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class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Size" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Size"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1</span> <span>Size</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Size-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Limbs_and_feet" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Limbs_and_feet"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2</span> <span>Limbs and feet</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Limbs_and_feet-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Air_sacs" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Air_sacs"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.3</span> <span>Air sacs</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Air_sacs-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Armor" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Armor"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.4</span> <span>Armor</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Armor-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Teeth" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Teeth"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.5</span> <span>Teeth</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Teeth-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Necks" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Necks"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.6</span> <span>Necks</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Necks-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Palaeobiology" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Palaeobiology"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Palaeobiology</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Palaeobiology-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Palaeobiology subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Palaeobiology-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Ecology" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ecology"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>Ecology</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ecology-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Herding_and_parental_care" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Herding_and_parental_care"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>Herding and parental care</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Herding_and_parental_care-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Rearing_stance" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Rearing_stance"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3</span> <span>Rearing stance</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Rearing_stance-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Head_and_neck_posture" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Head_and_neck_posture"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.4</span> <span>Head and neck posture</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Head_and_neck_posture-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Trackways_and_locomotion" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Trackways_and_locomotion"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.5</span> <span>Trackways and locomotion</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Trackways_and_locomotion-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Biomechanics_and_speed" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Biomechanics_and_speed"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.5.1</span> <span>Biomechanics and speed</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Biomechanics_and_speed-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Body_size" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Body_size"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.6</span> <span>Body size</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Body_size-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Size_in_Neosauropoda" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Size_in_Neosauropoda"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.6.1</span> <span>Size in Neosauropoda</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Size_in_Neosauropoda-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Independent_gigantism" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Independent_gigantism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.6.2</span> <span>Independent gigantism</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Independent_gigantism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Dwarfism_in_sauropods" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Dwarfism_in_sauropods"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.6.3</span> <span>Dwarfism in sauropods</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Dwarfism_in_sauropods-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Paleopathology_and_paleoparasitology" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Paleopathology_and_paleoparasitology"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.7</span> <span>Paleopathology and paleoparasitology</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Paleopathology_and_paleoparasitology-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-History_of_discovery" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#History_of_discovery"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>History of discovery</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-History_of_discovery-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Classification" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Classification"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Classification</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Classification-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also_2" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also_2"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also_2-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Sauropoda</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 52 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-52" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">52 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sauropoda" title="Sauropoda – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Sauropoda" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B3%D8%AD%D9%84%D9%8A%D8%A7%D8%AA_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A3%D8%B1%D8%AC%D9%84" title="سحليات الأرجل – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="سحليات الأرجل" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zauropodlar" title="Zauropodlar – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Zauropodlar" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%97%D0%B0%D1%9E%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BF%D0%BE%D0%B4%D1%8B" title="Заўраподы – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Заўраподы" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sauropoda" title="Sauropoda – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Sauropoda" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Brezhoneg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saur%C3%B2podes" title="Sauròpodes – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Sauròpodes" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ceb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ceb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sauropoda" title="Sauropoda – Cebuano" lang="ceb" hreflang="ceb" data-title="Sauropoda" data-language-autonym="Cebuano" data-language-local-name="Cebuano" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cebuano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sauropodi" title="Sauropodi – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Sauropodi" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sauropoder" title="Sauropoder – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Sauropoder" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="good article badge"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sauropoden" title="Sauropoden – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Sauropoden" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%A3%CE%B1%CF%85%CF%81%CF%8C%CF%80%CE%BF%CE%B4%CE%B1" title="Σαυρόποδα – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Σαυρόποδα" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sauropoda" title="Sauropoda – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Sauropoda" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sa%C5%ADropodoj" title="Saŭropodoj – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Saŭropodoj" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sauropoda" title="Sauropoda – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Sauropoda" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AE%D8%B2%D9%86%D8%AF%D9%87%E2%80%8C%D9%BE%D8%A7%DB%8C%D8%A7%D9%86" title="خزنده‌پایان – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="خزنده‌پایان" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sauropoda" title="Sauropoda – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Sauropoda" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%9A%A9%EA%B0%81%ED%95%98%EB%AA%A9" title="용각하목 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="용각하목" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%B6%D5%A1%D5%B8%D6%82%D6%80%D5%B8%D5%BA%D5%B8%D5%A4%D5%B6%D5%A5%D6%80" title="Զաուրոպոդներ – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Զաուրոպոդներ" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sauropodi" title="Sauropodi – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Sauropodi" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sauropoda" title="Sauropoda – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Sauropoda" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sauropoda" title="Sauropoda – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Sauropoda" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%96%D7%90%D7%95%D7%A8%D7%95%D7%A4%D7%95%D7%93%D7%94" title="זאורופודה – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="זאורופודה" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%96%E1%83%90%E1%83%95%E1%83%A0%E1%83%9D%E1%83%9E%E1%83%9D%E1%83%93%E1%83%94%E1%83%91%E1%83%98" title="ზავროპოდები – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="ზავროპოდები" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%97%D0%B0%D1%83%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BF%D0%BE%D0%B4" title="Зауропод – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Зауропод" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sauropoda" title="Sauropoda – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Sauropoda" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B0%D1%83%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BF%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%B8" title="Сауроподи – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Сауроподи" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%B8%E0%B5%8B%E0%B4%B1%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%AA%E0%B5%8B%E0%B4%A1%E0%B5%8D" title="സോറാപോഡ് – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="സോറാപോഡ്" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sauropoda" title="Sauropoda – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Sauropoda" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%AB%9C%E8%84%9A%E4%B8%8B%E7%9B%AE" title="竜脚下目 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="竜脚下目" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sauropoder" title="Sauropoder – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Sauropoder" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sauropod" title="Sauropod – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Sauropod" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saurop%C3%B2de" title="Sauropòde – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Sauropòde" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Occitan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B3%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%88%D9%BE%D9%88%DA%88" title="ساروپوڈ – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="ساروپوڈ" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پنجابی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zauropody" title="Zauropody – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Zauropody" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sauropoda" title="Sauropoda – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Sauropoda" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sauropoda" title="Sauropoda – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Sauropoda" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%97%D0%B0%D0%B2%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BF%D0%BE%D0%B4%D1%8B" title="Завроподы – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Завроподы" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sco mw-list-item"><a href="https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sauropoda" title="Sauropoda – Scots" lang="sco" hreflang="sco" data-title="Sauropoda" data-language-autonym="Scots" data-language-local-name="Scots" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Scots</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sauropod" title="Sauropod – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Sauropod" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sauropody" title="Sauropody – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Sauropody" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sauropodi" title="Sauropodi – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Sauropodi" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sauropodi" title="Sauropodi – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Sauropodi" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sauropodit" title="Sauropodit – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Sauropodit" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sauropoder" title="Sauropoder – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Sauropoder" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sauropoda" title="Sauropoda – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Sauropoda" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tagalog</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%8B%E0%B8%AD%E0%B9%82%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%9E%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%94" title="ซอโรพอด – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="ซอโรพอด" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tg mw-list-item"><a href="https://tg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%97%D0%B0%D1%83%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BF%D0%BE%D0%B4%D2%B3%D0%BE" title="Зауроподҳо – Tajik" lang="tg" hreflang="tg" data-title="Зауроподҳо" data-language-autonym="Тоҷикӣ" data-language-local-name="Tajik" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Тоҷикӣ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sauropoda" title="Sauropoda – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Sauropoda" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%97%D0%B0%D0%B2%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BF%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%B8" title="Завроподи – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Завроподи" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kh%E1%BB%A7ng_long_ch%C3%A2n_th%E1%BA%B1n_l%E1%BA%B1n" title="Khủng long chân thằn lằn – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Khủng long chân thằn lằn" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sauropoda" title="Sauropoda – Waray" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="Sauropoda" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="Waray" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Winaray</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%9C%A5%E8%85%B3%E4%B8%8B%E7%9B%AE" title="蜥腳下目 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="蜥腳下目" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q14416#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Namespaces"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs 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class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Appearance</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.unpin">hide</button> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Extinct clade of saurischian dinosaurs</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Not to be confused with <a href="/wiki/Saurischia" title="Saurischia">Saurischia</a>.</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <table class="infobox biota" style="text-align: left; width: 200px; font-size: 100%"> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="2" style="color:inherit; text-align: center; background-color: rgb(235,235,210)">Sauropods<br /><div style="font-size: 85%;">Temporal range: <br /><a href="/wiki/Late_Triassic" title="Late Triassic">Late Triassic</a>–<a href="/wiki/Late_Cretaceous" title="Late Cretaceous">Late Cretaceous</a>, <span class="noprint"><span style="display:inline-block;"></span><span style="display:inline-block;">228–66 <a href="/wiki/Megaannum" class="mw-redirect" title="Megaannum">Ma</a></span> <span style="display:inline-block;"></span><div id="Timeline-row" style="margin: 4px auto 0; clear:both; width:220px; padding:0px; height:18px; overflow:visible; white-space:nowrap; border:1px #666; border-style:solid none; position:relative; z-index:0; font-size:97%;"> <div style="position:absolute; height:100%; left:0px; width:207.23076923077px; padding-left:5px; text-align:left; background-color:rgb(254,217,106); background-image: linear-gradient(to right, rgba(255,255,255,1), rgba(254,217,106,1) 15%, rgba(254,217,106,1));"><a href="/wiki/Precambrian" title="Precambrian">PreꞒ</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; height:100%; text-align:center; background-color:rgb(127,160,86); left:37.636923076923px; width:18.073846153846px;"><a href="/wiki/Cambrian" title="Cambrian">Ꞓ</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; height:100%; text-align:center; background-color:rgb(0,146,112); left:55.710769230769px; width:14.08px;"><a href="/wiki/Ordovician" title="Ordovician">O</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; height:100%; text-align:center; background-color:rgb(179,225,182); left:69.790769230769px; width:8.3261538461539px;"><a href="/wiki/Silurian" title="Silurian">S</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; height:100%; text-align:center; background-color:rgb(203,140,55); left:78.116923076923px; width:20.409230769231px;"><a href="/wiki/Devonian" title="Devonian">D</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; height:100%; text-align:center; background-color:rgb(103,165,153); left:98.526153846154px; width:20.307692307692px;"><a href="/wiki/Carboniferous" title="Carboniferous">C</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; height:100%; text-align:center; background-color:rgb(240,64,40); left:118.83384615385px; width:15.907015384615px;"><a href="/wiki/Permian" title="Permian">P</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; height:100%; text-align:center; background-color:rgb(129,43,146); left:134.74086153846px; width:17.092984615385px;"><a href="/wiki/Triassic" title="Triassic">T</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; height:100%; text-align:center; background-color:rgb(52,178,201); left:151.83384615385px; width:19.089230769231px;"><a href="/wiki/Jurassic" title="Jurassic">J</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; height:100%; text-align:center; background-color:rgb(127,198,78); left:170.92307692308px; width:26.738461538462px;"><a href="/wiki/Cretaceous" title="Cretaceous">K</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; height:100%; text-align:center; background-color:rgb(253,154,82); left:197.66153846154px; width:14.543692307692px;"><a href="/wiki/Paleogene" title="Paleogene">Pg</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; height:100%; text-align:center; background-color:rgb(255,230,25); left:212.20523076923px; width:6.9215384615385px;"><a href="/wiki/Neogene" title="Neogene">N</a></div> <div id="end-border" style="position:absolute; height:100%; background-color:#666; width:1px; left:219px"></div><div style="margin:0 auto; line-height:0; clear:both; width:220px; padding:0px; height:8px; overflow:visible; background-color:transparent; position:relative; top:-4px; z-index:100;"><div style="position:absolute; height:8px; left:141.06061538462px; width:56.600923076923px; background-color:#360; opacity:0.42;"></div> <div style="position:absolute; height:8px; left:142.83076923077px; width:54.830769230769px; background-color:#360; opacity:1;"></div> <div style="position:absolute; height:6px; top:1px; left:143.83076923077px; width:52.830769230769px; background-color:#6c3;"></div> </div> </div></span> <small></small></div> </th></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="text-align: center"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Sauropoda_Infobox_Panoply.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/Sauropoda_Infobox_Panoply.png/290px-Sauropoda_Infobox_Panoply.png" decoding="async" width="290" height="434" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/Sauropoda_Infobox_Panoply.png/435px-Sauropoda_Infobox_Panoply.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/Sauropoda_Infobox_Panoply.png/580px-Sauropoda_Infobox_Panoply.png 2x" data-file-width="1416" data-file-height="2120" /></a></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="text-align: center; font-size: 88%">Six sauropods (top left to bottom right): <i><a href="/wiki/Patagotitan" title="Patagotitan">Patagotitan</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Barosaurus" title="Barosaurus">Barosaurus</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Giraffatitan" title="Giraffatitan">Giraffatitan</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Omeisaurus" title="Omeisaurus">Omeisaurus</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Shunosaurus" title="Shunosaurus">Shunosaurus</a></i>, and <i><a href="/wiki/Amargasaurus" title="Amargasaurus">Amargasaurus</a></i> </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="2" style="color:inherit; min-width:15em; text-align: center; background-color: rgb(235,235,210)"><a href="/wiki/Taxonomy_(biology)" title="Taxonomy (biology)">Scientific classification</a> <span class="plainlinks taxobox-edit-taxonomy skin-invert" style="font-size:smaller; float:right; padding-right:0.4em; margin-left:-3em;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Template:Taxonomy/Sauropoda" title="Edit this classification"><img alt="Edit this classification" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr.svg/23px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr.svg/30px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></span> </th></tr> <tr> <td>Domain: </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Eukaryote" title="Eukaryote">Eukaryota</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Kingdom: </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Animal" title="Animal">Animalia</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Phylum: </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Chordate" title="Chordate">Chordata</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><i>Clade</i>: </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Dinosaur" title="Dinosaur">Dinosauria</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><i>Clade</i>: </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Saurischia" title="Saurischia">Saurischia</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><i>Clade</i>: </td> <td><span style="font-style:normal;font-weight:normal;">†</span><a href="/wiki/Sauropodomorpha" title="Sauropodomorpha">Sauropodomorpha</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><i>Clade</i>: </td> <td><span style="font-style:normal;font-weight:normal;">†</span><a href="/wiki/Anchisauria" title="Anchisauria">Anchisauria</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><i>Clade</i>: </td> <td><span style="font-style:normal;font-weight:normal;">†</span><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Sauropoda</a><br /><small><a href="/wiki/Othniel_Charles_Marsh" title="Othniel Charles Marsh">Marsh</a>, 1878</small> </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="2" style="color:inherit; text-align: center; background-color: rgb(235,235,210)">Subgroups </th></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="text-align: left"> <ul><li><abbr title="Extinct" aria-label="Extinct" style="border: none; text-decoration: none; cursor: inherit; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal;">†</abbr><i><a href="/wiki/Amygdalodon" title="Amygdalodon">Amygdalodon</a></i></li> <li><abbr title="Extinct" aria-label="Extinct" style="border: none; text-decoration: none; cursor: inherit; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal;">†</abbr><i><a href="/wiki/Blikanasaurus" title="Blikanasaurus">Blikanasaurus</a></i></li> <li><abbr title="Extinct" aria-label="Extinct" style="border: none; text-decoration: none; cursor: inherit; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal;">†</abbr><i><a href="/wiki/Chinshakiangosaurus" title="Chinshakiangosaurus">Chinshakiangosaurus</a></i></li> <li><abbr title="Extinct" aria-label="Extinct" style="border: none; text-decoration: none; cursor: inherit; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal;">†</abbr><i><a href="/wiki/Gongxianosaurus" title="Gongxianosaurus">Gongxianosaurus</a></i></li> <li><abbr title="Extinct" aria-label="Extinct" style="border: none; text-decoration: none; cursor: inherit; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal;">†</abbr><i><a href="/wiki/Isanosaurus" title="Isanosaurus">Isanosaurus</a></i></li> <li><abbr title="Extinct" aria-label="Extinct" style="border: none; text-decoration: none; cursor: inherit; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal;">†</abbr><i><a href="/wiki/Kotasaurus" title="Kotasaurus">Kotasaurus</a></i></li> <li><abbr title="Extinct" aria-label="Extinct" style="border: none; text-decoration: none; cursor: inherit; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal;">†</abbr><i><a href="/wiki/Pulanesaura" title="Pulanesaura">Pulanesaura</a></i></li> <li><abbr title="Extinct" aria-label="Extinct" style="border: none; text-decoration: none; cursor: inherit; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal;">†</abbr><i><a href="/wiki/Volkheimeria" title="Volkheimeria">Volkheimeria</a></i></li> <li><abbr title="Extinct" aria-label="Extinct" style="border: none; text-decoration: none; cursor: inherit; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal;">†</abbr><b><a href="/wiki/Lessemsauridae" title="Lessemsauridae">Lessemsauridae</a></b></li> <li><abbr title="Extinct" aria-label="Extinct" style="border: none; text-decoration: none; cursor: inherit; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal;">†</abbr><b>Gravisauria</b> <small>Allain & Aquesbi, 2008</small> <ul><li>†<i><a href="/wiki/Barapasaurus" title="Barapasaurus">Barapasaurus</a></i></li> <li>†<i><a href="/wiki/Ohmdenosaurus" title="Ohmdenosaurus">Ohmdenosaurus</a></i></li> <li>†<i><a href="/wiki/Rhoetosaurus" title="Rhoetosaurus">Rhoetosaurus</a></i></li> <li><abbr title="Extinct" aria-label="Extinct" style="border: none; text-decoration: none; cursor: inherit; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal;">†</abbr><i><a href="/wiki/Spinophorosaurus" title="Spinophorosaurus">Spinophorosaurus</a></i></li> <li><abbr title="Extinct" aria-label="Extinct" style="border: none; text-decoration: none; cursor: inherit; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal;">†</abbr><i><a href="/wiki/Tazoudasaurus" title="Tazoudasaurus">Tazoudasaurus</a></i></li> <li><abbr title="Extinct" aria-label="Extinct" style="border: none; text-decoration: none; cursor: inherit; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal;">†</abbr><i><a href="/wiki/Vulcanodon" title="Vulcanodon">Vulcanodon</a></i></li> <li><abbr title="Extinct" aria-label="Extinct" style="border: none; text-decoration: none; cursor: inherit; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal;">†</abbr><i><a href="/wiki/Zizhongosaurus" title="Zizhongosaurus">Zizhongosaurus</a></i></li> <li><abbr title="Extinct" aria-label="Extinct" style="border: none; text-decoration: none; cursor: inherit; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal;">†</abbr><b><a href="/wiki/Eusauropoda" title="Eusauropoda">Eusauropoda</a></b></li></ul></li></ul> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1256386598">.mw-parser-output .cot-header-mainspace{background:#F0F2F5;color:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cot-header-other{background:#CCFFCC;color:inherit}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cot-header-mainspace{background:#14181F;color:inherit}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cot-header-other{background:#003500;color:inherit}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cot-header-mainspace{background:#14181F;color:inherit}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cot-header-other{background:#003500;color:inherit}}</style> <div style="margin-left:0"> <table class="mw-collapsible mw-archivedtalk mw-collapsed" style="color:inherit; background: transparent; text-align: left; border: 0 solid Silver; margin: 0.2em auto auto; width:100%; clear: both; padding: 1px;"> <tbody><tr> <th class="cot-header-mainspace" style="background:clear; font-size:87%; padding:0.2em 0.3em; text-align:left; color:#202122"><div style="font-size:115%;">Sauropods of uncertain affinity</div> </th></tr> <tr> <td style="color:inherit; border: solid 0; padding: 0; background: clear;"> <ul><li><abbr title="Extinct" aria-label="Extinct" style="border: none; text-decoration: none; cursor: inherit; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal;">†</abbr><i><a href="/wiki/Algoasaurus" title="Algoasaurus">Algoasaurus</a></i></li> <li><abbr title="Extinct" aria-label="Extinct" style="border: none; text-decoration: none; cursor: inherit; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal;">†</abbr><i><a href="/wiki/Archaeodontosaurus" title="Archaeodontosaurus">Archaeodontosaurus</a></i></li> <li><abbr title="Extinct" aria-label="Extinct" style="border: none; text-decoration: none; cursor: inherit; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal;">†</abbr><i><a href="/wiki/Asiatosaurus" title="Asiatosaurus">Asiatosaurus</a></i></li> <li><abbr title="Extinct" aria-label="Extinct" style="border: none; text-decoration: none; cursor: inherit; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal;">†</abbr><i><a href="/wiki/Bagualia" title="Bagualia">Bagualia</a></i></li> <li><abbr title="Extinct" aria-label="Extinct" style="border: none; text-decoration: none; cursor: inherit; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal;">†</abbr><i><a href="/wiki/Bellusaurus" title="Bellusaurus">Bellusaurus</a></i></li> <li><abbr title="Extinct" aria-label="Extinct" style="border: none; text-decoration: none; cursor: inherit; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal;">†</abbr><i><a href="/wiki/Bothriospondylus" title="Bothriospondylus">Bothriospondylus</a></i></li> <li><abbr title="Extinct" aria-label="Extinct" style="border: none; text-decoration: none; cursor: inherit; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal;">†</abbr><i><a href="/wiki/Ferganasaurus" title="Ferganasaurus">Ferganasaurus</a></i></li> <li><abbr title="Extinct" aria-label="Extinct" style="border: none; text-decoration: none; cursor: inherit; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal;">†</abbr><i><a href="/wiki/Nebulasaurus" title="Nebulasaurus">Nebulasaurus</a></i></li> <li><abbr title="Extinct" aria-label="Extinct" style="border: none; text-decoration: none; cursor: inherit; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal;">†</abbr><i><a href="/wiki/Protognathosaurus" title="Protognathosaurus">Protognathosaurus</a></i></li> <li><abbr title="Extinct" aria-label="Extinct" style="border: none; text-decoration: none; cursor: inherit; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal;">†</abbr><i><a href="/wiki/Qinlingosaurus" title="Qinlingosaurus">Qinlingosaurus</a></i></li> <li><abbr title="Extinct" aria-label="Extinct" style="border: none; text-decoration: none; cursor: inherit; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal;">†</abbr><i><a href="/wiki/Sanpasaurus" title="Sanpasaurus">Sanpasaurus</a></i></li> <li><abbr title="Extinct" aria-label="Extinct" style="border: none; text-decoration: none; cursor: inherit; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal;">†</abbr><i><a href="/wiki/Schleitheimia" title="Schleitheimia">Schleitheimia</a></i>?</li> <li><abbr title="Extinct" aria-label="Extinct" style="border: none; text-decoration: none; cursor: inherit; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal;">†</abbr><i><a href="/wiki/Tuebingosaurus" title="Tuebingosaurus">Tuebingosaurus</a></i>?</li> <li><abbr title="Extinct" aria-label="Extinct" style="border: none; text-decoration: none; cursor: inherit; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal;">†</abbr><i><a href="/wiki/Ultrasaurus" title="Ultrasaurus">Ultrasaurus</a></i></li> <li><abbr title="Extinct" aria-label="Extinct" style="border: none; text-decoration: none; cursor: inherit; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal;">†</abbr><i><a href="/wiki/Yizhousaurus" title="Yizhousaurus">Yizhousaurus</a></i>?</li></ul> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="2" style="color:inherit; text-align: center; background-color: rgb(235,235,210)"><a href="/wiki/Synonym_(taxonomy)" title="Synonym (taxonomy)">Synonyms</a> </th></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="text-align: left"> <ul><li><b>Opisthocoelia</b> <small>Owen, 1860</small></li> <li><b>Cetiosauria</b> <small>Seeley, 1870</small></li> <li><b>Diplodocia</b> <small>Tornier, 1913</small></li></ul> </td></tr> </tbody></table><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238732961">@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox.biota tr{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox.biota img{background:transparent}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox.biota tr{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox.biota img{background:white}}.mw-parser-output .infobox.biota .taxobox-edit-taxonomy img{background:transparent!important}body.skin-vector .mw-parser-output table.biota.infobox{margin-top:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output table.biota.infobox tr.taxonrow td{padding:2px 10px}</style> <p><b>Sauropoda</b> (<span class="rt-commentedText nowrap"><span class="IPA nopopups noexcerpt" lang="en-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/<span style="border-bottom:1px dotted"><span title="'s' in 'sigh'">s</span><span title="/ɔː/: 'au' in 'fraud'">ɔː</span><span title="/ˈ/: primary stress follows">ˈ</span><span title="'r' in 'rye'">r</span><span title="/ɒ/: 'o' in 'body'">ɒ</span><span title="'p' in 'pie'">p</span><span title="/ə/: 'a' in 'about'">ə</span><span title="'d' in 'dye'">d</span><span title="/ə/: 'a' in 'about'">ə</span></span>/</a></span></span>), whose members are known as <b>sauropods</b> (<span class="rt-commentedText nowrap"><span class="IPA nopopups noexcerpt" lang="en-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/<span style="border-bottom:1px dotted"><span title="/ˈ/: primary stress follows">ˈ</span><span title="'s' in 'sigh'">s</span><span title="/ɔːr/: 'ar' in 'war'">ɔːr</span><span title="/ə/: 'a' in 'about'">ə</span><span title="'p' in 'pie'">p</span><span title="/ɒ/: 'o' in 'body'">ɒ</span><span title="'d' in 'dye'">d</span><span title="'z' in 'zoom'">z</span></span>/</a></span></span>;<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> from <i><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/sauro-" class="extiw" title="wikt:sauro-">sauro-</a></i> + <i><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/-pod" class="extiw" title="wikt:-pod">-pod</a></i>, '<a href="/wiki/Lizard" title="Lizard">lizard</a>-footed'), is a <a href="/wiki/Clade" title="Clade">clade</a> of <a href="/wiki/Saurischia" title="Saurischia">saurischian</a> ('lizard-hipped') <a href="/wiki/Dinosaur" title="Dinosaur">dinosaurs</a>. Sauropods had very long necks, long tails, small heads (relative to the rest of their body), and four thick, pillar-like legs. They are notable for the enormous sizes attained by some species, and the group includes the largest animals to have ever lived on land. Well-known <a href="/wiki/Genus" title="Genus">genera</a> include <i><a href="/wiki/Apatosaurus" title="Apatosaurus">Apatosaurus</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Argentinosaurus" title="Argentinosaurus">Argentinosaurus</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Alamosaurus" title="Alamosaurus">Alamosaurus</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Brachiosaurus" title="Brachiosaurus">Brachiosaurus</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Camarasaurus" title="Camarasaurus">Camarasaurus</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Diplodocus" title="Diplodocus">Diplodocus</a>,</i> and <i><a href="/wiki/Mamenchisaurus" title="Mamenchisaurus">Mamenchisaurus</a></i>.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The oldest known unequivocal sauropod dinosaurs are known from the <a href="/wiki/Early_Jurassic" title="Early Jurassic">Early Jurassic</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-APPLallensacketal_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-APPLallensacketal-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <i><a href="/wiki/Isanosaurus" title="Isanosaurus">Isanosaurus</a></i> and <i><a href="/wiki/Antetonitrus" title="Antetonitrus">Antetonitrus</a></i> were originally described as <a href="/wiki/Triassic" title="Triassic">Triassic</a> sauropods,<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> but their age, and in the case of <i>Antetonitrus</i> also its sauropod status, were subsequently questioned.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-APPLallensacketal_5-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-APPLallensacketal-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Sauropod-like sauropodomorph tracks from the <a href="/wiki/Fleming_Fjord_Formation" title="Fleming Fjord Formation">Fleming Fjord Formation</a> (<a href="/wiki/Greenland" title="Greenland">Greenland</a>) might, however, indicate the occurrence of the group in the <a href="/wiki/Late_Triassic" title="Late Triassic">Late Triassic</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-APPLallensacketal_5-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-APPLallensacketal-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> By the <a href="/wiki/Late_Jurassic" title="Late Jurassic">Late Jurassic</a> (150 million years ago), sauropods had become widespread (especially the <a href="/wiki/Diplodocid" class="mw-redirect" title="Diplodocid">diplodocids</a> and <a href="/wiki/Brachiosaurid" class="mw-redirect" title="Brachiosaurid">brachiosaurids</a>). By the <a href="/wiki/Late_Cretaceous" title="Late Cretaceous">Late Cretaceous</a>, one group of sauropods, the <a href="/wiki/Titanosaur" class="mw-redirect" title="Titanosaur">titanosaurs</a>, had replaced all others and had a near-global distribution. However, as with all other non-avian dinosaurs alive at the time, the <a href="/wiki/Titanosaur" class="mw-redirect" title="Titanosaur">titanosaurs</a> died out in the <a href="/wiki/Cretaceous%E2%80%93Paleogene_extinction_event" title="Cretaceous–Paleogene extinction event">Cretaceous–Paleogene extinction event</a>. <a href="/wiki/Fossil" title="Fossil">Fossilised</a> remains of sauropods have been found on every continent, including <a href="/wiki/Antarctica" title="Antarctica">Antarctica</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Novas2009_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Novas2009-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Riffenburgh2007_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Riffenburgh2007-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-CrameLondon1989_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CrameLondon1989-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The name Sauropoda was coined by <a href="/wiki/Othniel_Charles_Marsh" title="Othniel Charles Marsh">Othniel Charles Marsh</a> in 1878, and is derived from <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek" title="Ancient Greek">Ancient Greek</a>, meaning "lizard foot".<sup id="cite_ref-Marsh1878_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Marsh1878-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Sauropods are one of the most recognizable groups of dinosaurs, and have become a fixture in popular culture due to their impressive size. </p><p>Complete sauropod fossil finds are extremely rare. Many species, especially the largest, are known only from isolated and disarticulated bones. Many near-complete specimens lack heads, tail tips and limbs. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Description">Description</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sauropoda&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Description"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Sauropods were <a href="/wiki/Herbivorous" class="mw-redirect" title="Herbivorous">herbivorous</a> (plant-eating), usually quite long-necked<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Quadruped" class="mw-redirect" title="Quadruped">quadrupeds</a> (four-legged), often with spatulate (spatula-shaped: broad at the tip, narrow at the neck) teeth. They had tiny heads, massive bodies, and most had long tails. Their hind legs were thick, straight, and powerful, ending in club-like feet with five toes, though only the inner three (or in some cases four) bore claws. Their forelimbs were rather more slender and typically ended in pillar-like hands built for supporting weight; often only the thumb bore a claw. Many illustrations of sauropods in the flesh miss these facts, inaccurately depicting sauropods with hooves capping the claw-less digits of the feet, or more than three claws or hooves on the hands. The <a href="/wiki/Anatomical_terms_of_location#Proximal_and_distal" title="Anatomical terms of location">proximal</a> <a href="/wiki/Vertebra#Other_animals" title="Vertebra">caudal vertebrae</a> are extremely <a href="/wiki/Diagnosis_(taxonomy)" class="mw-redirect" title="Diagnosis (taxonomy)">diagnostic</a> for sauropods.<sup id="cite_ref-veneno-desc_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-veneno-desc-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Size">Size</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sauropoda&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Size"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Longest_dinosaurs2.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/34/Longest_dinosaurs2.svg/370px-Longest_dinosaurs2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="370" height="101" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/34/Longest_dinosaurs2.svg/555px-Longest_dinosaurs2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/34/Longest_dinosaurs2.svg/740px-Longest_dinosaurs2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="4650" data-file-height="1274" /></a><figcaption>Size comparison of selected giant sauropod dinosaurs</figcaption></figure> <p>The sauropods' most defining characteristic was their size. Even the dwarf sauropods (perhaps 5 to 6 metres, or 20 feet long) were counted among the largest animals in their <a href="/wiki/Ecosystem" title="Ecosystem">ecosystem</a>. Their only real competitors in terms of size are the <a href="/wiki/Rorqual" title="Rorqual">rorquals</a>, such as the <a href="/wiki/Blue_whale" title="Blue whale">blue whale</a>. But, unlike whales, sauropods were primarily <a href="/wiki/Terrestrial_animal" title="Terrestrial animal">terrestrial animals</a>. </p><p>Their body structure did not vary as much as other dinosaurs, perhaps due to size constraints, but they displayed ample variety. Some, like the <a href="/wiki/Diplodocid" class="mw-redirect" title="Diplodocid">diplodocids</a>, possessed tremendously long tails, which they may have been able to <a href="/wiki/Whipcracking" title="Whipcracking">crack</a> like a <a href="/wiki/Whip" title="Whip">whip</a> as a signal or to deter or injure predators,<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> or to make <a href="/wiki/Sonic_boom" title="Sonic boom">sonic booms</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-SN00_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-SN00-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <i><a href="/wiki/Supersaurus" title="Supersaurus">Supersaurus</a></i>, at 33 to 34 metres (108 to 112 ft) long,<sup id="cite_ref-LHW07_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-LHW07-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> was the longest sauropod known from reasonably complete remains, but others, like the old record holder, <i><a href="/wiki/Diplodocus" title="Diplodocus">Diplodocus</a></i>, were also extremely long. The <a href="/wiki/Holotype" title="Holotype">holotype</a> (and now lost) <a href="/wiki/Vertebra" title="Vertebra">vertebra</a> of <i><a href="/wiki/Amphicoelias_fragillimus" class="mw-redirect" title="Amphicoelias fragillimus">Amphicoelias fragillimus</a></i> (now <i>Maraapunisaurus</i>) may have come from an animal 58 metres (190 ft) long;<sup id="cite_ref-carpenter2006_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-carpenter2006-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> its vertebral column would have been substantially longer than that of the blue whale. However, research published in 2015 speculated that the size estimates of <i>A. fragillimus</i> may have been highly exaggerated.<sup id="cite_ref-Amphi-wrong_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Amphi-wrong-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The longest dinosaur known from reasonable fossils material is probably <i><a href="/wiki/Argentinosaurus" title="Argentinosaurus">Argentinosaurus</a> huinculensis</i> with length estimates of 35 metres (115 ft) to 36 metres (118 ft) according to the most recent researches.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_23-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:1_24-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However the giant <i><a href="/wiki/Barosaurus" title="Barosaurus">Barosaurus</a></i> specimen BYU 9024 might have been even larger reaching lengths of 45–48 meters (148–157 ft).<sup id="cite_ref-:0_23-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:1_24-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:2_25-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The longest terrestrial animal alive today, the <a href="/wiki/African_elephant" title="African elephant">African elephant</a>, can only reach lengths of 7.3 metres (24 ft).<sup id="cite_ref-AfricanElephant_26-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-AfricanElephant-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Others, like the <a href="/wiki/Brachiosauridae" title="Brachiosauridae">brachiosaurids</a>, were extremely tall, with high shoulders and extremely long necks. The tallest sauropod was the giant <i>Barosaurus</i> specimen at 22 m (72 ft) tall.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_23-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> By comparison, the <a href="/wiki/Giraffe" title="Giraffe">giraffe</a>, the tallest of all living land animals, is only 4.8 to 5.6 metres (15.74 to 18.3 ft) tall. </p><p>The best evidence indicates that the most massive were <i><a href="/wiki/Argentinosaurus" title="Argentinosaurus">Argentinosaurus</a></i> (65–80 metric tons<sup id="cite_ref-Argen_Antar_27-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Argen_Antar-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:0_23-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:1_24-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>), <a href="/wiki/Mamenchisaurus" title="Mamenchisaurus"><i>Mamenchisaurus sinocanadorum</i></a> (60-80 metric tons<sup id="cite_ref-:1_24-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>), the giant <i><a href="/wiki/Barosaurus" title="Barosaurus">Barosaurus</a></i> specimen (60-80+ metric tons<sup id="cite_ref-:0_23-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:1_24-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:2_25-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>) and <i><a href="/wiki/Patagotitan" title="Patagotitan">Patagotitan</a></i> with <i><a href="/wiki/Puertasaurus" title="Puertasaurus">Puertasaurus</a></i> (50-55 <a href="/wiki/Metric_ton" class="mw-redirect" title="Metric ton">metric tons</a><sup id="cite_ref-:0_23-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:1_24-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>). Meanwhile, 'mega-sauropods' such as <i><a href="/wiki/Bruhathkayosaurus" title="Bruhathkayosaurus">Bruhathkayosaurus</a></i> has long been scrutinized due to controversial debates on its validity, but recent photos re-surfacing in 2022 have legitimized it,<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> allowing for more updated estimates that range between 110–170 tons, rivaling the <a href="/wiki/Blue_whale" title="Blue whale">blue whale</a> in size.<sup id="cite_ref-Bruhathkayosaurus2023_29-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bruhathkayosaurus2023-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The weight of <i><a href="/wiki/Amphicoelias_fragillimus" class="mw-redirect" title="Amphicoelias fragillimus">Amphicoelias fragillimus</a></i> was estimated at 122.4 metric tons with lengths of up to nearly 60 meters<sup id="cite_ref-carpenter2006_21-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-carpenter2006-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> but 2015 research argued that these estimates were based on a diplodocid rather than the more modern rebbachisaurid, suggesting a much shorter length of 35–40 meters with mass between 80–120 tons.<sup id="cite_ref-Amphi-wrong_22-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Amphi-wrong-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Additional finds indicate a number of species likely reached or exceeded weights of 40 tons.<sup id="cite_ref-C_30-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-C-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The largest land animal alive today, the <a href="/wiki/African_bush_elephant" title="African bush elephant">bush elephant</a>, weighs no more than 10.4 metric tons (11.5 short tons).<sup id="cite_ref-probos_mass_31-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-probos_mass-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Among the smallest sauropods were the primitive <i><a href="/wiki/Ohmdenosaurus" title="Ohmdenosaurus">Ohmdenosaurus</a></i> (4 m, or 13 ft long), the dwarf <a href="/wiki/Titanosaur" class="mw-redirect" title="Titanosaur">titanosaur</a> <i><a href="/wiki/Magyarosaurus" title="Magyarosaurus">Magyarosaurus</a></i> (6 m or 20 ft long), and the dwarf <a href="/wiki/Brachiosauridae" title="Brachiosauridae">brachiosaurid</a> <i><a href="/wiki/Europasaurus" title="Europasaurus">Europasaurus</a></i>, which was 6.2 meters long as a fully-grown adult.<sup id="cite_ref-P_32-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-P-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Its small stature was probably the result of <a href="/wiki/Insular_dwarfism" title="Insular dwarfism">insular dwarfism</a> occurring in a population of sauropods isolated on an island of the late Jurassic in what is now the Langenberg area of northern <a href="/wiki/Germany" title="Germany">Germany</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Klein2011_33-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Klein2011-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-JoachimQun2013_34-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-JoachimQun2013-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Diplodocoid" class="mw-redirect" title="Diplodocoid">diplodocoid</a> sauropod <i><a href="/wiki/Brachytrachelopan" title="Brachytrachelopan">Brachytrachelopan</a></i> was the shortest member of its group because of its unusually short neck. Unlike other sauropods, whose necks could grow to up to four times the length of their backs, the neck of <i>Brachytrachelopan</i> was shorter than its backbone. </p><p>Fossils from perhaps the largest dinosaur ever found were discovered in 2012 in the Neuquén Province of northwest Patagonia, Argentina. It is believed that they are from a titanosaur, which were amongst the largest sauropods.<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-C_30-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-C-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>On or shortly before 29 March 2017 a sauropod footprint about 5.6 feet (1.7 meters) long was found at <a href="/wiki/Walmadany" class="mw-redirect" title="Walmadany">Walmadany</a> in the Kimberley Region of Western Australia.<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The report said that it was the biggest known yet. In 2020 Molina-Perez and Larramendi estimated the size of the animal at 31 meters (102 ft) and 72 tonnes (79.4 short tons) based on the 1.75 meter (5.7 ft) long footprint.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_23-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Limbs_and_feet">Limbs and feet</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sauropoda&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Limbs and feet"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>As massive <a href="/wiki/Quadruped" class="mw-redirect" title="Quadruped">quadrupeds</a>, sauropods developed specialized "graviportal" (weight-bearing) limbs. The hind feet were broad, and retained three claws in most species.<sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Particularly unusual compared with other animals were the highly modified front feet (<i><a href="/wiki/Manus_(zoology)" class="mw-redirect" title="Manus (zoology)">manus</a></i>). The front feet of sauropods were very dissimilar from those of modern large quadrupeds, such as <a href="/wiki/Elephant" title="Elephant">elephants</a>. Rather than splaying out to the sides to create a wide foot as in elephants, the <a href="/wiki/Manus_(anatomy)" title="Manus (anatomy)">manus</a> bones of sauropods were arranged in fully vertical columns, with extremely reduced finger bones (though it is not clear if the most primitive sauropods, such as <i><a href="/wiki/Vulcanodon" title="Vulcanodon">Vulcanodon</a></i> and <i><a href="/wiki/Barapasaurus" title="Barapasaurus">Barapasaurus</a></i>, had such forefeet).<sup id="cite_ref-Bonnan,_M.F_2003_38-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bonnan,_M.F_2003-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The front feet were so modified in <a href="/wiki/Eusauropoda" title="Eusauropoda">eusauropods</a> that individual digits would not have been visible in life. </p><p>The arrangement of the forefoot bone (<i><a href="/wiki/Metacarpus" class="mw-redirect" title="Metacarpus">metacarpal</a></i>) columns in eusauropods was semi-circular, so sauropod forefoot prints are horseshoe-shaped. Unlike elephants, print evidence shows that sauropods lacked any fleshy padding to back the front feet, making them concave.<sup id="cite_ref-Bonnan,_M.F_2003_38-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bonnan,_M.F_2003-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The only claw visible in most sauropods was the distinctive thumb claw (associated with digit I). Almost all sauropods had such a claw, though what purpose it served is unknown. The claw was largest (as well as tall and laterally flattened) in diplodocids, and very small in brachiosaurids, some of which seem to have lost the claw entirely based on trackway evidence.<sup id="cite_ref-upchurch1994_39-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-upchurch1994-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Titanosaurs may have lost the thumb claw completely (with the exception of early forms, such as <i><a href="/wiki/Janenschia" title="Janenschia">Janenschia</a></i>). </p><p>Titanosaurs were most unusual among sauropods, as, across their history as a clade, they lost not just the external claw but also completely lost the digits of the front foot. Advanced titanosaurs had no digits or digit bones, and walked only on horseshoe-shaped "stumps" made up of the columnar metacarpal bones.<sup id="cite_ref-apesteguia2005_40-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-apesteguia2005-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Print evidence from <a href="/wiki/Portugal" title="Portugal">Portugal</a> shows that, in at least some sauropods (probably brachiosaurids), the bottom and sides of the forefoot column was likely covered in small, spiny scales, which left score marks in the prints.<sup id="cite_ref-milan2005_41-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-milan2005-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In titanosaurs, the ends of the metacarpal bones that contacted the ground were unusually broad and squared-off, and some specimens preserve the remains of soft tissue covering this area, suggesting that the front feet were rimmed with some kind of padding in these species.<sup id="cite_ref-apesteguia2005_40-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-apesteguia2005-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Matthew_Bonnan" title="Matthew Bonnan">Matthew Bonnan</a><sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> has shown that sauropod dinosaur long bones grew <a href="/wiki/Allometry#Isometric_scaling_and_geometric_similarity" title="Allometry">isometrically</a>: that is, there was little to no change in shape as juvenile sauropods became gigantic adults. Bonnan suggested that this odd scaling pattern (most vertebrates show significant shape changes in long bones associated with increasing weight support) might be related to a stilt-walker principle (suggested by amateur scientist Jim Schmidt) in which the long legs of adult sauropods allowed them to easily cover great distances without changing their overall mechanics. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Air_sacs">Air sacs</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sauropoda&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Air sacs"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Along with other <a href="/wiki/Saurischia" title="Saurischia">saurischian</a> dinosaurs (such as <a href="/wiki/Theropods" class="mw-redirect" title="Theropods">theropods</a>, including birds), sauropods had a system of <a href="/wiki/Air_sac" title="Air sac">air sacs</a>, evidenced by indentations and hollow cavities in most of their <a href="/wiki/Vertebra" title="Vertebra">vertebrae</a> that had been invaded by them. <a href="/wiki/Pneumatized_bones" class="mw-redirect" title="Pneumatized bones">Pneumatic, hollow bones</a> are a characteristic feature of all sauropods.<sup id="cite_ref-wedel2009_44-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-wedel2009-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> These air spaces reduced the overall weight of the massive necks that the sauropods had, and the air-sac system in general, allowing for a single-direction airflow through stiff lungs, made it possible for the sauropods to get enough oxygen.<sup id="cite_ref-taylor2013_45-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-taylor2013-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This adaptation would have advantaged sauropods particularly in the relatively low oxygen conditions of the Jurassic and Early Cretaceous.<sup id="cite_ref-OutOfThinAirPeterDouglasWard_46-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-OutOfThinAirPeterDouglasWard-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The bird-like hollowing of sauropod bones was recognized early in the study of these animals, and, in fact, at least one sauropod specimen found in the 19th century (<i><a href="/wiki/Ornithopsis" title="Ornithopsis">Ornithopsis</a></i>) was originally misidentified as a <a href="/wiki/Pterosaur" title="Pterosaur">pterosaur</a> (a flying reptile) because of this.<sup id="cite_ref-taylor2008_47-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-taylor2008-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><br /> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Armor">Armor</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sauropoda&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Armor"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:AmpelosaurusDB.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/AmpelosaurusDB.jpg/300px-AmpelosaurusDB.jpg" decoding="async" width="300" height="96" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/AmpelosaurusDB.jpg/450px-AmpelosaurusDB.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/AmpelosaurusDB.jpg/600px-AmpelosaurusDB.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1182" data-file-height="380" /></a><figcaption>Reconstruction of <i><a href="/wiki/Ampelosaurus" title="Ampelosaurus">Ampelosaurus</a></i></figcaption></figure> <p>Some sauropods had <a href="/wiki/Armour_(zoology)" title="Armour (zoology)">armor</a>. There were genera with small <a href="/wiki/Club_(zoology)" class="mw-redirect" title="Club (zoology)">clubs</a> on their tails, a prominent example being <i><a href="/wiki/Shunosaurus" title="Shunosaurus">Shunosaurus</a></i>, and several <a href="/wiki/Titanosaur" class="mw-redirect" title="Titanosaur">titanosaurs</a>, such as <i><a href="/wiki/Saltasaurus" title="Saltasaurus">Saltasaurus</a></i> and <i><a href="/wiki/Ampelosaurus" title="Ampelosaurus">Ampelosaurus</a></i>, had small bony <a href="/wiki/Osteoderm" title="Osteoderm">osteoderms</a> covering portions of their bodies. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Teeth">Teeth</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sauropoda&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Teeth"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>A study by Michael D'Emic and his colleagues from Stony Brook University found that sauropods evolved high tooth replacement rates to keep up with their large appetites. The study suggested that <i>Nigersaurus</i>, for example, replaced each tooth every 14 days, <i>Camarasaurus</i> replaced each tooth every 62 days, and <i>Diplodocus</i> replaced each tooth once every 35 days.<sup id="cite_ref-highttoothreplacementstudy_48-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-highttoothreplacementstudy-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The scientists found qualities of the tooth affected how long it took for a new tooth to grow. <i>Camarasaurus</i>'s teeth took longer to grow than those for <i>Diplodocus</i> because they were larger.<sup id="cite_ref-TheChristianScienceMonitorTeeth_49-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-TheChristianScienceMonitorTeeth-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>It was also noted by D'Emic and his team that the differences between the teeth of the sauropods also indicated a difference in diet. <i>Diplodocus</i> ate plants low to the ground and <i>Camarasaurus</i> browsed leaves from top and middle branches. According to the scientists, the specializing of their diets helped the different herbivorous dinosaurs to coexist.<sup id="cite_ref-highttoothreplacementstudy_48-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-highttoothreplacementstudy-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-TheChristianScienceMonitorTeeth_49-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-TheChristianScienceMonitorTeeth-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Necks">Necks</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sauropoda&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Necks"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Sauropod necks have been found at over 15 metres (49 ft) in length, a full six times longer than the world record giraffe neck.<sup id="cite_ref-taylor2013_45-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-taylor2013-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Enabling this were a number of essential physiological features. The dinosaurs' overall large body size and quadrupedal stance provided a stable base to support the neck, and the head was evolved to be very small and light, losing the ability to orally process food. By reducing their heads to simple harvesting tools that got the plants into the body, the sauropods needed less power to lift their heads, and thus were able to develop necks with less dense muscle and connective tissue. This drastically reduced the overall mass of the neck, enabling further elongation. </p><p>Sauropods also had a great number of adaptations in their skeletal structure. Some sauropods had as many as 19 <a href="/wiki/Cervical_vertebrae" title="Cervical vertebrae">cervical vertebrae</a>, whereas almost all mammals are limited to only seven. Additionally, each vertebra was extremely long and had a number of empty spaces in them which would have been filled only with air. An air-sac system connected to the spaces not only lightened the long necks, but effectively increased the airflow through the trachea, helping the creatures to breathe in enough air. By evolving vertebrae consisting of 60% air, the sauropods were able to minimize the amount of dense, heavy bone without sacrificing the ability to take sufficiently large breaths to fuel the entire body with oxygen.<sup id="cite_ref-taylor2013_45-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-taylor2013-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> According to Kent Stevens, computer-modeled reconstructions of the skeletons made from the vertebrae indicate that sauropod necks were capable of sweeping out large feeding areas without needing to move their bodies, but were unable to be retracted to a position much above the shoulders for exploring the area or reaching higher.<sup id="cite_ref-stevens2013_50-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-stevens2013-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Another proposed function of the sauropods' long necks was essentially a radiator to deal with the extreme amount of heat produced from their large body mass. Considering that the metabolism would have been doing an immense amount of work, it would certainly have generated a large amount of heat as well, and elimination of this excess heat would have been essential for survival.<sup id="cite_ref-sander2011_51-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-sander2011-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It has also been proposed that the long necks would have cooled the veins and arteries going to the brain, avoiding excessively heated blood from reaching the head. It was in fact found that the increase in metabolic rate resulting from the sauropods' necks was slightly more than compensated for by the extra surface area from which heat could dissipate.<sup id="cite_ref-henderson2013_52-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-henderson2013-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Palaeobiology">Palaeobiology</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sauropoda&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Palaeobiology"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Ecology">Ecology</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sauropoda&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Ecology"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>When sauropods were first discovered, their immense size led many scientists to compare them with modern-day <a href="/wiki/Whale" title="Whale">whales</a>. Most studies in the 19th and early 20th centuries concluded that sauropods were too large to have supported their weight on land, and therefore that they must have been mainly <a href="/wiki/Aquatic_animal" title="Aquatic animal">aquatic</a>. Most life restorations of sauropods in art through the first three quarters of the 20th century depicted them fully or partially immersed in water.<sup id="cite_ref-henderson2004_53-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-henderson2004-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This early notion was cast in doubt beginning in the 1950s, when a study by Kermack (1951) demonstrated that, if the animal were submerged in several metres of water, the pressure would be enough to fatally collapse the lungs and airway.<sup id="cite_ref-kermack1951_54-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-kermack1951-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, this and other early studies of sauropod <a href="/wiki/Ecology" title="Ecology">ecology</a> were flawed in that they ignored a substantial body of evidence that the bodies of sauropods were heavily permeated with <a href="/wiki/Air_sacs" class="mw-redirect" title="Air sacs">air sacs</a>. In 1878, paleontologist E.D. Cope had even referred to these structures as "floats". </p><p>Beginning in the 1970s, the effects of sauropod air sacs on their supposed aquatic lifestyle began to be explored. Paleontologists such as Coombs and Bakker used this, as well as evidence from <a href="/wiki/Sedimentology" title="Sedimentology">sedimentology</a> and <a href="/wiki/Biomechanics" title="Biomechanics">biomechanics</a>, to show that sauropods were primarily terrestrial animals. In 2004, D.M. Henderson noted that, due to their extensive system of air sacs, sauropods would have been buoyant and would not have been able to submerge their torsos completely below the surface of the water; in other words, they would float, and would not have been in danger of lung collapse due to water pressure when swimming.<sup id="cite_ref-henderson2004_53-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-henderson2004-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Evidence for swimming in sauropods comes from fossil trackways that have occasionally been found to preserve only the forefeet (manus) impressions. Henderson showed that such trackways can be explained by sauropods with long forelimbs (such as <a href="/wiki/Macronaria" title="Macronaria">macronarians</a>) floating in relatively shallow water deep enough to keep the shorter hind legs free of the bottom, and using the front limbs to <a href="/wiki/Punt_(boat)" title="Punt (boat)">punt</a> forward.<sup id="cite_ref-henderson2004_53-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-henderson2004-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, due to their body proportions, floating sauropods would also have been very unstable and maladapted for extended periods in the water. This mode of aquatic <a href="/wiki/Animal_locomotion" title="Animal locomotion">locomotion</a>, combined with its instability, led Henderson to refer to sauropods in water as "tipsy punters".<sup id="cite_ref-henderson2004_53-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-henderson2004-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>While sauropods could therefore not have been aquatic as historically depicted, there is evidence that they preferred wet and coastal habitats. Sauropod footprints are commonly found following coastlines or crossing floodplains, and sauropod fossils are often found in wet environments or intermingled with fossils of marine organisms.<sup id="cite_ref-henderson2004_53-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-henderson2004-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A good example of this would be the massive <a href="/wiki/Jurassic" title="Jurassic">Jurassic</a> sauropod trackways found in <a href="/wiki/Lagoon" title="Lagoon">lagoon</a> deposits on <a href="/wiki/Scotland" title="Scotland">Scotland</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Skye" class="mw-redirect" title="Skye">Isle of Skye</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-55" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Studies published in 2021 suggest sauropods could not inhabit polar regions. This study suggests they were largely confined to tropical areas and had metabolisms that were very different to those of other dinosaurs, perhaps intermediate between mammals and reptiles.<sup id="cite_ref-56" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> New studies published by Taia Wyenberg-henzler in 2022 suggest that sauropods in North America declined due to undetermined reasons in regards to their niches and distribution during the end of the Jurassic and into the latest Cretaceous. Why this is remains unclear, but some similarities in feeding niches between iguanodontians, hadrosauroids and sauropods have been suggested and may have resulted in some competition. However, this cannot fully explain the full decline in distribution of sauropods, as competitive exclusion would have resulted in a much more rapid decline than what is shown in the fossil record. Moreover, it must be determined as to whether sauropod declines in North America was the result of a change in preferred flora that sauropods ate, climate, or other factors. It is also suggested in this same study that iguanodontians and hadrosauroids took advantage of recently vacated niches left by a decline in sauropod diversity during the late Jurassic and the Cretaceous in North America.<sup id="cite_ref-57" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Herding_and_parental_care">Herding and parental care</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sauropoda&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Herding and parental care"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:AlamosaurusDB.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/AlamosaurusDB.jpg/220px-AlamosaurusDB.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="157" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/AlamosaurusDB.jpg/330px-AlamosaurusDB.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/AlamosaurusDB.jpg/440px-AlamosaurusDB.jpg 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="642" /></a><figcaption>Some sauropods, such as <i><a href="/wiki/Alamosaurus" title="Alamosaurus">Alamosaurus sanjuanensis</a></i>, formed herds segregated by age.</figcaption></figure> <p>Many lines of fossil evidence, from both bone beds and trackways, indicate that sauropods were gregarious animals that formed <a href="/wiki/Herd" title="Herd">herds</a>. However, the makeup of the herds varied between species. Some bone beds, for example a site from the <a href="/wiki/Middle_Jurassic" title="Middle Jurassic">Middle Jurassic</a> of <a href="/wiki/Argentina" title="Argentina">Argentina</a>, appear to show herds made up of individuals of various age groups, mixing juveniles and adults. However, a number of other fossil sites and trackways indicate that many sauropod species travelled in herds segregated by age, with juveniles forming herds separate from adults. Such segregated herding strategies have been found in species such as <i><a href="/wiki/Alamosaurus" title="Alamosaurus">Alamosaurus</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Bellusaurus" title="Bellusaurus">Bellusaurus</a></i> and some <a href="/wiki/Diplodocidae" title="Diplodocidae">diplodocids</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-myers&fiorillo2009_58-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-myers&fiorillo2009-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In a review of the evidence for various herd types, Myers and Fiorillo attempted to explain why sauropods appear to have often formed segregated herds. Studies of microscopic tooth wear show that juvenile sauropods had diets that differed from their adult counterparts, so herding together would not have been as productive as herding separately, where individual herd members could forage in a coordinated way. The vast size difference between juveniles and adults may also have played a part in the different feeding and herding strategies.<sup id="cite_ref-myers&fiorillo2009_58-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-myers&fiorillo2009-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Sauropod_juvenile.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c8/Sauropod_juvenile.jpg/220px-Sauropod_juvenile.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="96" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c8/Sauropod_juvenile.jpg/330px-Sauropod_juvenile.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c8/Sauropod_juvenile.jpg/440px-Sauropod_juvenile.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2235" data-file-height="972" /></a><figcaption>Cast of Toni, a juvenile brachiosaurus (restored as a diplodocid)</figcaption></figure> <p>Since the segregation of juveniles and adults must have taken place soon after hatching, and combined with the fact that sauropod hatchlings were most likely <a href="/wiki/Precocial" class="mw-redirect" title="Precocial">precocial</a>, Myers and Fiorillo concluded that species with age-segregated herds would not have exhibited much parental care.<sup id="cite_ref-myers&fiorillo2009_58-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-myers&fiorillo2009-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On the other hand, scientists who have studied age-mixed sauropod herds suggested that these species may have cared for their young for an extended period of time before the young reached adulthood.<sup id="cite_ref-coria1994_59-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-coria1994-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A 2014 study suggested that the time from laying the egg to the time of the hatching was likely to have been between 65 and 82 days.<sup id="cite_ref-60" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Exactly how segregated versus age-mixed herding varied across different groups of sauropods is unknown. Further examples of gregarious behavior will need to be discovered from more sauropod species to begin detecting possible patterns of distribution.<sup id="cite_ref-myers&fiorillo2009_58-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-myers&fiorillo2009-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Rearing_stance">Rearing stance</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sauropoda&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Rearing stance"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Diplodocus_cknight.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Diplodocus_cknight.jpg/220px-Diplodocus_cknight.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="251" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Diplodocus_cknight.jpg/330px-Diplodocus_cknight.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Diplodocus_cknight.jpg/440px-Diplodocus_cknight.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1023" data-file-height="1167" /></a><figcaption>Restoration of a rearing <i>Diplodocus</i> by <a href="/wiki/Charles_R._Knight" title="Charles R. Knight">Charles R. Knight</a>, 1911</figcaption></figure> <p>Since early in the history of their study, scientists, such as <a href="/wiki/Henry_Fairfield_Osborn" title="Henry Fairfield Osborn">Osborn</a>, have speculated that sauropods could rear up on their hind legs, using the tail as the third 'leg' of a tripod.<sup id="cite_ref-osborn1899_61-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-osborn1899-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A skeletal mount depicting the <a href="/wiki/Diplodocid" class="mw-redirect" title="Diplodocid">diplodocid</a> <i><a href="/wiki/Barosaurus_lentus" class="mw-redirect" title="Barosaurus lentus">Barosaurus lentus</a></i> rearing up on its hind legs at the <a href="/wiki/American_Museum_of_Natural_History" title="American Museum of Natural History">American Museum of Natural History</a> is one illustration of this hypothesis. In a 2005 paper, Rothschild and Molnar reasoned that if sauropods had adopted a bipedal posture at times, there would be evidence of stress fractures in the forelimb 'hands'. However, none were found after they examined a large number of sauropod skeletons.<sup id="cite_ref-rothschild&molnar_62-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-rothschild&molnar-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Barosaurus_mount_1.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c6/Barosaurus_mount_1.jpg/170px-Barosaurus_mount_1.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="256" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c6/Barosaurus_mount_1.jpg/255px-Barosaurus_mount_1.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c6/Barosaurus_mount_1.jpg/340px-Barosaurus_mount_1.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1361" data-file-height="2048" /></a><figcaption>Mounted skeleton of <i><a href="/wiki/Barosaurus" title="Barosaurus">Barosaurus lentus</a></i>, depicted in a rearing tripodal stance<i></i></figcaption></figure> <p>Heinrich Mallison (in 2009) was the first to study the physical potential for various sauropods to rear into a tripodal stance. Mallison found that some characters previously linked to rearing adaptations were actually unrelated (such as the wide-set hip bones of <a href="/wiki/Titanosaur" class="mw-redirect" title="Titanosaur">titanosaurs</a>) or would have hindered rearing. For example, titanosaurs had an unusually flexible backbone, which would have decreased stability in a tripodal posture and would have put more strain on the muscles. Likewise, it is unlikely that brachiosaurids could rear up onto the hind legs, as their center of gravity was much farther forward than other sauropods, which would cause such a stance to be unstable.<sup id="cite_ref-mallison2009_63-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-mallison2009-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Diplodocids, on the other hand, appear to have been well adapted for rearing up into a tripodal stance. Diplodocids had a center of mass directly over the hips, giving them greater balance on two legs. Diplodocids also had the most mobile necks of sauropods, a well-muscled pelvic girdle, and tail vertebrae with a specialised shape that would allow the tail to bear weight at the point it touched the ground. Mallison concluded that diplodocids were better adapted to rearing than <a href="/wiki/Elephant" title="Elephant">elephants</a>, which do so occasionally in the wild. He also argues that stress fractures in the wild do not occur from everyday behaviour,<sup id="cite_ref-mallison2009_63-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-mallison2009-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> such as feeding-related activities (contra Rothschild and Molnar).<sup id="cite_ref-rothschild&molnar_62-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-rothschild&molnar-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Head_and_neck_posture">Head and neck posture</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sauropoda&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Head and neck posture"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Sauropod_neck_posture" title="Sauropod neck posture">Sauropod neck posture</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Sauropod_neck_reconstructions.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ad/Sauropod_neck_reconstructions.png/220px-Sauropod_neck_reconstructions.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="170" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ad/Sauropod_neck_reconstructions.png/330px-Sauropod_neck_reconstructions.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ad/Sauropod_neck_reconstructions.png/440px-Sauropod_neck_reconstructions.png 2x" data-file-width="2845" data-file-height="2195" /></a><figcaption>Reconstruction of selected sauropod necks, showing posture and length</figcaption></figure> <p>There is little agreement over how sauropods held their heads and necks, and the postures they could achieve in life. </p><p>Whether sauropods' long necks could be used for browsing high trees has been questioned based on calculations suggesting that just pumping blood up to the head in such a posture<sup id="cite_ref-64" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> for long would have used some half of its energy intake.<sup id="cite_ref-65" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Further, to move blood to such a height—dismissing posited auxiliary hearts in the neck<sup id="cite_ref-66" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>—would require a heart 15 times as large as of a similar-sized whale.<sup id="cite_ref-67" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The above have been used to argue that the long neck must instead have been held more or less horizontally, presumed to enable feeding on plants over a wide area with less need to move about, yielding a large energy saving for such a large animal. Reconstructions of the necks of <i>Diplodocus</i> and <i>Apatosaurus</i> have therefore often portrayed them in near-horizontal, so-called "neutral, undeflected posture".<sup id="cite_ref-Steven_68-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Steven-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>However, research on living animals demonstrates that almost all extant <a href="/wiki/Tetrapod" title="Tetrapod">tetrapods</a> hold the base of their necks sharply flexed when alert, showing that any inference from bones about habitual "neutral postures"<sup id="cite_ref-Steven_68-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Steven-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> is deeply unreliable.<sup id="cite_ref-69" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-70" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Meanwhile, computer modeling of <a href="/wiki/Common_ostrich" title="Common ostrich">ostrich</a> necks has raised doubts over the flexibility needed for stationary grazing.<sup id="cite_ref-StiffNeckJournalArticle_71-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-StiffNeckJournalArticle-71"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>71<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-ScienceDailyStiffNeck_72-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ScienceDailyStiffNeck-72"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>72<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-NBCStiffNeck_73-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NBCStiffNeck-73"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>73<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Trackways_and_locomotion">Trackways and locomotion</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sauropoda&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Trackways and locomotion"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Lavini_di_Marco_-_Colatoio_Chemini_01.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/Lavini_di_Marco_-_Colatoio_Chemini_01.jpg/200px-Lavini_di_Marco_-_Colatoio_Chemini_01.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/Lavini_di_Marco_-_Colatoio_Chemini_01.jpg/300px-Lavini_di_Marco_-_Colatoio_Chemini_01.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/Lavini_di_Marco_-_Colatoio_Chemini_01.jpg/400px-Lavini_di_Marco_-_Colatoio_Chemini_01.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3648" data-file-height="2736" /></a><figcaption>Sauropod tracks near <a href="/wiki/Rovereto" title="Rovereto">Rovereto</a>, <a href="/wiki/Italy" title="Italy">Italy</a></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Empreintes_dinosaures.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4f/Empreintes_dinosaures.jpg/150px-Empreintes_dinosaures.jpg" decoding="async" width="150" height="225" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4f/Empreintes_dinosaures.jpg/225px-Empreintes_dinosaures.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4f/Empreintes_dinosaures.jpg/300px-Empreintes_dinosaures.jpg 2x" data-file-width="342" data-file-height="512" /></a><figcaption>Sauropod footprints</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Img_8737_Pegadas_de_Dinoss%C3%A1urios_da_Serra_de_Aire.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b8/Img_8737_Pegadas_de_Dinoss%C3%A1urios_da_Serra_de_Aire.jpg/220px-Img_8737_Pegadas_de_Dinoss%C3%A1urios_da_Serra_de_Aire.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b8/Img_8737_Pegadas_de_Dinoss%C3%A1urios_da_Serra_de_Aire.jpg/330px-Img_8737_Pegadas_de_Dinoss%C3%A1urios_da_Serra_de_Aire.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b8/Img_8737_Pegadas_de_Dinoss%C3%A1urios_da_Serra_de_Aire.jpg/440px-Img_8737_Pegadas_de_Dinoss%C3%A1urios_da_Serra_de_Aire.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2048" data-file-height="1365" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Pegadas_de_Dinoss%C3%A1urios_da_Serra_de_Aire_Natural_Monument" class="mw-redirect" title="Pegadas de Dinossáurios da Serra de Aire Natural Monument">Sauropod tracks</a> at <a href="/wiki/Serras_de_Aire_e_Candeeiros_Natural_Park" class="mw-redirect" title="Serras de Aire e Candeeiros Natural Park">Serras de Aire e Candeeiros Natural Park</a>, <a href="/wiki/Portugal" title="Portugal">Portugal</a></figcaption></figure> <p>Sauropod <a href="/wiki/Trackway" class="mw-redirect" title="Trackway">trackways</a> and other <a href="/wiki/Ichnite" class="mw-redirect" title="Ichnite">fossil footprints</a> (known as "ichnites") are known from abundant evidence present on most continents. Ichnites have helped support other biological hypotheses about sauropods, including general fore and hind foot anatomy (see <i>Limbs and feet</i> above). Generally, prints from the forefeet are much smaller than the hind feet, and often crescent-shaped. Occasionally ichnites preserve traces of the claws, and help confirm which sauropod groups lost claws or even digits on their forefeet.<sup id="cite_ref-riga&calvo2009_74-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-riga&calvo2009-74"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>74<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Sauropod tracks from the <a href="/wiki/Villar_del_Arzobispo_Formation" title="Villar del Arzobispo Formation">Villar del Arzobispo Formation</a> of early <a href="/wiki/Berriasian" title="Berriasian">Berriasian</a> age in Spain support the gregarious behaviour of the group. The tracks are possibly more similar to <i><a href="/wiki/Sauropodichnus_giganteus" class="mw-redirect" title="Sauropodichnus giganteus">Sauropodichnus giganteus</a></i> than any other ichnogenera, although they have been suggested to be from a basal titanosauriform. The tracks are wide-gauge, and the grouping as close to <i><a href="/wiki/Sauropodichnus" title="Sauropodichnus">Sauropodichnus</a></i> is also supported by the manus-to-pes distance, the morphology of the manus being kidney bean-shaped, and the morphology of the pes being subtriangular. It cannot be identified whether the footprints of the herd were caused by juveniles or adults, because of the lack of previous trackway individual age identification.<sup id="cite_ref-footprints_75-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-footprints-75"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>75<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Barkhausen_-_Saurierf%C3%A4hrten_-BT-_03.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Barkhausen_-_Saurierf%C3%A4hrten_-BT-_03.jpg/150px-Barkhausen_-_Saurierf%C3%A4hrten_-BT-_03.jpg" decoding="async" width="150" height="206" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Barkhausen_-_Saurierf%C3%A4hrten_-BT-_03.jpg/225px-Barkhausen_-_Saurierf%C3%A4hrten_-BT-_03.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Barkhausen_-_Saurierf%C3%A4hrten_-BT-_03.jpg/300px-Barkhausen_-_Saurierf%C3%A4hrten_-BT-_03.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2255" data-file-height="3094" /></a><figcaption>A sauropod trackway</figcaption></figure> <p>Generally, sauropod trackways are divided into three categories based on the distance between opposite limbs: narrow gauge, medium gauge, and wide gauge. The gauge of the trackway can help determine how wide-set the limbs of various sauropods were and how this may have impacted the way they walked.<sup id="cite_ref-riga&calvo2009_74-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-riga&calvo2009-74"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>74<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A 2004 study by Day and colleagues found that a general pattern could be found among groups of advanced sauropods, with each sauropod family being characterised by certain trackway gauges. They found that most sauropods other than <a href="/wiki/Titanosaur" class="mw-redirect" title="Titanosaur">titanosaurs</a> had narrow-gauge limbs, with strong impressions of the large thumb claw on the forefeet. Medium gauge trackways with claw impressions on the forefeet probably belong to brachiosaurids and other primitive <a href="/wiki/Titanosauriformes" class="mw-redirect" title="Titanosauriformes">titanosauriformes</a>, which were evolving wider-set limbs but retained their claws. Primitive true titanosaurs also retained their forefoot claw but had evolved fully wide gauge limbs. Wide gauge limbs were retained by advanced titanosaurs, trackways from which show a wide gauge and lack of any claws or digits on the forefeet.<sup id="cite_ref-dayetal2004_76-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-dayetal2004-76"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>76<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Occasionally, only trackways from the forefeet are found. Falkingham <i>et al.</i><sup id="cite_ref-77" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-77"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>77<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> used computer modelling to show that this could be due to the properties of the substrate. These need to be just right to preserve tracks.<sup id="cite_ref-78" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-78"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>78<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Differences in hind limb and fore limb surface area, and therefore contact pressure with the substrate, may sometimes lead to only the forefeet trackways being preserved. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Biomechanics_and_speed">Biomechanics and speed</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sauropoda&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Biomechanics and speed"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Argentinosaurus_skeleton,_PLoS_ONE.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/Argentinosaurus_skeleton%2C_PLoS_ONE.png/220px-Argentinosaurus_skeleton%2C_PLoS_ONE.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="136" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/Argentinosaurus_skeleton%2C_PLoS_ONE.png/330px-Argentinosaurus_skeleton%2C_PLoS_ONE.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/Argentinosaurus_skeleton%2C_PLoS_ONE.png/440px-Argentinosaurus_skeleton%2C_PLoS_ONE.png 2x" data-file-width="2816" data-file-height="1736" /></a><figcaption>Reconstructed skeleton used to estimate speed, <a href="/wiki/Museo_Carmen_Funes" title="Museo Carmen Funes">Museo Municipal Carmen Funes</a>, <a href="/wiki/Plaza_Huincul" title="Plaza Huincul">Plaza Huincul</a>, <a href="/wiki/Argentina" title="Argentina">Argentina</a></figcaption></figure> <p>In a study published in PLoS ONE on October 30, 2013, by <a href="/wiki/William_Sellers" title="William Sellers">Bill Sellers</a>, <a href="/wiki/Rodolfo_Coria" title="Rodolfo Coria">Rodolfo Coria</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Lee_Margetts&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Lee Margetts (page does not exist)">Lee Margetts</a> <i>et al.</i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Argentinosaurus" title="Argentinosaurus">Argentinosaurus</a></i> was digitally reconstructed to test its locomotion for the first time. Before the study, the most common way of estimating speed was through studying bone <a href="/wiki/Histology" title="Histology">histology</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ichnology" class="mw-redirect" title="Ichnology">ichnology</a>. Commonly, studies about sauropod bone histology and speed focus on the postcranial skeleton, which holds many unique features, such as an enlarged process on the <a href="/wiki/Ulna" title="Ulna">ulna</a>, a wide lobe on the <a href="/wiki/Ilium_(bone)" title="Ilium (bone)">ilia</a>, an inward-slanting top third of the <a href="/wiki/Femur" title="Femur">femur</a>, and an extremely ovoid femur shaft. Those features are useful when attempting to explain trackway patterns of graviportal animals. When studying ichnology to calculate sauropod speed, there are a few problems, such as only providing estimates for certain gaits because of <a href="/wiki/Preservation_bias" class="mw-redirect" title="Preservation bias">preservation bias</a>, and being subject to many more accuracy problems.<sup id="cite_ref-plosone_79-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-plosone-79"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>79<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><span><video id="mwe_player_0" poster="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/PLOS_ONE_Sauropod_locomotion_s010.ogv/220px--PLOS_ONE_Sauropod_locomotion_s010.ogv.jpg" controls="" preload="none" data-mw-tmh="" class="mw-file-element" width="220" height="124" data-durationhint="6" data-mwtitle="PLOS_ONE_Sauropod_locomotion_s010.ogv" data-mwprovider="wikimediacommons" resource="/wiki/File:PLOS_ONE_Sauropod_locomotion_s010.ogv"><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/2/24/PLOS_ONE_Sauropod_locomotion_s010.ogv/PLOS_ONE_Sauropod_locomotion_s010.ogv.360p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="360p.vp9.webm" data-width="640" data-height="360" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/2/24/PLOS_ONE_Sauropod_locomotion_s010.ogv/PLOS_ONE_Sauropod_locomotion_s010.ogv.360p.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp8, vorbis"" data-transcodekey="360p.webm" data-width="640" data-height="360" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/2/24/PLOS_ONE_Sauropod_locomotion_s010.ogv" type="video/ogg; codecs="theora"" data-width="640" data-height="360" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/2/24/PLOS_ONE_Sauropod_locomotion_s010.ogv/PLOS_ONE_Sauropod_locomotion_s010.ogv.144p.mjpeg.mov" type="video/quicktime" data-transcodekey="144p.mjpeg.mov" data-width="256" data-height="144" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/2/24/PLOS_ONE_Sauropod_locomotion_s010.ogv/PLOS_ONE_Sauropod_locomotion_s010.ogv.240p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="240p.vp9.webm" data-width="426" data-height="240" /></video></span><figcaption>Most likely walking gait of <i>Argentinosaurus</i></figcaption></figure> <p>To estimate the gait and speed of <i>Argentinosaurus</i>, the study performed a musculoskeletal analysis. The only previous musculoskeletal analyses were conducted on <a href="/wiki/Hominoidea" class="mw-redirect" title="Hominoidea">hominoids</a>, <a href="/wiki/Terror_bird" class="mw-redirect" title="Terror bird">terror birds</a>, and other <a href="/wiki/Dinosaur" title="Dinosaur">dinosaurs</a>. Before they could conduct the analysis, the team had to create a digital skeleton of the animal in question, show where there would be muscle layering, locate the muscles and joints, and finally find the muscle properties before finding the gait and speed. The results of the biomechanics study revealed that <i>Argentinosaurus</i> was mechanically competent at a top speed of 2 m/s (5 mph) given the great weight of the animal and the strain that its joints were capable of bearing.<sup id="cite_ref-80" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-80"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>80<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The results further revealed that much larger terrestrial vertebrates might be possible, but would require significant body remodeling and possible sufficient behavioral change to prevent joint collapse.<sup id="cite_ref-plosone_79-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-plosone-79"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>79<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Body_size">Body size</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sauropoda&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Body size"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Argentinosaurus_BW.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e1/Argentinosaurus_BW.jpg/250px-Argentinosaurus_BW.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="104" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e1/Argentinosaurus_BW.jpg/375px-Argentinosaurus_BW.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e1/Argentinosaurus_BW.jpg/500px-Argentinosaurus_BW.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1280" data-file-height="533" /></a><figcaption><i><a href="/wiki/Argentinosaurus" title="Argentinosaurus">Argentinosaurus</a></i> - one of the largest dinosaurs known today</figcaption></figure> <p>Sauropods were gigantic descendants of surprisingly small ancestors. Basal dinosauriformes, such as <i><a href="/wiki/Pseudolagosuchus" class="mw-redirect" title="Pseudolagosuchus">Pseudolagosuchus</a></i> and <i><a href="/wiki/Marasuchus" title="Marasuchus">Marasuchus</a></i> from the Middle Triassic of Argentina, weighed approximately 1 kg (2.2 lb) or less. These evolved into saurischia, which saw a rapid increase of <a href="/wiki/Bauplan" class="mw-redirect" title="Bauplan">bauplan</a> size, although more primitive members like <i><a href="/wiki/Eoraptor" title="Eoraptor">Eoraptor</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Panphagia" title="Panphagia">Panphagia</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Pantydraco" title="Pantydraco">Pantydraco</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Saturnalia_tupiniquim" title="Saturnalia tupiniquim">Saturnalia</a></i> and <i><a href="/wiki/Guaibasaurus" title="Guaibasaurus">Guaibasaurus</a></i> still retained a moderate size, possibly under 10 kg (22 lb). Even with these small, primitive forms, there is a notable size increase among sauropodomorphs, although scanty remains of this period make interpretation conjectural. There is one definite example of a small derived sauropodomorph: <i><a href="/wiki/Anchisaurus" title="Anchisaurus">Anchisaurus</a></i>, under 50 kg (110 lb), even though it is closer to the sauropods than <i><a href="/wiki/Plateosaurus" title="Plateosaurus">Plateosaurus</a></i> and <i><a href="/wiki/Riojasaurus" title="Riojasaurus">Riojasaurus</a></i>, which were upwards of 1 t (0.98 long tons; 1.1 short tons) in weight.<sup id="cite_ref-sander2011_51-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-sander2011-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Evolving from sauropodomorphs, the sauropods were huge. Their giant size probably resulted from an increased growth rate made possible by <a href="/wiki/Warm-blooded#Terminology" title="Warm-blooded">tachymetabolic endothermy</a>, a trait which evolved in sauropodomorphs. Once branched into sauropods, sauropodomorphs continued steadily to grow larger, with smaller sauropods, like the Early Jurassic <i><a href="/wiki/Barapasaurus" title="Barapasaurus">Barapasaurus</a></i> and <i><a href="/wiki/Kotasaurus" title="Kotasaurus">Kotasaurus</a></i>, evolving into even larger forms like the Middle Jurassic <i><a href="/wiki/Mamenchisaurus" title="Mamenchisaurus">Mamenchisaurus</a></i> and <i><a href="/wiki/Patagosaurus" title="Patagosaurus">Patagosaurus</a></i>. Responding to the growth of sauropods, their theropod predators grew also, as shown by an <i><a href="/wiki/Allosaurus" title="Allosaurus">Allosaurus</a></i>-sized <a href="/wiki/Coelophysoid" class="mw-redirect" title="Coelophysoid">coelophysoid</a> from <a href="/wiki/Germany" title="Germany">Germany</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-sander2011_51-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-sander2011-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Size_in_Neosauropoda">Size in Neosauropoda</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sauropoda&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Size in Neosauropoda"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Neosauropoda" title="Neosauropoda">Neosauropoda</a> is quite plausibly the clade of dinosaurs with the largest body sizes ever to have existed. The few exceptions of smaller size are hypothesized to be caused by <a href="/wiki/Island_dwarfism" class="mw-redirect" title="Island dwarfism">island dwarfism</a>, or other <a href="/wiki/Ecology" title="Ecology">ecological pressures</a>, although there is a trend in some <a href="/wiki/Titanosauria" title="Titanosauria">Titanosauria</a> towards a smaller size. The <a href="/wiki/Titanosaurs" class="mw-redirect" title="Titanosaurs">titanosaurs</a>, however, were some of the largest sauropods ever. Other than titanosaurs, diplodocoids also reached truly gigantic sizes. Meanwhile, a clade of diplodocoids, called <a href="/wiki/Dicraeosauridae" title="Dicraeosauridae">Dicraeosauridae</a>, are identified by a small to medium<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="margin-left:0.1em; white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Please_clarify" title="Wikipedia:Please clarify"><span title=""giant" and "small" to describe same animal (March 2022)">clarification needed</span></a></i>]</sup> body size. No sauropods were very small, however, for even "dwarf" sauropods are larger than 500 kg (1,100 lb), a size reached by only about 10% of all mammalian species.<sup id="cite_ref-sander2011_51-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-sander2011-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Independent_gigantism">Independent gigantism</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sauropoda&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Independent gigantism"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Although in general, sauropods were large, a gigantic size (40 t (39 long tons; 44 short tons) or more) was reached independently at multiple times in their evolution. Many gigantic forms existed in the Late Jurassic (specifically <a href="/wiki/Kimmeridgian" title="Kimmeridgian">Kimmeridgian</a>), such as the <a href="/wiki/Turiasauria" title="Turiasauria">turiasaur</a> <i><a href="/wiki/Turiasaurus" title="Turiasaurus">Turiasaurus</a></i>, the mamenchisaurids <i><a href="/wiki/Mamenchisaurus" title="Mamenchisaurus">Mamenchisaurus</a></i> and <i><a href="/wiki/Xinjiangtitan" title="Xinjiangtitan">Xinjiangtitan</a></i>, the diplodocoids <i><a href="/wiki/Maraapunisaurus" title="Maraapunisaurus">Maraapunisaurus</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Diplodocus" title="Diplodocus">Diplodocus</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Apatosaurus" title="Apatosaurus">Apatosaurus</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Supersaurus" title="Supersaurus">Supersaurus</a></i> and <i><a href="/wiki/Barosaurus" title="Barosaurus">Barosaurus</a></i>, the camarasaurid <i><a href="/wiki/Camarasaurus" title="Camarasaurus">Camarasaurus</a></i>, and the brachiosaurids <i><a href="/wiki/Brachiosaurus" title="Brachiosaurus">Brachiosaurus</a></i> and <i><a href="/wiki/Giraffatitan" title="Giraffatitan">Giraffatitan</a></i>. Through the Early to Late Cretaceous, the giants <i><a href="/wiki/Borealosaurus" title="Borealosaurus">Borealosaurus</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Sauroposeidon" title="Sauroposeidon">Sauroposeidon</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Paralititan" title="Paralititan">Paralititan</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Argentinosaurus" title="Argentinosaurus">Argentinosaurus</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Puertasaurus" title="Puertasaurus">Puertasaurus</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Antarctosaurus" title="Antarctosaurus">Antarctosaurus</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Dreadnoughtus" title="Dreadnoughtus">Dreadnoughtus</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Notocolossus" title="Notocolossus">Notocolossus</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Futalognkosaurus" title="Futalognkosaurus">Futalognkosaurus</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Patagotitan" title="Patagotitan">Patagotitan</a></i> and <i><a href="/wiki/Alamosaurus" title="Alamosaurus">Alamosaurus</a></i> lived, with all possibly being titanosaurs. One sparsely known possible giant is <i><a href="/wiki/Huanghetitan" title="Huanghetitan">Huanghetitan</a> ruyangensis</i>, only known from 3 m (9.8 ft) long ribs. These giant species lived in the Late Jurassic to the Late Cretaceous, appearing independently over a time span of 85 million years.<sup id="cite_ref-sander2011_51-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-sander2011-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Dwarfism_in_sauropods">Dwarfism in sauropods</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sauropoda&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Dwarfism in sauropods"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Insular_dwarfism" title="Insular dwarfism">Insular dwarfism</a></div> <p>Two well-known island dwarf species of sauropods are the Cretaceous <i><a href="/wiki/Magyarosaurus" title="Magyarosaurus">Magyarosaurus</a></i> (at one point its identity as a dwarf was challenged) and the Jurassic <i><a href="/wiki/Europasaurus" title="Europasaurus">Europasaurus</a></i>, both from Europe. Even though these sauropods are small, the only way to prove they are true dwarfs is through a study of their bone histology. A study by Martin Sander and colleagues in 2006 examined eleven individuals of <i>Europasaurus holgeri</i> using bone histology and demonstrated that the small island species evolved through a decrease in the growth rate of long bones as compared to rates of growth in ancestral species on the mainland.<sup id="cite_ref-HallHallgrímsson2011_81-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-HallHallgrímsson2011-81"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>81<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Two other possible dwarfs are <i><a href="/wiki/Rapetosaurus" title="Rapetosaurus">Rapetosaurus</a></i>, which existed on the island of <a href="/wiki/Madagascar" title="Madagascar">Madagascar</a>, an isolated island in the Cretaceous, and <i><a href="/wiki/Ampelosaurus" title="Ampelosaurus">Ampelosaurus</a></i>, a titanosaur that lived on the Iberian peninsula of southern Spain and France. <i><a href="/wiki/Amanzia" title="Amanzia">Amanzia</a></i> from Switzerland might also be a dwarf, but this has yet to be proven.<sup id="cite_ref-sander2011_51-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-sander2011-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> One of the most extreme cases of island dwarfism is found in <i><a href="/wiki/Europasaurus" title="Europasaurus">Europasaurus</a></i>, a relative of the much larger <i><a href="/wiki/Camarasaurus" title="Camarasaurus">Camarasaurus</a></i> and <i><a href="/wiki/Brachiosaurus" title="Brachiosaurus">Brachiosaurus</a></i>: it was only about 6.2 m (20 ft) long, an identifying trait of the species. As for all dwarf species, their reduced growth rate led to their small size.<sup id="cite_ref-P_32-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-P-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-sander2011_51-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-sander2011-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Another taxon of tiny sauropods, the <a href="/wiki/Saltasauridae" title="Saltasauridae">saltasaurid titanosaur</a> <i><a href="/wiki/Ibirania" title="Ibirania">Ibirania</a></i>, 5.7 m (18.7 ft) long, lived a non-insular context in Upper Creaceous Brazil, and is an example of <a href="/wiki/Dwarfism" title="Dwarfism">nanism</a> resultant from other ecological pressures.<sup id="cite_ref-82" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-82"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>82<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Paleopathology_and_paleoparasitology">Paleopathology and paleoparasitology</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sauropoda&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Paleopathology and paleoparasitology"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Sauropods are rarely known for preserved injuries or signs of illnesses, but more recent discoveries show they could suffer from such pathologies. A diplodocid specimen from the <a href="/wiki/Morrison_Formation" title="Morrison Formation">Morrison Formation</a> referred to as "Dolly" was described in 2022 with evidence of a severe respiratory infection.<sup id="cite_ref-83" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-83"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>83<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-84" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-84"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>84<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Sauropod ribs from <a href="/wiki/Yunyang_County" title="Yunyang County">Yunyang County</a>, <a href="/wiki/Chongqing" title="Chongqing">Chongqing</a>, in southwest China show evidence of rib breakage by way of traumatic fracture, bone infection, and <a href="/wiki/Osteosclerosis" title="Osteosclerosis">osteosclerosis</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-85" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-85"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>85<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A sauropod tibia exhibiting initial fracture has been described from the Middle Jurassic of Yunyang County in southwestern China.<sup id="cite_ref-86" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-86"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>86<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><i><a href="/wiki/Ibirania" title="Ibirania">Ibirania</a></i>, a nanoid <a href="/wiki/Titanosauria" title="Titanosauria">titanosaur</a> fossil from <a href="/wiki/Brazil" title="Brazil">Brazil</a>, suggests that individuals of various genera were susceptible to diseases such as <a href="/wiki/Osteomyelitis" title="Osteomyelitis">osteomyelitis</a> and parasite infestations. The specimen hails from the late cretaceous <a href="/wiki/Adamantina_Formation" title="Adamantina Formation">São José do Rio Preto Formation</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bauru_Group" title="Bauru Group">Bauru Basin</a>, and was described in the journal <i>Cretaceous Research</i> by <a href="/wiki/Tito_Aureliano" title="Tito Aureliano">Aureliano</a> et al. (2021).<sup id="cite_ref-87" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-87"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>87<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Examination of the titanosaur's bones revealed what appear to be parasitic blood worms similar to the prehistoric <i><a href="/wiki/Paleoleishmania" title="Paleoleishmania">Paleoleishmania</a></i> but are 10-100 times larger, that seemed to have caused the osteomyelitis. The fossil is the first known instance of an aggressive case of osteomyelitis being caused by blood worms in an extinct animal.<sup id="cite_ref-88" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-88"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>88<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-89" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-89"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>89<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-90" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-90"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>90<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History_of_discovery">History of discovery</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sauropoda&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: History of discovery"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The first scraps of fossil remains now recognized as sauropods all came from <a href="/wiki/England" title="England">England</a> and were originally interpreted in a variety of different ways. Their relationship to other dinosaurs was not recognized until well after their initial discovery. </p> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:OsbornMook1921-plate-LXXXII-ryder-camarasaurus.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/OsbornMook1921-plate-LXXXII-ryder-camarasaurus.jpg/300px-OsbornMook1921-plate-LXXXII-ryder-camarasaurus.jpg" decoding="async" width="300" height="68" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/OsbornMook1921-plate-LXXXII-ryder-camarasaurus.jpg/450px-OsbornMook1921-plate-LXXXII-ryder-camarasaurus.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/OsbornMook1921-plate-LXXXII-ryder-camarasaurus.jpg/600px-OsbornMook1921-plate-LXXXII-ryder-camarasaurus.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3841" data-file-height="875" /></a><figcaption>The first reconstruction of a sauropod, the skeleton of <i><a href="/wiki/Camarasaurus" title="Camarasaurus">Camarasaurus supremus</a></i>. By John A. Ryder, 1877.</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:MUJA-Sauropod.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/67/MUJA-Sauropod.JPG/220px-MUJA-Sauropod.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="143" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/67/MUJA-Sauropod.JPG/330px-MUJA-Sauropod.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/67/MUJA-Sauropod.JPG/440px-MUJA-Sauropod.JPG 2x" data-file-width="1693" data-file-height="1100" /></a><figcaption>Modern reconstructed <i>Camarasaurus</i> skeleton</figcaption></figure> <p>The first sauropod fossil to be scientifically described was a single tooth known by the non-<a href="/wiki/Linnaean_taxonomy" title="Linnaean taxonomy">Linnaean</a> descriptor <i><a href="/wiki/Rutellum" class="mw-redirect" title="Rutellum">Rutellum implicatum</a></i>.<sup id="cite_ref-DS02_91-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-DS02-91"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>91<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This fossil was described by <a href="/wiki/Edward_Lhuyd" title="Edward Lhuyd">Edward Lhuyd</a> in 1699, but was not recognized as a giant prehistoric reptile at the time.<sup id="cite_ref-L99_92-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-L99-92"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>92<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Dinosaurs would not be recognized as a group until over a century later. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Richard_Owen" title="Richard Owen">Richard Owen</a> published the first modern scientific descriptions of sauropods in 1841, in a book and a paper naming <i><a href="/wiki/Cardiodon" title="Cardiodon">Cardiodon</a></i> and <i><a href="/wiki/Cetiosaurus" title="Cetiosaurus">Cetiosaurus</a></i>. <i>Cardiodon</i> was known only from two unusual, heart-shaped teeth (from which it got its name), which could not be identified beyond the fact that they came from a previously unknown large <a href="/wiki/Reptile" title="Reptile">reptile</a>. <i>Cetiosaurus</i> was known from slightly better, but still scrappy remains. Owen thought at the time that <i>Cetiosaurus</i> was a giant marine reptile related to modern <a href="/wiki/Crocodile" title="Crocodile">crocodiles</a>, hence its name, which means "whale lizard". A year later, when Owen coined the name <a href="/wiki/Dinosauria" class="mw-redirect" title="Dinosauria">Dinosauria</a>, he did not include <i>Cetiosaurus</i> and <i>Cardiodon</i> in that group.<sup id="cite_ref-owen1842_93-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-owen1842-93"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>93<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1850, <a href="/wiki/Gideon_Mantell" title="Gideon Mantell">Gideon Mantell</a> recognized the dinosaurian nature of several bones assigned to <i>Cetiosaurus</i> by Owen. Mantell noticed that the leg bones contained a <a href="/wiki/Medullary_cavity" title="Medullary cavity">medullary cavity</a>, a characteristic of land animals. He assigned these specimens to the new <a href="/wiki/Genus" title="Genus">genus</a> <i><a href="/wiki/Pelorosaurus" title="Pelorosaurus">Pelorosaurus</a></i>, and grouped it together with the dinosaurs. However, Mantell still did not recognize the relationship to <i>Cetiosaurus</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-taylor2008_47-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-taylor2008-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The next sauropod find to be described and misidentified as something other than a dinosaur were a set of hip vertebrae described by <a href="/wiki/Harry_Seeley" title="Harry Seeley">Harry Seeley</a> in 1870. Seeley found that the vertebrae were very lightly constructed for their size and contained openings for <a href="/wiki/Bird_anatomy#Respiratory_system" title="Bird anatomy">air sacs</a> (<i>pneumatization</i>). Such air sacs were at the time known only in <a href="/wiki/Bird" title="Bird">birds</a> and <a href="/wiki/Pterosaur" title="Pterosaur">pterosaurs</a>, and Seeley considered the vertebrae to come from a pterosaur. He named the new genus <i><a href="/wiki/Ornithopsis" title="Ornithopsis">Ornithopsis</a></i>, or "bird face" because of this.<sup id="cite_ref-taylor2008_47-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-taylor2008-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>When more complete specimens of <i>Cetiosaurus</i> were described by Phillips in 1871, he finally recognized the animal as a dinosaur related to <i>Pelorosaurus</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-phillips1871_94-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-phillips1871-94"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>94<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, it was not until the description of new, nearly complete sauropod skeletons from the <a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a> (representing <i><a href="/wiki/Apatosaurus" title="Apatosaurus">Apatosaurus</a></i> and <i><a href="/wiki/Camarasaurus" title="Camarasaurus">Camarasaurus</a></i>) later that year that a complete picture of sauropods emerged. An approximate reconstruction of a complete sauropod skeleton was produced by artist John A. Ryder, hired by paleontologist E.D. Cope, based on the remains of <i>Camarasaurus</i>, though many features were still inaccurate or incomplete according to later finds and biomechanical studies.<sup id="cite_ref-osbornmook1921_95-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-osbornmook1921-95"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>95<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Also in 1877, <a href="/wiki/Richard_Lydekker" title="Richard Lydekker">Richard Lydekker</a> named another relative of <i>Cetiosaurus</i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Titanosaurus" title="Titanosaurus">Titanosaurus</a></i>, based on an isolated vertebra.<sup id="cite_ref-taylor2008_47-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-taylor2008-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Macronaria_scrubbed_enh.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/28/Macronaria_scrubbed_enh.jpg/220px-Macronaria_scrubbed_enh.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="128" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/28/Macronaria_scrubbed_enh.jpg/330px-Macronaria_scrubbed_enh.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/28/Macronaria_scrubbed_enh.jpg/440px-Macronaria_scrubbed_enh.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="582" /></a><figcaption>Several macronarian sauropods; from left to right, <i><a href="/wiki/Camarasaurus" title="Camarasaurus">Camarasaurus</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Brachiosaurus" title="Brachiosaurus">Brachiosaurus</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Giraffatitan" title="Giraffatitan">Giraffatitan</a></i>, and <i><a href="/wiki/Euhelopus" title="Euhelopus">Euhelopus</a></i>.</figcaption></figure> <p>In 1878, the most complete sauropod yet was found and described by <a href="/wiki/Othniel_Charles_Marsh" title="Othniel Charles Marsh">Othniel Charles Marsh</a>, who named it <i><a href="/wiki/Diplodocus" title="Diplodocus">Diplodocus</a></i>. With this find, Marsh also created a new group to contain <i>Diplodocus</i>, <i>Cetiosaurus</i>, and their increasing roster of relatives to differentiate them from the other major groups of dinosaurs. Marsh named this group Sauropoda, or "lizard feet".<sup id="cite_ref-taylor2008_47-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-taylor2008-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Classification">Classification</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sauropoda&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Classification"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The first <a href="/wiki/Phylogenetic" class="mw-redirect" title="Phylogenetic">phylogenetic</a> definition of Sauropoda was published in 1997 by Salgado and colleagues. They defined the clade as a <a href="/wiki/Node-based_taxon" class="mw-redirect" title="Node-based taxon">node-based taxon</a>, containing "the <a href="/wiki/Most_recent_common_ancestor" title="Most recent common ancestor">most recent common ancestor</a> of <i>Vulcanodon karibaensis</i> and Eusauropoda and all of its descendants".<sup id="cite_ref-Salgado1997_96-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Salgado1997-96"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>96<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Later, several <a href="/wiki/Stem-based_taxon" class="mw-redirect" title="Stem-based taxon">stem-based</a> definitions were proposed, including one by Yates (2007), who defined Sauropoda as "the most inclusive clade that includes <i>Saltasaurus loricatus</i> but not <i><a href="/wiki/Melanorosaurus_readi" class="mw-redirect" title="Melanorosaurus readi">Melanorosaurus readi</a></i>".<sup id="cite_ref-Fabrègues2015_97-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Fabrègues2015-97"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>97<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-98" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-98"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>98<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Proponents of this definition also use the clade name <b>Gravisauria</b>, defined as the most recent ancestor of <i><a href="/wiki/Tazoudasaurus_naimi" class="mw-redirect" title="Tazoudasaurus naimi">Tazoudasaurus naimi</a></i> and <i>Saltasaurus loricatus</i> and all of its descendants<sup id="cite_ref-Allain2008_99-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Allain2008-99"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>99<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> for the clade equivalent to Sauropoda as defined by Salgado <i>et al.</i><sup id="cite_ref-Pol2021_100-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Pol2021-100"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>100<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Clade" title="Clade">clade</a> Gravisauria was appointed by the <a href="/wiki/French_people" title="French people">French</a> <a href="/wiki/Paleontologist" class="mw-redirect" title="Paleontologist">paleontologist</a> Ronan Allain and <a href="/wiki/Moroccan_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Moroccan people">Moroccan</a> paleontologist Najat Aquesbi in 2008 when a <a href="/wiki/Cladistic" class="mw-redirect" title="Cladistic">cladistic</a> analysis of the dinosaur found by Allain, <i><a href="/wiki/Tazoudasaurus" title="Tazoudasaurus">Tazoudasaurus</a></i>, as the outcome was that the <a href="/wiki/Family_(biology)" title="Family (biology)">family</a> <a href="/wiki/Vulcanodontidae" title="Vulcanodontidae">Vulcanodontidae</a>. The group includes <i>Tazoudasaurus</i> and <i>Vulcanodon</i>, and the sister taxon Eusauropoda, but also certain <a href="/wiki/Species" title="Species">species</a> such as <i><a href="/wiki/Antetonitrus" title="Antetonitrus">Antetonitrus</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Gongxianosaurus" title="Gongxianosaurus">Gongxianosaurus</a></i> and <i><a href="/wiki/Isanosaurus" title="Isanosaurus">Isanosaurus</a></i> that do not belong in Vulcanodontidae but to an even more basic position occupied in Sauropoda. It made sense to have Sauropoda compared to this, more derived group that included Vulcanodontidae and Eusauropoda in a definition: defined as the group formed by the last common ancestor of <i>Tazoudasaurus</i> and <i><a href="/wiki/Saltasaurus" title="Saltasaurus">Saltasaurus</a></i> (Bonaparte and Powell, 1980) and all its descendants. Aquesbi mentioned two synapomorphies, shared derived characteristics of Gravisauria: the <a href="/wiki/Vertebrae" class="mw-redirect" title="Vertebrae">vertebrae</a> are wider side to side than front to rear and possession of asymmetrical condyles femoris at the bottom of the <a href="/wiki/Femur" title="Femur">femur</a>. Those were previously not thought to be Eusauropoda synapomorphies but Allian found these properties also on <i><a href="/wiki/Tazoudasaurus" title="Tazoudasaurus">Tazoudasaurus</a></i>.<sup id="cite_ref-allian,_2008_101-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-allian,_2008-101"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>101<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Gravisauria split off in the <a href="/wiki/Early_Jurassic" title="Early Jurassic">Early Jurassic</a>, around the <a href="/wiki/Pliensbachian" title="Pliensbachian">Pliensbachian</a> and <a href="/wiki/Toarcian" title="Toarcian">Toarcian</a>, 183 million years ago, and Aquesbi thought that this was part of a much larger revolution in the <a href="/wiki/Animal" title="Animal">fauna</a>, which includes the disappearance of <a href="/wiki/Plateosauridae" title="Plateosauridae">Prosauropoda</a>, <a href="/wiki/Coelophysoidea" title="Coelophysoidea">Coelophysoidea</a> and <a href="/wiki/Basal_(phylogenetics)" title="Basal (phylogenetics)">basal</a> <a href="/wiki/Thyreophora" title="Thyreophora">Thyreophora</a>, which they attributed to a worldwide <a href="/wiki/Mass_extinction" class="mw-redirect" title="Mass extinction">mass extinction</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-allian,_2008_101-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-allian,_2008-101"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>101<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The phylogenetic relationships of the sauropods have largely stabilised in recent years, though there are still some uncertainties, such as the placement of <i><a href="/wiki/Euhelopus" title="Euhelopus">Euhelopus</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Haplocanthosaurus" title="Haplocanthosaurus">Haplocanthosaurus</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Jobaria" title="Jobaria">Jobaria</a></i> and <a href="/wiki/Nemegtosauridae" title="Nemegtosauridae">Nemegtosauridae</a>. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Cladogram" title="Cladogram">Cladogram</a> after an analysis presented by Sander and colleagues in 2011.<sup id="cite_ref-sander2011_51-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-sander2011-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="clade"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1258728058">body.skin-vector-2022 .mw-parser-output div.clade,body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output div.clade{overflow-x:auto;overflow-y:hidden}body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output div.clade p{font-size:inherit}.mw-parser-output table.clade{border-spacing:0;margin:0;font-size:100%;line-height:100%;border-collapse:separate;width:auto}.mw-parser-output table.clade table.clade{width:100%;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-label{min-width:0.2em;width:0.2em;padding:0.1em 0.25em;vertical-align:bottom;text-align:center;border-left:1px solid;border-bottom:1px solid;white-space:nowrap}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-label::before,.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-slabel::before{content:"\2060 "}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-fixed-width{overflow:hidden;text-overflow:ellipsis}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-fixed-width:hover{overflow:visible}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-label.first{border-left:none;border-right:none}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-label.reverse{border-left:none;border-right:1px solid}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-slabel{padding:0.1em 0.25em;vertical-align:top;text-align:center;border-left:1px solid;white-space:nowrap}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-slabel:hover{overflow:visible}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-slabel.last{border-left:none;border-right:none}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-slabel.reverse{border-left:none;border-right:1px solid}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-bar{vertical-align:middle;text-align:left;padding:0 0.5em;position:relative}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-bar.reverse{text-align:right;position:relative}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-leaf{border:0;padding:0;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-leafR{border:0;padding:0;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-leaf.reverse{text-align:right}.mw-parser-output table.clade:hover span.linkA{background-color:yellow}.mw-parser-output table.clade:hover span.linkB{background-color:green}</style> <table class="clade" style="font-size:90%;line-height:90%"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"><b>†Sauropoda</b> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1258728058"> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p><i>†<a href="/wiki/Antetonitrus" title="Antetonitrus">Antetonitrus</a></i> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1258728058"> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p><i>†<a href="/wiki/Vulcanodon" title="Vulcanodon">Vulcanodon</a></i> <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Vulcanodon_NT.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/Vulcanodon_NT.jpg/80px-Vulcanodon_NT.jpg" decoding="async" width="80" height="30" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/Vulcanodon_NT.jpg/120px-Vulcanodon_NT.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/Vulcanodon_NT.jpg/160px-Vulcanodon_NT.jpg 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="224" /></a></span> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1258728058"> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p><i>†<a href="/wiki/Spinophorosaurus" title="Spinophorosaurus">Spinophorosaurus</a></i> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label">†<a href="/wiki/Eusauropoda" title="Eusauropoda">Eusauropoda</a> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1258728058"> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p><i>†<a href="/wiki/Shunosaurus" title="Shunosaurus">Shunosaurus</a></i> <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Shunosaurus_life_restoration.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/16/Shunosaurus_life_restoration.jpg/50px-Shunosaurus_life_restoration.jpg" decoding="async" width="50" height="21" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/16/Shunosaurus_life_restoration.jpg/75px-Shunosaurus_life_restoration.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/16/Shunosaurus_life_restoration.jpg/100px-Shunosaurus_life_restoration.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2000" data-file-height="838" /></a></span> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1258728058"> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p><i>†<a href="/wiki/Barapasaurus" title="Barapasaurus">Barapasaurus</a></i><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Barapasaurus_DB.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/13/Barapasaurus_DB.jpg/80px-Barapasaurus_DB.jpg" decoding="async" width="80" height="36" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/13/Barapasaurus_DB.jpg/120px-Barapasaurus_DB.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/13/Barapasaurus_DB.jpg/160px-Barapasaurus_DB.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1553" data-file-height="694" /></a></span> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1258728058"> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p><i>†<a href="/wiki/Patagosaurus" title="Patagosaurus">Patagosaurus</a></i> <span style="display: inline-block; transform: scaleX(-1);"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Patagosaurus.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ac/Patagosaurus.jpg/80px-Patagosaurus.jpg" decoding="async" width="80" height="30" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ac/Patagosaurus.jpg/120px-Patagosaurus.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ac/Patagosaurus.jpg/160px-Patagosaurus.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2257" data-file-height="845" /></a></span></span> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1258728058"> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1258728058"> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first">†<a href="/wiki/Mamenchisauridae" title="Mamenchisauridae">Mamenchisauridae</a> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1258728058"> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p><i>†<a href="/wiki/Mamenchisaurus" title="Mamenchisaurus">Mamenchisaurus</a></i> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p><i>†<a href="/wiki/Omeisaurus" title="Omeisaurus">Omeisaurus</a></i> <span style="display: inline-block; transform: scaleX(-1);"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Omeisaurus_tianfuensis34.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a1/Omeisaurus_tianfuensis34.jpg/50px-Omeisaurus_tianfuensis34.jpg" decoding="async" width="50" height="35" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a1/Omeisaurus_tianfuensis34.jpg/75px-Omeisaurus_tianfuensis34.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a1/Omeisaurus_tianfuensis34.jpg/100px-Omeisaurus_tianfuensis34.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3047" data-file-height="2119" /></a></span></span> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1258728058"> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p><i>†<a href="/wiki/Cetiosaurus" title="Cetiosaurus">Cetiosaurus</a></i> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1258728058"> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p><i>†<a href="/wiki/Jobaria" title="Jobaria">Jobaria</a></i> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label">†<a href="/wiki/Neosauropoda" title="Neosauropoda">Neosauropoda</a> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1258728058"> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p><i>†<a href="/wiki/Haplocanthosaurus" title="Haplocanthosaurus">Haplocanthosaurus</a></i> <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Haplocanthosaurus.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Haplocanthosaurus.jpg/50px-Haplocanthosaurus.jpg" decoding="async" width="50" height="43" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Haplocanthosaurus.jpg/75px-Haplocanthosaurus.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Haplocanthosaurus.jpg/100px-Haplocanthosaurus.jpg 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="774" /></a></span> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label">†<a href="/wiki/Diplodocoidea" title="Diplodocoidea">Diplodocoidea</a> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1258728058"> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first">†<a href="/wiki/Rebbachisauridae" title="Rebbachisauridae">Rebbachisauridae</a> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1258728058"> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p><i>†<a href="/wiki/Limaysaurus" title="Limaysaurus">Limaysaurus</a></i> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p><i>†<a href="/wiki/Nigersaurus" title="Nigersaurus">Nigersaurus</a></i> <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Nigersaurus_BW.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2a/Nigersaurus_BW.jpg/80px-Nigersaurus_BW.jpg" decoding="async" width="80" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2a/Nigersaurus_BW.jpg/120px-Nigersaurus_BW.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2a/Nigersaurus_BW.jpg/160px-Nigersaurus_BW.jpg 2x" data-file-width="753" data-file-height="366" /></a></span> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1258728058"> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first">†<a href="/wiki/Dicraeosauridae" title="Dicraeosauridae">Dicraeosauridae</a> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1258728058"> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p><i>†<a href="/wiki/Amargasaurus" title="Amargasaurus">Amargasaurus</a></i> <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Amargasaurus_NT_small_(mirrored).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ae/Amargasaurus_NT_small_%28mirrored%29.jpg/80px-Amargasaurus_NT_small_%28mirrored%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="80" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ae/Amargasaurus_NT_small_%28mirrored%29.jpg/120px-Amargasaurus_NT_small_%28mirrored%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ae/Amargasaurus_NT_small_%28mirrored%29.jpg/160px-Amargasaurus_NT_small_%28mirrored%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="389" /></a></span> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p><i>†<a href="/wiki/Dicraeosaurus" title="Dicraeosaurus">Dicraeosaurus</a></i> <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Dicraeosaurus_hansemanni22_flipped.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/14/Dicraeosaurus_hansemanni22_flipped.jpg/80px-Dicraeosaurus_hansemanni22_flipped.jpg" decoding="async" width="80" height="25" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/14/Dicraeosaurus_hansemanni22_flipped.jpg/120px-Dicraeosaurus_hansemanni22_flipped.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/14/Dicraeosaurus_hansemanni22_flipped.jpg/160px-Dicraeosaurus_hansemanni22_flipped.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2269" data-file-height="700" /></a></span> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label">†<a href="/wiki/Diplodocidae" title="Diplodocidae">Diplodocidae</a> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1258728058"> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p><i>†<a href="/wiki/Apatosaurus" title="Apatosaurus">Apatosaurus</a></i> <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Apatosaurus_louisae_by_durbed_flipped.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/Apatosaurus_louisae_by_durbed_flipped.jpg/80px-Apatosaurus_louisae_by_durbed_flipped.jpg" decoding="async" width="80" height="44" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/Apatosaurus_louisae_by_durbed_flipped.jpg/120px-Apatosaurus_louisae_by_durbed_flipped.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/Apatosaurus_louisae_by_durbed_flipped.jpg/160px-Apatosaurus_louisae_by_durbed_flipped.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1280" data-file-height="711" /></a></span> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1258728058"> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p><i>†<a href="/wiki/Barosaurus" title="Barosaurus">Barosaurus</a></i> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p><i>†<a href="/wiki/Diplodocus" title="Diplodocus">Diplodocus</a></i> <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Diplodocus_carnegii_flipped.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5e/Diplodocus_carnegii_flipped.jpg/80px-Diplodocus_carnegii_flipped.jpg" decoding="async" width="80" height="38" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5e/Diplodocus_carnegii_flipped.jpg/120px-Diplodocus_carnegii_flipped.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5e/Diplodocus_carnegii_flipped.jpg/160px-Diplodocus_carnegii_flipped.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5362" data-file-height="2578" /></a></span> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label">†<a href="/wiki/Macronaria" title="Macronaria">Macronaria</a> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1258728058"> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p><i>†<a href="/wiki/Camarasaurus" title="Camarasaurus">Camarasaurus</a></i> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label">†<a href="/wiki/Titanosauriformes" class="mw-redirect" title="Titanosauriformes">Titanosauriformes</a> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1258728058"> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p><i>†<a href="/wiki/Brachiosaurus" title="Brachiosaurus">Brachiosaurus</a></i> <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Brachiosaurus_DB_flipped.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Brachiosaurus_DB_flipped.jpg/80px-Brachiosaurus_DB_flipped.jpg" decoding="async" width="80" height="46" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Brachiosaurus_DB_flipped.jpg/120px-Brachiosaurus_DB_flipped.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Brachiosaurus_DB_flipped.jpg/160px-Brachiosaurus_DB_flipped.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1920" data-file-height="1105" /></a></span> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1258728058"> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p><i>†<a href="/wiki/Phuwiangosaurus" title="Phuwiangosaurus">Phuwiangosaurus</a></i> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label">†<a href="/wiki/Titanosauria" title="Titanosauria">Titanosauria</a> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1258728058"> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p><i>†<a href="/wiki/Malawisaurus" title="Malawisaurus">Malawisaurus</a></i> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label">†<a href="/wiki/Saltasauridae" title="Saltasauridae">Saltasauridae</a> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1258728058"> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p><i>†<a href="/wiki/Rapetosaurus" title="Rapetosaurus">Rapetosaurus</a></i> <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Rapetosaurus_BW.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/55/Rapetosaurus_BW.jpg/50px-Rapetosaurus_BW.jpg" decoding="async" width="50" height="32" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/55/Rapetosaurus_BW.jpg/75px-Rapetosaurus_BW.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/55/Rapetosaurus_BW.jpg/100px-Rapetosaurus_BW.jpg 2x" data-file-width="982" data-file-height="634" /></a></span> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1258728058"> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p><i>†<a href="/wiki/Isisaurus" title="Isisaurus">Isisaurus</a></i> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1258728058"> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <table style="width:100%;border-spacing:0"> <tbody><tr> <td style="border:0;padding:0"> <p><i>†<a href="/wiki/Opisthocoelicaudia" title="Opisthocoelicaudia">Opisthocoelicaudia</a></i> </p> </td> <td style="border:0;padding:0"> <p><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Opisthocoelicaudia_flipped.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/Opisthocoelicaudia_flipped.jpg/80px-Opisthocoelicaudia_flipped.jpg" decoding="async" width="80" height="28" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/Opisthocoelicaudia_flipped.jpg/120px-Opisthocoelicaudia_flipped.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/Opisthocoelicaudia_flipped.jpg/160px-Opisthocoelicaudia_flipped.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1647" data-file-height="583" /></a></span> </p> </td></tr></tbody></table> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <table style="width:100%;border-spacing:0"> <tbody><tr> <td style="border:0;padding:0"> <p><i>†<a href="/wiki/Saltasaurus" title="Saltasaurus">Saltasaurus</a></i> </p> </td> <td style="border:0;padding:0"> <p><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Saltasaurus_dinosaur.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/Saltasaurus_dinosaur.png/50px-Saltasaurus_dinosaur.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="28" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/Saltasaurus_dinosaur.png/75px-Saltasaurus_dinosaur.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/Saltasaurus_dinosaur.png/100px-Saltasaurus_dinosaur.png 2x" data-file-width="1920" data-file-height="1080" /></a></span> </p> </td></tr></tbody></table> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sauropoda&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_sauropod_species" title="List of sauropod species">List of sauropod species</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wadadam_Fossil_Park" title="Wadadam Fossil Park">Wadadam Fossil Park</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sauropoda&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 22em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/sauropod">"sauropod"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Merriam-Webster" title="Merriam-Webster">Merriam-Webster.com Dictionary</a></i>. 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"Anatomy and phylogenetic relationships of <i>Tazoudasaurus naimi</i> (Dinosauria, Sauropoda) from the late Early Jurassic of Morocco." <i>Geodiversitas</i>, <b>30</b>(2): 345-424.</span> </li> </ol></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/45px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/59px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Sauropoda" class="extiw" title="commons:Sauropoda"><span style="font-style:italic; font-weight:bold;">Sauropoda</span></a>.</div></div> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also_2">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sauropoda&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239009302">.mw-parser-output .portalbox{padding:0;margin:0.5em 0;display:table;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:175px;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portalborder{border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa)}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-entry{display:table-row;font-size:85%;line-height:110%;height:1.9em;font-style:italic;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-image{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-link{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em 0.2em 0.2em 0.3em;vertical-align:middle}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .portalleft{clear:left;float:left;margin:0.5em 1em 0.5em 0}.mw-parser-output .portalright{clear:right;float:right;margin:0.5em 0 0.5em 1em}}</style><ul role="navigation" aria-label="Portals" class="noprint portalbox portalborder portalright"> <li class="portalbox-entry"><span class="portalbox-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e4/Tyrannoskull.jpg/32px-Tyrannoskull.jpg" decoding="async" width="32" height="24" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e4/Tyrannoskull.jpg/48px-Tyrannoskull.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e4/Tyrannoskull.jpg/64px-Tyrannoskull.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4095" data-file-height="3058" /></span></span></span><span class="portalbox-link"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Dinosaurs" title="Portal:Dinosaurs">Dinosaurs portal</a></span></li></ul> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStrauss2008" class="citation web cs1">Strauss, Bob (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://dinosaurs.about.com/od/typesofdinosaurs/a/sauropods.htm">"Sauropods: The biggest dinosaurs that ever lived"</a>. <i>about.com</i>. Types of dinosaurs.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=about.com&rft.atitle=Sauropods%3A+The+biggest+dinosaurs+that+ever+lived&rft.date=2008&rft.aulast=Strauss&rft.aufirst=Bob&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fdinosaurs.about.com%2Fod%2Ftypesofdinosaurs%2Fa%2Fsauropods.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASauropoda" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRogers,_K.C.Wilson,_J.A.2005" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Kristina_Curry_Rogers" title="Kristina Curry Rogers">Rogers, K.C.</a>; <a href="/wiki/Jeffrey_A._Wilson" title="Jeffrey A. Wilson">Wilson, J.A.</a> (2005). <i>The Sauropods: Evolution and Paleobiology</i>. Berkeley, CA: <a href="/wiki/University_of_California_Press" title="University of California Press">University of California Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-520-24623-3" title="Special:BookSources/0-520-24623-3"><bdi>0-520-24623-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Sauropods%3A+Evolution+and+Paleobiology&rft.place=Berkeley%2C+CA&rft.pub=University+of+California+Press&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=0-520-24623-3&rft.au=Rogers%2C+K.C.&rft.au=Wilson%2C+J.A.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASauropoda" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFUpchurch,_P.Barrett,_P.M.Dodson,_P.2004" class="citation book cs1">Upchurch, P.; Barrett, P.M.; <a href="/wiki/Peter_Dodson" title="Peter Dodson">Dodson, P.</a> (2004). "Sauropoda". In <a href="/wiki/David_Weishampel" class="mw-redirect" title="David Weishampel">Weishampel, D.</a>; Dodson, P.; <a href="/wiki/Halszka_Osm%C3%B3lska" title="Halszka Osmólska">Osmólska, H.</a> (eds.). <i>The Dinosauria</i> (2nd ed.). 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href="/wiki/Animal" title="Animal">Animalia</a></li> <li>Phylum: <a href="/wiki/Chordate" title="Chordate">Chordata</a></li> <li>Class: <a href="/wiki/Sauropsida" title="Sauropsida">Sauropsida</a></li> <li><i>Clade</i>: <a href="/wiki/Avemetatarsalia" title="Avemetatarsalia">Avemetatarsalia</a></li> <li><i>Clade</i>: <a href="/wiki/Dinosaur" title="Dinosaur">Dinosauria</a></li></ul> </span></span></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Avemetatarsalia" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Avemetatarsalia" title="Avemetatarsalia">Avemetatarsalia</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><ul><li>see <a href="/wiki/Template:Avemetatarsalia" title="Template:Avemetatarsalia">Avemetatarsalia</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Sauropodomorpha" title="Sauropodomorpha">Sauropodomorpha</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><ul><li>see below↓</li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><div id="Sauropodomorpha" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Sauropodomorpha" title="Sauropodomorpha">Sauropodomorpha</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Sauropodomorpha" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><div style="position:absolute;-webkit-transform:translate(-50%,-50%) rotate(270deg);-moz-transform:translate(-50%,-50%) rotate(270deg);-ms-transform:translate(-50%,-50%) rotate(270deg);-o-transform:translate(-50%,-50%) rotate(270deg);transform:translate(-50%,-50%) rotate(270deg);"><a href="/wiki/Sauropodomorpha" title="Sauropodomorpha">Sauropodomorpha</a></div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Buriolestes" title="Buriolestes">Buriolestes</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Eoraptor" title="Eoraptor">Eoraptor</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Gigantoscelus" title="Gigantoscelus">Gigantoscelus</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Guaibasaurus" title="Guaibasaurus">Guaibasaurus</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Mbiresaurus" title="Mbiresaurus">Mbiresaurus</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Pampadromaeus" title="Pampadromaeus">Pampadromaeus</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Panphagia" title="Panphagia">Panphagia</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Saturnaliidae" title="Saturnaliidae">Saturnaliidae</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Buriolestes" title="Buriolestes">Buriolestes</a></i>?</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Eoraptor" title="Eoraptor">Eoraptor</a></i>?</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Chromogisaurus" title="Chromogisaurus">Chromogisaurus</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Nhandumirim" title="Nhandumirim">Nhandumirim</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Pampadromaeus" title="Pampadromaeus">Pampadromaeus</a></i>?</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Panphagia" title="Panphagia">Panphagia</a></i>?</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Saturnalia_tupiniquim" title="Saturnalia tupiniquim">Saturnalia</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><div style="position:absolute;-webkit-transform:translate(-50%,-50%) rotate(270deg);-moz-transform:translate(-50%,-50%) rotate(270deg);-ms-transform:translate(-50%,-50%) rotate(270deg);-o-transform:translate(-50%,-50%) rotate(270deg);transform:translate(-50%,-50%) rotate(270deg);"><a href="/wiki/Bagualosauria" class="mw-redirect" title="Bagualosauria">Bagualosauria</a></div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Arcusaurus" title="Arcusaurus">Arcusaurus</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Asylosaurus" title="Asylosaurus">Asylosaurus</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Bagualosaurus" title="Bagualosaurus">Bagualosaurus</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Efraasia" title="Efraasia">Efraasia</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Nambalia" title="Nambalia">Nambalia</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Pantydraco" title="Pantydraco">Pantydraco</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Thecodontosaurus" title="Thecodontosaurus">Thecodontosaurus</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Unaysauridae" title="Unaysauridae">Unaysauridae</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Jaklapallisaurus" title="Jaklapallisaurus">Jaklapallisaurus</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Macrocollum" title="Macrocollum">Macrocollum</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Unaysaurus" title="Unaysaurus">Unaysaurus</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><div style="position:absolute;-webkit-transform:translate(-50%,-50%) rotate(270deg);-moz-transform:translate(-50%,-50%) rotate(270deg);-ms-transform:translate(-50%,-50%) rotate(270deg);-o-transform:translate(-50%,-50%) rotate(270deg);transform:translate(-50%,-50%) rotate(270deg);"><a href="/wiki/Plateosauria" class="mw-redirect" title="Plateosauria">Plateosauria</a></div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Plateosauravus" title="Plateosauravus">Plateosauravus</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Ruehleia" title="Ruehleia">Ruehleia</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Xixiposaurus" title="Xixiposaurus">Xixiposaurus</a></i></li></ul> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Plateosauridae" title="Plateosauridae">Plateosauridae</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Euskelosaurus" title="Euskelosaurus">Euskelosaurus</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Gresslyosaurus" title="Gresslyosaurus">Gresslyosaurus</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Issi" title="Issi">Issi</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Pachysauriscus" title="Pachysauriscus">Pachysauriscus</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Plateosaurus" title="Plateosaurus">Plateosaurus</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Yimenosaurus" title="Yimenosaurus">Yimenosaurus</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><div style="position:absolute;-webkit-transform:translate(-50%,-50%) rotate(270deg);-moz-transform:translate(-50%,-50%) rotate(270deg);-ms-transform:translate(-50%,-50%) rotate(270deg);-o-transform:translate(-50%,-50%) rotate(270deg);transform:translate(-50%,-50%) rotate(270deg);"><a href="/wiki/Massopoda" title="Massopoda">Massopoda</a></div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Gryponyx" title="Gryponyx">Gryponyx</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Gyposaurus" title="Gyposaurus">Gyposaurus</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Ignavusaurus" title="Ignavusaurus">Ignavusaurus</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Kholumolumo" title="Kholumolumo">Kholumolumo</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Musankwa" title="Musankwa">Musankwa</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Sarahsaurus" title="Sarahsaurus">Sarahsaurus</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Tuebingosaurus" title="Tuebingosaurus">Tuebingosaurus</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Riojasauridae" title="Riojasauridae">Riojasauridae</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Eucnemesaurus" title="Eucnemesaurus">Eucnemesaurus</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Riojasaurus" title="Riojasaurus">Riojasaurus</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Massospondylidae" title="Massospondylidae">Massospondylidae</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Adeopapposaurus" title="Adeopapposaurus">Adeopapposaurus</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Coloradisaurus" title="Coloradisaurus">Coloradisaurus</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Glacialisaurus" title="Glacialisaurus">Glacialisaurus</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Ignavusaurus" title="Ignavusaurus">Ignavusaurus</a></i>?</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Leyesaurus" title="Leyesaurus">Leyesaurus</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Lufengosaurus" title="Lufengosaurus">Lufengosaurus</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Massospondylus" title="Massospondylus">Massospondylus</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Ngwevu" title="Ngwevu">Ngwevu</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Pradhania" title="Pradhania">Pradhania</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Sarahsaurus" title="Sarahsaurus">Sarahsaurus</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Xingxiulong" title="Xingxiulong">Xingxiulong</a></i>?</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Sauropodiformes" class="mw-redirect" title="Sauropodiformes">Sauropodiformes</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Chuxiongosaurus" title="Chuxiongosaurus">Chuxiongosaurus</a></i>?</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Jingshanosaurus" title="Jingshanosaurus">Jingshanosaurus</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Qianlong_shouhu" title="Qianlong shouhu">Qianlong</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Seitaad" title="Seitaad">Seitaad</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Xingxiulong" title="Xingxiulong">Xingxiulong</a></i>?</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Yizhousaurus" title="Yizhousaurus">Yizhousaurus</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Yunnanosaurus" title="Yunnanosaurus">Yunnanosaurus</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Anchisauria" title="Anchisauria">Anchisauria</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Aardonyx" title="Aardonyx">Aardonyx</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Anchisaurus" title="Anchisaurus">Anchisaurus</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Camelotia" title="Camelotia">Camelotia</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Irisosaurus" title="Irisosaurus">Irisosaurus</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Lamplughsaura" title="Lamplughsaura">Lamplughsaura</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Leonerasaurus" title="Leonerasaurus">Leonerasaurus</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Melanorosaurus" title="Melanorosaurus">Melanorosaurus</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Meroktenos" title="Meroktenos">Meroktenos</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Mussaurus" title="Mussaurus">Mussaurus</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Pulanesaura" title="Pulanesaura">Pulanesaura</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Sefapanosaurus" title="Sefapanosaurus">Sefapanosaurus</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Sauropoda</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><ul><li>see below↓</li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="1" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Buriolestes_schultzi_restoration.png" class="mw-file-description" title="Buriolestes schultzi"><img alt="Buriolestes schultzi" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d1/Buriolestes_schultzi_restoration.png/140px-Buriolestes_schultzi_restoration.png" decoding="async" width="140" height="47" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d1/Buriolestes_schultzi_restoration.png/210px-Buriolestes_schultzi_restoration.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d1/Buriolestes_schultzi_restoration.png/280px-Buriolestes_schultzi_restoration.png 2x" data-file-width="3357" data-file-height="1131" /></a></span> <p><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Pantydraco_BW.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Pantydraco caducus"><img alt="Pantydraco caducus" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/Pantydraco_BW.jpg/140px-Pantydraco_BW.jpg" decoding="async" width="140" height="64" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/Pantydraco_BW.jpg/210px-Pantydraco_BW.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/Pantydraco_BW.jpg/280px-Pantydraco_BW.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="364" /></a></span> <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Massospondylus_reconstruction.png" class="mw-file-description" title="Massospondylus carinatus"><img alt="Massospondylus carinatus" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/56/Massospondylus_reconstruction.png/140px-Massospondylus_reconstruction.png" decoding="async" width="140" height="62" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/56/Massospondylus_reconstruction.png/210px-Massospondylus_reconstruction.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/56/Massospondylus_reconstruction.png/280px-Massospondylus_reconstruction.png 2x" data-file-width="1306" data-file-height="579" /></a></span> </p> <span style="display: inline-block; transform: scaleX(-1);"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Jingshanosaurus_xinwaensis.png" class="mw-file-description" title="Jingshanosaurus xinwaensis"><img alt="Jingshanosaurus xinwaensis" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/Jingshanosaurus_xinwaensis.png/140px-Jingshanosaurus_xinwaensis.png" decoding="async" width="140" height="46" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/Jingshanosaurus_xinwaensis.png/210px-Jingshanosaurus_xinwaensis.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/Jingshanosaurus_xinwaensis.png/280px-Jingshanosaurus_xinwaensis.png 2x" data-file-width="1900" data-file-height="619" /></a></span></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible uncollapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><div id="Sauropoda" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Sauropoda</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Sauropoda" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><div style="position:absolute;-webkit-transform:translate(-50%,-50%) rotate(270deg);-moz-transform:translate(-50%,-50%) rotate(270deg);-ms-transform:translate(-50%,-50%) rotate(270deg);-o-transform:translate(-50%,-50%) rotate(270deg);transform:translate(-50%,-50%) rotate(270deg);"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Sauropoda</a></div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Amygdalodon" title="Amygdalodon">Amygdalodon</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Blikanasaurus" title="Blikanasaurus">Blikanasaurus</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Chinshakiangosaurus" title="Chinshakiangosaurus">Chinshakiangosaurus</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Gongxianosaurus" title="Gongxianosaurus">Gongxianosaurus</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Isanosaurus" title="Isanosaurus">Isanosaurus</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Leonerasaurus" title="Leonerasaurus">Leonerasaurus</a></i>?</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Pulanesaura" title="Pulanesaura">Pulanesaura</a></i>?</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Protognathosaurus" title="Protognathosaurus">Protognathosaurus</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Schleitheimia" title="Schleitheimia">Schleitheimia</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Tuebingosaurus" title="Tuebingosaurus">Tuebingosaurus</a></i>?</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Lessemsauridae" title="Lessemsauridae">Lessemsauridae</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Antetonitrus" title="Antetonitrus">Antetonitrus</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Ingentia" title="Ingentia">Ingentia</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Ledumahadi" title="Ledumahadi">Ledumahadi</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Lessemsaurus" title="Lessemsaurus">Lessemsaurus</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><div style="position:absolute;-webkit-transform:translate(-50%,-50%) rotate(270deg);-moz-transform:translate(-50%,-50%) rotate(270deg);-ms-transform:translate(-50%,-50%) rotate(270deg);-o-transform:translate(-50%,-50%) rotate(270deg);transform:translate(-50%,-50%) rotate(270deg);"><a href="/wiki/Gravisauria" class="mw-redirect" title="Gravisauria">Gravisauria</a></div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Archaeodontosaurus" title="Archaeodontosaurus">Archaeodontosaurus</a></i>?</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Kotasaurus" title="Kotasaurus">Kotasaurus</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Ohmdenosaurus" title="Ohmdenosaurus">Ohmdenosaurus</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Rhoetosaurus" title="Rhoetosaurus">Rhoetosaurus</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Sanpasaurus" title="Sanpasaurus">Sanpasaurus</a></i>?</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Zizhongosaurus" title="Zizhongosaurus">Zizhongosaurus</a></i>?</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Vulcanodontidae" title="Vulcanodontidae">Vulcanodontidae</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Tazoudasaurus" title="Tazoudasaurus">Tazoudasaurus</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Vulcanodon" title="Vulcanodon">Vulcanodon</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><div style="position:absolute;-webkit-transform:translate(-50%,-50%) rotate(270deg);-moz-transform:translate(-50%,-50%) rotate(270deg);-ms-transform:translate(-50%,-50%) rotate(270deg);-o-transform:translate(-50%,-50%) rotate(270deg);transform:translate(-50%,-50%) rotate(270deg);"><a href="/wiki/Eusauropoda" title="Eusauropoda">Eusauropoda</a></div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Algoasaurus" title="Algoasaurus">Algoasaurus</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Asiatosaurus" title="Asiatosaurus">Asiatosaurus</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Bagualia" title="Bagualia">Bagualia</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Barapasaurus" title="Barapasaurus">Barapasaurus</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Bellusaurus" title="Bellusaurus">Bellusaurus</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Cetiosauriscus" title="Cetiosauriscus">Cetiosauriscus</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Dashanpusaurus" title="Dashanpusaurus">Dashanpusaurus</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Dystrophaeus" title="Dystrophaeus">Dystrophaeus</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Janenschia" title="Janenschia">Janenschia</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Jobaria" title="Jobaria">Jobaria</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Nebulasaurus" title="Nebulasaurus">Nebulasaurus</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Perijasaurus" title="Perijasaurus">Perijasaurus</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Shunosaurus" title="Shunosaurus">Shunosaurus</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Spinophorosaurus" title="Spinophorosaurus">Spinophorosaurus</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Tehuelchesaurus" title="Tehuelchesaurus">Tehuelchesaurus</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Volkheimeria" title="Volkheimeria">Volkheimeria</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Cetiosauridae" title="Cetiosauridae">Cetiosauridae</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Cetiosaurus" title="Cetiosaurus">Cetiosaurus</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Chebsaurus" title="Chebsaurus">Chebsaurus</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Ferganasaurus" title="Ferganasaurus">Ferganasaurus</a></i>?</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Lapparentosaurus" title="Lapparentosaurus">Lapparentosaurus</a></i>?</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Patagosaurus" title="Patagosaurus">Patagosaurus</a></i>?</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Mamenchisauridae" title="Mamenchisauridae">Mamenchisauridae</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Analong" title="Analong">Analong</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Anhuilong" title="Anhuilong">Anhuilong</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Cetiosauriscus" title="Cetiosauriscus">Cetiosauriscus</a></i>?</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Chuanjiesaurus" title="Chuanjiesaurus">Chuanjiesaurus</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Datousaurus" title="Datousaurus">Datousaurus</a></i>?</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Eomamenchisaurus" title="Eomamenchisaurus">Eomamenchisaurus</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Huangshanlong" title="Huangshanlong">Huangshanlong</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Hudiesaurus" title="Hudiesaurus">Hudiesaurus</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Jingiella" title="Jingiella">Jingiella</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Klamelisaurus" title="Klamelisaurus">Klamelisaurus</a></i>?</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Mamenchisaurus" title="Mamenchisaurus">Mamenchisaurus</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Omeisaurus" title="Omeisaurus">Omeisaurus</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Qijianglong" title="Qijianglong">Qijianglong</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Rhomaleopakhus" title="Rhomaleopakhus">Rhomaleopakhus</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Tienshanosaurus" title="Tienshanosaurus">Tienshanosaurus</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Tonganosaurus" title="Tonganosaurus">Tonganosaurus</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Wamweracaudia" title="Wamweracaudia">Wamweracaudia</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Xinjiangtitan" title="Xinjiangtitan">Xinjiangtitan</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Yuanmousaurus" title="Yuanmousaurus">Yuanmousaurus</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Zigongosaurus" title="Zigongosaurus">Zigongosaurus</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Turiasauria" title="Turiasauria">Turiasauria</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Amanzia" title="Amanzia">Amanzia</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Bellusaurus" title="Bellusaurus">Bellusaurus</a></i>?</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Haestasaurus" title="Haestasaurus">Haestasaurus</a></i>?</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Janenschia" title="Janenschia">Janenschia</a></i>?</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Losillasaurus" title="Losillasaurus">Losillasaurus</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Mierasaurus" title="Mierasaurus">Mierasaurus</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Moabosaurus" title="Moabosaurus">Moabosaurus</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Narindasaurus" title="Narindasaurus">Narindasaurus</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Oplosaurus" title="Oplosaurus">Oplosaurus</a></i>?</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Tehuelchesaurus" title="Tehuelchesaurus">Tehuelchesaurus</a></i>?</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Tendaguria" title="Tendaguria">Tendaguria</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Turiasaurus" title="Turiasaurus">Turiasaurus</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Zby" title="Zby">Zby</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Neosauropoda" title="Neosauropoda">Neosauropoda</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Diplodocoidea" title="Diplodocoidea">Diplodocoidea</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>(see below ↓ )</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Macronaria" title="Macronaria">Macronaria</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>(see below ↓ )</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Dubious_sauropods" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Dubious sauropods</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Bothriospondylus" title="Bothriospondylus">Bothriospondylus</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Cardiodon" title="Cardiodon">Cardiodon</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Dinodocus" title="Dinodocus">Dinodocus</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Gigantosaurus" title="Gigantosaurus">Gigantosaurus</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Neosodon" title="Neosodon">Neosodon</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Qinlingosaurus" title="Qinlingosaurus">Qinlingosaurus</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Ultrasaurus" title="Ultrasaurus">Ultrasaurus</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="1" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span style="display: inline-block; transform: scaleX(-1);"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Vulcanodon_NT.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Vulcanodon karibaensis"><img alt="Vulcanodon karibaensis" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/Vulcanodon_NT.jpg/140px-Vulcanodon_NT.jpg" decoding="async" width="140" height="52" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/Vulcanodon_NT.jpg/210px-Vulcanodon_NT.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/Vulcanodon_NT.jpg/280px-Vulcanodon_NT.jpg 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="224" /></a></span></span> <p><span style="display: inline-block; transform: scaleX(-1);"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Barapasaurus_DB.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Barapasaurus tagorei"><img alt="Barapasaurus tagorei" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/13/Barapasaurus_DB.jpg/140px-Barapasaurus_DB.jpg" decoding="async" width="140" height="63" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/13/Barapasaurus_DB.jpg/210px-Barapasaurus_DB.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/13/Barapasaurus_DB.jpg/280px-Barapasaurus_DB.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1553" data-file-height="694" /></a></span></span> <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Patagosaurus.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Patagosaurus fariasi"><img alt="Patagosaurus fariasi" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ac/Patagosaurus.jpg/140px-Patagosaurus.jpg" decoding="async" width="140" height="52" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ac/Patagosaurus.jpg/210px-Patagosaurus.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ac/Patagosaurus.jpg/280px-Patagosaurus.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2257" data-file-height="845" /></a></span> </p> <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Turiasaurus1.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Turiasaurus riodevnesis"><img alt="Turiasaurus riodevnesis" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ae/Turiasaurus1.jpg/140px-Turiasaurus1.jpg" decoding="async" width="140" height="70" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ae/Turiasaurus1.jpg/210px-Turiasaurus1.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ae/Turiasaurus1.jpg/280px-Turiasaurus1.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2507" data-file-height="1261" /></a></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><div id="Diplodocoidea" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Diplodocoidea" title="Diplodocoidea">Diplodocoidea</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Diplodocoidea" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><div style="position:absolute;-webkit-transform:translate(-50%,-50%) rotate(270deg);-moz-transform:translate(-50%,-50%) rotate(270deg);-ms-transform:translate(-50%,-50%) rotate(270deg);-o-transform:translate(-50%,-50%) rotate(270deg);transform:translate(-50%,-50%) rotate(270deg);"><a href="/wiki/Diplodocoidea" title="Diplodocoidea">Diplodocoidea</a></div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Haplocanthosaurus" title="Haplocanthosaurus">Haplocanthosaurus</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><div style="position:absolute;-webkit-transform:translate(-50%,-50%) rotate(270deg);-moz-transform:translate(-50%,-50%) rotate(270deg);-ms-transform:translate(-50%,-50%) rotate(270deg);-o-transform:translate(-50%,-50%) rotate(270deg);transform:translate(-50%,-50%) rotate(270deg);"><a href="/wiki/Diplodocimorpha" class="mw-redirect" title="Diplodocimorpha">Diplodocimorpha</a></div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Rebbachisauridae" title="Rebbachisauridae">Rebbachisauridae</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Agustinia" title="Agustinia">Agustinia</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Amazonsaurus" title="Amazonsaurus">Amazonsaurus</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Campananeyen" title="Campananeyen">Campananeyen</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Comahuesaurus" title="Comahuesaurus">Comahuesaurus</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Dzharatitanis" title="Dzharatitanis">Dzharatitanis</a></i>?</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Histriasaurus" title="Histriasaurus">Histriasaurus</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Lavocatisaurus" title="Lavocatisaurus">Lavocatisaurus</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Maraapunisaurus" title="Maraapunisaurus">Maraapunisaurus</a></i>?</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Nopcsaspondylus" title="Nopcsaspondylus">Nopcsaspondylus</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Sidersaura" title="Sidersaura">Sidersaura</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Xenoposeidon" title="Xenoposeidon">Xenoposeidon</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Zapalasaurus" title="Zapalasaurus">Zapalasaurus</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Khebbashia" class="mw-redirect" title="Khebbashia">Khebbashia</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Limaysaurinae" class="mw-redirect" title="Limaysaurinae">Limaysaurinae</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Cathartesaura" title="Cathartesaura">Cathartesaura</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Limaysaurus" title="Limaysaurus">Limaysaurus</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Rayososaurus" title="Rayososaurus">Rayososaurus</a></i>?</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Rebbachisaurinae" class="mw-redirect" title="Rebbachisaurinae">Rebbachisaurinae</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Demandasaurus" title="Demandasaurus">Demandasaurus</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Itapeuasaurus" title="Itapeuasaurus">Itapeuasaurus</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Katepensaurus" title="Katepensaurus">Katepensaurus</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Nigersaurus" title="Nigersaurus">Nigersaurus</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Rebbachisaurus" title="Rebbachisaurus">Rebbachisaurus</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Tataouinea" title="Tataouinea">Tataouinea</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Flagellicaudata" class="mw-redirect" title="Flagellicaudata">Flagellicaudata</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Dicraeosauridae" title="Dicraeosauridae">Dicraeosauridae</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Amargasaurus" title="Amargasaurus">Amargasaurus</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Amargatitanis" title="Amargatitanis">Amargatitanis</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Bajadasaurus" title="Bajadasaurus">Bajadasaurus</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Brachytrachelopan" title="Brachytrachelopan">Brachytrachelopan</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Dicraeosaurus" title="Dicraeosaurus">Dicraeosaurus</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Dyslocosaurus" title="Dyslocosaurus">Dyslocosaurus</a></i>?</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Kaatedocus" title="Kaatedocus">Kaatedocus</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Lingwulong" title="Lingwulong">Lingwulong</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Pilmatueia" title="Pilmatueia">Pilmatueia</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Smitanosaurus" title="Smitanosaurus">Smitanosaurus</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Suuwassea" title="Suuwassea">Suuwassea</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Tharosaurus" title="Tharosaurus">Tharosaurus</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Diplodocidae" title="Diplodocidae">Diplodocidae</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Apatosaurinae" title="Apatosaurinae">Apatosaurinae</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Amphicoelias" title="Amphicoelias">Amphicoelias</a></i>?</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Apatosaurus" title="Apatosaurus">Apatosaurus</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Atlantosaurus" title="Atlantosaurus">Atlantosaurus</a></i>?</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Brontosaurus" title="Brontosaurus">Brontosaurus</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Diplodocinae" title="Diplodocinae">Diplodocinae</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Ardetosaurus" title="Ardetosaurus">Ardetosaurus</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Barosaurus" title="Barosaurus">Barosaurus</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Dinheirosaurus" title="Dinheirosaurus">Dinheirosaurus</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Diplodocus" title="Diplodocus">Diplodocus</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Galeamopus" title="Galeamopus">Galeamopus</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Kaatedocus" title="Kaatedocus">Kaatedocus</a></i>?</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Leinkupal" title="Leinkupal">Leinkupal</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Supersaurus" title="Supersaurus">Supersaurus</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Tornieria" title="Tornieria">Tornieria</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="1" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Dicraeosaurus_hansemanni22.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Dicraeosaurus hansemanni"><img alt="Dicraeosaurus hansemanni" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/97/Dicraeosaurus_hansemanni22.jpg/140px-Dicraeosaurus_hansemanni22.jpg" decoding="async" width="140" height="44" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/97/Dicraeosaurus_hansemanni22.jpg/210px-Dicraeosaurus_hansemanni22.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/97/Dicraeosaurus_hansemanni22.jpg/280px-Dicraeosaurus_hansemanni22.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2269" data-file-height="718" /></a></span> <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Diplodocus_carnegii.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Diplodocus carnegii"><img alt="Diplodocus carnegii" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/08/Diplodocus_carnegii.jpg/140px-Diplodocus_carnegii.jpg" decoding="async" width="140" height="67" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/08/Diplodocus_carnegii.jpg/210px-Diplodocus_carnegii.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/08/Diplodocus_carnegii.jpg/280px-Diplodocus_carnegii.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5362" data-file-height="2578" /></a></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><div id="Macronaria" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Macronaria" title="Macronaria">Macronaria</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Macronaria" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><div style="position:absolute;-webkit-transform:translate(-50%,-50%) rotate(270deg);-moz-transform:translate(-50%,-50%) rotate(270deg);-ms-transform:translate(-50%,-50%) rotate(270deg);-o-transform:translate(-50%,-50%) rotate(270deg);transform:translate(-50%,-50%) rotate(270deg);"><a href="/wiki/Macronaria" title="Macronaria">Macronaria</a></div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Abrosaurus" title="Abrosaurus">Abrosaurus</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Aragosaurus" title="Aragosaurus">Aragosaurus</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Bashunosaurus" title="Bashunosaurus">Bashunosaurus</a></i>?</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Daanosaurus" title="Daanosaurus">Daanosaurus</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Dashanpusaurus" title="Dashanpusaurus">Dashanpusaurus</a></i>?</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Europasaurus" title="Europasaurus">Europasaurus</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Haestasaurus" title="Haestasaurus">Haestasaurus</a></i>?</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Yuzhoulong" title="Yuzhoulong">Yuzhoulong</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Camarasauridae" title="Camarasauridae">Camarasauridae</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Camarasaurus" title="Camarasaurus">Camarasaurus</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Lourinhasaurus" title="Lourinhasaurus">Lourinhasaurus</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><div style="position:absolute;-webkit-transform:translate(-50%,-50%) rotate(270deg);-moz-transform:translate(-50%,-50%) rotate(270deg);-ms-transform:translate(-50%,-50%) rotate(270deg);-o-transform:translate(-50%,-50%) rotate(270deg);transform:translate(-50%,-50%) rotate(270deg);"><a href="/wiki/Titanosauriformes" class="mw-redirect" title="Titanosauriformes">Titanosauriformes</a></div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Astrodon" title="Astrodon">Astrodon</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Duriatitan" title="Duriatitan">Duriatitan</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Eucamerotus" title="Eucamerotus">Eucamerotus</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Fushanosaurus" title="Fushanosaurus">Fushanosaurus</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Fusuisaurus" title="Fusuisaurus">Fusuisaurus</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Ornithopsis" title="Ornithopsis">Ornithopsis</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Pelorosaurus" title="Pelorosaurus">Pelorosaurus</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Rugocaudia" title="Rugocaudia">Rugocaudia</a></i>?</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Brachiosauridae" title="Brachiosauridae">Brachiosauridae</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Abydosaurus" title="Abydosaurus">Abydosaurus</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Atlasaurus" title="Atlasaurus">Atlasaurus</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Brachiosaurus" title="Brachiosaurus">Brachiosaurus</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Cedarosaurus" title="Cedarosaurus">Cedarosaurus</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Galvesaurus" title="Galvesaurus">Galvesaurus</a></i>?</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Giraffatitan" title="Giraffatitan">Giraffatitan</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Lusotitan" title="Lusotitan">Lusotitan</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Sonorasaurus" title="Sonorasaurus">Sonorasaurus</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Soriatitan" title="Soriatitan">Soriatitan</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Venenosaurus" title="Venenosaurus">Venenosaurus</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Vouivria" title="Vouivria">Vouivria</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Somphospondyli" title="Somphospondyli">Somphospondyli</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Angolatitan" title="Angolatitan">Angolatitan</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Arkharavia" title="Arkharavia">Arkharavia</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Astrophocaudia" title="Astrophocaudia">Astrophocaudia</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Austrosaurus" title="Austrosaurus">Austrosaurus</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Brohisaurus" title="Brohisaurus">Brohisaurus</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Brontomerus" title="Brontomerus">Brontomerus</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Chubutisaurus" title="Chubutisaurus">Chubutisaurus</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Dongbeititan" title="Dongbeititan">Dongbeititan</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Europatitan" title="Europatitan">Europatitan</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Fukuititan" title="Fukuititan">Fukuititan</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Garumbatitan" title="Garumbatitan">Garumbatitan</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Jiangxititan" title="Jiangxititan">Jiangxititan</a></i>?</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Jiutaisaurus" title="Jiutaisaurus">Jiutaisaurus</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Liaoningotitan" title="Liaoningotitan">Liaoningotitan</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Ligabuesaurus" title="Ligabuesaurus">Ligabuesaurus</a></i>?</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Liubangosaurus" title="Liubangosaurus">Liubangosaurus</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Oceanotitan" title="Oceanotitan">Oceanotitan</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Padillasaurus" title="Padillasaurus">Padillasaurus</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Pukyongosaurus" title="Pukyongosaurus">Pukyongosaurus</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Ruixinia" title="Ruixinia">Ruixinia</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Sauroposeidon" title="Sauroposeidon">Sauroposeidon</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Sibirotitan" title="Sibirotitan">Sibirotitan</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Tastavinsaurus" title="Tastavinsaurus">Tastavinsaurus</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Triunfosaurus" title="Triunfosaurus">Triunfosaurus</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Euhelopodidae" title="Euhelopodidae">Euhelopodidae</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Australodocus" title="Australodocus">Australodocus</a></i>?</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Chiayusaurus" title="Chiayusaurus">Chiayusaurus</a></i>?</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Erketu" title="Erketu">Erketu</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Euhelopus" title="Euhelopus">Euhelopus</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Gannansaurus" title="Gannansaurus">Gannansaurus</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Gobititan" title="Gobititan">Gobititan</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Huabeisaurus" title="Huabeisaurus">Huabeisaurus</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Huanghetitan" title="Huanghetitan">Huanghetitan</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Jiangshanosaurus" title="Jiangshanosaurus">Jiangshanosaurus</a></i>?</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Phuwiangosaurus" title="Phuwiangosaurus">Phuwiangosaurus</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Qiaowanlong" title="Qiaowanlong">Qiaowanlong</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Silutitan" title="Silutitan">Silutitan</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Tambatitanis" title="Tambatitanis">Tambatitanis</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Tangvayosaurus" title="Tangvayosaurus">Tangvayosaurus</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Yongjinglong" title="Yongjinglong">Yongjinglong</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Yunmenglong" title="Yunmenglong">Yunmenglong</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Diamantinasauria" title="Diamantinasauria">Diamantinasauria</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Australotitan" title="Australotitan">Australotitan</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Diamantinasaurus" title="Diamantinasaurus">Diamantinasaurus</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Sarmientosaurus" title="Sarmientosaurus">Sarmientosaurus</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Savannasaurus" title="Savannasaurus">Savannasaurus</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Wintonotitan" title="Wintonotitan">Wintonotitan</a></i>?</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Titanosauria" title="Titanosauria">Titanosauria</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><ul><li>see below↓</li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="1" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span style="display: inline-block; transform: scaleX(-1);"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Pelorosaurus2.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Pelorosaurus brevis"><img alt="Pelorosaurus brevis" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Pelorosaurus2.jpg/140px-Pelorosaurus2.jpg" decoding="async" width="140" height="88" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Pelorosaurus2.jpg/210px-Pelorosaurus2.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Pelorosaurus2.jpg/280px-Pelorosaurus2.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5904" data-file-height="3712" /></a></span></span> <p><span style="display: inline-block; transform: scaleX(-1);"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Sauroposeidon_proteles.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Sauroposeidon proteles"><img alt="Sauroposeidon proteles" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a6/Sauroposeidon_proteles.jpg/140px-Sauroposeidon_proteles.jpg" decoding="async" width="140" height="90" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a6/Sauroposeidon_proteles.jpg/210px-Sauroposeidon_proteles.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a6/Sauroposeidon_proteles.jpg/280px-Sauroposeidon_proteles.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3088" data-file-height="1976" /></a></span></span> </p> <span style="display: inline-block; transform: scaleX(-1);"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Wintonotitan.png" class="mw-file-description" title="Wintonotitan wattsi"><img alt="Wintonotitan wattsi" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e0/Wintonotitan.png/140px-Wintonotitan.png" decoding="async" width="140" height="43" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e0/Wintonotitan.png/210px-Wintonotitan.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e0/Wintonotitan.png/280px-Wintonotitan.png 2x" data-file-width="2773" data-file-height="861" /></a></span></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><div id="Titanosauria" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Titanosauria" title="Titanosauria">Titanosauria</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Titanosauria" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><div style="position:absolute;-webkit-transform:translate(-50%,-50%) rotate(270deg);-moz-transform:translate(-50%,-50%) rotate(270deg);-ms-transform:translate(-50%,-50%) rotate(270deg);-o-transform:translate(-50%,-50%) rotate(270deg);transform:translate(-50%,-50%) rotate(270deg);"><a href="/wiki/Titanosauria" title="Titanosauria">Titanosauria</a></div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Abdarainurus" title="Abdarainurus">Abdarainurus</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Aegyptosaurus" title="Aegyptosaurus">Aegyptosaurus</a></i>?</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Andesaurus" title="Andesaurus">Andesaurus</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Angolatitan" title="Angolatitan">Angolatitan</a></i>?</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Arackar" title="Arackar">Arackar</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Argyrosaurus" title="Argyrosaurus">Argyrosaurus</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Atacamatitan" title="Atacamatitan">Atacamatitan</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Austroposeidon" title="Austroposeidon">Austroposeidon</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Baotianmansaurus" title="Baotianmansaurus">Baotianmansaurus</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Barrosasaurus" title="Barrosasaurus">Barrosasaurus</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Baurutitan" title="Baurutitan">Baurutitan</a></i>?</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Bonatitan" title="Bonatitan">Bonatitan</a></i>?</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Borealosaurus" title="Borealosaurus">Borealosaurus</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Brasilotitan" title="Brasilotitan">Brasilotitan</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Choconsaurus" title="Choconsaurus">Choconsaurus</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Daxiatitan" title="Daxiatitan">Daxiatitan</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Dongyangosaurus" title="Dongyangosaurus">Dongyangosaurus</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Dreadnoughtus" title="Dreadnoughtus">Dreadnoughtus</a></i>?</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Elaltitan" title="Elaltitan">Elaltitan</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Epachthosaurus" title="Epachthosaurus">Epachthosaurus</a></i>?</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Gandititan" title="Gandititan">Gandititan</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Hamititan" title="Hamititan">Hamititan</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Huabeisaurus" title="Huabeisaurus">Huabeisaurus</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Jiangshanosaurus" title="Jiangshanosaurus">Jiangshanosaurus</a></i>?</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Kaijutitan" title="Kaijutitan">Kaijutitan</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Karongasaurus" title="Karongasaurus">Karongasaurus</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Laplatasaurus" title="Laplatasaurus">Laplatasaurus</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Ligabuesaurus" title="Ligabuesaurus">Ligabuesaurus</a></i>?</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Magyarosaurus" title="Magyarosaurus">Magyarosaurus</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Malarguesaurus" title="Malarguesaurus">Malarguesaurus</a></i>?</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Malawisaurus" title="Malawisaurus">Malawisaurus</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Mnyamawamtuka" title="Mnyamawamtuka">Mnyamawamtuka</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Narambuenatitan" title="Narambuenatitan">Narambuenatitan</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Ninjatitan" title="Ninjatitan">Ninjatitan</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Normanniasaurus" title="Normanniasaurus">Normanniasaurus</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Nullotitan" title="Nullotitan">Nullotitan</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Pellegrinisaurus" title="Pellegrinisaurus">Pellegrinisaurus</a></i>?</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Petrobrasaurus" title="Petrobrasaurus">Petrobrasaurus</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Pitekunsaurus" title="Pitekunsaurus">Pitekunsaurus</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Rapetosaurus" title="Rapetosaurus">Rapetosaurus</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Rukwatitan" title="Rukwatitan">Rukwatitan</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Ruyangosaurus" title="Ruyangosaurus">Ruyangosaurus</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Tastavinsaurus" title="Tastavinsaurus">Tastavinsaurus</a></i>?</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Tengrisaurus" title="Tengrisaurus">Tengrisaurus</a></i>?</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Tiamat_valdecii" title="Tiamat valdecii">Tiamat</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Traukutitan" title="Traukutitan">Traukutitan</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Trigonosaurus" title="Trigonosaurus">Trigonosaurus</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Sonidosaurus" title="Sonidosaurus">Sonidosaurus</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Uberabatitan" title="Uberabatitan">Uberabatitan</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Volgatitan" title="Volgatitan">Volgatitan</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Xianshanosaurus" title="Xianshanosaurus">Xianshanosaurus</a></i></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Diamantinasauria" title="Diamantinasauria">Diamantinasauria</a></b>?</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Lirainosaurinae" title="Lirainosaurinae">Lirainosaurinae</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Ampelosaurus" title="Ampelosaurus">Ampelosaurus</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Atsinganosaurus" title="Atsinganosaurus">Atsinganosaurus</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Garrigatitan" title="Garrigatitan">Garrigatitan</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Lirainosaurus" title="Lirainosaurus">Lirainosaurus</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Lohuecotitan" title="Lohuecotitan">Lohuecotitan</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Mansourasaurus" title="Mansourasaurus">Mansourasaurus</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Paludititan" title="Paludititan">Paludititan</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><div style="position:absolute;-webkit-transform:translate(-50%,-50%) rotate(270deg);-moz-transform:translate(-50%,-50%) rotate(270deg);-ms-transform:translate(-50%,-50%) rotate(270deg);-o-transform:translate(-50%,-50%) rotate(270deg);transform:translate(-50%,-50%) rotate(270deg);"><a href="/wiki/Eutitanosauria" title="Eutitanosauria">Eutitanosauria</a></div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Inawentu" title="Inawentu">Inawentu</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Menucocelsior" title="Menucocelsior">Menucocelsior</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Colossosauria" title="Colossosauria">Colossosauria</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Antarctosaurus" title="Antarctosaurus">Antarctosaurus</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Baalsaurus" title="Baalsaurus">Baalsaurus</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Bonitasaura" title="Bonitasaura">Bonitasaura</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Chucarosaurus" title="Chucarosaurus">Chucarosaurus</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Epachthosaurus" title="Epachthosaurus">Epachthosaurus</a></i>?</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Jainosaurus" title="Jainosaurus">Jainosaurus</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Quetecsaurus" title="Quetecsaurus">Quetecsaurus</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Tengrisaurus" title="Tengrisaurus">Tengrisaurus</a></i>?</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Vahiny" title="Vahiny">Vahiny</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Rinconsauria" title="Rinconsauria">Rinconsauria</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Adamantisaurus" title="Adamantisaurus">Adamantisaurus</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Maxakalisaurus" title="Maxakalisaurus">Maxakalisaurus</a></i>?</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Muyelensaurus" title="Muyelensaurus">Muyelensaurus</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Overosaurus" title="Overosaurus">Overosaurus</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Panamericansaurus" title="Panamericansaurus">Panamericansaurus</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Rinconsaurus" title="Rinconsaurus">Rinconsaurus</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Aeolosaurini" title="Aeolosaurini">Aeolosaurini</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Aeolosaurus" title="Aeolosaurus">Aeolosaurus</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Arrudatitan" title="Arrudatitan">Arrudatitan</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Bravasaurus" title="Bravasaurus">Bravasaurus</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Caieiria" title="Caieiria">Caieiria</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Gondwanatitan" title="Gondwanatitan">Gondwanatitan</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Punatitan" title="Punatitan">Punatitan</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Shingopana" title="Shingopana">Shingopana</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Lognkosauria" title="Lognkosauria">Lognkosauria</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Argentinosaurus" title="Argentinosaurus">Argentinosaurus</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Drusilasaura" title="Drusilasaura">Drusilasaura</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Dzharatitanis" title="Dzharatitanis">Dzharatitanis</a></i>?</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Futalognkosaurus" title="Futalognkosaurus">Futalognkosaurus</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Jiangxititan" title="Jiangxititan">Jiangxititan</a></i>?</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Mendozasaurus" title="Mendozasaurus">Mendozasaurus</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Notocolossus" title="Notocolossus">Notocolossus</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Patagotitan" title="Patagotitan">Patagotitan</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Puertasaurus" title="Puertasaurus">Puertasaurus</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Saltasauroidea" title="Saltasauroidea">Saltasauroidea</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Bustingorrytitan" title="Bustingorrytitan">Bustingorrytitan</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Titanomachya" title="Titanomachya">Titanomachya</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Udelartitan" title="Udelartitan">Udelartitan</a></i></li></ul> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Nemegtosauridae" title="Nemegtosauridae">Nemegtosauridae</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Nemegtosaurus" title="Nemegtosaurus">Nemegtosaurus</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Quaesitosaurus" title="Quaesitosaurus">Quaesitosaurus</a></i>?</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Tapuiasaurus" title="Tapuiasaurus">Tapuiasaurus</a></i>?</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Saltasauridae" title="Saltasauridae">Saltasauridae</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Igai" title="Igai">Igai</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Isisaurus" title="Isisaurus">Isisaurus</a></i>?</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Qingxiusaurus" title="Qingxiusaurus">Qingxiusaurus</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Quaesitosaurus" title="Quaesitosaurus">Quaesitosaurus</a></i>?</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Opisthocoelicaudiinae" title="Opisthocoelicaudiinae">Opisthocoelicaudiinae</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Abditosaurus" title="Abditosaurus">Abditosaurus</a></i>?</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Alamosaurus" title="Alamosaurus">Alamosaurus</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Baurutitan" title="Baurutitan">Baurutitan</a></i>?</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Dreadnoughtus" title="Dreadnoughtus">Dreadnoughtus</a></i>?</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Opisthocoelicaudia" title="Opisthocoelicaudia">Opisthocoelicaudia</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Pellegrinisaurus" title="Pellegrinisaurus">Pellegrinisaurus</a></i>?</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Qunkasaura" title="Qunkasaura">Qunkasaura</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Zhuchengtitan" title="Zhuchengtitan">Zhuchengtitan</a></i>?</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Saltasaurinae" title="Saltasaurinae">Saltasaurinae</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Abditosaurus" title="Abditosaurus">Abditosaurus</a></i>?</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Bonatitan" title="Bonatitan">Bonatitan</a></i>?</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Ibirania" title="Ibirania">Ibirania</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Maxakalisaurus" title="Maxakalisaurus">Maxakalisaurus</a></i>?</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Neuquensaurus" title="Neuquensaurus">Neuquensaurus</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Paralititan" title="Paralititan">Paralititan</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Rocasaurus" title="Rocasaurus">Rocasaurus</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Saltasaurus" title="Saltasaurus">Saltasaurus</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Yamanasaurus" title="Yamanasaurus">Yamanasaurus</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Dubious_titanosaurs" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Dubious titanosaurs</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Bruhathkayosaurus" title="Bruhathkayosaurus">Bruhathkayosaurus</a></i>?</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Campylodoniscus" title="Campylodoniscus">Campylodoniscus</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Clasmodosaurus" title="Clasmodosaurus">Clasmodosaurus</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Hypselosaurus" title="Hypselosaurus">Hypselosaurus</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Iuticosaurus" title="Iuticosaurus">Iuticosaurus</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Loricosaurus" title="Loricosaurus">Loricosaurus</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Macrurosaurus" title="Macrurosaurus">Macrurosaurus</a></i>?</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Microcoelus" title="Microcoelus">Microcoelus</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Mongolosaurus" title="Mongolosaurus">Mongolosaurus</a></i>?</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Titanosaurus" title="Titanosaurus">Titanosaurus</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="1" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Andesaurus_LM.png" class="mw-file-description" title="Andesaurus delgadoi"><img alt="Andesaurus delgadoi" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/42/Andesaurus_LM.png/140px-Andesaurus_LM.png" decoding="async" width="140" height="73" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/42/Andesaurus_LM.png/210px-Andesaurus_LM.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/42/Andesaurus_LM.png/280px-Andesaurus_LM.png 2x" data-file-width="3215" data-file-height="1674" /></a></span> <p><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:AmpelosaurusDB.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Ampelosaurus atacis"><img alt="Ampelosaurus atacis" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/AmpelosaurusDB.jpg/140px-AmpelosaurusDB.jpg" decoding="async" width="140" height="45" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/AmpelosaurusDB.jpg/210px-AmpelosaurusDB.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/AmpelosaurusDB.jpg/280px-AmpelosaurusDB.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1182" data-file-height="380" /></a></span> <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Futalognkosaurus_BW.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Futalognkosaurus dukei"><img alt="Futalognkosaurus dukei" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/28/Futalognkosaurus_BW.jpg/140px-Futalognkosaurus_BW.jpg" decoding="async" width="140" height="80" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/28/Futalognkosaurus_BW.jpg/210px-Futalognkosaurus_BW.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/28/Futalognkosaurus_BW.jpg/280px-Futalognkosaurus_BW.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1280" data-file-height="734" /></a></span> </p> <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Saltasaurus_dinosaur.png" class="mw-file-description" title="Saltasaurus loricatus"><img alt="Saltasaurus loricatus" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/Saltasaurus_dinosaur.png/140px-Saltasaurus_dinosaur.png" decoding="async" width="140" height="79" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/Saltasaurus_dinosaur.png/210px-Saltasaurus_dinosaur.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/Saltasaurus_dinosaur.png/280px-Saltasaurus_dinosaur.png 2x" data-file-width="1920" data-file-height="1080" /></a></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Topics_in_sauropodomorph_research" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Topics in sauropodomorph research</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sauropod_neck_posture" title="Sauropod neck posture">Sauropod neck posture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sauropod_hiatus" title="Sauropod hiatus">Sauropod hiatus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_sauropod_species" title="List of sauropod species">List of sauropod species</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Taxon_identifiers" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Taxon_identifiers" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Help:Taxon_identifiers" title="Help:Taxon identifiers">Taxon identifiers</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: left;"><i>Sauropoda</i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Wikidata" title="Wikidata">Wikidata</a>: <span class="uid"><span class="external"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q14416" class="extiw" title="wikidata:Q14416">Q14416</a></span></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Wikispecies" title="Wikispecies">Wikispecies</a>: <span class="uid"><span class="external"><a href="https://species.wikimedia.org/wiki/Sauropoda" class="extiw" title="wikispecies:Sauropoda">Sauropoda</a></span></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Encyclopedia_of_Life" title="Encyclopedia of Life">EoL</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://eol.org/pages/42333651">42333651</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Paleobiology_Database" title="Paleobiology Database">Paleobiology Database</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://paleobiodb.org/classic/basicTaxonInfo?taxon_no=95571">95571</a></span></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Sauropoda&oldid=1253500183">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Sauropoda&oldid=1253500183</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Help:Category" title="Help:Category">Categories</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Sauropods" title="Category:Sauropods">Sauropods</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Norian_first_appearances" title="Category:Norian first appearances">Norian first appearances</a></li><li><a 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