long_March_1D" title="Long March 1D">1D</a>†</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Long_March_2A" title="Long March 2A">2A</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Long_March_2E" title="Long March 2E">2E</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Long_March_3" title="Long March 3">3</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Long_March_3B" title="Long March 3B">3B</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Long_March_4A" title="Long March 4A">4A</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mu_(rocket_family)" title="Mu (rocket family)">Mu</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/M-4S" class="mw-redirect" title="M-4S">4S</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/M-3C" class="mw-redirect" title="M-3C">3C</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/M-3H" class="mw-redirect" title="M-3H">3H</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/M-3S" class="mw-redirect" title="M-3S">3S</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/M-3SII" class="mw-redirect" title="M-3SII">3SII</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/M-V" title="M-V">V</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/N1_(rocket)" title="N1 (rocket)">N1</a>†</li> <li><a href="/wiki/N-I_(rocket)" title="N-I (rocket)">N-I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/N-II_(rocket)" title="N-II (rocket)">N-II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Naro-1" title="Naro-1">Naro-1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paektusan_(rocket)" class="mw-redirect" title="Paektusan (rocket)">Paektusan</a>†</li> <li><a href="/wiki/NOTS-EV-1_Pilot" title="NOTS-EV-1 Pilot">Pilot-2</a>†</li> <li><a href="/wiki/R-7_(rocket_family)" title="R-7 (rocket family)">R-7</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Luna_(rocket)" title="Luna (rocket)">Luna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Molniya_(rocket)" title="Molniya (rocket)">Molniya</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Molniya-M" title="Molniya-M">M</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Molniya-L" class="mw-redirect" title="Molniya-L">L</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polyot_(rocket)" title="Polyot (rocket)">Polyot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soyuz_(rocket_family)" title="Soyuz (rocket family)">Soyuz</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Soyuz_(rocket)" title="Soyuz (rocket)">original</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soyuz-FG" title="Soyuz-FG">FG</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soyuz-L" title="Soyuz-L">L</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soyuz-M" title="Soyuz-M">M</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soyuz-U" title="Soyuz-U">U</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soyuz-U2" title="Soyuz-U2">U2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soyuz-2-1v" class="mw-redirect" title="Soyuz-2-1v">2-1v</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soyuz/Vostok" title="Soyuz/Vostok">Soyuz/Vostok</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sputnik_(rocket)" title="Sputnik (rocket)">Sputnik</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Voskhod_(rocket)" title="Voskhod (rocket)">Voskhod</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vostok_(rocket_family)" title="Vostok (rocket family)">Vostok</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Vostok-L" title="Vostok-L">L</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vostok-K" title="Vostok-K">K</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vostok-2_(rocket)" title="Vostok-2 (rocket)">2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vostok-2M" title="Vostok-2M">2M</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/R-29_Vysota" class="mw-redirect" title="R-29 Vysota">R-29</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Shtil%27" title="Shtil'">Shtil'</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Volna" title="Volna">Volna</a>†</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Astra_Rocket" title="Astra Rocket">Rocket 3</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/RS1_(rocket)" title="RS1 (rocket)">RS1</a>†</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Safir_(rocket)" title="Safir (rocket)">Safir</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Safir_(rocket)" title="Safir (rocket)">1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Safir_(rocket)" title="Safir (rocket)">1A</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Safir_(rocket)" title="Safir (rocket)">1B</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saturn_(rocket_family)" title="Saturn (rocket family)">Saturn</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Saturn_I" title="Saturn I">I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saturn_IB" title="Saturn IB">IB</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saturn_V" title="Saturn V">V</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scout_(rocket_family)" title="Scout (rocket family)">Scout</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Scout_X-1" title="Scout X-1">X-1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/RM-90_Blue_Scout_II" title="RM-90 Blue Scout II">Blue Scout II</a>†</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scout_X-2" title="Scout X-2">X-2</a>†</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scout_X-2M" title="Scout X-2M">X-2M</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Scout_X-3&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Scout X-3 (page does not exist)">X-3</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Scout_X-3M&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Scout X-3M (page does not exist)">X-3M</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Scout_X-4&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Scout X-4 (page does not exist)">X-4</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scout_X-2B" title="Scout X-2B">X-2B</a>†</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scout_B" class="mw-redirect" title="Scout B">B</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scout_A" class="mw-redirect" title="Scout A">A</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scout_B-1" class="mw-redirect" title="Scout B-1">B-1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scout_D-1" class="mw-redirect" title="Scout D-1">D-1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scout_A-1" class="mw-redirect" title="Scout A-1">A-1</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Scout_E-1&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Scout E-1 (page does not exist)">E-1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scout_F-1" class="mw-redirect" title="Scout F-1">F-1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scout_G-1" class="mw-redirect" title="Scout G-1">G-1</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shavit_2" title="Shavit 2">Shavit</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Shavit_2" title="Shavit 2">original</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shavit_2" title="Shavit 2">1</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Satellite_Launch_Vehicle" title="Satellite Launch Vehicle">SLV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Space_Shuttle" title="Space Shuttle">Space Shuttle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SPARK_(rocket)" title="SPARK (rocket)">SPARK</a>†</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sparta_(rocket)" title="Sparta (rocket)">Sparta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SS-520#SS-520-4" class="mw-redirect" title="SS-520">SS-520</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Start-1" title="Start-1">Start-1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Terran_1" title="Terran 1">Terran 1</a>†</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thor_(rocket_family)" title="Thor (rocket family)">Thor</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Thor-Able" title="Thor-Able">Able</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thor-Ablestar" title="Thor-Ablestar">Ablestar</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Thor-Ablestar" title="Thor-Ablestar">1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thor-Ablestar" title="Thor-Ablestar">2</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thor-Agena" title="Thor-Agena">Agena</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Thor-Agena" title="Thor-Agena">A</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thor-Agena" title="Thor-Agena">B</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thor-Agena" title="Thor-Agena">D</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thor-Burner" title="Thor-Burner">Burner</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Thor-Burner" title="Thor-Burner">1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thor-Burner" title="Thor-Burner">2</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thor-Delta" title="Thor-Delta">Delta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thor_DSV-2U" title="Thor DSV-2U">DSV-2U</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thorad-Agena" title="Thorad-Agena">Thorad-Agena</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Thorad-Agena" title="Thorad-Agena">SLV-2G</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thorad-Agena" title="Thorad-Agena">SLV-2H</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Titan_(rocket_family)" title="Titan (rocket family)">Titan</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Titan_II_GLV" title="Titan II GLV">II GLV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Titan_IIIA" title="Titan IIIA">IIIA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Titan_IIIB" title="Titan IIIB">IIIB</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Titan_IIIC" title="Titan IIIC">IIIC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Titan_IIID" title="Titan IIID">IIID</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Titan_IIIE" title="Titan IIIE">IIIE</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Titan_34D" title="Titan 34D">34D</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Titan_23G" title="Titan 23G">23G</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Commercial_Titan_III" title="Commercial Titan III">CT-3</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Titan_IV" title="Titan IV">IV</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tsyklon" title="Tsyklon">Tsyklon</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/R-36_(missile)" title="R-36 (missile)">R-36-O</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tsyklon" title="Tsyklon">original</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tsyklon-2" title="Tsyklon-2">2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tsyklon-3" title="Tsyklon-3">3</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Universal_Rocket" title="Universal Rocket">Universal Rocket</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Proton_(rocket_family)" title="Proton (rocket family)">UR-500 Proton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proton-K" title="Proton-K">Proton-K</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rokot" title="Rokot">Rokot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Strela_(rocket)" title="Strela (rocket)">Strela</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vanguard_(rocket)" title="Vanguard (rocket)">Vanguard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vega_(rocket)" title="Vega (rocket)">Vega</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Vega_(rocket)" title="Vega (rocket)">original</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/VLS-1" title="VLS-1">VLS-1</a>†</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zenit_(rocket_family)" title="Zenit (rocket family)">Zenit</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Zenit-2" title="Zenit-2">2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zenit-2M" title="Zenit-2M">2M</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zenit-2M" title="Zenit-2M">2FG</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zenit-3SL" title="Zenit-3SL">3SL</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zenit-3SLB" title="Zenit-3SLB">3SLB</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zenit-3F" title="Zenit-3F">3F</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LandSpace" title="LandSpace">Zhuque</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Zhuque-1" class="mw-redirect" title="Zhuque-1">1</a>†</li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Classes</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sounding_rocket" title="Sounding rocket">Sounding rocket</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Small-lift_launch_vehicle" title="Small-lift launch vehicle">Small-lift launch vehicle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Medium-lift_launch_vehicle" title="Medium-lift launch vehicle">Medium-lift launch vehicle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heavy-lift_launch_vehicle" title="Heavy-lift launch vehicle">Heavy-lift launch vehicle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Super_heavy-lift_launch_vehicle" title="Super heavy-lift launch vehicle">Super heavy-lift launch vehicle</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li>This template lists historical, current, and future space rockets that at least once attempted (but not necessarily succeeded in) an orbital launch or that are planned to attempt such a launch in the future</li> <li>Symbol † indicates past or current rockets that attempted orbital launches but never succeeded (never did or has yet to perform a successful orbital launch)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235" /></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="23x15px&#124;border_&#124;alt=India&#124;link=India_Indian_space_programme593" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231" /><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Indian_Department_of_Space" title="Template:Indian Department of Space"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Indian_Department_of_Space" title="Template talk:Indian Department of Space"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Indian_Department_of_Space" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Indian Department of Space"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="23x15px&#124;border_&#124;alt=India&#124;link=India_Indian_space_programme593" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/India" title="India"><img alt="India" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_India.svg/23px-Flag_of_India.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_India.svg/35px-Flag_of_India.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_India.svg/45px-Flag_of_India.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Indian_space_programme" class="mw-redirect" title="Indian space programme">Indian space programme</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Department_of_Space" title="Department of Space">Department of Space (DoS)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Organisations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Indian_Space_Research_Organisation" class="mw-redirect" title="Indian Space Research Organisation">Indian Space Research Organisation (ISRO)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antrix_Corporation" title="Antrix Corporation">Antrix Corporation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_Institute_of_Space_Science_and_Technology" title="Indian Institute of Space Science and Technology">Indian Institute of Space Science and Technology (IIST)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_Institute_of_Remote_Sensing" title="Indian Institute of Remote Sensing">Indian Institute of Remote Sensing (IIRS)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Atmospheric_Research_Laboratory" title="National Atmospheric Research Laboratory">National Atmospheric Research Laboratory (NARL)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/NewSpace_India_Limited" title="NewSpace India Limited">NewSpace India Limited (NSIL)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Physical_Research_Laboratory" title="Physical Research Laboratory">Physical Research Laboratory (PRL)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Development_and_Educational_Communication_Unit" title="Development and Educational Communication Unit">Development and Educational Communication Unit (DECU)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Integrated_Space_Cell" title="Integrated Space Cell">Integrated Space Cell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Defence_Space_Agency" title="Defence Space Agency">Defence Space Agency</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_National_Space_Promotion_and_Authorisation_Centre" title="Indian National Space Promotion and Authorisation Centre">Indian National Space Promotion and Authorisation Centre (IN–SPACe)</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="14" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><a href="/wiki/File:Indian_Space_Research_Organisation_Logo.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/Indian_Space_Research_Organisation_Logo.svg/120px-Indian_Space_Research_Organisation_Logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="120" height="116" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/Indian_Space_Research_Organisation_Logo.svg/250px-Indian_Space_Research_Organisation_Logo.svg.png 1.5x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="290" /></a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Programmes</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bhaskara_(satellite)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bhaskara (satellite)">Bhaskara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GPS-aided_GEO_augmented_navigation" title="GPS-aided GEO augmented navigation">GAGAN</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GSAT" title="GSAT">GSAT</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_National_Satellite_System" title="Indian National Satellite System">INSAT</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_Regional_Navigation_Satellite_System" title="Indian Regional Navigation Satellite System">IRNSS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_Remote_Sensing_Programme" title="Indian Remote Sensing Programme">IRS</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cartosat" title="Cartosat">Cartosat</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/RISAT" title="RISAT">RISAT</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rohini_(satellite)" title="Rohini (satellite)">Rohini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stretched_Rohini_Satellite_Series" title="Stretched Rohini Satellite Series">SROSS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chandrayaan_programme" title="Chandrayaan programme">Chandrayaan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_Human_Spaceflight_Programme" title="Indian Human Spaceflight Programme">Human Spaceflight Programme</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Satellites</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ariane_Passenger_Payload_Experiment" title="Ariane Passenger Payload Experiment">APPLE</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aryabhata_(satellite)" title="Aryabhata (satellite)">Aryabhata</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HAMSAT" title="HAMSAT">HAMSAT</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IMS-1" title="IMS-1">IMS-1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Megha-Tropiques" title="Megha-Tropiques">Megha-Tropiques</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/NISAR_(satellite)" title="NISAR (satellite)">NISAR</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SARAL" title="SARAL">SARAL</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_Asia_Satellite" title="South Asia Satellite">South Asia Satellite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kalpana-1" title="Kalpana-1">Kalpana-1</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Space observatories</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Astrosat" class="mw-redirect" title="Astrosat">Astrosat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aditya-L1" title="Aditya-L1">Aditya-L1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/XPoSat" title="XPoSat">XPoSat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/AstroSat-2" title="AstroSat-2">AstroSat-2</a> (proposed)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Lunar and planetary spacecraft</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chandrayaan-1" title="Chandrayaan-1">Chandrayaan-1</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Moon_Impact_Probe" title="Moon Impact Probe">Moon Impact Probe</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chandrayaan-2" title="Chandrayaan-2">Chandrayaan-2</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chandrayaan-2#Vikram_lander" title="Chandrayaan-2">Vikram lander</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pragyan_(Chandrayaan-2)" title="Pragyan (Chandrayaan-2)">Pragyan rover</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chandrayaan-3" title="Chandrayaan-3">Chandrayaan-3</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chandrayaan-3#Lander" title="Chandrayaan-3">Vikram lander</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pragyan_(Chandrayaan-3)" title="Pragyan (Chandrayaan-3)">Pragyan rover</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chandrayaan-4" title="Chandrayaan-4">Chandrayaan-4</a> (upcoming)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lunar_Polar_Exploration_Mission" title="Lunar Polar Exploration Mission">Lunar Polar Exploration Mission</a> (proposed)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mars_Orbiter_Mission" title="Mars Orbiter Mission">Mars Orbiter Mission</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mars_Orbiter_Mission_2" class="mw-redirect" title="Mars Orbiter Mission 2">Mars Orbiter Mission 2</a> (proposed)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Venus_Orbiter_Mission" title="Venus Orbiter Mission">Venus Orbiter Mission</a> (proposed)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Human spaceflight</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Indian_human_spaceflight_programme" class="mw-redirect" title="Indian human spaceflight programme">Indian human spaceflight programme</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Space_Capsule_Recovery_Experiment" title="Space Capsule Recovery Experiment">SRE-1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Space_Capsule_Recovery_Experiment_II" title="Space Capsule Recovery Experiment II">SRE-II</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gaganyaan" title="Gaganyaan">Gaganyaan</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Crew_Module_Atmospheric_Re-entry_Experiment" title="Crew Module Atmospheric Re-entry Experiment">CARE</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISRO_Space_Station" class="mw-redirect" title="ISRO Space Station">ISRO Space Station</a> (proposed)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Launch_vehicle" title="Launch vehicle">Launch vehicles</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Active</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Orbital <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">PSLV</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_PSLV_launches" title="List of PSLV launches">Launches</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geosynchronous_Satellite_Launch_Vehicle" title="Geosynchronous Satellite Launch Vehicle">GSLV</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_GSLV_launches" title="List of GSLV launches">Launches</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LVM3" title="LVM3">LVM3</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Small_Satellite_Launch_Vehicle" title="Small Satellite Launch Vehicle">SSLV</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_SSLV_launches" title="List of SSLV launches">Launches</a></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul> <ul><li>Suborbital <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Rohini_(rocket_family)" title="Rohini (rocket family)">Rohini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Advanced_Technology_Vehicle" title="Advanced Technology Vehicle">ATV</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">In development</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/RLV_Technology_Demonstration_Programme" title="RLV Technology Demonstration Programme">RLV Technology Demonstration Programme</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Next_Generation_Launch_Vehicle" title="Next Generation Launch Vehicle">NGLV</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Retired</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Satellite_Launch_Vehicle" title="Satellite Launch Vehicle">SLV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Augmented_Satellite_Launch_Vehicle" title="Augmented Satellite Launch Vehicle">ASLV</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Engines</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Active</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/CE-7.5" title="CE-7.5">CE-7.5</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CE-20" title="CE-20">CE-20</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vikas_(rocket_engine)" title="Vikas (rocket engine)">Vikas</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">In development</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/SCE-200" title="SCE-200">SCE-200</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Spaceport" title="Spaceport">Spaceports</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Satish_Dhawan_Space_Centre" title="Satish Dhawan Space Centre">Satish Dhawan Space Centre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thumba_Equatorial_Rocket_Launching_Station" title="Thumba Equatorial Rocket Launching Station">Thumba Equatorial Rocket Launching Station</a></li></ul> <ul><li>under development <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kulasekharapatnam_Spaceport" class="mw-redirect" title="Kulasekharapatnam Spaceport">Kulasekharapatnam Spaceport</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Research facilities</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Vikram_Sarabhai_Space_Centre" title="Vikram Sarabhai Space Centre">Vikram Sarabhai Space Centre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/U_R_Rao_Satellite_Centre" title="U R Rao Satellite Centre">U R Rao Satellite Centre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liquid_Propulsion_Systems_Centre" title="Liquid Propulsion Systems Centre">Liquid Propulsion Systems Centre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISRO_Propulsion_Complex" title="ISRO Propulsion Complex">ISRO Propulsion Complex</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Space_Applications_Centre" title="Space Applications Centre">Space Applications Centre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISRO_Inertial_Systems_Unit" title="ISRO Inertial Systems Unit">ISRO Inertial Systems Unit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Laboratory_for_Electro-Optics_Systems" title="Laboratory for Electro-Optics Systems">Laboratory for Electro-Optics Systems</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_Space_Flight_Centre" title="Human Space Flight Centre">Human Space Flight Centre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Development_and_Educational_Communication_Unit" title="Development and Educational Communication Unit">Development and Educational Communication Unit</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Communications</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Indian_Deep_Space_Network" title="Indian Deep Space Network">Indian Deep Space Network</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_Space_Science_Data_Centre" title="Indian Space Science Data Centre">Indian Space Science Data Centre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISRO_Telemetry,_Tracking_and_Command_Network" title="ISRO Telemetry, Tracking and Command Network">ISRO Telemetry, Tracking and Command Network</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Master_Control_Facility_(ISRO)" class="mw-redirect" title="Master Control Facility (ISRO)">Master Control Facility</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Remote_Sensing_Centre" title="National Remote Sensing Centre">National Remote Sensing Centre</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Legislation and policy</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Space_Activities_Bill" title="Space Activities Bill">Space Activities Bill</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Private companies</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pixxel" title="Pixxel">Pixxel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Skyroot_Aerospace" title="Skyroot Aerospace">Skyroot Aerospace</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Satellize" title="Satellize">Satellize</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/AgniKul_Cosmos" title="AgniKul Cosmos">AgniKul Cosmos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dhruva_Space" title="Dhruva Space">Dhruva Space</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bellatrix_Aerospace" title="Bellatrix Aerospace">Bellatrix Aerospace</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/TeamIndus" title="TeamIndus">TeamIndus</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/National_Space_Day" title="National Space Day">National Space Day</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SAGA-220" title="SAGA-220">SAGA-220</a> (supercomputer)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Statio_Shiv_Shakti" title="Statio Shiv Shakti">Statio Shiv Shakti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/RESPOND" title="RESPOND">RESPOND</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Indian_satellites" title="List of Indian satellites">List of Indian satellites</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Satish_Dhawan_Space_Centre_launches" title="List of Satish Dhawan Space Centre launches">List of Satish Dhawan Space Centre launches</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_ISRO_missions" title="List of ISRO missions">List of ISRO missions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_chairmen_of_the_Indian_Space_Research_Organisation" class="mw-redirect" title="List of chairmen of the Indian Space Research Organisation">List of ISRO chairpersons</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://auth.wikimedia.org/loginwiki/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?useformat=desktop&type=1x1&usesul3=1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Polar_Satellite_Launch_Vehicle&oldid=1279386554">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Polar_Satellite_Launch_Vehicle&oldid=1279386554</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Help:Category" title="Help:Category">Categories</a>: <ul><li><a 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